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17175258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%20Murai | Jun Murai | is a Japanese professor and administrator known as "the father of Internet in Japan" and "Internet Samurai". He is a professor at Keio University. Murai is the founder of JUNET and founder of the WIDE Project. Murai graduated from Keio University in 1979 and received a Ph.D. from the same school in 1984. On October 1, 2009, Murai became the Dean of the Faculty of Environment and Information Studies.
Murai was awarded the 2011 IEEE Internet Award "For his leadership in the development and deployment of the global Internet, especially across the Asia-Pacific region.” Murai entered the Internet Hall of Fame in 2013, recognizing his administrative and co-ordination efforts in establishing Internet connectivity in Japan, and serving as President of Japan Network Information Center.
Jun Murai accepted the Knight of the Legion of Honour Medal from the French government on 13 February 2019.
References
External links
Jun Murai
Internet pioneers
Internet in Japan
Japanese computer scientists
1955 births
Living people
Keio University alumni
Academic staff of Keio University | [
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17175282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan%20Jameela | Mulan Jameela | Mulan Jameela (born Raden Wulansari on 23 August 1979) is an Indonesian singer and politician. In 2019, she became a member of the People's Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) from the Gerindra Party, representing West Java.
Music career
Career with Ratu
Mulan started her career as a café singer and joined several bands. Her popularity began when she formed a duo Ratu with Maia Ahmad in 2005. The duo released an album on the Sony BMG label in August 2005, entitled Ratu & Friends. The first single of the album, "Teman Tapi Mesra" quickly rocketed Mulan's name as one of the most popular singers in Indonesia. Peaking number 1 in Indonesia for several weeks, the single also gained commercial success on numerous radio stations in Malaysia and Singapore. The album sold over 400,000 copies (certified Double Platinum) and established Ratu as the most successful female group at the time.
The following year, Ratu released another album, entitled No. Satu, which sold 500,000 copies in the first week. The singles, "Lelaki Buaya Darat" and "Dear Diary" landed at number 1 on the charts. Ratu also won several awards, one of them is Anugerah Musik Indonesia (Indonesian Music Awards) in 2006.
However, Mulan quit Ratu in 2007. She later started to establish her own solo career and signed to EMI Indonesia.
Solo career
She released her debut self-titled album, Mulan Jameela, in January 2008, and changed her stage name to Mulan Jameela. The first single from the debut album, "Makhluk Tuhan Paling Sexy", rose to number 1 and competed with the single of her ex-partner, Maia. Her second single, "Wonder Woman" also gained commercial success, peaking at number 1 on several charts in Indonesia.
The album has certified platinum only several weeks into 2008 for selling more than 100,000 copies.
Political career
In the 2019 Indonesian general election, she was elected to become a member of the People's Representative Council for the 2019–2024 period for the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), from electoral district (daerah pemilihan, Dapil) West Java XI, receiving 24,192 votes.
Discography
Solo Album Wulan Ardina
1997: Aku Tetap Tersenyum
Solo Album Wulan
2000: Kekal
Ratu
2005: Ratu & Friends
2006: No. Satu
Solo album
2001: Bidadari
2002: Menanti
2003: Kurinduka
2008: Mulan Jameela 2013: 99 Volume 1 2016: 99 Volume 2 Patience''
References
1979 births
21st-century Indonesian women singers
Indonesian pop singers
Indonesian rock singers
Living people
Musicians from West Java
People from Garut
Sundanese people
Indonesian Muslims
Great Indonesia Movement Party politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Indonesia), 2019
Women members of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)
Suria Records artists | [
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17175295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Allen%20Stein | Joseph Allen Stein | Joseph Stein (10 April 1912 – 6 October 2001) was an American architect and a major figure in the establishment of a regional modern architecture in the San Francisco Bay area in the 1940s and 1950s during the early days of the environmental design movement. In 1952, he moved to India and in 1955 was tasked with the planning of Durgapur in West Bengal, India along with Benjamin Polk. He was commissioned with this task in order to facilitate the establishment of Durgapur Steel Plant later on in 1959 followed by the Durgapur Steel City and Township. He is noted for designing several important buildings in India, most notably in Lodhi Estate in Central Delhi, nicknamed "Steinabad" after him, and where today the 'Joseph Stein Lane', is the only road in Delhi named after an architect. He is also famous for being the architect of the scenic Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode's campus. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri in 1992. His works remain even more relevant in the modern context as need for sustainable and humane architecture is felt.
Biography
Joseph Allen Stein was born on 10 April 1912, in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied architecture at the University of Illinois, the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the Cranbrook Academy of Art. He worked for Ely Jacques Kahn in New York and with Richard Neutra in Los Angeles, before establishing his own practice in San Francisco. In San Francisco, he designed modest homes in the California style, but also became increasingly interested in the issues of low cost housing. He was also an active member of the group known as Telesis, which sought to bring better design to the needs of the middle and working classes.
With the outbreak of the Korean war and the rise of McCarthyism in 1950, he felt the need to find a location where his talent as an architect could be more freely expressed, and so left the US, first to Mexico and then to Europe, and finally to teach at Bengal Engineering College (now Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur) outside Calcutta.
In 1952 he moved to India, and became head of the department of architecture at the Bengal Engineering College in Calcutta. He worked in New Delhi from 1955 onwards, starting with another American architect, Benjamin Polk and even after retirement in 1995, continued to design for the architecture firm he founded. Over the year, he brought in 'California modernism' to several buildings he designed in Delhi, including, the Ford Foundation headquarters and the India International Centre (IIC) (1962), United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef), the World Wide Fund for Nature, a conservatory within Lodhi Gardens, Gandhi-King Plaza, an open-air memorial in IIC, Triveni Kala Sangam at Mandi House, the American Embassy School and the Australian high commission in Chanakyapuri. Among his notable buildings outside Delhi was the Express Towers, the first high rise built in India, and at the time it was completed, the tallest building in South East Asia.
Several of his disciples went on to establish leading architectural firms and real estate development businesses; J. K. Jain (architect & real estate developer), Chairman at Dasnac Designarch; and Anuraag Chowfla and Meena Mani (architects), Principals at Mani & Chowfla, to name a few.
In 1993, Building in the Garden, a study of his work, by Stephen White, dean of the School of Architecture at Roger Williams University in Rhode Island was published. He was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 1992. He married Margaret Suydam in 1938. He died on 6 October 2001, at age 89 in Raleigh, North Carolina. He is survived by their sons David and Ethan.
Selected projects
1940: "One Family Defense House" (with Gregory Ain), unbuilt
1940: "Low-Cost House", unbuilt
1947: Ladera Cooperative (with John Funk; landscape architect: Garrett Eckbo), Palo Alto, California
1950: 70 Summit Ave, Mill Valley, landscape architect: Lawrence Halprin - under threat to be redeveloped
1955: Planning of Durgapur, West Bengal, India along with Benjamin Polk.
1968: Indian Express Towers, Nariman Point, Mumbai, relandscaping of Lodhi Gardens, along with Garrett Eckbo.
Several buildings in Lodi Estate, New Delhi, including the headquarters of the Ford Foundation, Unicef and the World Wide Fund for Nature, a conference centre called the India International Center (1959–62), and the India Habitat Center for housing and environmental studies.
Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode campus, Kerala, India.
Triveni Kala Sangam Arts centre, New Delhi, India.
Several factories with roofs inspired by the domes used in traditional Indian architecture
Kashmir Conference Center, India.
1962 – General Education Centre, now Cultural Education Centre for Performing Arts Kennedy House Complex of Aligarh Muslim University, India. www.cecamu.in
Four factories for Escorts Ltd., Faridabad, India
American Embassy School, New Delhi, India.
Delhi Public School, Gurgaon (now Gurugram)
References
Notes
The architecture of Joseph Allen Stein in India and California, by Stephen White, Oxford University Press, 1993.
The responsibility for environment: First address, 9 October 1962, by Joseph Allen Stein. University of California, College of Environmental Design, 1962.
External links
Stein’s gone but his works live on at Times of India.
1912 births
2001 deaths
University of Illinois alumni
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
20th-century American architects
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
American emigrants to India
Modernist architects
Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
American architecture writers
American male artists of Indian descent
American male artists
Architects from Nebraska
20th-century American male artists | [
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17175296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonobahini | Gonobahini | Gonobahini ( "People's Army") was the armed wing of the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. The group was mainly composed of former Mukti Bahini members from the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.
History
In 1972, a section of the Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the Bangladesh Awami League split to form the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, led by Serajul Alam Khan.
The party called for establishing socialism through an armed revolution. As a result, the Gonobahini was formed and led a violent insurgency against the government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1974, Hasanul Haq Inu led a group of armed men to attack the residence of then home minister Mansur Ali, which resulted in a massacre. The Gonobahini is also accused of killing numerous Bangladesh Chhatra League and Awami League members.
Disbandment
When Ziaur Rahman was freed by members of the Gonobahini, Ziaur Rahman realized that the disorder set off by them in the mutiny had to be suppressed firmly if discipline was to be restored in the Bangladesh Army. Ziaur Rahman declared martial law, cracked down on the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal and Gonobahini, Abu Taher was sentenced to death and other party figures had various terms of imprisonment slapped on them.
Criticism
In 2016, Bangladesh Awami League general secretary Syed Ashraful Islam remarked that Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal and Gonobahini had created the political atmosphere that led to the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Opposition party leaders also hold its activities responsible for Sheikh Mujib's killing. Other opposition figures have called it "the Al Qaeda of its day."
See also
Lal Bahini
References
1972 establishments in Bangladesh
Communism in Bangladesh
Military wings of socialist parties
Far-left politics
Communist terrorism
Terrorism in Bangladesh | [
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17175320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20veto%20of%20the%20appointment%20of%20bishops | Royal veto of the appointment of bishops | A royal veto of the appointment of bishops (also known as the Veto controversy in Irish history) was proposed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1808 to 1829 during the move towards Catholic Emancipation.
According to the proposal, any restoration of the full episcopal hierarchy of the Catholic Church, in United Kingdom, should be subject to a veto of the Crown over the appointment of any bishop who was suspected to the involved in political activities hostile to the state. This was in reference to the Catholic Church in England and Wales, the Catholic Church in Ireland and the Catholic Church in Scotland.
Although similar vetos existed elsewhere in Europe, in countries such as France and there was some acceptance among the clerical hierarchy, there was a strong backlash to the proposal from the growing Irish Catholic middle-class laity, who did not want a British veto on Irish bishops (and thus preferred them to be directly approved from Rome). The matter was eventually resolved by the passage of Catholic Emancipation without such a condition.
Background
Although the penal laws enacted against the Catholics of Ireland and of Britain were still on the statute book towards the close of the eighteenth century, they were less strictly administered than before. Several causes helped to bring this about. The Catholics formed the vast majority of the population of Ireland. Their sympathies were thought to be with the French whom Britain had at that time cause to fear.
The authority of the bishops and the priests, the influence of both on the people, was great; and the government thought if it could direct or control the influence of the bishops it would secure the allegiance of the people. When the College of Maynooth was about to be founded, the Irish bishops were asked if they would agree that the president or professors of the proposed college be appointed by government; if they would consent that the bishops be appointed by the king; and how they would advise the pope if such a proposal about the appointment of bishops were laid before him.
The bishops on 17 February 1795, rejected the first and second proposals. To the third they answered that they would advise the people "not to agree to his Majesty's nomination if it could be avoided; if unavoidable, the king to nominate one of three to be recommended by the Provincial bishops".
In connection with the Union, William Pitt intended to bring in a Catholic Relief Bill. He commissioned Lord Castlereagh to make such arrangements as would satisfy the king George III of Great Britain that no priest whose loyalty the king should have reason to suspect would be appointed to an Irish bishopric. Ten bishops, trustees of Maynooth College, met on 17 January 1799, to transact college business. Castlereagh submitted his views to them, reminding them of the suspicion of disloyalty under which the Catholics of Ireland lay since the insurrection of the year before. The ten bishops embodied their reply in certain resolutions, of which this was one:
And as a way towards that security, they expressed the opinion that the name of the priest chosen to be submitted to the pope might be transmitted to the government, but that the government should declare within a month whether there was any cause to suspect his loyalty. They did not leave to the government to decide the reasonableness of such suspicion, for they said "if government have any proper objection against such candidate". Moreover, they laid it down that no security given must in the working out "infringe the discipline of the Roman Catholic Church, or diminish the religious influence which the Prelates of the Church ought justly to possess over their respective flocks", and that any agreement made "can have no effect without the sanction of the Holy See".
Intervention from Rome
Those were not resolutions of the Irish episcopate, but simply the opinion of ten bishops who had met to transact business of another kind; they were driven against their wish to give an opinion. On 15 June 1799, Cardinal Stefano Borgia, prefect of Propaganda, having heard a report that John Troy, Archbishop of Dublin, was leader of a party which was disposed to compromise the jurisdiction of the Holy See by assenting to some plan about church discipline, wrote to him asking him for the facts. On 17 August 1799, Troy replied to the cardinal declaring it was quite false that any plan had been arranged, and having given an account of the meeting and resolutions of the Maynooth trustees he added: "As to the proposal itself, the Prelates were anxious to set aside or elude it; but being unable to do so, they determined to have the rights of the Church secured."
In the spring of 1800, Troy, writing on the same topic to his agent at Rome, R. Luke Concanen, says:
We all wish to remain as we are; and we would so, were it not that too many of the clergy were active in the wicked rebellion, or did not oppose it. If the Prelates had refused to consider the proposal, they would be accused of a design to exercise an influence over the people, independent of government, for seditious purposes. Nothing but the well grounded apprehension of such a charge, though groundless in itself, would have induced the Prelates to consider the proposal in any manner. . .If we had rejected the proposal in toto we would be considered as rebels. This is a fact. If we agreed to it without reference to Rome we would be branded as schismatics. We were between Scylla and Charybdis.
The opinion thus expressed by those ten bishops in January 1799, was never published by them. It was not meant for publication; the bishops never took official cognisance of it except to discard it. Every pronouncement of the Irish bishops from that time forward rejected absolutely any proposal which would allow the British government to meddle in appointments to Irish bishoprics.
1805 Bill onwards
In 1805 Charles James Fox and Lord Grenville presented to Parliament a petition to relieve the Irish Catholics from their civil disabilities. In the debate which followed, Sir John Hippisley spoke in a general way of securities for Catholic loyalty. That was the first time any such proposal was made in public; but nothing definite was proposed. On 25 May 1808, Henry Grattan, in moving for a parliamentary committee to consider the claims of the Catholics, said he was authorised by them to propose
that no Catholic bishop be appointed without the entire approbation of His Majesty.
On 27 May May, Lord Grenville presented a petition for the Catholics in the Lords, and, in moving for a committee, proposed an effective veto for the king on the appointment of bishops.
What was known as the "veto" thus assumed a definite form as a public question in Ireland and in England.
Reaction
How did the Irish bishops meet it? John Milner wrote in his "Supplementary Memoirs of the English Catholics" that
both in conversation and in correspondence they universally disavowed
what had been said by the promoters of the bill on the subject of the veto; and on 14 September they met and officially protested against the veto.
In 1810 Grattan gave notice that he would again bring the Catholic claims before Parliament. On 1 February the English Catholic Board held a meeting in London at which a series of resolutions were carried, including one which involved the veto. It is known as the 5th resolution. Charles Butler, the leader of the English Catholic vetoists, says of that resolution that it
was with the single exception of the Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, agent of the Irish bishops, unanimously adopted.
He was Dr. Milner, whom the Irish bishops had commissioned in 1807 to represent them. The Irish bishops at once condemned the 5th resolution. In May, Grattan's motion for a committee to consider the Catholic petition was defeated. Early in June Lord Donoughmore made a like motion in the House of Lords, which was also defeated. But here was the parting of the ways between the great body of the Irish Catholics led by the bishops, and the English Catholics, with whom were the vicars Apostolic except Milner.
1813 Bill
In 1813 Grattan, George Canning, and Castlereagh brought in what purported to be a Catholic Relief Bill, with a condition which would practically place the appointment of bishops in the hands of a board of commissioners to be named by the king; it also provided that anyone exercising special functions or receiving documents from the Holy See without the knowledge and approbation of that Board, was to be considered guilty of a misdemeanour. Those conditions notwithstanding, an amendment to the Bill was proposed and carried, which would still disable Catholics "to sit and vote in Parliament".
The Bill was lost; the Irish bishops had declared that they could not accept the Bill "without incurring the guilt of schism". A few days after, at a meeting of the Irish Catholic Board in Dublin, Daniel O'Connell proposed that their thanks be sent to the bishops. Some of the laity, who were in agreement with the English Catholics, opposed the vote; but it was carried by a very large majority.
Quarantotti Rescript
The vetoists were disappointed at the defeat of the bill of 1813. It then occurred to them that if they could get the Holy See in any way to countenance it, the mark of schism attached to it by the Irish bishops would no longer stain it. They therefore represented to Propaganda the great benefit which the Catholic religion would derive from Emancipation, and the harmlessness of the veto conditions on which the Government had offered it. Milner was represented to the secretary of Propaganda, Mgr. Quarantotti, as having an uncompromising attitude.
In the light of these representations Mgr. Quarantotti, in his rescript of February 1814, whilst rejecting certain conditions of the Relief Bill as not lawful, declared that securities for the loyalty of bishops which the Government claimed might be allowed. It did not contain an order, but rather a permission, its words being Haec cum ita sint, indulgemus etc, thus leaving the Catholics free to accept or refuse Emancipation on the condition offered.
It raised a storm, however, in Ireland. The Irish bishops deputed Murray and Milner to represent to the pope, who had been a prisoner when it was issued, that there was danger in the rescript such as it was. Pope Pius VII declared that Mgr. Quarantotti "ought not to have written that letter without authority from the Holy See". He appointed a commission to examine the question.
Counter-proposal
In the meantime, Murat marched on Rome, and the pope fled to Genoa. On 26 April 1815, Cardinal Litta, prefect of Propaganda, in a letter set forth conditions under which the Catholics could safely accept Emancipation. It rejected all arrangements hitherto proposed. The claim of the Government to examine communications between the Catholics and the Holy See "cannot even be taken into consideration". As to the appointment of bishops, it said that quite enough provision had been made for their loyalty in the Catholic oath; but for their greater satisfaction it permits "those to whom it appertains" to present to the king's ministers a list of the candidates they select for bishoprics; it insisted, however, that if those names were presented, the Government must, if it should think any of them "obnoxious or suspected" name him "at once"; moreover, that a sufficient number, from amongst whom the pope would appoint the bishop, must always remain even after the government objection.
The Catholics of Ireland sent deputies to Rome to make known their feelings to the pope. Two replies were sent, one to the bishops and the other to the laity. The pope insisted on the terms of Cardinal Litta's letter, pointing out its reasonableness under the circumstances. According to the terms of the letter it would, in fact, be the fault of the ecclesiastics who had the selection of candidates if any undesirable person were left for papal appointment. Cardinal Litta's letter was the last papal document issued on the veto question. The controversy between vetoists and anti-vetoists was, however, kept alive by the passions which it had raised.
Resolution
The Catholic cause grew so hopeless that in December, 1821, O'Connell submitted to Dr. Blake, the Vicar-General of Dublin, a sort of veto plan, to get his opinion on it. Soon after the prospect grew brighter; O'Connell founded the Catholic Association in 1823, through which he successfully campaigned for Catholic Emancipation. The Bill was passed during the premiership of The Duke of Wellington six years later for the Catholics of Ireland and Britain — without a veto.
See also
Charles O'Conor (priest)
References
Attribution
The entry cites:
Archives of Propaganda;
Orthodox Journal, files from 1813 to 1817;
Butler, Hist. Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics (London, 1822);
Milner, Supplementary Memoirs of English Catholics (London, 1820), written to correct Butler's work;
Wyse, Hist. of the Catholic Association in Ireland (London, 1829);
Fleming, The Catholic Veto (Dublin, 1911);
Dublin Evening Post, files especially from 1808 to 1817.
Bibliography
An Historical Address, on the Calamities Occasioned by Foreign Influence, in the Nomination of Bishops to Irish Sees. (1812) by Fr. Charles O'Conor (supporter of veto)
The Beginning of the Veto Controversy in Ireland by University of Cambridge
Veto controversy at Encyclopedia.com
Political history of the United Kingdom
History of Catholicism in England
History of Catholicism in Scotland
History of Catholicism in Ireland
19th-century Catholicism
Proposed laws of the United Kingdom
19th century in Ireland
Separation of church and state
Catholicism and politics
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17175342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki%20Kitano | Hiroaki Kitano | is a Japanese scientist. He is the head of the Systems Biology Institute (SBI); Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Sony Group Corporation, Chief Executive Officer of Sony Research Inc. and Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc.; a Group Director of the Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling at and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; and a professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST). Kitano is known for developing AIBO, and the robotic world cup tournament known as Robocup.
Education
Kitano graduated from International Christian University with a B.A. in physics in 1984. He received a PhD in computer science from Kyoto University in 1991. His PhD thesis in machine translation was titled "Speech-to-speech translation: a massively parallel memory-based approach". His work includes a broad spectrum of publications in artificial intelligence and interactomics.
Research
From 1988 to 1994, Kitano was a visiting researcher at the Center for Machine Translation at Carnegie Mellon University.
At Sony, Kitano started the development of the AIBO robotic pet. This research was developed further as the QRIO, a bipedal humanoid robot. The research behind AIBO and QRIO led to Kitano founding the RoboCup annual international robotics competition in 1997. The goal of RoboCup is to create a team of autonomous robotic footballers that would be able to beat the best team in the world, by 2050.
Kitano has made significant contributions to Systems biology, including a contribution to the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML).
Roles and awards
Kitano has served as a scientific advisor for a number of companies, including Alstom, Segway Japan and Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings. He was awarded the IJCAI Computers and Thought Award in 1993 and the Nature Award for Creative Mentoring in Science in 2009.
References
External links
ResearchMap profile
Biological Robustness
1961 births
Living people
Systems biologists
Japanese bioinformaticians
International Christian University alumni
Kyoto University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty | [
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] |
17175351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Christ | Rudolf Christ | Rudolf Christ (20 March 1916 in Vienna – 20 April 1982 in Vienna) was an Austrian tenor concert and opera singer.
Christ began his career in 1939 as chorister in the Vienna Volksoper. He then studied for three years with Adolf Vogel in Vienna. In 1941 he made his debut as soloist at the Landestheater in Innsbruck, and he worked from 1946 to 1949 at the Zürich City Theatre as lyric tenor and operetta singer. In 1949 he went back to the Vienna Volksoper, where he remained a member of the company until his retirement in 1976. In addition, Christ was from 1956 engaged at the German Oper am Rhein, at Düsseldorf-Duisburg, and made very numerous guest appearances at the Vienna State Opera, and also at the large theatres in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland. From 1955 he very often appeared also at the Salzburg Festival, most notably as Jaquino in Fidelio in 1958.
He was buried in the Grinzinger Cemetery in Vienna.
References
Sources
German National Biographical Index.
1916 births
1982 deaths
Austrian operatic tenors
Singers from Vienna
20th-century Austrian male opera singers | [
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] |
17175353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20state%20court%20system | Washington state court system | In Washington, there are several state courts. Judges are elected and serve four-year or six-year terms. Most judges first come to office when the governor of Washington appoints them after a vacancy is created – either by the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of a sitting judge, or when a new seat on the bench is created by the Washington State Legislature.
Supreme Court
The Washington Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Washington. It is the highest court in the state and is based in the Temple of Justice at the Washington State Capitol campus in the state capital of Olympia.
Almost all the cases that the Court hears are appeals from the decisions of the Washington Court of Appeals. The court has discretionary jurisdiction, meaning it may choose which cases to hear. The court has original jurisdiction over a few cases. These original cases are mostly known as "writ" or "mandamus" actions to force a state official to do or not do an official act of government.
The Washington Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight justices, who are elected in nonpartisan elections and serve six-year terms. Terms are staggered so that three justices are elected every two years. There is a mandatory retirement age of 75.
Court of Appeals
The Washington Court of Appeals has three divisions, based in Tacoma, Seattle, and Spokane. This court considers appeals in civil and criminal cases that are appealed from Superior Courts.
An appeal to the Court of Appeals is a matter of right - unlike the Washington Supreme Court, which has discretionary jurisdiction, the State Court of Appeals has mandatory jurisdiction – it must hear all civil and criminal appeals that are filed with the court. Court of Appeals judges are elected and serve six-year terms.
Superior Court
Washington has 39 Superior Courts, one in each of Washington's 39 counties. Superior Courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction in Washington. A Superior Court may consider all civil and criminal matters occurring within a county's boundary. The Superior Court also has exclusive jurisdiction over civil matters in which the amount in controversy is more than $75,000, felony cases, estate and probate matters, family law cases (including divorces and child custody hearings), and juvenile proceedings. They act as a court of appeal for cases from the District and Municipal Courts. Superior Court judges are elected and serve four-year terms.
District and Municipal Courts
Each of Washington's 39 counties also has a state District Court. These are courts of limited jurisdiction that hear traffic infractions, criminal traffic citations, misdemeanors and gross misdemeanors, civil cases with an amount in controversy less than $100,000, and small claims suits. The District Court conducts trials and other attendant hearings. District Court judges are elected and serve four-year terms.
Washington's cities may establish Municipal Courts (e.g., Seattle Municipal Court). Municipal Courts are courts of limited jurisdiction like state District Courts, but Municipal Courts may not hear civil lawsuits. A Municipal Court may only consider and has exclusive jurisdiction over non-criminal traffic citations, as well as misdemeanor and gross misdemeanor crimes that occur within a city's boundary. Municipal Courts conduct trials and other attendant hearings. Municipal Court judges are elected or appointed by mayors or city councils and serve four-year terms.
References
External links
of the Washington court system | [
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17175363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Cup | King Cup | The King Cup (sometimes spelled King's Cup), officially known as The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques' Cup (), is the Saudi Arabian football knockout cup competition, run by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation.
The cup was created in 1957 and was played until 1990. It was re-launched again in 2007 as King's Cup of Champions, and was played by only the top 6 finishers of the Professional League plus the Crown Prince Cup and Federation Cup winners. Since 2014, it was renamed as King's Cup, the competition returned to its roots by implementing the old format. 153 clubs have taken part in the tournament.
Qualification and prize money
The cup winner will be guaranteed a place in the AFC Champions League.
Prize money:
Final winners: 5,500,000 Saudi Riyals.
Final runners-up: 4,000,000 Saudi Riyals.
Winners by year
Performance by club
Trophies
Source:
Finals
Source:
Hat-tricks
References
External links
King Cup SAFF
Saudi Arabia - List of Cup Winners, RSSSF.com
Champions Cup current season results and dates - Soccerway
Saudi Champions Cup - Hailoosport.com (Arabic)
Saudi Champions Cup - Hailoosport.com
1
Saudi Arabia | [
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17175373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah%20Nimar%20Darwish | Abdullah Nimar Darwish | Sheikh Abdullah Nimar Darwish (1948 – 14 May 2017) was the founder of the Islamic Movement in Israel.
Biography
Darwish was born in Kafr Qasim in 1948. After completing his religious studies in Nablus, he returned to Kafr Qasim and began advocating a return to Islam and Islamic tradition, and subsequently established the Islamic Movement in Israel in 1971.
In 1979, Darwish established an underground organization called Usrat al-Jihad ("The Family of Jihad"), whose goal was to establish "an Arab Islamic state in Palestine." Usrat al-Jihad attempted to burn down an Israeli textile factory, set fire to forests, and was involved in the death of a suspected Israeli collaborator. Two years later, he was arrested together with several accomplices, and convicted of membership in a terrorist organization. He remained in prison until 1985, when he was freed as part of the Jibril Agreement between the government of Israel and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command.
Positions
Following his 1985 release, Sheikh Darwish became publicly active and began to express opposition to Israeli Arabs taking part in violent behavior. In 1992, he explicitly condemned the killing of three Israeli soldiers by an Israeli Arab group. Following the Oslo Accords, the Islamic Movement Darwish had founded split between a group (in the north of Israel), led by Darwish's protégé Sheikh Raed Salah, that opposed the agreement and one led by Darwish (in the south of Israel) that supported it and wanted to participate in the Israeli political process.
In later life, he continued as the spiritual leader of the Southern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel. In partnership with Rabbi Michael Melchior, he played an important role in setting up a major interfaith meeting in Alexandria, Egypt in 2002, during the Second Intifada; this group produced a joint declaration rejecting murder in the name of God and pledging a joint quest for peace. Darwish founded the Adam Centers for Dialogue Between Religions and Civilizations, and, with Rabbi Melchior, founded the Religious Peace Initiative, both of which arranges for interfaith dialogue between Muslims, Jews and Christians. This network worked behind the scenes to ease inter-communal tensions in Acre in 2008, and to prevent inter-communal violence in 2014, when Eid and Yom Kippur occurred on the same day.
He expressed a commitment to the rule of law, and to integration into the State of Israel and its institutions. In a 2001 Israeli newspaper interview, he said:
Whoever establishes a movement that is based on violation of the law, does not represent us. However, in the West Bank and Gaza there is no rule of law, there is an occupation which must be eliminated, and not a state which must be respected. Therefore, I understand the Palestinians or the Lebanese, which are rising up in any way they can... If I were being occupied, I too would rise up, but the moment I decided that I am a part of the state as long as I am within the borders of the Green Line, I obey the law, together with my representatives in the Knesset, and this is proof that I do recognize the State of Israel. This despite the fact that I too feel as though I am under mental occupation, but the world does not see that.In 2007, Darwish won praise for being the first Muslim leader to speak at the Global Forum for Combatting Anti-Semitism. During his speech there, to criticize Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad for denying the Holocaust, saying: Tell all who deny the Holocaust to ask the Germans what they did or did not do". Acknowledging that it was difficult for him to appear at the event because of the negative responses he would receive from clerical colleagues across the Muslim world, he denounced anti-semitism as not expressing the true spirit of Islam; he also criticized the Israeli government's refusal to participate in peace talks sponsored by Saudi Arabia that included Hamas and Fatah.
In 2015, Darwish and Melchior condemned the 2015 terror attacks in Denmark, Copenhagen.
