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17176612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhi%20Gali | Andhi Gali | Andhi Gali (English language: Dead End) is a 1984 Hindi drama film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta, and based on Bengali story, Ghar Bari by Dibyendu Palit.
It stars Deepti Naval, Mahesh Bhatt and Kulbhushan Kharbanda. The Naxalite movement in Bengal in the 1970s forms a backdrop to the film.
References
External links
1984 films
1980s Hindi-language films
1984 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in the 1970s
Films about Naxalism
Films based on short fiction
Indian drama films
Hindi-language drama films |
17176623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly%20of%20the%20French%20clergy | Assembly of the French clergy | The assembly of the French clergy (assemblée du clergé de France) was in its origins a representative meeting of the Catholic clergy of France, held every five years, for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the clergy of the French Catholic Church by the kings of France. Meeting from 1560 to 1789, the Assemblies ensured to the clergy an autonomous financial administration, by which they defended themselves against taxation.
Early history
During the Middle Ages the Crusades were the occasions of frequent levies upon ecclesiastical possessions. The Dime Saladine (Saladin Tithe) was inaugurated when Philip II Augustus (1180–1223) united his forces with those of Richard of England to deliver Jerusalem from Saladin. At a later period the contributions of the clergy were increased, and during the reign of Louis IX (1235–70) thirteen subsidies are recorded within twenty-eight years.
Sixteenth century
Francis I of France (1515–48) made incessant calls on the ecclesiastical treasury. The religious wars of the sixteenth century furnished the French kings with pretexts for fresh demands upon the Church.
In 1560, the clergy held a convention at Poissy to consider matters of Church-reform, an occasion made famous by the controversy (Colloque de Poissy) between the Catholic bishops and the Protestant ministers, in which the chief orators were the Cardinal of Lorraine and Theodore Beza. At this assembly the Clergy bound themselves by a contract made in the name of the whole clerical body to pay the king 1,600,000 livres annually for a period of six years; certain estates and taxes that had been pledged to the Hôtel de Ville of Paris for a (yearly) rente, or revenue, of 6,300,000 livres. In other words, the clergy bound themselves to redeem for the king in ten years a capital of 7,560,000 livres. The French monarchs, instead of settling their debts, made fresh loans based on this revenue, paid by the Church, as if it were to be something permanent. After lengthy discussions, the clergy assembled at Melun (1579–80) consented to renew the contract for ten years, a measure destined to be repeated every decade until the French Revolution. The "assemblies of the Clergy" were now an established institution. In this way the Church of France obtained the right of freely meeting and of free speech just when the meetings of the Estates-General (États généraux) were to be discontinued, and the voice of the nation was to be hushed for a period of 200 years.
Organization
At a very early date, these assemblies adopted the form of organization which they were to preserve until the French Revolution. The election of deputies forming the body was arranged according to ecclesiastical provinces. It was decided in 1619 that each province should send four deputies (two bishops and two priests) to the assemblées de contrat held every ten years, and two to the assemblées des comptes which met once during the interval of ten years.
Under this arrangement an assembly was convened every five years. There were two steps in the election of deputies. First, at the diocesan assembly were convened all holders of benefices, a plurality of whose votes elected two delegates. These then proceeded to the metropolitan see, and under the presidency of the metropolitan elected the provincial deputies.
Theoretically, parish priests (curés) might be chosen, but as a matter of fact, by reason of their social station, inferior to that of abbés and canons, they seldom had seats in the assemblies. The rank of subdeacon suffices for election; the Abbé Legendre relates in his memoirs as a contemporary incident that one of these young legislators, after an escapade, was soundly flogged by his perceptor who had accompanied him to Paris. The assemblies at all times reserved to themselves the right of deciding upon the validity of procurators and the authority of deputies. They wished also to reserve the right of electing their own president, whom they always chose from among the bishops. However, to conciliate rivalries, several were usually nominated for the presidency, only one of whom exercised that function.
Under a strong government, withal, and despite the resolution to maintain their right of election, the Assemblies were unlikely to choose a person not in favour at court. During the reign of Louis XIV Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris, was several times president. Finally, Saint-Simon writes that the royal displeasure deprived him of his influence with the Clergy, and even shortened his life.
The offices of secretary and "promotor", being looked on by the bishops as somewhat inferior, were assigned to deputies of the second rank, i.e. to priests.
Commissions
The Assemblies of the French Clergy divided their work among commissions. The "Commission of Temporal Affairs" was very important and had an unusually large amount of business to transact. Financial questions, which had given rise to these assemblies, continued to claim their attention until the time of the Revolution. Beginning with the seventeenth century, the payment of the rentes of the Hôtel de Ville was an item of slight importance as compared with the sums which the Clergy were compelled to vote the king under the name of dons gratuits, or free gifts.
Finance
It had been established during the Middle Ages that the Church should contribute not only to the expenses of the Crusades, but also towards the defence of the kingdom, a tradition continued to modern times. The religious wars of the sixteenth century, later the siege of La Rochelle (1628) under Richelieu, and to a still greater extent the political wars waged by Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI occasioned the levying of enormous subsidies on the Clergy. The following example may serve as an illustration: the Clergy who had voted sixteen million livres in 1779 gave thirty million more in 1780 for the expenses of the French Government in the war of the American Revolution, to which they added in 1782 sixteen million and in 1786 eighteen million.
The French kings more than once expressed their gratitude to this body for the services it had rendered both monarchy and fatherland in the prompt and generous payment of large subsidies at critical moments. It has been calculated from official documents that during three-quarters of a century (1715-89) the Clergy paid in, either for the rentes of the Hotel de Ville or as "free gifts", over 380 million livres.
When, in 1789, an attempt was made at imposing on the Church of France an equal share of the public expense, the Archbishop of Paris, Monseigneur de Juign', was able to say that the Church already contributed as much as the other orders (nobility, bourgeoisie, and people); its burdens would not be increased by the new law that imposed upon all an equal share in contributing to the expenses of the State.
Administration
The Assemblies of the Clergy conducted their temporal administration carefully. They appointed for ten years a receiver-general (Receveur-général), in reality a minister of finance. The office carried with it a generous salary, and for election to it a two-thirds majority was required. He was bound to furnish security at his residence in Paris and render a detailed account of his management to the assembled Clergy. In each diocese there was a board of elected delegates presided over by the bishop, whose duty it was to apportion the assessments among the beneficed ecclesiastics. This Bureau diocésain de décimes (Diocesan Board of Tithes) was authorized to settle ordinary disputes. Over it were superior boards located at Paris, Lyon, Rouen, Tours, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Aix, and Bourges, courts of appeal, whose decisions were final in all disputes concerning the contributions of the dioceses within their jurisdiction.
In this way the Clergy had an administration of their own, independent of the State, a very important privilege under the old regime. Their credit stood highest; the archives have preserved for us many thousands of rental contracts made in confidence by private individuals with the Church.
It has been said that M. de VillŠle introduced into France the conversion of annuities and the consequent reduction of interest; as a matter of fact this was practised by the Clergy from the end of the seventeenth century, when they were forced to negotiate loans in order to furnish the sums demanded by Louis XIV. Necker, a competent judge, commended the Clergy for the care they took in liquidating these debts. He also praised the clerical system of the distribution of taxes, according to which the beneficed ecclesiastics throughout the kingdom were divided into eight départements, or classes, in order to facilitate the apportionment of taxes in ascending ratio, according to the resources of each. This shows that even under the old regime the Clergy had placed on a practical working basis, in their own system of revenues, the impôt progressif, or system of graduated assessment of income.
On the verge of the Revolution, they accepted the principle that the public burden should be equally divided among all classes of the nation, a step they had delayed too long. Public opinion had already condemned all privileges whatsoever.
Doctrine
The Assemblies of the Clergy did not confine their attention to temporal matters. Doctrinal questions and spiritual matters held an important place among the subjects discussed in them. Indeed, the Colloquy of Poissy, the original germ of the Assemblies, was expressly convened for the discussion of Protestantism, and in opposition to schism and heresy.
Practically every Assembly, from the first in 1560 to the last in 1788, dealt with the problem of Protestantism; their attitude was scarcely favorable to liberty of conscience. In its turn, Jansenism received much attention from these Assemblies, which always supported the papal bulls that condemned it. Indeed, some of the severest measures against Jansenism came from this quarter.
The eighteenth century, with its philosophers and encyclopaedists, brought the Assemblies of the Clergy anxieties of a new and alarming character. They stirred up and encouraged Christian apologists, and urged the king to protect the Church and defend the faith of the French people. They were less successful in this task than in their previous undertakings.
Assembly of 1682
Four Articles were voted on by the Assembly of 1682, convened to consider the régale, a term denoting the right assumed by the French king during the vacancy of a see to appropriate its revenues and make appointments to benefices. The kings of France had often affirmed that the right of régale belonged to them in virtue of the supremacy of the Crown over all sees. Under Louis XIV, these claims were vigorously enforced. Two prelates, Nicolas Pavillon, Bishop of Alet, and François-Etienne Caulet, Bishop of Pamiers, made a lively resistance to the royal pretensions. The pope sustained them with all his authority. Thereupon the king convoked the Assembly of 1682, presided over by Harley de Champvallon, and Le Tellier, Archbishops respectively of Paris and of Reims. Bossuet, on 9 November 1681, preached in the church on the Grands Augustins at Paris his sermon "On the Unity of the Church". This piece of eloquence was so fortunate as to secure the approbation of both pope and king. Contrary to its custom, the Assembly ordered the discourse to be printed. Thereupon, the question of the régale was quickly decided according to the royal wish.
When Louis XIV asked the Assembly to pronounce upon the authority of the pope, Bossuet tried to temporize and requested that, before proceeding further, Christian tradition on this point be carefully studied. This move proving unsuccessful, the Bishop of Meaux stood out against the Gallican propositions presented in the name of the commission by Choiseul-Praslin, Bishop of Tournai. Thereupon the propositions were turned over to Bossuet himself; he succeeded in eliminating from them the irritating question of appeals to a future council, a proposition several times condemned by the Holy See.
It was then that the Assembly voted (19 March 1682) the "Four Articles" that may be briefly summarized as follows:
The pope has no right, direct or indirect, over the temporal power of kings.
The pope is inferior to the General Council, and the decrees of the Council of Constance in its fourth and fifth sessions are still binding.
The exercise of pontifical authority should be regulated by the ecclesiastical canons.
Dogmatic decisions of the pope are not irrevocable until they have been confirmed by the judgment of the whole Church.
Bossuet, who was drawn into the discussions in spite of himself, wrote his Defensio Declarationis in justification of the decisions of the Assembly. It was not published, however, until after his death. The king ordered the Four Articles to be promulgated from all the pulpits of France. Pope Innocent XI (1676-89), notwithstanding his dissatisfaction, hesitated to pass censure on the publication of the "Four Articles". He contented himself with expressing his disapproval of the decision made by the Assembly on the question of the régale, and refused the papal Bulls to those members of the Assembly who had been selected by the king for vacant sees.
Agents-General
To lend unity to the action of the Assemblies, and to preserve their influence during the long intervals between these meetings, two ecclesiastics were elected who were thenceforth, as it were, the executive power of the Church of France. They were known as Agents-General (agents-généraux) and were very important personages under the old regime. Although chosen from among the Clergy of the second order, i.e. from among the priests, they were always men of good birth, distinguished bearing, and quite familiar with the ways of the world and the court. They had charge of the accounts of all receivers, protected jealously all rights of the Church, drew attention to whatever was prejudicial to her prerogatives of discipline, and in the parliament represented the ecclesiastical authority and interest in all cases to which the Church was a party. They enjoyed the privilege of committimus, and were specially authorized to enter the king's council and speak before it on ecclesiastical matters. On the occasion of each Assembly these agents rendered an account of their administration in reports, several folio volumes of which have been published since the beginning of the eighteenth century under the title of Rapports d'agence. The usual reward for their services was the episcopate. Their duties prepared them admirably to understand public affairs. Monseigneur de Cicé, Monseigneur de La Luzerne, the Abbé de Montesquiou, and Talleyrand, all of whom played important roles in the Constituent Assembly, had been in their time Agents-General of the Clergy.
References
Greenbaum, Louis S. "Talleyrand as Agent-General of the Clergy of France: A Study in Comparative Influence." Catholic Historical Review 48.4 (1963): 473-486 online
Manuscripts and Archives nationales, Série G8, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The records of the National Archives contain the authentic proceedings (procès-verbaux) of the Assemblies: Collection des procès-verbaux du clergé de France, depuis 1560, jusqu'à présent (1767–78, 9 vols.) The later Assemblies had each a procès-verbal printed in one folio volume.
Recueil des actes et mémoires du clergé de France (1771) I and VIII
Louis Serbat, Les Assemblées du clergé de France (Paris, 1906) 1561–1615);
Maury, in Revue des deux Mondes (1878);
Bourlon in Revue du Clergé (1905–06);
Sicard, L'ancien clergé de France (Paris, 1893–1903).
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article
Ancien Régime
History of Catholicism in France |
17176624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary%20Indian%20Sculpture | Contemporary Indian Sculpture | Contemporary Indian Sculpture is a 1987 Bengali documentary film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta. It is a documentary on Indian sculpture.
External links
1987 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Indian documentary films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Documentary films about the visual arts |
17176643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%3A%20The%20Best%20of%20KOD%201988%E2%80%9394 | Capsule: The Best of KOD 1988–94 | Capsule: The Best of KOD 1988–94 is a compilation album by British alternative rock/dream pop group Kitchens of Distinction. The two disc set was released by One Little Indian Records on 21 April 2003. The first disc features some of the band's best songs, culled from their four albums: Love Is Hell (1989); Strange Free World (1991); The Death of Cool (1992); and Cowboys and Aliens (1994), while the bonus disc collects B-sides, acoustic versions and live tracks. The booklet features track-by-track notes by lead singer/bassist Patrick Fitzgerald.
Track listing
Notes
Disc one:
Tracks 1, 3, and 6 taken from Love Is Hell (April 1989)
Tracks 2, 5, 13, and 15 taken from Strange Free World (February 1991)
Tracks 8, 10, 12, and 14 taken from The Death of Cool (August 1992)
14 runs over a minute longer than the album version
Tracks 4, 7, 9, 11, and 16 taken from Cowboys and Aliens (October 1994)
4 and 11 remixed by Pascal Gabriel
Tracks 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 15 mixed with Helen Woodward
Tracks 4, 7, and 11 feature backing vocals by Kate Meehan
Disc two:
Tracks 1 and 2 taken from the single "The 3rd Time We Opened the Capsule" (May 1989)
Track 3 taken from the single "Prize" (October 1988)
Track 4 taken from the "Elephantine" EP (October 1989)
Tracks 5 and 6 taken from the single "Quick as Rainbows" (March 1990), recorded live at Berlin Metropole for German radio
Tracks 7, 8, and 9 taken from the "Drive That Fast" EP (January 1991); mixed by Hugh Jones with Helen Woodward
Tracks 10, 11, and 12 taken from the "Breathing Fear" single (May 1992)
Track 13 taken from the "When in Heaven" single (August 1992); mixed by Hugh Jones with Helen Woodward
Track 15 taken from the "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye" single (September 1994)
Tracks 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 are previously unreleased
Credits
Front cover photo by Harry Borden.
Group shot (in center pages) by Colin Bell.
Live in Tooting photo by anonymous.
Live in Camden photo by Marcus Rose.
Design by Patrick Fitzgerald and Small Japanese Soldier.
Kitchens of Distinction albums
2003 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Hugh Jones (producer)
One Little Independent Records compilation albums |
17176646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20heirs%20to%20the%20Russian%20throne | List of heirs to the Russian throne | This is a list of the individuals who were, at any given time, considered the next in line to inherit the throne of Russia or Grand Prince of Moscow. Those who actually succeeded (at any future time) are shown in bold. Stillborn children and infants surviving less than a month are not included.
1281 to 1547
At this time the ruler is known as Grand Prince of Moscow.
1547 to 1722
From this point of the ruler is Tsar (Czar) of Russia.
1722 to 1797
Between Peter I's decree on the succession to the throne of 16 February 1722 and Paul I's decree of 15 May 1797, the Emperor had the right to name his or her own successor. All heirs in this period were nominated by the reigning monarch, rather than holding the position by right of inheritance. Despite Peter the Great's modification of the law to allow nomination of a successor by the monarch, neither he nor his two immediate successors ever nominated an heir, and Catherine I, Peter II, and Anna were all chosen irregularly, after the death of their predecessor. In addition, Ivan VI, who had not named a successor, was deposed in a coup, while Peter III, who was deposed and murdered after a coup, was succeeded not by his son Paul, his chosen successor, but by his wife, who became Catherine II.
1797 to 1917
In 1797, Emperor Paul modified the laws of succession, abolishing the Petrine law and establishing in its place a law establishing semi-Salic succession among his own descendants. This law remained until the abolition of the monarchy.
Although Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich renounced his claims to the throne in 1822, he did so secretly, and so was still widely viewed as heir to the throne until his older brother's death in 1825. At the death of Alexander I, the next brother, who would become Nicholas I, deferred his claims until his older brother Constantine renounced once again, but after Constantine's second renunciation he claimed to have taken the throne immediately upon Alexander's death.
See also
Tsesarevich
References
Russia history-related lists
Russian throne
Russia
Russian monarchy |
17176656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaser%20bed | Flaser bed | Flaser beds are a sedimentary, bi-directional, bedding pattern created when a sediment is exposed to intermittent flows, leading to alternating sand and mud layers. While flaser beds typically form in tidal environments, they can (rarely) form in fluvial conditions - on point bars or in ephemeral streams, or also in deep water environments when turbiditic sediments are reworked by seasonal bottom-currents. Individual sand ripples are created, which are later infilled by mud during quieter flow periods. These mud drapes are typically a minor constituent of the deposit; they can consolidate within three hours, protecting the underlying layer from erosion. Flaser bedding typically forms in high-energy environments.
In contrast to lenticular bedding which largely consists of mud relative to small amounts of sand, flaser bedding is dominated by sand with small amounts of mud interspersed.
References
Sedimentary structures |
17176666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozjak%20%28mountain%20near%20P%C4%8Dinja%29 | Kozjak (mountain near Pčinja) | Kozjak () is a mountain situated on the border between North Macedonia and Serbia. It is situated north-east from Kumanovo. The tallest peak of Kozjak is Virovi at 1284 meters. The region is also known as (). The river Pčinja flows along the western edge of the mountain.
During the struggle for Macedonia, the Balkan Wars and World War I, Serbian volunteer detachments fought to liberate the region from Turkish, Albanian and Bulgarian tyranny. In World War II Kozjak was occupied by Draža Mihajlović's Chetniks and was a ground of severe battles between them and the Macedonian National Liberation Army at the time supported by the Nazi Germany and its Axis collaborators, Bulgaria and the Independent State of Croatia.
Kozjak is famous for the Prohor Pčinjski monastery in which the first session of the ASNOM was held on 2 August 1944.
References
Mountains of North Macedonia
Mountains of Serbia
North Macedonia–Serbia border
International mountains of Europe
Kumanovo Municipality
Rhodope mountain range |
17176667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20the%20Var | Army of the Var | The Army of the Var (Armée du Var) was one of the French Revolutionary armies. It was established along the River Var, the frontier between France and Piedmont, charged with protecting Provence from invasion.
Origins
In reality, its name was not official. Its origins came about when General Jacques Bernard d'Anselme was charged with commanding a corps in the Army of Midi, which had gathered at the Var. Seeking independence from General de Montesquiou, his superior and commander of the Army of Midi, d'Anselme purposely named his corps the Army of the Var on 29 September 1792, trying to break free from authority. But in reality, it was still only the right wing of the armée du Midi, and only became the Army of Italy on 7 November 1792 by a decree of the Convention.
Operations
At the end of 1792, the Army of the Var crossed the river and took Nice without a battle. The county would be taken as a base of operation for the Army of the Var. The army was shortly absorbed into the Army of Italy and d’Anselme was relieved of command.
The army was revived during the Hundred days under the command of Marshal Brune, seeing independent action against the Austrians until Napoleon's defeat. The Army would never be reformed since 1815.
References
Var |
17176677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Eccles%2C%20Viscountess%20Eccles | Mary Eccles, Viscountess Eccles | Mary Morley Eccles, Viscountess Eccles ( Crapo; 8 July 1912 – 26 August 2003) was a book collector and author. She was renowned for establishing one of the largest private collections of 18th century literature with her first husband, Donald Hyde (1909-1966). This includes works from Samuel Johnson and James Boswell. She also created an Oscar Wilde Collection which was bequeathed to the British Library in 2003.
Her second marriage (in 1984) was to the British peer, David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles, with whom she co-founded the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library in 1992.
Early life and education
Eccles was born Mary Morley Crapo in Detroit, Michigan, United States in 1912, to American railway executive Stanford T. Crapo (grandson of Governor Henry H. Crapo) and wife Emma Caroline Morley. She attended Vassar College in New York State where she became friends with novelist Mary McCarthy. She later attended Columbia University where she undertook her PhD in English literature. The dissertation from her doctorate was later developed into a book, entitled Playwriting for Elizabethans.
Literary collections
In 1939 she married Donald Hyde, a New York City lawyer. The couple bought Samuel Johnson's silver teapot in 1941 and threw a tea party in its honour. Over the next 25 years, they became avid collectors of Johnson's belongings, including hundreds of his letters, several of his diaries and a collection of his poems.
Mary Hyde — as she was then known—bought Four Oaks Farm in Branchburg, New Jersey in 1943. Here they bought up surrounding land and added a library to the property, filling the house with their Samuel Johnson collection. Hyde also published The Thrales of Streatham Park in honour of Mrs Hester Thrale who had previously collected many of Johnson's belongings. During the following years, Hyde became well acquainted with many influential figures, including business tycoons, politicians and English aristocrats. Among them was businessman Robert Borthwick Adam, from whom she purchased a portion of her collection.
Donald Hyde died in 1966. His wife later wrote The Impossible Friendship, a study of Mrs Thrale and James Boswell. She also wrote Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence and developed an Oscar Wilde collection that was second in size only to that of the University of California. She donated this collection to the British Library to form the Lady Eccles Oscar Wilde Collection there. The collection relating to Samuel Johnson and his circle was bequeathed to Houghton Library at Harvard University.
Eccles Centre
Mary Hyde married David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles in 1984, becoming The Right Honourable The Viscountess Eccles. They founded the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library in 1992 as Lord Eccles had previously been its Chairman.
Honours
Lady Eccles was made an Honorary Fellow of Samuel Johnson's college at Oxford, Pembroke College. She was also Benjamin Franklin Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. She was a member of The Roxburghe Club, an exclusive society of bibliophiles, from 1985 to 2003. She was also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1978).
References
External links
The Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson at Houghton Library
The papers of Mary Eccles at Houghton Library
1912 births
2003 deaths
Writers from Detroit
Vassar College alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
British viscountesses
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Wives of knights |
17176682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%20de%20Bronne | Bras de Bronne | The Bras de Bronne (sometimes spelled Bras de Brosne) is a small river in northern France whose course crosses the departement of the Pas-de-Calais.
Its source is at the hamlet of Etreuille, near the village of Saint-Michel-sous-Bois. It flows through the communes of Humbert, Sempy, Aix-en-Issart, Marant, Marenla and joins the river Canche at Marles-sur-Canche.
In winter, it is fed by an even smaller river at the commune of Quilen.
There's an ancient watermill at Sempy.
References
Rivers of France
Rivers of Hauts-de-France
Rivers of the Pas-de-Calais |
17176697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Cecchini | Luigi Cecchini | Luigi Cecchini (born 1944) is an Italian sports doctor who is active in road bicycle racing. He is well known as a maker of training schemes that he writes for his clients as well as for the use of the SRM cycle computer.
Cecchini is a former motor-racing pilot and the son of a millionaire shirt manufacturer, who had specialized as a sports scientist who studied in Pisa. In an interview in May 1997, Cecchini was referred to as Bjarne Riis’s coach, medic, and personal advisor who he started to work with in 1992. With Cecchini at his side Riis won the 1996 Tour de France.
Involvement with cycling
Cecchini has worked with many of the most successful cyclists of the late 1990s including Tour de France winners Riis and Jan Ullrich, Classic specialists Michele Bartoli, Olympic time trial gold medallists Tyler Hamilton and the super sprinter Alessandro Petacchi. In 1996 three of his clients Pascal Richard, Rolf Sørensen and Max Sciandri took the podium at the Olympics road race. Cecchini was a coach to Jan Ullrich since the winter of 2002/2003.
David Millar trained under Cecchini’s guidance in May and June 2006.
Damiano Cunego was also a client of Cecchini. Thomas Dekker started working with Cecchini in January 2006 but only on training programs. Dekker was under pressure and broke his association with Cecchini. Linus Gerdemann trained with Cecchini until May, 2006. In 1996 Cecchini’s clients were very successful with Riis winning the Tour and his other clients dominating the first professional Olympic road race. In 2002 many of his clients obtained success. Bartoli won the Amstel Gold Race and the Giro di Lombardia. Andrea Tafi won the Tour of Flanders. Mario Cipollini won Milan–San Remo, Gent–Wevelgem and the World Championship road race.
Team CSC
When Riis moved into team management with Team CSC, he took Cecchini with him. Tyler Hamilton joined CSC in 2002 and Riis introduced Hamilton to Cecchini in 2002. Hamilton worked with him until his positive doping test for blood doping. After winning the gold at the Olympics time trial event, Hamilton thanked Cecchini
When Ivan Basso joined Team CSC in 2004, Team Manager Riis employed Luigi Cecchini as Basso's personal trainer. Basso parted ways with Cecchini in April 2006. Basso maintained a private relationship with Dr Luigi Cecchini, who was also Riis' coach in 1996 and involved with CSC until 2004. Cecchini had not been his team's doctor for some years and that he acted as the sporting adviser and trainer to just four CSC riders: Fabian Cancellara, Matti Breschel, Michael Blaudzun and Nicki Sorensen during the 2006 season.
Clients
Michele Bartoli, two-time winner of the Giro di Lombardia and Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Ivan Basso, winner of the Giro d’Italia of 2006.
Paolo Bettini, Olympic road race champion 2004, world champion in 2006 & 2007
Michael Blaudzun, Denmark national road race champion 1994, 2004; Denmark national time trial champion 2001, 2003, 2005
Matti Breschel, winner stage 21 of the 2008 Vuelta a España; Bronze medalist 2008 World Championships road race
Fabian Cancellara, Time trial champion 2006 & 2007; Gold Medalist 2008 Olympic time trial; Bronze Medalist 2008 Olympic road race; Gold Medalist 2016 Olympic time trial
Francesco Casagrande, runner up at the Giro d’Italia 2001
Angel Casero, winner Vuelta a España 2001
Mario Cipollini, world champion 2002
Damiano Cunego, winner of Giro d’Italia of 2004
Thomas Dekker, winner Tirreno–Adriatico 2006 and Tour de Romandie 2007.
Juan Antonio Flecha
Linus Gerdemann, winner of the 2008 Tour of Germany (Deutschland Tour); winner of stage 7 in the 2007 Tour de France
Tyler Hamilton, Olympic time trial champion 2004.
Jörg Jaksche
Kim Kirchen, winner La Flèche Wallonne 2008, held green and yellow jerseys in 2008 Tour de France
Alessandro Petacchi, winner Milan–San Remo 2005 and Paris–Tours 2007
Pascal Richard, Olympic road race champion 1996
Nicki Sørensen, Denmark national road race champion 2003 & 2008
Andrea Tafi, winner Paris–Roubaix 1999
Gianni Bugno, winner of Giro d’Italia 1990, world champion in 1991 and 1992
Bjarne Riis, winner 1996 Tour de France
Maximilian Sciandri, bronze medal Olympic road race 1996
Rolf Sørensen, winner Tour of Flanders 1997
Jan Ullrich, winner 1997 Tour de France, 1999 Vuelta a España, World champion time trial 1999, 2001 and Olympic road race champion 2000.
References
1944 births
Living people
Italian sports physicians
Physicians from Ferrara |
17176702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Comet%3A%20After%20the%20Impact | Super Comet: After the Impact | Super Comet: After The Impact (Also known as Armageddon: Der Einschlag) is a 2007 German-American speculative documentary produced by ZDF and the Discovery Channel. It was directed by Stefan Schneider.
Summary
The two-hour production hypothesizes the effects on modern-day earth of a large comet impacting in Mexico near the same location of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the ancient impact of a comet or meteor that is believed to have triggered the mass extinction of the dinosaurs.
The film alternates between interviews with climatologists and researchers and dramatized scenes following several groups of people as they attempt to survive in the days and months after the disaster: a separated family in France, a pair of scientists in Hawaii, a man who manages to survive for a period of time near the ground zero impact in Mexico, and a tribe in Cameroon.
DVD release
Discovery Channel released the film to DVD in North America on Dec.4, 2007.
External links
"Super Comet: After the Impact" at the IMDb
Discovery Channel Canada program details. (link broken as at Mar 2012)
Review in The New York Times
Review in The Hindu
DVD review at Digitally Obsessed
2007 films
2007 documentary films
2007 science fiction films
Discovery Channel original programming
Films set in Cameroon
Films set in France
Films set in Hawaii
Films set in Mexico
Films about impact events
German post-apocalyptic films
2000s German films |
17176719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Jenkins%20%28Australian%20footballer%29 | Tommy Jenkins (Australian footballer) | Thomas J. Jenkins (6 June 1902 – 6 August 1979) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1920s.
Jenkins arrived at Essendon in 1921 after his VFA club North Melbourne had disbanded and spent five seasons with the Bombers. Short but large, Jenkins played mostly as a full-forward and was a premiership player in 1923 and 1924. He twice topped Essendon's goalkicking, in 1924 with 50 goals and 1925 with 37 goals. His best tally in a game was nine goals against North Melbourne in 1925, who had by then reformed and joined the VFL. In 1927, he returned to his old club but could manage only three senior games.
In later life he ran a stall at the Queen Victoria Market.
