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37n8re
|
how would zimbabwe reintroduce its own currency
|
Regardless of whether it would be economically viable at the present time, in theory what would the steps be for a country like Zimbabwe which has practically no foreign currency reserves to reintroduce its own currency? What could the new currency be tied to? Would it be tied to the US dollar dor example, then exchange dollar notes for new currency notes, thus creating a reserve?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37n8re/eli5_how_would_zimbabwe_reintroduce_its_own/
|
{
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"At the moment they've introduced bond coins which can only work in Zimbabwe as time goes they'll keep increasing the denominations until there's proper Zimbabwean currency then they'll ban foreign currency for selling in stores I think ",
"If you want to create a proper internationally exchangeable currency - especially one that is \"free-floating\" market-traded currency - you must have reserves. Reserves are there to back your currency for as long as you don't have an established currency market or secure credit lines in foreign currency markets or institutions like the IMF which can serve as an analog with their XDR.\n\nIf there's a well functioning market then there's enough activity that even a completely \"fake\" currency - such as bitcoin - can work and over time build up proper volume of transactions simply because people will want to use it for sales and purchases. If there's no such market then the currency has to have some inherent value because otherwise it will lose it's intrinsic value if you have to wait from one incidental transaction to another. That's why originally all currencies were backed by valuable commodities - especially gold and silver. They store a lot of value between transactions. The larger the volume and velocity of transactions the closer a market gets to quasi-barter with currency serving as value metric.\n\nThe main problem for Zimbabwe is that they have absolutely no markets and a barely functioning economy - and a terrible record to boot. Because of that if they wanted to introduce their new currency they'd have to have a very strong backing in foreign reserves or some valuable commodity. But the weaker the market the larger the reserves have to be. Nobody is going to believe Zimbabwe if they decided to start up a currency with a fractional reserve of 3%. \n\nAnother thing is that there is really no starting point right now for that new currency so they'd need a very solid reserve to denominate the real value of said \"New Zimbabwean Dollar\" because nobody knows how much it really is worth. But if you say we just print one billion NZDs ad we back them up with a million of USDs then people think \"there's 1USD for every 1000NZD, the chance to redeem the USDs is such and such, the markets offer such and such investments and goods...\" and in time they'd settle on a market price (if NZD is free-floating) of 3000NZDs per 1USD for example. Or some people might want to try and derail the system and cash in all the $1m for the fraction in devalued NZDs\n\nYou can replace foreign reserves with something else - like land shares, or public debt bonds but that is far more risky because it offers very little liquidity to back the market. You have to remember that when you start up with a new currency it usually will be of dubious value - not unless it survives a couple shocks first and proves to be reliable in the long term - so you need something to back it up so that when somebody comes to pay with it and says \"but I want something else than this banknote\" you can give something else which has real value to such person. This is why foreign reserves are good because everyone knows that at worst there are so many dollars, euros or whatever to pick up if the new currency collapses. You lose but at least there's something you can take and move on to other trades *immediately*. Now if the other choice is a confusing and time-consuming legal process concerning titles to land or some future income denominated in a bond....\n\nNow the real question is *why* you want Zimbabwe to have its own currency. You don't need it. If the markets are strong and flexible they will attract currency. The historical reasons for countries setting their own currencies are simple...\n\nIf you own the money you get to use the invisible tax called inflation \n\nIf you own the money you get a lever to influence how the markets work in case something goes wrong and the foreign currencies (or gold silver etc) runs away.\n\nIt's pure politics... there's no economic \"need\" for a national currency. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
12cok3
|
Why did Jimmy Carter, a Democratic candidate, win so many Southern states in the 1976 election?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/12cok3/why_did_jimmy_carter_a_democratic_candidate_win/
|
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"A combination of name recognition as a Southern governor and widespread mistrust of what was still essentially the second Nixon administration.",
"Carter was from Georgia, and the South had voted Democrat from the end of Reconstruction until 1968.",
"The break between southerners and democrats wasn't as clean as you might think. Even after nixon used the southern strategy to win over the south, many southerners still voted for democrats in their state governments. Carter won them over by being a born-again christian from the south. It also didn't hurt that he had a reputation for honesty while Ford was associated with Nixon. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
9occ9i
|
what makes someone a polyglot? is it something about the brain, or simply a learning technique that anyone can do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9occ9i/eli5_what_makes_someone_a_polyglot_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7sz977",
"e7t0uh3"
],
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6,
3
],
"text": [
"It's just hard work and dedication. The more languages you know, the easier it is to learn new languages. The earlier you start studying, the sooner you can start practicing, the sooner you can achieve mastery.\n\nIt's like any field of study. Just hard work and practice.",
"While there are always some slight personal biological differences (some people have a stronger sense of language than others) most of it just comes down to hard work, dedication, interest, and getting in early. \n\nPeople who grow up around two languages will naturally absorb both of them and be naturally bilingual. As people get older they become less of a sponge and have to put in more manual effort: but when it is all said and done anyone can become a polyglot if they put in *enough* effort and proper practice. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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||
378qpu
|
why won't any of the arab nations take in and help the "palestinians"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/378qpu/eli5_why_wont_any_of_the_arab_nations_take_in_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm not sure why you've got Palestinians in scare quotes. It suggests that you're not asking this question in good faith. However, I'll assume it's just a peculiar way of asking the question. As for the Arab states, Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon all contain large numbers of Palestinian refugees and have done since the 1940s. Even in stable and prosperous countries, taking in large numbers of displaced peoples is disruptive and complicated. And you'll notice that most of the Arab states are not the most stable and prosperous of places. Finally, the Palestinians have agency here. They've not given up hope of settling the right to return question and many (most?) are unwilling to give up their claim to the lands they lost in '49 and '67 (since integrating as Egyptians, Lebanese, or Jordanians, were that easily accomplished, would mean giving up that hope). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2h7ztk
|
Why does the Barrow Alaska have 15 more days where the sun does not set than rise?
|
.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2h7ztk/why_does_the_barrow_alaska_have_15_more_days/
|
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"text": [
"To clarify, the OP means there are 15 more days of the year where the sun remains in the sky in the summer, than days where the sun does not rise in the winter:\n\n_URL_0_",
"I can't comment exactly on Barrow's situation, but the Northern summer is slightly longer than the Northern winter, because the Earth is moving faster when it's closer to the sun around January, and slower when it's farther from the sun around July.",
"Because the Earth's orbit isn't circular, which means that the relative position of the Sun can be different than where you'd expect it to be based on a hypothetical perfect circular orbit.\n\nThis is where the [analemma](_URL_1_) comes in ([here's an excellent photograph of it](_URL_0_)). Basically, if you take a picture of the same part of the sky (containing the Sun) the same time of day every day for a year and then combine all those together you will end up with a figure of the Sun's motion in the sky *independent of the rotation of the Earth*. For a circular orbit this would just be a line, like a circle viewed edge on, but the eccentricity of Earth's orbit turns it into an uneven, tilted figure 8.\n\nNow, if you think about what the analemma figure would look like for a local time of noon (when the Sun is nominally highest in the sky) for a location above the arctic circle you should realize that part of the analemma will actually dip below the horizon, because the Sun won't be visible at those times. But because the shape of the analemma is a slightly tilted figure 8, due to the eccentricity of our orbit, the part that gets cut off below the horizon won't just be a perfectly symmetrical cut. Which means that the total number of days you'd expect to be without any Sun and the start date and end date for being without Sun will be different, and skewed relative to the perfectly circular orbit assumption.\n\nSimilarly, if you could plot on the sky the analemma of the Sun at local midnight at most locations this figure would always be below the horizon, but for places above the arctic circle there will be parts that are above the horizon, days when there is light for 24 hours. And because the analemma is skewed instead of being perfectly symmetrical, the \"amount\" that peaks above the horizon will be different than the \"amount\" that gets cut off below the horizon for the noon analemma. Meaning that you'll invariably get a slightly different number of days or total time when the Sun never sets vs. when the Sun never rises.\n\nFor the Northern Hemisphere these factors result in more days of 24 hour Sun and fewer days of 24 hours night, for the Southern Hemisphere the opposite is the case.",
"In addition to the other answers, this is partially explained by how sunrise and sunset are defined. Sunrise is the moment the Sun's *upper edge* appears over the horizon, and similarly, sunset is the instant when its last visible sliver disappears below the horizon. Thus, when the Sun only partially dips below the horizon in the summer it's not counted as setting, but even if only a small piece of it peeks above the horizon in the winter it's counted as rising. Also helping is the fact that atmospheric refraction actually makes the image of the Sun visible slightly higher on the horizon than its actual position."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.gaisma.com/en/info/help.html"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analemma#mediaviewer/File:Analemma_fishburn.tif",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analemma"
],
[]
] |
|
2pzeq0
|
in american high school, i learned virtually nothing at all about african or south american history. why isn't it part of the world history curriculum?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pzeq0/eli5_in_american_high_school_i_learned_virtually/
|
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"text": [
"I teach and I know that in California both subjects are part of the 8th grade curriculum. ",
"\"World History\" is about the history of the world as a whole. If there have been no major world-changing events that happened in those places, they wouldn't be covered.",
"* Did you learn about the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, or Egyptians? Because those are in Africa.\n* A world history course in any country is going to tend to focus on the history relevant to that country. For the US, that is Greece- > Rome- > Europe- > America.\n* There is only so much you can fit into a high school level course, and not all geographic areas are of equal significance.\n* Americans high school textbooks suck. Badly. The selection process is highly politicized, and the people selecting care more about the number of pictures of men vs. women or white faces vs. black faces than accuracy.",
"Many schools are improving in this respect, but American education has historically had a bias towards Western culture. From a Western perspective, Asia is important for its influence on Europe and the Americas but Africa and South America are just former colonies.",
"Prioritization. European history has a clear effect on your life, as does American history, maybe the parts of Asian history you learned. African and South American history is less prominent day-to-day, and there's only so much time.",
"Well, consider that it's world history and you most likely took a 1 semester, MAYBE a year long, course to cover WORLD history. There's a lot of history in the world. A lot of it will be deemed lower priority because they play a much smaller role in US history compared to others. \n\nAfrica - Played very little role in US history beyond a few scattered pirate instances. The only major role Africa played in relation to US history are the ancient civilizations (Egypt, maybe Carthage) which is indirect (impacted civilizations that led to the US of today)\n\nSouth America - Generally hasn't played a large role in US history beyond the Monroe Doctrine and early settling.\n\nThere was some focus on Asian (particularly Chinese) history but on the whole very little. Most of it focused on modern history (1900's+)\n\nTL;DR most of it is irrelevant. Interesting and important, but irrelevant to the ultimate goal of the education in HS which generally focuses more on the US and important influences."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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||
6s56ur
|
how do elites hide money successfully behind 'front' companies established in other countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6s56ur/eli5_how_do_elites_hide_money_successfully_behind/
|
{
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"dlabpbe"
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"text": [
"So the first thing to understand is that a corporation is an independent legal entity from its owners. \n\nSo let's say I own a successful construction company. I make around $10,000,000 in profit every year. Now, I own a big company but I don't need that kind of money to live day to day. My expenses total only (\"only\") around $1,000,000 every year. So I have 9,000,000 leftovers. \n\nNext thing to consider is taxes. Let's say my company pays a 25% corporate tax rate. So on our $10 mil profit, I lose $2.5 to the government, take out $1,000,000 for myself and have $6.5 million leftovers to save or invest back into my company. \n\nNow, I want to engage in some tax avoidance. So I start a second company somewhere with favorable tax law. In some countries (for example) profits earned from assets that are not within that country are tax-free. So I come up with a plan. I'm going to sell ALL of my construction equipment from my main company to the second company for $1. The second company will then rent back all of that equipment to the first company and charge them $8,665,000 per year (that's an oddly specific number...). \n\nNow, the rental company has $8,665,000 in its bank account, zero expenses and is not required to pay tax on that profit (since the equipment is in my country and the rental company is foreign).\n\nHere in America, my construction company made WAY less profit, only $1,350,000. I pay a 25% tax rate, so send $333,750 to the government and take out my $1,000,000 that I need to live on. leaving only $1,250 in the construction company.\n\nNow, I live the exact same lifestyle as before, I pay for my home and kids and vacations all out of that $1,000,000 that I take out personally. I have no personal problem with the IRS. My company pays the proper tax on its profits, so again no IRS problems.\n\nMy foreign company pays no tax, but that's allowed within the laws of that foreign country. So no problems there.\n\nThe only problem is this. If my foreign company pays any of that money to me (the owner) I'm supposed to pay American tax on it. That's a bummer since the whole fucking point was to avoid taxes. And if I spend any of that money in the US, the IRS will be all over me.\n\nBut if I spend that money while out of the country, the IRS will never know! So my little equipment rental company owns a villa in Italy, some exotic cars and sends it's shareholders (only me) on expensive \"company retreats\" all the time. Or I could just have my rental company invest that money in the markets (American or otherwise) and use the company as a kind of retirement account. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
496xcz
|
why are car engine idles not lower?
|
Majority of cars I've been in have an idle of 800 or so.
Surely a lower idle would consume less fuel, albeit with less smoothness?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/496xcz/eli5why_are_car_engine_idles_not_lower/
|
{
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"text": [
"I had a car that had problems with the idle adjustor. The engine would drop to 300-400 and would shake the whole car. I believe 800-1000 RPM is to keep the car from stalling as well as to keep the car from shaking. \n\nAlthough, I did own a car for a bit that would actually shut the engine off while stopped and in neutral. It would restart once put into gear. That would be pretty cool as a standard feature but I believe the car needs some kind of secondary battery for that to work. ",
"Bmw inline 6 engines idle quite low because they can without vibranting a lot. 4 pots are mostly around the 800rpm."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7ma602
|
how does apple slows down its phones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ma602/eli5_how_does_apple_slows_down_its_phones/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drsgm96"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"A process in the background regularly checks the battery capacity, when it goes down a certain threshold set by Apple, that process kicks in and underclocks the CPU of the phone to 600 Mhz IIRC, so that means a slower phone but a slightly better battery life and prevents most unexpected shutdowns."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2a3aep
|
why is poor vision so much more prevalent across all age groups than other types of sensory loss, and why is it not viewed as a disability while others are?
|
The sheer number of people of all ages who wear some type of corrective lens for their vision is kind of astounding to me. Why do so many of us have bad eyesight, even from such a very early age, when there aren't nearly as many people born with poor hearing, or a diminished capacity of some other sense?
Also, why is vision loss not viewed as a disability, and glasses are just as apt to be considered a fashion statement as they are assistive devices? I know there's probably some discrepancy in the fact that most people's vision can be corrected to simulate near-perfect eyesight, when hearing aids can't exactly do the same for a person's hearing loss, but... What accounts for the difference in perception of these things?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a3aep/eli5_why_is_poor_vision_so_much_more_prevalent/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cir2zpt"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"My guess; vision is our most important sense. No one gets hearing aid if their left ear hears 10% less than the right, but if the left eye is 10% off-center...\nOn the other hand i think a lot of kids get glasses when they dont really need it. Parents are easy to sell to. I know i didn't need glasses, and stopped wearing them as soon as i got tired of bullies breaking them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1v4tg5
|
Why doesn't the human iris produce a red color?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1v4tg5/why_doesnt_the_human_iris_produce_a_red_color/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceotqvh"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Do you mean why aren't there red-eyed people? Simple:\n\nThere are two pigment proteins in humans, eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (reddish). Usually people have more eu- than pheomelanin. In the iris, if you have mostly eumelanin the eye will look brown. If you have a lot less eumelanin, the eye might look hazel - with none, it will be blue.\n\nSo why no red, if pheomelanin is a reddish pigment? The answer is: the same reason the sky is blue. Light traveling through the stroma of the iris gets scattered - the shorter the wavelength, the more it scatters. Blue light scatters more, so the light that you see coming out of the eye will tend to be bluish. Redder hues will be shifted blue-ward, so they'll look greenish or hazel."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4or7ab
|
how intelligent were prehistoric humans?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4or7ab/eli5_how_intelligent_were_prehistoric_humans/
|
{
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],
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8,
2
],
"text": [
"They were as intelligent as we are now. What they were able to expend that intelligence on was limited by a lack of knowledge, not cognitive ability.",
"They were basically as smart as us, but the difference is that they had to start from basically no technology. Everything we have ever made was made with the same brain capacity as the first homo sapiens, its just we've had a lot of time to make it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
16b4bo
|
Is there a material that can absorb air or a specific kind of gas?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/16b4bo/is_there_a_material_that_can_absorb_air_or_a/
|
{
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8
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"text": [
"Yes eg haemoglobin...preferentially absorbs O2. Co2 can be absorbed / recycled through Co2 scrubbers.\n",
"Well, they _all_ do, to some extent. All molecules attract, if only weakly. (though 'weakly' here can mean \"so weak that the molecules won't 'stick' at a temperature higher than a fraction of a Kelvin\")\n\nMore surface area means more adsorption, it was actually over 200 years ago they discovered that charcoal, which is very porous and thus has lots of surface, could adsorb measurable amounts of air.\n\nGenerally there are two ways this can happen - _adsorption_, which is the molecules 'sticking' to the surface through the various kinds of intermolecular bonds (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces) and _chemisorption_ where the molecules form proper covalent chemical bonds with the surface. It's a bit fluid (as the distinction between bonds is, as well), but generally the latter one is stronger, and also more specific to the actual compounds involved. \n\nGenerally things are absorbed better at lower temperatures when the kinetic energy of the molecules is smaller than the attraction and get released at higher temperatures, when the molecules are bouncing around with energy that far exceeds the attraction. \n\nAir is a mixture of different compounds, several of which are chemically rather inert (e.g. N2 and Ar), so chemisorption doesn't work for air, as there's nothing that'll form bonds with all the different molecules in air, much less do so equally well. But you can chemisorb certain compounds (e.g. calcium hydroxide will absorb CO2 and form calcium carbonate and water, which can be turned back into the original compounds on heating). \n\nSo for air, you'd have to use adsorption. One way of creating a vacuum is to have a container with a [zeolite](_URL_0_) in it (a mineral with tons of nanoscale pores in it), and cool that with liquid nitrogen, causing the air to be adsorbed by the zeolite. \n\nBut in short, yes there are lots of them. The best choice depends on the gas you want to absorb, though. But since air is a mixture of compounds, and ones that are fairly inert, it'll tend to require low temperatures to do it. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite"
]
] |
||
6npkz1
|
why do soda contents not drop/settle to the bottom and need to be mixed up or stirred but other drinks like juice do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6npkz1/eli5_why_do_soda_contents_not_dropsettle_to_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkb8hd3"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Juice has solids in suspension. They're not actually chemically dissolved, just \"stuck\" in the water molecules like a microscopic ball pit. Over time they'll settle to the bottom.\n\nSoft drinks don't have that many ingredients, and the few they do have are water soluble. Unlike the suspended solids in juice, these chemicals interact with the water molecules and will stay in liquid form indefinitely."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3rq51t
|
'magic underwear' worn by mormons
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rq51t/eli5_magic_underwear_worn_by_mormons/
|
{
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"cwqdt62",
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3
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"text": [
"Mormons believe that certain ordinances must be completed in order to enter the highest kingdom of heaven. One of those ordinances is called an endowment. It takes place in their temples. During an endowment worthy members are gifted certain signs and symbols needed to enter heaven. There are distinct markings on the garments that remind members of the signs they learned and promises they made to remain holy. On top of this the garments are supposed to keep one modest and virtuous. They are to remain hidden because they are seen sacred and they are to be worn almost always. Source: exmormon.\n\n",
"Lifelong Mormon/former missionary/soon to be EX Mormon here. I wore the underwear from 2005 until a few months ago. In Mormon temples, members of the church go through a ceremony called \"The endowment\" where, among other things, they believe they make covenants with god. The \"magic underwear,\" known as \"garments\" in mormonism serve as a reminder of those covenants and have symbols sewn into them representing certain things. Members, after they go through the temple for the first time are supposed to wear the garments 24/7, except for obvious exceptions like showers, swimming, etc. They are also supposed to serve as protection against primarily spiritual harm, although it's commonly accepted that they will protect you physically as well. Stories abound about people burned over their whole body except for their torso where their garments were, or bullets bouncing off, etc. Along with the temple ceremony, the garments have been altered over time to be more acceptable to members. They started out as full length like long johns!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1sw2tb
|
why orgasms become more intense the more you have in a row? does this apply to all sexes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sw2tb/eli5_why_orgasms_become_more_intense_the_more_you/
|
{
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"ce1tvk0",
"ce1ujdb",
"ce1v4ha",
"ce1w4uw"
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15,
2,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"This ain't funny OP. We know you girls have it good, no need to rub it in.",
"doesn't even apply to all girls",
"I can have multiple orgasms, but mine become less intense with each one.",
"Most males can't have multiple orgasms - they're pretty much out of commission for at least 15 minutes (which can increase to hours with age)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
reec2
|
interlaced display vs noninterlaced (progressive scan) display
|
I lack the information to even understand the basic concept.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/reec2/eli5_interlaced_display_vs_noninterlaced/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4555d0"
],
"score": [
10
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"text": [
"Picture a paper notebook with lined paper. You are going to make a cool flipbook animation with it.\n\nOn the first page, start at the top line and draw your picture on every other line down the page.\n\nOn the second page, start at the second line and draw your picture on every other line down the page.\n\nOn the third page, start at the top line again and draw on every other line.\n\nAnd so on until the animation is complete.\n\nNow, when you flip through the notebook and see your animation, it will still look pretty good even though every page only contains half the information. This is *interlaced* display.\n\nProgressive scan is like a regular flipbook where you draw the whole picture on every page."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2fbfd1
|
how do subways not collapse?
|
the constant rumble of trains+weight of the earth above...how do they do it? london tube has bin here 1860 0____0
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fbfd1/how_do_subways_not_collapse/
|
{
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"ck7qoyf"
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"score": [
3
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"text": [
"You can think of it as like a pipe, only with a tunnel the pressure is on the outside of the pipe instead of on the inside.\n\nJust as the walls of a pipe need to be made strong enough to hold the pressure in the pipe without bursting, the walls of a subway tunnel need to be designed to take the pressure of the dirt and water surrounding them without collapsing.\n\nMost tunnels are lined with something like stone or concrete that is strong in compression (i.e. something that can be \"squeezed\" a lot without crushing). But, sometimes in solid rock, a tunnel can be unlined as the rock is strong enough on its own.\n\nFurther, tunnels not in solid rock are usually round. Just like with pipes, round is a good shape for resisting pressure - whether the pressure is greater on the inside or on the outside.\n\nIf you are in a tunnel that appears round above and on the sides but has a flat bottom (like a roadway), it's a good bet that the tunnel was made round and then the bottom was filled in to make the road."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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ao5ug4
|
what is an interface in programming?