Legacy
The current leader of Ra'am, Mansour Abbas, is a disciple of Darwish; Abbas has said: "Everything I do today I absorbed from the legacy of Sheikh Abdullah Nimr Darwish." Abbas's decision to support a coalition government in 2021 has been credited to Darwish's belief that political participation in the Israeli state would help improve the lives of Palestinians in Israel and further the aim of Israeli-Palestinian peace; Abbas said that it was at Darwish's funeral that he realized he should play a more active role in furthering Darwish's vision.
Sheikh Raed Bader is considered an important spiritual successor to Darwish.
Precedents
Following the death of his brother in 2005, Darwish made a religious ruling allowing Muslims to donate organs for medical purposes.
Personal life
Darwish died on 14 May 2017, aged 69. His friend and colleague Rabbi Melchior delivered a tearful eulogy to Darwish at the funeral.
References
1948 births
2017 deaths
People from Kafr Qasim
Arab politicians in Israel
Israeli Muslims
Palestinian activists
Islamic Movement in Israel politicians | [
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17175394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Herv%C3%A9%20Proulx | J. Hervé Proulx | J. Hervé Proulx (October 19, 1899 – April 7, 1960) was a merchant and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Madawaska County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1944 to 1948 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, the son of J. David Proulx, and was educated there and at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. In 1922, he married Marie-Anna Malenfant. In the same year, he moved to Edmundston, New Brunswick where he worked as a baker and a grocer. From 1936 to 1946, he was mayor of Edmundston.
References
J. Hervé Proulx, Archives of the Religious Hospitallers of Saint Joseph
1899 births
1964 deaths
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Mayors of Edmundston
People from Rivière-du-Loup | [
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17175449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Kaman%2099 | Operation Kaman 99 | Operation Alborz (), more commonly known by the code-name Operation Kaman 99 (), was an operation launched by the Iranian Air Force in retaliation to Iraqi surprise aerial attacks on Iran the day before which marked the beginning of the 8-year-long Iran–Iraq War. Involving nearly 200 aircraft (of which more than 140 crossed into Iraq), it is considered the largest operation carried out by the IRIAF. The outcome was clearly successful, as the Iranians achieved air superiority for the first years of the conflict.
Launched only 3 hours after the formal beginning of the war, the main attack was formed by 140 to 148 Iranian fighter-bombers, plus 60 interceptors and tankers were involved in this operation, and at least 380 air force personnel were also involved, making this the most large-scale operation conducted by the Iranian Air Force.
Kirkuk, Al-Rasheed, Nasiriya, Habbaniyah (including Tammuz), Shaiba, Kut, and Umm Qasr airbases, as well as Baghdad International Airport and Al-Muthanna Airport were bombed during the operation. By the magnitude of the operation as well as by the number of aircraft participating in it, is considered one of the biggest air engagements ever to take place in the history of air warfare.
Prelude
On 22 and 23 September 1980, Iraq launched surprise air strikes on strategic locations in Iran employing a total of 166 to 192 fighter and bomber aircraft for a total of 250 sorties.
At 1:45 pm local time, 6 Iraqi MiG-23 Floggers bombed an Iranian Air Base near Ahvaz.
Half an hour later, Iraqi MiG-23s attacked Mehrabad Airport in Tehran. At the same time the Iraqis also bombed 8 other major Air Bases in Iran.
Radio Baghdad asks Iranian pilots to defect to Iraq in a message after this operation.
However, having learned from the Six-Day War, Iran had built hardened aircraft shelters where most of its combat aircraft were stored, thus the Iraqis succeeded mainly in cratering Iranian runways (which were quickly repaired), without causing any significant damage to Iran's Air Force. Now the Iranian Air Force started preparing for a counter-attack which was to be launched the next day.
Two hours after this Iraqi attack, the Iranian air force conducted Operation Entegham (, "Revenge"), bombing Shaiba, Umm Qasr and Kut Air Bases in Iraq. According to many pilots who took part in the operations, both the precedent Operation Entegham and this subsequent Operation Kaman 99, were planned before the Islamic Revolution by the previous Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) as a rapid response in case a conflict broke out with Iraq during the 1974-75 Shatt al-Arab clashes.
The battle
At 5:00 AM on 23 September 1980, Iran launched Operation Kaman 99 as 40 F-4 Phantoms, armed with Mark 82, Mark 83 and Mark 84 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles, took off from Hamadan Air Base. After refueling in mid-air the Phantoms reached the Iraqi capital Baghdad, where they attacked al-Rasheed, Habbaniyah and Kut airbases. Meanwhile, eight more F-4s took off from Tehran's Mehrabad and launched a second attack on the al-Rasheed Air Base.
Iran launched 58 F-5E Tiger IIs from Tabriz Air Base, which were sent to attack Mosul Air Base. After the attack on Mosul Air Base, 50 F-5Es attacked Nasiriya Air Base, which was heavily damaged.
As all 148 Iranian F-4s and F-5s had been sent for a bombing raid on Iraq, 60 F-14 Tomcats were scrambled to defend Iranian airspace against a possible Iraqi retaliation. Iranian F-14s managed to down 2 Iraqi MiG-21s (1 MiG-21RF and 1 MiG-21MF) and 3 Iraqi MiG-23s (MiG-23MS), an Iranian F-5E also shot down an Iraqi Su-20 during the operation.
Timeline of the air raids are as follows:
48 F-5E fighter-bombers from Tabriz Air Base bombed Mosul Air Base. The Air Base was not operable "for months".
40 F-5E fighter-bombers from Dezful Air Base bombed Nasiriya Air Base.
16 F-4E fighter-bombers from Hamadan Air Base bombed Kut Air Base. According to Iranian reports, the airbase was completely destroyed.
12 F-4E fighter-bombers from Bushehr Air Base bombed Shaiba Air Base.
12 F-4E fighter-bombers from Hamadan Air Base bombed Al-Rasheed Air Base near Baghdad, destroying 80% of it. Several MiG-23s were destroyed on the ground.
8 F-4E fighter-bombers from Hamadan Air Base bombed Baghdad International Airport and Northern Habbaniya Air Base (including Tammuz airbase) west of Baghdad.
Kirkuk Air Base, Al-Muthanna Airport and other targets were bombed in later air raids.
The Iranian planes flew so low that a billboard of Basra municipality got hooked on the tail of one of the Iranian F-4s, which was discovered upon landing at Bushehr Air Base. The Iranian aircraft were flying so low that the power cables on the outskirts of the major Iraqi cities became a significant risk for the Iranian pilots if they were not cautious enough.
Aftermath
Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi military were dealt a heavy blow when Iranian Air Force vulnerabilities failed to materialize. All Iraqi Air Bases near Iran were rendered inoperable for weeks and, according to Iran, Iraq's aerial efficiency was reduced by 55%. The Iranians on the other hand had taken heavy losses as well, as up to 67 aircraft had been shot down during the operation over Iraqi airspace by a combination of AAA, SAM, and Air defense fighters. According to most observers, this is one of the biggest air battles in history. This operation, allowed the Iranians to regroup and prepare for the upcoming Iraqi invasion. However, Iraqis would advance deep into Khuzestan and it would take the Iranians up to 2 years before they would finally expel the Iraqis from their territory and eventually enter Iraq. The War endured another 6 years, becoming the longest conventional war of the 20th century in which perhaps close to one million were maimed and killed.
In popular culture
Iranian book "140+8 Aircraft" (), written by Brigadier General Ahmad Mehrnia
Marjane Satrapi mentions the battle in a chapter of her autobiographical graphic novel Persepolis, where the father of her former classmate Pardisse Entezami was killed in action.
See also
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force#Iran–Iraq War (1980-88)
References
External links
Video of Iranian TV (Persian)
Video about the Operation
.
Kaman 99
Airstrikes during the Iran–Iraq War
Airstrikes conducted by Iran
Cross-border operations into Iraq
1980 in aviation
September 1980 events in Asia
Airstrikes in Iraq | [
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] |
17175505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby%20Wilson | Shelby Wilson | Shelby Autrie Wilson (born July 14, 1937) is an American wrestler and Olympic champion.
Career
A native of Ponca City, Oklahoma, Wilson was a two-time Oklahoma state tournament runner-up while in high school, and was a two-time NCAA runner-up in college at Oklahoma State. At the 1960 U.S. Olympic Trials, he finished in third place. During the Olympic Training Camp he successfully challenged the trials' second and first-place finishers to gain the starting position. He won Olympic Gold in Rome, in the freestyle lightweight (67 kg) division. His Olympic gold medal was the first major tournament that Wilson had won. He later became a high school wrestling coach at Owen Valley Community High School.
In 1982, Wilson was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.
References
1937 births
Living people
Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in wrestling
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
People from Ponca City, Oklahoma
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Ponca City High School alumni | [
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17175507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah%20Meyer | Jeremiah Meyer | Jeremiah Meyer (born Jeremias Majer; 18 January 1735 – 20 January 1789) was an 18th-century English miniature painter. He was Painter in Miniatures to Queen Charlotte, Painter in Enamels to King George III and was one of the founder members of the Royal Academy.
Early life and education
Meyer was born in Tübingen as a son of the German painter Wolfgang Dietrich Majer. In about 1750 he was brought to England by his father, though sources disagree on date and age.
In 1757–8, Meyer studied enamel painting with Christian Friedrich Zincke, paying £400 for tuition and materials. His style was influenced by attention to detail of the work of Joshua Reynolds.
Career
Meyer's background as an enamel painter contrasted with the training of contemporary English miniaturists such as Samuel Finney and Gervase Spencer. These initially worked in watercolour on ivory and only turned later to enamels as the popularity of enamelists like Zincke's work grew.
He may have spent time at Hogarth's St Martin's Lane Academy.
In 1760 and 1764 Meyer exhibited enamels with the Society of Arts.
In 1761 he was awarded a gold medal prize of £20 by the Society of Artists for a portrait of the king in profile, drawn from memory, engravings from this by James MacArdell and others were very popular. In the same year the king gave Charlotte a miniature of himself by Meyer, set in an oval of diamonds within a pearl bracelet, as an engagement present.
In 1764 he was appointed miniature painter to Queen Charlotte, and painter in enamel to King George III.
In 1765 Meyer became one of the original directors of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and in 1768 was chosen a foundation member of the Royal Academy. He contributed to the Academy's exhibitions until 1783, sending several portraits of members of the Royal Family. The establishment of the Royal Academy pension fund in 1775 was due to Meyer's initiative. He was a friend of both George Romney and William Hayley, and brought them together in 1776.
Several details of Meyer's life come from Hayley's biography of Romney.
His name has often been associated with head of the king used on coinage. It is not certain that his work was used on coins minted in Britain, but his profile of George III was used on a pistole of 1767 for the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
Personal life
Meyer was naturalised in 1762. In 1763 he married Barbara Marsden, an artist from childhood, and lived for many years at Tavistock Row, Covent Garden. They had two or possibly three sons and four daughters. One of his sons, George Charles Meyer, worked as a civil servant in Calcutta apparently on the recommendation of Joshua Reynolds who described him as "the son of a particular friend of mine".
He retired to Kew, living with his family in a house on the north side of Kew Green for many years simply known as 'Meyer's House'. The adjacent road leading from Kew Green to the River Thames, now 'Ferry Lane', was known as 'Meyer's Alley' for over a century after Meyer's death. The house is now known as 'Hanover House'. It was Grade II listed in 1950 and forms part of the Herbarium of Kew Gardens.
Joshua Meyer died at Kew on 20 January 1789 and is buried in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Kew, close to Gainsborough. A mural tablet to his memory, with a medallion portrait and some eulogistic verses by Hayley, is inside the north aisle of the church. He was survived by at least two daughters and another son, William, and his widow, who remained at the house until her death on 18 April 1818.
References
External links
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Works by Jeremiah Meyer at the Victoria & Albert Museum
1735 births
1789 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
Portrait miniaturists
English enamellers
German enamellers
18th-century enamellers
Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew
People from Tübingen
Royal Academicians
18th-century English male artists | [
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17175533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20A.%20Blumenthal | Herman A. Blumenthal | Herman Allen Blumenthal (May 21, 1916 – March 30, 1986) was an American art director and production designer for films.
He shared in two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction, for his work on Cleopatra (1963) and Hello, Dolly! (1969). He had previously been nominated for Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959).
References
External links
1916 births
1986 deaths
20th Century Studios people
American art directors
American production designers
Best Art Direction Academy Award winners
People from Los Angeles | [
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17175547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s%20Santiago%20Bertoni | Moisés Santiago Bertoni | Mosè Giacomo Bertoni (15 June 1857 – 19 September 1929), known in Spanish as Moisés Santiago Bertoni, was an Italian-speaking Swiss naturalist. He emigrated to South America in 1884 and lived in Paraguay from 1887 until he died in 1929.
Bertoni work and researched in botany, meteorology, and anthropology. He discovered and classified many new species of plants and left a collection of more than 7000 vegetal species and about 6500 insects. One of the plants he studied in depth was ka'a he'ê (Stevia rebaudiana), a herb indigenous to Paraguay, which became important as a non-caloric sweetener, reputed to be 300 times sweeter than sugar. He also scientifically classified yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis).
Childhood and youth
He was born in the small village of Lottigna, in canton Ticino in the Italian-speaking region in Switzerland, on June 15, 1857, the son of Ambrose Bertoni, a lawyer, jurist, and official, and Josefina Torreani, a teacher from Milan.
His primary and secondary studies were completed in the Lyceum, Lugano.
In 1874 he founded, in collaboration with his mother, the first meteorological observatory of his hometown, Lottigna. In 1875, he started his studies in law and Natural Sciences in the University of Geneva. In 1876 he enrolled in the University of Zurich, where he met biochemistry student Eugenia Rossetti, whom he married the following year.
Beginnings
He left Switzerland for Buenos Aires, Argentina on March 3, 1884, on the steamer Nord Americas with his wife, their children Reto Divicone, Arnoldo da Winkelried, Vera Zassoulich, Sofía Perovskaya (Helvecia) and Inés, his mother Josefina Torreani (who left behind her husband Ambrose and his youngest son, Brennan), and some 40 farmers.
On March 30 they landed in Buenos Aires, and were interviewed by the chairman of the Nation, General Julio Argentino Roca, who provided the means to travel to and colonize the province of Misiones. They arrived in the territory of Santa Ana and Bertoni began work in agriculture, botany, zoology, meteorology, and ethnography.
While working in Misiones he crossed the border into Paraguay, where he remained for the rest of his life.
Career
He created a community of agricultural production and scientific research. He had a Swiss colleague, Emil Hassler.
In Argentina the Bertonis' son Moisés Santiago was born; in Paraguay they had more children, Aurora Eugenia and Guillermo Tell, Walter Fürst, Werner Stauffacher and Aristóteles. He worked alone, without government support, or sources, means or instruments, in the physical and natural sciences, anthropology, making linguistic and ideological, philosophical observations and historical commentary.
In 1891 he founded on the banks of the Paraná river the 12,500 hectare (5 square miles) "William Tell Colony", today known as Puerto Bertoni, where Bertoni and his family were buried at the ends of their lives. They grew coffee, bananas and citrus to make a living and finance the scientific work, combining agricultural production and scientific research in the rural community.
Bertoni was invited by the Paraguayan president, General Juan Bautista Egusquiza (1845–1902), to form an Agricultural Institute in the capital Asunción.
He made meteorological studies for Argentine and Paraguayan governments, wrote scientific papers, and drove the leading publisher of scientific Paraguay.
In January 1988 the environmentalist "Moises Bertoni Foundation" was set up for environmental conservation, aiming to contribute to the protection and sustainable development of natural resources in Paraguay.
Death
On September 19, 1929, at the age of 72, he died of malaria in the town of Foz do Iguazu in Brazil; his wife had died three weeks before in Encarnación in the south of Paraguay, unknown to him.
The following day his body was returned to Puerto Bertoni, where he was buried near his workplace and the graves of his mother, "Nonna Peppina", and his son Linneo Carlos.
Distinctions
1896, President of Paraguay Juan Bautista Egusquiza calls him to found the National School of Agriculture, in Asunción, and runs for nine years.
1903, he organized by the National Society of Agriculture.
1905, he assists as Paraguayan Government Delegate to the Third Latin American Scientific Congress of Rio de Janeiro, where he introduced the first work on "Geology of Paraguay" and two new meteorological equipment he invented a drosómetro and a fitotermómetro.
1910, concurs commissioned by the Paraguayan government, the International Exhibition of Buenos Aires, where you get medals and diplomas. That same year he represents Paraguay in the American International Congress being held in the Buenos Aires.
1914, called by the President of the Republic of Paraguay, took the Directorate of Agriculture.
1922 attending as a delegate of the Republic of Paraguay to American International Scientific Congress in Rio de Janeiro, which presented works on anthropology and ethnography Guaraní.
Research
Bertoni researched in the physical and natural sciences, anthropology, testing linguistic and ideological, philosophical observations and historical commentary.
He studied the frequency of rain, and for fifty years made daily records of humidity, wind and temperature. He was also interested in linguistics.
He did not become well known because he worked alone, without government support, and with minimal resources, means and instruments.
Botanical collections
His botanical collections are conserved at the Sociedad Científica del Paraguay, and were afterwards restored by the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (Switzerland).
Works
1878: Nuovo compendio di geografia—Bellinzona : Colombi
1882: Revista Científica Svizzera
1886: Moises Bertoni, La Voce del Ticino
1901: Almanaque agrícola paraguayo (Paraguayan agricultural Almanac) -- Puerto Bertoni: Printing and Publishing Former Sylvis, - 250 p.
1903: Agenda agrícola del Paraguay (Paraguay's agricultural agenda) -- Puerto Bertoni: Printing and publishing Former Sylvis, - 360 p.
1903: Agenda y mentor agrícola (Agenda agrícola paraguayo y Almanaque agrícola paraguayo)
1903: Agenda y almanaque agrícola paraguayo: conteniendo la indicación de los trabajos agrícolas de cada mes (Calendar and Almanac Paraguayan agriculture) -- Asunción: Tall. National H. Kraus - 360 p.
1904: Meios praticos para combater o gorgulho do milho (Agenda and agricultural almanac Paraguay: containing an indication of agricultural work each month) - 2nd ed. -- Assumption: H. Kraus - 360 p.
1905: Plantas usuales del Paraguay: Alto Paraná y Misiones; nomenclatura, caracteres, propiedades a aplicaciones según los estudios del autor, o datos de personas fidedignas o el uso que de ellas hacen los indios, incluyendo un estudio físico e industrial de las maderas (Plant usual Paraguay: Alto Parana and Misiones; nomenclature, characters, properties applications according to research by the author, or data from credible persons or make use of them Indians, including a study of physical and industrial timber)
1905: La enseñanza agrícola (The agricultural education) -- Asunción: Tall. National H. Kraus - 100 p.
1907: Resumen de geografía botánica del Paraguay (Summary of botany geography of Paraguay) -- Asunción: s.n.
1909: La cubierta verde y la supresión de la escarda en las plantaciones (The green cover and the removal of the weed in plantations) --: S.n. - 18 p.
1910: Plantae Bertonianae: les onothéracées du Paraguay—Asunción: Tall. National H. Kraus - 22 p.
1910: Descripción física y económica del Paraguay: Plantae Bertonianae (Description of Physical and economic Paraguay: Plantae Bertonianae) -- S. L.: s.n., 20 p.
1911: Contribución preliminar al estudio sistemático, biológico y económico de las plantas paraguayas (Contribution to preliminary systematic study, biological and economic Paraguayan plants) 2nd ed. -- S.L.: s.n..,
1911: Nuevo método para el cultivo del banano: práctica del rozado sin quemar(New method for growing banana: practice of "grazed unburned) -- Puerto Bertoni: Printing and Publishing Former Sylvis, - 14 p.
1912: Contribución al estudio de la gomosis del naranjo y su tratamiento (Contribution to the study of gomosis of orange and its treatment) -- Assumption: The Printing beehive - 1 pl, 13 - 4 p.
1913: Fauna paraguaya (Animals Paraguayan) -- S.L.: S. N.
1913: Descripción física y económica del Paraguay (Physical description and cost of Paraguay) -- Asunción: Brossa
1914: Ortografía guaraní sobre la base de la ortografía internacional adoptada por los congresos de zoología y botánica, con arreglo a la ortografía lingüística adoptada por el congreso científico internacional de Buenos Aires (1910) y a la generalmente seguida por los lingüistas estadounidenses (Extended Edition part of the monograph "Introduction usual plants, nomenclature, and dictionary of Latin genres Guarani of the play economic and physical description of Paraguay)
1914: Summary of prehistory and protohistoria of countries Guarani: lectures given at the National College of second lesson of the Asuncion on July 26, 8 and August 21, 1913. -- Asunción: J.E. O'Leary. -- 1 PL., XLV, 162 p.
1914: Ortografía guaraní sobre la base de la ortografía internacional adoptada por los congresos de zoología y botánica, con arreglo a la ortografía lingüística adoptada por el congreso científico internacional de Buenos Aires (1910) y a la generalmente seguida por los lingüistas estadounidenses (Spelling Guarani based on the international spelling adopted by the congresses of zoology and botany, according to the spelling language adopted by the international scientific congress in Buenos Aires (1910) and usually followed by linguists Americans) -- Asunción: M. Brossa, 1914. - 22 p.
1914: Extended Edition part of the monograph Plantas usuales: introducción, nomenclatura, y diccionario de los géneros latino-guaraní de la obra Descripción física y económica del Paraguay (Introduction usual plants, nomenclature, and dictionary of Latin genres Guarani of the play economic and physical description of Paraguay)
1914: Resumen de prehistoria y protohistoria de los países guaraníes (Summary of prehistory and protohistoria of countries Guarani: lectures given at the National College of second lesson of the Assumption on July 26, 8 and August 21, 1913). -- Assumption: J.E. O'Leary. -- 1 PL., XLV, 162 p.
1914: Las plantas usuales del Paraguay y países limítrofes: caracteres, propiedades y aplicaciones con la nomenclatura guaraní, portuguesa, española, latina y la etimología guaraní incluyendo un estudio físico e industrial de las maderas (The usual plants in Paraguay and neighboring countries: characters, properties and applications with the nomenclature Guarani, Portuguese, Spanish, Latin and etymology Guarani including a study of physical and industrial timber). -- Asunción: M: Brossa. - 78 p.
1914: Descripción física y económica del Paraguay, numeración novenal 31; introducción, nomenclatura y diccionario de los géneros botánicos latino-guaraní (Physical description of Paraguay and economic" novenal numbering 31; Introduction, nomenclature and botanical dictionary of Latin genres Guarani)
See also
Doctor Moisés Bertoni, a village in the Caazapá department of Paraguay named in honor of Moisés Santiago Bertoni
References
Baratti, D. (1999). Fare libri nella selva: Mosè Bertoni e la tipografia Ex Sylvis (1918-1929). Fondazione Jacob-Piazza, Olivone.
Baratti, D. & P. Candolfi (1999). Vida y obra del sabio Bertoni: Moisés Santiago Bertoni (1857-1929), un naturalista suizo en Paraguay [transl. from Italian]. Helvetas, Asunción.
Baratti, D. & P. Candolfi (1994). L'arca di Mosè: biografia epistolare di Mosè Bertoni, 1857-1929. Casagrande, Bellinzona.
Schrembs, P. (1986). Mosè Bertoni. Profilo di una vita tra scienza e anarchia. Lugano.
Ramella, L. & Y. Ramella-Miquel (1985). Biobibliografía de Moisés Santiago Bertoni. Fl. Paraguay, Ser. Espec. 2.
Sociedad Científica del Paraguay, A. Barbero 230 y Avenida Artigas, Asunción (Paraguay)
Encyclopedia history of Paraguay, published by La Nación Journal
Bertoni Foundation
monografias.com
SCHREMBS, P. (1986). Mosè Beroni. Profilo di una vita tra scienza e anarchia. Lugano
External links
Sociedad Científica del Paraguay
Biography of Bertoni
mosebertoni.ch
1857 births
1929 deaths
19th-century Swiss botanists
People from Ticino
Paraguayan people of Italian descent
Deaths from malaria
Government ministers of Paraguay
Paraguayan botanists
Paraguayan anarchists
Swiss emigrants
Immigrants to Paraguay | [
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17175560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow%20Union%20Canal%20Society | Linlithgow Union Canal Society | The Linlithgow Union Canal Society is a waterway society and a Scottish registered charity based at Linlithgow Canal Centre on the Union Canal at Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland. Also known as "LUCS", it was founded in 1975 by Melville Gray to "promote and encourage the restoration and use of the Union Canal, particularly in the vicinity of Linlithgow".
History
From 1970, Mel Gray had started to clear the towpath with the help of boys from HMYOI Polmont, a Young Offenders Institution. This was followed by the first boaters' Rally at Linlithgow Canal Centre, organised by the Scottish Inland Waterways Association and the Scottish Civic Trust in 1972. In 1975 the Society acquired an old dredger from the (then) British Waterways Board, now Scottish Canals.
In the Seventies and Eighties, other canal societies began to be formed on the Union Canal and the Forth & Clyde Canal, including Edinburgh Canal Society, Forth Canoe Club, Bridge 19-40 Canal Society and others. Persistent campaigning resulted in the restoration of the Scottish Lowland canals through the Millennium Link Project of which Linlithgow Union Canal Society was an official Partner. The Link connects the Union and Forth & Clyde canals by way of the unique Falkirk Wheel boat lift.
Linlithgow Union Canal Society hosted a Scottish Inland Waterways Association (SIWA) Rally in 2008, and it participates in the annual Linlithgow Folk Festival.
Mel Gray, the founder, died in March 2006 .
Linlithgow Canal Centre
The Society administers the Linlithgow Canal Centre and operates boat trips, a tearoom and the new Mel Gray Education Centre. Provision for schools includes boat trips to teach children water safety and other related topics, and the Education Centre is able to cater for all age groups.
Further boats were purchased in 1987 and 1995 and are taking visitors to Linlithgow or the Avon Aqueduct; constructed by Hugh Baird with advice from Thomas Telford, it is the second longest aqueduct in the UK and the longest and highest in Scotland. The trip boat "Saint Magdalene" is named after the St Magdalene distillery.
The Canal Museum was created in 1977. It had started life as a stable for the boat horses and is now a resource centre for the study of the history of the UK canal system.
Photo gallery
See also
List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom
References
"Canal & Riverboat" Magazine, April 2005, article by Ian Mitchell
External links
Scottish Inland Waterways Association website
National Archives of Scotland
West Lothian Council website
Gazetteer for Scotland page
Museums in West Lothian
Transport museums in Scotland
Canal museums in the United Kingdom
Waterways organisations in Scotland
Organisations based in West Lothian
Charities based in Scotland
1975 establishments in Scotland
Organizations established in 1975
Linlithgow | [
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17175561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Blubaugh | Douglas Blubaugh | Douglas Morlan Blubaugh (December 31, 1934 – May 16, 2011) was an American wrestler and Olympic Champion. He competed at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, where he became the freestyle Olympic Gold Medalist at welterweight, defeating the legendary 1956 Olympic Champion and 3-time World Champion Iranian Wrestler Emam-Ali Habibi.
Blubaugh, born in Ponca City, Oklahoma, was an AAU Champion and an NCAA Champion in 1957 at Oklahoma State University. In 1959 he won another AAU Championship, winning the Outstanding Wrestler Award. Also in 1959 Blubaugh won a Pan-American Games Gold Medal before he made the 1960 Olympic team. While a student at OSU, Blubaugh was initiated as a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity; in January 2011, he was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. In 1979, Blubaugh was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.
For his efforts in Rome, Blubaugh was named the World's Outstanding Wrestler in 1960. Blubaugh later became wrestling coach at Indiana University.
He resided in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, until his death in a traffic accident while riding his motorcycle. He was struck by a pickup truck, which ran a stop sign.
Blubaugh continued to be an ambassador for the sport of wrestling until his death on May 16, 2011, at the age of 76.
References
External links
1934 births
2011 deaths
Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in wrestling
People from Ponca City, Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers
Indiana University faculty
Road incident deaths in Oklahoma
Motorcycle road incident deaths
People from Tonkawa, Oklahoma
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Ponca City High School alumni
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games | [
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17175565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew%27s%20fiddle | Shrew's fiddle | A shrew's fiddle or neck violin is a variation of the yoke, pillory or rigid irons whereby the wrists are locked in front of the bound person by a hinged board or steel bar. It was originally used in the Middle Ages as a way of punishing those who were caught bickering or fighting.
History
The shrew's fiddle was used in medieval Germany and Austria, where it was known as a , meaning "neck viola" or "neck violin". It was originally made out of two pieces of wood fitted with a hinge and a lock at the front. The shrew's fiddle consisted of three holes. One was a large hole for the neck and the other two were smaller holes which fastened the wrists in front of the face.
A bell was sometimes attached to this portable pillory, to alert townspeople that the victim was approaching so that they might be mocked and otherwise humiliated. Another version was a "double fiddle" by which two people could be attached together face-to-face, forcing them to talk to each other. They were not released until the argument had been resolved.
See also
Jougs
Scold's bridle
References
Physical restraint
Medieval instruments of torture
European instruments of torture | [
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17175592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20for%20Terra | Battle for Terra | Battle for Terra, originally screened as Terra, is a 2007 American computer-animated action-adventure science fiction film, based on the short film Terra, about a race of beings on a peaceful alien planet who face destruction from colonization by the displaced remainder of the human race. The film was directed by Aristomenis Tsirbas who conceived it as a hard-edged live action feature with photo-real Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) environments. The close collaboration with producing partner and investor Snoot Entertainment redirected the project to become fully animated and appeal to younger audiences. The film features the voices of Evan Rachel Wood, Luke Wilson, Brian Cox and James Garner (In his last major film role before his death) among others.
It premiered on September 8, 2007 at the Toronto International Film Festival. It was widely released in the United States on May 1, 2009. The film was originally shot in 2D but was made in such a way that a second camera could be added to the film. After the film was shown at festivals and distributors showed an interest in it, a small team was hired to render the entire film again from the perspective of the second camera for a true 3D effect. It won the Grand Prize for Best Animated Feature at the 2008 Ottawa International Animation Festival.
Plot
Mala and her friend Senn are young creatures of an alien race that inhabits Terra, a peaceful, near Earth-like planet that is part of a star system in the Milky Way galaxy and has a rich and advanced culture.