References
External links
Essendon past player profile
Australian Football profile
1902 births
1979 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club (VFA) players
VFL/AFL premiership players |
17176721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjo | Ganjo | Ganjo may refer to:
Ganjo Takkar, a limestone hill range in the Sindh province of Pakistan
the Australian name for a Banjo guitar
See also
Ganjō-ji, a Buddhist temple in Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan |
17176723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Bernard%20d%27Anselme | Jacques Bernard d'Anselme | Jacques Bernard Modeste d'Anselme (22 July 1740, Apt – 17 September 1814, Paris) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Army, notable as the first commander of the Army of the Var which soon became the Army of Italy. He fell under suspicion, was removed from command and placed under arrest, but he survived the Reign of Terror. ANSELME is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 23.
Biography
He became a knight of Saint Louis on 18 April 1770. During the American Revolution, he was a lieutenant colonel of the Regiment of Soissons. As lieutenant general, he took Nice and the fortresses of Mont Alban () and Villefranche-sur-Mer in 1792, but was defeated at Sospello and imprisoned until the revolution of Thermidor. His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe.
Notes
References
Pierre Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, 15 volumes, 1863–1890.
Louis Gabriel Michaud, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, 35 vol., 1773–1858.
1740 births
1814 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French generals
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Vaucluse
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe |
17176729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo%20Meyer%20Upakhyan | Mondo Meyer Upakhyan | Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (Bengali: মন্দ মেয়ের উপাখ্যান) is a 2002 Indian Bengali-language film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta. The film was also released under the English title A Tale of A Naughty Girl and French title Chroniques Indiennes. The film stars Samata Das in the title role. It also stars Tapas Paul, Rituparna Sengupta, Sreelekha Mitra, Sudipta Chakraborty and June Malia. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 2003.
Plot
Based on a short story by Bengali writer Prafulla Roy, the central idea developed by director Dasgupta, tells the story of a girl, Lati (Samata Das), whose mother Rajani (Rituparna Sengupta) is a prostitute living and working in a brothel in rural India. Rajani plans to offer her daughter to an older man, a rich husband and protector to her daughter. Lati, however, wants to return to school and finish her studies. Unwilling to pay such a price for material success, she runs away to Calcutta. The discovery of this new world is described parallel to other stories of emancipation, such as that of three young prostitutes, of an aged couple going nowhere and man's landing on the Moon. In a surrealistic approach typical of the director, a clumsy cat and an intelligent donkey are also present in the film.
Ganesh (Tapas Paul) works full-time as a driver for wealthy Bengali-speaking, Natabar Paladhi (Ram Gopal Bajaj), who lives in a mansion with his wife, children and grandchildren, and runs 'Anjali Cinema' He has Ganesh use his vehicle as a private taxi cab. Amongst Ganesh's customers are a woman named Bakul (June Malia), who alights near a town of Gosaipara to take up prostitution with Jamunabai; an abandoned elderly couple who are in need of hospitalization — there is none in the vicinity, and they end up secretly riding with Ganesh all the time; while Natabar uses this vehicle to travel to Gosaipara to visit a prostitute named Rajani and negotiate with her so that he can have her 14-year-old daughter, Lati, as his mistress. Things get complicated when Lati rebels against her mother so she can return to school, and a prostitute is about to get killed by her vengeful husband.
Cast
Samata Das as Lati
Tapas Paul as Ganesh
Rituparna Sengupta as Rajani
Sreelekha Mitra as Ayesha
Sudipta Chakraborty as Basanti
June Malia as Bakul
Arpan Basar as Shibu
Ram Gopal Bajaj as Natabar Paladhi
Pradip Mukherjee as Nagen
Pavan Bandhopadhyay
Debjani Biswas
Kajol Chowdhuri
Ketaki Dutta
Arjun Guha Thakurta
Saroj Gupta
Fakir Das Kumar
Subrata Mukherjee
Anup Mukhyopadhyay
Crew
Directed: Buddhadev Dasgupta
Screenplay: Buddhadev Dasgupta
Produced: Arya Bhattacharjee
Music: Buddhadev Dasgupta
Cinematography: Venu
Film Editing: Raviranjan Maitra
Art Direction: Kousik Sarkar
Promotion
Directors like Dasgupta (and others of his ilk like Adoor Gopalakrishnan or Mrinal Sen) make movies that are very specific to their own cultural milieu. A great master like the late Satyajit Ray was never comfortable when he stepped outside his native Bengal with his camera. So too Dasgupta. His latest work, Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (A Tale of a Naughty Girl), is set in his favourite Purulia, a backward region in West Bengal. Beyond these main travails of Lati, Dasgupta presents a gripping account of village life. On Dasgupta's canvas, one witnesses life in all its splendour. A Tale of a Naughty Girl is undoubtedly a piece of celluloid that elevates cinema to another realm. It is extremely positive, and probably comes from a deep sense of peace and tranquillity that Dasgupta must have achieved from his poetic inclination.
Released
Awards
2003: Anandalok Awards – Best Director – Buddhadeb Dasgupta
2003: Best ASEAN Film Award – Buddhadev Dasgupta
2003: National Film Award for Best Feature Film – Arya Bhattacharya (Producer), Buddhadev Dasgupta (Director)
References
External links
www.arjoe.com
2002 films
Bengali-language Indian films
2000s Bengali-language films
2002 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners |
17176730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%2C%20Yasin%20Ar%20Amar%20Madhubala | Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala | Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala ('Me, Yasin and my honeymoon') is a 2007 Indian Bengali film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta. The film was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival.
Plot
When a Kolkata surveillance specialist and his roommate install a small camera in the home of their beautiful neighbor, they somehow become terror suspects in director Buddhadeb Dasgupta's cutting commentary on CCTV society. Yasin (Amitav Bhattacharya) and his roommate Dilip (Prosenjit Chatterjee) are smitten with their beautiful new neighbor Rekha (Sameera Reddy). Innocent pining becomes silent obsession, however, when Dilip decides to install a surveillance camera directly over Rekha's bed. At first Rekha remains blissfully unaware that her privacy has been invaded, but when she finally realizes she's being spied on, her nosy neighbors are forced to go on the run. Little do Yasin and Dilip realize that across town a terrorist cell is plotting their latest attack, and now the local authorities believe that Yasin may be a key part of their diabolical plans.
Cast
Amitav Bhattacharya as Yasin
Prasenjit Chatterjee as Dilip
Sameera Reddy as Rekha
References
External links
2007 films
2000s Bengali-language films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in Kolkata |
17176761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Pavement%20Chapel | High Pavement Chapel | High Pavement Chapel is a redundant church building in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. It is now the Pitcher and Piano public house and is Grade II listed. It was built as, and for most of its existence operated as, a Unitarian place of worship.
History
By August 1662, under the Act of Uniformity, two Nottingham ministers, John Whitlock and William Reynolds, had been deprived of their living at St Mary's Church, Nottingham and a third, John Barret, of his at St Peter's; the three men left town to comply with the Five Mile Act 1665. However, they continued to preach in the area, including houses in Nottingham's Bridlesmith Gate and Middle Pavement. This led to the foundation of a permanent chapel in High Pavement in 1690.
By 1735 the congregation had established itself as liberal (in the tradition of English Presbyterianism) and in 1802 as Unitarian. In 1758 the appointment of a new junior minister, Isaac Smithson, caused a schism. The senior minister withdrew to a new chapel in nearby Halifax Place. This schism lasted until 1775 when the two congregations merged. The original chapel was considerably rebuilt in 1805.
In 1864 the congregation opened a daughter church, Christ Church, Peas Hill. This survived until 1932.
The current building was opened in 1876, built to a design of the architect Stuart Colman, of Bristol. It was used as a place of worship for Unitarians until 1982. It was then converted into the Nottingham Lace Museum, but this venture proved financially unviable. The building was then converted to its current use, as a Pitcher and Piano public house. The current congregation, Nottingham Unitarians, affiliated with the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, are now based nearby at 3 Plumptre Street, Nottingham NG1 1JL, a former lace factory where items of lace were finished.
Stained glass
East window 1904, by Morris & Co., to designs by Philip Burne-Jones
North aisle war memorial window, 1925, by Kempe & Co
Sunday School memorial window, 1906, by Henry Holiday
North transept north window 1890, by H Enfield
Ministers
John Whitlock, M.A. 1662–1708
William Reynolds, M.A. 1662–1698
John Barret, B.A. 1662–1713
John Whitlock junior 1689–1723
John Hardy 1714–1727
Nathaniel Whitlock 1729–1739
Obadiah Hughes 1728–1735
Samuel Eaton, 0.0.1737–1759
Joseph Evans 1754–1758
Isaac Smithson 1758–1769
John Milne 1759–1772
Thomas Brushaw 1769–1772
John Simpson 1772–1777
George Walker, F.R.S. 1774–1798
Nathaniel Philipps, D. D. 1778–1785
Nicholas Clayton, LL.D. 1785–1795
William Walters 1794–1806
Robert Kell 1799–1801
James Tayler 1802–1831
John Grundy 1806–1811
William Pitt Scargill 1811
Richard Fry 1812–1813
Joseph Hutton, LL.D. 1813–1816
Henry Turner 1817–1822
Benjamin Carpenter 1822·1860
William Blazeby, B.A. 1859–1860
Peter William Clayden 1860–1868
Richard Acland Armstrong, B.A. 1869–1884
James Harwood, B.A. 1884–1892
William Edward Addis, M.A. 1892–1899
Joseph Morgan Lloyd Thomas 1900–1912
John Charles Ballantyne, M. A. 1913–1918
Simon Jones, B.A. 1918–1934
James Arnold Williams, B.A., B.D. 1934–1946
Charles Gordon Bolam, B.A., B.D., M.A. 1946–
Organists
Henry Farmer 1839 – 1879
William Wright 1879 – 1894 (later organist of St Leodegarius Church, Basford, then Christ Church, Cinderhill)
Charles Lymn 1894 – 1914 – ????
H. Freestone ca. 1916
Charles Edward Blyton Dobson 1920 – 1925
Wilfred Davies ca. 1960s
References in literature
The church is mentioned in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence, chapter 15.
Then, happening to go into the Unitarian Church one Sunday evening, when they stood up to sing the second hymn he saw her before him. The light glistened on her lower lip as she sang. She looked as if she had got something, at any rate: some hope in heaven, if not in earth. Her comfort and her life seemed in the after-world. A warm, strong feeling for her came up. She seemed to yearn, as she sang, for the mystery and comfort. He put his hope in her. He longed for the sermon to be over, to speak to her. The throng carried her out just before him.
References
An Itinerary of Nottingham, J. Holland Walker, 1927.
Allens Illustrated Guide to Nottingham, J. Potter Briscoe, 1888.
Nottingham High Pavement
Nottingham, High Pavement Chapel
Churches completed in 1876
19th-century churches in the United Kingdom
Presbyterian churches in England
Former Presbyterian churches
Former churches in Nottinghamshire
Unitarian chapels in England
Pubs in Nottingham
Grade II listed pubs in Nottinghamshire |
17176773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Eklund | Oscar Eklund | Oscar Eklund (born August 27, 1988) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing with Södertälje SK of the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv).
Eklund had previously played with the Oulun Kärpät in the SM-Liiga. He also has presented HIFK in Finnish Liiga.
References
External links
1988 births
Almtuna IS players
Brynäs IF players
Djurgårdens IF Hockey players
HC Dynamo Pardubice players
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Huddinge IK players
Iserlohn Roosters players
JYP Jyväskylä players
KooKoo players
Living people
Oulun Kärpät players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate ice hockey players in the Czech Republic |
17176780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Gutman | Israel Gutman | Israel Gutman (; 20 May 1923 – 1 October 2013) was a Polish-born Israeli historian and a survivor of the Holocaust.
Biography
Israel (Yisrael) Gutman was born in Warsaw, Second Polish Republic. After participating and being wounded in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, he was deported to the Majdanek, Auschwitz and Mauthausen concentration camps. His parents and siblings died in the ghetto. In January 1945, he survived the death march from Auschwitz to Mauthausen, where he was liberated by U.S. forces. In the immediate post-war period, he joined the Jewish Brigade in Italy. In 1946, he immigrated to Mandate Palestine and joined Kibbutz Lehavot HaBashan, where he raised a family. He was a member of the kibbutz for 25 years. In 1961, he testified at the trial of Adolf Eichmann.
Academic career
Gutman was a professor of history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and deputy chairman of the International Auschwitz Council at Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation. He was the editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust and won the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for Military Studies. At Yad Vashem, he headed the International Institute for Holocaust Research (1993–1996), served as Chief Historian (1996–2000) and was the Academic Advisor (from 2000). He was also an advisor to the Polish government on Jewish Affairs, Judaism and Holocaust Commemoration.
He died, aged 90, in Jerusalem, Israel.
Published works
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt (1982)
Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews in World War Two (1986)
The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (1989)
Anatomy of Auschwitz Death Camp (with Michael Berenbaum, 1994)
Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1994)
Emanuel Ringelblum – The Man and the Historian (2006)
References
External links
Israel Gutman in an online exhibition by Yad Vashem
Interview with Professor Israel Gutman, Yad Vashem website
1923 births
2013 deaths
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Historians of the Holocaust
Jewish historians
Majdanek concentration camp survivors
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jewish Combat Organization members
Yad Vashem people
Writers from Warsaw |
17176787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Flags%20Dubai | Six Flags Dubai | Six Flags Dubai was a planned theme park under development for multiple years in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The park was being developed by DXB Entertainments, under license from Six Flags. The park was scheduled to open in November 2011, but Six Flags terminated the agreement in 2010 after Tatweer failed to make a payment owed to Six Flags. It was later revived and scheduled to open in 2019 near Lapita Hotel and Riverland Dubai at Dubai Parks and Resorts. It was to be divided into six themed sections, and contain 27 different attractions, including six roller coasters. On April 25, 2019, DXB Entertainments issued a statement that the project had been cancelled.
Areas
Six Flags Dubai was to be laid out in six different areas, much like the original concepts of Six Flags Over Texas, Six Flags Over Georgia, and Six Flags St. Louis, the three original parks built by the company. Six Flags Dubai's themed areas were to be based on other Six Flags theme parks in the United States that were acquired from other companies.
Thrillseeker Plaza
The main area of the park, with pathways leading to the five other areas.
Magic Mountain
Themed after Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California.
Fiesta Texas
Themed after Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas.
Great Escape
Themed after Great Escape in Queensbury, New York.
Great Adventure
Themed after Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey.
Great America
Themed after Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois.
History
Original development (2008-2010)
In March 2008, Dubai Holdings, Inc. and Six Flags announced a corporate marketing alliance that would allow Tatweer, a member of Dubai Holdings, Inc., to lease the exclusive right to the Six Flags brand name in the Dubailand Development of the United Arab Emirates. According to Six Flags, the park (then dubbed "Six Flags Dubailand") was to be the largest Six Flags to be developed outside of the United States, as well as the first built by the company since Six Flags St. Louis in 1971. It was also to be the first of several products outside of the Middle East. The park was to feature thrill rides and live entertainment featuring Tony Hawk, which was a prominent license at Six Flags theme parks at the time. Groundbreaking was originally set to begin in early 2009.
In 2010, owing to financial difficulties, Tatweer failed to make due payment to Six Flags under their license agreement, breaching its contract. Six Flags then terminated the agreement, temporarily cancelling the project.
Project revival (2014-2019)
On April 10, 2014, Six Flags announced a new, separate partnership with Meraas Leisure and Entertainment to build a Six Flags-branded theme park in Jebel Ali with a scheduled launch date in late 2017.
On March 27, 2016, it was reported that the Six Flags Dubai theme park was to be in the second phase of Dubai Parks and Resorts and was expected to open in the third quarter of 2019.
On July 3, 2016, before the opening of Dubai Parks and Resorts in October, construction began on Six Flags Dubai and was expected to have 27 rides and attractions.
On October 24, 2018, it was announced that the future of the Six Flags Dubai project was "uncertain", following major losses at DXB Entertainments. On November 7, Six Flags issued a statement that management was reviewing the situation, and suggested that the park may be delayed past its original 2019 opening date.
On April 25, 2019, the project was cancelled.
References
Dubailand
Amusement parks in Dubai
Former Six Flags theme parks |
17176789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20the%20Midi | Army of the Midi | The Army of the Midi (Armée du Midi) was a unit of the French army, stationed in the Midi region and created by royal decree of Louis XVI on 13 April 1792. The first leader of the army was Jacques Bernard d'Anselme.
References
1792 establishments in France
Midi
Military units and formations established in 1792
Military units and formations of the Peninsular War |
17176803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapper%20card | Snapper card | The Snapper card is a contactless electronic ticketing card used to pay for bus and train fares in Wellington, New Zealand. It was introduced in Wellington in July 2008. Another version – the Snapper HOP card – was introduced to Auckland in 2011 and withdrawn from Auckland in late 2013. Snapper CityLink cards were introduced in Whangarei in March 2014 and withdrawn in September 2018. It was owned by Snapper Services Limited, a former subsidiary of Infratil until 2019 when it was sold to ICM Limited, a subsidiary of Allectus Capital.
Technology
Snapper is a contactless smart card based on Infineon and SmartMX (from NXP Semiconductors) chip sets. It uses the Triple DES cryptographic system, which is standard in financial cards and has been approved in New Zealand as a secure mechanism for connection through to the EFTPOS network. The Snapper system is an adaptation of the T-money system used in South Korea.
On 3 May 2012, Snapper and 2degrees mobile announced the launch of a service that allows customers with a compatible NFC phone to make payments in all Snapper merchants using their mobile phone. The first phone to support this service is the LG Optimus Net. This service requires compatible NFC phone and a special SIM card with the snapper secure element included.
The bus-ticketing system is based on a "tag-on", "tag-off" principle, providing valuable data for transport authorities to analyse – and plan for – travel behaviour. Some users have been concerned by the privacy of such practises.
There are 2 different types of cards; a red card for adults, and a green card for school-aged children, which comes pre-loaded with a child concession.
Services
Buses
GO Wellington buses were the first to use Snapper cards, with "tag on/off" card readers inside the bus entrance and exit doors. It was trialled by 200 users on route 17 to Karori. From 1 June 2009 there is a 20% discount on standard fares for adults using a Snapper. Previously, this discount was 25%. Snapper was made available on Valley Flyer buses from 14 June 2009, and on Runcimans school buses in September later that year. As of 2018 Snapper is available on Mana/Newlands Coach Services buses as the Metlink bus network had been unified under one style and one fare system.
On 1 December 2009, Snapper announced plans to enter the Auckland market, targeting coverage of 80% of public transport by Rugby World Cup 2011. Infratil, ANZ Bank New Zealand (then ANZ National Bank), Eyede, Unisys and Beca Group pitched Snapper to the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA), which had made public its intention to introduce smartcards on public transport in Auckland. Snapper released the so-called purple HOP card, which was used only on NZ Bus services (but no other Auckland bus company or service) in Auckland from March 2011 until late 2013. After Auckland Transport superseded ARTA in 2010, Thales Group was awarded the contract and Snapper was required to exit the Auckland market after failing to make their system compatible with Thales' system. Subsequently, the rollout of the AT HOP card for all Auckland bus, train and ferry services was completed by Auckland Transport by March 2014.
On 3 March 2014, the Northland Regional Council introduced Snapper cards for Whangarei's urban bus network, CityLink Whangarei. On 29 September 2019, Snapper cards were phased out for the Whangarei bus network, which was replaced with the Bee Card.
Trains
The Johnsonville Branch was the first line to adopt the Snapper card system for fare payments on the 14th of November 2021, with the hardware, reader stands, and other necessary equipment being installed previously in August.
"Snapper on rail" (as coined by Metlink) operated similarly to the already in-use bus system, with commuters required to "tag" on and off at card readers located on the station platform.
The reason for the system only being installed on the Johnsonville Branch at first, was to act as a “trial run” to gauge if the system was viable to replace paper tickets on other Wellington suburban lines.
The Snapper system was eventually rolled out to the Kapiti Line, Hutt Valley Line, and Melling Branch on the 12th of November 2022. The Wairarapa Connection adopted Snapper at later date, on the 27th of November 2022; marking full integration with the rest of the Snapper system.
The Capital Connection (running between Wellington and Palmerston North) does not accept the Snapper card as it is not a Metlink service, and instead has its own ticketing and fare structure.
Ferries
Tickets for the East by West Ferry in Wellington could be purchased with Snapper cards at Queen's Wharf. Since early 2010, the Snapper card could be used to tag-on and tag-off the ferry, much like on buses, but there was no discount for using it on the ferry. Tag on-tag off services on the ferry have been discontinued. The old style card readers are there but they are covered up and disabled.
Retail stores
Many retailers in Wellington allowed Snapper as a form of payment, and facilitate topping up a Snapper card, these include FIX convenience stores, dairies and ticket offices throughout the Greater Wellington region.
In 2015, Snapper announced that, from 1 June, these contactless payments would no longer be available in stores and retail outlets (but may still be accented in some schools).
References
External links
Official website
Contactless smart cards
Fare collection systems in New Zealand
Public transport in the Wellington Region |
17176818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballywilliam | Ballywilliam | Ballywilliam (historically also Ballyliam, from ) is a village in the west of County Wexford, Ireland. The nearest town is New Ross, to the south west. The village sits on the R731 road.
History
The village once had its own railway station, which was closed in 1963. Ballywilliam Railway Station was the first railway station in County Wexford. It opened in 1862.
Ballywilliam R.I.C. Barracks was burned during the Irish War of Independence, on 5 April 1920.
Amenities
Today, the village contains an agricultural cooperative, two pubs, and a Garda Station. Ballywilliam also contains a shop/petrol station.
Sport
Ballywilliam is home to Shelburne United AFC, a local soccer club that competes in the Wexford and District League, the Wexford and District Schoolboys' League and Wexford and District Women's and Schoolgirls' League.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Towns and villages in County Wexford |
17176819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaso-Yakovlevsky%20Monastery | Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery | Monastery of St. Jacob Saviour () is an Eastern Orthodox monastery situated to the left from the Rostov kremlin on the Rostov's outskirts.
The monastery was founded in 1389 by St Iakov of Rostov, who was banished from his town for sparing a woman sentenced to death. Iakov moved south from Rostov and settled near the church of Archangel Michael, built in the 11th century by St Leontiy of Rostov.
From the 14th up to the late 17th century all the buildings in the monastery were made of wood. The earliest kept building is Cathedral of Conception of St Anna (Zachatievsky Cathedral). It has been constructed in 1686. Another 17th-century building is Savior Transfiguration Cathedral (Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral) which once belonged to the abolished Spaso-Pesotsky Monastery.
The Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery has been greatly venerated as the shrine of St Dmitry of Rostov. He arrived at Rostov on the 1 of March, 1702, following orders of Peter the Great. Upon his death in 1709 two valuable icons of Holy Mother were moved into the Troitsky Cathedral. Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine neoclassical style. The Cathedral of St Dmitry of Rostov was constructed in 1794–1802 with support of Nikolai Sheremetev's column.
References
Buildings and structures in Yaroslavl Oblast
Russian Orthodox monasteries in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Yaroslavl Oblast |
17176841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20London%20Sevens | 2008 London Sevens | The London Sevens is played annually as part of the IRB Sevens World Series for international rugby sevens (seven-a-side version of rugby union). The 2008 competition took place 24 May and 25 May at Twickenham in London, England and was the seventh Cup trophy in the 2007-08 IRB Sevens World Series.
Samoa won their first Cup of the season, defeating Fiji in the final 19-14. In a shock Plate final, New Zealand defeated South Africa 19-12. However, this result was enough to ensure that New Zealand won the overall 2007-08 Series with a round to spare. New Zealand had earlier lost to the hosts England in the Cup quarter-finals, whilst South Africa failed to score against Argentina at the same stage in the tournament. The other main surprise of the tournament was Portugal reaching the Cup competition, partly by defeating Australia in the group stages. Later on in the tournament, Australia managed a consolation victory in the Bowl, whilst Spain won the Shield.
Pool stages
Pool A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
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!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||72||21||+51||9
|-
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|3||1||1||1||71||38||+33||6
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||1||1||73||52||+21||6
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||0||3||28||133||-105||3
|}
Pool B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="40"|Pld
!width="40"|W
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!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||104||12||+92||9
|-
|align=left|
|3||2||0||1||69||34||+35||7
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||0||2||36||78||-42||5
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||0||3||17||102||-85||3
|}
Pool C
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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!width="40"|Pld
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!width="40"|PA
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!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||80||15||+65||9
|-
|align=left|
|3||2||0||1||45||65||-20||7
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||0||2||60||45||+15||5
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||0||3||24||84||-60||3
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Pool D
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="40"|Pld
!width="40"|W
!width="40"|D
!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||92||32||+60||9
|-
|align=left|
|3||2||0||1||60||43||+17||7
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||0||2||34||71||-37||5
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||0||3||22||62||-40||3
|}
Knockout
Shield
Bowl
Plate
Cup
External links
London Sevens Profile on UR7s.com
London Sevens on irb.com
IRB Sevens World Series
London
Sevens
London Sevens
L
London Sevens |
17176854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapner%20Din | Swapner Din | Swapner Din (English: Chased by Dreams, translation: A Day of Dreams) is a 2004 Bengali drama film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta, who won the National Film Award for Best Direction for it.
Plot
Paresh (Prosenjit Chatterjee), the protagonist in Swapner Din, cannot afford the luxury of reaching out for the unexplored. For him, travelling in an official jeep across the state is a matter of keeping alive, a business he is forced to do. He screens badly put together family planning films in villages that fall along his predetermined route, often meeting with unpleasant responses from his target audience. His faith in life is sustained by his love for his dream girl — a beautiful actress he saw crying away in a film five years ago and has been haunted by. He has never met her. She accompanies him on his daily sojourns through a sticker of her picture pasted on the projector box he carries along.
Chapal (Rajesh Sharma), the proxy-driver Paresh is saddled with, carries a stolen passport that has his picture under a different name. His dream is to reach Dubai and land a cushy job to end what he thinks is an apology for living. The pregnant and pretty Amina (Rimi Sen) is running back to her homeland Bangladesh. Her husband, an illegal immigrant, was killed in the Gujarat riots. Her dream is to give birth to her child in her own country, as a legal citizen rooted to his land.
Along the journey, the three share their food, their sleep and their dreams trying to help each other get that much closer to the fulfillment of their respective dreams. No one falls in love, no one attempts to molest Amina, not even the goons who take away the jeep at gun-point and leave them in the wilderness of nowhere, and no one comes to their rescue when their lives, along with their dreams, are threatened by the real danger of death.
Cast
Prasenjit Chatterjee as Paresh
Rimi Sen as Ameena
Rajesh Sharma as Chapal
Raima Sen
Awards
2005 National Film Awards for Best Direction
External links
2004 films
Bengali-language Indian films
2004 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award
2000s Bengali-language films
Indian drama films |
17176863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20the%20Pyrenees | Army of the Pyrenees | One of the French Revolutionary armies, the Army of the Pyrenees (Armée des Pyrénées) was created by a decree of the National Convention dated 1 October 1792 and formed out of the right wing of the Armée du Midi. At the outbreak of the War of the Pyrenees with the Kingdom of Spain, a decree of 30 April 1793 separated the Armée des Pyrénées into the Army of the eastern Pyrenees (Armée des Pyrénées orientales) and the Army of the western Pyrenees (Armée des Pyrénées occidentales).
Commanders
General Joseph Servan de Gerbey, 3 October 1792 – 16 February 1793
General Louis Dubouquet, 17 February - 4 April 1793 (interim)
General Servan de Gerbey, 5 April 1793 – 30 April 1793
General Mathieu Henri Marchant de La Houlière, from 17 April commander of the eastern division, committed suicide shortly after the loss of Céret on 20 April
General Claude Souchon de Chameron, 25 April (provisional)
Notes
Sources
La Prise de Ceret par le Comte de la Union by Bernard Prats in French
Pyrenees |
17176880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas%20%28disambiguation%29 | Libertas (disambiguation) | Libertas (Latin for 'liberty' or 'freedom') is the Roman goddess and personification of liberty.
Libertas may also refer to:
Places
Libertas (island), of the Fjäderholmarna group, Sweden
Libertas (star) or Xi Aquilae
Mahlamba Ndlopfu, formerly Libertas, the residence of the President of South Africa
Libertas, the home of Adam Tas (1668–1722) in the Cape Colony
Politics
Libertas (Norway), a Norwegian libertarian business organisation
Libertas Academica, an open access journal publisher
Libertas Institute (Utah), a think tank in the U.S.
Libertas (monument), commemorating the Estonian War of Independence
Libertas Institute (Ireland), an Irish lobby group who campaigned for "no" in the 2008 referendum
Libertas.eu, a pan-European political party 2008–2010
Libertas (Czech Republic)
Libertas Estonia
Libertas France
Libertas Greece
Libertas Germany
Libertas Ireland
Libertas Italy
Libertas Latvia
Libertas Lithuania
Libertas Malta
Libertas Netherlands
Libertas Poland
Libertas Portugal
Libertas Slovakia
Libertas Spain
Libertas Sweden
Libertas United Kingdom
Sports
A.C. Libertas, a Sanmarinese football club
Libertas, a predecessor of Viareggio Calcio
Libertas S.C., a predecessor of S.S. Cavese 1919
P.G. Libertas, an Italian football club
Libertas (cycling team) 1952–1967
Libertas Acate-Modica, an Italian football club
Libertas Liburnia Basket Livorno, an Italian basketball team
Libertas Pallacanestro Asti, an Italian basketball club
Libertas Trogylos Basket, an Italian basketball club
Other uses
Libertas (film), a 2006 Croatian-Italian film
Liberty Film Festival 2004–2008, and the online continuation Libertas Film Magazine
Marvell Libertas, an open source wireless driver
Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS, in Croatia
Libertas Schulze-Boysen (1913–1942), German aristocrat and resistance fighter
See also
Liberta (disambiguation)
Liberty (disambiguation)
Freedom (disambiguation)
Libertas convoy, a humanitarian action during the siege of Dubrovnik in 1991
Republic of Ragusa, whose flag features "Libertas" |
17176892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomhall%20Castle | Broomhall Castle | Broomhall Castle is a mansion house originally called Broom Hall and was built in 1874 by John Foukes and Frances Mackison for James Johnstone. It is situated in Menstrie, Clackmannanshire, Scotland on the Ochil Hills and consists of three storeys and a tower.