|
I'm an web dev, I have worked with Ruby on Rails for over 1 year now, I started now actually studying design patterns, so far they seem to mention a lot about Interfaces, in my research it leads me to believe it's commonly used in Java, but I can't grasp what it is, or what it is supposed to do, or even how it differs from an regular class.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ao5ug4/eli5_what_is_an_interface_in_programming/
|
{
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"efygp3d",
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"text": [
"An interface is basically a class with no implementation that is intended to be subclassed so that a related set of classes all share a common set of methods. This lets you program parts of your code in a way where you don't have to worry about which of the subclasses you're working with, and anyone else using your code can implement their own subclass from that Interface that should work. \n\nUsing the common programming textbook example of classes representing different kinds of vehicles, we could imagine that we're creating a video game where you have different kinds of vehicles you can drive and pressing a button causes the vehicle to accelerate. So we want to make a Vehicle interface that defines an accelerate method, but there's no generic implementation for accelerate, since each vehicle accelerates differently. So then we'd subclass the Vehicle interface in a Car class, a Train class, an Airplane class, etc., and each would implement the accelerate function in the way that specific vehicle should accelerate.\n\nEdit: In Java there's a specific keyword for defining an Interface, but any object-oriented language should support this type of design. Your interface would just be another Class that either doesn't implement the functions defined, if the language allows that, or implements dummy or placeholder functions that would be replaced by a subclass.",
"Going for a little more ELI5 than the other answers here....\n\nAn \"interface\" is a set of methods that *must* be implemented on an object. It's not just a Java thing--.Net has them too, and I'm sure others will as well.\n\nWhy is that important? Because it makes two pieces fit together.\n\nWhen the class you're creating implements an interface, what that means is that the object in question A) has the listed methods, and B) the listed methods accept the listed parameters and return the listed values.\n\nSo why is it important? Because it means that you *know* two pieces will fit together. If something implements an interface, it means that any class that works with *any* object that implements that interface can work with *all* objects that implement that interface.\n\nTranslating the concept into real-life objects instead of programming, take a USB port. That's an interface, too--it's just a hardware interface instead of a software interface. There are a million and one devices that can be on the other end of that USB cord, but because each of those devices implements the USB interface, they *all* can communicate with the computer, because the computer implements the USB-port interface. \n\nSoftware interfaces are the same type of concept. Make your object implement an interface, and suddenly its compatible with everything else that accepts that interface."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9qu7jj
|
how are you supposed to know who to believe in political debates when both candidates just accuse the other of lying the whole time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9qu7jj/eli5_how_are_you_supposed_to_know_who_to_believe/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8bst6w"
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3
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"text": [
"You could try doing your own research and coming to your own conclusions. This \"thinking for yourself\" is often superior to taking the word of people who are trying to persuade you of something that directly benefits them. Tasks such as essays or research projects during the various stages of formal schooling is intended to develop such skills in students."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
canawo
|
What was the woman's role in Viking society, particularly but not limited to when men were out on conquest?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/canawo/what_was_the_womans_role_in_viking_society/
|
{
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"etawyqx"
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"Jenny Jochens wrote the definitive treatise on women in Old Norse society in her creatively named, *Women in Old Norse Society*, where she examined what could be gleaned about approximately half of the human population in Scandinavia (though she focuses almost entirely on Iceland), from a few select texts including sagas and law codes (which explains her focus on Iceland). \n\nLife for women in Norse society is not easy to describe in generalities. Women existed at every level of society from field hands, to sex slaves, to the wives of powerful chieftains, to important political figures and landowners in their own right. Christianity also brought many changed to the lives of women when it was adopted among the Norse during the 9th-11th centuries, and much of her book is focused on the relationship between women and the male dominated Church. \n\nJochens succinctly describes Norse women's life pre-Conversion as a mixture of rights and limitations. This might seem a little on the nose, but one need only glance around at pop-history available on any number of websites to come away with an incredibly skewed view of what life was like for women in Norse society. Popular media of today has further reinforced false ideas about the power and independence that Norse women were able to achieve. Her main focus is on the increasing legal and reproductive restrictions that accompanied the march of the Middle Ages in Scandinavia, however she is also quick to point out that many of the later Christian practices in Scandinavia likely had antecendents in pre-Christian life for most women. \n\nFor my examination, I'm going to work my way down the socioeconomic ladder of Norse women.\n\nJochens posits that the most powerful women in Iceland were independently wealthy women who were widowed, between marriages, or whose husbands were away, either in warfare, raiding, trading, or any combination of the above. These women would have been in control of the property they lived on, including animals, farms, businesses, slaves, and the people who were attendant. These could be related families, children, or just merely dependent families. However even these women had strict impairments in their ability to function in larger society. They could not function as witnesses in court, they could not give testimony, they could not initiate lawsuits, and their purchasing power of consumer goods was extremely limited. She did not have legal recourse to crimes or offenses committed against her, except those allowed and advanced by her male relatives, usually a father, brother, husband, or in some cases a son. Indeed were she to be assaulted, the crime technically would not be against her, but her male custodian, and every female, independently powerful or not, needed to have one. Female religious participation, even before conversion, was likewise extremely limited. After conversion Jochens posits that sexual crimes and offenses *by* free women became the subject of greater Church scrutiny, especially focusing on infanticide, a well attested pagan practice. Marriage restrictions also became much more stringent with divorce being severely restricted, (pre-conversion women could initiate divorce, post-conversion it still appears in certain law codes but seems to have become much rarer), and illegitimate births seem to have remained incredibly high among Icelandic society. \n\nPost-conversion religious avenues for well to do women did expand to include some limited religious participation, however there were only two nunneries in operation in Iceland throughout the Middle Ages, so the number of women who were able to engage in this sort of lifestyle was likely extremely limited. \n\nHowever what do other scholars have to say about the highest rungs of Norse society and the women who inhabited the most visible and influential parts of the Norse world? Judith Jesch makes a mistake by correlating furnished burials with paganism and unfurnished burials with Christianity, but her focus on archaeological evidence in the first part of her *Women in the Viking Age* makes her a useful counterpart to Jochens' literary focus. She posits the most well off women would have had access to luxury goods such as silk and metal and glass jewelry in greater amounts, though glass beads are a common burial item across socioeconomic status. Archaeological finds from preserved textiles also indicate that down and felted textiles were also used to make clothes more water resistant or warm. \n\nOther archaeological evidence does lead us to some surprises. For example, sacrifices, of both people and animals, are commonly found in Norse burials pre-conversion. However even in graves where the \"primary\" occupant is female there are attested human sacrifices, often theorized to be slaves that are killed to accompany their master. Other burials of high status women feature horse sacrifices, another extremely high status good. \n\nFree women who were not the heads of important and wealthy households, naturally had even fewer ways to express power and influence. Many of them would have remained as field workers, engaged in in agriculture, namely livestock (dairy, wool, and some limited meat) with some supplemental farming, and the preparation and storage of food (ie salting, smoking, and so on), or engaged in some limited enterprise, largely centered on textiles, following the proliferation of the textile industry across Iceland following conversion to Christianity, though its roots in Norway is attested. These women worked in the home and and had limited opportunities for their own advancement. Jochens also points to saga evidence that women were responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the members of the household, overseeing the bathing of their husbands and children, before themselves. Women would have overseen the home in the absence of their husbands, including livestock, slaves, children, and so on, but their ability to operate indpendently was still ultimately reliant on their male relations. \n\nSlave women would of course be expected to do all of the above as well, coupled with sexual exploitation, lack of legal status or protections (limited as they were), an inability to have legitimate children, and uncertain societal status following conversion to Christianity and official condemnations of concubinage (though the practice certainly persisted). These women could have been born to slaery, captured in raids, or ended up in slavery through various legal offenses. Slave women however were scarcely remarked upon in the extant sources detailing Norse life, both law codes and Sagas (problematic as sources as they are), so much of their life remains deeply obscured to us. \n\nThe ubiquity of sacrifices in popular culture around the Norse might lead one yo believe that at the end of a master's life the noose, knife, or sword awaited many of their former servants, however sacrifices are relatively rare in Norse burials when all is said and done. Judith Jesch posits that the \"average\" Norse woman would have no realistic expectation of ending her life as a sacrifice. \n\nThere is of course more to life than just working in the home or in the fields, legal rights (or lack thereof), and marriage/reproduction. What did women, who were able to engage in sport and leisure, do for fun, in the limited free time that they had? Jochens points to a few familiar practices, ball games, swimming, board games, drinking parties, storytelling (or as the sagas are often quick to call it, gossiping), and word games were all available and acceptable actions for women of various social standings to engage in. They almost certainly had more restricted free time than their male counterparts however.\n\nIn their day to day life most Norse women would wear an underdress/shift made of wool or linen with a strapped overdress over top of it, all held together with loops and brooches. Brooches are some of the most ubiquitous items that survive from the viking age and they are present in the vast majority of furnished burials for women. Post-conversion however one burial good remains very common, silver crosses.\n\nNow there is one other expression of female life in Icelandic/Norse life, and that is of the literary exemplar/exceptional woman. The exceptional woman who transcended the boundaries of her gender and was able to win acclaim and praise for her own merits. Such examples are few and far between, even in the fantastical accounts of the sagas, and Jochens is quick to point out that even in these cases female virtues and still secondary and inferior to male ones. She points out that members of even the highest socioeconomic status in the real world might aspire to this sort of status, but in reality likely rarely attained such acclaim in their own lifetime. \n\nThese leaves the status of \"shieldmaidens\" or female warriors as a final possible category. Jochens in her books is extremely skeptical of such status being achieved by women in Iceland, even pre-Conversion. For one she points to the extremely limited ability of women to exercise their autonomy as legal individuals, she also posits that women were increasingly barred from even pagan religious authority pre-Conversion. She does not explicitly rule out the existence of women warriors elsewhere in Scandinavia, but she seems convinced of their absence in Icelandic life from the 9th to 13th centuries. Jesch is likewise skeptical of the actual presence of viking warrior women, and dismisses them as an object of mythological curiosity and male fantasy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
24cs5k
|
when a dog or a cat's owner changes clothes or wears something out of the ordinary, do they think the attire is part of your body or can they tell that clothes are just something that we put on top of our bodies?
|
I just got a puppy for the first time in my life! She seemed to think I was a different person because of a hat I wore the other day and this question popped in my mind!
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24cs5k/eli5_when_a_dog_or_a_cats_owner_changes_clothes/
|
{
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"ch5uhqx",
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6
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"text": [
"She probably realised you were the same person, but your hat scared or confused her.\n\nIt's hard to know what animals actually think, but whatever they do think, they get used to it. Animals go by more than just visual appearance, of course: smell, gait, voice -- all these are important. Your puppy can probably already tell you apart from other people just by hearing your footsteps.\n\nOne of my two cats doesn't like bare skin much, and will, for example, refuse to sit on my lap if I am wearing shorts. The first time she ever say my wife get undressed, she looked on in horror, and then carefully reached out with her paw to touch my wife's skin.",
"Whenever it's cold here in Australia my Rottweiler would run away from me because I wore a beanie. \n\nNow days whenever I wear my security uniform she hesitates before coming up to me. \n\nAs long as you speak and let them know you're still the same person, no matter what you're wearing should make any difference."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2pe69f
|
When American troops liberated Dachau, they were so enraged that they summarily executed dozens of SS guards. Did similar events happen at other concentration camps?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2pe69f/when_american_troops_liberated_dachau_they_were/
|
{
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"cmw1ckf"
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"I don't know about Allied soldiers killing guards at other camps, but liberated inmates killed guards at Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald and Gusen-Mauthausen. I am sure it happened in other camps as well but these are the ones I have read about. \n\nYou can read the accounts here: \n\nRudolf A. Haunschmied et al (2007) St. Georgen - Gusen - Mauthausen: Concentration Camp Mauthausen Reconsidered\n\nEberhard Kolb (2002) Bergen-Belsen: vom \"Aufenthaltslager\" zum Konzentrationslager, 1943-1945\n\nDavid Wingeate Pike (2004) Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube\n\nAlan Axelrod (2007) Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1, p. 192 (Buchenwald)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4yhfjh
|
what actually happens in our brain when we experience a heartbreak?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4yhfjh/eli5_what_actually_happens_in_our_brain_when_we/
|
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"It works very similarly to withdrawal. I'm not a psych major and I can't get into all the chemicals involved in the process but I know that being in love is, to your mind at least, much like being on drugs (I think one study even showed that being in love activates the same parts of your brain as cocaine?). It activates reward centers and you start to want it more and more because, like drugs, the feelings you associate with the state can be very addicting. Also like drugs, the separation can be very taxing on the brain. \nTl;dr - I'm no expert, but being in a breakup is like being addicted to cocaine but then cocaine tells you that your hairline sucks and your life is going no where and then riding off to be snorted by someone- anyone else ",
"First let's define \"heart break\" in terms of \"primal emotions\". When we feel heart break it is essentially a loss of something we care about or \"need\". Imagine being a monkey and you just found a banana, well what if a bigger monkey came along and stole your banana. You can't do anything about it and you have to deal with the fact that you lost something and you can't get it back. Luckily, you can always find another banana, just like how you can find another lover (not that lovers and bananas are the same, but I think you get the idea). \n\n\nSo we've established heartbreak as essentially this realization that you lost something you need and you won't be getting it back. There are MANY neurotransmitters and hormones acting when we feel things. When people say \"serotonin is for mood\" or \"dopamine is for motivation\" this is a huge oversimplification. First of all, neurotransmitters aren't what make things happen, it's the receptors they attach to, and there are a bunch of different kinds of receptors that each neurotransmitter. Second, these receptors are attached to neurons that spread out to different networks, which have different functions. Third, not one neurotransmitter is always responsible for one function, sometimes the networks overlap. Keep in mind that neuroscience isn't all that well known at the moment. I don't remember the exact numbers, but I believe serotonin has 7 types of receptors it can attach to, which have sub-types making things more complicated. When a neurotransmitter, such as serotonin, attaches to a receptor, it activates the neuron, which communicates the signal to wherever it needs to go. Sometimes that signal tells a part of the brain to GO or to STOP. The same applies to dopamine or any neurotransmitter. \n\n\nAlright, so we went through some basics, so where does all this come in. Despite what I said earlier, let's make this simple by saying serotonin and dopamine are responsible for mood (they do contribute to mood, but there are a bunch of other neurotransmitters that do as well). So lets say more serotonin better mood and more dopamine means more motivation (again I'm oversimplifying). At the same time, sometimes serotonin can inhibit dopamine depending on the network it activates. This makes sense, because we don't need to be motivated to do something if we are happy. For example, if I already have my banana, why would I need to be motivated to find another banana, so it would make sense that serotonin would inhibit a motivation network. So when we recognize loss, such as \"oh no I lost my banana\", a network is activated to either activate dopamine to get us motivated and/or serotonin influx has been halted so our body knows we just lost the banana, and we need to get motivated to find another banana. In this example, more serotonin (satisfaction) means less dopamine (motivation) and vice versa.\n\nHope this helps, again remember that this is an ELI5 answer :)",
"I saw a picture last night of a girl I'm basically in love with, sat with a new boyfriend. The physical pain it caused me was so strong I actually took a moment to marvel at just how bad I was feeling. The brain is weird.",
"Psychologically it is a huge anticlimax. \nYou plan your life around someone and start making too many predictions about your future based on this person, then suddenly all this is yanked away all at once. It's just like expecting a movie to be good and being disappointed, just multiplied to the scale of your life.\n\nThis is why it usually gets a little less dramatic as you age and realize no person can actually provide this happiness and stability in your life except yourself and some major luck. Also it gets worse if you are already down, which is why rebound rejection can be even tougher than a breakup.\n\nRegarding the chemistry in the brain and body, it does not need to be massively different to other reward mechanisms related to food etc. \n\nThe trigger is expectations and the solution is expectation management, through experience and realism. \n\nTry to accept that you are basing all your hopes and dreams on a person who can not provide everything you need and should not have to carry that burden and the heartache might be less severe.",
"Same as drug withdrawal. Your brain associates something with good emotions, and good emotion are supposed to be associated with good thing. The stronger the emotion, the more important the event associated with it is supposed to be, the more likely you are to remember it, and the more importance and effort you're likely to put into seeking it (if it's weighted positively) or avoiding it (if it's weighted negatively).\n\nWhen you get to the level of cognition humans have, you notice the system is full of flaws, often associating bad things as if they're good, or making a big deal of things that aren't all that bad. In the fields of Machine Learning and Neuroscience there are many names to the kinds of mistakes these systems can make, such as \"overfitting\" (\"prejudice\"), which's to be over adapted to the limited data you have, rather than be able to consider you don't have all the data.\n\nThinking one can't live without a person or a drug, same as thinking all Xs are Ys because one has seen one or two Xs that are Ys, are cases of overfitting. The person haven't met all Xs, and the person hasn't lived they're entire lives yet, to be able to accurately tell they could not live without the person or the drug or any other addiction.\n\nBut because the brain sees no way to directly fix those wrong weights, the specific nodes and synapses that say that that person or that drug are the best thing ever and you can't go without, even tho the rest of the brain sees that it's incorrect, it seeks ways to rewrite those weights by external means, such as trying to find reasons to hate the person, or finding a replacement to the addiction by seeking the same values from other sources (somebody else, another drug, a new hobby or interest, etc). \n\nSo things can seem very confuse from the consciousness side, being bombarded with different opinions and approaches coming from different parts of the brain, and trying to be the judge of them.",
"Hey OP I believe being as responsible as you can before you get into a new relationship is the best thing you can do. That way, when you get into a breakup, you'll have other things to occupy your time without feeling like you've lost everything in the world. Just my two cents"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
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||
2r1teh
|
Was there any international outcry over the American coup in Hawaii and annexing it?
|
I don't see this get mentioned much, but the coup in Hawaii which led it to become a part of American territory seems pretty heinous in hindsight. Did people care at all about how it happened or did it go pretty much unnoticed by the rest of the world? What was colonization like in Hawaii and how were the natives treated? For example were there any reservations or internment camps like with mainland natives and Japanese?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2r1teh/was_there_any_international_outcry_over_the/
|
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"Just to start with the very last bit of the last question, there were *Japanese* internment camps on Hawaii. \n\nIf you read a bit on [the Hawaiian internment](_URL_0_), you might get a better sense of the context informing the rest of your question. \n\nAn excerpt from that page: \n\n > Given its strategic location in the middle of Pacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands had long been seen as a key American military outpost. Not long after larger numbers of Japanese laborers began to migrate to Hawai‘i beginning in 1885, Japan began to emerge as a military threat to the United States. By the early years of the 20th century, many believed that Japan and the United States were on a collision course to war. At the same time, the Japanese population in Hawai‘i continued to grow; by 1920, Japanese immigrants and their descendants made up over 40% of the population of Hawai‘i. This combination of circumstances alarmed many: what would this large Japanese population in Hawai‘i do in the event of war between the United States and Japan?\n > \n > Beginning the late 1920s and continuing through the 1930s, various U.S. governmental bodies conducted studies and made plans to address this question. As a result of this planning, detailed lists were produced that allowed local authorities to swiftly arrest several hundred local Japanese within 48 hours of the attack, after the declaration of martial law.\n\nSo there'd been a Japanese population living and working there for a few decades. They weren't the only folks from elsewhere who were on the islands.\n\nOne of the lesser-known things about Hawaii was that in the early-to-mid 1800s, it was... well, not exactly *colonized*, but heavily under the influence of Russia, part of the same fur- and whale-trade that saw Russian colonies founded in Alaska. (I believe the Russians were getting fur from sea otters and seals in Hawaii.) \n\nThere was actually some talk of Tsar Aleksander I [\"extending his protection\" over the Hawaiian Islands](_URL_1_), but he never did. \n\nRussia's fortunes in the New World, to a degree, turned on a misstep in Hawaii, when a [German doctor employed by the Russian-American Company](_URL_2_) tried to instigate a Russian conquest. He built [a few forts](_URL_3_) on Kaua'i... and that was about it. \n\nSchaeffer signed an agreement with a king or high chief named Kaumualiʻi, who was a leader of Kuai'i but a rival of King Kamehameha, who was uniting all the islands, and who refused to sign anything giving Russians authority in Hawaii. Kaumuali'i had already more or less surrendered to Kamehameha, and might have hoped the Russians could help him get his island back. They couldn't, or didn't really want to. \n\nIn part, the Russians were losing interest in Hawaii - and in America in general - because of unsustainable hunting practices. Otters, whales and seals all went from really plentiful to quite hard to find at all over the course of the 19th century. \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n",
"Here is some information about what happened to the native Hawaiians, often called kanakas. \n\nThe actual redistribution of land occurred during the \"great mahele\". Traditional land divisions were held communally by the people and chiefs. During the great mahele 1/3 of the land went to the crown (Hawaiian Crown lands, much of which are now state lands). 1/3 of the land went to the chiefs (example: Kamehameha School lands _URL_2_). 1/3 of the land went to the people that were living on the lands, though in the end they actually recieved a very small amount (1%). \n\nOften these deeds had a dozen people or more as owners and could be sold by 1 or 2 individuals on the deed, without the knowledge of the rest of the people. For example, 2 people from a large family group could move away to the big city Honolulu for work. They could sell their land after posting a notice in the newspaper, which may never actually get to the people still living and working on the land. This along with complicated leasing agreements led to lost lands.\n\n This land dividing resulted in a large number of kanakas losing their ancestral lands through unscrupulous dealings. Foreign advisors and business people believed the kanakas were too \"lazy\" to be allowed to self-determine their land usage, and helped to consolidate much of the common and chiefs' lands, which were then leased and sold to foreigners and/or the Missionaries children. Today the descendents of these exact same families still own majorities of much of this land. \n_URL_1_\n\nHawaiians have something called \"Hawaiian homelands\" instead of reservations. Many of these lands were less than desireable. Think off-grid lava rock dominated lands on the drysides of the mountains.\n_URL_0_\n\nI am new to posting to r/askhistory. Please let me know if I need more/better references. This is a topic that I am very interested in.\n"
]
}
|
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[] |
[
[
"http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/history-of-internment",
"http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/mofc/bolkhov.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Anton_Sch%C3%A4ffer",
"https://plus.google.com/113050455121795030027/about?gl=us&hl=en"
],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land",
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Māhele",
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools"
]
] |
|
2g5jru
|
why does dental pain feel worse when lying down?
|
I currently have an infected tooth and I was more or less fine until I came to bed and now it feels like my tooth is literally going to explode. Why is this? All Google told me was how to make the pain better, not why it was so much worse.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g5jru/eli5_why_does_dental_pain_feel_worse_when_lying/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckftsyi"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Your blood pressure increases in your head when you're horizontal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5wdb1r
|
In the Revolutionary War, how did British troops lose Boston so quickly when they had an iron hold over New York?