One day, a large, mysterious object partially blocks the Terrian sun, piquing the Terrians' interest. Mala, who is inventive and headstrong, goes against the Terrian rules that ban the development of new technologies without the approval of the ruling council and creates a telescope. She takes it outside the city and uses it to view the object. Recon ships emerge from the large object, come down to the city and start abducting Terrians. Some willingly offer themselves to the spaceships mistaking them as their new "gods".
After Mala's father, Roven, is abducted, she lures a ship into a trap, causing it to crash. She saves the pilot, a human named Lieutenant James "Jim" Stanton. After his personal robot assistant, Giddy, warns Mala that Jim will die without oxygen, absent on the planet, she scavenges suitable plants and creates a tent in which Jim can breathe. In exchange, Giddy teaches her human language. Jim awakes and finds out his ship is damaged beyond repair. Giddy tells Mala why the humans have come: centuries beforehand, both Mars and Venus were terraformed and colonized by humans for their natural resources. 200 years later, the planets demanded independence from Earth, to no avail. This dispute escalated into a violent interplanetary war that rendered all three planets uninhabitable. The mysterious object in the sky is The Ark, a generation ship containing the remnants of the human race, traveling for several generations in search for a new home. They arrived at Terra, and gave it its name. Mala agrees to fix Jim's ship, so she can go with him to save Roven. When Mala, Jim, and Giddy return to the crash site, they discover the ship has been moved.
The trio tracks the ship to a secret underground military facility where the elders and Doron, the leader of the council, secretly retain the military technology from prior conflicts. After infiltrating the facility and fixing the ship, they fly to the Ark. In it, the commander of the human army, General Hemmer, takes over the Ark in a coup, and declares war on Terra. Mala finds Roven, but gets detected. A fight with the guards starts, in which she gets captured and Roven, while trying to keep the humans away from him with a laser, unintentionally causes a decompression that kills him and the men. Hemmer tells Jim his goal is to turn Terra into a new Earth. He will drop the Terraformer, a huge machine capable of creating an Earth-like atmosphere onto the planet's surface, annihilating the Terrians in the process. To test his loyalty, Hemmer creates a scenario in which Jim has to choose between killing Mala or his younger brother Stewart. Jim saves Stewart, while discreetly ordering Giddy to rescue Mala by breaking the glass. Hemmer orders Jim to join the space-fighters in charge of defending the Terraformer, while he personally supervises the mission within the machine.
Doron and the Terrian elders allow Terrians to defend their planet with their stockpile of military tech, but are hopelessly outnumbered with an unexpectedly large amount of opposing fighters. The humans drop the Terraformer onto the surface and it begins to poison the planet with oxygen. As the machine is close to completing its objective, Jim finds Mala fighting Stewart, and realized the immoral decision in killing the Terrians. He destroys the Terraformer with missiles, killing a betrayed Hemmer, while enduring flak fire. The ensuing explosion kills Jim as it consumes his damaged fighter. Mala, Giddy and Stewart steer away from the fireball and barely survive the fight. The Terraformer's scorched skeleton collapses, leaving only one leg standing in its wake.
After the Terraformer's destruction and Jim and Hemmer's death, humans and Terrians agree to live in peace. Having abandoned the Ark, they establish a colony on the planet, where a statue of Jim is erected in honor of his heroic actions.
Cast
Evan Rachel Wood as Mala, a curious Terrian who take cares of her father Roven
Luke Wilson as Lieutenant James "Jim" Stanton, a human military pilot who joins forces with Mala
Brian Cox as General Hemmer, leader of the military wing of the Ark
James Garner as Doron, leader of the Terrians
David Cross as Giddy, Jim's robot assistant
Chris Evans as Stewart Stanton, Jim Stanton's younger brother
Dennis Quaid as Roven, Mala's handicapped father
Justin Long as Senn, Mala's boyfriend
Danny Glover as President Chen, the human leader in the Ark
Amanda Peet as Maria Montez, one of the human Board Council members of the Ark
Mark Hamill as Elder Orin
Tiffany Brevard as Singer Soloist
Danny Trejo as Elder Berum
Phil LaMarr as Fabric Merchant
Laraine Newman as Toy Merchant
Ron Perlman as Elder Vorin
Release
Roadside Attractions handled theatrical marketing in North America and used its business relationship with Lionsgate to open the film wide in the United States. Battle for Terra received uncharacteristically little marketing for a wide release film. The television campaign consisted of a small number of television spots on Cartoon Network and a handful of network television ads in select markets. Awareness for the film on its opening weekend was subsequently little to non-existent. This strategy of having a disproportionately small advertising campaign for a wide release was employed only one other time a year earlier with the film Delgo. The results for that film were disastrous as the $40 million Delgo grossed a mere $694,782 on 2,160 screens. The lower costing Battle for Terra fared considerably better by taking in more than twice as much revenue ($1,647,083) on roughly half as many screens (1,159) and continued on to gross $6 million internationally. Battle For Terra opened May 1 in the United States against 2 other wide releases: X-Men Origins: Wolverine (4,099 screens) and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (3,175).
Home media
Battle for Terra was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 22, 2009 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Battle for Terra was released in France in French and English version by Rézo Films on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 20, 2010 and include a 3D version of the movie with 4 3D glasses. A Region B Blu-ray 3D was released in Germany.
Reception
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. Based on 94 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an average rating of 5.52/10, and a score of 49% from critics, saying that "Despite its earnest aspirations to be a thought-provoking sci-fi alternative, Battle for Terra lacks both a cohesive story and polished visuals, and fails to resonate." Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gives the film an average score of 54% based on 19 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
The film opened at #12 in the United States, grossing $1,082,064 in 1,159 theaters with an average of $934 per theater. The film's international box office began May 14, 2009 in Russia with a 5th place opening of $332,634 at 83 screens. Battle for Terra's current worldwide total is $6,101,046.
Accolades
Annecy International Animated Film Festival 2009
Giffoni Film Festival 2008
Heartland Film Festival 2008
Ottawa International Animation Festival 2008
References
External links
2007 films
2007 computer-animated films
2000s adventure films
2007 science fiction films
2007 3D films
3D animated films
American space adventure films
Lionsgate animated films
Films set in the future
Films set on fictional planets
Lionsgate films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Fiction portraying humans as aliens
Generation ships in fiction
2000s American animated films
American animated science fiction films
Features based on short films
Roadside Attractions films
Films with screenplays by Evan Spiliotopoulos
Films produced by Keith Calder
Colonialism in popular culture
2000s English-language films | [
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17175612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20J.%20Maher | T. J. Maher | Thomas Joseph Maher (29 April 1922 – 19 April 2002) was an Irish politician and farmers' leader.
He was born on a small farm near Cashel, County Tipperary in 1922, the seventh child of Thomas Maher, a farmer, and his wife Julianne Maher. He was educated locally and became a member of Macra na Feirme. He was a founder member of National Farmers' Association (later the Irish Farmers' Association (IFA)) in 1955. In 1958, he married Elizabeth Kennedy from Bansha, near Cashel. They lived at Castlemoyle and had one daughter and two sons. He became the President of the IFA in 1967. In 1977 he became president of the Irish Co-operative Organisation Society (ICOS).
He was first elected to the European Parliament at the 1979 European election for the Munster constituency as an Independent and was re-elected at the 1984 and 1989 elections. In the European Parliament, he was a member of the Liberal Democrat and Reform group.
He stood unsuccessfully as an independent candidate at the 1981 general election in the Tipperary South constituency. He retired from politics at the 1994 European election. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Limerick in 1997.
References
External links
1922 births
2002 deaths
Irish agrarianists
20th-century Irish farmers
Politicians from County Tipperary
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1989–1994
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1984–1989
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1979–1984
Independent MEPs for Ireland
People from Cashel, County Tipperary | [
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17175632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus%20Castrus | Petrus Castrus | Petrus Castrus is a Portuguese progressive rock band, formed in 1971 by brothers Pedro Castro and José Castro. Petrus Castrus emerged as one of the first Symphonic Rock bands in Portugal, receiving the status of "Fathers of Portuguese Rock" together with other famous bands.
Influences
In the beginning Petrus Castrus were quite influenced by bands like Pink Floyd, Procol Harum, The Nice and Electric Light Orchestra.
Members
The initial Petrus Castrus contained members:
Pedro Castro: vocals, guitar and bass
José Castro: keyboards, synthesizer and vocals
Júlio Pereira: guitar
Rui Reis: organ
João Seixas: drums
Júlio Pereira left the band shortly after the recording of Mestre. The band suspended activity in 1974 and Rui Reis and João Seixas left to form the band Plutónicos, and later the heavy metal band Ferro & Fogo (Iron & Fire).
In 1976, the Castro brothers returned with a new lineup:
Pedro Castro: vocals, guitar and bass
José Castro: keyboards, synthesizer and vocal
Urbano Oliveira: drums
Two years later, their album Ascenção e Queda was made with contributions from:
Fernando Girão: guitar
Rui Serrão: bass
Lena d'Água: vocals
Nuno Rodrigues: vocals
Discography
Marasmo (EP, 1971)
Tudo Isto, Tudo Mais (All This, Everything More) (EP, 1972)
Mestre (Master) (LP, 1973; CD, 2007)
A Bananeira (single, 1974)
Cândida (single, 1977)
Ascenção e Queda (Ascent and Fall) (LP, 1978)
Agente Altamente Secreto (Highly Secret Agent) (single, 1977, was on bonus CD of Mestre)
External links
Petrus Castrus on progarchives
Portuguese progressive rock groups
Portuguese rock music groups | [
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17175635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyema%20miquelii | Amyema miquelii | Amyema miquelii, also known as box mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae, found attached to several species of Australian eucalypt and occasionally on some species of Acacia. It is the most widespread of the Australian Mistletoes, occurring mainly to the west of the Great Dividing Range. It has shiny leaves and red flowers arranged in groups of 3. It is distinguished from the similar Amyema pendula through the individual stalks of the flowers.
The seeds are dispersed by various birds, particularly by the mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) that eat the fruit and then either wipes the sticky remains from the beak or when defecating has to wipe it from its feathers onto, most often, a twig due to the extremely sticky nature of the seed.
The seed immediately begins to germinate and soon penetrates the vascular system of the tree and creates a physiological connection with the xylem of the new host. From that point, the seedling begins to obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host.
Taxonomy
It was first described as Loranthus miqueli in 1845 by Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, was transferred to the genus, Amyema in 1894 by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem.
Gallery
References
miquelii
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Queensland
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Victoria (state)
Eudicots of Western Australia
Parasitic plants
Epiphytes | [
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17175640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Sagalov | Leonid Sagalov | Leonid Sagalov (Kharkiv, 1910 – Moscow, 1940) was a Soviet pianist.
His fine performance in the II International Chopin Piano Competition, which earned him the 6th prize, paved the way for a concert career abroad, but he shortly afterwards settled back in Kharkiv, where he combined teaching in the city's Conservatory with a concert career along the Ukrainian SSR. Just a year after he was appointed a professor, the Nazi capture of Kharkiv forced him to flee to Moscow, where he died in unknown circumstances.
External links
Leonid Sagalov at the Chopin Information Centre.
Male classical pianists
1910 births
1940 deaths
Prize-winners of the International Chopin Piano Competition
Soviet classical pianists
Soviet composers | [
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17175661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton%2C%20Hampshire | Downton, Hampshire | Downton is a hamlet in Hampshire, England, clustered around a crossroads on the A337 road (Lymington to New Milton) with a lane to the sea southwards whilst another lane leads north to Hordle. Most of the population today live in the part that has been re-allocated to the civil parish of Milford-on-Sea (in which statistical urban area the majority of the population at the 2011 Census was included); the area north of the A337 is in Hordle. Part of the Green belt, its population fluctuates as it has two holiday/static home parks with amenities and some small camp sites.
Lengthened accessway to coast
The part of the cliff and beach known as Taddiford Gap most associated with Downton has become inaccessible directly from Downton due to coastal erosion. A forest path through Shorefield Holiday Park reaches West Road car park, with amenities, from which Hordle Cliff Beach (also known as Milford Beach) can be accessed, more than five miles of favourable bathing and sunbathing, weather and conditions depending.
History
Downton is first mentioned in the Pipe rolls for 1160 as a 'new place'. The name is first recorded as Dunchinton although more commonly Donketon and Coates states that this is most likely derived from Dunneca's farm or otherwise from *OE dunnocatu-n (farm of hedge sparrows). In 1263 the estate seems to have belonged to Thomas de Orweye although, by 1397, it had expanded to include part of Everton in Milford. After c. 1500 the manor became part of the extensive possessions of the Milles family of Southampton, builders of Hurst Castle. The manor was purchased at end of the 18th century by Sir William Cornwallis (with adjoining manors in Milford) whose heir, Anne Whitby was the grandmother of Col. William Cornwallis-West. His son George Cornwallis-West went bankrupt around 1920 and the estate was sold. The western part, owned by the Ashley Clinton family, was sold a few years later although the planned large scale development was prevented.
Piecemeal house building followed for the next few decades. Before the 1980s, the A337 road west of Downton made six sharp turns, but the road has since been straightened.
The region has always been one of dispersed settlement although the inn known as The Royal Oak, Downton provided one centre for the provision of services in Hordle. Whilst the inn remains, today the adjacent businesses are car-related. In 2009 permission was granted for gravel extraction on a nearby site, despite opposition from local residents.
References
Villages in Hampshire | [
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] |
17175695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimund%20von%20zur-M%C3%BChlen | Raimund von zur-Mühlen | Baron Raimund von zur-Mühlen (sometimes "Raymond", "Raimund von Zur Mühlen") (10 November 1854 in Uusna Manor (Neu-Tennasilm), Viljandi Parish (now in Viiratsi Parish), Viljandi County, Governorate of Livonia – 11 December 1931 in Wiston, near Steyning, England) was a celebrated tenor Lieder singer who also became a famous teacher of singing, instructing many famous artists. His Lieder-interpretations are legendary.
Life and career
He was a student of Auguste Hohenschildt, Felix Schmidt, Adolf Schulze, Julius Stockhausen and Clara Schumann. He made his debut in 1878, together with Hans Schmidt, in Riga. After this he continued working on his capabilities as a singer, above all with Manuel Garcia, Beniamino Carelli and Pauline Viardot.
He is recognised as a founder of the Lieder-abend or evening recital of the German concert Lieder as a distinct performance entity. His interpretation of Lieder and his specialist study of Lieder interpretation were of the utmost importance in the evolution of the Lieder genre itself. He gave Schumann Lieder-recitals with Clara Schumann. She set him on the path to London, where he gave his first concert in 1883. At one of his concerts, Johannes Brahms shouted out, 'Endlich, endlich habe ich meinen Sänger gefunden!' (At last, at last, I have found my singer).
Thereafter he spent much time in London. In 1907 he emigrated to England, with homes in London and Steyning. His last stay in Germany must have been in 1913–1914 in Berlin, where he gave a course of Masterclasses. Thereafter he lived in England for the remainder of his life. Here he met for the last time Monika Hunnius, author and singing-teacher, who had regularly studied with him in 1904–1911 at the Schloss Fellin or at Neuhausen, and developed a deep friendship with him.
In his younger days he usually appeared with his habitual accompanist and kindred spirit Hans Schmidt. Among his later accompanists were Victor Beigel and Coenraad V. Bos. Bos mentions him in his book: the singer gave his young accompanist no encouragement, but criticized him severely. After their fifth concert together he was told 'You must have played well today, for I did not notice you.' He was the teacher of Lula Mysz-Gmeiner (who taught Elisabeth Schwarzkopf), of Mark Raphael, Hans Lissman, Eva Jekelius-Lissman, Rose Walter, Eidé Norena, Georg A. Walter, Fanny Opfer, Naima Wifstrand, and Hermann Weißenborn, among many others.
He was considered an ideal Lieder singer. He is also described as an eccentric. He was born of an aristocratic family. His valuable collection of documents, musical and artistic papers were destroyed in 1930 in a great fire at his house near Steyning.
Sources
Dorothea von zur-Mühlen, Der Sänger Raimund von zur-Mühlen (Hannover, 1969).
Monika Hunnius, Mein Weg zur Kunst.
W. and R. Elwes, Gervase Elwes, The Story of his Life (Grayson and Grayson, London 1935).
Gerald Moore, Am I too Loud (Harmondsworth 1966).
H. Arnold Smith, 'Baron Raimund von zur-Mühlen: The Passing of a great Artist', Musical Times Vol 73 no 107 (1 April 1932), 316–320.
Obituary, in Music and Letters 1932, .
External links
Biographical essay, in German
References
1854 births
1931 deaths
People from Viljandi Parish
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Livonian nobility
19th-century male opera singers from the Russian Empire
20th-century German male opera singers
Baltic German people from the Russian Empire
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
20th-century British male opera singers
People from Steyning
Baltic-German people | [
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17175696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine%20Madonna | Divine Madonna | Divine Madonna (foaled 8 October 2002) is an Australian Thoroughbred racemare. She won four group one (G1) races, the 2006 Emirates Stakes, 2007 Queen of the Turf Stakes, 2007 Toorak Handicap and the 2007 Myer Classic. Divine Madonna had 26 race starts and only finished out of the top five runners twice in her career.
She was a brown mare bred by Mill Park Stud & R. Dinham of South Australia and was sired by Hurricane Sky from My Madonna by Prego (IRE). Hurricane Sky won the VATC Blue Diamond Stakes and AJC All-Aged Stakes and sired 16 stakes-winners that had 32 stakes-wins between them. Divine Madonna was a half-sister to Blessum (VRC Standish Handicap winner).
Racing career
Divine Madonna was trained by Mark Kavanagh.
At two years
She made her debut as a two-year-old (2yo) in February 2005 at Cheltenham Park Racecourse, South Australia in a race in which she came from last on the home turn to win. She had another start as a (2yo) finishing fourth before she was spelled (rested) for 33 weeks.
At three years
Divine Madonna had three starts in the spring for a win in the listed MRC Twilight Glow Stakes and two seconds and was then given a 13 weeks spell. During the summer and autumn of 2006 she had six starts for a second and third placing and was again sent for a spell.
At four years
In the spring of 2006 Divine Madonna had four starts which included a win in the G2 VRC Melbourne Carnival Stakes. In the 2006 Group 1 Emirates Stakes, Divine Madonna defeated Niconero by approximately a ½ length. After a spell she had four starts for a win in the G1 STC Queen of the Turf Stakes, a second in the G1 Coolmore Classic, and a third in the G1 Doncaster Handicap.
At five years
Divine Madonna had six starts which included wins in the G1 MRC Toorak Handicap and G1 VRC Myer Classic over 1,600 metres.
She had 26 race starts for 8 wins, 3 seconds and 4 thirds and earnings of A$2,013,390 from 2005 to March 2008. Divine Madonna was retired at five due to a back injury and was immediately retired to stud.
Stud record
Below is Divine Madonna's foaling record:
2009 La Pieta, bay filly by Redoute's Choice
2010 bay colt by Redoute's Choice (AUS)
2011 covered by Lonhro (AUS) on 26 October 2010
References
2002 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Australia
Racehorses trained in Australia
Thoroughbred family 4-o | [
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17175705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%20Coope%20Ground | Ind Coope Ground | The Ind Coope Ground was a cricket ground in Burton, England where Derbyshire CCC played between 1938 and 1980. In most years, the ground would host at least one County Championship match. Staffordshire CCC used the ground between 1987 and 1991 for NatWest Trophy and Minor Counties Championship matches.
The ground hosted 38 first-class matches and 7 List A matches.
The ground is named after the former brewing firm Ind Coope.
Game Information:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Game Type
! No. of Games
|-
| County Championship Matches
| 35
|-
| limited-over county matches
| 7
|-
| Twenty20 matches
| 0
|}
Game Statistics: first-class:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Information
|-
| Highest Team Score
| There have been no team scores of more than 500 on this ground
|-
| Lowest Team Score
| Hampshire (23 against Derbyshire) in 1958
|-
| Best Batting Performance
| John Langridge (184 Runs for Sussex against Derbyshire in 1950
|-
| Best Bowling Performance
| George Pope (8/38 for Derbyshire against Sussex) in 1948
|}
Game Statistics: one-day:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Information
|-
| Highest Team Score
| Surrey (285/9 in 60 overs against Staffordshire) in 1988
|-
| Lowest Team Score
| Derbyshire (23 against Leicestershire) in 1975
|-
| Best Batting Performance
| Geoff Humpage (76 Runs for Warwickshire against Staffordshire in 1987
|-
| Best Bowling Performance
| Allan Donald (5/24 for Warwickshire against Staffordshire) in 1987
|}
External links
Cricinfo Website - Ground Page
Cricket Archive page
Cricket grounds in Staffordshire
Defunct cricket grounds in England | [
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17175733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Roberts%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201907%29 | William Roberts (footballer, born 1907) | William J. Roberts (born 1907, date of death unknown) was an English professional footballer. He was born in Birmingham.
While playing amateur football for Flint Town United, Roberts impressed enough for the club to sign him on a full contract in 1928. During his four years at Ninian Park the club fell into a serious decline that saw them fall from division one to division three in the space of four years. Roberts was a virtual ever present during the freefall and scored his only goal for the Bluebirds in December 1929 during a 5–2 win over Southampton. He parted company with the club at the end of the 1932–33 season and did play professional football again.
References
1907 births
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Cardiff City F.C. players
English Football League players
Year of death missing
Flint Town United F.C. players
Men's association football defenders | [
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17175736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibril%20Agreement | Jibril Agreement | The Jibril Agreement () or "Jibril Deal" () was a prisoner exchange deal which took place on May 21, 1985 between the Israeli government, then headed by Shimon Peres, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (an organization often known as just 'PFLP-GC'). As part of the agreement, Israel released 1,150 security prisoners held in Israeli prisons in exchange for three Israeli prisoners (Yosef Grof, Nissim Salem, Hezi Shai) captured during the First Lebanon War. This was one of several prisoner exchange agreements carried out between Israel and groups it classified as terrorist organizations around that time.
Among the prisoners released by Israel were Kozo Okamoto—one of the perpetrators of the Lod Airport Massacre in May 1972, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment—and Ahmed Yassin, a Gazan Muslim Brotherhood leader who was sentenced to 13 years imprisonment in 1983 and who later became the spiritual leader of Hamas. Another prisoner released was Ali Jiddah, who had served 17 years for planting of a bomb near a Jerusalem hospital in 1968 that wounded nine Israelis. Another prisoner released was Ziyad al-Nakhalah, who was serving a life sentence, and who has been the leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad since 28 September 2018. Abdullah Nimar Darwish, on the other hand, renounced violence by Palestinians within Israel's pre-1967 borders.
The Israeli government faced harsh public criticism for agreeing to release the 1,150 security prisoners, among them those sentenced to life imprisonment and responsible for the killing of many Israeli citizens, particularly since the exchange did not include the three IDF soldiers who were declared missing in action after the Battle of Sultan Yacoub in 1982. One of the Israeli negotiators resigned in protest against the agreement. All of the government ministers, with the exception of Yitzhak Navon, supported the agreement.
Many of the Palestinian prisoners released in this agreement later went on to form the backbone of the leadership of the First Intifada, which broke out less than three years after the agreement.
The agreement with the PFLP-GC reportedly took nearly a year to negotiate. The nickname for the agreement came about as a reference to Palestinian militant leader Ahmed Jibril.
On 30 June 1985, 39 foreigners seized on a TWA Flight 847 en route from Athens to Rome, hijacked to Beirut, were released. On July 1 1985, Israel announced that it was ready to release Shia detainees from its prisons. Over the next several weeks, Israel released over 700 Shia prisoners, but Israel denied that the prisoners' release was related to the hijacking. In July 1985, 331 Lebanese Shias freed from Israeli detention claimed their release was part of a prisoner exchange deal, but the Israeli government formally denied that connection.
See also
List of Israeli prisoner exchanges
The Bhamdoun abduction operation (1982)
Ahmed Jibril
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC)
References
1985 in Israel
1985 in international relations
Israeli prisoner exchanges | [
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17175737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th%20New%20Brunswick%20Legislature | 39th New Brunswick Legislature | The 39th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between April 4, 1940, and July 10, 1944.
William George Clark served as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
F. A. McGrand was chosen as speaker.
The Liberal Party led by Allison Dysart formed the government. Dysart was replaced by John B. McNair in March 1940.
History
Members
Notes
References
Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1944, PG Normandin
Terms of the New Brunswick Legislature
1939 establishments in New Brunswick
1944 disestablishments in New Brunswick
20th century in New Brunswick | [
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17175770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstrom%20Field | Carlstrom Field | Carlstrom Field is a former military airfield, located southeast of Arcadia, Florida. The airfield was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I.
History
Carlstrom Field was named after 1st Lieutenant Victor Carlstrom.
World War I
In 1917 the Army announced its intention of establishing a series of camps to train prospective pilots after the United States entry into World War I. An Army survey crew was sent to Southwest Florida looking for suitable sites to build airfields, one selected was a site about 6 miles to the southeast of Arcadia, Florida. An agreement to lease the land for the Army was concluded, and the construction of some 90 buildings began in January 1918. It covered over which included fourteen hangars that housed four to eight planes each, a hospital, and six barracks that held 175 men each. Dozens of wooden buildings served as headquarters, maintenance, and officers’ quarters. Enlisted men had to bivouac in tents.
In March, 1918 the 107th and 108th Aero Squadrons was transferred from Rich Field, Waco, Texas and assigned to the new Carlstrom Field. In April the 76th and 109th Aero Squadrons, also arrived from Rich Field, but were subsequently transferred over to Dorr Field; which was designed as an auxiliary sub-field for Carlstrom. Only a few Air Service aircraft arrived from Waco; most of the Curtiss JN-4 Jennys to be used for flight training were shipped in wooden crates by railcar. Carlstrom Field served as an advanced school for pursuit pilots. It offered a six-week course. It had a student capacity of 400.
Squadrons assigned to Carlstrom Field were:
Post Headquarters, Carlstrom Field, March–September 1919
107th Aero Squadron (II), March 1918
Re-designated: Squadron "A", July–November 1918
108th Aero SquadronII), March 1918
Re-designated: Squadron "B", July–November 1918
111th Aero Squadron (II), May 1918 (Initially at Dorr Field)
Re-designated: Squadron "C", July–November 1918
205th Aero Squadron (II), April 1918
Re-designated: Squadron "D", July–November 1918
284th Aero Squadron (II), February 1918
Re-designated: Squadron "E", July–November 1918
302d Aero Squadron (Service), June 1918
Re-designated: Squadron "F", July–November 1918
Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A–F), November 1918 – September 1919
In addition to the training at Carlstrom Field, the pursuit pilot school operated a sub-field, Valentine Field, located at Labelle, Lee County, Florida. Valentine Field was named in honor of 2d Lieutenant Herman W. Valentine, who was killed in an airplane accident at Carlstrom Field on 4 May 1918. Junius Wallace Jones, who later rose to the rank of Major General and was the first Inspector-General of the United States Air Force received his flight training here.
With the sudden end of World War I in November 1918, the future operational status of Carlstrom Field was unknown. Many local officials speculated that the U.S. government would keep the field open because of the outstanding combat record established by Carlstrom-trained pilots in Europe. Locals also pointed to the optimal weather conditions in the Southwest Florida area for flight training. Cadets in flight training on 11 November 1918 were allowed to complete their training, however no new cadets were assigned to the base. Also the separate training squadrons were consolidated into a single Flying School detachment, as many of the personnel assigned were being demobilized.
Inter-war period
Rapid demobilization followed the end of World War I, and despite the experience of that conflict, the Army's air arm remained quite small during most of the interwar period. After the armistice, Carlstrom Field served as a testing area for various aircraft, dirigibles, and other aeronautical weapons. In October 1919, final testing of an experimental unmanned aircraft called the "Kettering Bug", one of the earliest examples of a cruise missile, was successfully tested & launched at Carlstrom Field.
In January 1920 primary pilot instruction resumed on a small scale at Carlstrom Field with the opening of the Air Service Pilots' School. Training in primary flying took place at both Carlstrom and Dorr Fields. However, the administrative difficulties of the Air Service training about 200 flying cadets concurrently at such widely separated locations in Texas, California and Florida prompted a decision in 1923 to centralize all flying training in San Antonio, Texas. Carlstrom was ordered to phase down all activities at the base, and the flying training school was subsequently transferred to Brooks Field.
The War Department had ordered that a small caretaker force remain to dismantle all remaining structures and to sell them as surplus, and by 1926 Carlstrom field was closed. Throughout the remainder of the 1920s and 1930s, the War Department leased out the vacant land to local farmers and ranchers.
World War II
With the need for primary pilot training brought on by World War II, Carlstrom re-opened in March 1941 under the operation of Riddle Aeronautical Institute. The 53d Flying Training Detachment was activated under then Brigadier-General Junius Wallace Jones, who learned to fly at Carlstrom. The 53d FTD exercised Air Corps oversight of Embry-Riddle. A new facility was built adjacent to the remains of World War I-era facilities and Riddle contracted to train Royal Air Force aviators under the Arnold Scheme and graduated the first class in August 1941.
Carlstrom Field had a very unusual layout, with a compact group of buildings located inside a circular road, with five hangars located around the southern periphery of the road. No paved runway was ever built with the flying conducted from the grass field.
Postwar use
Closed after the war, Carlstrom Field became the site of the G. Pierce Wood Memorial Hospital, a psychiatric hospital, in 1947. Many of World War II era buildings remained in use by the hospital, with former six-plane hangars serving as maintenance buildings. The band shell, site of dances and other entertainment during the war, remains on the site.
In 2002, the G. Pierce Wood Memorial Hospital was closed; until 2011 the DeSoto County Juvenile Correctional Facility operated on the site. The only remembrance of Carlstrom field today is a plaque on the administration building placed when it was refurbished by the state of Florida in 1992, and a tired B-17 weather vane on top of the building.
The Oak Ridge Cemetery in Arcadia is the final resting-place of twenty-three RAF cadets who died while in the United States for training. A special marker at the cemetery recognizes their service and a ceremony is held in their memory each year on Memorial Day.