In 1906 the wealth of the builder declined, and the Castle was sold to an Italian Riding School. In 1910 it became the Clifford Park Boys Prep School. On Friday 28 June 1940 the building caught fire whilst the boarders were camping in the grounds. Despite the efforts of the Alloa Fire Brigade the building was gutted. There was a spectacular scene when the roof fell in, sending a shower of sparks heavenwards.
It was left in ruins until 1985 when it was rebuilt and turned into a nursing home.
In 2003 it was purchased by the current owners, who turned it into a small hotel. It is currently in use as a 16 bedroom hotel, with restaurant and lounge.
In the summer of 2022 Broomhall Castle went into liquidation.
External links
Broomhall Castle
References
Castles in Clackmannanshire |
17176894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Argentine%20agrarian%20strike | 2008 Argentine agrarian strike | The 2008 Argentine agrarian strike refers to the conflict between the Argentine national government and the 4 entities that represented the agriculture sector. The crisis began in March 2008 with four agricultural sector employers organizations taking direct action such as road blocks to protest against the decision of the government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner to raise export taxes on soybeans and sunflower. The subsequent political upheaval has seen elements of the ruling Front for Victory speak out against the government and the resignation of Economy Minister Martín Lousteau.
History
In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner's government introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, effectively raising levies on soybean exports to 44% from 35% at the time of the announcement.
The aim was to raise government funds for social investment by increasing the government's share of returns from rising world grain prices, and also to reduce domestic food prices by encouraging farmers to switch to growing staple foods like wheat and corn, rather than export crops such as soybeans. Farmers, on the other hand, felt that the export duties were already too high. The move led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations, starting on March 11, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme. As a result, on March 25 thousands of demonstrators banging pots massed around the obelisk in the capital and in front of the presidential palace. Protests extended across the country. In Buenos Aires, hours after Fernández attacked farmers for their two-week strike and "abundant" profits, there were violent incidents between government supporters and protesters, and the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye.
The media was harshly critical of Luis D'Elía, a former government official who took part in the incidents, with some media sources and members of the opposition (notably Elisa Carrió), claiming that he and his followers had violently suppressed the protest pursuant to the government's orders.
On April 1, the government organised a rally during which thousands of pro-government protesters marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the Argentine leadership. Fernández de Kirchner called on farmers to act "as part of a country, not as owners of a country".
A poll-result published in the Spanish newspaper El País (Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper) revealed that, following the protests, Fernández's approval rating had "plummeted" from 57.8% at the start of her administration to an unprecedented 23%.
Because of the farmers' strikes, mass protests and road blocks in various parts of the country, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was forced to send the government's farm exports tax proposal to the Argentine Congress. On July 5, the Argentine lower house narrowly approved the government's tax package on agricultural exports by a vote of 129-122.
However, in the early morning of July 17, after seventeen hours of tense debate, the Argentine Senate rejected the government's grain exports tax measure by a vote of 37-36, with Vice President Julio Cobos casting the decisive, tie-breaking vote against the measure. With the defeat of the farm exports tax bill in the Senate, it was expected that the four-month confrontation between the Kirchner administration and the agricultural sector over farm export levies will come to an expedient (if only temporary) end.
On July 18, the Argentine government officially revoked Resolution 125. Levies on agricultural exports returned to March 10 levels (i.e. before the controversial Resolution 125 was imposed by a presidential decree).
See also
History of Argentina — The recovery
Alfredo de Angeli
Federación Agraria Argentina
References
Economic history of Argentina
Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Argentine Government Conflict With The Agricultural Sector, 2008
Political scandals in Argentina
History of agriculture in Argentina
Protests in Argentina
2008 protests |
17176896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20the%20Western%20Pyrenees | Army of the Western Pyrenees | The Army of the Western Pyrenees (Armée des Pyrénées occidentales) was one of the Republican French armies of the French Revolutionary Wars. From April 1793 until 12 October 1795, the army fought in the Basque Country and in Navarre during the War of the Pyrenees. After indecisive fighting during the first year of its existence, the army seized the Spanish port of San Sebastián in August 1794. By the time the Peace of Basel was signed on 22 July 1795, the Army of the Western Pyrenees held a significant portion of northeastern Spain.
The army commanders with the longest tenure were Jacques Léonard Muller, who served from October 1793 to August 1794, and Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, who served from August 1794 until the army was disbanded. Emperor Napoleon appointed Moncey a Marshal of France in 1804 during the First French Empire.
Organisation
The Army of the Pyrenees was formed on 1 October 1792 and a former Minister of War, Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey was appointed to lead it. The War of the Pyrenees between Republican France and the Kingdom of Spain began on 9 March 1793. Accordingly, the original Army of the Pyrenees was split on 30 April into the Army of the Western Pyrenees with Servan in command and the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Servan's new army covered a front from the Garonne River in the Pyrenees to the Bay of Biscay, then up the coast to the Gironde estuary. Historian Ramsay Weston Phipps called the Army of the Western Pyrenees the "least interesting" of the armies of the French Republic, contributing only one future marshal. On 19 May 1804, Napoleon elevated Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey to the rank of marshal.
An order of battle for 1793 listed two battalions each of the 20th, 80th, and 148th Line Infantry Demi-brigades and the 5th Light Infantry Battalion. In addition to 18 free companies, there were the following National Guard infantry battalions, Aldudes, 3rd Dordogne, 3rd Landes, 4th Lot-et-Garonne and Paris Louvre. The cavalry regiments were the 18th Dragoons, Volunteers of the Western Pyrenees (later the 12th Hussars) and Bayonne Volunteer Chasseurs (later the 24th Chasseurs à Cheval). There were also 15 artillery companies. In March 1793, Servan had about 10,000 troops at his disposal. At first the volunteer battalions averaged only about 200 men apiece, but in May 1793 they were all recruited up to strengths of 784 soldiers.
The first amalgame began in 1793 and by 5 September five demi-brigades were created with a nominal strength of 2,437 men and divided into three battalions of 812 soldiers. Eventually, 18 more demi-brigades were formed, giving the army a total of 60,000 men. Of these, probably one-third served in garrisons and were of lower quality. Because it was difficult to procure forage, the cavalry was perpetually understrength and about two-thirds of the horses died during the course of the war. Fortunately, the terrain did not lend itself to operations by mounted troops. Military transport and the artillery also suffered from the problem of inadequate forage and never had enough horses. The artillery arm was built up from scratch into a considerable force thanks largely to the capture of 535 Spanish guns and the efforts of the army's artillery chief Augustin de Lespinasse. He also created a pontoon train and units of artisans who repaired muskets taken from the Spaniards. Another innovation of the Army of the Western Pyrenees was its organization of work companies. While the army's soldiers initially suffered due to lack of supplies, by the end of the war the troops were well equipped by their logistical base at Bayonne.
Because Servan was associated with Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière of the fallen Girondist faction, he was dismissed on 4 July 1793. Servan was temporarily replaced by Anne François Augustin de La Bourdonnaye until 11 July when Pierre Joseph du Chambge d'Elbecq arrived to take command. La Bourdonnaye took command of the right wing but he died at Dax on 7 October 1793. D'Elbecq died on 31 August 1793 at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, having accomplished very little. He was succeeded by Étienne Deprez-Crassier who irritated the representatives-on-mission. Deprez-Crassier was dismissed on 4 October and arrested four days after. The following day, Jacques Léonard Muller was named the army's commander-in-chief. Muller had been appointed the army's chief of staff and promoted to general of brigade on 5 July 1793. As general of brigade he was junior to ten generals of division but he was the choice of the all-powerful representatives-on-mission. On 8 September 1793 the Minister of War sent Thomas-Alexandre Dumas to take command of the army and promoted several officers to general of brigade. The representatives refused to recognize Dumas' authority or the promotions. In the end they won and Dumas was merely recognized as a division commander.
In July 1793, the Army of the Western Pyrenees numbered 28,000 infantry, 1,500 gunners and 700 cavalry. Muller organized the army which was something it previously lacked. In January 1794 he sent reinforcements totaling 8,000 to the War in the Vendée under Dumas and to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Despite this subtraction the army counted 40 battalions that month. Of these, the 26 best battalions were formed into three divisions under Moncey, Henri François Delaborde, and Jean Henri Guy Nicolas de Frégeville. The remaining 14 battalions were assigned to two new divisions under Jean-Antoine Marbot and Jean Mauco, and were posted on the left wing. Muller's promotion to general of division finally came through on 14 April 1794.
The army won a significant victory in the Battle of the Baztan Valley in July 1794. Worn out by disputes with the overbearing representatives Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac and Jacques Pinet, Muller resigned his post since his triumph kept him safe from the guillotine. Moncey was promoted to army command after his brilliant success in capturing San Sebastián on 3 August 1794. He enjoyed good luck in that the Reign of Terror ended on 27 July 1794, and with it the French government's practice of executing unsuccessful generals. Despite his modest protest that he was unsuited to high command, Muller and the representatives recommended Moncey over more senior generals. The government approved the appointment on 17 August and Moncey assumed command on 1 September.
Though Cavaignac, Pinet and Pierre-Arnaud Dartigoeyte were soon replaced, the new representatives such as Pierre-Anselm Garrau also tended to meddle in military decisions. As troublesome as the representatives could be, it is also true that no Army of the Western Pyrenees army commander was guillotined. The army was supposed to be reinforced from the Vendée by 15,000 troops but only 3,000 foot soldiers and 500 horsemen arrived in mid-September. For the fall 1794 offensive, Moncey's army numbered 52,000 troops in 64 battalions and four cavalry regiments. During the winter, an epidemic killed 3,000 soldiers and many inhabitants in the occupied areas of Spain.
Moncey reorganized his army so that each regiment had two field battalions while the third battalion, which had the poorest material, served on garrison duty. He detached grenadier companies from each battalion to form a reserve. A siege train was assembled at Bayonne under Armand Samuel de Marescot in preparation for attacking the fortress of Pamplona. The representatives dismissed Frégeville and Marbot on 9 June 1795 while Delaborde was transferred to the Army of Rhin-et-Moselle. After beginning to receive reinforcements from the Vendée in late June, Moncey launched his summer offensive. At the time of the army's dissolution on 12 October 1795, 18 battalions and one cavalry regiment were retained to garrison the western Pyrenees, while 36 battalions and two cavalry regiments joined the Army of the West to fight in the Vendée. The latter group of 10,995 soldiers formed two divisions under Bernard Dessein and Amédée Willot de Gramprez. As they marched through their recruitment areas, desertion was so severe that only 4,000 arrived at their destination.
Operations
At the beginning of the War of the Pyrenees, the Spanish government decided to attack in the eastern Pyrenees while holding in the west. The Spanish had 8,000 regulars and between 9,000 and 10,000 militia in Navarre and Gipuzkoa, while from 4,000 to 5,000 troops held Aragon. The Spanish commander in the west, Ventura Caro mounted a quick offensive across the lower Bidasoa River near Hendaye. The French volunteers panicked and ran away, allowing their opponents to capture the Camp de Jolimont by 30 April 1793. For this defeat, the French general Joseph Duverger was arrested and sent to Paris. Servan pulled his troops behind the Nivelle River with his right wing at Bidart. While awaiting reinforcements behind a screen of regular and reliable volunteer units, the French commander began drilling his conscripts and raw volunteers. Massing the army's grenadier companies into one body under Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Servan sent them to recapture Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle. This move was followed by a tentative advance in May.
On 27 May 1793 Servan sent a force under Pierre François Lambert Lamoureux de Genettière to threaten the Roncevaux Pass. Caro sent a column under his nephew, Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana, to counter the French. On 6 June the two sides clashed at Chateau-Pignon. At first Moncey with Jean Boudet, the 5th Light Infantry and few other units did well but superior Spanish forces soon forced them back on the main body. After a few rounds of artillery fire, the untried French volunteers fled leaving Genettière to be captured. La Romana's soldiers then successfully stormed Chateau-Pignon. On 22 June Servan pushed the Spanish left wing back to the Bidasoa, capturing the Montaigne Louis XIV redoubt. On 30 August, Deprez-Crassier ordered a major assault on the Spanish outpost of Biriatou. La Romana not only repelled the assault but drove the attackers back to the Sans Culottes Camp near Urrugne. On the same day, José de Urrutia y de las Casas repulsed a second column under Willot in its attack on Bera (Vera).
On 5 February 1794 in the Battle of Sans Culottes Camp, Frégeville successfully defended the camp against 13,700 Spanish troops led by Urrutia. On 3 June, a 2,300-man French brigade led by Lavictoire, part of Mauco's division, stormed the Izpegi Pass. The 1,000 defenders included Spanish and French royalist soldiers. The same day, Jacques Lefranc seized the Izpegi Ridge and other French troops captured positions near the Maya Pass. On 23 June Ventura Caro's 8,500 Spanish soldiers were repulsed by a French force defending the fortified Mont Calvaire. On 10 July Antoine Digonet's 4,000-strong brigade drove the Spanish and French Royalists from their defenses atop Monte Argintzo (Arquinzu). The French massacred 49 captured French Royalist prisoners while Marquis de Saint-Simon escaped, though badly wounded.
On 23 July, the Army of the Western Pyrenees opened the Battle of the Baztan Valley by attacking the Spanish with the three front-line divisions of Moncey, Delaborde and Frégeville. The French enjoyed a numerical superiority of 30,000 to 20,000 over their adversaries. Moncey began marching over the Maya Pass with 10,000 troops on 24 July and invaded the Baztan Valley the next day. Delaborde with 6,000 men thrust south to seize Bera on the 25th. Moncey started from Elizondo with 6,000 and rendezvoused with Delaborde at Lesaka. The combined column then moved to support 6,000 soldiers under Frégeville attacking across the lower Bidasoa on 1 August. Aware that the French had gained their rear, the Spanish defenders quickly abandoned the fortress of Hondarribia (Fuenterrabia). Vicente de los Reyes surrendered with 2,000 Spanish soldiers and 300 cannon. On 3 August San Sebastián and 1,700 more Spanish soldiers plus 90 cannons fell into French hands. On this occasion, Moncey sent La Tour d'Auvergne-Corret to overwhelm the Spanish commander. As a final touch, Frégeville occupied Tolosa on 5 August.
Moncey gained another victory in the Battle of Orbaizeta on 15–17 October 1794. Frégeville advanced toward Lekunberri while Delaborde marched over the Belate Pass, defeating Antonio Filanghieri's 2,000 troops. On the 16th Delaborde and Jean Castelbert de Castelverd beat 4,000 Spaniards at Eugi and the next day drove them farther east. At the same time Moncey with the divisions of Marbot and Mauco moved against Manuel Cagigal at Roncevaux Pass. After Cagigal was forced back on Orbaizeta, Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna ordered a general retreat to avoid encirclement, leaving behind 1,500 prisoners and 40 field pieces. The weather then closed in, preventing Moncey from fully exploiting his triumph, though the French captured Bergara on 7 November. There were rumors of peace and Servan came to Bayonne as an emissary.
The summer of 1795 found the Prince of Castelfranco leading the Spanish army in Navarre, Gipuzkoa and Aragon. To protect his left, he placed Filanghieri with 9,000 regulars at Lekunberri and Crespo with 9,000 regulars guarding Bilbao in the north. On 28 June, Moncey tried to envelop Crespo but the Spaniard retreated toward Vitoria-Gasteiz the next day. On 2 July, Moncey concentrated against Filanghieri but that general slipped away before his corps could be crushed. On 12 July, Dessein started south with 4,500 troops, capturing 25 guns abandoned by Crespo and reaching Vitoria on the 14th. As Willot moved from Salvatierra/Agurain with 3,500 men, Crespo escaped the trap and headed for Bilbao. The combined French columns pursued and occupied Bilbao on 19 July. The French took Miranda de Ebro on 22 July 1795 and Moncey prepared a blocking position there so he could move against Pamplona. However, the Peace of Basel was signed on the 22nd and the news reached the army on 5 August. The army began marching toward Bayonne on 17 August.
Footnotes
References
Armées of the French First Republic
French Revolutionary Wars |
17176897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20de%20M%C3%A9rens | Château de Mérens | The Château de Mérens is a castle in the commune of Mérens in the Gers département of France.
Construction of the castle dates from the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries. It was altered in the early 17th century.
The hub of the castle corresponds to the original Gascon structure; the south west square tower belongs to this period of construction. At the start of the 17th century, the castle was furnished with a new system of defence, including a round walk. At the same time, windows were added and the internal layout altered. In the west elements of the mediaeval enceinte can be seen in the wine cellar. Works carried out between 1604 and 1613 concentrated on providing windows and on doubling the height of the east façade.
The castle was later converted for agricultural use.
It has been listed since 2003 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
See also
List of castles in France
Castles in Gers
References
External links
Castles in Gers
Monuments historiques of Gers |
17176903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Edinburgh%20Sevens | 2008 Edinburgh Sevens | The 2008 Edinburgh Sevens was the second edition of a rugby sevens (seven-a-side version of rugby union) tournament which forms part of the IRB Sevens World Series, an annual series of events for national representative teams in sevens. It took place on 31 May and 1 June at Murrayfield in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the eighth and final Cup trophy in the 2007–08 IRB Sevens World Series.
New Zealand, which had already clinched the overall series title, put an exclamation point on their dominant season by winning the Cup competition, beating England in the final. South Africa won the second-tier Plate over the host Scots. The remaining prizes, the Bowl and Shield, respectively went to Australia and Portugal.
Pool stages
Pool A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="40"|Pld
!width="40"|W
!width="40"|D
!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||94||12||+82||9
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||1||1||51||38||+13||6
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||1||1||36||74||-38||6
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||0||3||12||69||-57||3
|}
Pool B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="40"|Pld
!width="40"|W
!width="40"|D
!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||2||1||0||58||52||+6||8
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||1||1||71||46||+25||6
|-
|align=left|
|3||0||2||1||48||55||-7||5
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||0||2||38||62||-24||5
|}
Pool C
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="40"|Pld
!width="40"|W
!width="40"|D
!width="40"|L
!width="40"|PF
!width="40"|PA
!width="40"|+/-
!width="40"|Pts
|-
|align=left|
|3||3||0||0||79||28||+51||9
|-
|align=left|
|3||2||0||1||62||46||+16||7
|-
|align=left|
|3||1||0||2||36||65||-29||5
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17176922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20the%20Eastern%20Pyrenees | Army of the Eastern Pyrenees | The Army of the Eastern Pyrenees (Armée des Pyrénées Orientales) was one of the French Revolutionary armies. It fought against the Kingdom of Spain in Roussillon, the Cerdanya and Catalonia during the War of the Pyrenees. This army and the Army of the Western Pyrenees were formed by splitting the original Army of the Pyrenees at the end of April 1793 soon after the war started. Shortly after the Peace of Basel on 22 July 1795, the fighting ended and the army was dissolved on 12 October that same year. Many of its units and generals were transferred to join the Army of Italy and fought under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796.
In the first dismal months of fighting, the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees was beaten at Mas Deu and Bellegarde and forced back under the walls of Perpignan. Then the French repelled two Spanish attacks at Perpignan and Peyrestortes. Though the army was defeated again at Truillas and in other actions, the Spanish invaders withdrew to the Tech River in late 1793. Throughout the year the representatives on mission had enormous powers and used them to interfere with the military effort and to arrest officers that they deemed unpatriotic or unsuccessful. In 1794, the army's fortunes improved when Jacques François Dugommier took command. The army drove the Spanish army from France soil at Boulou and recaptured the Fort de Bellegarde and Collioure. After establishing itself on Spanish territory, the army won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Black Mountain in November during which Dugommier was killed. His replacement, Dominique Catherine de Pérignon soon captured the Sant Ferran fortress and the port of Roses. After these events the front became static and the last notable action was a Spanish victory at Bascara in June.
The war took a severe toll on the commanders of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Aside from Dugommier's death in battle, three were executed by the guillotine and another died of disease. Five officers from the army later became Marshals of France under Napoleon. These were Pérignon, Pierre Augereau, Claude Perrin Victor, Jean Lannes and Jean-Baptiste Bessières.
Formation
The execution of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette outraged the ancient monarchies of Europe. Even so, it was the First French Republic that declared war on its ancient ally the Kingdom of Spain on 7 March 1793. Spain joined the War of the First Coalition and invaded Roussillon on 17 April 1793. The Army of the Pyrenees was formed on 1 October 1792 and commanded by Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey. On 30 April 1793, the army was divided into two separate armies. The Army of the Eastern Pyrenees was responsible for all territory between the Rhône and the upper Garonne Rivers while the Army of the Western Pyrenees defended territory between the upper Garonne and the Gironde estuary. At the start of the War of the Pyrenees, Servan went to Bayonne in the west, assigning Mathieu Henri Marchant de La Houlière to take charge at Perpignan in the east.
History
1793: Invasion and defeats
At first the war went badly for France. A Spanish column of 4,500 soldiers under Captain General Antonio Ricardos invaded France on 17 April 1793, driving a French garrison from the town of Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans. On 20 April, Ricardos routed 1,800 unsteady French soldiers from Céret and crossed the Tech River. The representatives on mission blamed La Houlière for the fiasco and removed him from command. The distraught La Houlière put a gun to his head and killed himself on 18 June 1793. The old soldier was 76 years old. General of Brigade Claude Souchon de Chameron was appointed to lead the local forces on 25 April and he took interim command of the newly created army from 1 to 13 May. Chameron was arrested later and sent to the guillotine on 12 April 1794.
The Army of the Eastern Pyrenees was in the grip of its representatives on mission, "to an extent unknown elsewhere", according to historian Ramsay Weston Phipps. This may have been because of the lack of officers from the regular army establishment and because the representatives were local men who wanted to promote their personal friends. Their arrogance was almost beyond belief. Raymond Gaston boasted, "I know neither Generals nor special powers. As to the Minister, he is like a dog on a race course. I alone should command here, and I shall be obeyed." His colleague Claude Dominique Côme Fabre described the army commanders-in-chief as "useless" and wished the office to be abolished. Joseph Guiter asserted, "What good are Generals? The women of our faubourgs know as much as they do." Fabre demanded and got 100 Jacobins to be sent from Paris to be distributed within the army as "Civic Apostles" where they stirred up trouble among the enlisted men.
On 14 May 1793, General of Division Louis-Charles de Flers took command of the army which numbered 12,000 men of whom only 9,000 were armed. Five days later, Ricardos with 15,000 troops attacked and beat 5,000 French soldiers at the Battle of Mas Deu. After the action, the defeated troops were seized by a sudden panic and stampeded back to Perpignan in utter confusion. Meanwhile, Ricardos turned back to reduce the Fort de Bellegarde. Flers used the time to build the fortified Camp de la Union under the walls of Perpignan where his drilled his 12,000 men. The Siege of Bellegarde occupied the invaders from 23 May until the place fell on 24 June. With his supply line to Spain secure, Ricardos moved against the Camp de la Union on 17 July. He intended to unnerve the French by bombarding them with 100 field pieces. In the event, the French artillery under the direction of Jean Fabre de La Martillière outdueled the Spanish guns and Ricardos withdrew. The Battle of Perpignan involved 12,000 French and 15,000 Spanish troops. Despite his victory, Flers' reputation was damaged by his former association with Charles François Dumouriez who had defected to the enemy. At this time the Spanish captured the town of Villefranche-de-Conflent west of Perpignan. On 7 August the representatives on mission removed Flers for the crime of "having lost the confidence of the citizen-soldiers". He was sent to Paris where he was guillotined on 22 July 1794.
On 7 August 1793 General of Division Hilarion Paul Puget de Barbantane accepted the army command from the representatives on mission, assuring them that he wanted to "wash out his original sin" of being an aristocrat. At the same time, General of Division Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert was sent inland with 3,000 reinforcements to the Cerdagne. Dagobert with 6,500 soldiers defeated Manuel la Peña at Puigcerdà on 28 August. Meanwhile, Ricardos pursued a strategy of surrounding Perpignan by fortified camps. He built camps at Argelès-sur-Mer to the southeast, Ponteilla to the southwest, Olette to the west and Peyrestortes to the northwest. Instead of seeing an opportunity to strike at the dispersed Spanish army, Barbantane was seized with fright. Leaving General of Division Eustache Charles d'Aoust in charge of Perpignan, Barbantane retreated with one division to Salses-le-Château, then the terrified man went to Narbonne to look for reinforcements. Finally, Barbantane wrote his resignation which was accepted. He was of course arrested, but amazingly he avoided the guillotine. Napoleon later described him as "useless". In the crisis, the government sent for General of Division Louis Marie Turreau to lead the army. To fill the command vacuum, the representatives on mission called for the return of Dagobert from the Cerdagne, appointed d'Aoust as temporary commander and named General of Brigade Jacques Gilles Henri Goguet, a former doctor, to lead the division at Salses. In the Battle of Peyrestortes on 17 September, d'Aoust with 8,000 troops defeated Lieutenant General Juan de Courten's 6,000 men. Since Spanish had occupied Vernet on the outskirts of Perpignan, d'Aoust attacked and recaptured this position in the morning. In the evening d'Aoust, Goguet and Representative Joseph Cassanyes improvised a successful assault on the camp at Peyrestortes, driving the Spanish forces south of the Têt River and capturing 500 men, 43 guns and seven colors. The cautious Ricardos never budged while his camps were being overrun and the French soon recovered Villefranche-de-Conflent as well.
Dagobert returned to Perpignan on 19 September. He led his 22,000-man army to attack Ricardos' 17,000 Spanish troops on 22 September in the Battle of Truillas. The Spanish were victorious and lost 2,000 killed and wounded while claiming to have inflicted 3,000 killed and wounded on the French as well as capturing 1,500 men and 10 guns. Even though he had won, Ricardos retreated to Le Boulou on the Tech because he feared getting cut off from Spain. But when the Spanish commander recommended a retreat into Spanish territory, his government insisted that he hold his position. About this time the Spanish army was reinforced by 6,000 Portuguese under Lieutenant General John Forbes. Dagobert tried to outflank the Spanish by a move through Banyuls-dels-Aspres but the representatives forbade this. Enraged by this meddling, Dagobert resigned the army command on 29 September and resumed leadership of the Cerdagne Division. The representatives reappointed d'Aoust as army commander and he launched a number of futile attacks on the Spanish army in the fall. There was a battle at Le Boulou on 3 October where Ricardos lost 300 killed and wounded out of 15,000 troops while d'Aoust's army lost 400 killed and 800 wounded out of 16,000. Turreau arrived to take command on 11 October and found that the representatives were not pleased with his coming. He saw the degree to which the representatives had taken control of the army and used a bureaucratic oversight by the War Ministry as an excuse to stay on the sidelines. Meanwhile, he let d'Aoust conduct operations while sending letters to the War Minister complaining about d'Aoust and the representatives.
On 17 November Dagobert was arrested for disagreeing with the representatives. He was eventually acquitted and returned to his division where he died on 18 April 1794. Meanwhile, on 3 November the government replaced Turreau with François Amédée Doppet, another ex-doctor. Not wanting to wait for Turreau's successor, the representatives reappointed d'Aoust to command from 22 to 27 November. Doppet came to take command on 28 November but was practically ignored by the representatives on mission. On 7 December, d'Aoust with 10,000 men was defeated at Villelongue-dels-Monts by Ricardos with 8,000 Spanish and Portuguese troops. The Allies lost only 56 casualties while inflicting losses of 340 killed and wounded, 312 missing, 26 guns, two colors and 2,000 muskets on the French. Doppet decided to pull back to Perpignan for the winter under cover of a spoiling attack on Villelongue. D'Aoust led the attack on 18 December which overran the Portuguese camp and slaughtered its garrison. Doppet soon came down with illness and spent the next two and a half months in bed recovering. D'Aoust was finally in full command just in time to be blamed for a disaster. In the Battle of Collioure, a Spanish corps commanded by Lieutenant General Gregorio García de la Cuesta drove the French out of Collioure and Port-Vendres on 20 December, inflicting 4,000 casualties on the French. Fort Saint-Elme was betrayed to the Spanish by its traitorous commander. D'Aoust ordered a retreat on the 21st but the Spanish harassed it severely. Finally, the French fought their way back to the safety of Perpignan but their total losses in the debacle were 7,700 men and 23 guns. The government singled out the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees for disapproval despite the fact that its representatives were in large part responsible for the defeats. D'Aoust was arrested and the representatives on mission were recalled, except Fabre who was killed at Collioure. New representatives Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud and Pierre Soubrany celebrated their arrival by purging the army of both good and bad army officers. However, they subsequently did a better job of keeping the army supplied while letting the army officers do their work. D'Aoust fell victim to the guillotine on 2 July 1794.
1794: French victories
On 16 January 1794, the French government appointed General of Division Jacques François Dugommier to lead the army. The victor of the Siege of Toulon began a thorough reorganization of the ill-used Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Dugommier established supply depots, hospitals, and arsenals, and constructed roads. The army's reorganization and resupply was necessary because seven-eighths of the infantry's muskets had no bayonets, the artillery was badly armed, the cavalry and wagon train's horses were starving because of a lack of forage, the food supply was intermittent and the men's uniforms were in poor condition. After receiving reinforcements from the Toulon army, Dugommier counted a field army 28,000 strong, backed by 20,000 garrison troops and 9,000 untrained volunteers. He formed his troops into three infantry divisions under Generals of Division Dominique Catherine de Pérignon, Pierre Augereau, and Pierre François Sauret. He placed General of Division André de La Barre in charge of his 2,500 cavalry troopers. Both Pérignon and Augereau, as well their subordinates General of Brigade Claude Perrin Victor and Colonel Jean Lannes, later became Marshals of France under the First French Empire.
In Madrid for a conference, Ricardos died on 13 March 1794 supposedly from poison intended for Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace. His successor, Lieutenant General Alejandro O'Reilly died on 23 March of a stomach ailment while traveling to take command. Lieutenant General Luis Firmin de Carvajal, Conde de la Union was given command of the Allied army. The Battle of Boulou from 30 April to 1 May 1794 was a French victory. The Spanish suffered 2,000 killed and wounded while losing 1,500 prisoners, 140 artillery pieces and their entire wagon train. On 29 April Dugommier's feint attack on the Spanish left led de la Union to reinforce that wing. The next day Pérignon's division launched the main attack through a gap in the Spanish right-center. Pérignon gained the summits behind the Spanish defenses and on 1 May the entire position collapsed. On 26 May, Sauret and La Barre recaptured Collioure after a 25-day siege. By the terms of capitulation, the 7,000-man Spanish garrison was to be exchanged for an equal number of French prisoners, neither side being able to employ the exchanged troops against the other side. But after the return of the Spanish prisoners, de la Union reneged on the agreement, claiming that it was void without his consent. Besides, he argued, the repatriated Spanish troops could not serve against France while the repatriated French could fight against other enemies. A furious Dugommier now asked his government to declare a "war to the death" and the National Convention voted that Spanish prisoners were to be executed. For a while, some units carried out the order very thoroughly, but the Spanish refused to murder French prisoners in retaliation.