|
At first I thought it was because New York was more accessible to the Navy but Boston is also on the coast
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5wdb1r/in_the_revolutionary_war_how_did_british_troops/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de9jil3"
],
"score": [
33
],
"text": [
"The answer is actually fairly straight forward. The Continental Army managed to get artillery on the Dorchester heights above the city. Henry Knox and his men hauled them overland from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. The position of the guns threatened the Navy in the harbor and was above the range of heavy guns on the ships. The British considered contesting the heights but the Americans outnumbered them by this point and there was a heavy snow storm. The British decided to leave, and pledged not to torch the city if the Americans didn't fire on the ships while they embarked.\n\nThe situation in New York, with two large rivers on both sides of the city and the Americans unable to prevent British landings in force, was quite different."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
cxod96
|
why are bricks stacked the way they are rather than just one directly on top of the other?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cxod96/eli5_why_are_bricks_stacked_the_way_they_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eyme276",
"eyme3pp",
"eyme48u",
"eyme4r7"
],
"score": [
13,
3,
15,
6
],
"text": [
"Have you ever seen that experiment where they put two phone books together with one page overlapping the page of the other, so they interlock?\n\nAnd then you can't pull the interlocking phone books apart from eachother? \n\nThat's why, the pattern they're in interlocks all the bricks together, forming a much stronger wall than if they were stacked on top of eachother",
"Stability. If you knocked out one brick in a stack, all those above it have no support. Not the case with the way they build",
"By staggering them the weak grout seams are minimized in the vertical direction, making the wall somewhat stronger.",
"In-between the bricks is structural weakness, because the filler isn't as strong as the bricks. The way they are stacked now minimizes that weakness by making all of the structure being held up by brick, if it was just one on top of the other you would have giant lines of weakness."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
cyo37q
|
Are people with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP) unable to feel emotional pain in the same way they are unable to feel physical pain?
|
People with congenital insensitivity to pain (or congenital analgesia) can’t feel physical pain. According to a study by Eisenberger, the same part of the brain controls both physical and emotional pain. So, does this mean that people with this condition also cannot feel emotional pain?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/cyo37q/are_people_with_congenital_insensitivity_to_pain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eytxpf2",
"eywjst2"
],
"score": [
10,
4
],
"text": [
"[Congenital analgesia](_URL_0_) is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system where the sodium channels in nociceptor cells have a mutation. So it’s an issue with the sensory input, not with the brain’s ability to process pain. \n\nAlso, can you link the Eisenberger study? I’m curious how emotional pain was operationally defined and what exactly they determined about its neurological similarity to physical pain.",
"I actually wrote my dissertation on the role of voltage-gated sodium channels in pain back in my undergraduate degree! Loss of function mutations in NaV1.7 cause CIP and these are in peripheral sensory neurones, which prevents the pain signals from being transmitted to the brain. These neurones have no role in emotional pain and thus the 2 are not related. I used to play rugby with a guy who had this, he once noticed he had broken 2 fingers... after the game.\n\nGain of function mutations make people incredibly sensitive to pain in conditions such as paroxymal extreme pain disorder and erythromelalgia, which sounds awful.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTL;DR: no they re not."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/congenital-insensitivity-to-pain#genes"
],
[]
] |
|
1di735
|
the ellen show keeps showing "psychics." what makes it all bullshit?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1di735/eli5_the_ellen_show_keeps_showing_psychics_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9qjh33",
"c9qkt5k"
],
"score": [
11,
5
],
"text": [
"The fact that psychics can't do what they say they can do is what makes it all bullshit.",
"There are no decent scientific studies that have shown that anybody that claims to have psychic abilities can actually provide specific information gained through \"psychic\" means. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
13fa4u
|
Do gravitational waves really all travel at the same speed?
|
I know that the *linearized* version of general relativity predicts that gravitational waves all travel at the speed of light. I don't know much about nonlinear equations, but I understand that they need to be handled on a case-by-case basis in general. My question is: do there exist propagating solutions, in an approximation that takes some or all of GR's nonlinearity into account perhaps, that travel at speeds other than the speed of light?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13fa4u/do_gravitational_waves_really_all_travel_at_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c73pmic"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From a bosonic point of view, the gravitational field quanta must be massless due to the infinite range of its force. It's harder to answer the question of speed in terms of stress-energy tensors (due to gravity being a specific geometry) but gauge field theory suggests that all massless particles (bosons/fermions) all travel at the speed of light, and so far we've found no exceptions to the postulates of Einstein's special relativity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3pttwh
|
Is the form of a galaxy influenced by the black hole in its middle?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3pttwh/is_the_form_of_a_galaxy_influenced_by_the_black/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw9hjrh",
"cw9i2b2",
"cw9kgq2",
"cw9q7lj"
],
"score": [
9,
76,
15,
5
],
"text": [
"\nThe shape of the galaxy maybe not but, the mass and structure around the core are directly changed by the black hole. \nThere's also a correlation of the mass of the black hole to the total mass of the galaxy that surrounds it. \nYou can read more [here](_URL_0_) ",
"There are many things that determine the morphology of a galaxy, one of them being the black hole at its core. There is a well known relationship between the mass of the black hole and the mass of a galactic bulge- namely a spherical conglomeration of stars in the middle of the Galaxy. Black hole mass is correlated with other aspects of the Galaxy too besides the bulge mass, namely the luminosity (and velocity dispersion but never mind). \n\nFurthermore the black hole can also feed off nearby gas and grow. In the process of ingesting ambient material, the black hole can cause massive outflows of super hot relativistic gas - like a fountain - basically spraying plasma into the universe. This gas can heat the environment well beyond the Galaxy disc to millions of degrees inhibiting the future condensation of gas into stars. The effect of black hole heating can be to suppress the formation of new stars meaning that the Galaxy will appear older and redder lacking young newly formed young blue stars. Although this process (known as \"feedback\") can be short in duration, the effect can be dramatic and cause what's know as an active galactic nucleus or even quasars. ",
"Yes! Galaxies are hugely affected by the black holes found in the center of galaxies. Here's why:\n\nBlack holes don't just take matter in, they also spit it out, and with a lot of force. In other words, black holes inject energy into their surrounding environment. Why is this important? Because without some form of energy supporting galaxies from within, galaxies would cool down and form way more stars. Black holes provide a significant fraction of that energy.\n\nTL;DR: Black holes provide a good chunk of the energy necessary to prevent galaxies from collapsing in on themselves.\n\nP.S. Black holes are just one way of keeping galaxies from collapsing. An alternative is energy that comes from stars and supernovae.\n\nP.P.S.\nI'm not familiar with any non-technical sources, but [here's](_URL_0_) a paper describing how to think about this energy \"feedback\" that comes from black holes.",
"Partially, but more important in influencing the shape of a galaxy is its distribution of dark matter.\n\nSo basically, galaxies spin so fast that if all the matter they have inside of them was normal (behaving according to Newtonian physics) they would spin apart. There's something extra about galaxies that is dictating their behavior, and it's not the existence of super-massive black holes, which aren't strong enough. It's there's \"extra\" matter in them we can't detect that keeps galaxies intact. The theory I like is that the extra matter we can't see is not really there at all and that the gravity of dark matter is the gravitational signature of matter in a parallel universe connected through the 5th dimension, that gravity is the 5th dimension or is at least capable of leaking through the 5th dimension.\n\nSome people believe that it's actually another galaxy in a separate universe, that galaxies in separate 3-dimensional spaces are connected in hyperspace through gravity. Think of it as putting two magnets on opposite sides of a thin piece of wood. They'll be attracted to each other even though they're separated by a barrier. If you could only see one side of the piece of wood and one magnet, you wouldn't be able to account for its unusual behavior and the fact that it's attracted to something you can't see. So dark matter might just be the manifestation, via gravity, of parallel galaxies in parallel universes, interacting with our universe. It might be that our visible universe is not really a universe, it's just one part of a multiverse.\n\nThat is the most elegant and fascinating explanation of dark matter and the behavior and formation of galaxies. But I admit it's one of theories that has the least evidence. It's beautiful to me and gives me a mental boner, but it's mostly speculation. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.cosmotography.com/images/supermassive_blackholes_drive_galaxy_evolution_2.html"
],
[],
[
"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411108"
],
[]
] |
||
1w1hi4
|
why does cold water make razor blades last longer?
|
I got a free razor in the mail with a pamphlet about shaving and one of the tips was rinsing your razor with cold water make the blades last longer. Why is this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w1hi4/eli5_why_does_cold_water_make_razor_blades_last/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cexsc9x",
"cexst9x"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"First of all, are we *sure* that this isn't just an urban legend? \n\nThat said, I can think of an idea: hot tap water contains more minerals, which can either deposit crud on the blade, or corrode it.",
"Never heard about this one, but one thing I know for sure is that if you keep a small container of isopropyl alcohol in your medicine cabinet and give your razor a quick rinse in it after you finish shaving your razor will definitely last longer. Tapwater usually has a good amount of dissolved minerals in it such as calcium, magnesium, and iron. if you don't rinse the tapwater off with the alcohol, the minerals will remain on the blade after the water evaporates and will eventually foul up the edge of the blade. My guess is that hot water may have more minerals in it because insulated glass tanks usually have a lot of gunk in the bottom that has precipitated out over the years OR the minerals may more readily precipitate out of the water onto your blade."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
lw93a
|
what the us holds against the palestinian state?
|
I've just been watching the news about Palestine getting Unesco membership, I'm not trolling but I don't feel I understand the context in which the US is getting so upset? Why is this such a big deal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lw93a/eli5_what_the_us_holds_against_the_palestinian/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2w31z3",
"c2w32qz",
"c2w3yaa",
"c2w42hl",
"c2w49a7",
"c2w4gfd",
"c2w31z3",
"c2w32qz",
"c2w3yaa",
"c2w42hl",
"c2w49a7",
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"score": [
30,
11,
10,
2,
8,
6,
30,
11,
10,
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"text": [
"Well as usual with a question potentially related to the Israel Palestine conflict there are at least two answers to provide if we intend to be \"textbook fair\" I suppose the answer one would get from an American or Israeli official is that the USA doesn't have any problem with Palestine as long as Palestine respects Israel's right to exist and brings about peace with Israel through bilateral negotiations. Which would mean peace on Israel's terms. \n\nThe other answer would be that there are roughly thirteen and a half million Jewish people in the world and many of them hold very strong opinions on this issue. There are about five million in Israel, maybe five and a half, and about the same in America. The Jewish people in America have done very well in business and contribute a lot to the economy and as such they have very powerful lobby groups and hold many important positions in government. They're well connected is where I'm going with this I guess. So when they say \"jump\" to a US president, he either jumps or he doesn't win the next election so easily. \n\nOn top of being well connected in the media and in politics a lot of people have a lot of sympathy for the Jews seeing them as the victims of a great deal of terrible racism and persecution over the years and want to help them as much as they can, even if the Israeli Jews aren't in the right or are unnecessarily cruel to the Palestinians the world and the US in particular are used to thinking of the Jews as victims and anyone who disagrees with them as evil fascists, when this is of course not the case. \n\nEdit: criticism taken on board, adding the words \"so easily\" after \"he jumps or he doesn't win the election\"",
"In one sentence: A Palestinian state is a direct challenge to and verification of the United States' rapidly decaying power and influence in the Middle East via Israel. \n\nThe U.S. and Israel are good friends. Israel lives on the bad side of town (middle east), and doesn't have many friends, so the U.S. likes to be extra nice to Israel. In exchange, the U.S. gets to influence what happens on the bad side of town.\n\nThis worked well for both sides for a long time. However, the bad side of town has gone through a lot of changes recently. The people there are trying to make it better. However, Israel views this as a threat to their prosperity and safety. This also means it's a threat to U.S. power and influence. \n\nWhen we made friends with Israel, we also made a whole bunch of other friends in the bad neighborhood. Over time, we slowly lost those friends and gained enemies. Those friends started to notice we didn't actually like them very much, but used them for their cool stuff (i.e. Iran).\n\nAs we lose more and more friends, we start to really value our good friendships. When our good friend needs support, we give it to them. We don't care about the specific scenario, we just honor the history of our friendship. There's history there, A LOT of it; More than any one person could possibly study in a lifetime. \n\n",
"I don't have good political points to offer, but from a strategic perspective let's start by discussing geography. The Palestinian state would have to come from somewhere, some piece of land (yes, yes, sixty years ago that's how Israel came to be). That land would come out of Israel. Israel isn't a very large country, [tiny](_URL_0_) in fact. If you refer to that pic you'll see that the west bank (often referenced as land that should be returned to Palestinians) is perhaps 20% of the entire land mass of the country of Israel, and that when it is removed the strip of land connecting North and South Israel is narrow enough that you could literally fire across the country with artillery. Given the rather violent attitudes of Israel's neighbors towards Israel (these existed long before Israel did things I didn't like, which they do aplenty), and their history of going to war with the express purpose of destroying the entire country, you can see where turning this land over to people who hate them isn't something they'll agree to anytime in the near future.\n\nThe US's interests, as far as I can tell, are at least partly based on the need for a strategic partner in the area and Israel, though a not-so-likable ally, is culturally far more similar to the US than other countries in the area and is definitely *an* ally. \n\nSo, the US doesn't like Palestinian statehood because there's a good chance it would be the first step towards destruction of their only useful military ally in the region (Saudi Arabia and Egypt have their high points, but I'm going to stop now...don't have detailed knowledge of the geopolitics of the area). There are a lot of other reasons, and possibly/probably far more important ones, but this is one that seems rather obvious to me.",
"The US doesn't recognized Palestine as an independent state (for a whole *ton* of reasons, most of which are complicated to get into); Palestine getting Unesco membership is a step toward international recognition of Palestine's sovereignty.\n\nIf Palestine achieves international recognition as a sovereign state, the US will be put in an embarrassing position of choosing either to support international recognition (which is against long-standing US policy), or refusing it (which makes the US look really bad on the international stage).",
"The main reason is that the Palestinian people are now represented by two main political camps. Hamas in Gaza and Fattah in the west bank. Hamas is a globally recognized terrorist organization that will under no circumstances negotiate with Israel. They also happen to murder Fattah members in Gaza, so it's hard for one party to speak with the other. There could never be a country divided by two parties like this and by allowing Palestinian recognition the UN is giving legitimacy to a terrorist organization as a government. If/when this happens the US is afraid that there would be added pressure on Israel that would eventually lead to war. Israel is the only democracy in the middle east and the US's greatest ally in the region. \n\nThe US will do what it can to protect Israel as an asset while delegitimizing Hamas on a global scale. \n\nThis is just one facet of the argument, but from the state department, department of foreign affairs, and the department of defense the most critical aspect of the entire situation.\n\nEDIT: Baked420 brings another face of the situation to light, focusing more on how Israel and the US are allies, this is also very important to the situation and I agree with what he posted.",
"Palestine is not strong, they don't have many natural resources (therefore no money), they don't have many weapons, and they don't have any allies. Syria, Jordan, and Egypt (Palestine's other neighbors) sometimes pretend to be their ally, but they each individually really just want to take Israel and Palestine for themselves, but know they can't do that because then they'd have to fight the other two. \n\nThe sad truth is that Palestine, for these reasons, really is just fucked all day (sorry kid, don't tell your Mom). It's not worth being friends with them because they have nothing to offer in the relationship. It would be nice if international politics worked like schoolyard friendships, and we could just be nice and be their friends anyway, but it doesn't. If we pick Palestine to be our friends, Israel will turn on us, and that's a much bigger problem than not being friends with Palestine (that effect is shrinking, as Israel becomes less popular, but it's still very much the case).\n\nPalestine is split into two parts, which are separated by Israel, their sworn enemy. In order for Palestine to be a real country (which they are not now, more on that later) they would have to have an \"open border\" arrangement with Israel. If that happened, many people in Palestine would just get jobs in Israel, because they'll probably pay better (in the same way that Mexicans come to the US for jobs. They're not the best jobs, but they're better than the ones in Mexico). If you do that for more than a generation or so, pretty soon a lot of the younger Palestinians just want to be Israeli, and Palestine is effectively absorbed by Israel. \n\nThe only real way for Palestine to be a real country and stay that way is to join its two parts together. Because of the way the geography works in that region, they can't just take a sliver of Israel, because the border wouldn't be defensible, they have to take the whole thing. They have to take over Israel.\n\nThe only way that's ever happened in the many-thousand-year history of the region is when a very powerful nation from somewhere else sweeps in and unifies the region under its own power, then slowly collapses and leaves the borders in different places in its wake. It happened with the Roman empire, with the Babylonians, with the Byzantine empire, and most recently with the British after both world wars. None of those or any other countries are interested in doing that right now. Iran is, but they're not strong enough. If they get strong enough (likely with help from Russia, over the next several years), they might take the whole Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine thing over (probably along with Iraq, btw). They'd then be a very powerful force in the middle east, who hates the US and much of the western world (and would then be strong allies with Russia, a very powerful country indeed). The US (and most western democracies) doesn't want that at all, so we support Israel and try to destabilize Iran as much as we can. That means giving Palestine the finger at every opportunity, and that's why the US and most western powers do so. ",
"Well as usual with a question potentially related to the Israel Palestine conflict there are at least two answers to provide if we intend to be \"textbook fair\" I suppose the answer one would get from an American or Israeli official is that the USA doesn't have any problem with Palestine as long as Palestine respects Israel's right to exist and brings about peace with Israel through bilateral negotiations. Which would mean peace on Israel's terms. \n\nThe other answer would be that there are roughly thirteen and a half million Jewish people in the world and many of them hold very strong opinions on this issue. There are about five million in Israel, maybe five and a half, and about the same in America. The Jewish people in America have done very well in business and contribute a lot to the economy and as such they have very powerful lobby groups and hold many important positions in government. They're well connected is where I'm going with this I guess. So when they say \"jump\" to a US president, he either jumps or he doesn't win the next election so easily. \n\nOn top of being well connected in the media and in politics a lot of people have a lot of sympathy for the Jews seeing them as the victims of a great deal of terrible racism and persecution over the years and want to help them as much as they can, even if the Israeli Jews aren't in the right or are unnecessarily cruel to the Palestinians the world and the US in particular are used to thinking of the Jews as victims and anyone who disagrees with them as evil fascists, when this is of course not the case. \n\nEdit: criticism taken on board, adding the words \"so easily\" after \"he jumps or he doesn't win the election\"",
"In one sentence: A Palestinian state is a direct challenge to and verification of the United States' rapidly decaying power and influence in the Middle East via Israel. \n\nThe U.S. and Israel are good friends. Israel lives on the bad side of town (middle east), and doesn't have many friends, so the U.S. likes to be extra nice to Israel. In exchange, the U.S. gets to influence what happens on the bad side of town.\n\nThis worked well for both sides for a long time. However, the bad side of town has gone through a lot of changes recently. The people there are trying to make it better. However, Israel views this as a threat to their prosperity and safety. This also means it's a threat to U.S. power and influence. \n\nWhen we made friends with Israel, we also made a whole bunch of other friends in the bad neighborhood. Over time, we slowly lost those friends and gained enemies. Those friends started to notice we didn't actually like them very much, but used them for their cool stuff (i.e. Iran).\n\nAs we lose more and more friends, we start to really value our good friendships. When our good friend needs support, we give it to them. We don't care about the specific scenario, we just honor the history of our friendship. There's history there, A LOT of it; More than any one person could possibly study in a lifetime. \n\n",
"I don't have good political points to offer, but from a strategic perspective let's start by discussing geography. The Palestinian state would have to come from somewhere, some piece of land (yes, yes, sixty years ago that's how Israel came to be). That land would come out of Israel. Israel isn't a very large country, [tiny](_URL_0_) in fact. If you refer to that pic you'll see that the west bank (often referenced as land that should be returned to Palestinians) is perhaps 20% of the entire land mass of the country of Israel, and that when it is removed the strip of land connecting North and South Israel is narrow enough that you could literally fire across the country with artillery. Given the rather violent attitudes of Israel's neighbors towards Israel (these existed long before Israel did things I didn't like, which they do aplenty), and their history of going to war with the express purpose of destroying the entire country, you can see where turning this land over to people who hate them isn't something they'll agree to anytime in the near future.\n\nThe US's interests, as far as I can tell, are at least partly based on the need for a strategic partner in the area and Israel, though a not-so-likable ally, is culturally far more similar to the US than other countries in the area and is definitely *an* ally. \n\nSo, the US doesn't like Palestinian statehood because there's a good chance it would be the first step towards destruction of their only useful military ally in the region (Saudi Arabia and Egypt have their high points, but I'm going to stop now...don't have detailed knowledge of the geopolitics of the area). There are a lot of other reasons, and possibly/probably far more important ones, but this is one that seems rather obvious to me.",
"The US doesn't recognized Palestine as an independent state (for a whole *ton* of reasons, most of which are complicated to get into); Palestine getting Unesco membership is a step toward international recognition of Palestine's sovereignty.\n\nIf Palestine achieves international recognition as a sovereign state, the US will be put in an embarrassing position of choosing either to support international recognition (which is against long-standing US policy), or refusing it (which makes the US look really bad on the international stage).",
"The main reason is that the Palestinian people are now represented by two main political camps. Hamas in Gaza and Fattah in the west bank. Hamas is a globally recognized terrorist organization that will under no circumstances negotiate with Israel. They also happen to murder Fattah members in Gaza, so it's hard for one party to speak with the other. There could never be a country divided by two parties like this and by allowing Palestinian recognition the UN is giving legitimacy to a terrorist organization as a government. If/when this happens the US is afraid that there would be added pressure on Israel that would eventually lead to war. Israel is the only democracy in the middle east and the US's greatest ally in the region. \n\nThe US will do what it can to protect Israel as an asset while delegitimizing Hamas on a global scale. \n\nThis is just one facet of the argument, but from the state department, department of foreign affairs, and the department of defense the most critical aspect of the entire situation.\n\nEDIT: Baked420 brings another face of the situation to light, focusing more on how Israel and the US are allies, this is also very important to the situation and I agree with what he posted.",
"Palestine is not strong, they don't have many natural resources (therefore no money), they don't have many weapons, and they don't have any allies. Syria, Jordan, and Egypt (Palestine's other neighbors) sometimes pretend to be their ally, but they each individually really just want to take Israel and Palestine for themselves, but know they can't do that because then they'd have to fight the other two. \n\nThe sad truth is that Palestine, for these reasons, really is just fucked all day (sorry kid, don't tell your Mom). It's not worth being friends with them because they have nothing to offer in the relationship. It would be nice if international politics worked like schoolyard friendships, and we could just be nice and be their friends anyway, but it doesn't. If we pick Palestine to be our friends, Israel will turn on us, and that's a much bigger problem than not being friends with Palestine (that effect is shrinking, as Israel becomes less popular, but it's still very much the case).\n\nPalestine is split into two parts, which are separated by Israel, their sworn enemy. In order for Palestine to be a real country (which they are not now, more on that later) they would have to have an \"open border\" arrangement with Israel. If that happened, many people in Palestine would just get jobs in Israel, because they'll probably pay better (in the same way that Mexicans come to the US for jobs. They're not the best jobs, but they're better than the ones in Mexico). If you do that for more than a generation or so, pretty soon a lot of the younger Palestinians just want to be Israeli, and Palestine is effectively absorbed by Israel. \n\nThe only real way for Palestine to be a real country and stay that way is to join its two parts together. Because of the way the geography works in that region, they can't just take a sliver of Israel, because the border wouldn't be defensible, they have to take the whole thing. They have to take over Israel.\n\nThe only way that's ever happened in the many-thousand-year history of the region is when a very powerful nation from somewhere else sweeps in and unifies the region under its own power, then slowly collapses and leaves the borders in different places in its wake. It happened with the Roman empire, with the Babylonians, with the Byzantine empire, and most recently with the British after both world wars. None of those or any other countries are interested in doing that right now. Iran is, but they're not strong enough. If they get strong enough (likely with help from Russia, over the next several years), they might take the whole Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine thing over (probably along with Iraq, btw). They'd then be a very powerful force in the middle east, who hates the US and much of the western world (and would then be strong allies with Russia, a very powerful country indeed). The US (and most western democracies) doesn't want that at all, so we support Israel and try to destabilize Iran as much as we can. That means giving Palestine the finger at every opportunity, and that's why the US and most western powers do so. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/nytmaps.pl?israel"
],
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[],
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"http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/nytmaps.pl?israel"
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|
bxm8pc
|
how do gut bacteria actually make it to your intestines with the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach in the way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bxm8pc/eli5_how_do_gut_bacteria_actually_make_it_to_your/
|
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"First, the stomach doesn't constantly produce acid. That only happens when you're digesting food.\n\nSecond, the bacteria in your intestines don't have to pass through the stomach. They live and grow in the intestines, and it would actually be pretty bad if they get anywhere else in the body. The *E. coli* outbreaks you might have heard about in the news are caused by a germ that normally lives in the intestines, but if they're ingested and digested you're gonna have a bad time.",
"The hydrochloric acid in your stomach is usually heavily diluted in the first place, and only long-term exposure can erode their membrane away. Most, however, reside in your gut lining, which has a nice, thick layer of mucus to protect then from your stomach fluids. Some of the mucus gets washed down when the contents of your stomach move from your stomach to the small intestine, where bile acts as a general transmitter for bacteria to your large intestine. Basically, your gut bacteria spreads throughout your GIT due to pure luck. Pretty good luck for the both of you, too, because you have a mutual symbiotic relationship.",
"A lot of bacteria die in the stomach, but a few make it through. Some are partially resistant to the acid. A=Others can produce spores that are resistant to the acid. Some are just so abundant in food that a few make it through by shear luck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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||
7oxd69
|
If we were in a nearby star system, would SETI be able to detect our radio waves?
|
Assuming these waves have had the time to reach the star system in question. I ask because I imagine these radio waves would be incredibly diffuse by the time it reached another planet.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7oxd69/if_we_were_in_a_nearby_star_system_would_seti_be/
|
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"It's a matter of the power of the signal being transmitted and the size, efficiency and isolation of the antenna that's receiving it and if it's focused on the exact source of the signal. Seeing as there's a seemingly infinite number of sources for which we could point our receiver, that's where the biggest issue lies. It's like trying to catch a piece of sand with chopsticks while your blindfolded, but the guy throwing you the sand might be in another state.\n\n",
"If we take some directed emissions in the right direction and assume we are lucky to look in the right direction at the right wavelength at the right time, we could detect \"ourselves\" over something like tens of light years, maybe a bit more if we are really lucky. There are about 2000 stars less than 50 light years away, so it is not impossible, but very unlikely. Take the non-directed emissions and broader searches and we would miss \"us\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
77bm2e
|
What does 'locality' mean in terms of quantum physics?
|
Typically when I don't understand something in physics, it's an equation. While I'm not saying I think quantum physics should be easily understood, but one quality that really perplexes me is when variables are said to be 'local' or 'non-local'.