Six hangars were constructed at Carlstrom Field. The two built first survive today. Also still standing are the mess hall, band shell, canteen, administration building, water and sewage plants, and two training buildings. All that remains from World War I version of Carlstrom Field are concrete pads along Highway 31 upon which the wooden hangars stood, and across the highway, on private property, is a concrete full-scale outline of a World War I biplane that is approximately one foot tall. It was used for target practice by filling it up with water and cadets would shoot at it from the air and be able to see "hits" when their bullets struck the water.
In 2014, the state of Florida sold the property to Power Auto Corporation, for the construction of a driver training facility and a hotel.
While a few buildings remain, the only recognition that this was an air base is a commemorative plaque.
See also
Florida World War II Army Airfields
United States Army World War I Flight Training
29th Flying Training Wing (World War II)
References
Sources
Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History's Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
External links
Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields, Carlstrom Field
1917 establishments in Florida
USAAF Contract Flying School Airfields
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Florida
Buildings and structures in DeSoto County, Florida
World War I airfields in the United States | [
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17175776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20relief%20bills | Roman Catholic relief bills | The Roman Catholic Relief Bills were a series of measures introduced over time in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries before the Parliaments of Great Britain and the United Kingdom to remove the restrictions and prohibitions imposed on British and Irish Catholics during the English Reformation. These restrictions had been introduced to enforce the separation of the English church from the Catholic Church which began in 1529 under Henry VIII.
Following the death of the Jacobite claimant to the British throne James Francis Edward Stuart on 1 January 1766, the pope recognised the legitimacy of the Hanoverian dynasty, which began a process of rapprochement between the Catholic Church and the United Kingdom. Over the next sixty-three years, various bills were introduced in Parliament to repeal restrictions against practise of the Catholic faith, but these bills encountered political opposition, especially during the Napoleonic Wars. With the exception of the Papists Act 1778 and the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791, these bills were defeated. Then, finally, most of the remaining restrictions against Catholics in the United Kingdom were repealed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829.
Background
England
Under laws passed in the reign of Elizabeth I, any English subject receiving Holy Orders of the Church of Rome and coming to England was guilty of high treason, and any one who aided or sheltered him was guilty of a capital felony. It was likewise made treason to be reconciled to the Church of Rome and to procure others to be reconciled. Any official, civil and ecclesiastical, who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy denying the pope's spiritual jurisdiction could also be tried for treason. Parents were prohibited from educating their children in the Catholic faith.
Saying Mass was punishable by a fine of 200 marks, while attending Mass was subject to a fine of 100 marks. The statutes of recusancy punished nonconformity with the Established Church by a fine of twenty pounds per lunar month during which the parish church was not attended, there being thirteen of such months in the year. Such non-attendances constituted recusancy in the proper sense of the term, and originally affected all, whether Catholic or otherwise, who did not conform.
In 1593 by the Popish Recusants Act 1592, the consequences of such non-conformity were limited to Popish recusants. A Papist, convicted of absenting himself from church, became a Popish recusant convict, and besides the monthly fine of twenty pounds, was prohibited from holding any office or employment, from keeping arms in his house, from maintaining actions or suits at law or in equity, from being an executor or a guardian, from presenting to an advowson, from practising the law or physic, and from holding office civil or military. He was likewise subject to the penalties attaching to excommunication, was not permitted to travel from his house without licence, under pain of forfeiting all his goods, and might not come to Court under a penalty of one hundred pounds. Other provisions extended similar penalties to married women. Popish recusants convict were, within three months of conviction, either to submit and renounce their papistry, or, if required by four justices, to abjure the realm. If they did not depart, or returned without licence, they were guilty of a capital felony.
The Oath of Allegiance, enacted under James I in 1606 in immediate aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot, required Catholic recusants to declare their loyalty to James. By the Corporation Act 1661, no one could legally be elected to any municipal office unless he had within the year received the Sacrament according to the rite of the Church of England, and likewise, taken the Oath of Supremacy. The first provision excluded all non-conformists; the second Catholics only. The Test Act 1673 imposed on all officers, civil and military, a "Declaration against Transubstantiation", whereby Catholics were debarred from such employment. Five years later, the Test Act 1678 required all members of either House of Parliament, before taking their seats, to make a "Declaration against Popery", denouncing Transubstantiation, the Mass and the invocation of saints as idolatrous.
After the Glorious Revolution
With the Revolution of 1688 came a new crop of penal laws. These laws were more likely to be enforced. The sanguinary penalties of the sixteenth century had, in great measure, defeated their own end but were generally left on the statute book in terrorem. That is, the Elizabethan laws were so harsh that no one was willing to actually enforce them. In 1689 (1 William and Mary, i, c. 9) a shorter form of the Oath of Allegiance and Supremacy was substituted, the clause aimed against Catholics being carefully retained. It was likewise ordered that all Papists and reputed Papists should be "amoved" from the cities of London and Westminster.
The Popery Act 1698 effective 25 March 1700, offered a reward of one hundred pounds was to anyone who should give information leading to the conviction of a Popish priest or bishop, who was made punishable by imprisonment for life. Moreover, any Papist who within six months of attaining the age of eighteen failed to take the Oath of Allegiance and Supremacy and subscribe to the Declaration against Popery, was disabled in respect to himself (but not of his heirs or posterity) from acquiring or holding land, and until he submitted, his next of kin who was a Protestant might enjoy his lands, without being obliged to account for the profits. The recusant was also incapable of purchasing, and all trusts on his behalf were void.
In 1714 (Geo. 1. c. 13) a new element was introduced, namely Constructive Recusancy. The Oath of Allegiance and Supremacy might be tendered to any suspected person by any two Justices of the Peace, and persons refusing it were to be adjudged Popish recusants convict and to forfeit, and be proceeded against accordingly. Thus the refusal of the Oath was placed on the same footing as a legal conviction, and the person so convicted was rendered liable to all penalties under those statutes. At the same time an obligation was imposed on Catholics requiring them to register their names and estates, and to enroll their deeds and wills.
Enforcement in the eighteenth century
These penal laws remained on the statute book unmitigated till late in the eighteenth century, and although there was less and less disposition to put them in force, there was ever the danger, which upon occasion grew more acute. In 1767 a priest named Malony was tried at Croydon for his priesthood, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment, which, at the end of two or three years, was commuted "by the mercy of the Government" to banishment. In 1768 the Reverend James Webb was tried in the Court of King's Bench for saying Mass but was acquitted, the Chief Justice, Lord Mansfield, ruling that there was no evidence sufficient to convict.
In 1769 and on other occasions, seemingly as late as 1771, Dr. James Talbot, coadjutor to Bishop Challoner, was tried for his life at the Old Bailey, on the charge of his priesthood and of saying Mass, but was acquitted on similar grounds. Such instances were not solitary. In 1870, Charles Butler found that one firm of lawyers had defended more than twenty priests under prosecutions of this nature. In 1778 a Catholic committee was formed to promote the cause of relief for their co-religionists, and though several times elected afresh, continued to exist until 1791, with a short interval after the Gordon Riots. It was always uniformly aristocratic in composition, and until 1787 included no representation of the hierarchy and then but three co-opted members.
1778 Act
In the same year, 1778, was passed the first 'Act for Catholic Relief', the Papists Act 1778. By this, an oath was imposed, which besides a declaration of loyalty to the reigning sovereign, contained an abjuration of the Pretender, and of certain doctrines attributed to Catholics, as that excommunicated princes may lawfully be murdered, that no faith should be kept with heretics, and that the pope has temporal as well as spiritual jurisdiction in this realm. Those taking this oath were exempted from some of the provisions of the Act of William III passed in 1700. The section as to taking and prosecuting priests were repealed, as also the penalty of perpetual imprisonment for keeping a school. Catholics were also enabled to inherit and purchase land, nor was a Protestant heir any longer empowered to enter and enjoy the estate of his Catholic kinsman.
The passing of this act was the occasion of the Gordon Riots (1780) in which the violence of the mob was especially directed against Lord Mansfield who had balked various prosecutions under the statutes now repealed.
1791 Act
In 1791 there followed another the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791, far more extensive and far-reaching legislation. By it there was again an oath to be taken, in character much like that of 1778, but including an engagement to support the Protestant Succession under the Act of Settlement (12 and 13 Will. III).
Catholics were no longer to be summoned to take the Oath of Supremacy, or to be removed from London; the legislation of George I, requiring them to register their estates and wills, was repealed; while the legal professions were opened to them. It was however provided that all their assemblies for religious worship should be certified at Quarter Sessions.
The Relief Act of 1791 marked a step in the removal of Catholic grievances. William Pitt and his rival, Charles James Fox, were alike pledged to a full measure of Catholic Emancipation, but they were both thwarted by George III, who insisted that to agree to any such measure would be a violation of his coronation oath.
Catholic opinion
There were at this period considerable dissensions within the Catholic ranks. These concerned first the question of Veto on the appointment of bishops in Ireland, which it was proposed to confer on the English Government, and belongs chiefly to the history of Emancipation in that country. There was another cause of dissension, more properly English, which was connected with the adjuration of the supposed Catholic doctrines contained in the oath imposed upon those who wished to participate in the benefits conferred by the Act of 1791, as previously by that of 1778. The lay members of the Catholic committee who had framed this disclaimer were accused by the vicars Apostolic, who then administered the Church in England, of tampering with matters of ecclesiastical discipline; and although the bishops had their way in the matter of the oath, the feud survived, and was proclaimed to the world by the formation in 1792 of the Cisalpine Club, the members whereof were pledged "to resist any ecclesiastical interference which may militate against the freedom of English Catholics".
Emancipation
The Act of Emancipation of 1829 had as general effect to open public life to Catholics taking the prescribed oath, to enable them to sit in Parliament, to vote at elections (as previously they could not in England or Scotland, though they could in Ireland) to fill all offices of State with a few exceptions, viz.: A Catholic cannot succeed to the throne, and a sovereign becoming a Catholic or marrying one, thereby forfeits the crown, and a Catholic cannot hold the office of Regent.
Like the previous Relief Acts, that of 1829 still retained the "Roman Catholic Oath", to be imposed upon those who desire to enjoy its benefits. it likewise added something in the way of penal legislation by a clause prohibiting religious orders of men to receive new members, and subjecting those who should disobey to banishment as misdemeanants. Finally, in 1871 (the Promissory Oaths Act 1871) the Roman Catholic Oath was abolished, as also the declaration against Transubstantiation. The other final impositions, such as admittance to Catholic religious orders and public processions being illegal, were repealed with the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1926.
Ireland
When Elizabeth became Queen of England, her Irish deputy was ordered "to set up the worship of God in Ireland as it is in England". The Irish Parliament soon enacted that all candidates for office should take the Oath of Supremacy; and by the Act of Uniformity the Protestant liturgy was prescribed in all churches. For a time these Acts were mildly enforced. But when the pope excommunicated the queen, and the Spanish king made war on her, and both in attempting to dethrone her found that the Irish Catholics were ready to be instruments and allies, the latter, regarded as rebels and traitors by the English sovereign and her ministers, were persecuted and hunted down.
James II of England insisted on Catholic predominance and soon picked a quarrel with his Protestant subjects which resulted in the loss of his crown. The war which followed in Ireland was terminated by the Treaty of Limerick, and had its terms been kept, the position of the Catholics would have been at least tolerable. Granted such privileges as they had enjoyed in the reign of Charles II, with an Oath of Allegiance substituted for the Oath of Supremacy, and with a promise of a further relaxation of the penal enactments in force, they could practice their religion without hindrance, sit in Parliament and vote for its members, engage in trade and in the learned professions, and fill all civil and military offices; and they were protected in the possession of the lands they held. William III was in favour of these, and even more generous terms.
The Treaty was not ratified. For more than a quarter of a century the work of outlawry and proscription was continued by an exclusively Protestant Parliament at Dublin. An Irish Judge declared in 1760 that the law did not recognize the existence of an Irish Catholic, and, assuredly the penal code had placed him effectually beyond its pale. It branded Catholics with proscription and inferiority, struck at every form of Catholic activity, and checked every symptom of Catholic enterprise. It excluded them from Parliament, from the corporations, from the learned professions, from civil and military offices, from being executors, or administrators, or guardians of property, from holding land under lease, or from owning a horse worth £5. They were deprived of arms and of the franchise, denied education at home and punished if they sought it abroad, forbidden to observe Catholic Holy Days, to make pilgrimages, or to continue to use the old monasteries as the burial places of their dead. For the clergy there was no mercy, nothing but prison, exile, or death.
The eighteenth century
After the Catholics had vainly protested against the Bill "To Prevent the Further Growth of Popery" of 1704, their protests ceased. The tide turned. The Irish Parliament became less bigoted, and after 1750 or thereabouts no more penal laws were passed.
Claiming powers which it did not possess, the British Parliament asserted and exercised the right to legislate for Ireland, treated the Irish Parliament with disdain, and in the interests of English manufacturers imposed commercial restrictions on Irish trade. Dissatisfied with their English friends, the Irish Protestants turned to their own Catholic countrymen.
Dr. Curry, a Dublin physician, Mr. Wyse of Waterford, and Mr. Charles O'Connor, formed, in 1759, a Catholic Association, which was to meet at Dublin, correspond with representative Catholics in the country, and watch over Catholic interests. The new association was chiefly manned by Dublin merchants. Under its auspices, a loyal address was presented to the viceroy, and another to George III on his accession to the throne.
Act of 1771
These friendlier dispositions, however, were slow to develop into legislative enactments, and not until 1771 did the first instalment of emancipation come. By the Act of that year Catholics were allowed to reclaim and hold under lease for sixty-one years of bog but it should not be within a mile of any city or market town. Three years later an oath of allegiance was substituted for that of supremacy. A further concession was granted in 1778 when Catholics were allowed to hold leases of land for 999 years, and might inherit land in the same way as Protestants, the preamble of the Act declaring that the law was passed to reward Catholics for their long-continued peaceable behaviour, and for the purpose of allowing them to enjoy "the blessings of our free constitution". Distrust of them, however, continued, and though they subscribed money to equip the volunteers, they would not be admitted within the ranks. Nor was the Irish Parliament of 1782 willing to do more than to repeal the law compelling bishops to quit the kingdom, and the law binding those who had assisted at Mass to give the celebrant's name. Further, Catholics were no longer prohibited from owning a horse worth £5, and Catholic schools might be opened with the consent of the Protestant bishop of the diocese. These small concessions were not supplemented by others for ten years.
In 1763 the Catholic Association fell to pieces. After ten years of inactivity, a Catholic committee was formed partly out of the debris of the defunct association. Its chairman was Thomas Browne, 4th Viscount Kenmare, and again it sought to have all Catholics act together. When a majority of the Catholic Committee favoured more assertive measures, Kenmare, and sixty-eight others who sympathized with him, seceded from its ranks. This was in 1791. The committee then chose for its leader John Keogh, a Dublin merchant and a man who favoured bolder measures and a decisive tone. Instead of begging for small concessions, he demanded the repeal of the whole penal code, a demand considered so extravagant that it had few friends in Parliament.
Background to Pitt
Unrepresentative and corrupt, Parliament continued to be dominated by pensioners and placemen, and under the influence of FitzGibbon and Foster, it refused to advance further on the path of concession. Even Charlemont and Flood would not join emancipation with parliamentary reform, and while willing to safeguard Catholic liberty and property would give Catholics no political power. But this attitude of intolerance and exclusion could not be indefinitely maintained. The French Revolution was in progress, and a young and powerful republic had arisen preaching the rights of man, the iniquity of class distinctions and religious persecution, and proclaiming its readiness to aid all nations who were oppressed and desired to be free. These attractive doctrines rapidly seized on men's minds, and Ireland did not escape their influence.
The Ulster Presbyterians celebrated with enthusiasm the fall of the Bastille, and in 1791 founded the Society of United Irishmen, having as the two chief planks in its programme Parliamentary reform and Catholic Emancipation. The Catholics and Dissenters, so long divided by religious antagonism, were coming together, and if they made a united demand for equal rights for all Irishmen, without distinction of creed, the ascendency of the Episcopalian Protestants, who were but a tenth of the population, must necessarily disappear. Yet the selfish and corrupt junta who ruled the Parliament, and ruled Ireland, would not yield an inch of ground, and only under the strongest pressure from England was an act passed in 1792 admitting Catholics to the Bar, legalizing marriages between Catholics and Protestants, and allowing Catholic schools to be set up without the necessity of obtaining the permission of a Protestant bishop.
Such grudging concessions irritated rather than appeased in the existing temper of the Catholic body. To consider their position and take measures for the future, the Catholic Committee had delegates appointed by the different parishes in Ireland, and in December, 1792, a Catholic convention commenced its sittings in Dublin. By some Protestants, it was derisively called the Back Lane Parliament, and every effort was made to discredit its proceedings and identify it with sedition. FitzGibbon excited the fears of the Protestant landlords by declaring that the repeal of the penal code would involve the repeal of the Act of Settlement, and invalidate the titles by which they held their lands. The Catholic convention, however, went on unheeding, and, turning with contempt from the Dublin Parliament, sent delegates with a petition to London. The relations between Catholics and Dissenters were then so friendly that Keogh became a United Irishman, and a Protestant barrister named Theobald Wolfe Tone, the ablest of the United Irishmen, became secretary to the Catholic Committee. And when the Catholic delegates on their way to London passed through Belfast, their carriage was drawn through the streets by Presbyterians amid thunders of applause.
1793 Act
The king received the Catholics, and William Pitt and Dundas, the Home Secretary, warned the Irish junta that the time for concessions had come, and that if rebellion broke out in Ireland, Protestant ascendency would not be supported by British arms. And then these Protestants, whom FitzGibbon and the viceroy painted as ready to die rather than yield quietly, gave way. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1793 was enacted, giving the Catholics the parliamentary and municipal franchise, and admitting them to the university and to office. They were still excluded from Parliament in the sense that the oath required before taking a seat was repugnant to them, and from the higher offices, and from being king's counsel, but in all other respects they were placed on a level with Protestants. In the Commons Foster spoke and voted against the Bill. In the Lords, though not opposing it, FitzGibbon spoiled the effect of the concession by a bitter speech, and by having an Act passed declaring the Catholic convention illegal, and prohibiting all such conventions, Catholic or otherwise, in the future.
Relief from so many disabilities left the Catholics almost free. Few of them were affected by exclusion from the higher offices, fewer still by exclusion from the inner Bar; and liberal Protestants would always be found ready to voice Catholic interests in Parliament if they owed their seats to Catholic votes. Besides, in the better temper of the times, it was certain that these last relics of the penal code would soon disappear. Meantime what was needed was a sympathetic and impartial administration of the law. But with FitzGibbon the guiding spirit of Irish government this was impossible. The grandson of a Catholic peasant, he hated Catholics and seized upon every occasion to cover them and their religion with insults. Autocratic and overbearing, he commanded rather than persuaded, and since he became attorney-general in 1783, his influence in Irish government was immense. His action on the regency question in 1789 procured him the special favour of the king and of Pitt, and he became a peer and Lord Chancellor. It was one of the anomalies of the Irish constitution that a change of measures did not involve a change of men, and hence the viceroy and the chief secretary, who had opposed all concessions to Catholics, were retained in office, and FitzGibbon was still left as if to prevent further concessions and to nullify what had been done.
Political change
For a brief period, however, it seemed as if men as well as measures were to be changed. At the end of 1794 a section of the English Whigs joined Pitt's administration. The Duke of Portland became Home Secretary, with Irish affairs in his department, and Earl Fitzwilliam became Lord Lieutenant. He came to Ireland early in 1795. His sympathy with the Catholics was well known; he was the friend of Grattan and the Ponsonbys, the champions of Emancipation, and, in coming to Ireland, he believed he had the full sanction of Pitt to popularize Irish Government and finally settle the Catholic question. At once he dismissed Cooke, the Under Secretary, a determined foe of concession and reform, and also John Beresford who, with his relatives, filled so many offices that he was called the "King" of Ireland. FitzGibbon and Foster he seldom consulted. Further, when Grattan, at the opening of Parliament, introduced an Emancipation Bill, Fitzwilliam determined to support it. Of all that he did or intended to do, he informed the English Ministry, and got no word of protest in reply, and then when the hopes of the Catholics ran high, Pitt turned back and Fitzwilliam was recalled. Why he was thus repudiated, after being allowed to go so far, has never been satisfactorily explained. It may be because Pitt changed his mind, and meditating a union, wished to leave the Catholic question open. It may be because of the dismissal of Beresford who had powerful friends. It may be that Fitzwilliam, misunderstanding Pitt, went further than he wished him to go; and it seems evident that he managed the question badly and irritated interests he ought to have appeased. Lastly, it is certain that FitzGibbon poisoned the king's mind by pointing out that to admit Catholics to Parliament would be to violate his coronation oath.
The change, however it be explained, was certainly complete. The new viceroy was instructed to conciliate the Catholic clergy by establishing a seminary for the education of Irish priests, and he established Maynooth College. But all further concessions to Catholics and every attempt to reform Parliament, he was firmly to oppose. He was to encourage the enemies of the people and frown upon their friends, and he was to rekindle the dying fires of sectarian hate. And all this he did. Beresford and Cooke were restored to office, Foster favoured more than ever, FitzGibbon made Earl of Clare, Grattan and Ponsonby regarded with suspicion, and the corrupt majority in Parliament petted and caressed. The religious factions of the "Defenders" and the "Peep o' Day Boys" in Ulster became embittered with a change of names. The Defenders became United Irishmen, and these, despairing of Parliament, became republicans and revolutionists, and after Fitzwilliam's recall were largely recruited by Catholics. Their opponents became identified with the Orange society recently formed in Ulster, with William of Orange as its patron saint, and intolerance of Catholicism as the chief article in its creed. These rival societies spread to the other provinces, and while every outrage done by Catholics was punished by Government, those done by Orangemen were condoned.
War legislation
In rapid succession Parliament passed an Arms Act, an Insurrection Act, an Indemnity Act, and a suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and these placed the Catholics beyond the protection of law. An undisciplined soldiery recruited from the Orangemen were let loose among them; destruction of Catholic property, free quarters, flogging, picketing, half-hanging, outrages on women followed, until at last Catholic patience was exhausted. Grattan and his friends, vainly protesting, withdrew from Parliament, and Clare and Foster had then a free hand. They were joined by Viscount Castlereagh, and under their management the rebellion of 1798 broke out with all its attendant horrors.
When it was suppressed Pitt's policy of a legislative union gradually unfolded itself, and Foster and Clare, who had so long acted together, had reached the parting of the ways. The latter, with Castlereagh, was ready to go on and support the proposed union; but Foster drew back, and in the union debates his voice and influence were the most potent on the opposition side. His defection was considered a serious blow by Pitt, who vainly offered him offices and honours. Others followed the lead of Foster, incorruptible amidst corruption; Grattan and his friends returned to Parliament; and the opposition became so formidable that Castlereagh was defeated in 1799, and had to postpone the question of a union to the following year. During this interval, with the aid of Cornwallis who succeeded Camden as viceroy in 1798, he left nothing undone to ensure success, and threats and terrors, bribery and corruption were freely employed. Cornwallis was strongly in favour of emancipation as part of the union arrangement, and Castlereagh was not averse; and Pitt would probably have agreed with them had not Clare visited him in England and poisoned his mind. That bitter anti-Catholic boasted of his success; and when Pitt in 1799 brought forward his union resolutions in the British Parliament, he would only promise that at some future time something might be done for the Catholics, dependent, however on their good conduct, and on the temper of the times.
But something more than this was required. The anti-Unionists were making overtures to the Catholics, knowing that the county members elected by Catholic votes could be decisively influenced by Catholic voters. In these circumstances Castlereagh was authorized to assure the leading Irish Catholics that Pitt and his colleagues only waited for a favourable opportunity to bring forward emancipation, but that this should remain a secret lest Protestant prejudice be excited and Protestant support lost. These assurances obtained Catholic support for the union. Not all of the Catholics, however, favoured it, and many of them opposed it to the last. Many more would have been on the same side had they not been repelled by the bigotry of Foster, who stubbornly refused to advocate emancipation, and in doing so failed to make the fight against the union a national struggle. As for the uneducated Catholics, they did not understand political questions, and viewed the union contest with indifference. The gentry had no sympathy with a Parliament from which they were excluded, nor the clergy for one which encouraged the atrocities of the recent rebellion. Gratitude for the establishment of Maynooth College inclined some of the bishops to support the Government; and Pitt's assurances that concessions would come in the United Parliament inclined them still more.
Unionism supported
From the first, indeed, Francis Moylan, Bishop of Cork, was a Unionist, as was John Thomas Troy, Archbishop of Dublin. In 1798 the latter favoured a union provided there was no clause against future emancipation, and, early in the following year, he induced nine of his brother bishops to concede to the Government a veto on episcopal appointments in return for a provision for the clergy. The bent of his mind was to support authority, even when authority and tyranny were identified, and through the terrible weeks of the rebellion his friendly relations with Dublin Castle were unbroken. He was foremost in every negotiation between the Government and the Catholics, and he and some of his colleagues went so far in advocating the union, that Grattan angrily described them as a "band of prostituted men engaged in the service of Government". This language is unduly severe, for they were clearly not actuated by mercenary motives; but they certainly advanced the cause of the union.
Pitt resigns
Remembering this, and the assurances given by Castlereagh, they looked for an early measure of emancipation, and when in 1801 the United Parliament first opened its doors, their hopes ran high. The omission of all reference to emancipation in the King's Speech disappointed them; but when Pitt resigned and was succeeded by Addington, an aggressive anti-Catholic, they saw that they had been shamefully betrayed.
In Parliament Pitt explained that he and his colleagues wished to supplement the Act of Union by concessions to the Catholics, and that, having encountered insurmountable obstacles they resigned, feeling that they could no longer hold office consistently with their duty and their honour. Cornwallis, on his own behalf and on behalf of the retiring ministers, assured the Irish Catholic leaders, and in language which was free from every shade of ambiguity, that the blame rested with George III, whose stubborn bigotry nothing could overcome. He promised that Pitt would do everything to establish the Catholic cause in public favour, and would never again take office unless emancipation were conceded; and he advised the Catholics to be patient and loyal, knowing that with Pitt working on their behalf the triumph of their cause was near. Cornwallis noted with satisfaction that this advice was well received by Dr. Troy and his friends. But those who knew Pitt better had no faith in his sincerity, and their estimate of him was proved to be correct, when he again became Prime Minister in 1804, no longer the friend of the Catholics but their opponent.
The fact was that he had played them false throughout. He knew that the king was violently opposed to them; that he had assented to the Union in the hope that it would "shut the door to any further measures with respect to the Roman Catholics" that he believed that to assent to such measures would be a violation of his coronation oath. Had Pitt been sincere he would have endeavoured to change the king's views, and failing to persuade he would have resigned office, and opposed his successor. And if he had acted thus the king must have yielded, for no government to which the great minister was opposed could have lived. Pitt's real reason for resigning in 1801 was, that the nation wanted peace, and he was too proud to make terms with Napoleon. He supported Addington's measures; nor did he lift a finger on behalf of the Catholics; and when the Treaty of Amiens was broken and the great struggle with France was being renewed, he brushed Addington aside with disdain. In 1801 the king had one of his fits of insanity, and when he recovered complained that Pitt's agitation of the Catholic question was the chief cause of his illness; in consequence of which, when Pitt returned to power, in 1804, he bound himself never again to agitate the question during the lifetime of the king.
No progress
Pitt himself died in 1806, after having opposed the Catholic claims in the preceding year. A brief period of hope supervened when the "Ministry of all the Talents" took office; but hope was soon dissipated by the death of Fox, and by the dismissal of Grenville and his colleagues. They had brought into Parliament a bill assimilating the English law to the Irish by allowing Catholics in England to get commissions in the army. But the king not only insisted on having the measure dropped, but also that ministers should pledge themselves against all such concessions in the future; and when they indignantly refused he dismissed them. The Duke of Portland then became premier, with Mr. Perceval leader in the Commons; and the ministry going to the country in 1807 on a No Popery cry, were returned with an enormous majority.
Grattan was then in Parliament. He had entered it in 1805 with reluctance, partly at the request of Lord Fitzwilliam, chiefly in the hope of being able to serve the Catholics. He supported the petition presented by Fox; he presented Catholic petitions himself in 1808 and 1810; and he supported Parnell's motion for a commutation of tithes; but each time he was defeated, and it was plain that the Catholic cause was not advancing. The Catholic Committee, broken up by the rebellion, had been revived in 1805. But its members were few, its meetings irregularly held, its spirit one of diffidence and fear, its activity confined to preparing petitions to Parliament. Nor were its leaders the stamp of men to conduct a popular movement to success. Keogh was old, and age and the memory of the events he had passed through chilled his enthusiasm for active work. Lord Fingall was suave and conciliatory, and not without courage, but was unable to grapple with great difficulties and powerful opponents. Lords Gormanston and Trimbleston were out of touch with the people; Lord French, Mr. Hussey, and Mr. Clinch were men of little ability; Mr. Scully was a clever lawyer who had written a book on the penal laws; and Dr. Dromgoole was a lawyer with a taste for theology and Church history, a Catholic bigot ill-suited to soften Protestant prejudice or win Protestant support. As for Dr. Troy, he was still the courtly ecclesiastic, and neither Pitt's treachery nor the contempt with which the Catholics were treated could weaken his attachment to Dublin Castle. He still favoured the Veto, but an event which occurred in 1808 showed that he was no longer supported by his brethren of the episcopacy. An English bishop, John Milner, who had sometimes acted as English agent for the Irish bishops, thought it right to declare to Grattan in their name that they were willing to concede the Veto; and Lord Fingall took a similar liberty with the Catholic Committee. The former, as having exceeded his powers, was promptly repudiated by the Irish bishops, the latter by the Catholic Committee, and this repudiation of the Veto was hailed with enthusiasm throughout Ireland.
O'Connell
Daniel O'Connell believed that Catholic grievances might be redressed by peaceful agitation. From 1810 his position was that of leader, and the fight for emancipation was the fight made by O'Connell. It was an uphill fight. Anxious to attract the Catholic masses, and at the same time not to infringe on the Convention Act, he had drawn up the constitution of the Catholic Committee in 1809 with great care; but it went down before a viceregal proclamation, and the same fate befell its successor, the Catholic Board.