On 6 May, Augereau's division drove two Spanish line battalions and about 1,000 miquelets from Sant Llorenç de la Muga (San Lorenzo de la Muga), seizing the cannon foundry there. Dugommier disapproved of this move while Pérignon besieged Bellegarde, but he allowed Augereau stay in this exposed position. On 19 May de la Union tried to surround Augereau's 6,000 troops with 15,000 men in seven columns. Though the encircling columns reached their positions behind the French, it did not matter. Augereau's men smashed the Spanish columns in their front with heavy losses and de la Union's attack failed. Pérignon fought the Spanish at La Junquera on 7 June, in an action that saw the death of La Barre. General of Brigade Charles Dugua replaced him as head of the cavalry. Doppet, who took command of the 12,886-strong Cerdagne Division after Dagobert died, raided Ripoll on 11 June. Doppet took too long and, when de la Union moved against him, Augereau had to send a column under General of Brigade Louis Lemoine to help. Doppet got away but Lemoine was nearly trapped, having to be rescued by 1,200 men under Lannes. During this operation Cuesta probed the French Cerdagne but was repulsed. On 15 September, General of Division Étienne Charlet took command of the Cerdagne Division from Doppet.
De la Union's attempt to relieve Bellegarde failed at the Battle of San-Lorenzo de la Muga on 13 August. The French sustained 800 casualties including General of Brigade Guillaume Mirabel killed. Augereau led 9,000 men on the right, Pérignon had 16,000 troops in the center while Sauret commanded 9,000 on the left. The Spanish attacked with 45,000 troops including 4,000 cavalry. De la Union tried to overwhelm Augereau with 22,000 men but made the same mistake as in the May attack by attacking in six columns. This time the struggle lasted 16 hours in which Augereau was nearly driven from the field but held it at the end. The French took only 140 prisoners and killed 1,336 of their enemies. Sauret had repelled an attack on his wing while Victor's brigade had repulsed a seaborne assault on the coast. At last, Dugommier ordered Augereau to abandon the cannon foundry and move toward the center. Bellegarde proved to be a tough nut to crack and its 1,000 surviving defenders only capitulated on 17 September. The French won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Black Mountain fought from 17 to 20 November. Uniquely, both army commanders Dugommier and de la Union were killed in action. The French had 36,700 troops to oppose 46,000 entrenched Spanish. Augereau began the attack at dawn on the 17th and began rolling up the Spanish left. After Dugommier was killed by a Spanish shell that morning, Pérignon took command of the army and called off the attack for two days. General of Division Jean Baptiste Beaufort de Thorigny took command of the center. On the 20th, Augereau's assault recommenced and captured the key Roure redoubt. De la Union led his cavalry in a countercharge and was later found dead with two bullet wounds. Taking few prisoners, the French massacred 8,000 of their foes as they overran all the defensive works on the left and center. The undefeated Spanish right wing under Lieutenant General Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu was also compelled to retreat. The French lost about 3,000 killed and wounded. Pérignon quickly seized Figueres and bluffed the powerful Sant Ferran fortress into surrendering on 28 November with 9,000 Spanish prisoners and 171 guns.
1795: War ends
The Siege of Roses lasted from 21 November until 3 February 1795 when the Spanish fleet evacuated the garrison by sea. The operation was conducted by Sauret and 13,261 men while the city was defended by Lieutenant General Domingo Izquierdo and 4,000 troops. French losses were not reported while the Spanish lost 113 killed, 470 wounded, 1,160 sick and 300 captured. The last group of men were caught because Victor was alert and drove off the last convoy of boats. Antoine-François Andréossy performed notable service as a military engineer. The mid-winter siege led to heavy desertion among the newly conscripted soldiers. On 1 March Pérignon probed the Spanish defenses on the Fluvià River but was driven back. He asked the government for reinforcements of 10,000 foot and 2,000 horse with which he proposed to drive Lieutenant General José de Urrutia y de las Casas back into Girona.
The government's response was to replace Pérignon with General of Division Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer on 3 March. They were aware of the rivalry between Pérignon and Augereau and preferred someone from another army to assume army command. Pérignon gave way with good grace, but was not successful in his subsequent operations. Schérer did not take up his new command until 31 May.
The French government determined that the army would stand on the defensive without reinforcements, while the Army of the Western Pyrenees conducted the main offensive. On 15 June Scherer began a movement for the purpose of foraging. Thinking that the French were attacking, Urrutia assaulted the French center and defeated it at the Battle of Bascara. Augereau's division intervened and forced back the victorious Spanish. Unwisely, Schérer then began building a line of defenses in marshy ground which caused hundreds of his troops to sicken with fever. With a column of between 7,000 and 9,000 men, Cuesta wiped out the French garrisons at Puigcerdà and Bellver de Cerdanya in late July. These actions occurred after the Peace of Basel on 22 July. The news of the peace arrived on 30 July to the relief of the French and the annoyance of the Spanish, who finally had hopes of success.
On 21 July 1795 the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees numbered 36,491 men. After the peace treaty, about 12,000 soldiers in 51 weak battalions were left in the south. Another 15,000 troops in 53 battalions were transferred to the Army of Italy along with Schérer, who was named to command that army on 31 August. Many of the volunteers took the opportunity of deserting when they marched through their own communities. In addition to Pérignon, Augereau, Victor and Lannes, Captain Jean-Baptiste Bessières of the cavalry also became a marshal under Napoleon. Schérer's chief of staff General of Division Charles Pierre de Lamer particularly praised Lannes as a talented leader. Other officers of the army who had distinguished military careers were Louis André Bon, Bertrand Clausel, Joseph Marie Dessaix, Dugua, Jean Joseph Guieu, Lemoine, Sauret and Jean-Antoine Verdier. The army was dissolved on 12 October 1795 at which time Lamer was its commander.
Commanders
The leaders of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and their dates of command are listed as follows.
General of Brigade Claude Souchon de Chameron, 1–13 May 1793
General of Division Louis-Charles de Flers, 14 May–6 August 1793
General of Division Hilarion Paul Puget de Barbantane, 7 August–11 September 1793
After Barbantane's desertion, the army was briefly split into independent divisions, 12–18 September 1793
General of Division Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert
General of Division Eustache Charles d'Aoust
General of Brigade Jacques Gilles Henri Goguet
General of Division Dagobert, 18–28 September 1793
General of Division d'Aoust, 29 September–11 October 1793
General of Division Louis Marie Turreau, 12 October–21 November 1793
General of Division d'Aoust, 22–27 November 1793
General of Division François Amédée Doppet, 28 November–20 December 1793
General of Division d'Aoust, 21 December 1793 – 15 January 1794
General of Division Jacques François Dugommier, 16 January–17 November 1794
General of Division Dominique Catherine de Pérignon, 17 November 1794 – 29 May 1795
General of Division Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer, 30 May–15 September 1795
General of Division Charles Pierre de Lamer, 16 September–12 October 1795
Source:
Footnotes
References
Horward, Donald D. "Lannes: Roland of the Army".
Ostermann, Georges. "Pérignon: The Unknown Marshal".
1793 establishments in France
1795 disestablishments in France
Military units and formations established in 1793
Military units and formations disestablished in 1795
Armées of the French First Republic
War of the Pyrenees |
17176928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charachar | Charachar | Charachar (English language:Shelter of the Wings, ) is a 1993 Bengali drama film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta based on a novel by Prafulla Roy.
Plot
Lakha (Rajit Kapoor) comes from a family of bird catchers, but questions the value of catching birds. He, and the older Bhushan (Sadhu Meher), sell their caged birds to the local dealer. Lakha's wife, Sari (Laboni Sarkar), complains that he is not ambitious enough because he cares more for the birds than for her, and she starts meeting Natobar. Kalicharan, a city dealer, suggests they sell their birds directly to him. So Bhushan and Lakha take their next catch of birds on the train to Calcutta. Kalicharan invites them to a feast for the ceremony of the birds, with disastrous consequences.
Cast
Shankar Chakraborty
Indrani Haldar as Gouri
Rajit Kapoor as Lakhinder
Sadhu Meher as Bhushan
Manoj Mitra
Laboni Sarkar as Sari
Awards
1993 - National Film Award for Best Feature Film
1994 - Golden Bear (nominated) - 44th Berlin International Film Festival.
References
External links
1993 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1993 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
1990s Bengali-language films
Films based on works by Prafulla Roy |
17176937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Corrigan | Tommy Corrigan | Thomas Joseph Corrigan (24 February 1903 – 9 January 1943) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL), and Nothcote in the VFA during the 1920s and 1930s. He died of peritonitis that had been mis-diagnosed as influenza by a RAAF doctor whilst serving in the RAAF during the Second World War.
Family
The son of Thomas Joseph Corrigan, a barber, and Amelia Louisa "Millie" Corrigan (1881–1953), née McIntosh, he was born in North Melbourne on 24 February 1903; a younger brother, Don, was born two years later. His mother was protective of her children, and his father was a difficult man. After his father's death (c.1909), his mother went into business for herself, and supported herself and her children running a "shoe uppers factory".
He attended a local school, and displayed early talent at both cricket and football.
He married Alice Grimshaw (1907–1981). They had one child, a daughter, Betty (b.1932). Betty married Bill Robertson, and both her sons, Tom's grandsons, Leigh Robertson (born 21 May 1950) and Glenn Robertson (born 1 November 1952) played for Fitzroy. Leigh played 76 senior games from 1969 to 1974, and Glenn played 50 senior games from 1972 to 1976.
Football
He played football at school, and then for various district junior sides.
Fitzroy
Having played well in both of Fitzroy's pre-season practice matches, Corrigan (aged 19) was selected to play in the centre, against St Kilda, in the first round match at the Junction Oval on 6 May 1922. In his first season, he played in twelve of the sixteen senior home-and-away matches, four matches against West Australian teams on Fitzroy's West Australian tour in August 1922, and in three finals, including Fitzroy's 1922 premiership side.
He was Fitzroy's first-choice centre man for his entire career.
He played 16 senior games in 1923, including the Grand Final against Essendon (postponed until 18 October 1923 because of the condition of the MCG), which Fitzroy lost by 17 points. He played 17 senior games in 1924, including three "round robin" final games, 17 senior games in 1925 (he received one best on the ground vote in the 1925 Brownlow medal), 16 senior games in 1926, 15 senior games in 1927, and 11 games in 1928, his final season with Fitzroy.
Because he was injured during his last match for Fitzroy, playing in the centre, in Fitzroy's 16.9 (105) to 12.9 (81) victory over Geelong, at the Brunswick Street Oval, on 18 August 1928 (he split the web between two of the fingers in his left hand, and had badly bruised kidneys from being kneed in the back by Geelong ruckman Garnet Lamb, and was forced to leave the field before the end of the match) he was unable to play the last match of the 1928 season against South Melbourne a week later.
Northcote
He left Fitzroy after the 1928 season and went on to play with Northcote.
He played for Northcote for five seasons. He missed Northcote's 1929 Grand-Final victory, due to a leg injury. However, he did play in Northcote's two Grand-Final losses against Oakleigh in 1930 and 1931, and in Northcote's to grand-Final Victories in 1932 and 1933 against Coburg.
He played his last senior match for Northcote, playing in the centre, against Coburg, on Saturday 7 October 1933, in the Grand-Final. Northcote won 11.20 (86) to 9.16 (70), with Corrigan one of Northcote's best players; and, immediately the match was over, he announced his retirement.
It was a very tight, tough, and spiteful match, particularly in the last quarter where many players completely lost control of themselves, with much ankle-kicking as players passed one another, and many punches thrown in retaliation; all in all, fourteen charges were laid against eight players, including Corrigan and George Rudolph of Coburg, who were reported for striking each other in the last quarter by field-umpire McKinnon.
At the tribunal hearing on 17 October 1933, Corrigan was suspended for six matches.
On 20 June 1934, Corrigan was granted re-registration with Northcote by the VFA Permit and Umpire Committee. There is no record of Corrigan playing any further senior games for Northcote; so, it would seem that Corrigan's re-registration was far more to do with him regaining his lost reputation, than with any desire on his part to continue playing.
After football
In the 1920s, after leaving school, Corrigan had attended a secretarial college and studied shorthand and typing (Main and Allen (2002), p. 229). In 1934, once his football career was over, he found employment as the Registrar of Public Assistance with the Northcote City Council (at his enlistment he described himself as "Officer for Sustenance for the City of Northcote"). He was renowned for his kindness and compassion for the poor and the unemployed, in the midst of the depression, in one of the most badly affected areas of Melbourne. He was still working in this position when he enlisted in the RAAF.
Airman
He enlisted in the RAAF on 16 Jun 1941, and served as a Sergeant in the R.A.A.F during World War II, at 1 Recruit Centre, Russell Street, Melbourne. Even though he was mainly based in Melbourne, he had flown with the RAAF to New Guinea on a number of occasions; this qualified as overseas service, which made his widow, Alice, eligible for a War Widow's pension.
Death
Still a robustly fit man, he died at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, under extremely controversial circumstances, whilst on active service in Melbourne on 9 January 1943. In early January 1943, he was unwell, and he reported to the RAAF doctor who misdiagnosed influenza; finally, a week later, on 9 January 1943, when he was so ill that he could not get out of bed, his wife called in their family doctor, who immediately called an ambulance. The ambulance officers (astonishingly) demanded that he walk from his bed to the ambulance. He died within 30 minutes of his admission to the military hospital: of peritonitis caused by a burst appendix. A subsequent official RAAF court of inquiry into the circumstances of his death, laid the blame for his death on the RAAF doctor's misdiagnosis (see Main, J. & Allen, 2002, pp. 227–229 passim).
After a funeral with full military honours, attended by many famous footballers, he was buried at the Springvale War Cemetery, Melbourne, Victoria, on Tuesday 12 January 1943 (his Northcote teammate Pastor Doug Nicholls, who attended, was not allowed to give a eulogy, because it was a military funeral).
See also
List of Victorian Football League players who died in active service
Footnotes
References
Main, J. & Allen, D., "Corrigan, Tom", pp. 227–229 in Main, J. & Allen, D., Fallen – The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War, Crown Content, (Melbourne), 2002.
Deaths: On Active Service: Corrigan, The Argus, (Tuesday, 12 January 1943), p.2.
RAAF Casualties: Australia and Australian Territories: Died of Illness (Corrigan, T.J., Northcote), The Argus, (Friday, 5 February 1943), p.4.
External links
World War II Nominal Roll: Thomas Joseph Corrigan (41239)
Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Thomas Joseph Corrigan (41239)
1903 births
1943 deaths
Fitzroy Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club premiership players
Northcote Football Club players
Australian military personnel killed in World War II
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Deaths from peritonitis
Royal Australian Air Force airmen
VFL/AFL premiership players
Military personnel from Melbourne
People from North Melbourne |
17176942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannan%20Tower | Clackmannan Tower | The Clackmannan Tower is a historic five-storey tower house situated at the summit of King's Seat Hill in Clackmannan, Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It dates back to at least the 14th century when it was inhabited by King David II of Scotland and later sold to his cousin Robert Bruce, 2nd Baron of Clackmannan in 1359.
History
Clackmannan Tower is a historic structure with a rich history. It served as a residence for King David II of Scotland during the 14th century. In 1359, King David II sold the tower to his cousin, Robert Bruce, 2nd Baron of Clackmannan. The tower has since been recognized as a designated scheduled ancient monument.
Architecture
The tower is a five-storey structure built in the tower house style. It is located at the summit of King's Seat Hill, providing scenic views of the surrounding area. The exact construction date of the tower is not known, but it is believed to have been constructed in the 14th century.
Preservation
Clackmannan Tower is a well-preserved historic monument. Its designation as a scheduled ancient monument ensures its protection and conservation for future generations to appreciate.
References
Tower houses in Scotland
Scheduled monuments in Scotland |
17176947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Danielsson | Lars Danielsson | Lars Danielsson (born 5 September 1958) is a Swedish jazz bassist, composer, and record producer.
Biography
Danielsson was born in Smålandsstenar, and was educated at the music conservatory in Gothenburg. He plays double bass, electric bass and cello. In 1985, he formed a quartet with saxophonist Dave Liebman, pianist Bobo Stenson and drummer Jon Christensen that sometimes used Danielsson's name, producing several albums. He also worked with big bands.
He played and recorded with John Scofield, Jack DeJohnette, Mike Stern, Billy Hart, Charles Lloyd, Terri Lyne Carrington, Leszek Możdżer, Joey Calderazzo, Gino Vannelli and Dave Kikoski. Since 1980, he has released solo albums with the Lars Danielssons Quartet. In these albums, Alex Acuña, John Abercrombie, Bill Evans, Kenny Wheeler, Rick Margitza and Niels Lan Doky were featured.
As a producer, Danielsson has been responsible for productions with Cæcilie Norby and the Danish radio orchestra.
Discography
Also appears on
Beginner's Guide to Scandinavia (Nascente 2011)
References
External links
Lars Danielsson at All About Jazz
[ Lars Danielsson] at Allmusic
1958 births
Living people
Swedish jazz double-bassists
ACT Music artists
21st-century double-bassists |
17176968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza%20Lim | Liza Lim | Liza Lim (born 30 August 1966) is an Australian composer. Lim writes concert music (chamber and orchestral works) as well as music theatre and has collaborated with artists on a number of installation and video projects. Her work reflects her interests in Asian ritual culture, the aesthetics of Aboriginal art and shows the influence of non-Western music performance practice.
Early life and education
Liza Lim was born in Perth, Western Australia, to Chinese parents. They were doctors who during her early years spent long periods working and studying in Brunei, and she was sent to boarding school. At the age of 11, she was encouraged by her teachers at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne to turn from piano and violin to composition. She has said that she "owes everything to them". Lim earned her Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Queensland, her Master of Music from the University of Melbourne (1996), and her Bachelor of Arts from the Victorian College of the Arts (1986). She has studied composition in Melbourne with Richard David Hames, Riccardo Formosa, and in Amsterdam with Ton de Leeuw.
Career
Lim has been a guest lecturer at the Darmstadt Summer School, the University of California, San Diego, Cornell University, Getty Research Institute, major Australian universities and at the IRCAM Agora Festival. She was a lecturer of composition at Melbourne University in 1991. Lim was the guest curator for the twilight concert series of the 2006 Adelaide Festival of Arts.
Lim has been commissioned by some of the most eminent performers in the world including the Los Angeles Philharmonic (for whom she wrote Ecstatic Architecture for the inaugural season of the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall), Ensemble InterContemporain, Ensemble Modern, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Arditti String Quartet and the Cikada Ensemble. Her work has featured at festivals such as , MaerzMusik at the Berliner Festspiele, Venice Biennale, Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival and all the major Australian festivals.
Since 1986, Lim has worked extensively with members of the ELISION Ensemble; she is married to Daryl Buckley, its artistic director. In 2005, Lim was appointed the composer-in-residence with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra for two years. Among other works, the orchestra commissioned—jointly with the radio station Bayerischer Rundfunk—her work The Compass; in its premiere performance on 23 August 2006 at the Sydney Opera House it was conducted by Alexander Briger, William Barton played the didgeridoo.
Sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Service, she spent one year in 2007/2008 as artist-in-residence in Berlin where she developed her third opera, The Navigator, inspired by Tristan and Isolde to a libretto by Patricia Sykes. She was appointed professor in composition at the University of Huddersfield in March 2008.
In March 2017 her appointment to the composition unit at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music was announced.
Selected works
Stage works
1991–93 The Oresteia. A Memory Theatre, opera
1994–95 Bar-do'i-thos-grol, 7-night installation performance based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead, artist Domenico de Clario
1991–99 Yuè Lìng Jié (Moon Spirit Feasting), A Chinese ritual street opera, libretto by Beth Yahp
2005 Glass House Mountains, installation work with artist Judy Watson
2008 The Navigator, opera for 5 singers, 16 instruments and electronics, libretto by Patricia Sykes
Orchestra works
1994–95 Sri-Vidya, Utterances of Adoration for choir and orchestra
1996 The Alchemical Wedding for orchestra (22 instruments)
2001–02 Ecstatic Architecture, commissioned for the inaugural season at the Walt Disney Concert Hall
2004 Immer Fliessender (Ever Flowing), a companion-piece for Gustav Mahler's Ninth Symphony
2005 Flying Banner, "Fanfare" for orchestra, after Wang To
2005–06 The Compass for orchestra with flute and didgeridoo soloists
2010 Pearl, Ochre, Hair String for orchestra
2010 The Guest for orchestra with recorder soloist
Ensemble works
1988–89 Garden of Earthly Desire for flute, oboe, clarinet, electric guitar, mandolin, harp, violin, viola, violoncello, contrabass, percussion
1989 Voodoo Child for soprano solo, flute/piccolo, clarinet, violin, violoncello, trombone, piano, percussion
1990 Diabolical Birds for piccolo, bass clarinet, piano, violin, violoncello, vibraphone
1993 Li Shang Yin for coloratura soprano, 15 instruments
1995 Street of Crocodiles for flute, oboe, alto saxophone, alto trombone, cimbalom/cymbal, violin, viola, violoncello, baroque violoncello
1999 Veil for flute/bass flute, bass clarinet, trumpet in C, percussion, piano, violin, violoncello
2001 Machine for Contacting the Dead for twenty-seven instruments
2005 Songs Found in Dream for oboe, bass clarinet, alto sax, trumpet, 2 percussion, viola, cello
2005 Mother Tongue for soprano and 15 instruments, poems by Patricia Sykes
2006 Shimmer Songs for string quartet, harp, 3 percussion
2006 City of Falling Angels for 12 percussion
2007 Sensorium for soprano, C-tenor recorders, baroque harp, viola d'amore
2010–11 Tongue of the Invisible, a work for improvising pianist, baritone and 16 musicians
2014 Winding Bodies: 3 Knots for alto flute, bass clarinet, piano, percussion, violin, viola, violoncello and double bass
Chamber music
1996 Inguz (Fertility) for clarinet in A, violoncello
1997 The Heart's Ear for flute/piccolo, clarinet, violin I, violin II, viola, violoncello
1999 Sonorous Bodies for koto and voice solo, in collaboration with video artist Judith Wright
2004 In the Shadow's Light for string quartet, commissioned by Festival d'automne à Paris for the Kairos Quartett
2004–05 The Quickening for soprano and qin, commissioned by the Festival d'Automne à Paris
2008 Ochred String for oboe, viola, cello, double bass
2013–14 The Weaver's Knot for string quartet
Solo works
1992 Amulet for viola solo
1997 Philtre for Hardanger fiddle solo or retuned violin
2007 Wild Winged–one for solo trumpet
2007 Weaver–of–Fictions for alto Ganassi recorder
2007 The Long Forgetting for tenor Ganassi recorder
2008 Well of Dreams for solo alto trombone
2008 Sonorous Body for solo B clarinet
2011 Love Letter for solo instrument
Awards and nominations
APRA Classical Music Awards
The APRA Classical Music Awards are presented annually by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and Australian Music Centre (AMC).
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || Flying Banner (After Wang To) (Liza Lim) – Sydney Symphony, Gianluigi Gelmetti (conductor) || Orchestral Work of the Year ||
|-
|Liza Lim – Sydney Symphony Composer Residency || Outstanding Contribution by an Individual ||
Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.
|-
| 2018
| Liza Lim
| Don Banks Music Award
|
|-
Other awards
1996 Australia Council fellowship
1996 (inaugural) Young Australian Creative Fellowship
2002 APRA Classical Music Award (Best Composition)
2004 Paul Lowin Award for Ecstatic Architecture
2023 Member of the Order of Australia in the King's Birthday Honours for "significant service to the performing arts as a music composer and academic"
References
Composer's page on ELISION Ensemble website
External links
Australian Music Centre: biography, catalogue of works, recordings, digital samples, articles
Recordings at Amazon
Liza Lim's new opera at the Opéra national de Paris
Publisher's website: Liza Lim at Ricordi
1966 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
APRA Award winners
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian expatriates in Brunei
Australian expatriates in England
Australian expatriates in Germany
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian women classical composers
Australian opera composers
Women opera composers
Living people
Victorian College of the Arts alumni
University of Melbourne alumni
University of Melbourne women
Academic staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers |
17176993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Olympics | Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics | Finland competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The athletes were named in four selections: first took place on December 19, 2007, 2nd on April 16, 3rd on May 20 and 4th on July 21, 2008.
The goal of the Finnish Olympic team in the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games was three medals with at least one gold medal.
Shooter Juha Hirvi and dressage rider Kyra Kyrklund made Finnish olympic history by participating in their sixth Olympic Games. They shared the record with three winter Olympians: cross-country skiers Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi and Harri Kirvesniemi and ice hockey player Raimo Helminen.
Medalists
Notes
Satu Mäkelä-Nummela's victory in women's trap was Finland's first ever gold medal in shotgun events at the Olympic Games. She became the third Finnish female athlete to win gold at the Summer Olympics, after Sylvi Saimo and Heli Rantanen.
Minna Nieminen's and Sanna Stén's silver medal in lightweight double sculls is Finland's first Olympic medal in rowing since 1984, when Pertti Karppinen won the last of his three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
Archery
Athletics
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Combined events – Decathlon
Women
Field events
Combined events – Heptathlon
* The athlete who finished in second place, Lyudmila Blonska of the Ukraine, tested positive for a banned substance. Both the A and the B tests were positive, therefore Blonska was stripped of her silver medal, and Kelo moved up a position.
Badminton
Canoeing
Sprint
Qualification Legend: QS = Qualify to semi-final; QF = Qualify directly to final
Diving
Equestrian
Dressage
Judo
Rowing
Women
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Sailing
Men
Women
Open
M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled;
Shooting
Men
Women
Swimming
Men
Women
Tennis
Men
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman
See also
Finland at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
References
External links
Finnish Team for Beijing 2008
Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2008
O |
17176997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellerville | Kellerville | Kellerville may refer to the following geographical locations:
Kellerville, Illinois
Kellerville, Indiana
Kellerville, Missouri |
17176998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Wirral%20Metropolitan%20Borough%20Council%20election | 2008 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election | The 2008 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This election was held on the same day as other local elections.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Election results
Overall election result
Overall result compared with 2007.
Ward results
Results compared directly with the last local election in 2007.
Bebington
Bidston and St James
Birkenhead and Tranmere
Bromborough
Clatterbridge
Claughton
Eastham
Greasby, Frankby and Irby
Heswall
Hoylake and Meols
Leasowe and Moreton East
Liscard
Moreton West and Saughall Massie
New Brighton
Oxton
Pensby and Thingwall
Prenton
Rock Ferry
Seacombe
Upton
Wallasey
West Kirby and Thurstaston
Changes between 2008 and 2010
Moreton West and Saughall Massie by-election 2009
Other changes
Notes
• italics denote the sitting councillor • bold denotes the winning candidate
References
2008 English local elections
2008
2000s in Merseyside |
17177008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh%20Bahadur | Bagh Bahadur | Bagh Bahadur (, translation: The Tiger Dancer) is a 1989 Bengali drama film directed and screenplayed by Buddhadev Dasgupta based on a short story of Prafulla Roy.
Plot
The film is about a man, Ghumuram who paints himself as a tiger and dances in a village in Bengal. The movie conveys a strong message as it illustrates the hardships of rural village life in Bengal.
Cast
Archana as Radha
Pavan Malhotra as Ghunuram
M.V. Vasudeva Rao as Sibal
Biplab Chatterjee
Rajeswari Roychowdhury
Awards
1989 - National Film Award for Best Feature Film
References
External links
1989 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1989 crime drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
1980s Bengali-language films
Indian drama films
Films based on works by Prafulla Roy |
17177032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Nicholas%20Church%2C%20Nottingham | St Nicholas Church, Nottingham | St Nicholas Church, known locally as St Nic's, is an Anglican parish church in Nottingham.
The church, since 1953, is Grade II* listed by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport as it is a particularly significant building of more than local interest.
History
St Nicholas Church is one of the three medieval Christian foundations still existing in Nottingham, the others being St Peter's Church and St Mary's Church.
A church of St Nicholas was erected on the site of the present building in the eleventh or twelfth century. This building was destroyed in 1643 during the English Civil War. The Royalists established themselves in the tower of the old church, and bombarded the garrison of the Castle. In 1643 the governor of the castle, Colonel Hutchinson ordered the old church to be completely destroyed and for 28 years - from 1643 to 1671 - there was no Church of St. Nicholas in Nottingham. In 1671 a new church was being constructed with completion in 1678, the church which exists today.
The Marriage, Burial and Baptism Registers begin in 1562. Other documents deeds, indentures, ecclesiastical licences, terriers (or inventories of church property) - date from 1671. The Vestry Books contain accounts of elections and church meetings from 1703 onwards. No burials have taken place in the churchyard since 1881.
Present day
St Nicholas Church, also known as St Nic's, is a parish located in the city centre and draws its congregation from across the city. It is popular with university students. It has been described as Charismatic Evangelical.
List of rectors
1259. William Bishop, died.
1267. Richard de Weremsworth.
1288. Johannes de Ludham.
1317. Herbertus Pouger.
1318. Willelmus de Ilkeston.
1321. Galfridus de Wilford, resigned for the church of Blackwell Lichfield diocese.
1329. Gilbertus de Ottrington.
1343. Thomas de Ottrington.
? Thomas Tuthill (or Futhill).
1351. Richardus Kaym de Gotham, died.
1366. Johannes Templer, died.
1366. Johannes Deinby, died.
1367. Thomas Lorday de Stanley, resigned for the church of Norton, Lincoln diocese.
1371. Willelmus de Bilham.
? Roger Bampton (or Mempton), died, buried in chancel.