What does this mean, and why is it not a numerical value? Can you explain it in layman's terms?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/77bm2e/what_does_locality_mean_in_terms_of_quantum/
|
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"In relativistic physics, the speed of light is an absolute speed limit of the universe. This means that two far apart objects cannot immediately act on each other; they have to wait some period of time, as the action propagates at the speed of light or slower.\n\nThis is called the \"principle of locality\". In layman's terms, it means \"an object is only influenced by it's immediate surroundings.\" In a physicist's terms, it usually means \"if object A does something, and that affects object B, and the objects are separated by a distance `d`, then A's action must have happened a time of `t` before B was affected, where `d/t < = c`\n\nIn quantum mechanics, we can set up systems that appear to violate the principle of locality.",
"As is often the case in physics, locality is a concrete mathematical property which is always going to lose some accuracy/correctness when expressed in words and qualitatives, as physics is at its core nothing but a quantitative mathematical model.\n\nSo I don't know if one can express locality in a \"100%-no-math\" way while still being an accurate and correct description. But I think locality can be expressed, perhaps, in a \"math-lite\" way, so let's try to do that.\n\nThe principle of locality can be expressed in a few different - though quite related - ways, but I'm just going to explain the most straightforward way of expressing it. In this way, it amounts to a restriction on how and in what way a present state of a system is mathematically allowed to depend on the state of the same system at an earlier time. \n\nLet's imagine how something like a scalar field behaves in time. A \"scalar field\" is just math talk for basically just a function f(x,y,z,t), meaning that for every point in space (x,y,z) and time (t) there is some number f assigned. It is a \"field\", i.e. something that assigns a mathematical object to every point x,y,z,t, and that mathematical object in this case is a \"scalar\", i.e. just a number (rather than a vector or tensor or whatever). Thus \"scalar\" \"field\". An example of a scalar field might be the temperature in the room you're in, we could call it a \"the temperature scalar field\" and for every point in your room and at a given time there's a defined temperature associated with that point in space and time (say 20 degrees Celsius). We might call this field, in math language: T(x,y,z,t) which means it's an object that you plug in an input of an \"x\", a \"y\", a \"z\" and a \"t\" and it returns the temperature \"T\" at that point and time.\n\nSo what does it mean for this temperature field to obey \"local\" laws of physics? Well let's imagine I want to determine what the temperature at a specific point (x0,y0,z0) will be at that same spot but at a time that is just the tiniest bit in the future. If we say the present is t0 then I want to know what \"T\" will be at the point (x0,y0,z0) but at the time t0+dt where \"dt\" just means \"a small amount\" (an infinitesimal time later, if you know calculus, if you don't it doesn't matter). \n\nSo this is the question, if I want to know T(x0,y0,z0,t0+dt) what do I need to know about T(x,y,z,t0). Now keep in mind what I mean here, T(x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t are general variables, not specific values like x0,y0,z0,t0) means complete knowledge of \"T\" at all points in space and time, like I'm a temperature omniscient deity. But the question I'm asking if I only want to know the value of the temperature at ONE SPECIFIC point in space and time, how much do I need to know about T. Do I need to know the temperature everywhere at t0, i.e. do I need to know T at x0+2000 km or at z0-3,000,000 km, do I need to know T(x,y,z,t0) for ALL values of x,y and z that can exist? Everywhere at all times? Or only some places in t0? etc.\n\nIf the temperature scalar field obeys \"locality\" then what it means is that the laws of how temperature changes in time are such that if I want to know T(x0,y0,z0,t0+dt) I ONLY need to know the temperature at that same point a moment earlier T(x0,y0,z0,t0) AND the temperature at points that are immediately next to that point:T(x0+dx,y0,z0), T(x0-dx,y0,z0), T(x0,y0+dy,z0),T(x0,y0-dy,z0), and so on (where dx,dy,dz means a \"tiny bit in that direction\"). In a local theory, the value of at T(x,y,z,t) only depends on the value of T at the same point a moment before as well as its value in some very tiny neighbourhood in its vicinity. It doesn't depend on T anywhere else but that small neighbourhood.\n\nThat's what is meant by \"locality\". If you know your calculus it can be pretty succinctly be described as: the value of T(x0,y0,z0,t0) can only depend on derivatives of T(x,y,z,t) evaluated at (x0,y0,z0,t0) and on external functions (like an external potential) evaluated at (x0,y0,z0,t0). It can't depend on anything else.\n\nSo a non-local theory basically has laws dictating its dynamics such that T(x0,y0,z0,t0+dt) depend on the complete knowledge of T(x,y,z,t0) (i.e. you need to know the temperature everywhere in the universe at time t0 to calculate what \"T\" will be at the point x0,y0,z0 and a time t0+dt). If you know Calculus then T(x,y,z,t) might depend on term like integral(T(x,y,z,t)*g(x2,y2,z2,t), integrate over all (x2,y2,z2)) (you can safely ignore this if it means nothing to you).\n\nSo, in a local temperature theory, if I want to know the temperature in Paris in 1 second, I only need to know the temperature of the air at paris currently and maybe the immediate vicinity. Note that the point here is that 1 second is small, if I want to know the temperature of paris in 4 weeks the \"neighbourhood\" I need to consider may very well grow to be quite large, likely the whole planet, but that's fine and has to do with the FINITE SPEED with which two temperature points T(x0,y0,z0,t0) and T(x1,y1,z1,t0+ 4 weeks) can be causally linked. In a non-local temperature theory, in order to know the temperature of Paris in the next second I don't just need to know Paris' current temperature but also the temperature in Alpha Centauri and Delaware.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
acd0hy
|
the point of volts, amps, ohms, etc...
|
Now before you say how **"*****I've seen these posts so many times...*****"** I'll say I've seen the good ol' water explanation which helps with understanding what they are. what I'm wondering now is how do I *actually* use this information. For instance, why does **X** need **Y** Amps and **Z** Volts and what happens when you increase one of them and a followup question is how can ***I*** use this information
Thanks in advance
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/acd0hy/eli5_the_point_of_volts_amps_ohms_etc/
|
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"Amps, ohms, and volts are all related to each other through the equation V = IR. r stands for resistance (measured in ohms), I stands for current (amps) and v for voltage (volts). If you increase voltage, your resistance or current must decrease proportionally to match, and so on for any other changes within a circuit. If you have a higher current, you need a larger diameter wire than an equivalent circuit with a lower current and higher resistance/voltage. \n\nGenerally you probably won't care about this stuff directly affecting you unless like, you're traveling to a different country that has outlets with different voltage outputs than where you live (you would need to find the proper adapter or new charger cables for your items), or if you're trying to replace a power cable for a laptop or anything else with a mini transformer in it.\n\nDifferent pieces of equipment have different needs when it comes to these variables. Xray equipment needs high voltage transformers between the power company and the xray machine, for instance, but a regular TV or household appliance does just fine plugged into a normal outlet. You need to know what your equipment requires as far as power/electricity in order to make sure you don't irreparably damage it or the circuitry within your house/company/whatever. ",
"Power is the product of amps and volts. So you have to get the right product to run the device at the power it was designed to use. So why not just lower the volts and raise the current? Because the wires that carry the current are probably not rated for much more than the current that the device was designed to draw, and if you exceed the rating you risk destroying the wires. Also, depending on the source of the electricity, the voltage may be fixed, so you can't change either.\n\nHow can you use the information? If you don't know the above already, you are probably limited to just reading the label and obeying it. For plug-in devices, this is mostly a problem when traveling since some countries use different voltage in their outlets. They guard against this by using different shaped plugs, but they also make adapters that allow you to plug in. But if the device isn't prepared for the voltage, it will underperform or get damaged. For battery operated devices, just use the right batteries and she'll be right.",
"I used this information lots of times during my time in Film School. Back then we shot with tungsten 650w and 1000w bulbs in ordinary houses with wall sockets. It was very easy to put too many lights on one breaker and trip it. The lights are listed in watts but the fuses and breakers are Amps, so you need to figure out how many amps each light draws budget your power. The same rules apply for all household power. 1000w / 115 V = 8.7 Amps.",
"Volts is energy per charge - it's like an electric pressure. Just as water will flow from on top of a hill to the bottom of a hill, electrons will flow from high voltage to low voltage. It is energy per charge, so the amount of voltage is like the height of the hill with water flowing on it - a taller hill means water will flow faster.\n\nAmps is a measure of current, just like water current. Amps is literally just a measure of how many electrons pass a certain point in a wire. If you could shrink down to microscopic size and count the electrons that pass (per second), you would be measuring amps.\n\nSo let that take us to power (watts). Volts tells you the energy each charge makes, and amps tells you how many charges flow by - so if you multiply these, you get the total energy that pass per second, or watts. \n\nOhms is a bit more abstract and is defined in terms of amps and volts. Ohms is a measure of resistance - as current flows through a metal, some of those electrons bump into atoms making them slow down, lose energy, and the metal generally has some resistance to the flow of electricity. One ohm of resistance is the amount of resistance such that one volt of energy per charge only has enough pressure to push through one amp of current. More ohms means more resistance means the current goes down. \n\nSo what is all of this used for? These are just the basics of every electrical appliance in existence. Aside from a simple light bulb, most electrical devices have tons of little things inside of them resisting the flow of charge and directing the flow of charge. ",
" > why does X need Y Amps and Z Volts\n\nUsually, you don't \"need\" a certain number of volts if you're designing a device. You *assume* a power supply of a particular voltage will be available to you, and you go from there. If you're designing something to be plugged into a wall socket in the US, you assume you'll have 110 V for a power supply. If you're designing something portable, maybe you assume you'll have 1.5 V or 3 V, standard voltages for everyday batteries.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThen you design a circuit with that voltage as your starting point. The elements in your circuit will have a certain inherent electrical resistance to them. People often recite Ohm's Law as V=IR, but it's more accurate to say that I=V/R. Both equations are mathematically identical, but the cause and effect relationship is better portrayed in the second one. You start with your power supply voltage *V*, the elements and arrangement of your circuit determines the resistance *R*, and the current *I* that flows through is just a result of those two features. Your device will try to pull in as many electrons as it can to get the current up to what's predicted by the expression V/R.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThings start melting down and blowing up when the designer doesn't notice that the circuit is going to pull in more current than the device can handle, or when a home user has plugged in the 17th device to the one wall outlet, not realizing that the resistance of the circuit drops every time he adds a new device (See *Resistances in parallel circuits*), which means more and more current flowing through that one circuit.",
"How you can use this information: \n\n & nbsp;\n\nIf you travel to a country with different outlets dont just use an outlet adapter if your device cant use the different voltage. Plugging a device meant for 120 into a 240 outlet will draw too much current and fry the device.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nJust because a charger fits the charging port on your electronic device doesnt means that it outputs the right amount of power for your device. A tablet might require a 2 amp charger and your 1 amp cell phone charger will take longer to charge\n\n & nbsp;\n\nUsb charging time can diminish with a longer cable due to the increased resistance of the cable. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nExtension cords, surge protectors, lamps and the different circuits in your house have wattage limits. Some devices draw a lot of current over a resistor to make heat and light (incandescent light bulbs, hair dryers and space heaters). Dont plug a bunch of space heaters into an extension cord/splitter\n\n & nbsp;\n\nNext time you see a sub station just marvel at how we can wirelessly transfer energy from one AC circuit to another in order to step up the voltage and prevent power loss over large distances."
]
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|
[] |
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[
[],
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|
310u2t
|
what do the numbers for my eye prescription mean. for example, my left eye is -6.0 and my right is -5.75
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/310u2t/eli5_what_do_the_numbers_for_my_eye_prescription/
|
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"The number is a measure of the optical power of the lenses in dioptres (the reciprocal of the focal length in meters). Essentially a positive number increases the optical power of your eye (which corrects for farsightedness) and a negative number decreases the optical power of your eye (which corrects for nearsightedness).\n\nThere are a few numbers that go along with the prescription:\n\n- **Sphere** - This is the basic correction for your eye and what the bulk of the prescription is, measured in dioptres. If you just have a number listed for your prescription, it is almost certainly a measure of sphere. This effectively is a measure of what sort of spherical shape is added to the lens for correction.\n\n- **Cylinder** - This is a correction for astigmatism present in your eye, measured in dioptres. Astigmatism is when light is focused at a different place vertically and horizontally, and results in shapes being blurred slightly in an oval. This effectively is a measure of any cylindrical shape added to the lens (which would add optical power in one direction but not for the other, rather than in every orientation like a sphere).\n\n- **Axis** - This is a measure of the orientation of the cylinder part of your prescription, measured in degrees (0-180). Astigmatism can occur in any orientation in the eye, so this is always included with a cylinder prescription so the correction is in the right direction.\n\n- **Prism** - This is a measure of a prism-like shape that would get added to the lens which would move the position of focus on the retina, and is measured in prism dioptres. This would be correction for if your eye focuses light offset from center of your retina, and is very rare to be included in a prescription (as it is only very rarely needed).\n\n- **Base** - This is a measure of the direction that the prism corrects for, and would only be present when a prism prescription is present.\n\n- **Add** - This is a measure of any additional optical power that is added to the lower part of the glasses when being used for bifocals, measured in optical power.\n\nIn your case if you only have a -6.0 and -5.75 on your prescription that means it is spherical power, and it is correcting for nearsightedness in both eyes (meaning without correction you can see things up close fine but things are blurry far away)."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
lqkgs
|
us army camouflage
|
As you can see in [this image](_URL_0_), US Army camouflage seems to be pixelated. I don't know of any plant/dirt/etc in the real world that is pixelated like that - so why does the Army choose this pattern?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lqkgs/eli5_us_army_camouflage/
|
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"they've already changed it. as it turns out, the ACU pattern is pretty bad in nearly every environment...besides maybe gravel. they originally switched to that pattern for a number of reasons, cost being one.",
"Look at the camoflage on a zebra. They're black and white striped. The grass/environment they live in isn't black and white, its mainly yellow. You'd be surprised how difficult to spot they can be though!\n\nThe point of camoflage isn't to make you look exactly like the background, but to break up your body shape/silouette, to make you blend in.\n\nPlus, if an enemy is close enough to tell your camoflage is pixelated, you're probably in trouble already.",
"they've already changed it. as it turns out, the ACU pattern is pretty bad in nearly every environment...besides maybe gravel. they originally switched to that pattern for a number of reasons, cost being one.",
"Look at the camoflage on a zebra. They're black and white striped. The grass/environment they live in isn't black and white, its mainly yellow. You'd be surprised how difficult to spot they can be though!\n\nThe point of camoflage isn't to make you look exactly like the background, but to break up your body shape/silouette, to make you blend in.\n\nPlus, if an enemy is close enough to tell your camoflage is pixelated, you're probably in trouble already."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/eaB2G.png"
] |
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[],
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|
6i84d5
|
Why was Pompey described as 'the new Alexander the Great'?
|
I've heard Pompey described as 'a new Alexander the Great' or as a 'Roman Alexander' and 'Pompey the Great' - forgive me if the wording isn't perfect - but what military accomplishments did he have to be known as such?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6i84d5/why_was_pompey_described_as_the_new_alexander_the/
|
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"Pompey certainly earned the comparison to Alexander, especially with the Pirate Command, but the title \"the Great\" popped up very early and in a not exactly flattering way.\n\nWhen Sulla returned from his war against Mithridates in the East (82 BCE), he marched from Brundisium north to Rome, displacing the generals of (the now dead) Marius' party and gathering his own supporters along the way. Among these supporters was a young Pompey who raised troops himself and put them at Sulla's service. Sulla sent Pompey first to Sicily and then Africa to displace Marian forces in the provinces (exterminating the Marian party would take until 72 - Sertorius was a slippery opponent in Spain and only done away with by conspiracy of his own officers, even though Pompey got the credit). After Pompey dispatched the Marians in Africa, Sulla ordered the return of the army, but not the general, who was to wait for his replacement. Plutarch says Pompey's troops didn't take that well (we can guess who really didn't take it well) and would only return with Pompey. Sulla, according to Plutarch, who had the man's memoirs so is as well informed as anyone could be expected to be, thought Pompey might have been in rebellion himself. Sulla had also had trouble with Marius' nephew Marius Gratidianus, and Sulla was joking about being an old man fighting young mens' wars (the young men being Pompey and the younger Marius). When Pompey returned from Africa with his troops instead of remaining as ordered, Sulla greeted him as \"Magnus\" \"the Great\" in what seems to me (I think that's an honest reading of what Plutarch presents) an attempt to diffuse both the possible insurrection and what we might call the \"optics\" of the situation.\n\n[Here's](_URL_0_) Plutarch on that moment:\n > Sulla's first tidings of the affair were that Pompey was in revolt, and he told his friends that it was evidently his fate, now that he was an old man, to have his contests with boys. This he said because Marius also, who was quite a young man, had given him very great trouble and involved him in the most extreme perils. But when he learned the truth, and perceived that everybody was sallying forth to welcome Pompey and accompany him home with marks of goodwill, he was eager to outdo them. So he went out and met him, and after giving him the warmest welcome, saluted him in a loud voice as \"Magnus,\" or The Great, and ordered those who were by to give him this surname. Others, however, say that this title was first given him in Africa by the whole army, but received authority and weight when thus confirmed by Sulla. Pompey himself, however, was last of all to use it, and it was only after a long time, when he was sent as pro-consul to Spain against Sertorius, that he began to subscribe himself in his letters and ordinances \"Pompeius Magnus\"; for the name had become familiar and was no longer invidious.\n\nThere are some other interesting comments made at that meeting. Pompey asked for a triumph, which was a shocking request for a fucking 20-something kid that hadn't even held elected office. Sulla said no, and Pompey said something about more people worshipping the rising than the setting sun, and Sulla changed his mind. Tacitus reports that Tiberius and Caligula repeated nearly this conversation with that exact phrase involved, and I'm not sure what to think about that yet, but the moment seems to have had significant cultural weight. Pompey did celebrate his triumph, and had his triumphal chariots drawn by ele-fucking-phants, which didn't fit through the gate of the city and he had to resort to horses. [Profanity is completely appropriate for what Pompey was up to]\n\nPlutarch goes out of his way to point out that \"Magnus\" was a ROMAN and not GREEK honorific, indicating the precedents of Valerius and Fabius who earned the name \"Maximus\" and not necessarily for only martial virtues. So not only was the comparison to Alexander first made as something of a joke, but the ancients knew it wasn't fitting when it was made and attempted to justify the title by comparisons to other people.\n\nMany years later Pompey did conquer the East after Rome fought a number of wars with Mithridates of Pontus, and he reorganized eastern political geography, including entering the Holy of Holies in Jerusalem. By the time Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 Pompey was by far Rome's most accomplished general since Scipio, and probably deserved to be ranked with Alexander as a great commander."
]
}
|
[] |
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[
[
"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/pompey*.html"
]
] |
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1u63fo
|
Happy New Year! As it is now 2014, the outward limit of the 'twenty-year rule' in AskHistorians has ticked ahead once more -- let's talk about 1994.
|
As you've no doubt discovered while reading the questions and answers offered in /r/AskHistorians, in a bid to keep the focus off of current events (and, moreover, current politics) we have chosen to enact a not-always-elegant and not-always-total ban on discussions of events that had taken place less than 20 years ago. Up until yesterday, that cut us off at the end of 1993 -- but no longer.
***1994 is now open for business!***
And what a year it was! Here are some of the highlights:
- Designated by the United Nations as the *International Year of the Family* and the *International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal*.
- Finland and Sweden vote to join the European Union.