The viceroys of the time were advised by the Orangemen, and governed by coercion acts. O'Connell's difficulties were increased by the continued agitation of the Veto. In opposing it he was aided by the bishops and the clergy; but John Thomas Troy and Lord Fingall, aided by the English Catholics, procured a rescript from Rome in their favour.
1813 and later Bills
The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1813 extended the 1793 Act's relief to Irish Roman Catholics in England.
In 1813, Grattan, supported by Canning and Castlereagh, passed through its second reading a Catholic Relief Bill, which however was lost in Committee. Nothing daunted, he continued his efforts. He conceded the Veto, and yet each year the motion he brought forward was rejected.
When he died in 1820 Plunket took the matter in hand, and in 1821 succeeded in passing a Bill through the House of Commons. Even the concession of the Veto could not buy off the hostility of the House of Lords, who threw out the bill; and it seemed as if emancipation would never come.
1820s
The visit of George IV to Ireland in 1821 brought a brief period of hope. The king before leaving Ireland expressed his gratitude to his subjects, and counselled the different classes to cultivate moderation and forbearance. But to the end of his reign continued to oppose Catholic claims.
In 1823 O'Connell founded the Catholic Association. His chief assistant was a young barrister named Sheil. They were old friends, but had quarrelled about the Veto. To evade the Convention Act the new association, specially formed to obtain emancipation "by legal and constitutional means", was merely a club, but it gradually made headway.
Dr. Doyle, Bishop of Kildare, joined it at an early stage, as did Daniel Murray, Coadjutor Archbishop of Dublin, and many hundreds of the clergy. It was suppressed in 1825. At the same time a Catholic Relief Bill passed the House of Commons, but was thrown out in the Lords, and all that Ireland got from Parliament was the act suppressing the Association, or the Algerine Act, as it was often called.
The Catholic Association, changing its name into the New Catholic Association and remodelling its constitution, continued its work. It was to build churches, obtain cemeteries, defend Catholic interests, take a census of the different religions, and for these the "New Catholic Rent" was subscribed, and meetings were held in Dublin, where Catholic grievances were discussed.
The Relief Act of 1793 had conferred the franchise on the forty-shilling freeholders, and landlords, to increase their own political influence, had largely created such freeholds. In the General Election of 1826, relying on these freeholders, the Catholic Association nominated Mr. Stewart against Lord Beresford for Waterford. The contest was soon decided by the return of the Catholic nominee; and Monaghan, Louth, and Westmeath followed the lead of Waterford.
The next year George Canning became premier, a consistent advocate of Catholic claims. When he joined Lord Liverpool's government in 1823, he insisted that emancipation should be an open question in the Cabinet, and on the Catholic Relief Bill of 1825 the spectacle was seen of Peel, the home secretary, voting on one side while Canning, the foreign secretary, was on the opposite side. As premier the latter was powerless in consequence of the hostility of the king; he died in August 1827. His successor, Goderich, held office only for a few months, and then, early in 1828 the Duke of Wellington became premier, with Robert Peel as his leader in the House of Commons.
These two were declared enemies of reform and emancipation, and instead of being willing to concede they would have wished to put down the Catholic Association by force. Catholics to the number of 800,000 petitioned Parliament for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, which were repealed in 1828; and the same year in 1500 parishes throughout Ireland meetings were held on the same day to petition for emancipation, and a million and a half Catholic signatures were obtained.
Wellington and Peel were still unyielding, and in the session of 1828 the latter opposed Sir Francis Burdett's motion in favour of emancipation, and Wellington helped to defeat it in the Lords. The Catholic Association answered with a resolution to oppose all Government candidates; and when William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey, on being promoted to the Cabinet, sought re-election for Clare, a Catholic Association candidate was nominated against him. As no Catholic could sit in Parliament if elected, it was at first resolved to nominate Major Macnamara, a popular Protestant landlord of Clare; but after some hesitation he declined the contest. O'Connell himself determined to stand for Parliament.
The gentry and the larger freeholders were all with FitzGerald; the forty-shilling freeholders were with O'Connell, and influenced by the priests bade defiance to their landlords. O'Connell won the seat. Excitement grew, party passions were further inflamed, men's minds were constantly agitated by hopes and fears.
Wellington and Peel combined, and in March a Catholic Relief Bill was introduced, and in the following month passed into law. Under its provisions Catholics were admitted to Parliament and to the corporations; but they were still excluded from some of the higher offices, civil and military, such as those of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Commander-in-chief of the Army, and Lord Chancellor both in England and Ireland; priests were forbidden to wear vestments outside their churches, and bishops to assume the titles of their dioceses; Jesuits were to leave the kingdom, and other religious orders were to be rendered incapable of receiving charitable bequests.
Further, the franchise being raised to ten pounds, the forty-shilling freeholders were disfranchised; and the Act not being retrospective O'Connell on coming to take his seat was tendered the old oath, which he refused and then had to seek re-election for Clare.
See also
Catholic emancipation
References
This entry cites:
England
Butler, Historical Account of the Laws Respecting the Roman Catholics, and of the Laws passed for their Relief, etc. (London, 1795)
, Historical memoirs of the English, Irish and Scottish Catholics from the Reformation to the resent time, 4 volumes (1812–1821)
AMHERST, History of Catholic Emancipation (London, 1885)
LILLY AND WALTER, A Manual of the Law especially affecting Catholics (London, 1893)
BLÖTZER, Die Katholiken emanzipation in Grossbritannien u. Irland (Freiburg, 1905)
DAIN, Catholic Emancipation in Cambridge Modern History, X; c. 19.
Ireland
Journals of the Irish House of Commons; Irish Parliamentary Debates (1781–97)
Annual Register (1800–29)
MITCHEL, History of Ireland (Glasgow, 1869)
D'ALTON, History of Ireland (London, 1910)
Castlereagh Correspondence (London. 1848)
Cornwallis Correspondence (London, 1859)
Ingram, History of the Legislative Union (London. 1887)
MacNeill, How the Union was carried (London, 1887)
Grattan's Memoirs (London 1839)
Grattan's Speeches (London, 1822)
Stanhope, Life of Pitt (London, 1861)
Plunket's Speeches (Dublin)
WYSE, History of the Catholic Association (London, 1829)
WALPOLE, History of England (London, 1879)
Greville's Memoirs (London, 1904)
FITZPATRICK, Correspondence of O'Connell (London, 1888)
O'Connell's Speeches, ed. O'CONNELL (Dublin)
SHEIL, Speeches (Dublin)
MACDONAGH, Life of O'Connell (London, 1903)
DUNLOP, Daniel O'Connell (London and New York, 1900)
SHAW LEFEVRE, Peel and 'Connell (London, 1887)
LECKY, Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (London, 1903)
Colchester's Diary (London, 1861)
PELLEW, Life of Lord Sidmouth (London, 1847)
Canning's Correspondence, ed. STAPLETON (London, 1887)
Creevey Papers (London, 1903)
Peel's Memoirs (London, 1856)
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17175785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Rey%20%28The%20Wedding%20Present%20album%29 | El Rey (The Wedding Present album) | El Rey is the seventh studio album by The Wedding Present. It was released in the US on May 20, 2008, by Manifesto Records, and on May 26, 2008, in the UK by Vibrant Records/Pinnacle Records. The album is the band's first album since 2005's Take Fountain. El Rey was preceded by the first single "The Thing I Like Best About Him Is His Girlfriend" as a digital download only.
Production
The Wedding Present arranged new material at Swing House and Cole Studios, both in Hollywood, California, and at Q10 in Glenrothes, Scotland. El Rey was produced by Steve Albini, the band, and Pete Magdaleno. Sessions were held in January 2008 at Electrical Audio in Chicago, Illinois, with Albini handling recording. Additional overdubs were done at The Laundry Room in Los Angeles, California, with Magdaleno handling recording, assisted by Ulysses Noriega. Albini mixed the album at Electrical Audio; Castro sequenced the album, before it was mastered by John Golden at Golden Sounds in Ventura, California, with assistance from JJ Golden.
Track listing
Track listing per booklet.
"Santa Ana Winds" (Gedge, Castro) - 3:56
"Spider-Man on Hollywood" (Gedge, McConville) - 3:30
"I Lost the Monkey" (Gedge, Cleave) - 3:50
"Soup" (Gedge, Ramsay) - 3:49
"Palisades" (Gedge, Castro) - 3:51
"The Trouble with Men" (Gedge, Ramsay) - 5:22
"Model, Actress, Whatever..." (Gedge, Castro) - 3:58
"Don't Take Me Home Until I'm Drunk" (Gedge, McConville) - 3:07
"The Thing I Like Best About Him Is His Girlfriend" (Santa Monica and La Brea Version) (Gedge, Castro) - 4:34
"Boo Boo" (Gedge, Castro) - 6:23
"Swingers" (Gedge, Cleave) - 3:05
"Back for Good" (Exclusive Bonus Track) - 4:41 - iTunes Store only, cover of a Take That track
Personnel
Personnel per booklet.
The Wedding Present
David Gedge – lead vocals, guitars, mellotron
Christopher McConville – guitars, Hammond organ, mellotron
Terry de Castro – bass guitar, backing vocals, Hammond organ, lead vocals (track 11)
Graeme Ramsay – drums, percussion, mellotron
Production and design
Steve Albini – recording, mixing, producer
The Wedding Present – producer
Pete Magdaleno – producer, additional overdub recording
Ulysses Noriega – additional overdub assistant
Terry de Castro – sequenced
John Golden – mastering
JJ Golden – mastering assistant
Egelnick and Webb – sleeve design
J. Antoinette McMillan – photography
References
2008 albums
The Wedding Present albums
Albums produced by Steve Albini | [
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17175786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalpurush%20%282005%20film%29 | Kaalpurush (2005 film) | Kaalpurush or Kalpurush (English name: Memories in the Mist) is a 2005 Indian Bengali drama film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta. The film stars Mithun Chakraborty and Rahul Bose in lead roles.
The 120 minute version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival. Although the film was completed in 2005, it was released in India in 2008. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 2006 and Mithun being nominated for best actor category.
Plot
The film tells the story in a non-linear fashion, with two timelines being depicted simultaneously. Rahul Bose has a dysfunctional marriage with Sameera Reddy who has an extra-marital affair. Rahul tries to reconnect with his long-lost father (played by Mithun Chakraborty), while Sameera dreams of breaking free of her stifling domestic life. Rahul is considered as a failure both in professional and personal lives. However, an honest and simple man, he clings to simple joys of life and memories of his childhood. The back-and-forth movement of the story between two timelines (the present day and Rahul's childhood) and the arrangement of the sequences make Mithun a mystery man—he could be dead, alive, or, just a figment of Rahul's imagination.
The film begins as Mithun follows Rahul as the latter returns home from a day's work. Rahul is shown to be a doting father, but a failed husband. Mithun then starts to tell his own story. He had a happy family with wife (Laboni Sarkar) and the adolescent son Sumanata. A past flame of Mithun, played by Sudipta Chakraborty, incidentally arrives in the village (as a part of a masked dance troupe) and meets Mithun. At one unrestrained moment, she tries to seduce Mithun. Mithun tries to resist. However, Mithun's wife, Laboni, sees a glimpse of them in a compromising situation. Laboni, pained by the betrayal, decides to leave Mithun, with their son in tow. While a devastated Mithun becomes a footloose traveller, their son bears the scar for the rest of his life. Back to the present, father and son come face to face to heal old wounds.
Battling the brunts of a society that defines success too materialistically, Rahul also continues to relive his childhood memories. His wife, Sameera, meanwhile flies to the United States to spend an extended holiday with her brother's family settled there. She writes several travelogues. Rahul suddenly meets his father one day in a Calcutta street. He spends a memorable day with his father, reliving their memories, as well as discussing many aspects of life. Suddenly, Mithun disappears.
Rahul's wife returns from USA, and tells him that she has been in an extra-marital relationship for long, and their children are actually not fathered by Rahul. Rahul says that he knows everything, and still loves their children. Soon, Sameera leaves Rahul. Rahul continues to live with their children.
Towards the end of the film, Rahul again has a talk with his father, Mithun. Mithun tells him that many things in life remain unsaid, untouched. Mithun goes on to tell that after Mithun's wife, Laboni, left him, he wandered off to many places, finally one day, committing suicide. So, at the end, viewers understand that their suspicion was true that Mithun and all the talks between Rahul and Mithun were nothing but the imagination of Rahul's sensitive mind. Rahul continues to be a doting father.
The film has several fantasy-like characters appearing several times. The old flute-seller, Idrish, and his son, Abdul, are such a pair of characters. Rahul once met them in his childhood. However, the duo appears several times in the film, especially in the moments when there is a voice-over of Mithun, or when Rahul is reliving some old memories. Masked troupes of village dancers also make several appearances.
Cast
Mithun Chakraborty as Father
Rahul Bose as Son
Sameera Reddy as Supriya
Sudipta Chakraborty
Laboni Sarkar
Meenakshi Goswami
Shraman Mukherjee as Rahul Bose's childhood
References
External links
2005 films
2000s Bengali-language films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in Kolkata
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners | [
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17175828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20change | Identity change | Identity change describes the intentional changes to an identity document or digital identity. The topic is of particular interest in "faceless" financial transactions and computer security. There are several different parties who may initiate the change:
A first party. the original bearer of an identity may initiate the change
A second party, who wishes to use the identity, may initiate the change
A third party may initiate an identity change
In some instances, multiple parties cooperate to change an identity.
Identity change can be categorized in several ways:
Identity takeover (identity theft / identity fraud)
Identity delegation
Identity exchange
Identity deletion
Identity restoration
See also
Identity management
Biometrics
Witness protection
References
Sources
Top Five Reasons Why People Change Their Identity
ID-related Crime: Towards a Common Ground for Interdisciplinary Research
Myth Of Identity Change
Identity management | [
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17175835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Lewis%20%28wrestler%29 | Randy Lewis (wrestler) | Randall Scott Lewis (born June 7, 1959) is an American wrestler and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, where he won the gold medal in freestyle wrestling in the featherweight class. In 1998, Lewis was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.
High School career
Lewis won three high school state wrestling titles in South Dakota. At one point in his high school career, Lewis held the national consecutive pin record, with 45 straight. He later won the Junior World (20 years old and younger) Freestyle Championship.
College and Senior level career
In college, Lewis became a four-time All-American and two-time NCAA champion at the University of Iowa. He was a two-time Olympian, in both 1980 and 1984. President Jimmy Carter's boycott prevented the U.S. team from traveling to the 1980 Olympic Games held in Moscow, Russia.
At the 1984 Olympic Games, Lewis won the gold medal at the 62 kg weight division in freestyle wrestling, outscoring his first four opponents 52-4 to advance to the final, where he defeated Japan's Kosei Akaishi 24-11 in 4:52. He was second in the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials to John Smith, losing out in a best of three series. Smith went on to capture Olympic gold in both the 1988 and 1992 Games.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rapid City, South Dakota
Iowa Hawkeyes wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in wrestling
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Wrestlers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
20th-century American sportsmen | [
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17175847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOAP | MOAP | MOAP (Mobile Oriented Applications Platform) is the software platform for NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) service for mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Chesbrough |editor1-first=Henry William |editor2-last=Vanhaverbeke |editor2-first=Wim |editor3-last=West |editor3-first=Joel |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyjSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mobile+Oriented+Applications+Platform%22&pg=PA83 |page=83 |title=New Frontiers in Open Innovation |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199682461 |quote=... the next most important customer was NTT DoCoMo and MOAP (Mobile Oriented Applications Platform), whose handsets accounted for 10‒20% of Symbian sales...}}</ref>
It has a closed user interface, so third parties cannot develop software for native application software, or install third party applications, unlike S60 and UIQ.
Versions
Two MOAP versions exist:MOAP(S) – supported by Symbian OS based phones from several manufacturers such as Fujitsu, Sony Ericsson Japan, Mitsubishi, Sharp and others. Unlike other platforms based on Symbian, S60 and UIQ, MOAP(S) was not an open development platform originally, but was then released as open-source software from Symbian Foundation under the Eclipse Public License (EPL).MOAP(L)'' – supported by Linux based phones from Panasonic and NEC. It is not an open development platform.
References
External links
Mobile Linux
Mobile phone standards
Mobile software
Symbian OS
NTT Docomo | [
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17175853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EJBCA | EJBCA | EJBCA (formerly: Enterprise JavaBeans Certificate Authority) is a free software public key infrastructure (PKI) certificate authority software package maintained and sponsored by the Swedish for-profit company PrimeKey Solutions AB, which holds the copyright to most of the codebase, being a subsidiary for Keyfactor Inc. based in United States. The project's source code is available under the terms of the Lesser GNU General Public License (LGPL). The EJBCA software package is used to install a privately operated certificate authority, validation authority and registration authority. This is in contrast to commercial certificate, validation and/or authorities that are operated by a trusted third party. Since its inception EJBCA has been used as certificate authority software for different use cases, including eGovernment, endpoint management, research, energy, eIDAS, telecom, networking, and for usage in SMEs.
See also
Public key infrastructure
References
Further reading
Research and application of EJBCA based on J2EE; Liyi Zhang, Qihua Liu and Min Xu; IFIP International Federation for Information Processing Volume 251/2008;
External links
Public key infrastructure
Cryptographic software
Free security software
Software using the LGPL license
Products introduced in 2001
Java enterprise platform
Java platform software | [
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] |
17175870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda%20Bliss | Lucinda Bliss | Lucinda Bliss is an American artist, writer, and educator, born in Hartford, CT in 1965.
Education
Bliss earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) from Skidmore College in Art History in 1988 and a Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) in Visual Art from Vermont College in 1999.
Career
Bliss is currently Associate Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies at Massachusetts College of Art and Design. She was previously Dean of Graduate Studies at the New Hampshire Institute of Art (NHIA) in Manchester, New Hampshire. Bliss’ teaching positions have included Professor of Liberal Studies in the undergraduate program of the Union Institute & University in Montpelier, VT, Assistant Professor at Colby College, and teaching at the Maine College of Art, the University of Southern Maine, and with the Crit Lab.
She has participated in solo and group exhibitions at Lamont Gallery on the campus of Phillips Exeter Academy, the Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Bates College Museum of Art, Tucson Museum of Art, the Brattleboro Museum, Aucocisco Gallery, Whitney Art Works, Center for Maine Contemporary Art, Boston Center for the Arts, Common Street Arts, The Ross Gallery in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Gallery 312 in Chicago, Illinois.
Bliss has been awarded numerous grants including support from the Kindling Fund for her project “Tracking the Border,” two Maine Arts Commission grants, and residencies at Ucross Foundation, the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, Hewnoaks, Shotpouch Creek, Anderson Ranch Arts Center, and the Vermont Studio Center.
In addition to her work as a visual artist, Bliss also co-authored the limited edition chapbook Anatomy of Desire: the Daughter/Mother Sessions (Kore Press) with her mother, the poet and essayist Alison Hawthorne Deming. Her essay, “The Invisible Yoke” was part of the Marchxness online publication-competition for lovers of music and writing.
References
External links
Publisher Kore Press
Lucinda Bliss's website
“an artist explores the physical–and conceptual–boundaries of farms,” Chelsea Holden Baker
“Precarious Alliance,” Arterrain, issue 31, Terrain.org
“Lucinda Bliss Defines a Border Broadly in Tracking the Border," Portland Press Herald, Daniel Kany
Cut Me Up Issue 6: Object Lessons
“Exhibition Focuses on Artist’s Navigation Maine-Canada Border, Waterville Creates
1965 births
Living people
American artists
Artists from Maine
Writers from Maine
Skidmore College alumni
Vermont College of Fine Arts alumni
Union Institute & University faculty
Maine College of Art & Design faculty
University of Southern Maine faculty
Chapbook writers | [
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17175883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20mind | Artificial mind | Artificial mind can refer to :
Artificial consciousness
Artificial intelligence
A shortened version of the prior name of the Canadian video game development company Behaviour Interactive | [
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17175901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Anderson%20%28jazz%20trumpeter%29 | John Anderson (jazz trumpeter) | John Anderson (January 31, 1921 – August 18, 1974) was an American jazz trumpeter. Born in Birmingham, Alabama, he studied at the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Westlake College of Music. He did a good deal of work in West Coast jazz with Stan Kenton and others. Anderson died in Birmingham in 1974.
Discography
With Count Basie
Everyday I Have the Blues (Roulette, 1959) - with Joe Williams
Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
With Buddy Collette
Tanganyika (Dig, 1956)
With Chico Hamilton
Chic Chic Chico (Impulse!, 1965)
With Stan Kenton
Stan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943-47 [1950])
Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944-47 [1952])
Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol, 1946)
Encores (Capitol, 1947)
A Presentation of Progressive Jazz (Capitol, 1947)
The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–54, [1955])
Two Much! (Capitol, 1960) with Ann Richards
References
African-American jazz musicians
West Coast jazz trumpeters
1921 births
1974 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Musicians from Alabama
Jazz musicians from Alabama | [
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] |
17175921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangi | Gangi | Gangi may refer to:
Gangi River, a river in India
Gangi, India, a town in India
Gangi, Sicily, a town in Italy
Palazzo Valguarnera-Gangi, a townhouse in Palermo, Sicily
Rosario Gangi, a New York City mobster and captain in the Genovese crime family
Snowroof, the translation of 雁木 gangi an opening and castle in shogi | [
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17175928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantharam%2C%20Bhongir%20mandal | Anantharam, Bhongir mandal | Anantharam (అనంతారం) is a village located in the Bhuvanagiri Mandal, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district, Telangana, India. About 5 km from Bhongir,1 km from National Highway 215 (Warangal to Hyderabad), 40 km From Hyderabad city. According to the census of 2001, the village has 452 households and a total population of 2441.
Anantharam village was given an ideal village award during the years of 2006-2013 by United Andhra pradesh.
List of gram pachayath Sarpanch
This is the list of Gram panchayat Sarpanch of Anantharam
References
Villages in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district | [
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17175931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Feldman | Julia Feldman | Julia Feldman (, ; born June 22, 1979, in Samara, Soviet Union) is an Israeli jazz vocalist, composer and educator. Her singing combines elements of multiple jazz genres, free improvisation and modern classical music.
Early life and education
Feldman was born in Samara into a family with a large musical background- her grandfather, Solomon Feldman, was an accomplished conductor and a leader of the city philharmonic orchestra and her father, Ilya Feldman, while being a jewellery designer, also plays jazz piano. She had been classically trained by studying the piano from the age of 5 till the family's immigration to Israel in 1990. The family resided in Jerusalem, where she continued her classical piano studies with Anatoly Tartakovsky along with jazz improvisation studies with the composer and a saxophone player Stephen Horenstein in the music department of the High School Of Arts in Jerusalem.
In the last year of her high school studies Feldman became interested in jazz singing, and in 1997 she began studying voice technique and jazz improvisation with Israeli jazz vocalist Iris Portugaly along with intensive studies of jazz with the saxophonist Arnie Lawrence at the International Music Center of Jerusalem. At the Center, Julia had the opportunity to study and perform with known American jazz musicians, such as Evelyn Blakey, Larry Goldings, Armen Donelian, Bob Meyer, Sheila Jordan, Judi Silvano and the composer Allen Gershwin, to name a few. Feldman was also invited to perform Allen Gershwin's composition "Walk in the wilderness" on a tribute concert dedicated to his father, the known composer George Gershwin.
Between 1998 and 1999, she continued studying vocal jazz with Iris Portugaly at the Rimon School Of Jazz And Contemporary Music, and in 2003 she graduated the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance, where she studied voice technique with the opera singer Robin Weisel-Capsouto, jazz improvisation with jazz vocalist Ataliya Pniel and composition in the class of the composer Vyacheslav Ganelin.
Collaborations, projects and performances
Feldman has frequently worked with many jazz artists and music groups. Among those are Arnie Lawrence, Ayelet Rose Gottlieb, Bob Meyer, Boris Gammer, Ed Schuller, Eilon Tourgeman, Jerry Garval, Jean Claude Johns, Judy Lewis, Stephen Horenstein, Steve Peskoff, Yitzhak Yedid and others.
Feldman's groups and projects as a leader: Julia Feldman Ensemble, Julia Feldman Jazz Quartet.
Feldman's Ensemble is a changing group- its first version consisted of Feldman as a vocalist, the pianist Yitzhak Yedid, and contrabass player Ora Boasson Horev. The Enseble's debut album "Words Are Worlds (A Tribute to Billie Holiday)" was released in 2006 on a major Israeli label Hed Arzi. The album was inspired by the work and personality of Billie Holiday and features arrangements of the known jazz standards that were performed by Holiday, along with the band's compositions. All the pieces recorded on the album are connected by a leitmotif borrowed from Holiday's ballad "God Bless the Child". The CD was mixed and mastered by Udi Koomran.
The Quartet, which she had formed together with the known Israeli guitar player Steve Peskoff, has been active for several years and has performed on multiple Israeli stages and festivals, gaining wide audience and press` recognition. The group performs Feldman's composition and standards` arrangements, influenced by contemporary jazz genres, rock, funk, Brazilian music styles and free improvisation.
In February 2008, Feldman and Peskoff traveled to New York, USA, and recorded the Quartet first album there. The album features Feldman (vocals), Peskoff (guitar), drummer Ferenc Nemeth, bassist Massimo Biolcati, vocalist Ayelet Rose Gottlieb and saxophonist Loren Stillman.
Other projects: lead singer in Musica Ficta - progressive rock band by the guitarist Ehud Horev; vocalist in Radical Shlomo - Steve Peskoff's project of arrangements to Shlomo Carlebach`s songs; pianist, vocalist, co-composer and co-lyricist in Ayulyul with Ayelet Rose Gottlieb; voice-double bass Duo with Eli Magen; collaboration with ethno-core Jerusalem band Shoom, among others.
She has performed in many Israeli jazz clubs and on various festivals, including Shuni Jazz Festival, Tel Aviv International Jazz Festival and the Israel Festival.
Notes
References
Ben Shalev, Outstanding recent Jerusalem jazz albums, Haaretz, 2007
Eyal Hareuveni, Words Are Worlds (A Tribute To Billie Holiday) cd review, All About Jazz, August 24, 2006
Asher Kesher, Julia Feldman`s new haircut, Nana. Co. Il, March 7, 2007 (Hebrew)
About Juia Feldman on Qube (Hebrew)
Ben Shalev, Jerusalem of soul, Haaretz, 2007
Musica Ficta`s video clip "A child and a Well" by Tamar Singer, on YouTube
Inna Kas`yanova, an Interview with the conductor Solomon Feldman, Feldman's grandfather, Samarskaya Luka, (Russian)
Musica Ficta`s page on MySpace
Ludmila Belyayeva, article on the history of Samara`s Symphony orchestra, with a large chapter on Solomon Feldman. (Russian)
The MySpace page of Steve Peskoff, the leader of the "Radical Shlomo" project
Musica Ficta on Mitkadem.co.il (Hebrew)
The official website of Feldman's father, Ilya Feldman
[ Julia Feldman Ensemble on Allmusic]
About Julia Feldman on Jazz Server .
(Hebrew)
Asher Kesher, "The lady sings good", Kol Hazman, July 7, 2007
Barry Davis, "Presenting Jerusalem`s off-beat trio", The Jerusalem Post, April 22, 2003
External links
Official website
1979 births
Living people
Free jazz musicians
Israeli composers
21st-century Israeli women singers
Jewish women composers
Jewish singers
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Soviet Jews
Jewish jazz musicians | [
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17175934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20King%20Cup%20of%20Champions | 2008 King Cup of Champions | The 2008 King Cup of Champions was the 33rd edition of the King Cup of Champions.
The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2009 AFC Champions League.
Participating teams
Level 1
Al-Hilal : Saudi Premier League and Crown Prince Cup champion
Al-Ittihad : Saudi Premier League runner up
Al-Nasr : Saudi Federation Cup Champion
Al-Shabab : Saudi Premier League 3rd place
Level 2
Al-Ittifaq : Saudi Premier League 4th place
Al-Wahda : Saudi Premier League 6th place
Al Hazm : Saudi Premier League 7th place
Al-Ahli : Saudi Premier League 8th place
Fixtures and results
Bracket
Champions
External links
Final at Kooora.com
Final at Goalzz.com
2008
2007–08 in Saudi Arabian football
2007–08 domestic association football cups | [
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17175946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoto | Nemoto | Nemoto (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include.
, Japanese gravure idol
, Japanese women's basketball player
, Japanese physicist
, Japanese voice actress
Keisuke Nemoto (born 1979), Japanese karateka
, Japanese women's footballer
, better known as Mie, Japanese singer and actress
, Japanese speed skater
, Japanese actress
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese sport wrestler
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese French horn player, classical composer, conductor and music educator
, Japanese politician
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese footballer
Dewi Sukarno (born 1940), Japanese socialite, born Naoko Nemoto
Fictional characters
, a character in the light novel series Baka and Test
See also
Nemoto Station, a railway station in Tajimi, Gifu Prefecture, Japan
Japanese-language surnames | [
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17175955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart%20%28dinghy%29 | Dart (dinghy) | The Dart is a New Zealand one-design 11 foot sailing dinghy.
History
The Zephyr was designed by Auckland designer Des Townson, in the late 1950s for building in plywood. It is a fast and attractive two person jib headed fractional sloop rigged dinghy Des designed for the Northcote Birkenhead Yacht Club of Auckland, New Zealand.
See also
Article on Dart class
List of Townson Designs - from the Zephyr Owners Association website.
Grahame Anderson (1999) FAST LIGHT BOATS, a Century of Kiwi Innovation.
Dinghies
1950s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Des Townson | [
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17175969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20O.%20Downey | Harry O. Downey | Harry Orliff Downey (May 9, 1897 – April 17, 1974) was a fox rancher and political figure in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Albert in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1931 to 1952 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Curryville, New Brunswick, the son of Oscar E. Downey and Rose E. Matthews. Downey was speaker for the provincial assembly from 1944 to 1952.