1427. Willelmus Cokker, resigned.
1432. Willelmus Westhorpe.
1435. Johannes Sampson.
1436. Johannes Hopwell, died.
1464. Nicholas Fish, L.D., resigned.
1466. Richardus Elkesley, Doc.B., died.
1471. Robertus Echard, died.
1476. Thomas Tewe, resigned.
1477. Edmundus Holme.
1497. Johannes Dale, resigned.
1502. Thomas Reyner, resigned.
1503. Reynaldus Marshall, resigned.
1531. Alexander Penhill, Doc.B., died.
1533. Thomas Ward.
1585. Randulphus Shute, B.A., resigned for St Peter's Church, Nottingham.
1588. Johannes Lambe.
1611. Robertus Malham, M.A., died.
1622. Robertus Aynsworth,
1633. Johannes Aysthorpe.
1665—1669 vacant.
1669. Samuel Leek.
1672—1681 vacant.
1682. John Simpson.
1715. John Abson, M.A.
1749. George Wakefield, M.A.
1766. George Beaumont, resigned, buried in the chancel, 1773.
1773. Charles Wylde, M.A., D.D.
1835. William Joseph Butler, M.A.
1867. Henry Wright, M.A.
1872. George Ruthwen Thornton, resigned for the church of St. Barnabas', Kensington.
1876. William Pope, M.A., resigned for the church of Heanton Punchardon, Exeter diocese.
1905. John Bernard Barton, M.A., resigned for the church of Ronsdon, Exeter diocese.
1910. Philip Henry Douglas Ogle, M.A., resigned for the church of St. John, Stamford, Lincoln diocese.
1916. William Henry Milner, L.Th. died.
1920. John James West, M.A., died.
1929. Sidney Metcalfe,M.A.(Camb.), B.D. (Dunelm).
1947. Peter Montgomery Duplock, M.A.
1952. Thomas Anscombe, M.A.
1957. Sidney John Hill, M.B.E.
1964. Peter Bertram Coombs, M.A.
1968. Gilbert Bernard Gauntlett, M.A.
1973. David John Huggett, B.Sc. Ph.D.
1993. David John Betts, B.Sc.
1999. Trevor Hatton, B.A.
2008. Steve Silvester, M.A.
Organ
The first organ was installed in 1811 and listed in the church inventory among other items, "one organ with rods and curtains, two bassoons and a serpent."
In 2010 the former organ by C. Lloyd and Co. was replaced by an electronic organ from Rodgers.
Organists
Miss Stretton 1811 - ?
Miss Dodd c. 1818
Miss Woolley c. 1825
William Richardson c. 1837 - 1867 (died 23 April 1867; buried 25 April 1867 at St Nicholas; lived on Angel Row )
Henry Bond 1867 - 1871 - ? (blind; formerly organist of St. James' Church, Standard Hill)
Miss E.M. Spurr c.1878 - 1889 - ?
Walter Seymour 1891 - 1908
Sydney J. Burdett 1919 - 1928 (afterwards organist of Old Radford Church)
Raymond H. Smith c.1940
Mr. H Kelly ca. 1947
James Ronald Hatchett (formerly organist of St Wilfrid's Church, Wilford)
Arthur Smedley 1965 - 1977
John Churchill 1986 - 2017
Megan Atwell 2019 -
Clock
An early clock was installed in 1699 by Richard Roe. This was replaced in 1830 by a clock by James Woolley which had previously been in the Nottingham Exchange. The diagonal clock face is thought to have been installed at the same time, and also been from the Exchange. This 1830 clock mechanism was replaced by an electric action clock in the 1970s but the clock face was retained. The James Woolley clock was given to the Nottingham Industrial Museum.
References
Sources
Alfred Stapleton, 1905, Churches and Monasteries of Old and New Nottingham
Keith Train, 1981, Train on Churches; Nottingham
J Holland Walker M.B.E., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S, c1930, St. Nicholas' Church Nottingham
External links
J Holland Walker, St. Nicholas' church, Nottingham, Transactions of the Thoroton Society, XLIV (1940)
History of the church building
St. Nic's Church on Google Street View
Nottingham St Nicholas
Nottingham St Nicholas Church
Nottingham St Nicholas Church
Churches completed in 1678
1678 establishments in England |
17177035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birse%20Castle | Birse Castle | Birse Castle is located in the Forest of Birse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Originally a square tower house, it was rebuilt in the first decade of the 20th century into an L-plan structure. The 1930 addition of a new wing gave it a Z-plan. The building was designated a category B listed building in 1971.
History
The Forest of Birse was originally a royal hunting forest that fell into the hands of the Bishop of Aberdeen. Sir William Gordon of Cluny feued the forest from the bishop in 1585 and built the tower house as a hunting lodge or summer retreat. Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie acquired the house in 1636 and it passed to Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne, in 1666. By 1887 it was in ruins with only the north and east walls still standing. It was restored and enlarged with a new wing by George Bennett Mitchell for J. R. Heaven in 1905–1911. Another wing was added by Dr. William Kelly for Annie Pearson, Viscountess Cowdray in 1930.
Structure
The original tower house was a square, rubble-built, three storeys with attic tower house with turrets and a circular tower corbelled to square at the south-east corner. Mitchell added north and west wings to give it a L-shaped plan and added one-storey angle turrets on the corners. Kelly's 1930 addition added the east wing at the north end of the north wing to create the Z-plan. Very sympathetic to Mitchell's work, Kelly's angle turrets were slightly larger to add windows at the third-storey level and he added a one-storey northern extension and entrance. Above the main ground-floor entrance in the tower is a heraldic panel bearing a thistle, rose and crown. It is inscribed 19 AC 30 for the date and the owner's initials.
References
Castles in Aberdeenshire
Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire
Listed castles in Scotland |
17177058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatay%2C%20California | Guatay, California | Guatay (Kumeyaay: Na-wa Ti'e, meaning "Big House") is an unincorporated community in the Cuyamaca Mountains, in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California.
Geography
The town's elevation is 3,999 feet (1,219 m). Although Guatay is unincorporated, it does not have a post office. The ZIP code is 91931.
It was the location of a 19th-century stagecoach station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line.
Nearby Guatay Mountain, a peak of the Cuyamaca Mountains, is home to a grove of the rare endemic Tecate Cypress (Cupressus forbesii).
References
Unincorporated communities in San Diego County, California
Cuyamaca Mountains
San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
Unincorporated communities in California
Stagecoach stops in the United States |
17177080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phera | Phera | Phera (English language:The Return) is a 1988 Bengali drama film directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta based on a story of Bengali novelist Narendranath Mitra. It was entered into the 38th Berlin International Film Festival, competition section.
Plot
The film revolves with the life of Sasanka who lives in mournful life and his relationship with the family.
Cast
Aloknanda Roy as Saraju
Kamu Mukherjee as Mantu
Sunil Mukherjee as Rashu
Devika Mukherjee as Jamuna
Subrata Nandy as Sasanka
Aniket Sengupta as Kanu
Awards
1987: National Film Award
Best Screenplay: Budhdhadeb Dasgupta
Best Feature Film in Bengali
Best Child Artist: Aniket Sengupta
References
External links
1988 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1988 drama films
Films based on short fiction
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award
Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners
1980s Bengali-language films
Films based on works by Narendranath Mitra |
17177081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbulk | Gearbulk | Gearbulk Holding Limited is an international shipping company headquartered in Pfaeffikon, Switzerland. The company operates the world's largest fleet of open hatch gantry and semi-open jib craned vessels. These vessels specialise in carrying unitised breakbulk cargoes like forest products, non-ferrous metals, and steel. The company also has a revenue stream in terminal operations.
Gearbulk was founded by Kristian Gerhard Jebsen of Bergen, Norway in 1968,
and took over the Dublin Shipping company in 1998.
Fleet
As of October 2014, the Gearbulk fleet consisted of 64 vessels, most of which were "open hatch gantry craned (OHGC)" vessels. Standardising on this design makes the vessels interchangeable, and offers operational flexibility. Gearbulk also operates open hatch jib craned (Fleximax) vessels and several bulk carriers for general bulk cargoes.
On 2 January 2015, the MS Bulk Jupiter sank off the coast of Vũng Tàu, Vietnam.
List of ships
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Ibis Arrow (4th generation juice carrier)
Aracari Arrow
Jacamar Arrow
Quetzal Arrow
Hawk Arrow
Jaegar Arrow
Emu Arrow
Kite Arrow
Grebe Arrow
Mandarin Arrow
Merline Arrow
Penguin Arrow
Plover Arrow
Toucan Arrow
Weaver Arrow
Corella Arrow
Macuru Arrow
Tenca Arrow
Tuju Arrow
Canelo Arrow
Cedar Arrow
Pine Arrow
Poplar Arrow
References
External links
Gearbulk Shipping AS at Det Norske Veritas
Gearbulk Shipowning Ltd. at Det Norske Veritas
Shipping companies of Switzerland |
17177087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Trares | Bernhard Trares | Bernhard Trares (born 18 August 1965) is a German former professional footballer who played mainly as a centre-back, and manager, who last managed Würzburger Kickers.
Playing career
Trares was born in Bensheim, Hesse. Having played in his youth for SV Kirschhausen he joined Eintracht Frankfurt in 1982 and completed his formation there, and his professional career started in the second division at SV Darmstadt 98, as a defensive midfielder. He competed solely in the category during his spell with the "Lilien", scoring a career-best 11 goals in his last season.
In the 1989 summer Trares joined Alemannia Aachen also in second level, being relegated in his first year and switching to fellow league side TSV 1860 Munich in 1991, in another eventual relegation. In just two further seasons, however, the Bavarians succeeded to promote to the Bundesliga, subsequently finishing 14th to retain their league status with the player netting four times in 31 matches, while also being sent off twice.
After two additional years Trares left Munich to join SV Werder Bremen, where he became an important player in the team's defence, also helping it to the 1999 conquest of the German Cup, a penalty shootout win against Bayern Munich (1–1 after extra time). At age 36 he moved to the 2. Bundesliga's SV Waldhof Mannheim, after which he signed with Karlsruher SC for another two years in the category, retiring at the end of the 2003–04 campaign.
Altogether, Trares made 183 top flight appearances and scored 16 goals, adding 281 games with 46 in the second division.
Coaching career
In December 2004 Trares began his coaching career, serving as assistant manager with former side 1860 Munich and remaining in the post until April 2006. In January 2007 he took the reins of Wormatia Worms in Oberliga Südwest, leading the team to the Südwest-Pokal (the Cup of the Südwestdeutscher Fußballverband, i.e. South-West German football association) in his first year and qualifying it for the first round of the domestic cup.
On 29 April 2009, Trares was fired by the Worms. In November of the following year, he was appointed at FSV Frankfurt's reserves.
In January 2018 Trares became new manager of SV Waldhof Mannheim succeeding Michael Fink. He left the club on 4 July 2020.
Trares was announced as new head coach of Würzburger Kickers on 9 November 2020. He was sacked on 2 April 2021.
References
External links
Living people
1965 births
People from Bergstraße (district)
Footballers from Darmstadt (region)
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football utility players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
SV Darmstadt 98 players
Alemannia Aachen players
TSV 1860 Munich players
SV Werder Bremen players
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
Karlsruher SC players
German football managers
Wormatia Worms managers
SV Waldhof Mannheim managers
Würzburger Kickers managers
2. Bundesliga managers
3. Liga managers
West German men's footballers |
17177098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartVision | SmartVision | Technicolor SmartVision is an update of the SmartVision service platform software, intended for use as a converged media service for set-top boxes, mobile TV, and PCs to access content in a time-delayed, on-demand, or linear manner. The content is agnostic to the network but adapted to different terminals to enable a whole convergent user experience. The latest version deployed is SmartVision 2.6.3. It was released end of March 2008. Thomson SmartVision has been adopted by several tier 1 Telco operators, of which France Telecom is worth mentioning. As part of this deployment, SmartVision is the most widely deployed commercially available IPTV platform.
Overview
Thomson SmartVision includes all the features of Thales SmartVision, including support for on-demand and live video, video recording and time shifting, and an interactive program guide with integrated search and scheduled recording. SmartVision allows operators to create and manage TV channel bouquets and pay-per-view services. The end-user can select a program or a channel through an electronic program guide or a mosaic and watch multimedia content on various devices like TV sets, PC, mobile phone and portable Video Players. SmartVision incorporates facilities to encrypt videos and interfaces with all significant Conditional Access Systems to manage users’ licenses for live and pay-per-view services.
SmartVision can be interfaced with third-party platforms to propose interactive services such as weather forecasts, news, games, and other video applications. Viewers can interact with programs, select different views, participate in game shows, vote, or request more information on a commercial. SmartVision delivers a user interface that users can easily customize to match specific look-and-feel, branding, business models, or specific multimedia services to the homes.
SmartVision is designed to launch integrated TriplePlay services. It can be deployed with leading VoIP platforms such as Thomson's Cirpack Multi node-B. Telephony is integrated into the TV portal to manage voice features such as musical ring back tones or call forwards with a user-friendly interface. Caller ID is shown on TV, and live programs automatically pause to let users answer calls. Voice mail and MMS are now accessed via the TV set.
Thomson has also joined France Telecom and Sagem as a founding member of a joint venture named Soft at Home, aimed at standardizing the digital household.
Architecture
References
Smart Telecom Deploy IPTV Services on SmartVision
Thomson SmartVision IPTV Service Platform Wins IPTV World Series Award
selects Thomson's SmartVision platform for triple play services
Technicolor SA |
17177104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Dempsey | Dan Dempsey | Dan Dempsey (15 January 1902 – 9 January 1960) was an Australian rugby league national and Queensland state representative player. He played as and is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century.
Biography
Club career
He played at Toowoomba club in 1924–25. Alongside Herb Steinohrt, Tom Gorman and Duncan Thompson Dempsey was in the Toowoomba sides which beat all comers including Sydney premiers Souths, Brisbane, Ipswich and visiting representative sides including New South Wales, Victoria, Great Britain and New Zealand.
In the 1930s he played in the Ipswich Rugby League for the Tivoli club, and was a major influence in the years 1933-1935 when Ipswich dominated the Bulimba Cup, the triangular series played between the city representative sides from Brisbane, Toowoomba and Ipswich.
Representative career
Dempsey played in all three Tests of the 1928 domestic Ashes series and in the first two Tests of the 1932 domestic series. In the famous "Battle of Brisbane" Test of 1932, Dempsey was forced off the field with a broken arm early in the second half. Dempsey, his arm placed in splints, began weeping on the touchline because both the ambulanceman and the team's manager, Harry Sunderland wouldn't let him back into the game. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No.135.
He made two Kangaroo tours: 1929–30 where he played in one Test and nine tour matches and 1933–34 playing one Test and eleven minor games. All up Dempsey played in four Ashes series against Great Britain.
Accolades
In February 2008, Dempsey was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia.
In 2008, rugby league in Australia's centenary year, Dempsey was named at hooker in the Toowoomba and South West Team of the Century.
References
Sources
Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
Andrews, Malcolm (2006) The ABC of Rugby League Austn Broadcasting Corpn, Sydney
Fagan, Sean (2000–2006) RL1908.com
Queensland Representatives at qrl.com.au
1902 births
1960 deaths
Australian rugby league players
Australia national rugby league team players
Queensland rugby league team players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Queensland
Toowoomba Clydesdales players
Place of birth missing |
17177116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdallophytum | Bdallophytum | Bdallophytum is a genus of parasitic flowering plants with five described species. It parasitizes on the roots of plants of the genus Bursera, such as Bursera simaruba. The genus is endemic to the Neotropics.
It was previously placed in Rafflesiaceae, but is now placed in family Cytinaceae, together with the only other genus Cytinus. Some Bdallophytum species were at one time considered to belong to this latter genus.
Bdallophytum is dioecious.
Name
The genus name is probably derived from Ancient Greek bdell- "leech" and phyton "plant". It was later misspelled as Bdallophyton by Eichler, and this synonym is now also in common use.
Species
Bdallophytum americanum
Bdallophytum andrieuxii
Bdallophytum bambusarum
Bdallophytum ceratantherum
Bdallophytum oxylepis
Footnotes
References
(2004): Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 40.
Further reading
(2006): The holoparasitic endophyte Bdallophyton americanum affects root water conductivity of the tree Bursera simaruba. Trees - Structure and Function 21(2): 215–220.
External links
Cytinaceae References
Parasitic Plant Connection: Cytinaceae
Malvales genera
Cytinaceae
Parasitic plants
Dioecious plants
Taxa named by August W. Eichler |
17177130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe%20Dunn | Phoebe Dunn | Phoebe Dunn (1914–1990) was an American author of children's literature. Dunn wrote at least 45 books.
She was also a photographer for local newspapers and advertising agencies.
Dunn died in January 1990 at the age of 74. She and her daughter Susan Hanson were on their way to visit Costa Rica to photograph the rainforests when their plane crashed outside Costa Rica, killing Dunn, her daughter, and 19 others.
Partial Bibliography
The Little Pig
The Little Duck
The Little Puppy
The Little Rabbit
The Little Lamb
The Little Kitten
Baby's Animal Friends
Big Treasury of Little Animals
Farm Animals
References
External links
Phoebe Dunn Collection
1990 deaths
20th-century American photographers
1914 births
American children's writers
American women children's writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American women photographers |
17177131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Lithuania | Football in Lithuania | Football is one of the top two most popular sports in Lithuania by the quantity of active sportsmen. However, with only 52,000 match spectators a year (2019) in all top league matches, it falls far behind country's most popular sport, basketball. Other variations of football like futsal, 5-a-side to 8-a-side football, beach soccer have become fairly popular as well.
The former Soviet republic made their return as an independent football nation in 1992. In the qualification for the Euro 2004, Lithuania held Germany to a 1–1 draw in Germany and won against Scotland. In the qualification for Euro 2008 they played away to the 2006 World Cup winners Italy and drew 1–1. They also defeated Romania 3–0 in Lithuania, in another shock performance.
History
In 1922 in Lithuania first local soccer championships began, largest ones being in Kaunas, Klaipėda and Šiauliai counties. Since 1931 a country-wide soccer championships were held regularly each year.
During soviet occupation, some Lithuanian soccer clubs participated in USSR football championship, whereas others chose to play in Lithuanian SSR league. After regaining the independence in 1991, the Lithuanian football league system was restored.
Domestic football
The highest current men's football league – A Lyga, the second tier I Lyga, and the third tier is II Lyga were founded in 1991 by the Lithuanian Football Federation. The fourth tier III Lyga championships are organized by 10 county football federations. The fifth tier competitions are organized by Vilnius Region Football Federation, and called the Sunday Football League. At one stage the SFL expanded country-wide, but then contracted back to Vilnius Region only. At the moment, lower than fourth tier competitions are organized at county, region, or city level, and often as 8-a-side or 7-a-side competitions. Some cities organize Company leagues, where team members are employees of the company. Veteran football is also played as a separate championship, at 35+, 50+, 60+ levels. Children and youth football is highly popular and strongly supported by Lithuanian Football Federation with a view to develop more professional players and increase the popularity of the sport.
At the end of the season, the A Lyga winners will be awarded the LFF Championship Cup and the transitional LFF Champions Cup, which will acquire the right to represent Lithuania in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The last placed team in the A league is relegated to I Lyga, and the winner of I Lyga is promoted to A Lyga. The team placed one before last plays a playoff game with second placed team in the I Lyga. The number of teams in I Lyga is maximum 16, however it fluctuates each year. Bottom 2-4 teams are relegated to II Lyga, and the winners of each II Lyga groups gain promotion to I Lyga. However, in recent years due to the lack of participating clubs, frequent club collapses, and changing financial fortunes, the promotion and relegation rules are not frequently followed. It is rather the licensing process that determines which league clubs are able to play each year.
League system
Men
Women
References
External links
League321.com – Lithuanian football league tables, records & statistics database. |
17177132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GER%20Class%20527 | GER Class 527 | The GER Class 527 was a class of fifteen 2-6-0 steam tender locomotives designed by William Adams for the Great Eastern Railway (GER). This was the last design that Adams prepared for the GER, although they did not enter service until his successor Massey Bromley had taken office and incorporated some modifications to the design.
Overview
In order to haul heavier trains and compete for the coal traffic into London, the GER asked William Adams to design a locomotive capable of hauling a train of 400 long tons net (700 tons gross).
Prototype
Tests were carried out with 265 class 4-4-0s to ensure that such trailing loads were feasible, followed by a prototype 2-6-0 number 527. Number 527 was the first locomotive in Britain to use the 2-6-0 wheel arrangement, and was named Mogul after the Great Moguls of Delhi, the epithet becoming the generic name for locomotives with that wheel arrangement.
Numbering
As was the GER's practice for locomotives built by outside contractors, the class was referred to by the number of the first locomotive, subsequent locomotives being numbered sequentially up to 541.
Performance
They were used on coal trains from Peterborough to London, but were found uneconomic, and so had short lives, being withdrawn between 1885 and 1887. As the design was novel, unexpected problems were encountered; the steam pipes to the cylinders constantly worked loose and were inaccessible for repair, condensation occurred in the cylinders, and these combined with a relatively small grate area and boiler barrel diameter with a long barrel led to poor steaming and high coal consumption. The pony truck also gave problems. Hence, the earlier Johnson 0-6-0s were preferred.
Belgian State 512
In order to compete with the quite archaic Type 28 and Type 29 locomotives, Belgian State Railways ordered a copy of the 527 class, built by Neilson & Co. in 1881. This lone engine, used on heavy trains between Jemelle and Arlon on the Luxembourg line, performed poorly.
In 1894, it was used as a test bed for a new kind of boiler designed by the Belgian engineer Mr. Docteur. It featured a steam reservoir perched atop the boiler and a firebox made of refractory brick and surrounded by air instead of water. The original cylinders were kept but the Wilson safety valves were replaced by Ramsbottom valves and a second-hand two-axle tender replaced the 3-axle tender. However, this prototype was quickly withdrawn and sent for breaking up in 1906.
References
527
2-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1878
Neilson locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives |
17177139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett%20Area%20School%20District | Everett Area School District | Everett Area School District is a small, rural, public school district in Bedford County, Pennsylvania. It serves a rural region and encompasses the borough of Everett and the townships of West Providence, East Providence, Monroe, Southampton, and Mann. Everett Area School District encompasses of southern Pennsylvania. According to 2000 federal census data, Everett Area School District served a resident population of 9,949. Per US Census Bureau data, the resident population declined to 9,704 in 2010. The educational attainment levels for the Everett Area School District population (25 years old and over) were 81.9% high school graduates and 11.6% college graduates. The district is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania.
According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 50.5% of the district's pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $16,205, while the median family income was $35,435. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. In Bedford County, the median household income was $40,249. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.
Everett Area School District operates four schools: Breezewood Elementary School, Everett Area Elementary School, Everett Area Middle School and Everett Area High School. High school students can attend the Bedford County Technical Center for training in the construction trades or culinary arts as well as other careers.
Extracurriculars
Everett Area School District offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sport program.
Sports
The school district operates:
Varsity
Boys
Basketball - Class AA
Baseball - Class AA
Football - Class A
Golf - Class AA
Rifle - AAAA
Soccer - Class A
Softball - Class AA
Track and field - Class AA
Wrestling - Class AA
Girls
Basketball - AA
Cheer - AAAA
Golf - AA
Soccer (Fall) - A
Softball - AA
Track and field - AA
Volleyball - A
MiddleSchool Sports
Boys
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Soccer
Wrestling
Girls
Basketball
Cheer
Softball
Volleyball
According to PIAA directory July 2015
References
External links
Everett Area School District
PIAA
School districts in Bedford County, Pennsylvania |
17177149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20Small%20Cup | Estonian Small Cup | The Estonian Small Cup is a knock-out competition for Estonian amateur teams, which play in the 4th or lower level. The first competition was won by Kohtla-Järve JK Alko in 2005 and the latest title was given to Saue JK. Finals are held in Tallinn, A. Le Coq Arena since 2007.
Finals
Winners
Finalists
References
3
2005 establishments in Estonia |
17177150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brou | Brou | Brou may refer to:
Brou, Eure-et-Loir, a village and commune in France
Brou-sur-Chantereine, a village and commune in Seine-et-Marne, France
Brou people, a Khmer Loeu ethnic group in Cambodia
See also
Royal Monastery of Brou, in Bourg-en-Bresse, France
Lake Brou - between Tuross Head and Narooma, New South Wales, (Australia), about 30 km south of Broulee.
Broulee, New South Wales
Broulee Island Nature Reserve
Brau (disambiguation) |
17177170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%20Darja | Lal Darja | Lal Darja (English language: The Red Door) is a 1997 Bengali allegorical drama film about a Kolkata dentist Dr. Nabin Dutta who fears becoming a cripple. Directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta, he film won the Golden Lotus Award for Best Film at the Indian National Film Awards.
Plot
Nabin Dutta (Subhendu Chattopadhyay) was a 47-year-old dentist. He had a son Kushal who was studying in Darjeeling. His wife was not satisfied with him and wanted to be separated. Nabin thought he had some acute disease, but it was nothing serious. Every moment Nabin felt a lack of satisfaction.
He compared his situation with his driver Dinu who had two wives, Sukhi (Nandini Maliya) and Maloti (Indrani Haldar). Dinu's wives were satisfied with him and they had no complaints about Dinu. Nabin tried to understand himself. Most of the time he thought about his childhood in Cherrapunji and the red coloured gate which he thought obeyed him. His mother said that the gate had a huge tolerance and Nabin compared himself with the red coloured gate. Ultimately, after departing from his wife and son, he raised his tolerance to a maximum stage and started to live alone with himself.
Cast
Champa
Subhendu Chatterjee as Nabin Dutta
Raisul Islam
Indrani Haldar as Maloti
Biplab Chatterjee
Haradhan Bandopadhyay
References
External links
1997 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1997 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
1990s Bengali-language films |
17177187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend%20Black%20Grape | Reverend Black Grape | "Reverend Black Grape" is a song which was released in May 1995 by English rock band Black Grape. It was the first single to be taken from their debut studio album It's Great When You're Straight...Yeah and peaked at #9 in the UK chart.
The song was co-produced by Danny Saber and Stephen Lironi. It was written by Shaun Ryder and released by Radioactive Records. The sample "Would he agree that a stately minuet would be preferable to the rain dance" is taken from Sir Thomas Arnold asking a question of John Major in the House of Commons in 1994
Controversy
The song caused mild controversy when released because of its assertion that Pope Pius XII collaborated with the Nazis: "Oh Pope he got the Nazis, To clean up their messes, In exchange for gold and paintings, he gave them new addresses". In addition, the song contains a brief audio clip of Adolf Hitler at one of his rallies. The lyrics also borrow from the traditional hymn O Come, All Ye Faithful.
Track listing
CD Single
"Reverend Black Grape" – 5:13
"Reverend Black Grape (Dub Collar Mix)" – 5:45
"Reverend Black Grape (The Dark Side Mix)" – 4:46
CD Maxi Single
"Reverend Black Grape" – 5:13
"Straight Out of Trumpton (Basement Tapes)" – 4:06
"Reverend Black Grape (The Dark Side Mix)" – 4:46
References
External links
1995 debut singles
Britpop songs
1995 songs
Radioactive Records singles
Songs critical of religion
MCA Records singles
Black Grape songs |
17177212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemming%20%28count%20in%20Frisia%29 | Hemming (count in Frisia) | A Dane named Hemming was a count in the area of Rüstringen in East Frisia in the 9th century. He and some others of his family were installed in this region by Emperor Lothair I.
History
Hemming was the son of one of the brothers of Harald Klak (died ca. 852), possibly Anulo (died 812). Rorik of Dorestad was thus probably his brother as was Harald the Younger (died ca. 842), Godfrid Haraldsson was his cousin. The Dane Hemming, son of Halfdan, who was killed at Walcheren in 837 was his uncle. Lothair I named him as a joint count along with his brother Harald in 841. His county was a part of Frisia in those times, and is now a part of Lower Saxony in Germany, although a large part of it has been submerged by the advancing sea. The part of the Frankish Realm that included Frisia was subject to trouble from plundering Vikings and by appointing some of their leaders as counts, the king was hoping they would defend their territories against other invading Vikings.
References
Gerlof Verwey, Geschiedenis van Nederland, Amsterdam, 1995, page 101.
Counts of Frisia
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
East Frisians |
17177227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameel%20Dumas | Jameel Dumas | Jameel Dumas (born February 18, 1981) is a former American football linebacker. He played for Syracuse University from 2000 to 2003, where he made 179 tackles and earned All-American honors. After suffering a knee injury in the first game of his fifth-year senior season, Dumas missed the remainder of the year. After recovering from knee surgery, he played with the Albany Conquest in 2005 as a two-way player. He also played in the NFL Europa with the Rhein Fire in 2006 and Berlin Thunder in 2007.
Early years
Dumas attended Abraham Clark High School in Roselle, New Jersey, where he was a star linebacker for the football team and hurdler for the track team. His high school coach Lou Grasso praised Dumas for his talent: "He's one of the outstanding players in this area. He's one of the hardest hitters I've had in a long time. He's definitely a Division I player." He played both fullback and linebacker in his senior year and was selected as a first-team all-state player as a senior. In his final year of prep football, Dumas had 120 tackles, 650 rushing yards and 16 touchdowns, and helped Abraham Clark advance to the North Jersey Group II state semifinals. In July 2003, he played in the Governor's Bowl, an all-star game matching the best players from New York and New Jersey. Dumas was singled out as one of "the defensive heroes" of the game for New Jersey.
Recruiting
Dumas was a highly touted recruit in his senior year of high school. He was 6 feet, 3 inches tall, weighed 215 pounds, and had excellent speed. He received scholarship offers from Rutgers, Ole Miss, West Virginia, North Carolina State, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Minnesota, but he chose Syracuse University. He orally committed to Syracuse in August 1998, and signed a national letter of intent with Syracuse in February 1999. Dumas explained his choice of Syracuse, "I came to Syracuse because I'm a Jersey guy, and it's kind of close. I came up and visited the campus, liked what I saw, liked the coaching staff."