- Jan. 1: The establishment of NAFTA
- Jan. 14: U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin Accords
- Feb. 12: Edvard Munch's famous painting "The Scream" is stolen from a museum in Oslo
- Feb. 12: Opening of the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer
- March 1-ish: China connects to the Internet for the first time
- March 1: Justin Bieber born
- March 12: First female priests in Church of England ordained
- March 27: Silvio Berlusconi elected Prime Minister of Italy
- March 31: Confirmed report of the discovery of the first complete *Australopithecus afarensis* skull
- April 7: The Rwandan Genocide begins
- April 8: Kurt Cobain of the popular band *Nirvana* found dead
- April 22: Death of controversial former U.S. President Richard Nixon
- April 27: The first multi-racial elections in South African history mark the formal end of Apartheid; Nelson Mandela elected president
- May 1: Death of Ayrton Senna, internationally celebrated Formula One champion, in an accident during a Grand Prix in Italy
- May 6: The great Channel Tunnel (or "Chunnel", as some came to call it) opens between England and France after over seven years of construction
- June 1: The Republic of South Africa rejoins the British Commonwealth after having left it in 1961
- June 15: Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations for the first time
- June 23: First Centennial of the International Olympic Committee
- July 12: Allied occupation of Berlin formally concludes
- August 31: Departure of Russian army from Latvia and Estonia marks formal conclusion of all Soviet occupation in Eastern Europe
- September 19: Deployment of American troops in support of exiled Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide
- October 3-4: Members of the Solar Temple Cult commit mass suicide at compounds in Canada and Switzerland
- November 5: Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces he has Alzheimer's Disease
- December 14: Construction of massive Three Gorges Dam in China begins
This is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the events of 1994, however, and I'm sure we'll be hearing about a great deal more of them as the months unfold.
So: you may now discuss 1994 -- please use these powers responsibly.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1u63fo/happy_new_year_as_it_is_now_2014_the_outward/
|
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"I look forward to being enlightened about the birth of Justin Bieber.",
"It's only when I see lists like these do I become aware of my own advancing years...",
"I never post in this sub because I don't have the knowledge to do so, but I did just want to comment on how interesting it is that the year I was born is now considered history here. I don't know whether I thought it should have been \"history\" sooner, or shouldn't be for longer, but either way I found that exciting for some strange reason. ",
"Also Bosnian war is in it's 3rd year. Notable 1994 events from here (_URL_0_) \nFebruary 6th- A mortar explodes in a crowded market in Sarajevo, 68 people are killed.\n\nFebruary 28th NATO shoots down four Serbian aircraft over Bosnia, intervening for the first time since the war began (in fact, the first use of military power by NATO since it's creation in 1949) \n\nMarch 18th- Bosnian Muslims and Croats sign peace accords drawn up by the United States",
"First DreamHack is held in Malung, Sweden.",
"Some notable sports history of 1994:\n\n* George Foreman becomes the oldest heavyweight boxing champion\n* USA hosts the 1994 World Cup. Brazil wins. A Colombian soccer player (Andres Escobar) is murdered in his home country allegedly for scoring an own goal during the tournament. \n* Major League Baseball strike leads to cancellation of the remainder of the season & amp; World Series. Some credit the winner of the Japanese Series that year as \"world champion\"\n\nEdit- Colombian not Columbian",
"We can almost talk in full about a Newt Gingrich Congress",
" > May 1: Death of Ayrton Senna, internationally celebrated Formula One champion, in an accident during a Grand Prix in Italy\n\nAnd on this, I highly recommend the documentary *Senna* on netflix. It's a bit of a tear-jerker, but it gives a lot of insight into what being an F1 driver is like.\n\nAnyway, there are several very important events for Jewish history that happened in 1994:\n\n1. The cave of the patriarchs massacre\n* The Argentina bombing\n* The Israel-Jordan peace treaty\n* Oslo 2\n\nSo in order:\n\nThe cave of the patriarchs massacre was when Baruch Goldstein, a Kahanist (religious ultra-nationalist) opened fire on a crowd of Muslim worshipers. He was active in the ultra-right Kach party and in the JDL. Wearing his military uniform, he opened fire in the Muslim part of the Cave of the Patriarchs, killing 29. While he was celebrated as a martyr by the very far-right (he was killed by worshipers), the Kach party was banned, and the ultra-right was somewhat marginalized.\n\nThe bombing was a car bomb in front of the head of the AMIA, an Argentinian Jewish organization, killing 85. It was just two years after the Israeli embassy in Argentina was bombed, killing 29. No one was ever convicted for the former bombing followed a bungled investigation. A neat bit of trivia is that a local bishop was among the first to condemn the bombing, and began working with local Jewish organizations afterwards. That bishop, of course, became Pope Francis.\n\nJordan and Israel signed a peace treaty in 1994. This followed decades of the countries talking through back channels. It was the second peace treaty with an Arab country. While not as militarily significant as the treaty with Egypt, it meant that Israel only had a relatively short hostile border to defend. Of course, relations between the countries had been warming long-term, which included Jordan's non-participation in the 1973 War. This was also essentially the very end of the old Revisionist dream of a Jewish state on both sides of the Jordan.\n\nOslo 2 formalized the partial handover to the Palestinian Authority that began under Oslo 1. It established Areas A, B, and C, where the PA would have a level of control. [Here](_URL_0_)'s a map. While this agreement eventually broke down within the 20-year-rule, Israel and the PA were cooperating and doing joint things in the West Bank, and prospects for peace looked rather promising, even with difficult negotiations still to take place. But for the first time a Palestinian state and a Jewish one side-by-side was somewhat real. Hell, this was the first time a Palestinian quasi-government existed at all! So 1994 was a very significant time in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Granted, it'll be hard to talk about this here for the next several years since the context of things breaking down is pretty important, but such is life with events just beyond the 20-year-rule.\n\nedit about the bombing:\n\nSince writing this and responding to comments there's a lot of important stuff I didn't know that I do now about the bombing. What makes future-Pope Francis's actions important is that the Argentinian government seems to have *deliberately* bungled the investigation. See [here](_URL_2_). And he seems to have repeatedly not just condemned, but called for justice. Argentina arrested people, but released due to lack of evidence, which it seems was destroyed/concealed by officials. See [here](_URL_1_).",
"1994 was a good year for movies. Pulp Fiction, Forrest Gump, The Shawshank Redemption, Leon: The Professional and Lion King came out that year.",
" > - March 1: Justin Bieber born\n\nIt's nice to know that, despite the heavy moderation, /r/AskHistorians still has a sense of humor. ",
"I'm confused. Wouldn't the 20 year rule mean that we can't talk about anything more recent than January 1, 1994?",
"In a related note, the standard wait for opening documents in the Vatican archives to wide(r) audiences is 75 years. So, 75 years ago was 1939, and as a result we will get the last of the (available) documents for the papacy of Pius XI and the beginning of the papacy of Pius XII.\n\nThere will likely be a new glut of books from partisans that feature Pius XII, though I doubt anything much of import will be found. Some minor questions will likely be able to be clarified, though.",
"On 30th of November I was born at the same time Tupac Amaru Shakur was shot and hospitalized.",
"Am I to understand that anything that happen 19 years ago is completely offlimits?",
"1994 was also the year of the Order of the Solar Temple deaths in Quebec and France, the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman and subsequent low-speed car chase, Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan, and the acquittal of Lorena Bobbitt. \n\nIt was also the first year I had even the slightest inkling of current events, living previously in a bubble only punctured by the brief tenure of Kim Campbell as PM the year before.\n\nEDIT: oops, NMW had the Solar Temple. I missed it.",
"1994 in Afghanistan--The Taliban emerges as a force and conquers Kandahar (the city founded by Alexander The Great). ",
"For the Aussies:\n\n* In this year, the Australian government, having discovered that failed businessman Christopher Skase was living free and easy in Majorca, Spain, first tried to extradite him to Australia to face charges relating to the failure of his billion-dollar corporate empire.\n\n* Telephone numbers started having an eighth digit added to them, to cope with the ever-increasing quantity of phone numbers.\n\n* Silverchair's first single, 'Tomorrow', reached number 1 in the ARIA singles charts.\n\n* 'The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert' was released.\n",
"As someone who frequents /r/askcience, I'm very disappointed that your list does not contain one of the most amazing astronomical events ever witnessed.\n\nJuly 15–July 21 – The planet Jupiter is hit by 21 large fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 over the course of 6 days\n\nEdit: Also the year Kim Il-sung died. Come on guys, you're slackin'!",
"1994 was also the year that brought about \n[the deadliest shipwreck disaster to have occurred in the Baltic Sea in peacetime, costing 852 lives](_URL_0_).\n \nThe subject is talked about to this day in Estonia since most people are certain that the disaster was not caused by natural events. There are a lot of loose ends starting from missing key survivors, threats made to investigators to the very poorly structured official report.",
"Not a subject that I can fully immerse into: \n\nBut to Mexican history 1994 was a huge year that tanked us into what most people think of Us as third world country \n\n* TLC or NAFTA as mention by OP goes in effect by 1994. \n* A paramilitary group named EZLN blocks the entree of a small town in Chiapas, firstly fighting against NAFTA and almost immediately for a most comprehensive reforms on Native American rights, such movements steals the international spotlight from the president Carlos Salinas de Gortari's progress plan into the reality on which Mexico is actually on the president puts out with the movement and calls for a cease of fire against the EZLN since he was trying to bring $ into the country and wanted to be viewed as the president that brought progress and first world status to Mexico . \n*The ruling party PRI wins it's last election in which over 69% of the legally able citizens cast their votes in what is today the most successfully election to date all this not before a huge amount of events. \n1.- the ruling president as tradition mandates pick his candidate to run as candidate for president, naming Luis Donaldo Colosio as his successor, on the other hand a very close friend of the president break ties and quits from its position within the government since he wasn't picked (as promised) as the next candidate (Manuel Camacho Solis) he later on retracted himself to accept a position to solve the EZLN problem and stealing ( with support from president Salinas) tons of media from Luis Donaldo Colosio which cause a great tension within the party at this point and after feeling like an outcast LDC give one of the most inspiring speeches of modern history against its own party and president to later on been killed by an random person with zero political agenda, although nobody has been able to prove it, most people believe that president CS de G, MCS or **EZLN(very unlikely)** had something to do with such murder. \n2.-Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon gets picked as the next candidate as the last resort and wins the election since nobody can beat a martyr. \n\n* The December mistake. \nAfter tons of unhealthy turn of event like NAFTA, EZLN, the fights between the President-LDC-MCS, the killing of LDC, President's brother in law and many other the inner circle within the government gets a tip on the Mexican international dollar reserve, this tip informs the mass exodus of dollars fleeing the country which gets in the hands of many politics and wealthy business men in a very short period of time this information drains mexico's reserves and completely paralyze the new president let it him do little to nada to stop such exodus. \nWhich to this day as hunt and stain the mexico's progress",
"So now that we can talk about the Rwandan genocide- is there yet a consensus over why the Rwandan Army seemingly wanted genocide so badly? How about which group actually assassinated Juvenal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira? I remember hearing a bunch of different theories in school...",
"i forgot all about that tunnel drill-car breaking through the wall of stone. that was pretty cool.",
"New Zealand history in 1994!\n\n* TV2 begins 24/7 programming, and so the Goodnight Kiwi retires from our screens\n* Newstalk ZB and Classic Hits radio stations begin nationwide broadcasting\n* *Heavenly Creatures* and *Once Were Warriors* are released\n* The Lion Red Cup rugby league competition begins\n* Danyon Loader wins one gold, one silver, and one bronze at the Commonwealth Games in Canada.\n* Charles Upham, Whina Cooper, and Dame Louise Henderson passed away.",
"I'll also recommend the ESPN 30 For 30 film *June 17, 1994*. In what is possibly one of the most important and busy sports days ever, it saw: Arnold Palmer's final round in the US Open, the New York Rangers victory celebration, the World Cup beginning in Chicago, and Patrick Ewing vying for a championship with the Knicks in the NBA finals, all while a white Bronco belonging to one OJ Simpson was slowly rolling down the LA freeway. ",
"The big news for Alaska in 2014 were a pair of punitive damage trials involving the Exxon Valdez, one in state court and the other in federal court. The federal trial returned a $5 billion verdict against Exxon, but that amount was later reduced by the US Supreme Court, and some Alaskans are still waiting to be paid.\n\nIn 1994, Alaska voters again turned down a proposal to move the state capital from Juneau to Anchorage. It was the second time since 1982 that voters rejected a move.\n\nIn Fairbanks, Alaska State troopers negotiated for hours with arsonist Manfried West, who was threatening to burn down a cabin. During negotiations, West admitted murdering the founder of the Alaskan Independence Party, Joe Vogler, the previous year. Also in 1994, Vogler's body was exhumed from its grave and taken to Dawson City, following Vogler's will that he never be buried under the American flag.\n\n1994 was also the year of [Binky the polar bear](_URL_0_), who mauled two people at the Anchorage Zoo in separate incidents and became notorious thanks to a photo of him with a mauling victim's shoe in his mouth.",
"1994 was the start of the First Chechen War which would last until 1996. /u/blindingpain's [AMA on Chechnya](_URL_0_) is a must-read if you're interested in the subject.",
"How about some Texas history?\n\n* George W Bush elected governor of Texas over incumbent Ann Richards.",
" > March 27: Silvio Berlusconi elected Prime Minister of Italy\n\nMy vague impression is he only began doing questionable things, or at least having them reported, in later years. Is that correct? What do peple know about his rise to power? ",
"Yahoo! Was started and became one of the first profitable internet companies.",
"Mod note, to our dear almost 20-years-old AskHistorians friends: alas, I have removed a large number of comments excitedly asserting that they were born in 1994. Unfortunately this joke was made so many times uncharitable people had begun ruthlessly downvoting any mention. \n\nCould everyone turning twenty this year reply to this comment instead? What significant historical thing happened on your birthday?",
"Rangers win the cup",
"In 1994, then President of Brazil Itamar Franco introduced the Plano Real to try to stabilize the brazilian economy, highly inflated at the time. It was the 7th plan (also the last) to attempt to do it during the post-dictatorship period (the dictatorship ended in 1985. The first of these plans, Plano Cruzado, was in 1986).\n\nPlano Real caused the creation of a new Brazilian currency, the Real, which is still used today. This was also the 4th change in brazilian currency since 1985:\n\nCruzado (*Cz$*; 1986-1989)\n\nCruzeiro (*Cr*; was the currency from 1942 to 1986, and brought back in 1990, lasted until 1993)\n\nCruzeiro Real (*CR$*; lasted from 1993 till 1994)\n\nAnd finally the Real (R$, used since 1994)\n\nCompared to the six previous plans, the Real Plan was the most successful.\n\n(sorry if I did anything wrong, it is my first post here. I am not an expert/profissional, but I am fascinated with modern brazilian history. Also sorry if my english is bad.)",
"I just want to mention a few more events that happened in Africa, other than the Rwandan genocide and South African elections. \n\n* January 14- President of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko dissolves the opposition government High Council of the Republic, as well as his own National Legislative Congress. In their place he announces the formation of the coalition government the High Council of the Republic-Parliament of Transition (HCR-PT). Opposition PM Etienne Tshisekedi and his UDPS party are kept out of the HCR-PT government.\n\n* June 14- The HCR-PT announces the election of moderate opposition leader Leon Kengo wa Dondo as Prime Minister. Opposition leader Tshisekedi is briefly arrested by Zairian military elements after this announcement.\n\n* October 31- MPLA government of Angola and UNITA rebel forces sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, with a ceasefire announced on November 10th. This agreement aims to end the civil war in Angola that had begun in 1975. It set guidelines for the disarmament of UNITA forces and their integration into Angolan politics as an opposition party. However, the peace would not hold, and the civil war would continue until MPLA victory in 2002.\n\n* December 8- The Ethiopian Transitional Government adopts [the current Constitution of Ethiopia](_URL_0_ ). The constitution becomes effective in August of 1995.",
"The IRA declared a ceasefire in 1994, for the first time since the 60s.",
"Other date of interest (because I see Senna on the list and given recent events) \n\nNovember 13: Michael Schumacher wins his first F1 Drivers Championship by a single point over Damon Hill (92 to 91 points) in an extremely controversial season. Schumacher would go on to win six more Drivers Championships and set multiple F1 records that stand to this day.",
"Jackie Kennedy passed May 19. She has to be more notable",
"In Canadian history, other than NAFTA:\n\n* **February 8**, Nikki Yanofsky, [known to every Canadian who watched the Vancouver or London Olympics](_URL_0_), was born.\n* **March 21**, a civilian inquiry is launched looking at the behaviour of the Canadian Airborne troops in Somalia, where they'd been deployed in 1992. Though the Somalia Affair itself took place in 1993, the public knowledge of the murders/deaths/coverup wasn't there until 1994, as there had been a publication ban in place until November 1994 on photos of the events.\n* **April 5**, the *Just Desserts* shooting takes place in Toronto, where four Jamaican immigrants rob a dessert restaurant. Vivi Leimonis wound up getting shot by over 200 shotgun pellets from incredibly close range. The shooting attracted huge public interest. It resulted in laws allowing easier deportation of criminals, while others called for tougher immigration laws, more gun control laws, or bringing back capital punishment.\n* **May 12**, the *National Sports of Canada Act* names Hockey Canada's national Winter Sport, relegating Lacrosse to national Summer Sport.\n* **June 14**, the New York Rangers win the Stanley Cup, resulting in riots in downtown Vancouver. The riots resulted in over $1 million in damage, and 200 injuries - one rioter was shot in the head by police with a rubber bullet, resulting in permanent brain damage and a 4-week coma.\n* **September 12**, Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois win a majority government in the Quebec Provincial elections on a platform that they would host a referendum on independence within a year.\n* **November 27**, Baltimore loses to BC in the first Grey Cup featuring an American squad, which was also the first ever professional football championship game matching a Canadian and American squad.\n* **December 20**, due to severely depleted stocks, Brian Tobin closed every cod fishery except for one, putting 5000 more out of work.",
" > Finland and Sweden vote to join the European Union\n\nIn addition, Norway votes to not join the EU, for the second time.",
"Golden Year of Hip Hop.. if youre into that. ",
"In intelligence history - February 21: after almost a year under investigation, CIA agent and Soviet double agent Aldrich Ames is arrested and charged with espionage. Ames had been supplying highly sensitive information to the KGB in exchange for cash since 1985, most notably the identities of American and British sources in the Soviet Union and Russia. The information he supplied led to the compromise of over 100 CIA sources, at least ten of whom were executed.\n\nAt the time, Ames was responsible for the largest compromise of CIA assets in history - though he was later surpassed by Robert Hanssen. CIA Director James Woolsey was forced to resign; the American counterintelligence community was left with a major black eye for failing to catch Ames sooner - Ames had been openly spending well above his salary for some time.",
"May 10, 1994 was the day Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's first black president.\n\nIt also happened to be the day of John Wayne Gacy's execution, a solar eclipse, and my birth.",
"SOMEONE ASK ABOUT THE ZAPATISTAS.\n\nedit: SOMEONE ALREADY DID. YES.\n\neditedit: OH NO, THE OAXACAN REBELS ARE OFF LIMITS FOR LIKE TWELVE MORE YEARS.",
"1994 was also the year when, for many different reasons, Brazil finally started to get rid of the hyper inflation that lasted more than a decade..\n",
" > April 8: Kurt Cobain of the popular band Nirvana found dead\n\nHis death happened when I was a senior in high school. I remember all the media outlets talking about him being a symbol of our generation. That always bothered me because I didn't think he represented me very well. Seeing this here made me start thinking what a better symbol of the teenagers of that time would be, but I can't seem to think of one. \n\nAny thoughts about what best symbolizes the teens of the 90's?",
"The DoD awarded posthumous Medals of Honor (the first since Vietnam) to MSG Gary Gordon and SFC Randy Shughart for their heroism during the Battle of Mogadishu the previous October.\n\nAlso: It was twenty years ago today Sgt Pepper taught the band to play.",
"It's been 20 years since Senna died? ...\n\nHoly shit I feel old.",
"Wow, I dont see anyone commenting about the US house/senate elections in 1994. On November 8, 1994 Republicans regained the House and Senate for the first time 40 years (though they had controlled the Senate in periods of time more recently).\n\nThe Democratic loss was brought about by a myriad of issues including the dying off of the highly Democratic \"Greatest Generation\" as well as the final part of the backlash against the Civil Rights laws the Democrats had passed in the 1960s.\n\nBrief piece: _URL_0_\n\n\nIf you want a more in depth book on the subject (since Southern Republicans are still a dominant force in American Politics today) I highly recommend \"The Rise of Southern Republicans\"\n\n",
"Did anyone mention the Northridge Earthquake in CA yet? That was pretty huge. Is [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) ok?",
"Nas - illmatic was released. Considered by many to be the best hip-hop album of all time.",
" > June 1: The Republic of South Africa rejoins the British Commonwealth after having left it in 1961\n\nCould this be amended to 'Commonwealth of Nations'? The name was [changed back in 1949](_URL_0_).\n\nAs for 1994, Forrest Gump and Lion King steal it for me. Despite watching TLK for the first time in 2013 ^Hides ^away",
"Star Trek TNG finished it's highly successful TV Run. DS9 also finally got good. ",
"And from France in 1994 :\n\n- In May, The Channel Tunnel opens, after 6 years of tunneling, 10 worker deaths, and a cost of 5.6 billions euros.\n- In August, the \"Loi Toubon\" (Toubon Law) is promulgated, mandating the use of French language in all and any government communication, all advertising and schools (and [more](_URL_0_))\n- In December, the *Groupe Islamique Armé* (al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) hijacked the Air France Flight 8969 in Algiers, with an apparent objective of flying into the Eiffel Tower. Three hostages were killed before the GIGN (SWAT equivalent) stormed the plane at a stopover in Marseille and killed all four hijackers.",
"This is off-topic, but are there plans for a \"best of 2013\" of this subreddit?",
"I read a book a while book that *strongly* alleges Courtney love murdered Kurt Cobain. I think it was written by some reporters who worked on the story.\n\nAnyway, does anyone have any kind of insight on that? After reading that book, I was completely convinced she did it. Maybe I'm gullible. ",
"1994 was the year of the landmark [United Nations Human Development Report](_URL_0_) that proposed a radical shift in the way nations think about security strategy to \"human security.\" \n\n > What is needed now is to continue the pressure for reduced global military spending, to ensure that the poorest regions also cut down their arms spending and to develop a firm link between reduced arms spending and increased social spending.\n\nThe 1994 UNDP was one of the first major documents to propose the securitization of humanitarian concerns like poverty, human rights, and refugees. It proposed using a $935 billion \"peace dividend\" in reduced military spending from the end of the Cold War to address these concerns. This is important because it was the beginning of a strategy for states to address the security threats of things like terrorism, human trafficking, and civil war, which had for 50 years been eclipsed by the nuclear arms race.",
"If anyone has an opportunity (and an account on Netflix) watch Senna. It is a great documentary on his racing life, seems like so long ago he was lost. \n\nOther than that, hard to imagine that I remember a good deal of these events and they were back in '94!",
"Can we also please add the [invention of commercial spam as an advertising medium](_URL_0_) for this year.",
"Nov 2- OJ Simpson jury sworn in. ",
"In Poland:\n\n- the transition to free market goes on, Pawlak's government creates laws concerning private ownership of houses and flats, new IP laws etc.. The new Polish stock exchange proves to be very volatile.\n\n- the final decision concerning the denomination of hyperinflated Polish Zloty is made. While it'll be replaced starting Jan 1 1995, the legal decisions and information campaign start in 1994. New 1 zloty coin will replace the 10 000 bank note.\n\n- new IP laws deeply affect the young MrMysterious95 who now can't legally copy video games for his Commodore 64, or music on audio cassettes. Not that it stops him, of course. On the other hand, western music concerns establish themselves in Poland, the country appears in Eurovision for the first time, and new Fryderyk music award is established.\n\n- first free local-level elections since 1939. The turn-out is disappointing, merely 33%.\n\n- Poland applies to join the European Union, for some reason.\n\n- Polish people have their first experiences with terrorism. In September disactivated explosive charges have been placed in Krakow's central railway station, and the bomber demands half a million DM of ransom. The terrorist, signing his demands \"Gumisie\" (\"Gummi bears\") is captured five days after that.\n",
"WE CAN TALK ABOUT THE SECOND SEASON OF THE COLORADO ROCKIES! But not Coors Field. Next year. \n\nEAT IT, DEVIL RAYS!",
"Following the popularity of grunge (and Kurt Cobain's suicide), 1994 saw punk rock enter the U.S. mainstream with bands including Green Day, The Offspring, NOFX and Rancid enjoying commercial success. And punks have been arguing about who sold out first ever since.",
"1994 was the year of the US bond market crash, as Federal Reserve rate hikes caught the market wrong-footed.\n\nWhile equity market moves tend to garner all the headlines, moves in the bond markets tend to be far more economically significant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~bonne20s/majorbattlesmaps.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Oslo_Areas_and_barrier_projection_2005.png",
"http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8RT-1Okf0cSP4mYEKRjcjCf-8Fg",
"http://www.jpost.com/International/Ex-Argentina-leader-to-face-terror-cover-up-trial"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Estonia"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_(polar_bear)"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1dxxob/wednesday_ama_chechnya/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/sites/africanlegislaturesproject.org/files/Constitution%20Ethiopia.pdf"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNA6xsTYcfA"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616578/UNITED-STATES-The-1994-Midterm-Elections-Year-In-Review-1994"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake"
],
[],
[
"http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/history-items/documents/TheLondonDeclaration1949.pdf"
],
[],
[
"http://www.dglf.culture.gouv.fr/droit/loi-gb.htm"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf"
],
[],
[
"http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/04/0412canter-siegel-usenet-spam/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
aaw6fi
|
why do cameras “freak out” when they are recording someone with a striped pattern on their clothing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aaw6fi/eli5_why_do_cameras_freak_out_when_they_are/
|
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"text": [
"I'm not sure what you mean, exactly. If you're talking about that trippy pattern that shimmers and moves over a striped pattern as the camera moves, that's a [Moiré pattern](_URL_0_). It's a sort of optical illusion that happens when you look at a striped pattern through some material that is also striped, and the stripes are at an angle to each other. For instance, if you have two bits of window screen and place one over the other, you'll see this pattern. The reason that you sometimes see it on TV is that TV images are made up of colored dots (\"pixels\") in a grid. Looking at an image on TV is like looking at a scene through a fine window-screen... so when there is a striped pattern in the scene, you can get that Moiré pattern."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern"
]
] |
||
3jcnk4
|
Is there a limit with telescopes?
|
I was wondering if a telescope could/or is strong enough to look at another planets surface with great detail. What I mean is, Could we look at Mars, and with perfect conditions see individual grains of sand?