References
Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1948, PG Normandin
http://www.gnb.ca/legis/speakers/bios/downey-harry-e.asp
1897 births
1974 deaths
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
People from Albert County, New Brunswick | [
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17175972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm%20of%20Life | Rhythm of Life | Rhythm of Life is the debut studio album by Scottish musician Paul Haig, released in November 1983 by Island Records. It was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in New York City and RAK Studios in London with renowned record producer Alex Sadkin, known for his work on multiple albums by Grace Jones, and Thompson Twins. The album features guest musicians such as Bernie Worrell of Parliament-Funkadelic, Anton Fier of the Feelies and the Golden Palominos, and Tom Bailey of Thompson Twins. Four singles were released from Rhythm of Life: "Heaven Sent", "Never Give Up (Party Party)", "Justice" and "Blue for You". The track "Adoration" was originally performed while Haig was still a member of post-punk band Josef K. The album spent 2 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 82.
In 2004, LTM remastered and re-issued the album on CD for the first time with five bonus tracks taken from the 1984 mini album Rhythm of Life Remixes. These are extended dance remixes by New York disc jockey (DJ) Bruce Forest. The same track listing was issued again in 2014 on Les Disques du Crépuscule.
Critical reception
In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett described the album as "something of a strained effort, finding Haig coming to grips with his dancefloor aspirations but not quite hitting the bull's-eye." Adding that "he often sounds like a guest on his own record -- the exception, besides his singing, being his recognizable guitar parts, though often they are buried in the arrangements. His voice frankly sounds unpleasant as well."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the Rhythm of Life liner notes.
Musicians
Paul Haig – lead and backing vocals; guitars; drum machine programming
Jack Waldman – keyboards; drum machine programming
Bernie Worrell – keyboards
Tom Bailey – keyboards; percussion
Anton Fier – percussion
Mike Nocito – percussion
JS Subera – percussion
Tina Baker – backing vocals
Nikki Lauren – backing vocals
Karen Brown – backing vocals
Production and artwork
Alex Sadkin – producer
Paul Haig – producer; sleeve concept
Phil Thornalley – engineer
John Potoker – engineer
John Dent – mastering engineer
Sheila Rock – photography
Charts
References
External links
Paul Haig albums
1983 debut albums
Albums produced by Alex Sadkin
Island Records albums | [
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17175973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%20Is%20Everything%20%28Lauryn%20Hill%20song%29 | Everything Is Everything (Lauryn Hill song) | "Everything Is Everything" is a song recorded by American recording artist Lauryn Hill for her debut solo studio album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998). It was written by Hill and Johari Newton, and produced by Hill. During the recording sessions, Hill wanted to write about injustice and struggles amongst youth communities in inner city areas of the United States. The song contains R&B, 1960s soul, and hip hop influences. It marked the first commercial appearance of singer and pianist John Legend, who was 19 years old when he played the piano on the song. The song was released as the third and final single from The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill on May 3, 1999, by Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records.
"Everything Is Everything" garnered acclaim from critics, many of whom praised its lyrical themes and genre variance. The song was a top 40 hit in the United States, peaking at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internationally, it reached the top 20 in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award; it also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, however it was revoked due to being released in the previous eligibility period.
The accompanying music video for "Everything Is Everything" was directed by Sanji, and filmed in the Method Studios in Los Angeles. It depicted Hill walking throughout New York City. The video received three MTV Video Music Award nominations, including Best Hip Hop Video. At the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards (2000), it was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video. In 2010, Pitchfork listed it as one of the "Top 50 Music Videos of the 1990s". The song was covered by The Roots and Booker T. Jones for the latter's album The Road from Memphis (2011).
Critical reception
"Everything Is Everything" received widespread critical acclaim, both upon its release and retrospectively. In 2008, About.com ranked it at number 66 on their "100 Greatest Rap Songs" list. In 2018, Complex ranked the song at number two on their list of the 20 greatest Lauryn Hill songs, and in 2022, American Songwriter ranked the song at number four on their list of the ten greatest Lauryn Hill songs.
Commercial performance
"Everything Is Everything" reached number 35 on the US Billboard Hot 100, spending 18 weeks on the chart. It peaked at number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, spending 24 weeks on the chart. The song also peaked at number 18 on the Rhythmic Top 40, where it charted for 14 weeks. Internationally, it peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart, also reaching the top 20 in New Zealand, where it peaked at number 15. A month after its release as a single, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 units in the United States.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Everything Is Everything" was directed by Sanji. The video depicted Hill on the streets of New York City, which is seen as a huge vinyl record on a turntable spinning around playing the music. She runs down the street in various scenes and stages sidestepping the turntable needle as it scratches back and forth through the city until the end; Hill stands on the spinning record appearing in her name on the label.
The video made its television debut on BET and VH1 during the week ending June 20, 1999. The following week, the video debuted on MTV and The Box. Critically acclaimed, it was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards (2000). The same year, it also received a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award nomination and three MTV Video Music Award nominations–Best Hip-Hop Video, Best Direction, and Best Special Effects.
Track listings and formats
UK CD1 single
"Everything Is Everything" (radio edit) – 3:56
"Ex-Factor" (live on Radio 1) – 6:51
"Everything Is Everything" (instrumental) – 4:57
UK CD2 single
"Everything Is Everything" (album version) – 4:57
"Lost Ones" (live on Radio 1) – 5:13
"Tell Him" (live on Radio 1) – 4:40
US maxi CD single
"Everything Is Everything" (radio edit) – 3:56
"Everything Is Everything" (album version) – 4:57
"Everything Is Everything" (instrumental) – 4:57
"Ex-Factor" (A Simple Mix) – 4:37
"Ex-Factor" (A Simple Breakdown) – 4:10
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill.
Lauryn Hill – vocals, production, songwriting
Johari Newton – songwriting
John Legend – piano
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
Audio sample to be checked
Lauryn Hill songs
Songs written by Lauryn Hill
1999 singles
Music videos directed by Sanji (director)
Song recordings produced by Lauryn Hill
Ruffhouse Records singles | [
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17175980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli%20Beckerhoff | Uli Beckerhoff | Ulrich (Uli) Beckerhoff (born 6 December 1947 in Münster) is a German jazz composer, trumpeter, and academic.
He led the Uli Beckerhoff Trio with Jasper van 't Hof and John Stanley Marshall as the other two members.
He teaches at the Folkwang University of the Arts in Essen.
Discography
As leader or co-leader
Dedication (Fusion, 1981)
Camporondo (Nabel, 1986) with Jasper van 't Hof, John Marshall
Secret Obsession (Nabel, 1991) with John Abercrombie, Arild Andersen, John Marshall
Private Life (Nabel, 1993)
Das Geheimnis - Secret Of Love (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack of ; Nabel, 1997)
Cinema (Berthold Records, 2012) with Michael Berger, Stefan Ulrich
Heroes (Dot Time Records, 2015)
Diversity (Dot Time, 2018)
References
External links
Official Website
Folkwang Profile
Uli Beckerhoff discography, album releases & credits at Discogs
German jazz composers
Male jazz composers
German jazz trumpeters
Male trumpeters
1947 births
Living people
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century German male musicians | [
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17175982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland%20Mercury | Maitland Mercury | The Maitland Mercury is Australia's third oldest regional newspaper, preceded only by the Geelong Advertiser (estab. 1840) and the Launceston Examiner (estab. 1842).
The Maitland Mercury was established in 1843 when it was called The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. The Maitland Mercury is still in circulation serving the city of Maitland and the surrounding Lower Hunter Valley.
These days the Maitland Mercury has a weekly print edition which appears on Fridays.
History
It was originally a weekly newspaper, founded by Richard Jones, an English migrant from Liverpool who also served as treasurer of NSW for a brief period. The first issue was published as The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser on 7 January 1843. It has been a daily since 1894. when it was issued under two banners as The Maitland Daily Mercury during the week and The Maitland Weekly Mercury on Saturdays. From 1870 to 1873, Margaret Falls was the proprietor. In 1939 the weekly edition was absorbed into the daily and it became known as The Maitland Mercury. It was issued simply as The Mercury from 1960 to 1973 when it reverted again to The Maitland Mercury.
Even when it was first published The Mercury was more than just a local newspaper reporting on local issues. It published national and international news, which was critical to the financial survival of the newspaper at the time, and it continues to do so.
Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.
See also
List of newspapers in Australia
List of newspapers in New South Wales
References
External links
Maitland Mercury homepage
Newspapers published in New South Wales
Maitland, New South Wales
Newspapers established in 1843
1843 establishments in Australia
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove | [
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17176000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming%20of%20You | Dreaming of You | Dreaming of You may refer to:
Dreaming of You (Selena album) (1995)
"Dreaming of You" (Selena song) (1995)
Dreaming of You (Juris album) (2012) or its title song
"Dreaming of You" (The Coral song) (2002)
"Dreamin' of You" (Celine Dion song) (1996)
"Dreamin' of You" (Bob Dylan song), an out-take from the 1997 album Time Out Of Mind
"Dreamin' of You", a 2013 song by Buckcherry from Confessions
"Dreaming of You", a 2012 song by Cigarettes After Sex from I.
"Dreaming of You", a 2001 song by Sloan from Pretty Together | [
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17176026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese%28II%2CIII%29%20oxide | Manganese(II,III) oxide | Manganese(II,III) oxide is the chemical compound with formula Mn3O4. Manganese is present in two oxidation states +2 and +3 and the formula is sometimes written as MnO·Mn2O3. Mn3O4 is found in nature as the mineral hausmannite.
Preparation
Mn3O4 formed when any manganese oxide is heated in air above 1000 °C. Considerable research has centred on producing nanocrystalline Mn3O4 and various syntheses that involve oxidation of MnII or reduction of MnVI.
Reactions
Mn3O4 has been found to act as a catalyst for a range of reactions e.g. the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide; the decomposition of NO, the reduction of nitrobenzene and the catalytic combustion of organic compounds.
Structure
Mn3O4 has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the MnII occupy tetrahedral sites and the MnIII octahedral sites. The structure is distorted due to the Jahn–Teller effect. At room temperature Mn3O4 is paramagnetic, below 41-43 K, it is ferrimagnetic although this has been reported as reducing in nanocrystalline samples to around 39 K.
Uses
Mn3O4 is sometimes used as a starting material in the production of soft ferrites e.g. manganese zinc ferrite, and lithium manganese oxide, used in lithium batteries.
Manganese tetroxide can also be used as a weighting agent while drilling reservoir sections in oil and gas wells.
References
Manganese compounds
Transition metal oxides
Mixed valence compounds | [
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17176046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Gladiators | Chester Gladiators | Chester Gladiators Rugby League Football Club is a rugby league club in Chester, England. They play in the North West Division of the Rugby League Conference, North West Counties and the North West Merit League.
History
Previous clubs in Chester
Although Chester is less than 45 minutes drive from rugby league strongholds such as Warrington, Widnes, Wigan and St Helens but rugby league has traditionally failed to capture the imagination of locals and the sport struggled to maintain a place in the city's sporting calendar.
The most notable attempt at developing the game in Chester was when Chester Wolves entered the Rugby League Conference in 1998. They were crowned champions the following season, after a Grand Final victory over Crawley Jets. Unfortunately, the club were unable to build on this early success.
In 2005, the Chester Wolves name returned to the Conference after Widnes based club West Bank Bears played under this name. However, this venture failed to capture local interest and the club left the Rugby League Conference for a second time at the end of the 2006 season.
Chester Gladiators
A new side, Chester Gladiators Rugby League Football Club, was formed in April 2008 by a group of enthusiasts who shared a belief that the sport could prosper in the area.
The club operated an open age side in the RL Merit League and received significant praise for their efforts both on and off the field; playing a total of seven matches and securing two victories, a 36-28 at North Derbyshire Chargers and a 66-14 hammering of Wolverhampton Warlords. At the end of the debut season they were named RL Merit League Club of the Year and our Chairman Jim Green received the RL Merit League Pioneer of the Year award whilst two players were named in the RL Merit League Dream Team.
The 2009 season saw the launch of a new junior section and a second open age team as the club continued to develop. They won the first Cheshire Challenge Cup final beating Crewe & Nantwich Steamers. Our first team enjoyed a successful season in the RL Merit League, winning ten of their twelve matches and securing a play-off berth for the first time. The newly formed A team also took part in two matches, ensuring that the club was able to provide all of its members with the chance to experience rugby league. The senior sections efforts were rewarded when Alec Read was named as the Kukri RL Merit League Young Player of the Year while the club received an award for their work with the media. At junior level a number of taster days were staged and an under-12s team played five matches, securing two victories.
Chester Gladiators set up a winter side Chester ARLFC to compete in the North West Counties league for 2010-11.
Club honours
Midlands 9s: 2011
north west men’s league division 4 winners: 2015
North west men’s league shield winners: 2015
North West Men’s league division 4 grand final winners: 2015
Previous players
Rob Massam - North Wales Crusaders
Sam Broadbent - North Wales Crusaders
Harry Cartwright - South Wales Scorpions
Andrew Oakden - North Wales Crusaders
Billy Brickhill - Swinton Lions
External links
Official website
Rugby League Conference teams
Sport in Chester
BARLA teams
Rugby clubs established in 2008
Rugby league teams in Cheshire
Rugby league teams in England
2008 establishments in England | [
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17176047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidulphe%20Savoie | Hidulphe Savoie | Hidulphe A. Savoie (June 26, 1873 – November 14, 1961) was a general merchant and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Northumberland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1930 to 1948 as a Liberal member.
He was born in St-Louis-de-Kent, New Brunswick, the son of Michel Savoie and Julia Daigle. In 1899, he married Léonie Boucher. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1925. Savoie also served as a member of the council for Northumberland County.
References
Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1948, PG Normandin
1873 births
1961 deaths
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Acadian people | [
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17176064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling%20%28dinghy%29 | Starling (dinghy) | The Starling is a New Zealand sailing dinghy designed by Des Townson.
Origins of the Starling
The Starling class yacht was conceived and the design commissioned by John Peet in the late 1960s. At the time, there were no single-handed boats available in New Zealand, for bridging the gap between the P-class and the adult Finn, OK, Cherokee and Zephyr classes. Many young sailors were leaving the sport because the step to the adult classes was too great. A stepping stone class was required. In consultation with parents of current P-class sailors, a set of criteria was formulated for the proposed class:
The boat should cater to teenagers or any one heavy enough to sail one that are not able to cope with adult monotypes.
Crew weight could be approximately .
The boat should be easily handled in fresh conditions, plane readily and have good windward performance.
The appearance of the boat to be of high priority.
Buoyancy to be of P-class standard.
Cockpit space for two teenagers or one adult.
Construction to be simple.
Very close restrictions so that all boats to have equal performance; e.g. masts from standard aluminium extrusion, sails from the same material and same loft.
Des Townson, the designer of the successful Zephyr, Mistral and Dart yachts of the period was approached to design the boat, and he completed this in June 1969. To confirm the simplicity of the construction concept, teenager David Peet built the prototype as his first boat-building project. The Starling was launched at Westhaven, Auckland on Anzac weekend 1970. Extensive testing of the prototype was completed over the following months, by dozens of P-class sailors. Feedback was very supportive and encouraging, with a great deal of enthusiasm expressed for the concept and the finished prototype.
The prototype Starling was sailing off the Glendowie Boating Club in the early 1970s. Originally, the sail design was fully battened; however, this was changed to the current format after feedback from sailors indicated a flexible sail layout was more suitable.
Quote excerpted from StarlingWebIntroduction.pdf
Current Starling activities
The Starling is still a popular bridging class between the P-class and senior boats for competitive sailors in many parts of New Zealand, and is officially supported by Yachting New Zealand and organised by the Glendowie Boating Club.
Over 1300 boats have been built. The Starling Nationals is held once a year. It is normally held as the last summer season Starling regatta. The Starling Nationals in 2006 and 2007 had approximately one hundred and fifty entrants per series.
References
External links
Starling Web Introduction by John Peet
Full details of Starling class from Glendowie Boating Club web page
Yachting New Zealand details on the Starling and P Class
The google group for New Zealand South Island Starling sailors
YouTube: Starling sailing in strong winds
List of Des Townson designs
Article on the adaptation of the Starling as a two person boat for 10-year-olds
List of Townson Designs - from the Zephyr Owners Association website.
Grahame Anderson (1999) FAST LIGHT BOATS, a Century of Kiwi Innovation
Dinghies
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Des Townson | [
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17176090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiel%20Borstlap | Michiel Borstlap | Michiel Borstlap (born 5 August 1966) is a Dutch pianist and composer.
Career
In 1992 Borstlap completed his studies with highest honors at the Conservatory in Hilversum, where he received piano lessons from Dutch masters like Henk Elkerbout and Rob Madna.
In 1996 he received for his composition "Memory of Enchantment", the prestigious American Thelonious Monk / BMI Composers Award. Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter recorded this song for their album 1+1, and it also formed an integral part of the repertoire during their various world tours. A year later, the pianist signed an exclusive recording contract with Verve.
In 2003 he was commissioned by the Emir of Qatar to compose the Arab opera Avicenna, and wrote the book 'Opera in Qatar'.
Michiel wrote the book in Palermo - Sicily, Italy, where he resided for a month.
In 2007 Michiel teamed up with Canadian singer Gino Vannelli and played together in Montreal, Moscow, a series of concerts in Italy, in Sweden, and the Netherlands.
Between 2004-2009 he performed extensive tours with the veteran British fusion drummer Bill Bruford, resulting in three albums and a DVD.
The solo albums he released from 2010 onwards marked a turning point in the career of the pianist.
In 2010 he released SOLO 2010 and in the 2011 album Blue (Songs from Father to Daughter).
In 2012 he signed an exclusive contract with BMG.
In 2013 Michiel toured with his solo album Reflective. This album appeared in a piano book.
Michiel performed a selection of his works during the commemoration of Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, at the Oude Kerk (Delft, the Netherlands).
In 2014 his album Frames was released. He toured with this album in the Netherlands, and in 2015 this album played a central role in cooperation with the Scapino Ballet Rotterdam and choreographer Ed Wubbe. This collaboration continued in 2019.
In 2016 Michiel Borstlap released a live album, recorded at the Johan Cruyff ArenA. The album Arena includes both a CD and a DVD.
In 2017 the album Velvet was released, an album played on his first upright piano.
Museum de Fundatie in Zwolle The Netherlands acquired his sound-sculpture 'Audire et Videre I', which is now in the permanent collection of the Museum, and can be heard in the atrium of the building.
In 2019 an extended duo-tour with harpist Lavinia Meijer has been announced, as well as solo-concerts in The Netherlands, Belgium, Baltic States, Russia, South Africa and China.
Throughout the years Michiel has been ambassador for Swiss watchmaker IWC and German grand-piano maker Steinway & Sons.
Michiel Borstlap performed in 92 countries, on all the continents, he lives in The Netherlands and is father of Blue.
Collaborations
Michiel Borstlap worked ao. with Assala Nasri, Bill Bruford, Billy Cobham, Edsilia Rombley, George Duke, Gino Vannelli, Herbie Hancock, Holland Symfonia, Janine Jansen, Jeff Tain Watts, Jimmy Haslip, Erik Kooger, Boudewijn Lucas, Joris Voorn, Lavinia Meijer, Lawrence Renes, Les Paul, Lori Lieberman, Ludovico Einaudi, Pat Metheny, Peter Erskine, Radio Filharmonisch Orkest and Wayne Shorter.
Awards
1992 | Prize for Best Soloist Europ' Jazz Contest Belgium
1996 | Thelonious Monk/BMI Composers Award aka Herbie Hancock Award USA
2008 | Gouden Kalf Tiramisu (2008 film) Director Paula van der Oest Netherlands
2009 | Edison Award Bennink/Borstlap/Glerum
Piano Notations
2013 | Solo Piano
2017 | Velvet
2021 | The Piano Collection
Filmography
2006-2017 | Selected TV commercials for Essent, KPN, 4/5 Mei ao.
2008 | Akiko (Director: Michael Sewandono)
2008 | Tiramisu (Director: Paula van der Oest) (Gouden Kalf - Grand Prize of Dutch Film Industry for 'Best Music')
2015 | Bloed, Zweet & Tranen (Director: Diederick Koopal)
Discography
Day Off (Art in Jazz, 1992)
The Sextet Live! (Challenge, 1995)
3 with Han Bennink, Ernst Glerum (Via Jazz, 1997)
White House (Via Jazz, 1997)
Residence (Via Jazz, 1997)
Body Acoustic (EmArcy, 1999)
Liveline (EmArcy, 2000)
Gramercy Park (EmArcy, 2001)
Residence (55 Records, Japanese rerelease, 2004)
Piano Solo/Standards (EmArcy, 2004)
Every Step a Dance, Every Word a Song with Bill Bruford (Summerfold, 2004)
Coffee & Jazz (GP Music, 2005)
In Two Minds with Bill Bruford (Summerfold, 2007)
Monk Vol. 1 with Han Bennink, Ernst Glerum (GP Music, 2008)
Eldorado (GP Music, 2008)
Solo 2010 (GP Music, 2010)
Blue (GP Music, 2011)
Reflective (GP Music, 2013)
North Sea Jazz Legendary Concerts (Bob City, 2013)
Frames (GP Music, 2014)
Arena (GP Music, 2015)
Velvet (GP Music 2017)
Georg (GP Music, 2018)
The Power of Music Plays Silence and Shadow Within (GP Music, 2019)
Joris Voorn - Four (Spectrum - BMG UK 2020)
Michiel Borstlap Plays Joris Voorn pt1. (Spectrum - BMG UK 2020)
Mvses (Andante Piano/GP Music, 2021)
Elements (Andante Piano/GP Music, 2021)
Pace (Andante Piano/GP Music, June 2022)
External links
Official website
1966 births
Living people
Dutch jazz pianists
Dutch composers
Musicians from The Hague
21st-century pianists | [
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17176133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Ryan%20%28rugby%20union%29 | Thomas Ryan (rugby union) | Thomas "Darby" Ryan (12 January 1864 – 21 February 1927) was a New Zealand rugby union player, artist and lake steamer captain.
Early life and family
Born in London, England, on 12 January 1864, Ryan was the son of Mary Ryan and Charles Aldworth. He emigrated with his mother to New Zealand in about 1865, settling in Auckland, and was educated at the Church of England Grammar School, Parnell. In 1903 he married Mary Faith Murray, daughter of Ngāpuhi leader Kamareira Te Hautakiri Wharepapa, at Auckland.
Rugby union
A wing three-quarter, Ryan represented at a provincial level, and captained the side in 1886. He was a member of the first New Zealand national side in 1884. He became the first player to kick a conversion and drop goal for New Zealand. He toured New South Wales in 1884 and played in all eight matches. In all, he played nine matches for New Zealand and scored 35 points. He did not play any full internationals as New Zealand did not play its first Test match until 1903.
Later, while studying in Paris in 1893, he refereed the French club final.
Artist
An accomplished artist, Ryan studied at the Académie Julian in Paris between 1892 and 1893. He worked mainly in watercolours and was known for his landscapes, seascapes and portraits of Māori. He exhibited at the Auckland Society of Arts over 36 years, and at the 1889 New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition in Dunedin. Three of his works—Champagne Falls, Wairapa Gorge (1891); Interior of a Whare ( 1891); and Sunset, Ngauruhoe Volcano (1905)—are in the collection of the Auckland Art Gallery.
A friend of Charles Goldie, Ryan assisted Goldie with introductions to Māori. Illustrated articles by Ryan were published in New Zealand Graphic.
Mariner
Ryan obtained his master mariner's certificate in 1900, and soon set up the first launch services for the public on Lakes Rotorua and Taupō. Between 1900 and 1909 he part-owned the SS Tongaririo, which ran between Taupō and Tokaanu, and was its captain from 1900 to about 1920.
Later life and death
About 1920, Ryan took up a farm at Whangapara on Great Barrier Island. On 21 February 1927 he died in Parnell, Auckland. He was buried at Purewa Cemetery.
References
1864 births
1927 deaths
Rugby union players from London
English emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Auckland rugby union players
Rugby union wings
New Zealand rugby union referees
New Zealand expatriates in France
Académie Julian alumni
New Zealand artists
New Zealand sailors
Burials at Purewa Cemetery | [
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17176136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio%20de%20La%20Latina%20%28Madrid%29 | Barrio de La Latina (Madrid) | La Latina is a historic neighborhood in the Centro district of downtown Madrid, Spain. La Latina occupies the place of the oldest area in Madrid, the Islamic citadel inside the city walls, with narrow streets and large squares. It is administratively locked almost entirely within the district of Palacio in Centro. It was named after the old hospital, founded in 1499 by Beatriz Galindo "La Latina". It occupies a large part of what is known as El Madrid de los Austrias, and although its boundaries are subjective, it could be argued that it was essentially the vicinity of the carrera de San Francisco street - that continues from the Plaza de la Cebada up to the San Francisco el Grande Basilica. These limits are: to the north, Segovia street - a deep ravine formerly occupied by the San Pedro Stream which empties into the Manzanares River, to the south there is la Ronda and Puerta de Toledo, on the east there is Toledo street - bordering Rastro and the district of Lavapiés - and to the west, Bailen street.
History
La Latina occupies much of the oldest section of Madrid, sometimes referred to as El Madrid de los Austrias which maintains a peculiar urban layout similar to the medieval distribution, with spacious squares and narrow streets that follow the former course of creeks. As such, the effect is often that of a traditional pueblo rather than the heart of a major city. Its configuration overlaps almost perfectly with the first walled enclosures of the ninth-century fortress, Almudena - and that of the city - Medina - that surrounded it. Its streets have felt the presence of all historical events that took place in Madrid in all periods, without losing its popular character. In this sense it can be said that La Latina constitutes a large part of the true historic center of Madrid.
Despite the remarkable survival of some ancient buildings - among which are some of the best examples of so-called "casas a la malicia" (malice houses) - the construction of the neighborhood is mostly nineteenth century on ancient plots of collapsed or downed buildings which maintain the urbanism of narrow and broken streets with large plazas. There are very typical buildings with large and numerous windows that sometimes constitute narrow wrought iron balconies, slightly protruding eaves with Arabic tiled roofing and coloured mortar façade. They consist of four or five floors, further divided into flats according to the increase in height, generally devoting the entire first floor to residence for the owner and the rest to rentals.
Similar to the rest of Madrid, the integration of new buildings is present, sometimes breaking the cityscape with their ten stories and exposed brick.
Particularly characteristic of this movement was the demolition of the old la Cebada market, opened in 1875 to replace and institutionalize open-air sale in La Plaza de la Cebada and to satisfy the new modernist taste. Health problems, lack of historical consciousness and mid-twentieth century aesthetics led to the demolition of the original market. A mid-twentieth century concrete structure boasting a great vaulted ceiling replaced it. There are currently unfunded plans for a modern market with roof-top public space to replace it. Currently the city's draft amendment of the la Cebada market and attached sports facilities, has been stalled due to financial problems facing the town hall.
The Plaza de la Cebada has functioned as a food market, usually wholesale, since the fifteenth century, occupying a large space outside the walls of the Puerta de Moros enabled for this purpose. City fairs were held there in the eighteenth century, and in the nineteenth century it bore witness to the executions of General Rafael de Riego, who was hanged, and the bandit, Luis Candelas, by garrotte. There is currently a local, community-based movement to revive the space as has occurred in other Madrid markets.
There is a historical explanation for the two Caves (Lower and Upper), currently two streets that run almost parallel filled with shops and entertainment venues. These originally marked the access holes dug under the wall that allowed access in and out of the citadel even with the doors closed. In the seventeenth century, merchants coming from different areas around Madrid to sell in the market stayed in inns, taverns and hostelries on these streets. Travellers and their horses stayed in facilities governed by their countrymen. These facilities grew in quality and services creating a leisure shopping framework tailored to these visitors with fresh money and little social control. Only some of these lodges and the entire orientation to leisure dining and tavern activities, among which include the Casa Lucio, La Soleá and many other traditional establishments in Madrid of maximum relevance of its kind, are still preserved.
Overview
In and around this area are the origins of Madrid. Its difficult to put precise boundaries on La Latina, because, like its immediate neighbors, streets are narrow and winding. There are quite a few nightlife spots, though the neighborhood is best known as having one of the best concentrations of tapas bars (particularly on the Cava Baja and Cava Alta). These tapas bars are most easily accessed by heading north-northeast from the Metro down Calle De Toledo, taking a left (west) on Calle de la Colegiata, and then making a second left, effectively doubling back slightly upon arrival. There are also a number of attractive churches, like the Iglesia de San Andres and the Iglesia de San Francisco el Grande.
On Sundays and major holidays, the Rastro flea-market begins on the eastern edge of La Latina, spilling out of the San Millan exit of the La Latina metro stop to the Plaza de Cascorro all the way to the Ronda de Toledo to the south. Plaza de la Paja is another interesting and entertaining spot of this neighborhood.
On the other side, La Latina borders with Plaza Mayor and overlaps with the ancient part of the town, El Madrid de los Austrias, where the Palacio Real (Royal Palace) is located.
La Latina has developed a gay area centered on Calle Calatrava, with many bars and some restaurants/tapas bars that cater to the community. The popular La Paloma festival in August is also very popular among the gay community and takes place along Calatrava and surrounding streets.
Transportation
La Latina is served by Metro Line 5 (Green) at two stops: La Latina and Puerta de Toledo as well as many buses. Because of its semi-pedestrian character, the price of metered parking, shortage of places to park, which is a really difficult endeavour especially on evenings and weekend nights and Sunday mornings, and the intensity of traffic at all hours - even at dawn on the days mentioned - public transportation is the most recommended and, as far as possible, walking.
Gallery
References
See also
La Latina (Madrid Metro)
https://www.peterowen.com/jose-ovejero-memories-of-madrid/
Entertainment districts in Spain
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] |
17176152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Thorne%20%28Creative%20Commons%29 | Michelle Thorne (Creative Commons) | Michelle Thorne (born 1985) is an American-born, Berlin, Germany-based internet culture and climate justice activist who is known for leading community initiatives at Mozilla and before then with Creative Commons. Her work focusses on knowledge sharing and on the social and planetary implications of new technologies.
She is the Director of Strategy and Partnerships at the Green Web Foundation an organization focused on climate justice related to the Internet. She served 12 years with the Mozilla Foundation in a number of different roles, including in her final years as Mozilla's Sustainable Internet Lead.
She is the editor of an award-winning online magazine, Branch.
Early life and education
Thorne grew up in Heidelberg, Germany. She holds a BA summa cum laude in Critical Social Thought and German Studies from Mount Holyoke College, USA, where she wrote an honors thesis on authorship, originality, and American copyright law.