College career
Dumas played college football at Syracuse from 2000 to 2003. In his first start as a weak-side linebacker, Dumas helped lead Syracuse to a victory over Temple when he intercepted a pass in the second quarter and returned it to the Temple 16-yard line to set up the go-ahead touchdown. Dumas recalled looking down as he bobbled the ball and prayed, "Lord, don't let me drop this ball." He also tallied seven tackles, including two tackles for loss, broke up a pass, and was awarded the game ball. In its reporting on the game, the Syracuse Herald American noted: "Encouraged by the interception, Dumas began to fly around the field making hits." His performance against Temple won Dumas a role as a starter.
As a sophomore in 2001, Dumas played in all 13 games, made 67 tackles and helped Syracuse to a 10–3 record.
As a junior in 2002, Dumas suffered a badly sprained ankle early in the season and injured his groin when he continued to play with the injury. Despite the injuries, Dumas recorded 92 tackles in 2002, as he developed into one of the better linebackers in the Big East Conference.
In January 2003, Dumas announced that he was leaving school for undisclosed reasons to return home to Roselle, New Jersey. Before he left, Syracuse coach Paul Pasqualoni told Dumas the door was open should he decide to return. In the summer of 2003, Dumas opted to return as fifth-year senior. At the time, he told the press, "Mentally, I was totally discombobulated. It was a big, total period of confusion. I knew I wasn't feeling good because I wasn't here with my brothers." In a feature story about Dumas, The Post-Standard covered his comeback.
As a senior in 2003, Dumas suffered a knee injury in the season opener against the University of North Carolina. The injury kept him out of the line-up for his entire senior year. In November 2003, sports writer Donnie Webb wrote a feature story on Dumas' hard-luck story. Webb wrote, "He is frustrated. He is exasperated. He is resigned to waiting out the storm. This is a four-year starter with aspirations and abilities to play in the NFL. His final audition is being played on the sidelines." Asked about being kept out of the line-up, Dumas said, "It's killing me." However, he insisted that he would not give up on his football career: "It's all about the love of the game. If you've got a strong love for something, it's always going to prevail. I went through too much stuff. The game keeps calling me."
In December 2003, Dumas petitioned the NCAA for a sixth year of eligibility after missing most of the 2003 season. Syracuse coach Paul Pasqualoni noted at the time, "He played only a very short period of time in the North Carolina game. So you'd say the NCAA would be sympathetic towards a sixth year. There is no precedents set for someone in Jameel's circumstances being granted. We're going to explore it. We're going to do everything we can do. The likelihood is, we'd be blazing new territory if we got it, and the likelihood of that happening is probably very slim." Dumas' request for an extra year of eligibility was denied.
Dumas finished his college football career at Syracuse with 179 tackles and earned All-America honors.
Professional career
In 2005, Dumas played for the Albany Conquest in the AF2 arena football league. He had success as a two-way player for Albany playing at fullback on offense and linebacker on defense. Sports Illustrated pointed to Dumas as one of the AF2 players who "can recite a saga that purports to explain why he's playing in this quirky indoor league that's at least a Hail Mary from the NFL." The magazine noted that Dumas "was a star at Syracuse before blowing out his left knee." An earlier account on Dumas noted: "His speed is his greatest asset, and the injuries robbed him of it." In 2006, he was signed by the Rhein Fire of the NFL Europa. He played for the Rhein Fire in 2006 and for the Berlin Thunder in 2007.
References
1981 births
Living people
Abraham Clark High School alumni
American football linebackers
Berlin Thunder players
People from Roselle, New Jersey
Rhein Fire players
Players of American football from Union County, New Jersey |
17177243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20M.%20Ansari | Ali M. Ansari | Ali Massoud Ansari FRSE (, born 24 November 1967 in Rome) is the Professor in Modern History with reference to the Middle East at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, where he is also the founding director of the Institute for Iranian Studies.
Education and career
Ansari was educated at Col.Brown Cambridge School Dehara Dun, Royal Russell School, University College London (BA), King's College London (MA), and obtained his PhD from the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).
He is also an Associate Fellow at Chatham House and sits on the Governing Council of the British Institute of Persian Studies (BIPS). He is a regular speaker at conferences and events regarding Iran, including "Iran's New Parliament" at the New America Foundation. His work appears in The Guardian, The Independent, and the New Statesman, among other publications.
Honours
In March 2016 Ansari was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's National Academy for science and letters.
Family life
Ansari is the son of Mariam Dariabegi and Mohammad Ali Massoud Ansari, cousin of Farah Pahlavi. He married Marjon Esfandiary in 2010, after which he had a celebration held at Chatham House.
Selected bibliography
Iran, Islam and Democracy: the Politics of Managing Change (2000)
Modern Iran Since 1921: the Pahlavis and After (2003)
Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust (2006)
Iran Under Ahmadinejad (2008)
The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran (2012)
Iran: A Very Short Introduction (2014)
Iran’s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 and Narratives of the Enlightenment (2016)
Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change, 3rd Edition (2019)
References
External links
Profile at the University of St Andrews Website
Profile at the Chatham House Website
1967 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of SOAS University of London
British historians
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Iranologists
British people of Iranian descent
Chatham House people |
17177246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage%20%28film%29 | Triage (film) | Triage is a 2009 drama film written and directed by Danis Tanović and starring Colin Farrell, Paz Vega, Branko Đurić and Christopher Lee. The film’s plot is a dark tale of a photojournalist (Farrell) who comes home after a dangerous assignment in Kurdistan during the 1988, Anfal genocide against the Kurdish people. The film focuses on the psychological effects of war on a photo journalist. It is based on the novel Triage by American veteran war correspondent Scott Anderson.
Plot
In 1988, Mark Walsh (Colin Farrell) is a photojournalist who has earned a reputation for working in some of the most unforgiving locations on Earth. When his editor Amy (Juliet Stevenson) asks him to cover Saddam Hussein's campaign against the Kurds, Mark takes the assignment and thinks little of it. His wife Elena (Paz Vega) is considerably more concerned. Mark and his friend and fellow photographer David (Jamie Sives) head off to the war full of confidence. Mark takes photographs of brutally injured soldiers and of a doctor who shoots them dead to spare their suffering. Later on, Mark is seen mildly injured in what he claims to be an accident in the river and he then comes home alone after being separated from David. Elena notices that he is like a different person, gaunt and unable to relax.
Elena can't get Mark to talk about what he saw that left him so traumatized, so she invites her grandfather Joaquin (Christopher Lee), a veteran psychoanalyst with military experience, for a visit to see if he can help. Joaquin struggles to get Mark to open up. The grandfather's presence ignites an old conflict between him and Elena; the doctor was a supporter of Franco during the Spanish Civil War. He had helped Franco's soldiers recover from the guilt of the atrocities they had committed in warfare. Elena had never been able to forgive him for his actions.
Joaquin's is patient and persistent in getting Mark to face his own memories. Joaquin is particularly curious as to why Mark is more concerned with bringing bodies back to their families rather than survival or death. While Mark is drawing a picture of the area he and David were situated, Diane (Kelly Reilly), David's pregnant wife and Elena enter the apartment and Joaquin tells him he has to come clean with what happened. A flashback reveals that Mark followed David when he decided to leave early. While walking back to the Kurdish camp, they were shelled, which resulted in David losing both of his legs. Mark tried to carry him back.
After he tells them this story, Diane begins labour, and is taken to the hospital, where she delivers a baby girl. Mark, Elena, and Joaquin visit Diane in the hospital. Unable to tell Diane the "end of the story," Mark walks up to the roof and considers jumping. Joaquin and Elena follow him and he tells them that he had jumped in a river with David's arms wrapped around his neck and that once in the water, he could no longer breathe. He released David from his grip and let him go. He tearfully admits that he felt guilty about not bringing him home, and Elena embraces him.
The film ends with a quote attributed to Plato: "Only the dead see the end of the war."
Cast
Colin Farrell as Mark Walsh
Paz Vega as Elena Morales
Christopher Lee as Joaquin Morales
Branko Đurić as Dr. Talzani
Kelly Reilly as Diane
Jamie Sives as David
Reece Ritchie as Boy in Beirut
Juliet Stevenson as Amy
Ian McElhinney as Ivan
Locations
Shooting ran from April to June with locations in Ireland and at the Ciudad de la Luz studios in Alicante in Spain.
Reception
Michael Rechtshaffen gave a negative review in The Hollywood Reporter: "While Tanovic has an undeniable gift for potent visuals, his adaptation of the Scott Anderson novel is considerably less assured, with over-written dialogue that continually comments on the obvious."
References
External links
2009 films
Spanish drama films
Irish drama films
French political drama films
2009 drama films
Anti-war films
HanWay Films films
Films directed by Danis Tanović
2000s political drama films
2000s war drama films
Films set in 1988
2000s English-language films
2000s French films |
17177247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20in%20Argentina | 2008 in Argentina | Events in the year 2008 in Argentina.
Incumbents
President: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Vice President: Julio Cobos
Governors
Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Daniel Scioli
Governor of Catamarca Province: Eduardo Brizuela del Moral
Governor of Chaco Province: Jorge Capitanich
Governor of Chubut Province: Mario Das Neves
Governor of Córdoba: Juan Schiaretti
Governor of Corrientes Province: Arturo Colombi
Governor of Entre Ríos Province: Sergio Urribarri
Governor of Formosa Province: Gildo Insfrán
Governor of Jujuy Province: Walter Barrionuevo
Governor of La Pampa Province: Óscar Jorge
Governor of La Rioja Province: Luis Beder Herrera
Governor of Mendoza Province: Francisco Pérez
Governor of Misiones Province: Maurice Closs
Governor of Neuquén Province: Jorge Sapag
Governor of Río Negro Province: Miguel Saiz
Governor of Salta Province: Juan Manuel Urtubey
Governor of San Juan Province: José Luis Gioja
Governor of San Luis Province: Alberto Rodríguez Saá
Governor of Santa Cruz Province: Daniel Peralta
Governor of Santa Fe Province: Hermes Binner
Governor of Santiago del Estero: Gerardo Zamora
Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Fabiana Ríos
Governor of Tucumán: José Alperovich
Vice Governors
Vice Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Alberto Balestrini
Vice Governor of Catamarca Province: Marta Grimaux
Vice Governor of Chaco Province: Juan Carlos Bacileff Ivanoff
Vice Governor of Corrientes Province: Tomás Rubén Pruyas
Vice Governor of Entre Rios Province: José Lauritto
Vice Governor of Formosa Province: Floro Bogado
Vice Governor of Jujuy Province: Pedro Segura
Vice Governor of La Pampa Province: Luis Alberto Campo
Vice Governor of La Rioja Province: Teresita Luna
Vice Governor of Misiones Province: Sandra Giménez
Vice Governor of Neuquén Province: Ana Pechen
Vice Governor of Rio Negro Province: Bautista Mendioroz
Vice Governor of Salta Province: Andrés Zottos
Vice Governor of San Juan Province: Rubén Uñac
Vice Governor of San Luis Province: Jorge Luis Pellegrini
Vice Governor of Santa Cruz: Luis Martínez Crespo
Vice Governor of Santa Fe Province: Griselda Tessio
Vice Governor of Santiago del Estero: Ángel Niccolai
Vice Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Carlos Basanetti
Events
January
12/13 January: Passengers protest at Ezeiza International Airport against delays by Aerolíneas Argentinas.
February
Heavy rain and floods force thousands of people from their homes in Buenos Aires Province.
March
9 March: Seventeen people are killed and 47 injured after a passenger train crashes into a bus in the town of Dolores in eastern Argentina.
12 March: The agricultural sector starts a 20-day lock-out in protest at the increase in export taxes on soybeans and sunflower.
April
11 April: The 2008 Olympic Torch Relay passes through Buenos Aires for the first time, largely without incident.
17 April: Buenos Aires is covered in a thick cloud of smoke, closing roads and airports. The smoke is blamed on farmers burning their fields.
23 April: Poet Juan Gelman receives the Cervantes Prize, the Spanish-speaking world's highest literary honour.
24 April: Economy minister Martín Lousteau resigns following rumours of disagreements with other ministers. He is replaced with Carlos Fernández.
24 April: Football hero Diego Maradona is welcomed into membership of the Justicialist Party.
May
2 May: The eruption of the Chaitén volcano in Chile covers much of Argentina in ash, particularly the city of Esquel, and forces the cancellation of flights from Buenos Aires.
17 May: Dissident ARI legislators create a new political party, Solidarity and Equality (Solidaridad e Igualdad Sí, or simply Sí).
June
25 June: Argentina reports that its total foreign debt hit US$127 billion in the first quarter of the year — continuing to rise higher than when the country negotiated a record debt swap in 2005. The increase in combined public and private debt was driven by private companies borrowing money abroad to finance operations. Debt was US$123 billion at the end of 2007.International Herald Tribune
July
2 July: Lost scenes from German-Austrian director Fritz Lang's legendary silent film "Metropolis" are discovered in Argentina. Paula Félix-Didier, head of film museum Museo del Cine in Buenos Aires, discovered an uncut version of the 1927 science fiction film when she looked into reports that a tape in the archive was unusually long. She travelled to Berlin with a copy of the film and met with experts who say they are certain it is the missing original-length version of Lang's masterpiece that reveals key plot scenes and an expansion of minor roles, Die Zeit said.The Local
10 July: When the Teatro Colón, Latin America's most famous opera house, closed for refurbishment in November 2006, Buenos Aires city officials vowed that it would reopen in time for its centenary on May 25, 2008. But when the great day arrived, the theatre's golden proscenium arch was still in pieces on the floor, alongside plywood boards, while scaffolding rose the full height of its dome. To kick off the celebrations, the Colón's resident symphony orchestra was obliged to perform in a neighbouring theatre specialising in musicals, where it had to use microphones instead of relying on the opera house's fabulous natural acoustics.Economist.com
19 July: After months of standoff with irate farmers, and a humiliating defeat in the Senate, the government rolls back the extra levy on farm exports. The government rescinded Friday a controversial tax increase on grain exports that had sparked months of protests and bared deep divisions in one of the world's major food-producing nations.Los Angeles Times
23 July: Argentina replaces cabinet chief: Argentine President Cristina Fernandez names former head of the social security agency Sergio Massa as cabinet chief, in a shake-up just days after the Senate rejected a government tax hike on soy exports.Reuters
August
12 August: Argentina's government announces a plan to buy back some of the country's debt, triggering a recovery in financial assets following the previous week's selloff. While news of the intervention props up markets, economists remain broadly pessimistic about President Cristina Kirchner's populist economic policies, which have stoked inflation, eroded Argentina's fiscal position and alienated the agribusiness sector that is the motor of the economy. That pessimism was reflected in a move by the ratings agency Standard & Poor's Corp. to lower Argentina's foreign and local currency long-term credit ratings to B from B+.Wall Street Journal
13 August: The Argentine Senate passes a law that defines alimentary disorders such as obesity, anorexia and bulimia, as diseases, and therefore medical insurers have to take care of the cost of their treatment Yahoo news, Diario Clarín.
9-24 August: At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Argentina wins gold medals in the Madison cycling and men's football and bronze medals in judo, sailing, and women's hockey.
Predicted and scheduled events
September
October
November
December
Deaths
9 January, Jorge Anaya, Admiral
3 February, Jorge Liderman, composer
4 February, Bertha Moss, actress
12 March, Jorge Guinzburg, journalist
18 May, Irma Córdoba, actress
25 May, Ítalo Argentino Lúder, politician
31 May, Nelly Láinez, actress
9 June, Esteban Mellino, actor
27 July: Osvaldo Álvarez Guerrero, politician
August 2: Pérez Celis, plastic artist
August 15: Carlos Meglia, comic book artist, co-creator of Cybersix
Sports
See worldwide 2008 in sports
13 April: Argentina's male tennis team qualifies for the Davis Cup semi-finals against Russia with victory against Sweden.
24 June: The Dakar 2009 is off to discover a new continent, South America that offers unlimited possibilities to amateurs of wide open spaces. The round trip to Buenos Aires, via Valparaíso is a challenge in which the most enduring competitors will find their way and have the opportunity to distinguish themselves. With close to of specials and difficulties scattered on the whole course, the battle for the title will remain wide open until the finish...Automobilsport.com
19 August: Juan Esteban Curuchet and Walter Fernando Perez wins the Olympic gold medal in the Madison cycling event, the first Olympic gold in cycling for Argentina, and also the country's first gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. UPI.com
23 August: The Argentina national football team wins gold for the second consecutive time at the 2008 Summer Olympics, with Javier Mascherano becoming the first Argentine Olympian to win two gold medals.
See also
List of Argentine films of 2008
References
Years of the 21st century in Argentina |
17177248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke%20Rapids%2C%20North%20Carolina%20micropolitan%20area | Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina micropolitan area | The Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in North Carolina, anchored by the city of Roanoke Rapids.
As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 79,456 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 74,716).
Counties
Halifax
Northampton
Communities
Places with more than 10,000 inhabitants
Roanoke Rapids (Principal city)
Places with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants
Enfield
Garysburg
Scotland Neck
South Rosemary (census-designated place)
South Weldon (census-designated place)
Weldon
Places with 750 to 1,000 inhabitants
Gaston
Rich Square
Woodland
Places with 500 to 750 inhabitants
Conway
Jackson
Littleton
Seaboard
Places with less than 500 inhabitants
Halifax
Hobgood
Lasker
Severn
Unincorporated places
Aurelian Springs
Brinkleyville
Heathsville
Margarettsville
Pleasant Hill
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 79,456 people, 30,813 households, and 21,261 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 41.60% White, 54.47% African American, 2.36% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.
The median income for a household in the μSA was $26,556, and the median income for a family was $34,082. Males had a median income of $27,998 versus $20,854 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $14,612.
See also
North Carolina census statistical areas
References
Geography of Halifax County, North Carolina
Geography of Northampton County, North Carolina |
17177253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogical%20Institute%20of%20Irkutsk%20State%20University | Pedagogical Institute of Irkutsk State University | The Pedagogical Institute of Irkutsk State University () was founded in 1909 in Irkutsk, Siberia as Irkutsk Teaching Institute for training teachers for schools and colleges. The institute has 3 faculties and 21 departments, and provides education in 9 training directions. Minor plant 2585 Irpedina, discovered by Soviet astronomer and a graduate of the Institute Nikolay Chernykh, is named after the institute (Chernykh's wife, Lyudmila Chernykh, was also an astronomer and a graduate of the institute).
References
Universities and colleges established in 1909
1909 establishments in the Russian Empire
Irkutsk State University
Teachers colleges in Russia |
17177256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Steinberger | Michael Steinberger | Michael Steinberger is an American author and journalist, who served as the wine columnist of the internet magazine Slate from 2002 to 2011.
He has been described as "one of the greatest wine writers on the planet", and to possess a "blessedly trustworthy voice and palate". Steinberger has himself stated his palate is Euro-centric, having been cultivated on French wine, with the wine from Bordeaux and Burgundy being his "touchstones".
Currently, Steinberger serves as a freelance writer, often involving topics regarding tennis, for publications including The New York Times.
Career
Steinberger has previously worked as a Hong Kong correspondent for Maclean's. He has also contributed to publications such as The New York Times, Saveur, Financial Times, The Economist, Food & Wine, New York Magazine, Wine Spectator, The World of Fine Wine, and Sommelier Journal. Steinberger's Slate column that had run since June, 2002 was terminated as a result of layoffs by Slate parent company The Washington Post Company in August, 2011.
Steinberger's book Au Revoir to All That was published in June, 2009.
Controversy
One of Steinberger's articles published by Slate in 2002, "Grape Rot: The New Wine Spectator's Distinct Aroma of Fishiness", led to a harsh response by Wine Spectator executive editor Tom Matthews. Steinberger's articles were no longer published in Wine Spectator after the article, and Matthews demanded a retraction of the article, while recommending that Slate "no longer accept Steinberger's unprofessional and potentially libelous contributions".
An article that revealed Steinberger's distaste for the Sauvignon blanc grape, "White Lies: Why Sauvignon Blanc is Overrated", was widely met with surprise by the wine writers' community.
In a Slate article titled "Change We Can Taste", written concerning an interview with White House food and beverage operations usher Daniel Shanks published on Bloomberg.com, Steinberger called for a new "wine policy" for the Obama presidency. Coining the term "Shafer-gate", in reference to the serving of bottles of "extravagant" 2003 Shafer Hillside Select, costing around $250 a bottle, at a November 2008 emergency economic summit, the article described the Bush era tactics of "shock and awe" in terms of wine policy, achieved with what Steinberger calls "fruit bombs"; he wrote that the White House wine service had been "hostage to a profoundly misguided strategy", and pointed to Obama's opportunity "to act swiftly and boldly on the wine front". When the article was described by Decanter.com to have "slammed the White House wine policy", its contents were quoted and reiterated without any element of satire.
Personal life
Steinberger currently resides in Hockessin, Delaware with his wife and two kids.
See also
List of wine personalities
References
External links
Mike Steinberger's Wine Diarist
American male journalists
Living people
Wine critics
1967 births |
17177261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Knowsley%20Metropolitan%20Borough%20Council%20election | 2008 Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council election | Elections to Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 1 May 2008. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.
Prior to the election, the composition of the council is:
Labour 50
Liberal Democrat 13
Candidates
Shevington Ward
Park Ward
Northwood Ward
Whitefiled Ward
Cherryfield Ward
Kirkby Central Ward
Prescot West Ward
Prescot East Ward
Stockbridge Ward
Longview Ward
Page Moss Ward
St Michaels Ward
St Bartholomews Ward
Swanside Ward
Roby Ward
St Gabriels Ward
Halewood North Ward
Halewood West Ward
Halewood South Ward
Whiston North Ward
Whiston South Ward
External links
Knowsley borough elections 2008
2008
2008 English local elections
2000s in Merseyside |
17177268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Spanish%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | 2005 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix | The 2005 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 2005 MotoGP Championship. It took place on the weekend of 8–10 April 2005 at Jerez.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Spanish
Motorcycle Grand Prix |
17177278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidoamine | Amidoamine | Amidoamines are a class of chemical compounds that are formed from fatty acids and amines. They are used as intermediates in the synthesis of surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), some of which are used in personal care products including soaps, shampoos, and cosmetics. Amidoamines can also serve as curing agents for epoxy resins. They are also used as oil well drilling fluids and also as corrosion inhibitors.
Patch test studies have concluded that most apparent allergic reactions to products containing CAPB are more likely due to amidoamine than to CAPB itself.
See also
Poly(amidoamine)
References
External websites
Amidoamines at Hexion
Fatty acid amides
Amines |
17177281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylaminopropylamine | Dimethylaminopropylamine | Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) is a diamine used in the preparation of some surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine which is an ingredient in many personal care products including soaps, shampoos, and cosmetics. BASF, a major producer, claims that DMAPA-derivatives do not sting the eyes and makes a fine-bubble foam, making it appropriate in shampoos.
Preparation and reactions
DMAPA is commonly produced commercially via the reaction between dimethylamine and acrylonitrile (a Michael reaction) to produce dimethylaminopropionitrile. A subsequent hydrogenation step yields DMAPA:
DMAPA is readily converted to the mustard dimethylaminopropyl-3-chloride, a powerful alkylating agent.
Health effects
Dimethylaminopropylamine is a known skin irritant and its presence as an impurity in cocamidopropyl betaine is thought to be the cause of irritation experienced by some individuals.
See also
1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine
1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine
References
Diamines
Dimethylamino compounds |
17177309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20Center%2C%20California | Mountain Center, California | Mountain Center is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the San Jacinto Mountains, within western central Riverside County, California.
Geography
It lies centered on the junction of State Route 74 and State Route 243 in the southern division of San Bernardino National Forest. Mountain Center lies just north of Lake Hemet, midway between Hemet and Palm Desert, just south of the town of Idyllwild, and it is southeast of the city of Riverside, the county seat of Riverside County. Its elevation is . Although Mountain Center is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 92561.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of , 99.91% of it land, and 0.09% of it water.
Lake Hemet is the only major body of water in Mountain Center.
The Mountain Fire and the Cranston Fire burn scars remain visible in the community.
Demographics
At the 2010 census Mountain Center had a population of 63. The population density was . The racial makeup of Mountain Center was 60 (95%) White, 0 (0%) African American, 1 (1%) Native American, 1 (1%) Asian, 0 (0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0%) from other races, and 1 (1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15 people (24%).
The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and no one was institutionalized.
There were 36 households, 5 (14%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13 (36%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3 (8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 0 (0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 0 (0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 19 households (53%) were one person and 6 (17%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.75. There were 16 families (44% of households); the average family size was 2.56.
The age distribution was 12 people (19%) under the age of 18, 0 people (0%) aged 18 to 24, 8 people (13%) aged 25 to 44, 30 people (48%) aged 45 to 64, and 13 people (21%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 53.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 75.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.0 males.
There were 58 housing units at an average density of 30.8 per square mile, of the occupied units, 25 (69%) were owner-occupied and 11 (31%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 29%; the rental vacancy rate was 27%. 40 people (64% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 23 people (37%) lived in rental housing units.
Government
Federal:
In the United States House of Representatives, Mountain Center is in .
In the United States Senate, California is represented by Democrats Alex Padilla and Laphonza Butler.
State:
In the California State Legislature, Mountain Center is in the 32nd Senate District, represented by Republican Kelly Seyarto, and in .
Local:
In the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, Mountain Center is in the Third District, represented by Chuck Washington.
In the jurisdiction of the Riverside County Sheriff's Department, with Sheriff Chad Bianco.
Fire service is provided by Riverside County Fire (CalFire)
Emergency medical service is provided by American Medical Response (AMR); however, the Idyllwild Fire Protection District is often the de facto emergency medical service under mutual aid due to its being in closer proximity than AMR.
Transportation
Forest Folk, using a grant from the Riverside County Transportation Commission, operates the Idyllwild Shuttle, which provides door-to-door service.
See also
Idyllwild-Pine Cove, California
Pinyon Pines, California
References
Census-designated places in Riverside County, California
San Jacinto Mountains
San Bernardino National Forest
Census-designated places in California |
17177316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20testing%20of%20polymers | Weather testing of polymers | Accelerated photo-ageing of polymers in SEPAP units is the controlled polymer degradation and polymer coating degradation under lab or natural conditions.
The prediction of the ageing of plastic materials is an important subject that concerns both users and manufacturers of materials (polymers, fillers and various additives) or intermediates that are the many transformers that use their "thermoplastic" property for the manufacture of multiple objects by different processes such as extrusion, injection molding, etc.
The reliability of the materials is one of the many guarantees that are increasingly required for all the manufactured objects we use every day and it is therefore perfectly integrated into the "sustainable development" approach. However, predicting the behavior of a material or an industrial part over time is a delicate process, because many parameters must be taken into account.
The resistance to "natural" ageing itself is variable, it depends on temperature, sunshine (climate, latitude, humidity, ...) and on many other factors (physical constraints, level of pollution, ...), difficult to assess accurately. The simulation of this ageing by the use of artificial light sources and other physical constraints (temperature, sprinkling of water simulating rain, ...) has been the subject of many developments that are the basis of several standards, ISO, ASTM, etc.
After all, accelerating this ageing to offer, for example, ten-year guarantees or validate stabilizing agents is a more complex approach that must be based on solid scientific backgrounds. Other applications, such as those of materials that must degrade quickly in the environment, are also concerned by this approach.
1. Mechanistic approach
2. Photo-ageing
3. SEPAP accelerated artificial photo-ageing units
4. Medium and ultra-acceleration
5. Role of water
6. CNEP
7. Notes and references
1. Mechanistic approach
It has long been known that most ageing of these materials is based on a chemical reaction called "radical oxidation." Under the influence of external stresses that generate primary radicals attacking chemical bonds (especially the most abundant ones, between carbon and hydrogen), reactions occur with atmospheric oxygen. This led to the formation of many chemical entities, among which hydroperoxides and peroxides were the key products; they are both stable enough to be detected and reactive enough to break down into many by-products such as ketones, alcohols, acids, ... which are easily detectable by spectroscopic methods. Another important element, the decomposition of one of these peroxidized groups (like hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) generates two new radicals, which leads to a self-acceleration of ageing.
These elementary chemical reactions lead more or less quickly to a deterioration of the physical properties of polymer materials and their precise analysis using infrared spectroscopy methods makes it possible both to understand the degradation mechanism and to make predictions about the long-term behavior of polymers [1].
Polypropylene, a common material in our everyday environment, is a very significant example of this approach. Its chemical structure where many tertiary carbons are present (bound to three carbon atoms and only one hydrogen) makes it a particularly sensitive material to ageing. Its use in the absence of stabilizing agents, in the form of film for example, is completely impossible without finding degradation (in a few days it quickly becomes opaque and brittle).
2. Photo-ageing of polymers
Sunlight (whose wavelengths on earth are greater than 295 nm) is among the main factors affecting the natural ageing of plastics along with temperature and atmospheric oxygen. It should be noted, however, that if the influence of temperature can be analyzed separately (ageing in the dark), it is not the same for photo-ageing which is always associated with a temperature effect, it is also often rightly qualified as "photo-thermal".
The simulation of photothermal ageing is generally done by exposing samples in centers approved for their geographical location (Arizona, Florida, South of France) and their ability to know precisely the exposure conditions (duration and intensity of sunshine, temperature, humidity level, etc.). Sometimes mirror systems make it possible to intensify the radiation. The simulation can also be carried out in the laboratory, we generally use xenon lamps whose spectrum, after eliminating short wavelengths, is very similar to that of the sun. Most instruments allow control of light intensity, temperature of the surrounding environment, humidity level and water sprinklers can be programmed to simulate the effect of rain
It should be noted here that the use of xenon lamps is based on a similarity with the solar spectrum but that the principles of photochemistry (in particular the existence of vibrational relaxations of excited states) do not exclude the use of other light sources to simulate or accelerate photothermal ageing. Mercury-vapor lamps, properly filtered, have a discontinuous spectrum with discrete radiations (unlike the spectra of xenon and the sun which are continuous). This UV emission of Hg lamps also makes it possible to predict the durability of polymer materials formulated under use.
3. SEPAP accelerated artificial photo-ageing units
As early as 1978, the principles mentioned above led to the design of specific units by the Laboratory of Molecular and Macromolecular Photochemistry [2], now integrated into the Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand (https://iccf.uca.fr). One of these units, referenced SEPAP 12–24, was long built and marketed by ATLAS MTT (picture 1) until the release of a new SEPAP MHE model in 2014 (picture 2) (https://www.atlas-mts.com).