Edit: I am so appreciative to the response.I want to learn as much as I can. It's almost a need.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3jcnk4/is_there_a_limit_with_telescopes/
|
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"The biggest intrinsic limitation of a telescope's resolving power is the angular resolution that its optical components are capable of. The [angular resolution](_URL_0_) is the smallest angular distance between two sources of light, for which the system will see two distinct sources rather than one blob. In principle the resolution can be increased by increasing the size of the collecting lens in the telescope, however in practice you will be limited by [optical aberrations](_URL_1_) (i.e. imperfections in the imaging system), as well as the sheer physical size of the system. \n\n[This cartoon](_URL_3_) helps to visualize what angular distance is and how it is related to angular size. In short the idea is that what determines whether you can resolve two features (and how well you can see them) is not just their actual separation in terms of distance, but the angle that separates them. For large separations, the angular distance (A) between two features is A=r/R, where r is the physical separation of the objects and R is the distance between the observer and the object. \n\nThis angular resolution (a) of a telescope in turn is limited by [diffraction](_URL_2_) and can be expressed as a=1.22\\*l/D, where l is the wavelength of the light and D is the diameter of the lens. In other words, the angular resolution of the telescope is fixed by its physical parameters, especially the size of an aperture. So putting the two ideas together, if you are looking at a faraway object then its features will have an angular size A=r/R, and the smallest angular distance between two objects that your system can detect is a=1.22\\*l/D. So in order to see what diameter of a lens you would need to observe a feature of size r at a distance R away, you would set a equal to A and solve for D giving: \n\nD = 1.22l\\*R/r\n\nSo let's take your example of sand on Mars. Let us say you are trying to observe grains of sand that have a center to center distance of abut 1mm and let's say we are detecting visible light (e.g. 500nm). The last thing we need is the distance from Earth to Mars, for which we can take the most optimistic scenario of closest approach, which is a separation of 50 million km. Going through the math, you get a lens diameter of 30,000km, which is more than twice the diameter of the entire Earth. ",
"You've got a nice answer so far, but I wanted to address my own expertise as well- radio astronomy.\n\nRadio astronomy is limited by many things different than optical, but one important thing is we have what's called \"confusion limits\" on a radio telescope (especially if it's just a single dish). Basically you just cannot get a better angular resolution than a certain amount because all the background sources just become a blurry noise.\n\nSo to get around this what we do is take several radio telescopes and string them together in an interferometer. [Very long baseline interferometry](_URL_0_) does just this- you take a bunch of radio telescopes and add together their signals, meaning your longest baseline can be the width of the Earth! (Due to signal processing, you can't really do this for optical telescopes.) This means you get really good resolution in turn, but often the sensitivity (ie how dim a source you can see) is less than a single big radio telescope dish. This is because you are limited by the size of your smallest dish on this one, and we just don't have that many giant radio telescope dishes to use them all the time for VLBI.\n\nWe are also limited by thermal noise by the way in our receivers. This is why many telescopes (not just in radio!) keep their instruments cooled by liquid nitrogen or even liquid helium. Eventually, however, by far the biggest source of noise that compromises what kind of signal you can get is manmade- there is nowhere on Earth that you can go that isn't affected by radio frequency interference (RFI). In fact, manmade sources are so bright compared to the astronomical ones that a cell phone on the moon would be one of the brightest radio sources in the sky! So if you wanted to build the best radio telescope ever, you actually wouldn't do it on Earth but rather on the far side of the moon- that way you'd be shielded from all the RFI.",
"Generally the magnification is limited by the width of the front lens or mirror in inches times 50. So a front lens of 1 inch will max out at 50 power 50x. \n\nAbove this magnification it is called empty magnification. It's bigger but you don't see anymore.\n\nIt's called I think Dawes limit.",
"I read somewhere recently that we can use the sun's gravitational lensing to create a nearly infinitely powerful telescope. It would require us to place a receiver some 500 AU away and line it up perfectly with whatever planet we were viewing. In theory, we could view planets in other solar systems in as much detail as, say, viewing the Moon. I don't know how viable it is, though.\n\nActually, here's the link: _URL_0_",
"There is an interesting anecdote related to this idea. In the first Gulf War, military intelligence personnel started to get fed up with generals and admirals who could not understand why they couldn't \"sit a satellite on top of the enemy\" for continuous visual imagery. The brass knew about geosynchronous orbits and the fact that we can \"place\" a satellite in orbit such that it remains in a relatively fixed location in the sky. What they didn't realize was that geosynchronous orbit for Earth is approximately 26,000 miles above the planet, and imagery satellites could not even come close to resolving small objects (personnel, tanks, buildings, etc.) at that distance. In fact, we don't even put imagery satellites into geosynchronous orbit at all, and all of our picture-taking satellites are placed into low-earth orbit, which requires that they orbit the Earth in a few hours instead of staying fixed above the Earth.\n\nCommunications satellites, on the other hand are often put into geosynchronous orbit, meaning that you can continually listen to the enemy's radio transmissions from such a satellite.",
"Here is a link to a similar question about seeing dinosaurs _URL_0_\n_could_we_see_the/cp7dor1 \n\nMy favorite part explains how In order to see with the resolution of 1 square meter to 1 pixel we would need a lens 4.4 light-years across. Meanwhile a ball of glass just 14 light-minutes across and so much glass in one place would condense into a black hole. ",
"The short answer is, \"yes\". Telescopes have a limit in resolution which scales according to the wavelength of light in which they operate divided by the size of the telescope.\n\nIf we're talking about visible light and Mars, from a single telescope, and you were to build a telescope on earth 1 km wide, and operate it when earth and Mars were at their absolute closest, then you would come out to have a resolution of about 30m (for objects dead-center on the Earth-facing side of Mars)... Even that would be very hard to obtain though, because Mars is not all that bright, and you might need exposure times which are quite long to capture some of the features. You also would need to build it in orbit if you didn't want the atmosphere to distort things a bit, and, of course, making a lens or mirror that big, which is finely focused is a pretty huge mega-engineering project in itself...\n\nAnyway, the trend continues to scale on up, with a lens that is 2km wide you can see objects which are as small as 15m wide on Mars from earth, a 6km wide mirror/lens can hypothetically identify objects which are 5m wide, etc. It should be relatively obvious at this point that just building larger and larger telescopes falls off in efficiency very quickly, which is why we send probes throughout our own solar system to send those images back to us.\n\nTo see individual grains of sand on Mars from earth, you would need to build a perfectly focused mirror/lens which was ~3x the diameter of the earth.",
"Quote from a fellow reddior: \n \nIf we somehow traveled through a wormhole that lead us to someplace 65 million light years away, and then we looked back at earth (with an extremely powerfull telescope) could we see the dinosaurs roaming the earth?\n\nIn theory, yes.\n\nIn practice, it's much harder, because the earth is so small and 65 milllion light years is a long distance. For perspective, all the visible stars in the night sky are within about 1,000 light years of us. The Milky Way is about 100,000 light years across. Andromeda is about 2.5 million light years away. If some aliens (or wormhole travelers) want to see dinosaurs, they're going to need a big telescope. We can barely even resolve planets in our own galaxy, and I don't think there is a single known extragalactic exoplanet, but I could be wrong.\n\nBut let's not let reality get in the way of our adventure; after all, we've already assumed wormholes exist. So how big does this telescope need to be? Astronomy is hard, and gets harder the further away you look, because you need bigger and bigger telescopes to get the same resolution- so we can use the lens resolution equation to find an approximate size for the lens.\n\nAngular resolution = 1.22 * Wavelength / Lens Diameter\n\nSo pick a wavelength in the visible spectrum- how about 500 nanometers since that's right at the transition between blue and green, and a distance of 65 million light years. The angular resolution to resolve the earth would be:\n\nEarth Radius/Distance = 1.22 * Wavelength / Lens Diameter\n\nSolving for the lens diameter gives about 5.8x10^10 meters, which is about a third of the distance to the sun. This is big- this lens would fill up about half of Mercury's orbit.\n\nBut you wanted to see dinosaurs, not just the earth. If you want to resolve a dinosaur as one pixel or so, then we use the same equation again, but put in the size of a dinosaur (maybe 10 meters?) instead of the earth radius. This lens needs to be 4.4 light years in diameter- where once again I am surprised at the neat tidbits Wolfram has built in, like the length of an adult triceratops.\n\nAnyway, you're going to run into a problem here because when you start putting a lot of mass in one spot space starts to curve a lot, and eventually it's going to collapse into a black hole. For something with the density of glass, which is about 2.5 grams/cc, you're going to hit this point fairly quickly. In fact, a ball of glass 14 light minutes in radius will have enough concentrated mass to collapse into a black hole.\n\nTough luck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_aberration",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction",
"https://dept.astro.lsa.umich.edu/ugactivities/Labs/coords/angdistsize.jpg"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry"
],
[],
[
"http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=785"
],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2y93cz/if_we_were_far_enough_from_earth"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
xbi37
|
Is it worth it to get higher quality gas?
|
Specifically, is it worth it to pay extra to:
* Choose 91 rating gas over the 87 rating gas
* Choose brand name gas (Chevron, Shell) over generic brand gas (Costco gas)
Do they actually make a difference in terms of mileage, caring for the long-term health of the engine, etc?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/xbi37/is_it_worth_it_to_get_higher_quality_gas/
|
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"Higher octanes don't exist because they are \"better\". They are just different. You should use the octane that is recommended for your engine, which it will say in your manual. Using a higher octane fuel than what is recommended for your engine won't be beneficial.\n\nsource with more detail: _URL_0_",
"Buying 91 octane for a standard vehicle is a waste of money.\n\nHowever, putting 87 octane in a car specifically tuned for 91+ octane can have very serious consequences. It can cause something called \"knocking\" _URL_0_ and be very damaging to the engine.\n\nAs for the brands, I always assume that gasoline has standards that it has to meet, so buying one brand over another is pretty trivial. Certain companies, such as shell, claim to put additives in their fuel which could clean your engine, but over the course of 100,000 miles, that kind of thing is going to be the last of your worries. However I hope someone can bring some science into this part of the question.\n",
"Your automobiles manufacturer designed the machine to run on certain levels of octane. \n\nCheck with them if you want to know whether or not you should invest in higher octane. ",
"The octane number has to do with how much pressure the fuel can take before detonating. The Hgher the number, the higher it's resistance. Pistons in high performance cars typically compress more before detonating for the horsepower (causing more heat). Using a lower octane fuel in a higher performance could result in early detonation because of the extra heat...which is obviously undesirable. Lower performance vehicles such as a Honda civic wouldn't have to worry about this, seeing as there's less compression going on. \nNot too sure about the different brand name gasses. Supposedly different companies add detergents and other additives to increase performance/engine health, but I haven't seen any hard numbers to show what company has the \"best gas.\" \n\nEdit: the best analogy I've heard in regards to fuel and octane is this: imagine octane is water. Typically, an athlete may will have to drink more water throughout the day, because he's exerting a lot more energy than someone who browses the computer all day looking at kittens. The kitten browser *could* drink as much water as the athlete, but won't necessarily reap the same benefits. So, you *could* put higher octane fuel in a low performance car, but won't necessarily reap any benefits out of it.",
"I can't really answer as to your second question, but your first one is easily answered.\n\nWhen referring to a rating of gasoline you're referring to octane rating or anti knock index. Ultimately it's a measurement of how much energy is required to initiate combustion. Practically speaking, it's a measurement that is indicative of how much compression the fuel can undergo before it combusts in an uncontrolled manner (detonation), which you don't want to occur in an engine.\n\nUsing fuels with a higher octane rating will not provide better gas mileage. Use the lowest octane rating you can find that your car manufacturer recommends. (usually 87). Higher performance automobiles with higher compression engines will usually specify a higher octane rating (89, 91, 93, etc).\n\nMore detail on the rating itself: Octane rating is a measure of detonation characteristics of a fuel in comparison to a fuel made up of x% octanes and 100%-x% heptanes. For example, a fuel with a 91 octane rating corresponds to a fuel made up of 91% octanes. However, due to the creative use of additives (such as the now mostly banned tetraethyl lead) that improve detonation characteristics, the fuel you're using doesn't actually have that ratio of octanes/heptanes. It just corresponds with a theoretical mixture of that ratio. This is evidenced by the fact that there are fuels with a greater than 100 octane rating.",
"Huh? You have 87 and 91 octane?\n\nIn Europe there is 92 as lowest, 95 and 98 is pretty regularly and I think Germany have 102.\n\nThere is an engine difference in US vs Europe?",
"Higher octane fuel is less prone to pre-detonation. Other things that raise or lower the probability of pre-detonation include compression ratio, the engines ability to dissipate heat from the combustion chamber, spark plugs ability to dissipate heat from the combustion chamber, and timing. For example, an iron engine with iron heads and 14:1 compression is likely to need [race fuel](_URL_0_) to prevent ping, whereas an iron block with an aluminum head and 8.5:1 compression (which is what most daily driver cars resemble) has no use of higher octane. ",
"I'm surprised that no one else has mentioned that in most parts of the countries the raw fuel is basically shared by everyone, the fuel they put in is not the same fuel they get out, and might not even be from the same company. The only real difference between most fuel is the additives put in at the regional filling stations. ",
"Higher octane gas contains almost exactly the same amount of energy per volume as lower octane gas. Higher octane gas is harder to ignite, so an engine running higher octane gas can go to a higher compression ratio without knocking (premature ignition of the air/fuel mixture due to heating from compression). Higher compression ratios are more energy-efficient and more importantly for performance cars, allow for more power for a given displacement (eg. 2 liter) and RPM.\n\nHowever, in general, a car's compression ratio is fixed. So if your car is made with low enough compression ratios to allow running on 87 octane gas, it will run exactly the same way it would on 91 octane gas.\n\nNotice that a lot of chain gas stations are switching away from claims that your car will work better with their fuel and going towards other sorts of incentives to buy fuel there."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/autos/aut12.shtm"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.vpracingfuels.com/vp-drag-racing.html"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3o3t8v
|
Is it true that the bible was not translated into different langauges for most of the middle ages?
|
I read somewhere that it was illigal to create a bible that was not in latin for most of the early and middle medival time period.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3o3t8v/is_it_true_that_the_bible_was_not_translated_into/
|
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"As Frans van Liere succinctly puts it in *An Introduction to the Medieval Bible* (Cambridge 2014),\n\n > Contrary to popular perception, there was no blanket prohibition against biblical translation in the vernacular in the middle ages. (p 203)\n\n\nI've [written on this subject a bit before](_URL_0_), the relevant part here:\n\n > > Why was translating the bible considered heretical in the middle ages?\n > \n > It wasn't. For the most part translation of bibles into vernacular - whether French, German, Dutch, English, etc - was carried on without comment from ecclesiastics during the middle ages. When it *did* become an issue we find that it is results *from* accusations of heresy (or heretical interpretation contained therein), and not production as a heresy in and of itself. So, prohibitions on vernacular bibles in Toulouse and other places in southern France during the 13th century were related to stamping out heresy there; likewise, the German Emperor of the 14th century Charles IV in his famous outlawing of vernacular literature was aimed at heretical sermonizing and pamphletizing; and again, edicts against literature of the Beguines in the Lowlands and the Lollards in England in the late middle ages had to do with the *content* of preaching and not being in vernacular per se. In fact in 1199 Pope Innocent III instructed (although it was not always followed) the following to priests and bishops when there is suspicion of 'troubling behaviour' due to heretical beliefs incorporated in vernacular writings:\n > \n > > Inquire and find out the truth: who was the translator of that translation, what was the intention of the translator, what do its users believe, why do they teach, and do they uphold the apostolic see and the catholic faith?\n\n\nAnswering further, we should also dispose of the idea that the bible was always presented and used as one book, or even in a form close to what we would recognize today. Most experiences of the bible, in particular in the vernacular, were fragmentary or paraphrased, whether latin or vernacular. They could even have been rewritten in prose or poetry. 'Christianity' and 'the Bible' were not static objects of worship as they are now, they were the basis of culture, the stories people grew up with hearing and telling. Mileage may vary on the accuracy of the stories told, or of how much they mix with other parts of culture."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/39yxpi/why_was_translating_the_bible_considered/cs7s9f2"
]
] |
|
4ihoxf
|
Did historians know of Tutankhamun before the discovery of his tomb?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4ihoxf/did_historians_know_of_tutankhamun_before_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Carl Richard Lepsius, an German Egyptologist who was in Egypt 1843-46 on a scientific expedition, and documented well it with hundreds of line drawings of incriptions, papyrii, maps etc. in *Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien*, an outstanding work, still relevant to this day as there are many incriptions that has been lost since then.\nTutankhamun's name can be found in a couple places, like this: [III, 115](_URL_0_)\nSo yeah, his name was known some 170 years ago, but probably not much else."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://edoc3.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/lepsius/page/abt3/band6/image/03061150.jpg"
]
] |
||
40swiu
|
Why was Russia never able to build a great automobile industry?
|
From what I understand, Russian aviation and military engineering is supposed to be really, really good. Why couldn't this transfer over to an automobile industry?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/40swiu/why_was_russia_never_able_to_build_a_great/
|
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"Some clarification in this question is needed here. Are you asking why the Soviet Union did not create its own automobile industry or are you inquiring about the automobile industry of the Russian federation after the breakup of the USSR? \n\nThe answers to either question are going to be very different and in the latter case, bump up against the twenty-year rule a little. ",
"I don't have time right now to write a post, but this is a good book about Soviet car industry: [Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile by Lewis H. Siegelbaum](_URL_0_)\n\nTo be short - lack of experience, technology, control and car industry for a long time wasn't a priority, because an idea of personal cars was \"capitalistic\".",
"\"A huge totalitarian system has been brought to its knees because nobody wants to wear Bulgarian shoes.\" -- P.J. O'Rourke\n\nor\n\n[The Gold Plated Ambulance](_URL_0_)\n\nIn short, the Russians were always able to build cars, but never enough and never ones that people with options wanted to buy. The car industry is hyper competitive and consumers expect tangible improvements every year. Without a top end to the market with substantial disposable income underwriting R & D efforts Russian car makers had little incentive to create innovative improvements. Things that are now standard in most cars, anti-lock brakes, airbags, power windows, etc, were all pioneered as very expensive features on luxury brands. As they were refined and the cost to produce them reduced they filtered down into the normal market. There is no mechanism for this in a centrally planned economy. After the fall of the Soviet Union car makers lacked both the organization expertise and the capital to upgrade facilities in order to compete with the West and the Japanese and Koreans.",
"You could also argue that the European nations had been industrialized quite a long time before Russia. USA also had the benefit of investments from Europe. And in Europe there where countries which had large empires abroad. If we take these factors into account they where at a disadvantage from the start. Furthermore the US didn't suffer as much from the second world war as Russia. The industries in west Germany also received quite a lot of investments from the Marshall plan.\n\nAnother point that could be made is that even though Russia have had excellent military engineering they've often created simpler and cheaper alternatives. The obvious example would be the ak-47. So the general tendency would be to create simple durable products. So it all boils down to how we measure greatness in cars. The Lada Niva is quite popular as a terrain vehicle since it's known to be reliable. Which can prove very helpful in some conditions."
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[] |
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"http://www.amazon.com/Cars-Comrades-Life-Soviet-Automobile/dp/0801477212/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1452752522&sr=8-1&keywords=Lewis+Siegelbaum"
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[
"http://www.nationalreview.com/article/359791/gold-plated-ambulance-kevin-d-williamson"
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[]
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|
3inrqw
|
why do presidents seem to dissappear from politics after their term ends?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3inrqw/eli5_why_do_presidents_seem_to_dissappear_from/
|
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"What are they gonna do, take a lesser job and be \"Senator\" instead of \"President\"? No way.\n\nMost presidents are pretty old when they leave office, and they have reached the pinnacle of the political world, so nothing to do but retire.",
"US President is the highest office in the nation. Once you've been President, you can command many thousands of dollars in speaking fees, you can open your library, you can publish your memoirs and make more money, you receive a pension of $200,000 per year - why would you want to stay in politics?\n\nAnyways, they don't all retire from politics. Harry Truman stayed active for years, campaigning for Democrat Senate candidates. ",
"It doesn't always happen. John Quincy Adams was a congressman for 17 years after he was President, and William Howard Taft was appointed Chief Justice eight years after he left office.",
"It is also considered \"good form\" and \"high handed\" to not be the center of attention after leaving office. Showing up on Sunday morning television on Meet the Press to discuss the day to day bullshit politics would make you look petty and bitter. Obama has praised both Bushs for staying on the sidelines. Clinton has taken heat for his speaking fees. Carter is damn near a GOD and one of the more selfless ex presidents there has ever been."