Career
She worked as the international project manager for Creative Commons from 2007 to 2011 and joined the Mozilla Foundation as Global Event Strategist in 2011. She organized the Drumbeat Festival and the first several editions of the Mozilla Festival, which grew to be the largest annual gathering of the Mozilla community.
She is co-author of the book Understanding the Connected Home: Thoughts on living in tomorrow's connected home in 2016 (2nd edition) and was a co-founder of Mozilla's Open IoT Studio the same year, which later evolved into a PhD program on internet health with the University of Northumbria called OpenDoTT in 2018. At Mozilla, she co-founded the magazine Ding in 2017 with Jon Rogers.
She was a founding member of the Awesome Foundation Berlin, which is no longer active.
In 2020, she founded the online magazine Branch to convene people and ideas on how to make the internet itself more sustainable for the planet. She is also a Senior Program Officer on Mozilla's Fellowships and Awards team.
Honors and awards
2021: Ars Electronica Award for Digital Humanity for the online magazine Branch
Bibliography
Books
Thorne, Michelle; Bihr, Peter (2016). Understanding the Connected Home: Thoughts on living in tomorrow's connected home (2nd Edition)
Articles
Taylor, Nick; Rogers, Jon; Clarke, Loraine; Skelly, Martin; Wallace, Jayne; Thomas, Pete; George, Babitha; Raj, Romit; Shorter, Mike; Thorne, Michelle. Prototyping Things: Reflecting on Unreported Objects of Design Research for IoT (2021)
Jansen, Fieke; Thorne, Michelle (2020) Trustworthy AI and the Climate Crisis – Towards Better Policies in the EU, The State of Responsible IoT, Lancaster University
Rogers, Jon; Clarke, Loraine; Skelly, Martin; Taylor, Nick ; Thomas, Pete; Thorne, Michelle; Larsen, Solana; Odrozek, Katarzyna; Kloiber, Julia; Bihr, Peter; Jain, Anab; Arden, Jon; von Grafenstein, Max (2019) Our friends electric: Reflections on advocacy and design research for the voice enabled internet, Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsMay 2019 Paper No.: 114 (Pages 1–13)
Thorne, Michelle (August 2014). How You Run a Meeting Says a Lot About Your Values: Participatory Practices for Open Communities, OpenSym '14: Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration
Thorne, Michelle et al. book sprint(2011) An Open Web. FLOSS Manuals, ARTE Creative.
Thorne, Michelle; Cobcroft, Rachel (2009) Capturing the Commons: (Ways Forward for) The CC Case Studies Initiative" (PDF), Free Culture Research Workshop, Berkman Klein Center, Harvard Law School.
Speaking
Thorne regularly organizes events and gives talks about the commons, open design, and collaborative consumption.
Her design challenges for sharable objects were cited by Bruce Sterling and she was interviewed in the film The Future of Art.
References
External links
Michelle Thorne's blog
Michelle Thorne's Twitter
1985 births
American activists
Creative Commons
Living people
Mozilla people
Articles containing video clips
Mount Holyoke College alumni | [
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] |
17176170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Middleton%20%28footballer%29 | Arthur Middleton (footballer) | Arthur William Middleton (7 June 1876 – 17 May 1945) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda and Fitzroy.
Sources
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
1876 births
1945 deaths
Fitzroy Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Geelong | [
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17176191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Copp | Frank Copp | Frank Hubert Copp (February 2, 1881 – March 9, 1959) was a manufacturer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Westmorland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Liberal member from 1935 to 1952.
He was born in Bristol, New Brunswick, the son of Adam Bliss Copp and Sarah Jane Oulton. He was educated at Mount Allison University. In 1903, he married Bertha Copp. Copp owned woollen mills and was also involved in fox ranching. He died in 1959.
References
Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1948, PG Normandin
1881 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Canadian legislators
Mount Allison University alumni
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
People from Carleton County, New Brunswick | [
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17176192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Henrik%20Wallin | Per Henrik Wallin | Per Henrik Wallin (July 17, 1946 – June 15, 2005) was a Swedish jazz pianist and composer. He was acclaimed in Continental Europe, but relatively obscure in the United States. He received the Swedish variant of the Golden Django two years before his death.
References
1946 births
2005 deaths
Swedish jazz pianists
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
20th-century pianists
Male pianists
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
Male jazz musicians | [
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17176202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterley%20Hall | Butterley Hall | Butterley Hall is an 18th-century country house near Ripley, Derbyshire. It is a Grade II listed building. The site is now the headquarters of the Derbyshire Constabulary.
The manor of Butterley was owned by Darley Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.
The two-storey, attic gabled eight-bayed house was built in the late 18th century for the Home family but was sold in 1790 to Francis Beresford for occupation by Benjamin Outram, founder of the Butterley Company. The Hall was the 1803 birthplace of General Sir James Outram of the Indian Army. Following Benjamin Outram's death in 1805 his business partner William Jessop took residence. His grandson, also William Jessop of Butterley Hall, was High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1878. From 1892 to 1938 the hall was occupied by Albert Leslie Wright (1862-1938), Chairman and Managing Director of the Butterley Company, and his family. Like Jessop, Leslie Wright held the office of High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1919. His son, Fitzwalter (1902-1957), and grandson John would continue to run Butterley until 1968.
The house later became the head office of the Butterley Company before it was acquired by Derbyshire Police.
See also
Listed buildings in Ripley, Derbyshire
References
English Heritage, Images of England: Photograph and architectural description
Magna Britannia, Vol 5 Derbyshire (1817) History of Butterley (Parish of Pentrich) from British History Online
Grade II listed buildings in Derbyshire | [
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17176214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Cremer%20de%20Busti | Cristina Cremer de Busti | María Cristina Cremer de Busti, née María Cristina Cremer, (b. Córdoba, Argentina) is an Argentine Justicialist politician. She was a national deputy for her province of Entre Ríos. Her husband, Jorge Busti, is a former governor and senator for that province.
Cremer was known as 'Mary' until coming to live in Entre Ríos at the age of 24 in 1976 when people began to call her 'Cristina'. Cremer and Busti married in 1974 and have three children and three grandchildren. She studied four years of a law career at the Universidad Católica de Córdoba where she was active in the Peronist Youth.
Cremer was director of the Provincial Disability Institute until her election as deputy in 2007, heading the list of the Front for Victory. Her husband ended his term as governor at the same election. There had been speculation that she would stand as governor herself. In Congress she is the 1st Vice President of the Committee on Natural Resources and Human Environment.
References
Living people
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Entre Ríos
Justicialist Party politicians
Politicians from Córdoba, Argentina
21st-century Argentine women politicians
21st-century Argentine politicians
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17176229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Shamsul%20Hasan | Syed Shamsul Hasan | Syed Shamsul Hasan (1882– 7 November 1981) was a leader of the Pakistan Muslim League and before independence of All India Muslim League.
Life
Syed Shamsul Hasan joined the staff of the All India Muslim League (AIML) in July 1914 as Assistant Secretary, and after a short while he took over charge of party’s central office as Secretary. He held this position until independence South Asia into India and Pakistan. The importance of his role in Pakistan’s independence was realized after his death. He was not only responsible for running day to day league operations and financial management, but also keeping in touch with all the league leaders including Liaquat Ali Khan and Allama Iqbal and keeping Quaid informed.
He was known to protect Quaid and Liaquat Ali Khan's back and equipped them with tools that are needed to continue the struggle for an independent state. He was the only one who was entrusted by Quaid himself to safeguard and responsible to transfer the AIML records safely from Delhi to Pakistan. Syed Shamsul Hasan accomplished this task without any concern of putting his or his entire family's life in danger. After the bifurcation of the All India Muslim League in 1948 into the Indian Union Muslim League and Pakistan Muslim League, Syed Shamsul Hasan served Pakistan Muslim League in the same capacity until October 1958.
When Iskandar Mirza declared martial law on October 7, 1958, all political parties were banned; their offices and records were taken over and sealed by this regime. Twenty days later Ayub Khan over thrown Iskandar Mirza and became the first military president of Pakistan. He took charge of all AIML records, put this real history of Pakistan in Hessian bags, removed from the site and left to decay on open rooftop of the Muslim league house. Part of it was destroyed until National Archive Researchers managed to retrieve the remnants in later years. The papers which Quaid-i-Azam had entrusted to Syed Sahib, known as Shamsul Hasan Collection, were entirely protected even after his death. His eldest son Syed Khalid Shamsul Hasan took over his father's responsibility and created Shamsul Hasan foundation for research. In 2006, this historical treasure was donated to National Documentation Center of Cabinet Division, Government of Pakistan.
Awards
Syed Shamsul Hasan was awarded posthumously Sitara-e-Imtiaz on March 23, 2007 by the government of Pakistan. He was also awarded Pakistan Freedom Movement Workers Gold Medal. This Gold medal was also awarded to his son Khalid Shamsul Hasan, for his work initially as Joint Secretary of All India Muslim Student Federation and later on for his meticulous research and analysis on Shamsul Hasan Collection Papers.
List of Books written on Shamsul Hasan Collection
Plain Mr. Jinnah; Author : Syed Shamsul Hasan
Quaid-i-Azam's Unrealized Dream; Author: Khalid Shamsul Hasan
Sindh's fight for Pakistan; Author: Khalid Shamsul Hasan
Punjab and the Unionists; Author: Khalid Shamsul Hasan
Syed Shamsul Hasan ; Author: Khawaja Razi Haider
Jinnah and Punjab- Shamsul Hasan Collections and Other Documents 1944 -1947; Author: Amarjit Singh
External links
http://www.nap.gov.pk/private%20collections.asp
http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/book_quaid.htm
http://www.humsafar.info/litt_list.htm
http://www.indianbooks.co.in/books/index.php?productID=96745
http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/Information_Archive/books.htm
1885 births
1981 deaths
Muhajir people
All India Muslim League members
Pakistani politicians
Leaders of the Pakistan Movement | [
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17176241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%20%26%20Whitney%20X-1800 | Pratt & Whitney X-1800 | The Pratt & Whitney X-1800 (later enlarged as the XH-2600) was an H-block aircraft engine project developed between 1938 and 1940, which was cancelled with only one example being built.
Design and development
The X-1800 was a watercooled 24-cylinder H-block of 2,240 in3 displacement; this was later expanded to 2,600 in3 displacement. It was intended to be used in the Vultee XP-54, Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender, Northrop XP-56, Lockheed XP-49, and Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning. Projected performance was to be 1,800 to 2,200 hp (1350-1640 kW), with a turbocharger to secure high-altitude performance. The designation came from the intended power rating rather than the more usual cubic inch engine displacement figure.
The target date for series production was 1942. In 1940, however, performance on the test bench did not continue to improve, demonstrating a need for considerable additional development effort. Pratt & Whitney subsequently ended development of the X-1800 in October 1940, with only one built, to concentrate on radial engines.
Intended applications
Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender
Lockheed XP-49
Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning
Northrop N-1
Northrop XP-56
Vultee XP-54
Specifications (X-1800)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Photo of the XH-2600 at enginehistory.org
X-1800
Sleeve valve engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States | [
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17176243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Middleton | Graham Middleton | Graham Middleton (22 December 1950 – 6 December 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). In 1974 he played for Bacchus Marsh.
Sources
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
1950 births
2011 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Essendon Football Club players | [
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17176272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL%20%28French%20TV%20channel%29 | XXL (French TV channel) | XXL is a television channel in France that is dedicated to pornography and erotica. Created in March 1996 and transmitted by the AB Sat satellite, it was at the time the first French channel to broadcast pornography every evening. Nowadays, it is available on every cable and satellite distributor as an option channel.
XXL starts its programming at 22:30 CET with either an erotic film, or a talk show, sometimes hosted by former pornographic film actresses. Starting at midnight, it broadcasts two pornographic films, of which the second is a repeat broadcast from the previous week. It broadcasts a gay movie every Tuesday and an amateur film every Wednesday. At the time of the debate on the protection of the minors with respect to the images in pornographic matter of 2002, the channel was strongly criticized because half of pornographic films on French television, were on this channel.
On 24 December 2013, XXL was sold to Thematic Netherlands BV, an association comprising an AB group executive and the Marc Dorcel (minority shareholder) group is entrusted with the editorial management of the channel and its VOD services.
References
Henley, Jon. Pornography forms French children's views on sex. An alleged teenage gang rape 'like some kind of virtual game' underlines survey's fears. The Guardian – 25 May 2002
Specific
External links
Official site
Television stations in France
Pornographic television channels
Television pornography
Television channels and stations established in 1996
1996 establishments in France | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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17176280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20but%20the%20Water | Nothing but the Water | Nothing but the Water is Grace Potter and the Nocturnals' first studio album. It was released on May 10, 2005 independently by the band. The album was re-released with re-mastered tracks and a bonus DVD on May 23, 2006 after the band signed with Hollywood Records in late 2005.
Reception
The album was positively received on Allmusic.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Grace Potter, except where noted.
"Toothbrush and My Table" (Potter, Matt Burr) - 4:31
"Some Kind of Ride" - 3:40
"Ragged Company" - 4:59
"Left Behind" (Potter, Burr, Bryan Dondero, Scott Tournet) - 3:39
"Treat Me Right" (Potter, Burr, Dondero, Tournet) - 4:27
"Sweet Hands" - 3:37
"Joey" (Potter, Burr, Dondero, Tournet) - 5:17
"2:22" (Potter, Tournet) - 4:32
"All but One" - 4:53
"Below the Beams" (Potter, Burr, Dondero, Tournet) - 1:33
"Nothing but the Water (I)" - 2:44
"Nothing but the Water (II)" - 5:16
Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic and the booklet.
The Nocturnals
Grace Potter - lead vocals, keyboards, Hammond organ, tambourine
Scott Tournett - acoustic, electric & resonator guitars, backing vocals
Bryan Dondero - bass guitar, upright bass
Matt Burr - drums, percussion, trash cans
Additional personnel
Jennifer Crowell - tambourine and backing vocals (Tracks 7, 11 and 12)
References
External links
2005 debut albums
Hollywood Records albums
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals albums | [
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17176290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%20Sim%C3%A9on%20Auguste%20Dagobert | Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert | Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert de Fontenille (8 March 1736, La Chapelle-en-Juger, near Saint-Lô, Manche – 18 April 1794, Puigcerdà) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Life
Ancien Régime
Descended from a noble family, Dagobert de Fontenille was major of the bataillon de chasseurs royaux du Dauphiné in 1788. Sous-lieutenant in the régiment de Touraine, he served in the Seven Years' War as an officer in Le Royal-Italien, and remained in that unit for the Corsican campaign of 1769. Whilst on Corsica he came into direct contact with the Bonaparte family.
By his marriage on 8 August 1780 to Jacquette Pailhoux de Cascastel (daughter of a Conseiller souverain of Le Roussillon), he became master of the forges and formed a company to exploit the mines at Les Corbières and Le Razès under the jurisdiction of the abbey of Lagrasse with his cousin, Jean-Pierre François Duhamel, correspondent of the Académie des sciences and commissaire of Louis XVI for mines and forges.
Under the French Revolution
In 1789, he and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, grand-maître of the Grand Orient de France, rallied to the revolutionary cause. He was made colonel in May 1792, at the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition, and sent to the Army of the Var, in which he had many successes. Moved to the Army of Italy under d'Anselme and Biron, he distinguished himself before Nice and at the col de Negro.
War against Spain
When the French National Convention declared war on Spain on 7 March 1793, de Fontenille moved to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, under general de Flers, and commanded an entrenched camp of 8,000 men. He repulsed a Spanish attack on this position on 19 May but was still forced to abandon it, though he then stopped an enemy column of 6,000 men marching on Perpignan. Made commander in chief of the Armée centrale des Pyrénées after de Flers was removed from this post, he seized Puycerda on 29 August 1793 and the whole of the Spanish Cerdagne within 24 hours, before defeating the Spanish again on 4 September 1793 at Mont-Louis, capturing 14 cannon and recapturing part of Le Roussillon.
Made commander in chief of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees in September after Barbantane's removal, he renounced this position after his defeat on 27 September at Truillas by the Spanish general Antonio Ricardos.
Fall from and return to favour
He was discharged for this defeat and returned to Paris to give an account of his conduct. He was imprisoned, then released and returned to his previous post at the head of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Arriving back at Perpignan in March 1794, he could not obtain some battalions from Dugommier (12,000 infantry and 600 cavalry in total) which had been put at his disposal. He nevertheless invaded Spain, where he removed several enemy positions and won various victories, taking Urgel on 10 April 1794, before dying of illness at Puigcerdà in April 1794. The Convention decided to engrave his name on the raised column at the Panthéon.
Family
François-Gilles Dagobert, a cousin of Dagobert de Fontenille via a cadet (and Breton) branch of the family, took up the revolutionary torch in 1793 at the time of the War in the Vendée.
Sources
"Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert", in Charles Mullié, Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850, 1852
Bibliography
Le général Dagobert by Arthur Chuquet 1913
Campagne de la Révolution française dans les P-O by J.-N. Fervel, chef de bataillon du Génie
Nouveaux Lundis Tome 2 by Sainte-Beuve - 1864
Notes et histoire de la Famille Dagobert by Mme Destors, née Hayaux du Tilly (1962) non édité
Le Roi Dagobert. Histoire d'une famille et d'une chanson 1990, prix d'histoire de la société Académique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique
Le général Dagobert by Christian Laroze - 2000
1736 births
1794 deaths
French generals
People from Manche
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe | [
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17176293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Middleton | Lloyd Middleton | Lloyd Middleton (13 February 1928 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League in 1951.
Sources
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
1928 births
2015 deaths
Essendon Football Club players
University Blacks Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | [
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17176301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nibras%20School%20for%20Special%20Needs | Al-Nibras School for Special Needs | Al-Nibras Ideal School is a school founded in September 2004 to cater to the needs of 4- to 21-year-old children with mild to moderate intellectual disability.
The school offers all its services in the Arabic language using the Kuwaiti dialect. The school offers speech therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social worker, counselor, nurse and monthly medical checkups.
See also
Education in Kuwait
List of schools in Kuwait
External links
, the school's official website
2004 establishments in Kuwait
Al Farwaniyah Governorate
Educational institutions established in 2004
Private schools in Kuwait
Special schools | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
17176324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%20Horsemen | Georgian Horsemen | Georgian Horsemen may refer to:
Georgian horsemen in Wild West shows
Mkhedrioni, a Georgian paramilitary group and political organisation | [
33428,
666,
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1,
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17176328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenton%20Miels | Brenton Miels | Brenton Robyn Miels (12 January 1948 – 19 October 1997) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Sturt in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) from 1965 until 1968 and then again from 1970 to 1977 during which time he played in Premiership sides in 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1974 and 1976. Miels played on the wing and kicked 98 goals for Sturt. He was made a player life member of Sturt in 1973, Player Life Member of the SANFL in 1975 and was posthumously inducted into the Sturt Football Club Hall of Fame in 2009.
Miels played with the Richmond Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) from 1969 to 1970 whilst serving national service with the Australian Army.
References
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
Hogan P: The Tigers Of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996
1948 births
1997 deaths
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Sturt Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
People from Laura, South Australia | [
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17176366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemmal | Jemmal | Jemmal () is a city in the Monastir Governorate of Tunisia, located about south of Monastir. As of 2014 it had a population of 50,275. The city is well known for its historic Grand Mosque and is at the centre of a region of olive groves. A festival takes place each year during the olive harvest season in November or December. It is also an important industrial center for textiles and manufacturing; the manufacturing industry employs about half of Jemmal's active population. An industrial zone was established in 2005 on 7.5 hectares (.03 sq. miles), along the road that connects Jemmal to the town of Moknine.
Notable people
Taïeb Baccouche -Minister of Education since 2011
References
External links
Populated places in Monastir Governorate
Communes of Tunisia | [
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17176395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Johnson | Christine Johnson | Christine Johnson may refer to:
Christine Johnson (Utah politician) (born 1968), member of the Utah House of Representatives
Christine Johnson (actress) (1911–2010), actress and vocalist of the 1940s
Christine J. Johnson (born 1953), member of the Illinois Senate
See also
Christine Jönsson (born 1958), Swedish politician
Kristine Johnson (born 1972), American newscaster
Kristina M. Johnson (born 1957), American engineer, executive and academic administrator
Christina Johnston, English coloratura soprano
Chris Johnson (disambiguation) | [
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17176415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Mamba%20%28group%29 | Black Mamba (group) | Black Mamba is a government anti-terrorism organization in Uganda, under President Yoweri Museveni.
References
Government of Uganda
Counterterrorism
Paramilitary organisations based in Uganda | [
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17176435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkin%27%20Trash | Talkin' Trash | Talkin' Trash may refer to:
List of The Fairly OddParents episodes
Godzilla: The Series
"Talkin' Trash", song by Betty Davis 1976
"Talkin' Trash", song by The Marathons 1961 | [
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17176453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys%20and%20Aliens%20%28album%29 | Cowboys and Aliens (album) | Cowboys and Aliens is the fourth studio album by British alternative rock band Kitchens of Distinction, released on 3 October 1994 in the UK by One Little Indian Records and on 24 January 1995 by A&M Records in the US.
The album was recorded in Kippford, Scotland at Pete Bartlett's Radio King studio through the summer and autumn of 1993. One Little Indian rejected the album twice, and eventually, both label and band agreed to bring in up-and-coming producer Pascal Gabriel to work on a couple of tracks. One of the label's complaints about the album as the band originally submitted it was that they felt it lacked a potential hit single, so Gabriel produced a new song ("Come on Now") that the band had written after the rest of the album had already been recorded; Gabriel also remixed two of the album's other tracks (the opener "Sand on Fire" and first single "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye," which peaked at number 86 on the UK Singles Chart). Although the band admitted that they enjoyed working with Gabriel, the changes did nothing to help the album's lacklustre sales. By the end of 1995, both A&M and OLI had dropped the band.
Following the album's release, the band shortened their name to Kitchens O.D. and recorded and released the non-album single "Feel My Genie"/"To Love a Star" in May 1996 before disbanding.
Track listing
Singles
"Now It's Time to Say Goodbye" (September 1994)
"Now It's Time to Say Goodbye"
"Jesus Nevada"
"White Horses"
"What We Really Wanted to Do"
Personnel
Kitchens of Distinction
Patrick Fitzgerald – vocals, bass
Julian Swales – guitar
Dan Goodwin – drums, percussion
Technical
Producers: Kitchens of Distinction and Pete Bartlett, except:
"Come on Now" produced by Pascal Gabriel
"Sand on Fire" and "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye" remixed by Pascal Gabriel
Katie Meehan – vocals on "Sand on Fire", "Get Over Yourself", "Remember Me?" and "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye"
Harvey Brough – string arrangements on "Come on Now"
Richard Lohr – photography
Design by Cactus
Recorded and mixed at Kippford, Scotland
Studio conceived and installed by Pete Bartlett
Vibes by Kristine Filer
Mastered at Metropolis by Tim Young
References
External links
[ Allmusic's review of "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye" single]
Kitchens of Distinction albums
1994 albums
Albums produced by Pete Bartlett
Albums produced by Pascal Gabriel
One Little Independent Records albums | [
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17176461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanite | Hexanite | Hexanite was a castable German military explosive developed early in the 20th century before the First World War for the Kaiserliche Marine, intended to augment supplies of trinitrotoluene (TNT), which were then in short supply. Hexanite is slightly less powerful than TNT on its own. The most common hexanite formula (by weight) was 60% TNT and 40% hexanitrodiphenylamine.
Typically, hexanite was used in underwater naval weapons e.g. warheads for the G7a and G7e series torpedoes and the main explosive charge in aluminium-cased buoyant, moored "EMF" magnetic mines capable of being laid by U-boats in of water.
This explosive is regarded as obsolete, so any hexanite-filled munitions encountered will be in the form of unexploded ordnance dating from the Second World War.
The Japanese used this in World War II as explosive compound types 97 and 98.
See also
Minol
Torpex
Amatol
References
Explosives | [
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17176462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samayer%20Kache | Samayer Kache | Samayer Kache is a 2018 Bengali short film written and directed by Suryoday De.The film was based on a 1968 Bengali novel by Buddhadev Dasgupta. The film was shown in Kolkata International Film Festival.The film was given 4.5/5 by a review on TOI and was praised as "A brave film against superstitious beliefs and social stigmas".The film was nominated for the Satyajit Ray Award.
External links
1968 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Indian short films
1960s Bengali-language films
1968 short films | [
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17176465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Wild%20World | Wild Wild World | Wild Wild World is a 1960 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Robert McKimson. The short was released on February 27, 1960.
The film is a spoof of the 1955-1958 television series Wide Wide World, hosted by Dave Garroway. In the cartoon, "Cave Darroway" presents a recently discovered film taken during the Cro-Magnon era. Because of the long lead time in producing an animated cartoon, the TV program which inspired the cartoon had already been canceled when the cartoon was released. The cartoon is available on DVD as a bonus short on disc four of Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6.
The documentary was filmed in the "Geo-Goshical Year 75,000,000 B.C." (satirizing the International Geophysical Year 1957-'58), in breathtaking Cromagnonscope. Cromagnonscope last appeared in the cartoon Pre-Hysterical Hare.
Plot
Cave Darroway presents a recently discovered "film documentary of the Geo-Goshical Year 75,000,000 B.C.". In the documentary, as three cavemen try to kill a dinosaur, the discovery of fire, transportations, use of the boomerang, entertainment, a haircut, department stores and the use of its elevator are comically shown. Finally the three cavemen from earlier try to kill a dinosaur again, but it shows them a sign that says "Friday (fish day)". They then decide to fish, but are swallowed by the fish. The documentary ends and Cave Darroway decides to take a coffee break. However, when he gets into an elevator, it turns out that it works like the one seen earlier in the documentary.
References
External links
Wild Wild World listing in IMDB
Wild Wild World listing in TV.com
1960 films
1960 animated films
1960 short films
1960s parody films
Merrie Melodies short films
Films directed by Robert McKimson
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
1960s Warner Bros. animated short films
1960s English-language films
Animated films about cavemen
Early European modern humans | [
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] |
17176479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholer%20Raja%20Khirode%20Natta | Dholer Raja Khirode Natta | Dholer Raja Khirode Natta is a 1973 Bengali documentary film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta.
References
External links
1973 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Indian documentary films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
1970s Bengali-language films | [
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17176480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingshi%2C%20Guangdong | Pingshi, Guangdong | Pingshi Town () is a town of Lechang City, in the far north of Guangdong Province, China, near the border with Hunan. It is located along the Wu River (), a tributary of the Bei River. it had a population of 120,000 residing in an area of .
Pingshi was called Pingshi County (, literally "flat rock county") during the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420589). The county district was from Sanxingping Village. Nowadays it is the "northern door of Guangdong" (), serving as a prominent border trade and transit point for the provinces of Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi.
Pingshi lies at the intersection of the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway. Major roads passing through the town include the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway, China National Highway 107, and Guangdong Provincial Highways 248 and 249. City bridges include Pingshi Bridge, Futian Bridge, Pingmei Bridge, and Baisha Bridge.
Pingshi's GDP is 1.6 billion yuan. Pingshi B power plant powers the majority of northern Shaoguan. Major industries of Pingshi include Chinese medicine and zirconium products. There are over 2000 private and individual enterprises and a state-run prison.
The Pingshi region is rich in tourism resources. It is home to one of the eight wonders of Guangdong: "Jinji Ling" (, literally "Golden Chicken Mountain").
References
External links
Shaoguan
Township-level divisions of Guangdong | [
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] |
17176484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%A1o%20Pind%C5%BEur | Strašo Pindžur | Strahil Pindžurov (15 March, 1915 – 4 January 1943), better known by his Partisan name Strašo Pindžur (Страшо Пинџур) was a Macedonian Partisan, active during World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, who was later proclaimed a national hero of SFR Yugoslavia.
Biography
Pindžurov was born in the town of Strumica, then part of Bulgaria. His father Dimitar Pindžurov was an IMRO activist and a Bulgarian teacher there. His godfather became Hristo Chernopeev, a friend of his father. Both were killed as servicemen of the Bulgarian Army during the First World War. After the war, Strumica was ceded to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Pindžur's mother re-married and Strašo moved back to his father's native village of Vataša, where he was raised by his grandmother. As a war orphan later, he was a state pupil in Kragujevac, where in secondary school he came in contact with the Yugoslav communist movement.
Strašo Pindžur studied at the University of Belgrade's Law School, and was a secretary of the illegal student association "Vardar". He was a close collaborator, and a friend of the Yugoslav communist Ivo Lola Ribar and participated in a number of demonstrations of the party. He tried to be a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, but did not succeed. Because of his revolutionary activism Pindžurov was arrested by the Yugoslav authorities. After the annexation of Vardar Macedonia by Bulgaria during the Second World War, he clashed with the pro-Bulgarian secretary of the Regional Committee of Communists in Macedonia — Metodi Shatorov Sharlo. With the help of the Comintern, the Macedonian Communists were re-attached to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. As a CPY-loyalist he was appointed as member of the new Regional Committee and a member of the Main headquarters of the partisan detachments in December 1942. However the same month he was captured by the Bulgarian police. According to the statement of the head of Group 4 at the Skopje District Police Department, Ljubomir Jordanov, Pindžurov was beaten continually for two straight days with a rubber baton, all over his body and across the soles of his feet, however Pindžurov kept silent for the duration of the interrogation. He succumbed to his injuries on January 4, 1943.
References
1915 births
1943 deaths
People from Kavadarci Municipality
Macedonian communists
Macedonian people of Bulgarian descent
Yugoslav Partisans members
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Macedonian Partisans | [
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17176486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikijuku | Seikijuku | is a far right Japanese imperialist group based in Nagasaki Prefecture, founded in 1981. The group was responsible for a number of violent incidents, including the 1990 near-fatal shooting of the mayor of Nagasaki Hitoshi Motoshima who stated that Emperor Shōwa was responsible for the war. In 1984, the group disrupted a Fuji TV recording session with flares.
See also
Political extremism in Japan
Uyoku dantai
Sources
World Notes Japan Time. 24 Jun 2001.
References
Japanese nationalism
Far-right politics in Japan
Terrorism in Japan
Paramilitary organizations based in Japan | [
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17176499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooratwa | Dooratwa | Dooratwa () is a 1981 Bengali film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta. It won the National film award for best feature film in Bengali.