In the SEPAP 12-24 unit, light excitation is provided by four 400 Watts medium-pressure mercury vapor lamps placed at the four corners of a parallelepiped. These lamps, whose shortest wavelengths are eliminated by a borosilicate glass envelope, have lifetime of 5000 hours. The temperature of the exposed surfaces (and not of the surrounding environment) is maintained and controlled by a thermoprobe in contact with a reference film of the same composition as the samples to be exposed. This temperature can vary from 45 °C to 80 °C and a good compromise between photochemical excitation and thermal excitation is always ensured at the level of the samples. 24 samples of about 1X5 cm are positioned on a metallic sample holder rotating at a constant speed in the center of the unit to ensure homogeneous illumination of all samples. The sample size is suitable for monitoring chemical evolution, with a low conversion rate, by infrared spectroscopy. SEPAP 12-24 enclosures must be calibrated using polyethylene calibration films. The detailed analysis of the mechanism of chemical evolution that controls degradation could be proposed for a large number of polymers [3,4] and it could be verified that this mechanism was identical to that which intervened in natural ageing on approved site or during real outdoor use. Today, a dozen French and European standards refer to these enclosures (agricultural films, cables) and about twenty companies have included SEPAP tests in their specifications for their subcontractors.
The new SEPAP MHE (Medium and High Energy) unit is equipped with a single medium-pressure mercury source with variable power allowing a first level of acceleration corresponding to that of the SEPAP 12-24 unit and a second level allowing an acceleration about 3 times higher (Ultra-Acceleration). It was developed by CNEP, Renault, PSA, PolyOne and Atlas-Ametek. The source has a central position and the samples are fixed on a sample holder animated by a uniform rotational movement around the source.
The analysis of the chemical evolution under the accelerated conditions of a SEPAP 12-24 or MHE units and the analysis of the chemical evolution in an early phase of exposure in outdoor use in the field (1 year or more) make it possible to define an acceleration factor if we know how to discern in the mechanism the formation of a "critical product" representative of the reaction pattern. This acceleration factor cannot be universal for all families of formulated materials that evolve according to very different reaction mechanisms, but it can be determined for each family of polymers. For example, it is close to 12 (1 month = 1 year in the field in the South of France) for the reference polyethylene. These acceleration factors have indeed been determined in very specific cases of polymers of well-defined formulations and exposed in forms that allow to take into account the diffusion of oxygen (avoid any oxygen starvation) and the migrations of stabilizers ("reservoir" effect).
The SEPAP MHE unit allows, for example, to simulate a year of exposure of a polypropylene in the south of France in 300 hours (on average acceleration) or 100 hours (in ultra-acceleration mode).
4. Medium and Ultra-acceleration
Can photo-ageing be further accelerated? There are many ways to achieve this, but there is a great risk of no longer being representative of natural ageing. From the photochemical point of view, multi-photonic effects are for example to be feared, just as the oxygen starvation may occur very quickly and strongly disrupt the degradation mechanisms. The ultra-accelerated approach developed in the SEPAP MHE unit makes it possible to solve in particular the problem of very long-term stability required for certain applications (cable-stayed bridges, photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, ...) or the need to be able to homologate a new material very quickly (automotive industry, ...).
5. Role of water
It is first of all its physical role (leaching) that has been highlighted in particular in polyolefins (polyethylene, polypropylene). Polar degradation products and low molecular weights can be removed from the surface of the material and thus mask the ageing phenomenon. It is possible to operate the SEPAP MHE with periodic sprinklers of water by avoiding too abundant sprinkling that can lead to an underestimation of ageing. Too frequent water sprinkling can also lead to premature extraction of low molecular weight stabilizers and wrongly disqualify polymeric materials.
To examine the combined role of water with other physico-chemical constraints (Ultraviolet – heat – oxygen), a prototype SEPAP 12-24 H unit was developed. In this unit the sample holder is immersed in temperature-controlled liquid water that is re-oxygenated in outdoor circulation.
6. Centre National d’Evaluation de Photoprotection (called CNEP)
In 1986, the work of the Laboratory of Molecular and Macromolecular Photochemistry led to the creation of a transfer center CNEP to put its skills in the photo-ageing of polymer materials at the service of manufacturers, either to analyze failures of their materials or to conduct studies of collective interest.
Studies to predict the behavior of polymeric materials subjected to different environmental constraints (sunlight, heat with or without moisture) or failure analyses of polymer parts can be carried out in collaboration with the R&D departments of manufacturers. The CNEP can also be a partner in collaborative projects led by industrialists on an innovative research theme.
The Centre National d’Evaluation de Photoprotection is now associated with about sixty companies and annually carries out more than 450 studies covering all areas of application of polymers including works of art. It is also approved at the French national level as a "Technological Resources Center". (cnep-fr.com)
Notes and References
1. ↑ Jacques Lacoste, Sandrine Therias, ‘’Vieillissement des matériaux polymères et des composites’’ in L’actualité chimique, 2015, 395, 38-43.
2. ↑ Jacques Lacoste, David Carlsson,"Gamma-, photo-, and thermally-initiated oxidation of linear low density polyethylene: a quantitative comparison of oxidation products" in J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. A, 1992, 30, 493-500 and 1993, 31, 715-722 (polypropylène)
3. ↑ Jacques Lemaire,"Predicting polymer durability" in Chemtech, October 1996, 42- 47
4. ↑ Jacques Lemaire, René Arnaud, Jean Luc Gardette, Jacques Lacoste, Henri Seinera, "Zuverlässigkeit der methode der photo-schnellalterung bei polymeren. ( Reliability of the accelerated photo-ageing method)", Kunststoffe, German Plastics (int Ed.), 1986, 76, 149-153
See also
Polymer degradation
Ultraviolet
UV degradation
Gas-discharge lamp
Electric arc
Fluorescent lamps
Mercury-vapor lamps
National Centre for the Evaluation of Photoprotection
Photo-oxidation of polymers
References
ASTM STANDARDS B117: Standard Method of Salt Spray (fog) Testing,
ASTM D1014 (45° North): Test method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Steel
ASTM G90: Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
ASTM G154: Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Non-metallic Materials
Q.U.V Accelerated Weathering Tester operation manual, Q-Lab Corporation, Cleveland, OH, US, www.q-lab.com.
UV Weathering and Related Test Methods, Cabot corporation, www.cabot-corp.com
G.C. Eastwood, A. Ledwith, S. Russo, P. Sigwalt, vol 6; "Polymer Reactions, vol 6" in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Pergamon press, 1989,
Olivier Haillant, "Polymer weathering: a mix of empiricism and science", Material Testing Product and Technology News, 2006, 36 (76), 3-12
Jacques Lemaire,"Predicting polymer durability" in Chemtech'', October 1996, 42-47.
Web references
Polymers
Materials degradation
Tests |
17177319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Peter%27s%20Church%2C%20Heysham | St Peter's Church, Heysham | St Peter's Church is in the village of Heysham, Lancashire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Lancaster, the archdeaconry of Lancaster and the diocese of Blackburn.
History
It is believed that a church was founded on this site in the 7th or 8th century. In 1080 it was recorded that the location was the site of an old Anglo-Saxon church. Some of the fabric of that church remains in the present church. The chancel was built around 1340–50 and the south aisle was added in the 15th century. The north aisle was added in 1864 and other extensions and restorations were carried out by the Lancaster architect E. G. Paley. At that time an Anglo-Saxon doorway was moved and rebuilt in the churchyard, and two galleries which had served as private pews with their own entrances were taken down.
Architecture
The church is built in sandstone rubble with stone slate roofs. Its plan consists of a three-bay nave with north and south aisles under a continuous roof, a lower two-bay chancel with north and south aisles under pitched roofs, the south aisle containing a chapel, a south porch and a bellcote containing two bells on the west gable. The west front has a pair of buttresses between which is a blocked Anglo-Saxon round-headed doorway. Above this is a two-light 19th-century window. The east window of three lights dates from around 1300 as does the two-light window in the south wall of the chancel. Built into the chancel walls are coffin lids and the gravestone of a 17th-century vicar. The octagonal sandstone font probably dates from the 16th century. The chancel arch has early Norman capitals with rope mouldings. On the west wall is a medieval sepulchral slab with a floriated cross and sword.
The Heysham hogback
In the south chancel aisle is an excellent 10th century Viking hogback stone which is covered in carvings of wolves, deer, and men on one side, and, on the other side, of a man next to a large tree with animals. It appears to be red sandstone and measures over six feet long, around a foot wide, and in the middle about 2 ft tall. Ewing (2003) reports a variety of interpretations of the images, including H. C. March's that the carvings are a representation of the poem Völuspá and the victory of Christianity over paganism. It also includes Edwards' (1998) claim that the meaning of the carvings is unknown.
External features
In the churchyard is the rebuilt Anglo-Saxon sandstone archway moved from the church in the 19th century. It is listed Grade II, as is the walling to the west of the archway. Also listed Grade II is a sandstone sundial shaft dated 1696, and a medieval sandstone coffin. Also in the churchyard is the lower part of the decorated shaft of an Anglo-Saxon cross on a modern sandstone base. It is a scheduled monument. In addition the churchyard contains the war graves of eight Commonwealth service personnel of World War I, and three of World War II.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
Grade I listed churches in Lancashire
Scheduled monuments in Lancashire
St Patrick's Chapel, Heysham – ruins 50 yards from St Peter's
Listed buildings in Heysham
List of ecclesiastical works by E. G. Paley
References
External links
Church of England church buildings in Lancashire
Grade I listed churches in Lancashire
Churches with elements of Anglo-Saxon work
English churches with Norman architecture
English Gothic architecture in Lancashire
Gothic Revival architecture in Lancashire
Churches completed in 1864
7th-century church buildings in England
Diocese of Blackburn
Churches in the City of Lancaster
Scheduled monuments in Lancashire |
17177341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique%20Parrenin | Dominique Parrenin | Dominique Parrenin or Parennin () (1 September 1665, at le Russey, near Besançon – 29 September 1741, at Beijing) was a French Jesuit missionary to China.
Life
Parrenin entered the Jesuit order on 1 September 1685. In 1697, he was sent to China. When he was in Beijing in 1698, he attracted the attention of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. His varied knowledge, and familiar use of the court languages, Chinese and Manchu, gained him the good will of the emperor. Parrenin used this favour in the interest of religion and science.
While satisfying the curiosity of the Kangxi Emperor, especially about physics, medicine, and the history of Europe, he argued that the scientific culture of the West was due to Christianity. Obliged to travel with the emperor, he visited Chinese Christians.
Well liked by important personages at the court and the highest dignitaries of the Qing Empire, he led them to look with favour on the spreading of Christianity. In the Lettres édifiantes, he has written on the admirable example set by the princes of the Sounou family, whose conversion, begun by Father Suarez, he completed.
The Yongzheng Emperor, who succeeded the Kangxi Emperor, soon made known his aversion for Christianity, and only his consideration for the missionaries at Beijing, principally for Parrenin, protected Christianity in China. This emperor respected the missionaries, not for their scientific knowledge, but for their character and virtues. He demanded services of more tangible importance, notably at audiences granted to the ambassadors of Russia and Portugal during the long negotiations, both commercial and political, with the former of the two powers. The Chinese ministers needed the missionaries, not only as conscientious and trusty interpreters, but men capable of informing them on European matters and of inspiring confidence.
Parrenin was assisted by his confrères, Anne-Marie de Mailla and Antoine Gaubil. The mission at Beijing continued to exist among persecutions, and the toleration shown to it helped Christians in the provinces. He was caught up in the rites controversy; but was misrepresented in the "Mémoires historiques du Cardinal de Tournon" and the "Anecdotes sur l'Etat de la Religion dans la Chine". He had sent specimens of the caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) to France.
Works
Parrenin was involved in drawing up a major map of China. He aroused in the Kangxi Emperor a desire to see his entire domain represented by methods more exact than those of the Chinese cartographers. Parrenin had a hand in the preparations of the making of this map in the provinces of Pechili, Shan-tung, and Liao-tung. He also collaborated on a map of Beijing and its environs, which the emperor caused to be made in 1700.
He translated into Manchu for the Kangxi Emperor several of the works published in the Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences at Paris. In 1723 Dortous de Mairan, of the Académie des Sciences, and Fréret, perpetual secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions, sent him their "doubts" about the history, chronology, and astronomy of the Chinese. His answers led to other questions, and this scientific correspondence continued until 1740.
References
Lettres édifiantes et curieuses. 26e Recueil. Préface et Lettre du P. Chalier (Paris, 1753);
Lettre du P. Antoine Gaubil on the death of P. Parrenin, MS. 12223 in the Bibliothèque Nationale, with the letters of Parrenin to Mairan and Fréret (1729–60), unedited;
Lettres de M. de Mairan au R. P. Parrenin, contenant diverses questions sur la Chine (Paris, 1759–70);
Brucker, Le mission de Chine de 1722 à 1735 in Revue des questions historiques, XXIX, 491 (1881);
, Correspondence scientifique du missionaire francais à Peking au XVIIIe Siécle in Revue du monde catholique. XXVI, 701, (1883);
Augustin de Backer & Carlos Sommervogel, Bibliothèque des écrivains de la C. de J. VI, 284-290, IX, 757;
Cordier, Bibliotheca Sinica.
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article
1665 births
1741 deaths
17th-century French Jesuits
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Jesuit missionaries in China
18th-century French Jesuits
French expatriates in China |
17177360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABtas%20Mock%C5%ABnas | Liūtas Mockūnas | Liūtas Mockūnas (September 30, 1934 – February 13, 2007) was a Lithuanian-American journalist, editor, writer, cultural critic, and engineer and notable Lithuanian World Community activist.
Born in Lithuania, he moved with his parents to West Germany during World War II, and to the United States in 1949. After graduating from Philadelphia's Drexel University, he worked as a transport specialist. Living in Chicago, he became involved with the Lithuanian-American organization Santara-Šviesa, and served as an editor for its periodicals.
Mockūnas compiled and edited several books that discussed an array of cultural topics: Žodžiai ir prasmė (Words and Meaning, 1982), A. Škėmos Raštai (The Works of A. Škėma, 1985), and Pavargęs herojus (Tired Hero, 1997), which discussed the Lithuanian resistance against the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II, (Horizonts of freedom) 2001 together with Aleksandras Štromas and Tomas Venclova.
He returned to live in Lithuania in 2005.
References
bernardinai.lt obituary
Lietuvos rytas obituary
Review of Pavargęs herojus from the Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
1934 births
2007 deaths
American people of Lithuanian descent
Lithuanian journalists
Lithuanian writers
20th-century journalists
NoBusiness Records artists |
17177392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illia%20Ostrogski | Illia Ostrogski | Eliasz Aleksander Ostrogski (1510–1539), also known as Illia Ostrogski, was the only son of Konstanty Ostrogski from his first marriage with Tatiana Koretska. He was starost of Bratslav and Vinnytsia.
Biography
When he was 13, his father Konstanty agreed with Jerzy Radziwiłł to wed Illia and Anna Elżbieta Radziwiłł. In 1537, Illia cancelled the agreement and was offered the hand of Barbara Radziwiłł, younger sister of Anna Elżbieta. Illia refused and married his love Beata Kościelecka.
On 3 February 1539 Illia married Beata Kościelecka, rumoured to be an illegitimate daughter of King Sigismund I the Old and Katarzyna Telniczanka. The ceremony took place at Wawel Castle, one day after the wedding of Isabella Jagiellon and Hungarian King John Zápolya. At that time Illia converted to Roman Catholicism. The wedding was lavish and included tournaments. Illia duelled with Sigismund II Augustus and was defeated. He was thrown off his horse and "beaten so badly, that for 6 months was complaining". The injuries possibly became the reason of his death on 15 August 1539.
Illia's only daughter, Elizaveta (Halszka), born after his death. According to his testament, Elizaveta was placed under protection of Sigismund II Augustus.
References
External links
Ilia Ostrogski
1539 deaths
1510 births
16th-century Polish landowners |
17177408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelers%20Hill%20Secondary%20College | Wheelers Hill Secondary College | Wheelers Hill Secondary College is a coeducational state school in the Melbourne suburb of Wheelers Hill, Victoria, Australia. School number 8474.
The College is divided into two sub-schools and six Year levels: Middle School (Years 7 - 9) and Senior School (Years 10 - 12).
History
Wheelers Hill Secondary College is a government state high school, situated in the City of Monash in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. Established in 1980 as Wheelers Hill High School, the school originally opened with 96 students and nine teachers. The College currently has an enrolment of 700 students from Years 7 to 12.
Facilities
The school's grounds include:
A canteen.
A food technology centre
A gymnasium
The Bunjil Performing Arts Centre
A library
An art and technology wing
Science laboratories
Several computer labs
Sporting facilities
The school's grounds include:
An AFL and cricket oval
Two football ovals
Two netball/basketball/tennis courts
Passive recreation areas in garden settings
Room codes
A Block: A01,A02,A03,A04
C Block: C01,C02,C03
Drama Rooms: D01,D02
E Block: E01,E02,E03,E04
F Block: F01,F02,F03
I Music: I.M,I.M 2
M Music Main: M01,M02
Curriculum
The school has a number of programs that support its core values of excellence, respect, and creativity. Programs such as instrumental music, performing arts, Swimming and Athletics Carnivals, and inter-school sporting programs provide opportunities for students to develop particular skills outside the mainstream classroom.
The College has a strong pastoral care program supported by a Student Welfare Coordinator, Home Groups, and Sub-School teams at each Year level. The College's pastoral programs complement the strong academic and creative traditions of the College. The College places a strong emphasis on development and nurturing of leadership skills is a focus of Wheelers Hill Secondary College, and programs such as Year level camps, the Student Representative Council and Vocational Major programs are in place to enable this.
Houses
The four houses are:
Jells - Blue
Derrimut - Yellow
Napier - Red
Scott - Green
Notable alumni
The Living End
Chris Cheney (vocals, guitar)
Scott Owen (double bass, vocals)
Camilla Severi from Big Brother Australia 2006
Kayne Tremills TV Host
Kaiit Singer
Jordan Dennis Rapper
Khaled Khalafalla Comedian
Sophie Koh
See also
List of schools in Victoria
References
External links
Wheelers Hill Secondary College website
Public high schools in Melbourne
Buildings and structures in the City of Monash
Educational institutions established in 1980
1980 establishments in Australia |
17177420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummocky%20cross-stratification | Hummocky cross-stratification | Hummocky cross-stratification is a type of sedimentary structure found in sandstones. It is a form of cross-bedding usually formed by the action of large storms, such as hurricanes. It takes the form of a series of "smile"-like shapes, crosscutting each other. It is only formed at a depth of water below fair-weather wave base and above storm-weather wave base. They are not related to "hummocks" except in shape.
History
The name was introduced by Harms et al. in 1975. Before this time, these structures were recognized under many different names. When hummocky cross-stratification was founded, it was originally given the name “truncated wave-ripple laminae,” by Campbell (1966, 1971). The main features were listed by Bourgeois (1980), Harms et al. (1982), and Walker (1983), in order to identify the structure. Dott and Bourgeois launched an idealized hummocky stratification sequence. From bottom to top, these include: first-order scoured base (± sole marks); characteristic hummocky zone with several second-order truncation surfaces separating individual undulating lamina sets; a zone of flat laminae; a zone with well-oriented ripple cross-laminae and symmetrical ripple forms; all overlain by a more or less burrowed mudstone or siltstone. Walker (1983) wanted to create a second sequence, but it was decided that this sequence offers the best basis for studying hummocky cross-stratification for the future.
Composition
This structure is commonly found in silt to fine sand. It is typically interbedded with bioturbated mudstone. It commonly contains concretions of abundant mica and plant detritus in the tops of many laminae. This helps indicate a shape sorting. Although hummocky cross-stratification is usually found in shallow marine sedimentary rocks, it has also been found in some lacustrine sedimentary rocks.
Common characteristics
In plan view (seen from above), it takes on the form of hummocks and swales that are circular to elliptical, with long wavelengths (1–5 m) but with low height (tens of centimeters). Laminations drape these hummocks; in cross-section view, these laminations have an upward curvature, and low angle, curved intersections. Hummocky cross-stratification can form in sediments up to about 3 cm in diameter, with near-bed water particle velocities between about 40–100 cm/s.
Formation of structure
This structure is formed under a combination of unidirectional and oscillatory flow that is generated by relatively large storm waves in the ocean. Deposition involves fallout from suspension and lateral tractive flow due to wave oscillation. As the large waves drape sand over an irregular scoured surface, this strong storm-wave action erodes the seabed into low hummocks and swales that lack any significant orientation. It is usually formed by redeposition below normal fair weather wave base delivered offshore by flooding rivers and shoals by large waves.
Depositional environments
During ancient times, hummocky cross-stratification was located in shallow marine environments, on the shore face and shelf by waves. It can also form on land during especially large storms when large amounts of water are pushed up onto the tidal flat. These landward deposits feature smaller bed forms due to the attenuation of storm waves as they move onto the land. While it is usually formed in marine settings by the action of storms (e.g.hurricane) it may also be deposited in fluvial strata; a fluvial origin is more likely if the unit solely comprises sand.
See also
Wave base
Sedimentary structures
References
Cross-bedding
Sedimentology
Sedimentary structures |
17177439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Waterston | George Waterston | George Waterston OBE FRSE FZS LLD (10 April 1911 – 30 September 1980) was a 20th-century Scottish stationer , ornithologist and conservationist. From 1949 to 1954 he owned the remote Scottish island, Fair Isle.
He founded the Inverleith Field Club in 1929 and co-founded what was the Midlothian Ornithologists' Club now known as the Scottish Ornithologists' Club. He was their President, Secretary, Treasurer and Honorary President at various times.
He was also one of the founders of the Scottish Arctic Club with its Waterston Arctic Library, now held by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. He was Director of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in Scotland.
Early life
Waterston was born in Edinburgh on 10 April 1911, the eldest of the seven children of Winifred (née Sandeman) and Robert Waterston. His father was director of George Waterson & Sons, a long-established family firm of Edinburgh printers and stationers. Whilst the main family lived at 10 Claremont Crescent in the northeast of the New Town, Robert and Winifred do not appear to have lived in the city.
Waterston was educated at Edinburgh Academy from 1918 to 1929. He then entered the family firm as a junior partner. This position afforded him both wealth and free time to pursue his main hobby of ornithology. On the death of his father and uncle George he became Director of the company.
The Midlothian Ornithologists' Club were keen to maintain ornithological work on the Isle of May in the Firth of Forth and a migratory study centre was established. Waterston was influenced by Ronald Lockley's work on Skokholm specifically the use of Heligoland trap which Waterston and others erected in 1934 assisted by Lockley and others.
He is probably best known for his interest in Fair Isle which he first visited in 1935 as a young man. He had great plans for the island, but these were interrupted by World War II. The Fair Isle Bird Observatory Trust was set up and founded in a POW camp. Waterston was appointed secretary and remained so until his death. He bought the island in 1947 and sold it for the same sum of money to the National Trust for Scotland in 1954.
Second World War
As a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, he was involved in the Battle of Crete, and was captured in 1941. Whilst a prisoner of war, he laid plans for a bird observatory and birdwatchers' hostel, but also for other aspects of island life such as a marketing scheme for the island's products, including Fair Isle knitwear.
In addition, he, along with John Buxton, Peter Conder, John Barrett and others, conducted ornithological work in Oflag VI-B in Dössel (now part of Warburg) and Oflag VII-B prisoner-of-war camps. Waterston was the only serving British officer to contribute a paper to a German scientific journal in wartime. Erwin Stresemann published his paper "A survey of the birds of Crete and bird migration in the Aegean" in the Journal für Ornithologie, based on ornithological observations made on Crete during the spring of 1941. He was repatriated in October 1943.
Later life
Waterston joined James Fisher on the Agricultural Research Council's Rook Survey before rejoining the family business.
In 1955, Waterston was appointed half-time salaried secretary to the Scottish Ornithologists' Club but he had a vision for an ornithological centre. This became reality in 1959 with the purchase of 21 Regents Terrace, Edinburgh. His energies had so broadened the field of bird protection in Scotland that a full-time RSPB Director was required – a post he held for 13 years.
Waterston was largely responsible for the protection of newly returned ospreys in the 1950s. He organised a large team of observers who mounted a round-the-clock guard and placed barbed wire around the base of the nesting site.
He purchased Fair Isle in Shetland and founded the Bird Observatory in 1948. He sold the island to the National Trust for Scotland in 1954. The latter continued to maintain the Observatory.
In the mid-sixties, his attention turned to Greenland and the Canadian Arctic where he joined several scientific expeditions. He died on 30 September 1980 and is buried in Humbie Parish Churchyard.
Family
In 1947 he married Nancy Ritchie and together they had a son, William (d. 2016), who went on to become a solicitor. His marriage to Nancy was dissolved and in 1958 he married Irene Kinnear (d. 1984).
Waterston was survived by his son William. Both are survived by William's son Matthew Waterston. He was also cousin to Charles Dewar Waterston FRSE.
Tributes
1948 - elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
1964 - appointed an OBE for services to ornithology and conservation.
1972 - awarded the RSPB Gold Medal.
1974 - University of Dundee awarded him an honorary LLD for his outstanding contribution.
George Waterston tried to encourage other conservationists, among them Donald Watson, the wildlife artist; the Art Gallery at Waterston House is named after him.
Two bird-related centres bear George Waterston's name:
Waterston House, the headquarters of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club at Aberlady, East Lothian and its Local Nature Reserve
George Waterston Memorial Centre and Museum on Fair Isle
A wildlife viewing hide at RSPB Scotland Loch Leven bears his name.
Books
Brown, P and Waterston, G. (1962). The Return of the Osprey. Collins.
See also
:Category:ornithologists
References
1911 births
1980 deaths
Military personnel from Edinburgh
Scottish ornithologists
Royal Artillery officers
British World War II prisoners of war
British Army personnel of World War II
Scientists from Edinburgh
Scottish conservationists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century British zoologists
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany |
17177445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo%20Christlieb%20Ibarrola | Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola | Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola (March 12, 1919 – December 6, 1969) was a Mexican lawyer and politician from Mexico City and former President of the National Action Party () (PAN).
Education & teaching
Christlieb Ibarrola completed his primary studies at the Colegio Puente de Alvarado and his secondary studies at Colegio Frances Morelos. Following his primary and secondary studies, Christlieb Ibarrola went on to study at the School of Philosophy and Letters at the National Autonomous University of Mexico () (UNAM). Between the years of 1937 and 1939 he became an adviser to the school. From 1939 to 1945, Christlieb Ibarrola returned to Colegio Frances Morelos as a Professor of Mexican History. On August 27, 1941, Christlieb Ibarrola completed his law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, later returning in 1954 as a Professor of Constitutional Law.
Partido Acción Nacional
Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola's career in politics is centered around his membership and rise within PAN. His personal relationships with numerous founders; Manuel Gómez Morín, Efrain Gonzalez Luna, Agustin Aragon, and Gustavo Molina Font, put him at the founding of the political organization. Christlieb Ibarrola was originally offered membership in 1939, he declined, however he did assist in collecting the required signatures for the certification of the political organization. In 1958 Christlieb Ibarrola finally joined PAN, beginning his rise.
As a member of PAN he is most recognized for moving the opposition party into a more favorable area, adopting a more cooperative style with the government then the aggressive electoral competition the Christian Democratic parties engaged in. Christlieb Ibarrola believed PAN should follow the Christian Democratic model, however not bring PAN into a fully clerical party. PAN's new cooperative attitude with the government scored it some successes; in 1963 President Adolfo López Mateos supported introduction of proportional representation through party congress-representative system; Chamber of Deputies produced PAN advocated legislation on federal electoral law, government regulations, foreign investment and labor laws. Christlieb Ibarrola is quoted as saying: "contact with public officials enables [one] to understand and resolve national demands with greater agility". In 1962 Christlieb Ibarrola was elected to the position of National Executive Committee (CEN) President of PAN, where he served until 1968, stepping down due to the onset of cancer. Christlieb Ibarrola has served on the following committee's and held the listed positions below:
Federal Congressman, Federal District, dist 23, 1964–1967
Leader of PAN delegation to congress - 1964
President of the National Executive Committee (CEN) of PAN 1962-1968
Member of foreign trade committee
Member of legislative studies committee
Member of second government committee
Member of committee on mines
Published writings
Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola has written the following published works:
Monopolio Educativo o Unidad Nacional, un problema de México (Editorial Jus, 1962);
Solidaridad y Participación (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1962);
Temas Políticos (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1964);
Crónicas de la No-Reelección (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1965);
La Oposición (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1965);
Inversiones Extranjeras en México (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1965);
Discurso para Conmemorar la Instalación del Congreso Constituyente (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1966);
Acción Nacional, presencia viva de la juventud (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1967);
Baja California, avanzada de la democracia (Ediciones de Acción Nacional, 1968);
Las Razones de la Sinrazón (Compilación, EPESSA, 1987);
Escritos Periodísticos (Compilación, EPESSA, 1994);
Ideas Fuerza (Compilación, EPESSA, 1999).
References
1919 births
1969 deaths
Presidents of the National Action Party (Mexico)
Mexican democracy activists
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican people of German descent
Mexican people of Basque descent
Politicians from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican educators
20th-century Mexican lawyers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni |
17177471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20%28Estonia%29 | General (Estonia) | Kindral is the Estonian word for General which is also the highest military position in the Republic of Estonia. Both Ground Force and Air Force superior officers ranks share the same names which have been combined with the military rank of general and other senior officer ranks. There are four types of generals in the Estonia Defence Forces.
Estonian superior officers
Kindral (General)
Kindralleitnant (Lieutenant General)
Kindralmajor (Major General)
Brigaadikindral (Brigadier/Brigadier General)
Notable Generals
1939: Johan Laidoner (1884–1953)
1995: Aleksander Einseln (1931–2017)
2011: Ants Laaneots (born 1948)
2017: Riho Terras (born 1967)
See also
Military of Estonia
References
External links
Estonian Defence Forces
Estonian Ministry of Defence
Military ranks of Estonia |
17177475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20de%20Lacassagne | Château de Lacassagne | The Château de Lacassagne is a château in the commune of Saint-Avit-Frandat in the Gers département of France.