]
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qipnt
|
the ending of the movie 2001: a space odyssey
|
I have watched and re-watched it several times but still I feel like I am trying to write a thesis with a massive hangover for the last 20 minutes or so of the movie. What about the monoliths? Whats with that fetus? Just what the hack happens in that long ending sequence?All that symbolism actually makes it even harder for me to understand it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qipnt/eli5_the_ending_of_the_movie_2001_a_space_odyssey/
|
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"Someone correct me if I'm mixing up the book and the movie (because there is a difference). IIRC, Dave Bowman basically gets brought through the monolith which turns into a kind of wormhole and gets brought to where the aliens are, and he is essentially evolved into a higher being. \n\nI haven't seen the sequel film (2010), but I have read the books which backs that up. Dave is essentially a non-corporeal being who is able to manipulate matter and energy.",
"Here it is straight from the mouth of the director:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n**GELMIS: The final scenes of the film seemed more metaphorical than realistic. Will you discuss them -- or would that be part of the \"road map\" you're trying to avoid?**\n\n > KUBRICK: No, I don't mind discussing it, on the lowest level, that is, straightforward explanation of the plot. You begin with an artifact left on earth four million years ago by extraterrestrial explorers who observed the behavior of the man-apes of the time and decided to influence their evolutionary progression. Then you have a second artifact buried deep on the lunar surface and programmed to signal word of man's first baby steps into the universe -- a kind of cosmic burglar alarm. And finally there's a third artifact placed in orbit around Jupiter and waiting for the time when man has reached the outer rim of his own solar system. When the surviving astronaut, Bowman, ultimately reaches Jupiter, this artifact sweeps him into a force field or star gate that hurls him on a journey through inner and outer space and finally transports him to another part of the galaxy, where he's placed in a human zoo approximating a hospital terrestrial environment drawn out of his own dreams and imagination. In a timeless state, his life passes from middle age to senescence to death. He is reborn, an enhanced being, a star child, an angel, a superman, if you like, and returns to earth prepared for the next leap forward of man's evolutionary destiny. That is what happens on the film's simplest level. Since an encounter with an advanced interstellar intelligence would be incomprehensible within our present earthbound frames of reference, reactions to it will have elements of philosophy and metaphysics that have nothing to do with the bare plot outline itself.\n\n**GELMIS: What are those areas of meaning?**\n\n > KUBRICK: They are the areas I prefer not to discuss because they are highly subjective and will differ from viewer to viewer. In this sense, the film becomes anything the viewer sees in it. If the film stirs the emotions and penetrates the subconscious of the viewer, if it stimulates, however inchoately, his mythological and religious yearnings and impulses, then it has succeeded. (Gelmis, The Film Director as Superstar, 1970, p. 304.) ",
"man put in zoo, dies, reborn, aliens send him back to earth more kick ass than before. ",
"I will skip to the last 20 minutes. Dave, after a long arduous journey and realizing his ship is tits up and that he is now \"Major Tom\" floating in a tin can, decides to at least see what this monolith (the TMA) is all about. I mean why not? He is dead anyway. So he gets into a small probe and drifts towards it.\n\nAs he drifts closer he realizes it is not a solid object but a portal. Like a really large open door. He notes that there are stars in it.\n\nAs he enters the portal he is propelled though space and time. During this process he also has some type of \"awakening of conscious\". Think of it like when Native Americans would go for their vision quest. Also he is being transformed physically into a super being. But does not realize it.\n\nAfter all the transporting that seems like Pink Floyd video he is basically a newbie super being. So he is not yet comfortable or familiar with it all and he does not really understand it. Even though he is a super being now he reverts to a comfortable form. It is interpreted that this is subconscious on his part. Basically he reverts to being in really comfy room with a really comfy bed with comfort food readily available. And he digs in, and sleeps a lot. Probably masturbates a time or two, I know I would.\n\nWhile in the room he starts to gain a better understanding of what happened. He sees a \"vision\" of his physical human form growing old and dying and finally gets the point. The Dave that he knew is dead.\n\nDave is not a guy without a sense or irony. He decides to take the form of a giant floating fetus. He calls himself Star Child and uses his new found super being-ness to travel about the solar system. In the book he flies through Jupiter to see what is there (discovers some flying creatures in there) returns to earth and disables all nuclear devices.\n\nSo we are left saying WTF? Some alien race planted the original monolith on pre-historic earth to inspire the ape men to make tools, which led eventually to space travel and the discovery of the TMA on the moon, which led to the trip to Saturn to investigate the TMA there which led to Dave Bowman entering the portal and becoming a Star Child of his own. That's what I call \"Batman-like planning\" on the part of the alien species.\n",
"You should read the book. It's excellent, and the ending is much easier to follow.",
"For everyone who says \"read the book\". It's important to know that the book and the movie are supposed to be watched/read together as the book and the script were written at the same time and they are meant to portray the same story form slightly different directions... So yeah, read the book.. but also make sure to consider the movie!",
"I would highly suggest reading the book, but also the sequal movie (2010) I feel explains things really well at the end. Basically 2010 is a movie designed to explain what happened in 2001, and finish off the story. The books are very different.",
"I read the book and thought \"Ohhhhh! So that's what it means\".\n\nAnd then I went back and watched the film and thought \"WTF?\"\n\nBut I understand the ending now.",
"\"Read the book\" = \"I don't know the answer myself\".",
"I'm surprised nobody has yet posted the breakdown by Rob Ager. The read is well worth it.\n\n_URL_0_",
"If you are looking for an interpretation of the movie and the ending, I would recommend checking this out: _URL_0_ The animation is rather old, but it does a good job of breaking the elements down and delivering an interesting explanation.",
"+1 on read the book. It's very, very good. ",
"Very nice interpretation in flash video:\n_URL_0_\nWhole thing takes about 15 minutes.\nBasically it focuses on the idea of tools being essential for human evolution, to the point where we completely depend on them. Bowman destroys HAL freeing himself from tools, and is then ready to take next evolutionary leap.",
"Dave Bowman's pod approaches the giant monolith in orbit around Jupiter, which turns out to be a kind of gateway left there by the technologically supreme race of aliens responsible for the monoliths' construction (and, by extension, the rise of mankind). He sees some wild shit on his journey. Eventually he arrives inside a kind of constructed plane of reality with its own code of physics – time passes at an abnormal rate; Bowman perceives his own past, present and future simultaneously. He dies of old age after either/both an extremely long and/or immeasurably short period of time. Upon his death, a transcendental AI left behind by the monolith builders gifts him with a new existence as a Starchild; no longer bound by conventional physics, Bowman is immortal and capable of traveling vast distances in the blink of an eye.\n\nThe novel goes into a lot more detail about exactly what he experiences in the last hours of his human existence. While traveling through the monolith, he passes through a derelict space dock filled with a huge variety of alien spacecraft, and after his transfiguration, he returns to Earth and destroys a recently-launched nuclear missile before it can impact its target.\n\nKeep in mind that I'm basing all of this from my memories of reading it as a kid, so I'm not sure how wrong I am. Probably quite.",
"I'd just like to chime in that on a purely aesthetic level, the monoliths occupy a two dimensional viewing space more often than not. Beyond their physical presence in the film, they take on the role of complete, inscrutable obstruction for the viewer, much like the mind might respond to knowledge that advanced.",
"Some really good looking guy asked this on /r/movies a while back, got some good answers.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Everytime a monolith is discovered, the species takes a leap forward in evolution. That's about all i know. The end is still a mystery to me even if I have my own interpretation.",
"Saw it when it first came out, was stoned, thought I understood it. Flash forward 26 years and realize I didn't get it at all.",
"The monolith is god, more or less. or an alien intelligence so advanced as to amount to the same thing. And these monoliths are observing and guiding mans ascent into a higher creature. At the Dawn of Time, a monolith appears and man then uses a tool for the first time- the animal bone- and starts up the evolutionary ladder. The next monolith is on the moon, waiting for man to evolve far enough to be able to find it buried on the moon. When sunlight hits the unearthed monolith on the moon, it sends a radio beam at Jupiter. Man equips the spaceship Discovery to go to Jupiter and investigate. When they get there the monolith appears again and causes man to evolve to another level. Thats the \"star child\" fetus which floats back to earth at the end of the film. Presumably the unexplained light show at the end, the weird hotel room and the aging astronaut are part of the transformation this latest evolutionary step involves. This evolutionary step leaves the audience, us, behind since we are all still just regular people that didn't get the magic evolutionary boost, so to our eyes and experience, the journey the astronaut goes on at the end is represented by the light show. The novel explains a lot of this stuff.",
"Watch it again on acid",
"Your guess is as good as mine",
"_URL_0_\n\nThis provides an not only an excellent explanation but also some insights to the film from beginning to end. \n\nAs for the five year old part....\n\nMen being in space is like a fish being in a tank. Once the fish fall out of the tank they suffocate and drown. We literally needed to re-learn how to breath! So in the end when the spaceman is taking out the bad computer was a symbol showing how we grew too attached to the machines and how we literally needed to be close to dead to travel. In the end it showed we needed to get back to the basic tools to survive the most harsh environments. Once were free only then could we continue. \n\nSo when the spaceman was eating his final meal he accidentally dropped his glass and the wine was still there. Which was the 'alien's/higher being's/god's way of telling him that his body is dieing but he will live on. ",
"Welcome to the world of epileptic seizures, timmy.",
"Read the book.\n\nIt explains everything outright (none of this wishy-washy interpret-for-yourself symbolism), and is worth your time even if you've already seen the movie.",
"Thanks for asking this. I saw it for the first time a few days ago, and felt like my brain hadn't been so royally fucked since I started trying to understand Evangelion.",
"There are a lot of ways to look at it.\n\nThe way I prefer to look at it is that there is always something outside the characters that makes them move forward. \n\nThe war with the other apes makes the apes use weapons--did the Monolith give it an idea or not? \n\nThe space race gave the people the push to go to the moon. \n\nThe evidence of an alien monolith there pushed them to explore Jupiter. \n\nHAL's screwy behavior drove Dave to head into the monolith. It also killed everybody else. This means that sometimes outside influences don't make us succeed; they might not have an impact on us or even hold us back.\n\nAll the weird stuff Dave saw inside the monolith led him to let go of his body and become a star child. Now he can go and push humanity to better from beyond like the monolith did, which he sort of did in *2010: The Year We Make Contact*, the sequel.\n\nIf you don't get what I mean about letting go of his body, use ctrl+f and type in \"wine\" to find a poster who explained it much better than I could. \n\nThe point is that none of these people would have done any of these things if something hadn't come up to push them onward, to give them a problem to solve. Progress, or moving forward and making things better, comes from adversity, or things that are creating problems for you. \n\nAnother idea that comes from all this is, look at how far we've gone. Imagine how much further we can go! So far we've only been to the moon, and in nowhere near as cool, regular a way as the movie. If something pushed at us to keep going to the moon, pushed us to go to other planets... just imagine what we could actually achieve. Those apes, they couldn't understand going to space; they didn't really know what space was. Likewise, we can't understand what our future will be like so far away. That's why the end of the movie, with Dave in the monolith with the colors and the fancy room, doesn't make any sense to most people. If you look really hard, you might get an idea.. but there are more ideas there than we'll find because no one's ever been there... yet. \n\nSo the whole movie is kind of Kubrick meets *Oh, the Places You'll Go.*",
"Wow, people really can't use the search feature. The last thread (just in ELI5) about this was posted just [14 days ago](_URL_1_). \n\nThen again before [1 month ago](_URL_0_).\n\nA total of ten threads going back 6 months starting with [this one](_URL_2_).\n\nIt's good to ask questions but please use the search feature as noted by the side bar. If the last thread had been over a year ago or something similarly outdated it may be fair to resurface the question to get a fresh perspective from any new people to see it but when the last thread is only two weeks old...",
"The movie is incomplete. I watched this damn thing several times, and couldn't get it either. I've read the \"making of\" and the mental gymnastics he expects the viewer to make are ridiculous. Read the book, it'll explain everything and fill in the gaps that Kubrick expects us to hurdle."
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[],
[],
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[],
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"http://www.collativelearning.com/2001%20analysis%20new.html"
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"http://www.kubrick2001.com/"
],
[],
[
"http://kubrick2001.com/"
],
[],
[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/movies/comments/j56u6/just_watched_2001_a_space_odyssey_for_the_first/"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p3sy4/2001_a_space_odyssey/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pz7us/eli5what_the_hell_2001_a_space_odyssey_was_about/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k5sjw/eli5_2001_a_space_odyssey/"
],
[]
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|
1fh8me
|
how people are so distracted from space exploration and technologies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1fh8me/eli5_how_people_are_so_distracted_from_space/
|
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"There are many, many interesting things in the world. Space exploration is just one of them. Lots of very clever people are busy working on different problems.\n\nThe majority of the population, though, just isn't interested in science and space, and would rather sit at home watching soap operas.\n\nAs for the few people left who *are* interested in space exploration, money is the biggest problem. Space exploration is expensive, and unlikely to provide any return for an investor for the foreseeable future."
]
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[] |
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34nduv
|
What effect did the Nuremberg trials have on the U.S. Supreme Court during that period?
|
With U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H Jackson serving as a prosecutor in Nuremberg, how did this affect the SCOTUS operations? Did they appoint a stand-in, or continue to hear cases without him?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/34nduv/what_effect_did_the_nuremberg_trials_have_on_the/
|
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"They heard cases without him, using the same procedures for cases when a justice recuses him/herself. For instance, Girouard v. United States (1946) was argued and decided (5-3) without Jackson's participation since he missed the entire October 1945 term. I don't have a list of cases from that term, but Supreme Court deadlocks at 4-4 mean the decision of the next lowest court is upheld. \n\nFrom [the Robert H. Jackson Center:](_URL_0_)\n\n\"Jackson’s acceptance of President Truman’s request in 1945 to become the U.S. chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Nazi War Crimes Trials, and his subsequent absence from the Court for an entire term, compounded his difficulties with his colleagues – not to mention the business of the Court, which had to operate with eight justices and the attendant all-too-present danger of 4:4 tie votes of which were a score.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.roberthjackson.org/the-man/speeches-articles/speeches/speeches-related-to-robert-h-jackson/mr-justice-robert-h-jackson-1892-1954-an-attempt-to-place-him-into-some-historical-perspective/"
]
] |
|
cnghi9
|
Since pi is and irrational number, it goes on forever. How do we know the sequence of pi beyond what current technology computes?
|
[deleted]
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/cnghi9/since_pi_is_and_irrational_number_it_goes_on/
|
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"Here's an algorithm that can compute the n-th digit of pi without computing the preceding digits. \n\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_1_)",
"Your question is a little unclear. \n\nWhat do you mean by \"know the sequence of pi\"? We don't know what's at every position (though we can in principle compute any digit if we need it). That said, it's possible to know (i.e. *prove*) many facts about pi without knowing the complete sequence of digits.\n\nAre you really just asking \"how do we know pi is irrational?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe\\_formula",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formula"
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] |
|
2cf3hc
|
why are the conservative republicans afraid of the the tea party republicans?
|
I hear this a lot and not 100% sure why. Not looking for Republican bashing just why they are so influential
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cf3hc/eli5_why_are_the_conservative_republicans_afraid/
|
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"There are people who desperately wanted to see an end to old DC back in 08 and never got it. The GOP also espouses many values that are falling out of favor with the majority of Americans, so they can't afford to have any infighting between two factions: people with simple traditional values vs rabid radicals who want to see DC burn. If they can't build enough consensus, they'll never achieve any of their goals and will continue to be forced to just blocking other actions. ",
"For several years now the Republican Party has been dividing into two groups, Establishment and Tea Party (it's a bit of an oversimplification, but it gets the point across). The Establishment is guys like John McCain, John Beohner, etc. that have money, power, sat on the Hill for a while, and like the way they do business. \n\nThe Tea Party candidates are mostly people who are new to politics, do not want to do business the way the Establishment does. They're usually younger, less willing to compromise, and more conservative (especially on issues like taxes and border security). \n\nThe Establishment (what you call Conservative Republicans in your question) doesn't like the Tea Party because they don't fall in line when voting comes around. Boehner wants to pass an immigration reform bill that compromises with the President so Republicans can possibly drum up some support among Latino voters. The Tea Party candidates don't care whether they get more support from Latino voters, they don't want an immigration reform compromise that that doesn't start with enforcement of current laws and border security.\n\nAnd the Tea Party (which should be noted are simply a faction of the Republican Party) has gotten big enough that they can actually stop a bill from passing. Even more than that, they don't care about Republican seats on the House and Senate, they'll run agains fellow Republicans...and they topple VERY powerful guys like Eric Cantor.",
"The Tea Party really should be their own political party, but if they really broke away, then the Democrats would most likely win, which is even worse for the Republicans. Their unwillingness to work with the Democrats has forced them to turn to the Tea Party who are technically Republicans to help and they have to listen to the Tea Party demands to pass the laws they want."
]
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e06i7i
|
what causes the occasionally visible electricity when you plug things in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e06i7i/eli5_what_causes_the_occasionally_visible/
|
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"If the thing you're plugging in draws a lot of current, then there will be a brief spark where there's enough connection to transfer electricity but there's not enough metal-metal contact to make it a efficient, low resistance connection. The metal right at the connection point gets hot and you get a little bit of a spark.\n\nThis is common in things like laptop power supplies that have big filter capacitors in them that draw a lot of current when first plugged in. You'd see the same if you plugged in a big resistive heater while it the power switch was on. That's why i'ts recommended to make sure things like that are off before you plug them in to help eliminate sparking and arcing and power surges.",
"It's called arcing. I'm not good with electricity, but I'm pretty sure it's caused by voltage being high enough (or the gap being small enough) for the electricity to jump the distance between the outlet and the plug. \n\nIt might also be caused by, like, damaged or faulty outlets."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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sv6dr
|
Is the average life expectancy thought to cap off at some point?
|
I'm really wondering, with increasing medical advancements, until what age could life expectancy steadily rise to? Also, with increasing life expectancy, do we see an increase in outliers, or people who live to a record age? How far could we see that go?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/sv6dr/is_the_average_life_expectancy_thought_to_cap_off/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4h8oe4",
"c4h8of3"
],
"score": [
8,
7
],
"text": [
"Some say that average longevity and outlier maximal longevity can grow indefinitely with future technology. I think it would be foolish to predict that eventual scientific discoveries *cannot* find ways to repair and replace body parts allowing extraordinary longevity. Already we do see evidence for an increase in outliers (at least in terms of numbers with age at death over 100 or 110), although in most parts of the world we don't have very good birth/death records for a long period of time to see if the rate of supercentenarians is indeed increasing. It's hard to do statistics on the record age because there are so few data points and many are unreliable, especially as one goes back in time. It could go to the point where humans are like plants, replacing parts and keeping on growing indefinitely, but I don't believe the folks who say our generation will be the first to achieve it. ",
"The biggest limiting step to longest life expectancy would be a part of the genetic chromosome called telomeres. Any non stem cell has these telomeres and the effectively get cut shorter each time a cell devides. If the telomere is too short the cell replication can not occur properly and this will eventually lead to death. While advancements in healthcare can keep other diseases and conditions in check, unless we can learn to manipulate telomere development then ultimately \"old age\" death expectations will unlikely greatly increase past those ~100 year old survivors we see today."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8pmb4p
|
What population impacts were observed from adding iodine to table salt?
|
I found a study referenced in Wikipedia that stated that the wide-scale adoption of iodine into salt resulted in increased IQ among that age cohort. It stated also that:
"We also document a large increase in thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with high prevalence of iodine deficiency."