Plot
(P. Mukherjee), marries a young woman, Anjali. When the former rebel learns that Anjali is pregnant from another relationship, he leaves her. He also refuses shelter to a Naxalite on the run. The lonely teacher forms a relationship with another woman, who is a Personal secretary in a business firm and her insane mother, but class differences prevent this from going any further. In the end, he finds that the woman he rejected is mature enough to accept him as a friend and their relationship shows renewed promise as he tries to shed his prejudices. The film continued the Bengali cinema's fascination with the Naxalite uprising of the late 60s and 70s, often using symbolic imagery as in the opening shot of a newly paved VIP road and the commentary linking the annihilation of ‘troublemakers’ with the ‘beautification’ of the city. The film recalled aspects of Ray's 70s Calcutta films in its extensive use of silence and its consistently lyrical emphasis on the protagonist's subjectivity.
Cast
Bijon Bhattacharya
Mamata Shankar as Anjali
Pradip Mukherjee as Mondar
Niranjan Ray
External links
References
1978 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in Kolkata
Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners
Indian drama films | [
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17176507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Rijkaert | Eric Rijkaert | Eric Rijkaert also written Eric Rijckaert (194327 January 2001) was born in Oostwinkel, Belgium. He was a former Belgian sports physician and worked with the Festina cycling team. He was said to be at the heart of the Festina affair of 1998 that led to the withdrawal of the entire Festina team during the 1998 Tour de France. Rijkaert was the team doctor from 1993 until the Festina affair in 1998.
Career
Rijkaert was active in cycling when EPO was being introduced to the professional peloton by doctors such as Francesco Conconi and his former assistant Michele Ferrari. Rijkaert was firstly the team doctor of the PDM team from 1986 to 1992. After that he joined the Festina team where he stayed as doctor until the Festina Affair of the 1998 Tour de France. Rijkaert was said to have proposed the use of EPO to some of the riders. Rijkaert was known amongst the riders as "Dr Fiat Punto" after the "Punto" (a small model of Fiat automobile). This name came about in comparison to the famous Italian physician Michele Ferrari. This was because of his carefulness compared to the high performances yielded by Ferrari. Rijkaert would not let the riders blood haematocrit level go above 53-54%. Rijkaert was under pressure from team management to go higher and further with doping of the riders.
Rijkaert together with Bruno Roussel were arrested during the 1998 Tour de France in the town of Cholet. Rijkaert spent 100 days in jail while suffering from lung cancer which he stated in a book he released in Dutch called The Festina Affair or De Zaak Festina. This ordeal during the diagnosis of his lung cancer was said to have deeply affected Rijkaert mentally and physically. His book attempted to open a discussion about doping in cycling. In October 2000, Rijkaert was fined approximately 15,000 euros for breaking the law against doping.
Rijkaert died from lung cancer in January 2001.
References
1943 births
2001 deaths
Cycling coaches
Belgian sports coaches
Drugs in sport in Belgium
Deaths from lung cancer
Belgian sports physicians | [
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17176509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Sidecarcross%20World%20Championship | 2009 Sidecarcross World Championship | The 2009 FIM Sidecarcross world championship, the 30th edition of the competition, started on 29 March and finished after thirteen race weekends on 13 September 2009.
After six championships in a row for Daniël Willemsen, the 2009 edition was won by Joris Hendrickx from Belgium. His passenger, Kaspars Liepiņš, is from Latvia.
Parallel to the riders competition, a manufacturers championship was also held and won by Vruwink MotorCycles - VMC.
Overview
The 2009 season was the 30th edition of the sidecarcross world championship. The defending champion was Daniël Willemsen from the Netherlands. He started the season with a new passenger, having parted with the Swiss Reto Grütter, whom he won the 2007 and 2008 title with. After 17 seasons in the sidecarcross world championship, former five-time world champion Kristers Sergis had announced his retirement from the competition, having finished his career with a second place in the 2008 edition. Another former world champion to retire from the competition was Marcel Willemsen, but he did still take part in one more Grand Prix during the season. With Kaspars Stupelis and Sven Verbrugge, two riders who had won world championships as passengers with Daniël Willemsen also took part in the competition, the later reunited with Willemsen in a team.
The thirteen races of the season were held in eleven countries, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Ukraine, Netherlands, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Denmark, Poland and Germany. It was the first time since 2001, that the championship had returned to the traditional sidecarcross nation of Switzerland. Russia was on the calendar only for the second time, the previous race having been scheduled to be held in Moscow in 2004 but being cancelled because of heavy rain. Poland hosted a race for the first time. The competition however did not return to Great Britain who held its last event in 2001.
Format
Every Grand Prix weekend is split into two races, both held on the same day. Thus the 2011 season with its thirteen Grand Prix had 26 races. Each race lasts for 30 minutes plus two laps. The two races on a weekend get combined to determine an overall winner. In case of a tie, the results of the second race are used to determine the winner. While this overall winner receives no extra WC points, they usually are awarded a special trophy. Race start times are set at 13:30 and 16:00.
Events typically consist of a qualifying competition, held in multiple stages on Saturdays of a race weekend while the two race events are typically held on Sundays. One exception to this rule is Easter weekends, when the races are held on Easter Monday. Race weekends can consist of additional motocross or quart support races as well, but the FIM stipulates that the World Championship races have priority. Riders have to be provided with at least one 30-minute free practice season, which will be timed. A race can consist of up to 30 starters and the qualifying modus is dependent on the number of entries. With up to 32 entries, it will be held in one group split into two sessions of 30 minutes each. Above 32 entries, the starter field will be sub-divided into two groups through ballot and the current standings. Each qualifying group can consist of up to 30 racers. Should there be more than 60 entries, a pre-qualifying has to be held. Of the riders in the two groups, the top twelve directly qualify for the races. The remaining teams then go to a second-chance qualifying, in which the best six advance. The riders placed seventh and eighth remain in reserve should one of the qualified teams not be able to participate.
The FIM stipulates that all drivers must be of a minimum age of 18 while passengers have to be at least 16 years old to compete, but no older than 50. Riders older than 50 have to provide a certificate of medical fitness to be permitted to compete. The driver has the right to exchange his passenger under certain conditions.
Starting numbers for the season are awarded according to the previous season's overall finishing position of the driver. Current or former World Champions have however the right to pick any number they wish, except the number one, which is reserved for the current World Champion.
The competition is open for motor cycles with two-stroke engines from between 350 and 750 cc and four-stroke engines of up to 1,000 cc. Each team is permitted the use of two motorcycles with the possibility of changing machines between races.
The FIM does not permit radio communication between riders and their teams. Outside assistance during the race on the course is not permitted unless it is through race marshals in the interest of safety. Limited repairs in the designated repair zone during the race are permitted.
The first twenty teams of each race score competition points. The point system for the 2009 season was as follows:
Prize money
Prize money and travel reimbursements in the sport are not large, sidecarcross still qualifying mostly as an amateur sport. In the 2009 season for example, every team received Euro 500 as a travel indemnity per race weekend qualified for. Additionally, prize money was paid, with the winner earning €300, the second placed team €250, the third placed team €200. With the prize money gradually dropping off from there, the teams placed twelfth to twentieth still received €50 each.
Calendar
The calendar for the 2009 season:
The Sidecarcross des Nations in Jauer on 27 September 2009 is a non-championship event but part of the calendar and is denoted by a light blue background in the table above.
Classification
Riders
The final standings of the 2009 season:
Equipment listed is motor and frame.
Manufacturers
Parallel to the riders championship, a manufacturers competition is also held. In every race, only the best-placed rider of every make is awarded points in this competition.
The final standings in the manufacturers competition were:
References
External links
The World Championship on Sidecarcross.com
The John Davey Grand Prix Pages – Results of all GP's up until 2005
FIM Sidecar Motocross World Championship
Sidecarcross world chmapionship, 2009
Sidecarcross World Championship seasons | [
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17176511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem%20Annapurna | Neem Annapurna | Neem Annapurna (English language:Bitter Morsel) is a 1979 Bengali film directed by Buddhadev Dasgupta and starring Sunil Mukherjee. The movie is based on Bengali short story, Neem Annapurna by Kamal Kumar Majumdar.It won the National film award for best cinematography.
External links
1979 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in Kolkata
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award
1970s Bengali-language films | [
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17176512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous%20desensitization | Homologous desensitization | Homologous desensitization occurs when a receptor decreases its response to an agonist at high concentration. It is a process through which, after prolonged agonist exposure, the receptor is uncoupled from its signaling cascade and thus the cellular effect of receptor activation is attenuated.
Homologous desensitization is distinguished from heterologous desensitization, a process in which repeated stimulation of a receptor by an agonist results in desensitization of the stimulated receptor as well as other, usually inactive, receptors on the same cell. They are sometimes denoted as agonist-dependent and agonist-independent desensitization respectively. While heterologous desensitization occurs rapidly at low agonist concentrations, homologous desensitization shows a dose dependent response and usually begins at significantly higher concentrations.
Homologous desensitization serves as a mechanism for tachyphylaxis and helps organisms to maintain homeostasis. The process of homologous desensitization has been extensively studied utilizing G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). While the different mechanisms for desensitization are still being characterized, there are currently four known mechanisms: uncoupling of receptors from associated G proteins, endocytosis, degradation, and downregulation. The degradation and downregulation of receptors is often also associated with drug tolerance since it has a longer onset, from hours to days. It has been shown that these mechanisms can happen independently of one another, but that they also influence one another. In addition, the same receptor expressed in different cell types can be desensitized by different mechanisms.
Mechanisms
For GPCRs generally, each mechanism of homologous desensitization begins with receptor phosphorylation by an associated G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). GRKs selectively modify activated receptors such that no heterogeneous desensitization will occur. This phosphorylation then acts to recruit other proteins, such as arrestins, that participate in one or more of the following mechanisms.
Receptor uncoupling
Receptor uncoupling/phosphorylation is the most rapid form of desensitization that happens within a cell, as its effects are seen within seconds to minutes of agonist application. The ß2 adrenergic receptor was the first to have its desensitization studied and characterized. The mechanism of desensitization involves the action of a specific GRK, denoted ßARK, and also ß-arrestins. The ß-arrestins show high affinity for receptors that are both phosphorylated and activated, but are still able to bind non-phosphorylated receptors with a lower affinity. Additionally, ß-arrestins are better at inactivating ßARK-phosphorylated receptors rather than protein kinase A-phosphorylated receptors, which suggests that the arrestins preferentially mediate homologous desensitization.
The mechanism of homologous desensitization for the β2 receptor is as follows:
Agonist binds and activates the receptor, which changes to an active conformational state.
Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK), a cytoplasmic kinase is activated and phosphorylates the C-terminus of the β2 receptor.
This phosphorylation increases the affinity of β-arrestin for the receptor, resulting in uncoupling of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein from the receptor, producing desensitization.
Endocytosis
In contrast to receptor uncoupling, endocytosis can occur through multiple pathways. GPCR endocytosis has been shown to be either dependent or independent of arrestin activity, depending on the cell type used in the experiment; however, the former is more common. Furthermore, the same receptor expressed in two distinct cell types can be endocytosed through different mechanisms due to differences in GRK and arrestin expression: either through clathrin-coated vesicles or caveolae. In general, receptor sequestration preferentially affects receptors that are both activated and phosphorylated, but the phosphorylation is not always a necessary component of endocytosis. After being sequestered, the affected receptors can either be degraded by lysosomes or reinserted into the plasma membrane, which is called receptor recycling.
Post-translational modification also affects receptor endocytosis. For example, different glycosylations on the exterior N-terminus of dopamine receptors D2 and D3 were associated with specific endocytotic pathways. Additionally, palmitoylation, which primarily mediates receptor localization within the membrane, can also affect endocytosis. It is required for the endocytosis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and D3 receptors, and it is inhibitory for leutinizing hormone and vasopressin receptor 1A receptors. It has been shown to have no effect on adrenergic receptors (specifically ß2 and α1).
References
Membrane biology
G protein-coupled receptors
Signal transduction | [
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] |
17176534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invictus%20%28disambiguation%29 | Invictus (disambiguation) | Invictus (Latin for "unconquered") may refer to:
"Invictus" is a short poem by William Ernest Henley.
Invictus may also refer to:
Music
"Invictus", Edwardian setting of the poem by composer Bruno Siegfried Huhn
Invictus (Virgin Steele album), 1998
Invictus (George Kollias album), 2015
Invictus (Iconoclast III), a 2010 album by Heaven Shall Burn
"Invictus", a composition for band by Karl King
Invictus Records, a record label operating between 1968 and 1977
Invictus: A Passion, a 2018 choral work by Howard Goodall
Video gaming
Invictus (Vampire: The Requiem), a covenant in the role-playing game
Invictus Games (company), a PC games company dedicated to the racing genre
Invictus Gaming, an eSports team
Other uses
Invictus (film), a 2009 biographical sport drama film
Invictus Games, an international sporting event for wounded soldiers
Invictus (epithet), a Latin epithet for various Roman deities meaning "unconquered, invincible"
Invictus (novel), a 2016 Eagles of the Empire novel by Simon Scarrow
"Invictus", a 2018 television special continuation of the animated series 12 oz. Mouse
"Invictus", a character from the American animated series Final Space
See also
Sol Invictus, a sun god of the Roman Empire
Sol Invictus (band), English neofolk and neoclassical group fronted by Tony Wakeford
Invicta (disambiguation) | [
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] | [
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] |
17176535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grihajuddha | Grihajuddha | Grihajuddha (English language:Crossroads) is a 1982 Bengali film directed and written by Buddhadev Dasgupta and starring Sunil Mukherjee. The film was produced under contract from the Government of West Bengal. The Naxalite movement in Bengal in the 1970s forms a backdrop to the film.
The film was entered into the main competition at the 39th edition of the Venice Film Festival.
Plot
The Chief labour officer of a private steel company in Barrackpur senses corruption in the management. An idealist he resigns and is murdered. The secretary of the trade union, Probir gets to know of it and is murdered. His comrade Bijan manages to escape and absconds. Nirupama, the sister, who silently cherishes Bijan, along with Sandipan, a reporter, tracks down the hired gang of killers, which include Sital, the goal keeper in a smalltime football team. Sital reveals that they had been lured with the promise of a job. But the promises were not kept and sital wishes to disown his past. Meanwhile, Bijan has made good as a salesman in Nasik and returns to Calcutta as a changed man. His values had been eroded by time and success. He tries to justify his desertion of his earlier convictions, but fails to convince Nirupama. He wants a settled married life with Nirupama. She still clings to the ideals of her dead brother. But confusion and desperation forces Nirupama to accept his proposal. On the date of marriage, Sandipan is found dead in mysterious circumstances. Confused, Nirupama wants to postpone the marriage. Quarrels follow and Nirupama realises that the void between them is too wide to be bridged. The rift, however, forces a helpless girl to the threshold of self awareness. She realises that she, The film ends with Niupama beginning the struggle all by herself.
Cast
Anjan Dutt as Bijon
Mamata Shankar as Nirupama
Goutam Ghose as Sandipan
Shashanka Bhattacharya
Manoj Mitra as Newspaper Editor
Prabir Guha
Sunil Mukherjee
Pradip Sen
Monidipa Roy
Production
Casting
In 1981, Gautam Ghose had done a film with Mamata Shankar called Dakhal. Gautam Ghose said “ While directing Mamata, I would enact some scenes. She called up Buddha and praised my acting skills. In fact, she also to him that he should approach me for the role in ‘Grihajuddha’." Buddha and Mamata reached his residence to convince him to play the part.
Production
Gautam Ghose said about Buddhadeb Dasgupta in an interview " He would always tell the unit that I don't need extra takes since I am myself a cinematographer and know how to walk keeping pace with the trolley. Buddha was trying to develop a new style since the days of ‘Grihajuddha’. We would often get into arguments over why he was doing things a certain way. He would then tell me about wanting to develop a new style. Since I am also a film-maker, I could understand that."
Trivia
1. One of the thugs Shital Das that visited the deceased Prabir Dutta's house was shown to be the goalkeeper of Friends Sporting Club, Kolkata.
References
External links
1982 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1982 drama films
Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
Films set in Kolkata
1980s Bengali-language films
Indian drama films | [
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17176540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dark%20Knight%20%28soundtrack%29 | The Dark Knight (soundtrack) | The Dark Knight: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2008 film of the same name, which is a sequel to Christopher Nolan's 2005 film Batman Begins. The soundtrack was released on July 15, 2008, in three editions: CD, limited edition CD digipak, and digital download. The 2-CD Special Edition was released on December 9, along with the DVD. A limited edition 180-gram vinyl LP was released on August 12. The soundtrack was composed by Batman Begins collaborators Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard and recorded in April.
Just like Batman Begins and later The Dark Knight Rises, the main motif always consists in just two notes, played by horns and accompanied by strings, representing Batman's pain and guilt.
In many tracks is also reprised Batman's main action theme ("Molossus"), first used in Batman Begins and later in The Dark Knight Rises.
Zimmer was responsible for creating Joker's theme, while James Newton Howard focused on Harvey Dent/Two-Face theme.
The score won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, "Best Music" at the Saturn Awards and "Best Soundtrack" at the Brit Awards, while it was nominated in the category "Best Film Music" at the BAFTA Awards.
Composition
Zimmer originally said the main Batman theme was purposely introduced at the end of Batman Begins, and would be fleshed out in the sequel as the character develops. Zimmer and Howard both believed that creating a heroic theme that a viewer could hum would ignore the complexity and darkness of the character. The Batman theme (audible twice early in the film, once towards the end and a final time at the beginning of the end credits) creates what Zimmer described as a "red herring", a kind of musical foreshadowing, which was played by a cello.
The nine-minute suite for the Joker ("Why So Serious") was based around two notes played by electric cello, solo violin, guitars and a string section. Zimmer compared its style to the band Kraftwerk, who come from his native Germany, as well as his work with bands like The Damned. Throughout the piece, Zimmer used razor blades on string instruments to achieve the tortured, twisted sound to accompany the character on the screen. When Ledger died, Zimmer stated that he felt like scrapping his original material and composing a new theme, but decided that to do so would compromise the "evil [performance] projects". James Newton Howard composed the "elegant and beautiful" themes for Harvey Dent/Two-Face, to work as an aural contrast. The suite contains ten thousand musical bars.
The heroic brass theme which plays when Batman leaves Ra's al Ghul to die in Batman Begins makes a reappearance when Batman hurls the Joker off the building in the film's climax. It also makes its third and final appearance in The Dark Knight Rises when Batman fires a missile at Miranda Tate, while her truck driver was killed, sending her and the truck to a crashing halt. The cue was released on the two-disc special edition, and can be found on the track, "We Are Tonight's Entertainment". The second disc can also be found for digital download under the album name The Dark Knight (Bonus Digital Release) with artwork featuring the Joker instead of Batman.
Sales
The soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 list at 20, with 25,000 copies sold in the first week.
During its second week in release, the track fell to 23, with an estimated 20,000 copies sold. It dropped out of top 100 on its third week, but held the position of 192 selling 2,100. On its fourth week it fell out of the Top 200.
A 2-CD Special Edition of The Dark Knight soundtrack was released on December 9, 2008. In addition to the 14 tracks on the regular release, an additional 10 tracks of score were added to the second disc, along with four remixes by The Crystal Method, Paul van Dyk, Mel Wesson, and Ryeland Allison, packaged as a digibook in a semi-artificial leather slipcase with the Bat-Signal cut out. The Digibook features several movie scenes, production details and a few words from Christopher Nolan on the collaboration with Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard. The first disc is exactly the same as the original release, with additional tracks and remixes on the latter disc. Between the two of them, the two discs of the special edition form most of the film's score, though the tracks are arranged in an order different from the scenes in the film.
Reception
The score received favorable responses. Websites like tracksounds.com and Soundtrack.net have released mostly positive reviews, commending the score's blend of electronic and orchestral elements as well as its continued departure from the tone of Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns set by Danny Elfman. Other sites, like Movie Music UK and especially Filmtracks.com found the score to be bland and uncreative, with many elements borrowed from the previous scores of both composers, especially previous scores by Zimmer. Filmtracks.com reviewer Christian Clemmensen found the track "Why so Serious" unlistenable and referred to it as "nine minutes of your life that you'll never get back", but praised the cue "Harvey Two-Face" which was composed by James Newton Howard. Other complaints were about Batman's new heroic theme, featured most heavily in Like a Dog Chasing Cars, which Clemmensen considered "a murky blend of The Last Samurai, The Thin Red Line, The Da Vinci Code, and Crimson Tide".
Awards
The soundtrack was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media in February 2009. Later in May, the soundtrack won a Classical BRIT Award for Best Soundtrack. It was disqualified for consideration for that year's Oscars, as the Academy ruled there were more names listed as composers than they permit. The score won other several awards, including "Best Music" at the Saturn Awards.
Track listing
Disc One
Disc Two- (Bonus Special Edition)
Tracks not included within the release of the soundtrack:
Chart positions
References
External links
The Dark Knight Soundtrack - official website
2008 soundtrack albums
2000s film soundtrack albums
Batman film soundtracks
Hans Zimmer soundtracks
Warner Records soundtracks
The Dark Knight Trilogy | [
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17176570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo%20Theatre | Cameo Theatre | Cameo Theatre is an American anthology series that aired on NBC during the Golden Age of Television, from 1950 to 1955, three times as a summer replacement and once as a mid-season replacement for other series.
Television in the round
The live series, produced by Albert McCleery, introduced to television the concept of theater-in-the-round, which had been well established and popularized since 1947 by Margo Jones with her Theatre '47 in Dallas, Texas. McCleery's method of staging employed minimal sets and props well lit within a black background, enabling cameras to move about with much freedom in the darkness, picking up shots from any angle. McCleery's skill with this type of staging led directly to his producer role with NBC's Matinee Theatre. The technique put the focus directly on the characters and dialogue rather than scenery. The way that McCleery used cameras became known as the "cameo shot" and was imitated widely.
Jim Buckley of the Pewter Plough Playhouse (Cambria, California) recalled:
When Al McCleery got back to the States, he originated a most ambitious theatrical TV series for NBC called Matinee Theatre: to televise five different stage plays per week live, airing around noon in order to promote color TV (which had just been developed) to the American housewife as she labored over her ironing. Al was the producer. He hired five directors and five art directors. Richard Bennett, one of our first early presidents of the Pewter Plough Corporation, was one of the directors and I was one of the art directors and, as soon as we were through televising one play, we had lunch and then met to plan next week’s show. That was over 50 years ago, and I’m trying to think; I believe the TV art director is (or was) his own set decorator (selecting furnishings and hand props)—yes, of course! It had to be, since one of McCleery’s chief claims to favor with the producers was his elimination of the setting per se and simply decorating the scene with a minimum of props. It took a bit of ingenuity.
Story sources
Cameo Theatre featured adaptations from the short stories of Roald Dahl, Shirley Jackson, Irwin Shaw, and others. The Paley Center for Media detailed the scripting contribution of Ellen M. Violett:
Her first teleplay to be produced was an adaptation of Shirley Jackson’s "short shocker", "The Lottery" for NBC’s sustaining Cameo Theatre in 1950. Created and produced by Albert McCleery, Cameo Theatre was, as described by Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh in The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946 to Present, “An interesting early experiment in the unique dramatic possibilities of television… produced in the round, using a minimum of props. It made considerable use of closeups and other camera techniques to focus attention on the characterizations of individual actors. High quality scripts were used, both originals and adaptations for television.” Broadcast on June 14, 1950, Violett’s adaptation of “The Lottery” was the fifth episode of Cameo Theatre, and helped McCleery establish his reputation as a television innovator with his Cameo “technique” of no scenery. “The Lottery” episode was awarded the Single Program Award by the National Conference for Community and Justice, for “promotion of mutual tolerance between people of different races and religions,” and thereby caused quite a stir in the middle of the era of blacklisting, especially as it was the subject of articles in both Time and Life magazines. “Without scenery, well-known actors or advance fanfare,” wrote Time in its issue dated June 26, 1950, “Cameo Theater… last week presented one of the most exciting plays ever shown on U.S. television.” Violett’s teleplay was produced again on August 31, 1951, as an episode of Fireside Theatre, starring Margaret Hayes.
Cameo Theatre was notable for developing young writers. Scripter Raphael Hayes recalled entering broadcasting after he left the Army:
I came out and got a job in the WNEW radio station in New York, as what we called a continuity writer, which paid enough, I suppose, to eat. And at that time television was beginning, and I figured why not try it and see what I could do. I had a little story in my head and I wrote it. You know the phrase “throw it over the transom?” That’s what I did–to the slush pile over at NBC. “A Little Night Music,” it was called, and I think it was a Cameo Theatre. And, my God, the telephone rang one day when I was working at WNEW, and I picked up the phone and listened very carefully, and she said, “We want to do your script.” I was stunned. I hung up, and everybody else in the office looked at me with vengeance. That’s where it began, professionally, where I was able to make some money out of the craft. After that happened, I began to figure out that if I did one television script a month, and they paid me at least $500 for that month, I could quit this job and live that way, doing one script a month for things like Cameo Theatre and other things that were around.
Guest stars
Ed Begley
Constance Bennett
Richard Carlson (actor)
Angie Dickinson
James Drury
Nina Foch
Cedric Hardwicke
June Havoc
Claire Luce
Douglass Montgomery
Mildred Natwick
Judy Parrish
Ernest Truex
Sam Wanamaker
Summer and mid-season replacements
NBC carried the series as a replacement show four times: It was telecast from June 14 to September 27, 1950, as a summer replacement for the second half-hour of Four Star Revue. From June 18, 1951, to August 6, 1951, it replaced What's My name?. It replaced Leave It to the Girls from January 6 to April 13, 1952. The series concluded in 1955 as a summer replacement (July 3 to August 21) for The Loretta Young Show.
Time slots for the broadcasts were as follows:
1950 - Wednesdays 8:30-9 p.m. Eastern Time
1951 - Mondays 8-8:30 p.m. E.T.
1952 - Sundays 10-10:30 p.m. E.T.
1955 - Sundays 10-10:30 p.m. E.T.
Each episode ended with McCleery's trademark closing tag, a hand holding chalk and writing "Albert McCleery" on a blackboard. The hand, however, was not McCleery's; although realistic in appearance, it was actually a mannequin hand holding the chalk.
Episodes
The premiere episode was "It Takes a Thief". Other presentations were adaptations of Dark of the Moon and (in three parts in March 1952) Peer Gynt. Additional episodes included those shown in the table below.
Production
Episodes emphasized content of the stories presented rather than visual elements. "No props, scenery, or fancy costumes were used in the productions." David Crandall directed. The program originated from WNBT-TV. In 1951, Noxema was the sponsor, and Harry W. Junkin was the writer.
References
External links
Cameo Theatre at CVTA with list of episodes
1950 American television series debuts
1950s American anthology television series
1955 American television series endings
American live television series
1950s American drama television series
NBC original programming | [
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17176574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithionic%20acid | Dithionic acid | Dithionic acid, H2S2O6, is a chemical compound known only in solution.
Salts
Dithionic acid is diprotic and salts called dithionates are known. No acid salts (i.e.: one proton lost) have been discovered. All dithionates are readily soluble in water. They are mild oxidizing and mild reducing agents. The shape of the dithionate ion is like ethane, but two SO3 groups adopt an almost eclipsed conformation. The S—S bond length is about 2.15 Å; the S—O bonds are rather short with a bond length of 1.43 Å.
Synthesis
Dithionates can be made by oxidizing a sulfite (from the +4 to the +5 oxidation state), but on a larger scale they are made by oxidizing a cooled aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide with manganese dioxide:
2 MnO2 + 3 SO2 → MnS2O6 + MnSO4
The manganese dithionate solution formed can then be converted to dithionate salts of other metals by metathesis reactions:
Ba2+() + MnS2O6() + MnSO4() → BaSO4()↓ + BaS2O6·2H2O()
Concentrated solutions of dithionic acid can subsequently be obtained treating a barium dithionate solution with sulfuric acid:
BaS2O6() + H2SO4() → H2S2O6() + BaSO4()↓
See also
Hypophosphoric acid, the phosphorus equivalent.
References
www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/1022920.html - CASNo reference
Dithionates
Sulfur oxoacids
Oxoacids | [
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17176590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristijan%20Todorovski%20Karpo%C5%A1 | Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš | Hristijan Todorovski - Karpoš (3 September 1921 in Kumanovo – 7 February 1944 Biljača) was a Macedonian communist partisan during the Second World War.
As a student he was accepted in the communist youth organization SKOJ. Because of his progressive ideas, he was expelled from secondary school in 1940 and was not allowed to enroll in any other school in Yugoslavia.
In the year of the 1941, he participated in the gathering of weapons and participated in the distribution of the illegal pamphlets and the bulletin "Dedo Ivan" which was published by the Kumanovo communist organization. He was a member of the First Kumanovo partisan detachment, and became and participated in the battle with the Bulgarian police on 11 October 1941. After that he became a member of the partisan headquarters for Kumanovo. Further he went to the Second south Moravian detachment, and late in the Kukavian detachment. In the second half of the year 1942, he was sent as a courier in Kumanovo, and he used his arrival to form a new detachment with whom he achieves successful actions.
From the end of 1943 he became the commander of the Kumanovo "Jordan Nikolov" battalion of the NOV of Macedonia and had several successful actions against the Vardar Chetnik Corps, especially in Pelince, near Kumanovo.
Hristijan Todorovski died on 7 February 1944 while leading a raid on the Bulgarian police station in Biljaca, near Preševo.
Trivia
In 2009 marking the 490 years of the first mentioning of the name Kumanovo and 65 years of the liberation of Kumanovo, the Municipality of Kumanovo organized a cultural and artistic program in which they honored the Five impressive people from Kumanovo in the 20th century. Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš was one of the five to include: Vasil Iljoski, Trajko Prokopiev, Vladimir Antonov and Saltir Putinski. The Plaque was received by Mr. Todorovski's grandson Vladimir Todorovski.
Gallery
Sources
"Витражите на Куманово". Димитар Масевски, Скопје, 2004.
1921 births
1944 deaths
People from Kumanovo
Macedonian communists
Yugoslav Partisans members
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Macedonian Partisans | [
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Subsets and Splits