The Château de Lacassagne is thought to date from the latter half of the 15th century, with additions and alterations made in every century until the 19th. It originated as an ancient salle (hall) and was altered in the 15th century with the addition of a spiral staircase and windows. A residence was added in the 17th century. On the first floor, in a room known as the Salle des Chevaliers de Malte, the painted decor was done between 1620 and 1640 for Jean Bertrand de Luppé, prior of St Gilles, and intended as a replica of the grand council hall of the Knights of St John of Malta. Among the pictures are copies of Matteo da Leccio's paintings representing the attack on Valletta by the Turks in 1565. (The originals were in the council chamber of the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta, Malta and were destroyed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798).
In the 19th century, a west wing was added to the main building.
The Château de Lacassagne has been listed since 1980 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture, is privately owned and not open to the public.
See also
List of castles in France
Castles in Gers
References
Castles in Gers
Châteaux in Gers
Monuments historiques of Gers |
17177485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20City%20of%20Lincoln%20Council%20election | 2003 City of Lincoln Council election | Elections to City of Lincoln Council in Lincolnshire, England, were held on 1 May 2003. One third of the Council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.
A trial took place for all postal voting leading to turnout increasing from 26% in 2002 to 47% in this election.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 27
Conservative 6
Election result
Ward results
Abbey
Birchwood
Boultham
Bracebridge
Carholme
Castle
Glebe
Hartsholme
Minster
Moorland
Park
References
2003 Lincoln election result
Ward results
Lincoln
2003
2000s in Lincolnshire |
17177491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsesi%C3%B3n%20%28Aventura%20song%29 | Obsesión (Aventura song) | "Obsesión" is a song by Dominican-American bachata band Aventura with Judy Santos as the female vocalist. It was included on their second studio album, We Broke the Rules (2002), and an English-language version was made for the same album. The song achieved success in many countries, topping many international charts. In France, the song held the French Singles Chart's number-one slot for seven weeks, and as of August 2014, it was the 19th-best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 565,000 units sold. A radio remix of the song was added to the 2004 special edition version of Love & Hate, which was exclusively released in Italy.
In 2004, the song was covered by 3rd Wish featuring Baby Bash and production from Mintman. This version was less successful than the original version but still reached number seven in Switzerland, number five in Germany, number two in Austria and number 12 in France. Later, in 2005, Mexican-American singer Frankie J made an English and more soul-styled version of the song, also featuring Baby Bash, called "Obsession (No Es Amor)". This version was successful in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, reaching the top five in all three countries.
Content
The lyrics were written by Romeo Santos, and the refrain is performed by the female vocalist Judy Santos (no relation). The song's lyrics explain a man's liking of a woman to the point of obsession. However, this feeling is "not love", and is still only and just an obsession.
Track listings
European CD single
"Obsesión" (radio mix) – 3:49
"Obsesión" (dance remix) – 5:39
European and German maxi-CD single
"Obsesión" (radio mix) – 3:49
"Obsesión" (dance remix) – 5:39
"Obsesión" (dance radio edit) – 3:52
"Obsesión" (English remix) – 4:10
"Todavía me amas" – 4:43
French CD single
"Obsesión" (radio edit) – 3:08
"Obsesión" (Life Saver remix) – 3:21
French 12-inch single
A1. "Obsesión" (original edit) – 3:08
A2. "Obsesión" (Life Saver orchestra remix) – 4:50
A3. "Obsesión" (club mix) – 4:28
B1. "Obsesión" (Smooth remix) – 4:11
B2. "Obsesión" (house remix) – 3:25
Italian CD single
"Obsesión" (radio mix) – 3:49
"Obsesión" (dance remix) – 5:39
"Obsesión" (original album version) – 4:13
"Obsesión" (dance radio edit) – 3:52
Spanish CD single
"Obsesión" – 4:10
"Obsesión" (dance remix) – 5:39
"Obsesión" (Rose Rouge Techno) – 5:45
"Obsesión" (Latin Lovers) – 5:32
Dutch CD single
"Obsesión" – 4:12
"Cuándo volverás" – 3:31
Dutch CD single (remix)
"Obsesión" (dance remix) – 5:39
"Obsesión" (dance radio edit) – 3:52
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Frankie J version
In 2005, Mexican-American singer Frankie J covered the song under the title "Obsession (No Es Amor)", featuring Baby Bash. Released as a single on January 10, 2005, the cover peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, number five in Australia and number four in New Zealand. The song was produced by Australian-born UK-based producer Stewart Magee. Model Vida Guerra made a cameo in the video as Frankie J's love interest and object of his obsession.
Track listings
US 12-inch single
A1. "Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Luny Tunes reggaeton mix featuring Mr. Phillips) – 3:35
A2. "Obsession (No Es Amor)" (album version featuring Baby Bash) – 3:45
B1. "Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Sic Element club mix) – 8:19
B2. "Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Sic Element radio mix) – 3:47
Australian CD single
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (featuring Baby Bash) – 3:45
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (without rap) – 3:20
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Luny Tunes reggaeton mix featuring Mr. Phillips) – 3:35
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Sic Element radio mix) – 3:47
UK CD single
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (album version featuring Baby Bash) – 3:45
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Luny Tunes reggaeton remix featuring Mr. Phillips) – 3:35
European maxi-CD single
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (album version featuring Baby Bash) – 3:45
"Don't Wanna Try" – 4:04
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (Sic Element club mix) – 8:18
"Obsession (No Es Amor)" (video)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Tropical Family version
French collective musical project for cover songs of summer, Tropical Family included the song as track number 3. The single is credited as "Obsesión (Tropical Family)" but is interpreted by Kenza Farah and Lucenzo. The single is bilingual in Spanish and French with added French lyrics. The Spanish parts are sung by Lucenzo and the French by Farah. The single entered the SNEP French Singles Chart the same week at number 23.
Charts
References
2002 singles
2002 songs
2004 singles
2005 singles
Aventura (band) songs
Baby Bash songs
Bachata songs
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Frankie J songs
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Switzerland
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Romeo Santos
Song recordings produced by Luny Tunes
Tropical Family songs
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles |
17177507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Shoemaker%20Conard | Henry Shoemaker Conard | Henry Shoemaker Conard (1874 - 1971) was a leading authority on bryophytes and water lilies, as well as an early advocate of environmental preservation. From 1906 to 1955, Professor Conard worked at Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. In 1954, he became the first to receive the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America, an award that has continued annually ever since.
In 1969, Grinnell acquired a plot of cropland and established the Conard Environmental Research Area, in recognition of the legacy of the longtime professor.
Early years
Conard was born September 12, 1874, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Pennington Conard, director of the West Grove boarding school, and Rebecca Savery Baldwin Conard. His uncle, Alfred Fellenberg Conard, was a horticulturalist, specializing in the development and sale of rose varieties. Henry Conard attended Friends' Select School in Philadelphia from 1881 to 1888. He entered Westtown Friends' Boarding School in Westtown Township, Pennsylvania in 1889 and graduated as valedictorian in 1892. He then enrolled at Haverford College, where he earned a B.S. in biology in 1895 and an M.A. in biology in 1895. While at Haverford, he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.
Career
After a short time teaching science in Westtown, he entered the University of Pennsylvania as a Harrison Fellow in Biology in 1899, completing his Ph.D. in botany in 1901 and joining Sigma Xi. After receiving his doctorate, Conard taught botany at the university from 1901 to 1905. From 1905 to 1906, he was a Johnston Scholar at Johns Hopkins University.
In 1906, Conard left Johns Hopkins to take a professorship in botany at Grinnell College. During his tenure at Grinnell, Professor Conard served as chair of the department of botany and, starting in 1935, as Chairman of the Faculty. He received emeritus faculty status in 1944. After his retirement, Professor Conard continued to be academically active, notably curating the bryophyte collections at the University of Iowa and running the Moss Clinic at the Iowa Lakeside Laboratory.
He is honoured in the naming in 1976, of Conardia,which is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
Personal life
Conard's first wife, E. Letitia Moon Conard, was a sociologist and politician who died in 1946. He married Louisa Sargent in 1950, with whom he moved to Florida in 1955, where they resided until his death on October 7, 1971, in Haines City, Florida. He had three children, Elizabeth Conard, Rebecca Conard and Alfred F. Conard. Alfred Fletcher Conard (1911-2009) graduated from Grinnell College in 1932, while his father was still on the college faculty, and proceeded to join the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School in 1954 and receive an honorary doctorate from Grinnell in 1971.
Selected publications
How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts, 2nd edition with 55 added picture keys, 1956
with Paul L. Redfearn Jr.: How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts (1979), revised 2nd edition, Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown
Notes
References
Conard biography and text of Nyphaeae, The Waterlilies. The site also includes a 1944 photo of Professor Conard.
External links
Digitized works by Henry S. Conrad at Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1874 births
1971 deaths
Haverford College alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Grinnell College faculty
American botanists
University of Michigan Law School faculty |
17177531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Reitz | Michael Reitz | Michael P Reitz is a film and TV hair stylist. He currently occupies the position of department head hair stylist at Star Request Film and Television, where he has worked on a number of high-profile productions.
He was nominated for five consecutive years (2001–2006) to receive an Emmy Award in recognition of his groundbreaking hair design, hair extension design and lacefront wig work on the hit TV series Alias, which ran on ABC for over five years. Reitz was reported to have a collection of wigs in all shades and variations crafted specially for the Sydney Bristow character. This fabulous wig wardrobe is reported to contain over 75 wigs.
Career
In addition to this Reitz has worked with series star Jennifer Garner on several features, including Elektra, where he took Jennifer Garner from beautiful girl-next-door to sexy assassin.
Reitz was also recognized by his peers in 2003, when won a Hollywood Makeup Artists
And Hair Stylists Guild Award for his work in Alias.
More recently Reitz has worked with Jennifer Love Hewitt on the CBS show Ghost Whisperer for the last three years.
Other notable celebrity clients have included Claudia Schiffer, John Travolta, Robert Downey Jr., Catherine Zeta-Jones, Sarah Winter and Kylie Minogue.
In the media
Reitz's work has appeared on several magazine features, including:
TV GUIDE COVER: Feb 8-14 2003.
TV GUIDE COVER September 21–27, 2003.
MOVIELINE - October 1999 Sarah Wynter article pg 18.
ALLURE April 2007 images pgs 202 – 203.
MARIE CLAIRE THE HAIR ISSUE - 10 BEST TV HAIR STYLES TO STEAL 2004
Newsweek September 6, pg 64 "Coast to Coast" ARTS&ENTERTAINMENT
THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER "Anatomy of a Hit" COVER featuring the looks of Michael P. Reitz - April 26, 2006
OK Magazine - October 2, 2006 pg 62-67 Jennifer Love Hewitt
Marie Claire May 2004 Presented by Neutrogena - 13 Going On 30 poster - Jennifer Garner pgs 41, 42
AMERICAN SALON January 2005 pg 44.
Quotes on Michael Reitz
"What isn’t done digitally or with body doubles can be done with costumes and makeup. For those of you who aren’t familiar with her, Jennifer Garner is the star of the show Alias, in which she plays a female James Bond. I think Garner is incredibly beautiful and one of the proofs of that for me has been that she can wear every style and color of wig imaginable and still look drop-dead gorgeous. Who can pull that off, except someone who’s naturally really beautiful? I recently watched an episode from the first season, which is out on DVD, and I listened to the audio commentary. Garner’s hair and wig designer, Michael Reitz, was mentioned several times; it turns out that he has to carefully cut and style every wig she wears so that it looks flattering on her, and sometimes the color makes her skin look so awful that they have to use specially-colored makeup in order to cover up her natural color. Reitz, it turns out, is so good at what he does that he’s been nominated for Emmys three years in a row and won a Hollywood Guild Award. Those that are in the industry can look at Garner’s costumes and identify a master working behind the scenes to create the illusion that she looks great in everything. Most of us are not quick to see the illusion, but we should cultivate the ability to do so."
Awards and nominations
Nominated for Emmy Award for Alias
2006 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series
2005 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series
2004 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series
2003 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series
2002 Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series
2004 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award
Nominated
Best Character Hair Styling - Television Series for: "Alias" (2001)
Best Contemporary Hair Styling - Television Series for: "Alias" (2001)
2003 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award
Winner
Best Character Hair Styling - Television Series for: "Alias" (2001)
Nominated
Best Contemporary Hair Styling - Television Series for: "Alias" (2001)
Filmography
Make-up department:
"Ghost Whisperer" (hair stylist: Jennifer Love Hewitt) (18 episodes, 2006–2007)
Catch and Release (2006/II) (hair stylist: Ms. Garner)
"Alias" (hair stylist) (105 episodes, 2001–2006) (wig designer: Jennifer Garner) (61 episodes, 2001–2006)
Elektra (2005) (hair stylist: Jennifer Garner) (as Michael Peter Reitz)
13 Going on 30 (2004) (hair stylist: Jennifer Garner)
Daredevil (2003) (hair stylist: Jennifer Garner)
Lucky Numbers (2000) (hair stylist) (as Michael P. Reitz)
"Action" (1999) TV series (hair designer: Illeana Douglas) (unknown episodes)
Stigmata (1999) (hair stylist)
Friends & Lovers (1999) (hair stylist)
Desperate But Not Serious (1999) (hair designer: Claudia Schiffer) (as Michael P. Reitz)
"Brimstone" (1998) TV series (key hair stylist) (unknown episodes)
"Sweet Valley High" (1994) TV series (hair department head) (unknown episodes, 1994–1998)
Blindfold: Acts of Obsession (1994) (TV) (hair stylist) (as Michael P. Reitz)
Notes
References
Allure, April 2007, p 202 – 203
AMERICAN SALON January 2005 p 44
Hair Boutique
The Hollywood Reporter, front cover, April 26, 2006
Konkle, M.; Made in Whose Image: God’s or the Media’s?
Levin, J. American Salon, January 2005 page 44
TV Guide
TV Guide, front cover, Feb 8-14 2003
TV Guide, front cover, Sept 21-27 2003
Marie Claire, "The Hair Issue – 2004, 10 BEST TV HAIR STYLES TO STEAL"
Marie Claire, May, 13 Going On 30 poster, Jennifer Garner p 41, 42
Movieline, p18, S Wynter, October 1999
Newsweek, Arts & Entertainment, September 6, pg 64 "Coast to Coast"
OK Magazine - October 2, 2006 p 62-67
External links
The Make Up Gallery
American hairdressers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17177534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihito%20Fujita | Yoshihito Fujita | is a Japanese footballer who plays for Japanese club Cento Cuore Harima FC.
Club stats
Updated to 23 February 2018.
References
External links
Profile at Blaublitz Akita
1983 births
Living people
Ritsumeikan University alumni
Association football people from Hyōgo Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Sagan Tosu players
Omiya Ardija players
Yokohama FC players
JEF United Chiba players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Shonan Bellmare players
Blaublitz Akita players
Men's association football forwards |
17177536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calfucur%C3%A1 | Calfucurá | Calfucurá (from Mapudungun Kallfükura, 'blue stone'; from kallfü, 'blue', and kura, 'stone') also known as Juan Calfucurá or Cufulcurá (b. late 1770s; d. 1873), was a leading Mapuche lonco and military figure in Patagonia in the 19th century. He crossed the Andes from Araucania to the Pampas around 1830 after a call from the governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, to fight the Boroanos tribe. Calfucurá succeeded in ending the military power of the Boroanos when he massacred a large part of them in 1834 during a meeting for trade.
After the defeat of the Boroanos, Calfucurá settled in the Salinas Grandes area along with several other indigenous groups. He built a network of power that extended into the Araucanía Region as well as the southern frontier region of the Argentine Pampas, based on the strategic redistribution of goods, the development of kinship ties, and commercial relations. At the same time, he entered into diplomatic relations with both the State of Buenos Aires and the Argentine Confederation.
In 1859 he attacked Bahía Blanca in Argentina with 3,000 warriors.
The decision of planning and executing the Conquest of the Desert was probably triggered by the 1872 assault of Calfucurá and his 6,000 followers on the cities of General Alvear, Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio, where 300 criollos were killed, and 200,000 heads of cattle taken.
The Blue Stone
The name Calfucurá means 'blue stone' in the Mapuche language. Juan Calfucurá was given this name because of a blue stone he found as a boy. He kept and venerated the stone for the rest of his life. Juan Calfucurá's grandson Alfredo Namuncurá (meaning 'foot of stone') is attributed this statement about the stone:
"The most precious thing that we still keep as a family in our tribe is the celebrated Blue Stone found by my grandfather Calfucurá on the shores of a lake in Chile in his youth. This encounter was at the root of his name, Calfucurá, which means blue stone. He always carried it with him, believing that it held the destiny and the future of himself and his entire tribe. This Blue Stone was inherited by my deceased father [ Manuel Namuncurá ], and as long as we kept it with veneration and respect, we were lucky and prosperous. I inherited it after the death of my brother Julián, when I took command of the tribe. Now we keep it in a chest with [my father] the colonel's two swords."
The Blue Stone is the source of many legends. Some believe it was given to Juan Calfucurá by a spirit, and that the stone made him invincible. It's said that his enemies feared it.
References
18th-century Mapuche people
19th-century Mapuche people
1873 deaths
Conquest of the Desert
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
People from Araucanía Region
1770s births
Lonkos |
17177545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Parton | Randy Parton | Randel Huston "Randy" Parton (December 15, 1953 – January 21, 2021) was an American country music singer-songwriter, actor, and businessman.
Life, career and death
Randy Parton was born in Sevierville, Tennessee, the eighth of twelve children born to Avie Lee Caroline (née Owens; 1923–2003) and Robert Lee Parton Sr. (1921–2000). He was the younger brother of Dolly and Stella Parton and the older brother of former actress Rachel Dennison.
Parton was the first person to record the song "Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)" in 1982. Two years later, in 1984, the band Alabama recorded it, and became the group's 12th straight No. 1 single. Also in 1984, Parton sang a song for the Rhinestone soundtrack; his sister Dolly starred in the film. He also played bass for his sister.
Parton is also known for the theater that once bore his name in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina. In 2007, he signed a deal worth over $1.5 million yearly to manage and perform in a new theater bearing his name in the Carolina Crossroads entertainment and shopping complex.
The relationship between Parton and the city soured as the theater struggled to attract customers and questions arose concerning Parton's use of a nearly $3 million fund for personal travel and entertainment. Parton was also questioned by city leaders for unauthorized events held at the theater including a wedding reception for his daughter along with details about who would be marketing the theater. Throughout the controversy, Parton maintained that his actions were within the contract and that the theater would be successful given time. Parton's contract with the city was terminated on January 8, 2008, and the theater was renamed the Roanoke Rapids Theater. The city took over the theater and in July 2012 voted to allow electronic gambling to help pay expenses and possibly attract a buyer.
Randy Parton died of cancer on January 21, 2021, at age 67.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Other album appearances
Notes
1.Parton provided backing vocals on this track.
References
External links
Entry at 45cat.com
1953 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
American male film actors
American Pentecostals
Christians from Tennessee
People from Sevierville, Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Deaths from cancer in North Carolina
American male singer-songwriters |
17177563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukihiko%20Sato | Yukihiko Sato | is a former Japanese football player and he is the currently assistant coach J1 League club of FC Tokyo.
Playing career
Sato was born in Fuji on May 11, 1976. After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1995. However he could hardly play in the match. In 1998, he moved to Japan Football League club Montedio Yamagata. He played as regular player and was elected Rookie of the Year awards. In 1999, he moved to newly was promoted to J2 League club, FC Tokyo. He played as right side midfielder and the club was promoted to J1 League from 2000. He also was elected New Hero Award at 1999 J.League Cup. Although he played as regular player until 2001, his opportunity to play decreased behind Naohiro Ishikawa. In 2003, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. He played many matches as right side midfielder and the club won the champions for 2 years in a row (2003-2004). However his opportunity to play decreased behind Hayuma Tanaka in late 2004. In 2005, he moved to his first club Shimizu S-Pulse. However he could not play many matches and he moved to J2 club Kashiwa Reysol in June 2006. He played many matches and the club was promoted to J1 from 2007. In 2008, he moved to J2 club Vegalta Sendai and played in 1 season. In 2009, he move to Japan Football League club V-Varen Nagasaki and played as regular player. In 2012, although his opportunity to play decreased, the club won the champions and was promoted to J2 from 2013. He retired end of 2014 season at the age of 38.
Club statistics
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Association football people from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Japan Football League (1992–1998) players
Japan Football League players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Montedio Yamagata players
FC Tokyo players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Vegalta Sendai players
V-Varen Nagasaki players
Men's association football midfielders |
17177568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducktails | Ducktails | Ducktails may refer to:
the tails of ducks
Ducktails (musical project), an American indie music project
Ducktails (album), its self-titled debut studio album
Duck's ass, or ducktail, a haircut style popular during the 1950s
an incorrect name for Disney's DuckTales |
17177575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Patenson | William Patenson | William Patenson (born in Yorkshire or Durham; executed at Tyburn, 22 January 1591–2) was an English Roman Catholic priest and martyr. He was beatified in 1929.
Life
Admitted to the English College, Reims, 1 May 1584, he was ordained to the priesthood in September 1587, and left for the English mission 17 January 1588–9.
On the third Sunday of Advent, 1591, he said Mass in the house of Lawrence Mompesson at Clerkenwell, and while dining with another priest, James Young, the priest-catchers surprised them. Young found a hiding-place, but Patenson was arrested and condemned at the Old Bailey after Christmas. According to Young, while in prison he converted and reconciled three or four thieves before their death. The night before his martyrdom, according to Richard Verstegan, Patenson converted six out of seven felons who occupied the condemned cell with him. Because he did this, he was cut down while still conscious and quartered alive.
Sources
John Hungerford Pollen, Acts of the English Martyrs (London, 1891), pp. 115–117
John Hungerford Pollen, English Martyrs 1584–1603 (London, 1908), pp. 208, 292
Richard Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests, I, no. 94 (London, 1843), pp. 292–293
Thomas Francis Knox, Douay Diaries (London, 1878), pp. 201, 217, 222
Notes
1592 deaths
16th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
English beatified people
16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
16th-century venerated Christians
Year of birth unknown
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and Wales |
17177603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo%20Kobayashi | Daigo Kobayashi | is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.
Club career
He started up his professional career at Tokyo Verdy where he won the 2004 Emperor's Cup and the 2005 Japanese Super Cup. In the same year, they were relegated from the J1 League, which marked his end in Tokyo. He signed for Omiya Ardija at the start of the 2006 season and quickly became their star player.
The club's successes were limited and after the 2008 season, he was offered the chance to go on trial at the Norwegian club Stabæk. His trial was a success, and in February 2009 he was loaned out to the Norwegian champions. He was given the number 10 shirt, which had recently been worn by Veigar Páll Gunnarsson. On 8 March, he made his official debut for Stabæk in the 2009 Super Cup. The league champions won 3–1 against cup champions Vålerenga. Kobayashi played an important part, getting on the score-sheet with a free kick and showing trickery with the ball. Stabæk decided not to buy him at the end of the season. On 27 January 2010, Kobayashi signed on a free transfer to the Greek team Iraklis Thessaloniki for 18 months. Kobayashi only appeared in 15 matches for Iraklis. At the end of the 2010–11 season he returned to Japan, signing a deal with Shimizu S-Pulse.
During January 2013 he went on trial with Vancouver Whitecaps FC in the MLS. He impressed during his trial stint and signed with the club for the 2013 season. The club declined to offer him a contract for the 2014 season and his rights were traded to the New England Revolution before the start of the season in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft. In late 2015, Kobayashi received his U.S. green card, which qualified him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes. In March 2018, Kobayashi joined Las Vegas Lights FC. In January 2019, Kobayashi signed with Birmingham Legion FC.
National team
He represented Japan U-20 national team at the World Youth Championship in 2003, where they reached the quarter-finals before being beaten by eventual champions Brazil. He did not start their first group game, a loss against Colombia, but he started the next two which they won to secure a top spot, including a win against England. He further played in the round of 16 win against South Korea, but had to be replaced early in the quarter finals. He also represented Japan U20 at the AFC Youth Championship in 2002, where they came second, after losing 1–0 in against South Korea in the final.
He earned his first cap for Japan in a friendly match against Trinidad and Tobago on 9 August 2006, coming on as a 56th-minute substitute for Koji Yamase.
Statistics
Club
International
Sources:
Honours
Tokyo Verdy
Emperor's Cup: 2004
Japanese Super Cup: 2005
Stabæk
Super Cup: 2009
Japan
AFC Youth Championship Runner-up: 2002
New England Revolution
MLS Eastern Conference
Winners (Playoff): 2014
Individual
J.League All-Star Soccer selected: 2006, 2007
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
1983 births
Living people
Association football people from Shizuoka Prefecture
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
J1 League players
Japan men's international footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
Japanese expatriate men's footballers
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Japanese men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
New England Revolution players
Omiya Ardija players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Super League Greece players
Stabæk Fotball players
Eliteserien players
Tokyo Verdy players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC players
Las Vegas Lights FC players
Birmingham Legion FC players
Men's association football midfielders
USL Championship players |
17177634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%20Kanazaki | Mu Kanazaki | is a Japanese professional footballer who currently play for J3 League club, FC Ryukyu. He scored the two goals that gave his team the title of the 2016 J1 League over Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career
On 25 March 2020, Kanazaki returned to Nagoya Grampus on loan from Sagan Tosu until 31 January 2021. On 15 January 2021, following his season on loan at Nagoya Grampus, Kanazaki signed permanently for the club.
On 24 February 2023, Kanazaki announcement officially transfer to J3 relegated club, FC Ryukyu for ahead of 2023 season.
International career
Kanazaki made his full international debut for Japan on 20 January 2009 in a 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification against Yemen.
Career statistics
Club
.
International
Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanazaki goal.
Honours
Oita Trinita
J.League Cup: 2008
Nagoya Grampus
J1 League: 2010
Japanese Super Cup: 2011
J.League Cup: 2021
Kashima Antlers
J.League Cup: 2015
J1 League: 2016
Emperor's Cup: 2016
Japanese Super Cup: 2017
Individual
J. League Cup New Hero Award: 2008
References
Portimonense anuncia regresso de Mu Kanazaki, desporto.sapo.pt, 25 December 2015
External links
Profile at Kashima Antlers
Living people
1989 births
Association football people from Mie Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Japan men's international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Bundesliga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Oita Trinita players
Nagoya Grampus players
1. FC Nürnberg players
Portimonense S.C. players
Kashima Antlers players
Sagan Tosu players
FC Ryukyu players
Japanese expatriate men's footballers
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal |
17177643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro%20Ienaga | Akihiro Ienaga | is a Japanese football player who plays for Kawasaki Frontale. He played for Japan national team.
Club career
Born in Hyogo Prefecture, Ienaga began his career as a trainee with Gamba Osaka, one of the leading clubs in Japan's J1 League. He broke into the senior squad in 2004 and helped the club to their first J1 League title the following year. Ienaga joined J1 League rivals Oita Trinita on a season-long loan in 2007. In December 2008, Ienaga joined English club, Plymouth Argyle, on trial. Plymouth attempted to sign the player in January 2009 but he was denied a work permit so they were forced to withdraw from talks. In December 2010, he signed with Spanish Primera Division club RCD Mallorca in a five-year deal. And scored his first goal for the club in home game against Sevilla on 9 April 2011.
International career
In June 2005, Ienaga was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played all 4 matches as left midfielder.
Ienaga made his international debut as a substitute in Japan's 2–0 win against Peru in March 2007.
Career statistics
Club
1Includes other competitive competitions, including the Japanese Super Cup, A3 Champions Cup, Suruga Bank Championship and Pan-Pacific Championship.
International
International goals
Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first.
Under-23
Appearances in major competitions
Awards and honours
Club
Gamba Osaka
J1 League: 2005
J.League Cup: 2007
Japanese Super Cup: 2007
Oita Trinita
J.League Cup: 2008
Kawasaki Frontale
J1 League: 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021
Emperor's Cup: 2020
J.League Cup: 2019
Japanese Super Cup: 2019, 2021
International
Japan
Kirin Cup: 2011
Individual
J.League MVP Award: 2018
J.League Best XI: 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
Profile at Omiya Ardija
Profile at Kawasaki Frontale
1986 births
Living people
Association football people from Hyōgo Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
Japan men's international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
La Liga players
K League 1 players
Gamba Osaka players
Oita Trinita players
Cerezo Osaka players
RCD Mallorca players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
Omiya Ardija players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Japanese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Men's association football wingers
Asian Games competitors for Japan |
17177654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya%20Kunj%20High%20School | Vidya Kunj High School | The Vidya Kunj School is an English language middle school located in Navsari in Gujarat, a state in western India. It offers GSEB courses in science and commerce streams. School provides education from Nursery to Standard 12. Established in the 1970s, it is the Second School in the city which uses English language as medium of Teaching/medium of instruction.
The schooling level is basically divided in three parts: 1. Pre-Primary 2. Primary 3. Secondary & Higher Secondary . The Pre-primary and Primary sections are Self-financed whereas the Secondary & Higher Secondary section is semi government aided.
High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat
Education in Navsari district
https://vidyakunjnavsari.in Reference |
17177667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow%20Hospital%20Radio | Harlow Hospital Radio | Harlow Hospital Radio is a registered charity hospital radio station, which broadcasts exclusively to the patients and staff of the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex. The station was established in 1970.
The station is operated entirely by volunteers, and broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from its studio within the hospital. The station produces a biennial Variety Show and an annual pantomime, which is broadcast over the Christmas period. The station also takes part regularly at the Harlow Carnival.
In 2010, the station celebrated its 40th anniversary and held several special events. The studio and office was also refurbished. It was further improved in 2014 in order to make it more accessible to disabled people.
In March 2011, Harlow Hospital Radio won a gold award at the National Hospital Radio Awards, in the Station Promotion category.
In 2021, the station will be celebrating their fiftieth anniversary of their first broadcast show, which was broadcast in 1971. In 2022, following postponement following the pandemic, the members of the station broadcast a marathon 52-Hour long live broadcast in October 2022.
Harlow Hospital Radio is a member station of the Hospital Broadcasting Association.
Amongst the original presenters where Tony Saxby, Russ Lewell, Nigel Cayne, Tony Poole and Ian Simmonds.
References
External links
Harlow
Hospital radio stations
Radio stations in Essex
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in England |
Subsets and Splits