I don't have access to the full text. I was curious if there was a proposed causal mechanism for the mortality among older individuals.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8pmb4p/what_population_impacts_were_observed_from_adding/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e0dfmcc"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The sudden bioavailability of normal iodine levels in some individuals with chronic iodine deficiency and the resultant nodular goiter caused overproduction of thyroxin leading to hyperthyroidism – a condition called iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis.\n\nThere is a downloadable version of the paper at [this link](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nber.org/papers/w19233"
]
] |
|
3jpl9r
|
why don't they put high quality microphones/speakers in air planes? i've never been able to hear what the pilot is saying clearly.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jpl9r/eli5_why_dont_they_put_high_quality/
|
{
"a_id": [
"curb7ob"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"A couple reasons:\n\n1) Financial - If the current stuff works \"well enough\" that information is communicated between the tower and the plane, then it's enough to hear \"Brace for impact\" or something similar.\n\n2) Noise! - Airplanes vibrate...a lot. The vibrations cause the microphones and speakers to become somewhat distorted, and those speakers are just good enough to relay critical information. They're not sending high quality radio through them :P\n\nIf you plug headphones into the plane you should hear the pilot \"somewhat\" more clearly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
k1xpw
|
how the does a printer work?
|
I watched a huge printer in the office today. It is about 4 feet wide and was printing extremely intricate details for me. I don't understand how a printer works! How do lasers or jets work so that color comes out on the page? Help me out Reddit!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k1xpw/eli5_how_the_does_a_printer_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2gwhkh",
"c2gxyep",
"c2gzi95",
"c2gwhkh",
"c2gxyep",
"c2gzi95"
],
"score": [
27,
6,
2,
27,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"There are a few different ways printers work.\n\nInk jet printers work by placing small drops of ink onto the paper. That's why when you print something like a color photo that the paper seems a bit damp when it comes out of the printer.\n\nLaser printers work on a principal of static electricity. An actual laser shines in the drum on the toner cartridge creating a static electric charge. The drum turns, and toner sticks to the spots the laser hit on the toner drum. The toner then gets transferred from the drum to the paper using static electricity again. Finally goes through a part of the printer called the fuser that actually melts the toner onto the paper. That's why freshly printed pages from a laser printer feel a bit warm.\n\nFinally there are plotters. These are printers that have actual ink pens in them. An apparatus grabs a pen and draws lines on the paper. Plotters used to be used quite a bit for line drawings, like schematics or building plans. They have been replaced by large ink jet printers for the most part.",
"Here's a short [video](_URL_0_) of how copiers work (to answer your laser printers).",
"You can say fuck on Reddit.",
"There are a few different ways printers work.\n\nInk jet printers work by placing small drops of ink onto the paper. That's why when you print something like a color photo that the paper seems a bit damp when it comes out of the printer.\n\nLaser printers work on a principal of static electricity. An actual laser shines in the drum on the toner cartridge creating a static electric charge. The drum turns, and toner sticks to the spots the laser hit on the toner drum. The toner then gets transferred from the drum to the paper using static electricity again. Finally goes through a part of the printer called the fuser that actually melts the toner onto the paper. That's why freshly printed pages from a laser printer feel a bit warm.\n\nFinally there are plotters. These are printers that have actual ink pens in them. An apparatus grabs a pen and draws lines on the paper. Plotters used to be used quite a bit for line drawings, like schematics or building plans. They have been replaced by large ink jet printers for the most part.",
"Here's a short [video](_URL_0_) of how copiers work (to answer your laser printers).",
"You can say fuck on Reddit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/MJ5ghlTdF9k"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/MJ5ghlTdF9k"
],
[]
] |
|
8ikxrj
|
why are drugs that have no recreational use, such as a drug that you would get to treat a sinus infection, only available through prescription.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ikxrj/eli5_why_are_drugs_that_have_no_recreational_use/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dyslfgm",
"dyslqbb",
"dysme8v"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Im guessing youre talking about antibiotics. It would become a real issue if anyone at anytime could buy antibiotics when they have the sniffles. You see antibiotics ONLY work against bacteria, so if you dont have a bacterial infection they would be useless. Now it wouldnt be an issue if you were swallowing antibiotics and they wouldnt do anything but that is not the case. If you take antibiotics for shorter than your doctor recommended (even if youre feeling better take them as long as he/she told you) you increase the chance of basically breeding resistant bacteria in your body. ",
"Are you talking about antibiotics? If you’re talking about antibiotics the reason is that we’re at a tipping point in history when it comes to medicine and antibiotics. They’re currently being over prescribed and used incorrectly. This includes prescribing them for infections that the body can handle well on its own as well as not using them correctly (taking a course of antibiotics only until symptoms improve rather than until the supposed infection is cleared out). Both of these practices occur often in medicine as it is and leads to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. \n\nThe prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a threat to all of medicine as we know it. Things like surgeries wouldn’t really be possible anymore since patients are treated prophylactically (read: beforehand) with antibiotics to prevent possible that they’re being exposed to since they’re being cut open and sewn back up. Not treating them with antibiotics beforehand could result in some pretty bad infections and the risk outweighs the benefits of many surgeries. People with compromised immune systems are also put at risk in a world where antibiotics don’t work anymore because we can’t give them anything to help their handicapped immune system fight off infection. There are other examples, I’ll go look for a more credible source than my memory.\n\nEdit: found a PDF with a lot of good information pertaining to the subject. A little old (from 2010) but still relevant. Lemme know if the link goes bad\n_URL_0_",
"It would vary depending on the classification of drug.\nWith what I assume would be antibiotics to treat a sinus infection, incorrect usage such as not taking doses at the right time, or not finishing the course make it more likely that some of the bacteria survive and the infection returns within a few days. On a populational scale this may also contribute to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria developing.\n\nTo continue with the antibiotic example, these can have side effects such interfering with natural gut flora or reducing the effectiveness of the birth control pill for women. The action if a drug may also be harmful in groups that don't require it, such medication for hypertension (high low pressure) or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Very effective in groups dependent on it, but if taken by someone with normal levels this could induce syncope (fainting) or even coma.\n\nAnother consideration is the difference between a drug's therapeutic dose - the amount required to take effect - and the dose at which it causes harm to the body. In some medications, and even some fat soluable vitamin supplements (e.g. vitamin A) taking the incorrect dose can be harmful.\n\nIn summary, by requiring a prescription it ensures medication is only given to those who need it, gives an opportunity to explain correct usage and side effects, and consider previous medical history. From a healthcare perspective, if a patient in admitted with no prescription history to reference, even administering an otherwise harmless drug can cause a fatal interaction."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/10357/1/SR%2047%2810%29%2044-48.pdf"
],
[]
] |
||
3k7v63
|
why is their so much abuse on online gaming?
|
I am reasonably new to the gaming community, after only a few hours i realized how abusive the online chat for some games are.
The game I am talking about in particular is Rust. So explain why this happens.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3k7v63/eli5_why_is_their_so_much_abuse_on_online_gaming/
|
{
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"cuvf810",
"cuvfjt1"
],
"score": [
13,
3
],
"text": [
"One of the key factors is anonymity, just the fact that nobody knows you, unless you are playing with friends. People are much more likely to lash out at people and even verbally attack them when they know the other person more than likely can't do anything about it. It's even a way for shy people to become, at least somewhat, social. ",
"When some people are anonymous they are nasty to people because they know they can get away with it. After all, how can you retaliate?\nAnd it's not just online gaming, it can happen on Reddit too. You fucking cunt."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4ktjwk
|
why are many important historical artefacts locked away and rarely displayed even though they are very well protected (climate control boxes etc)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ktjwk/eli5_why_are_many_important_historical_artefacts/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3hn50c",
"d3hngd6",
"d3hqjqu"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The space to safely display important artifacts is much smaller than would be required to display all the archived artifacts. It's just too expensive to put everything on display and take care of it.",
"Most museums do not have the floor space to put their entire collections on display, nor the money to expand it--and very special artifacts bring added costs with them.\n\nKeep in mind that museums don't just serve the general public. It is common for them to employ researchers and cooperate with universities--making the artifacts available for study is very valuable, even if they can't be on permanent display. For many museums, public display developed as an outgrowth of their academic work.\n\nIf there is something in particular you'd like to see on display, you should contact the museum curators. If money is the concern, your donation could make it happen.",
"No one's stated the obvious yet, which is that in most cases, displaying an artifact will actively further its deterioration. One of a museum's primary purposes is, as you seem to understand, to *preserve* historically and culturally important objects - this is why they're stored in climate controlled areas, etc. These conditions are scientifically engineered to prolong the life of the object as much as possible. Putting delicate objects on display is subjecting them to conditions that are detrimental to its long-term survival: light, humidity, and warm temperatures are all highly detrimental to historical objects. Galleries (areas where objects are on display) are often very well lit, somewhat humid, and fairly warm, because those are the conditions that are most comfortable for humans to be in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
bxs2op
|
In the middle ages did people really have gold coins?
|
Or maybe to be more specific did normal common people have gold coins? It's one thing for merchants and kings to have access to coins that would be like a 10,000 dollar bill or something but would a normal peasant be able to go to a baker and trade 2 gold coins for a loaf of bread or something? In Feudal systems did most people even really deal with money? It's a pretty common staple in lots of fantasy games roughly based on medieval Europe that you can generally paid for any random hero work for a purse of gold coins or something.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bxs2op/in_the_middle_ages_did_people_really_have_gold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eqbe34b"
],
"score": [
16
],
"text": [
"The mainstay of the early medieval English economy wasn't gold, but rather the silver penny. Gold coins *did* exist, but they were largely symbolic propaganda pieces like the [gold *mancus* of Ceolwulf](_URL_0_), one of only eight extant gold coins from prior to 1250. The *mancus* was part of a wider issue but one that was most likely given as a token of patronage to leading nobles and bishops in Ceolwulf's Mercia. On the other hand, English pennies were famed across Europe for the consistency of their silver content and their reliability. Coinage production was tightly regulated, and minting was regularly controlled to make sure the value of coinage remained consistent.\n\nThe day-to-day economy of early medieval England was actually monetised to a fairly extensive degree (see Keynes, *Kings, Currency and Alliances* and Naismith, *Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England*); while barter was certainly still used to some extent, pennies were actively used for daily transactions. Many issues of coin were actually specifically designed so that they could be split into halfpennies and farthings to be used in transactions of a lesser value. The Grately law codes of Æthelstan from the 920s actually set a number of prices for livestock, although of course these are normative rather than necessarily actual values. \n\nThe numismatic evidence of coin finds across the country seen through databases like the Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Syllogue of English Medieval Coins also posits regular coin usage; while the majority of finds are from major hoards, there's a broad spread of single finds or 2-3 coin hoards (i.e. coins that could be expected to have been dropped accidentally, lost from a pocket or a dropped purse) across the country, and clustered around known early medieval settlements, that suggests people were carrying - and losing - coins as a matter of course.\n\nE: As of Æthelstan's London (V) codex, a cow is valued at 20d, a pig at 10d and a sheep at 1 shilling (12d). An ox is valued at a *mancus* (approx. 120d), and a horse at also 10 shillings (120d)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1593837&partId=1"
]
] |
|
6e9pn3
|
why is there a border crossing between hong kong and china since the british relinquished to the people's republic on china in 1997?
|
A friend of mine just got back from China and described having to cross a border check-point between Hong Kong and China.
Why is this in place, considering the British relinquished control of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6e9pn3/eli5_why_is_there_a_border_crossing_between_hong/
|
{
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"di8o0mp",
"di8o8jp",
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],
"score": [
3,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Hong Kong is an autonomous territory, meaning that although it belongs to China, it pretty much runs its own affairs. It has its own government and its own economy (even its own currency), so is almost (but not quite) a separate country. All China really does is to take care of Hong Kong's military defence and foreign affairs. This is done according to a principle described as \"one country, two systems\".",
"Hong Kong is considered a \"special economic zone\" by the Chinese government. Things which are illegal in China are often legal in Hong Kong. This legal barrier is somewhat of a propaganda problem for the Chinese government, as the special economic zones (Macau is also one) are in general more prosperous than most of the rest of the country.\n\nSo, to prevent ordinary Chinese citizens from being...peeved...at government restrictions, China just doesn't allow mainland Chinese folks to live or work in either of the SEZs. They have customs officials, different passports, their own governments with surprisingly large amounts of autonomy considering China's history, and even their own diplomatic missions from foreign countries. The American Consulate in Hong Kong is actually larger than the official Embassy in Beijing.\n\nThe end result? China benefits from the economic strength of the SEZs even though both of them function more like their own countries than like regions of the same country. It's a very bizarre situation, but it came about through political necessity.",
"Others have already answered your primary question, but the craziest part about this to me is that it's much easier for you as a foreigner to enter Hong Kong than it is for a Chinese national. As an American, I can just show up in Hong Kong for a vacation without doing anything in advance. A native of Beijing, for example, however would first need to obtain an [Exit-Entry Permit](_URL_0_) in order to travel to what is technically just another part of his or her own country."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit-Entry_Permit_for_Travelling_to_and_from_Hong_Kong_and_Macau"
]
] |
|
6lewna
|
how large corporations recover once they have been infected by ransom ware.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6lewna/eli5_how_large_corporations_recover_once_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djtftjg"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"Any corporation with a competent IT department does regular system-wide backups on a daily basis. They also have a disaster recovery plan that allows them to stand up new instances of their critical systems on short notice.\n\nAnd sometimes, they just pay the ransom. They routinely put thousands of dollars worth of software on every desktop, paying $500 a pop to free them up is painful, but not undoable."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
cb14n0
|
Do we have any surviving primary sources from ancient rome?
|
Most of the sources I've seen are copies of copies from the middle ages but do we have any actual sources that date to ancient rome?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/cb14n0/do_we_have_any_surviving_primary_sources_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"etcx68w"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"First off I assume you mean primary “written” sources since you refer to copying. \n\nNon-written primary sources would include paintings, mosaics, architecture, statues all of which have are essential primary sources to understanding the the ancient world. \n\nPrimary written sources from antiquity are everywhere: inscriptions are common. Mostly fragmentary, but they’re abundant. Tombs, memorials, temples even scratched graffiti. \n\nSome papyri survive, famously the Oxyrhynchus Papyri found in an ancient garbage dump in Egypt. \n\nThe Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project at Oxford has lots more: _URL_0_\n\nWriters represented there include Sophocles, Euripides, Hesiod and many more. While fragmentary these are still invaluable sources."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/"
]
] |
|
2kbwyy
|
How has the "choreography" of opera changed?
|
Nowadays you'll usually see the singers also acting the role, but has it always been this way? I seem to recall reading there was a time that the singers were expected to be quite static while performing an aria or other piece.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2kbwyy/how_has_the_choreography_of_opera_changed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clk8zgd"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Cool question! This is one of those aspects of opera that’s not too popular to write about actually, now with scholars, or then with contemporaries. You’ll get contemporary opera viewers writing things like Farinelli can’t act, or that Gaetano Guadagni is a beautiful actor, but no one bothers to mention what on earth makes them a good or a bad actor. So I know a little from my studies but not too much to be honest! I’ll do my best and maybe one of the theater historians can add in. \n\nOpera acting was pretty stiff from its birth through maybe the 1750s when things started to get a bit feistier. Opera acting also tended to drag behind developments in spoken drama by a decade or two, so you can kinda take a history overview on conventional acting and do a +20 on the dates for an excellent start at opera’s acting evolution. \n\nOne thing to consider is that theaters still used “raked” theaters in the early modern period, which are angled down towards the audience. On top of that [forced-perspective staging](_URL_2_) was really hot back then, so you’d have this angled stage, and then in the background you’d have these really neat little scenes for forests and fountains and such that looked really cool from the audience’s perspective. Scene making was a highly skilled trade at the time, and getting new scenery was a pretty major expense for the impresario. (They reused old stagings if they could!) Scenery was more important then, you’d never have a “minimalist” staging like we do now with cheap shit like 4 chairs and a torn curtain standing in for Rome. Opera was (theoretically) the full integration of all the fine arts, visual, musical, and poetic. So back then you built a tiny Rome, or it wasn’t proper opera. \n\nSo if you, the singer, moved to far upstage while performing you’d completely spoil the cool forced-perspective effect, you’d increasingly look gigantic as you moved upstage and consequently look really stupid and spoil the staging and get laughed at from the audience. (There are contemporaries mocking singers who didn’t properly work with the forced perspective and entered upstage with the columns starting at their knees and such.) So you stay put downstage or look like a giant monster. Drawings of singers from the time usually show them hanging out on the proscenium. \n\nIn the first half of the 18th century arm movements were formulaic, and the primary function was to look pretty, not necessarily to match the mood or actually convey any emotion. You were also only “allowed” to do vigorous hand-movements during recitative; during an aria you struck a pose and stuck to it for the whole song. Facial acting was also formalized. There is an oft-quoted description of Farinelli’s acting that I shall quote once again, because it is hilarious: \n\n > I shall therefore, in my further Remarks upon this Article, go back to the Old Italian Theatre, when Farinelli drew every Body to the Haymarket. What a Pipe ! What Modulation ! What Extasy to the Ear ! But, Heavens ! What Clumsiness ! What Stupidity ! What Offence to the Eye ! Reader, if of the City, thou mayest probably have feen in the Fields of Islington or Mile-End or, if thou art within the Environs of St. James's, thou must have observed in the Park, with what Ease and Agility a Cow, heavy with Calf, has rose up at the Command of the Milk-woman's Foot : Thus from the mossy Bank sprung up the Divine Farinelli. \n\n\n > [...]\n\n > Then with long strides advancing a few Paces, his left Hand fettled upon his Hip, in a beautiful Bend, like that of the Handle of an oldfashioned Caudle-Cap, his Right remained immoveable across his manly Breast, 'till Numbness called its Partner to supply the Place ; when, it relieved itself in the Position of the other \nHandle to the Caudle-Cup. [source](_URL_0_) \n\nThis person is writing in 1755, by the 1750s things had gotten a little closer to what we are used to now, so he’s probably harsher than people were in the 1720s-30s when Farinelli was working. The rise of opera buffa in the 1750s-60s also had good influences on opera seria: opera buffa had much more natural acting (hard to be funny when you’re limited to doing I’m-a-little-teapot poses and making formalized facial movements) as well as more performers who were actors first and singers second so they had experience in spoken drama where acting was evolving faster. \n\nThis is based on Ch. 4 of [The Modern Castrato: Gaetano Guadagni and the Coming of a New Operatic Age](_URL_1_), the author is writing specifically about Gaetano Guadagni’s acting in this chapter, as he was an early leader in the mid-century transitory period of opera acting, but it has a concise overview of the before-and-after that he straddled. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://archive.org/stream/reflectionsupont00pick#page/62/mode/2up",
"http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199365203.do",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ceskystage.jpg"
]
] |
|
7xrmsb
|
How are Bi Elliptical Transfers More Efficient Than Hohmann Transfers?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7xrmsb/how_are_bi_elliptical_transfers_more_efficient/
|
{
"a_id": [
"duan81l"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"[This past answer](_URL_1_) by /u/ThePsuedoMonkey might help:\n\n > Think of an orbit as an energy system; at periapsis your orbital velocity is the highest (high kinetic energy) while at apoapsis your elevation is the highest (high potential energy), so a higher orbit requires more energy to get to. The Bi-Elliptic transfer exploits the Oberth Effect by using more ΔV in a lower orbit, which causes the propellant used during that burn to provide much more kinetic energy (KE=0.5mv2) than that of the first burn of a Hohmann transfer. If that gain in kinetic energy is greater than the additional energy needed for the other two burns (relative to the second burn of the Hohmann transfer) you will save a bit of your overall ΔV, but for that to happen your orbital velocity must be much lower during those two final burns, which requires a substantially higher transfer orbit.\n\n > [Apparently](_URL_0_), the minimum theoretical orbital increase that the Bi-Elliptic is more efficient for would be a factor of just under 12 times higher (with an infinite transfer orbit), and closer to 13 times higher with a transfer orbit 40 times higher than the initial one (check page 318 for a cool graph). Keep in mind that the altitude that KSP gives you is relative to sea-level so you need to add the planetary radius to get your true orbit: e.g. starting at a 70km orbit above sea level on Kerbin (+600km radius) the lowest orbit a Bi-Elliptic would be more efficient for would be 8000km and the maximum transfer orbit ratio is 110 for that transfer (going to the very edge of Kerbins sphere of influence), so you can see that the Bi-Elliptic will not be frequently used in KSP.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://books.google.com/books?id=PJLlWzMBKjkC&pg=PA305&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1lyn3z/hohmann_transfer_orbit_vs_bielliptic_transfer/"
]
] |
||
2bq27b
|
Suppose I'm falling at terminal velocity with a large object near me. I positioned myself on top of said object and pushed up with my legs as hard as I can before hitting the ground. Under what parameters would I survive the fall?
|
I did some rough physics calculations though they may be wrong since it's been a while:
Terminal velocity ~= 53 m/s, with a rough weight of 70 kg, so my total momentum is 3750 kg m/s which I would need to reduce to a small value through the impulse of pushing off with my legs. Not how to proceed from there though.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2bq27b/suppose_im_falling_at_terminal_velocity_with_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj7suvu"
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"text": [
"Let's say you're falling on top of the object. In the reference frame of the object, you jump and give yourself a vertical speed of 4 meters per second. Then consider the reference frame of the ground. Instead of crashing at 50 m/s, you crash at 46 m/s, and are still dead."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
rwtds
|
[meta] A modest proposal to further improve this subreddit.
|
Hi gang, it's me, the pirate person.
Earlier we created a sidebar that has improved the quality of this sub. This came along with the panel of historians flair tags already in place by our overlord Artrw...Hallowed be his moderating..., and this has made for us a great environment that has seen something in the order of 3,000 new subscribers in the past 3 or 4 months alone.
Because we have so many new people lurking and commenting, I advance some new proposals to further improve the professionalism and academic quality of this sub.
1.) GET TAGGED! If you are a subject matter expert please let the mod know by posting in the Panel of Historians thread found on the side bar. You can get your custom flair (you can have yours say Victorian Sexpert if that's your specialty!) and have more gravitas to your posts.
2.) If you are not tagged, please start off your posts with "Well, as a non-expert," or "As a layman." This way people know you are stating your interpretation or view as a non-expert. **This does not necessarily mean that you are wrong or not to be listened to**, it just gives preference to the subject matter experts. This has worked well in our cousin sub r/askscience quite well.
3) REDDIQUETTE PEOPLE! This is not one of those "unwashed" subs where downvotting because you don't like their opinion or input just because it disagrees with yours or upsets you. We only downvote trolling, antagonistic, or rude comments (but we do like a good joke). I would almost advocate *removing* the downvote button. If you do want to downvote **give a damn good reason why**. Blind downvoting just indicates you don't like the answer or opinion, but can't be bothered to rebut it or simply can't because you can't refute it but just don't like it. Either explain your downvote or don't bother, the upvotes will decide.
Anyone have any other ideas for improving the sub?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/rwtds/meta_a_modest_proposal_to_further_improve_this/
|
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"I totally agree; for other suggestions, perhaps we should consider adding some commonly asked questions to the sidebar, along with bibliographies. I know there was a thread a good while back about putting together reading lists, but I don't think we really followed through with it.",
"The backlog in the Panel thread has been growing a bit, several of us have applied for tags and not been responded to yet. But I absolutely agree that blind downvoting is not on, I haven't downvoted any of the posts or posters that I've disagreed with for exactly that reason.",
"This is indeed a great community, but it feels like it could use an additional moderator, perhaps. There's an enormous backlog in the tag application process (as Daeres notes in his comment already), and having the tags isn't exactly useful if nobody new can get them.",
"Can we have a tag for [know-nothings](_URL_0_)? ;)\n\nSo non-experts wouldn't need to preface every post declaring their \"amateur\"-status?",
"I don't think people should be forced to declare that they're not a historian. There should be enough people who know what they're talking about to refute any points that are obviously false or not properly sourced. I, for one, enjoy getting dirty by tracking down various bits of information that I was previously unaware of to see if they're accurate.",
"I see a lot of suggestions to make a FAQ; it's really not that difficult to do (I made most of the [/r/Watches FAQ](_URL_0_) by myself in a couple hours one afternoon). Anyone can start one, and anyone can edit it. I agree that it would make a great community project, and would cut down on the repetitive questions quite a bit as long as it's prominently linked somewhere that everyone will see it.",
"There are a lot of calls for an FAQ which would certainly be nice.\n\nOn another note, what about a comment hall of fame (for lack of a better name), wherein we select some of the longer form explanations/narratives panelists have left that are deemed to be of high quality. I think it would be nice to preserve some of quality work some of you put out in one easily accessible place.",
"I'm a student currently majoring in history, who will likely end up teaching. Should I post over there?",
"Just wondering, what is required to be considered an expert?",
"For those suggesting an FAQ--how about a wiki? There are just way too many common historical questions to fit within the sidebar. I can start up an open wiki, that any of you can contribute to. Would that be acceptable? I've got _URL_0_ staked out.",
"I don't think everyone should get a tag or start their answers stating they aren't an expert.\n\nThere is a grey area in history between panelist and layman. Maybe a bigger one than in other sciences. I'm currently getting my M.A. in history, but considering that most panelists have spent much more time than me studying their respective field, I don't think I qualify for a tag. At the same time, my answers are (probably) more accurate than a \"real\" layman's. Also, a lot of people read up on history and become experts this way without getting a formal history education.",
"I think what would be super helpful for the development on this subreddit is a list of all the \"panelists\", and maybe of their qualifications. We have the tag signup thread, but it is a new thread, and the old one is lost in time and space. \n\nAlso, as NMW mentioned, an additional moderator would be a great idea. I'd be willing to throw my name into the hat of candidates. I haven't moderated a subreddit before, but I am available a good amount of the time.\n\nAnd yeah, I think your suggestions are good. Reddiquette is something that I feel should be followed strictly, especially on a subreddit like this. I think removing the downvoting button is a bad idea, though. Bad answers would have to be pushed to the bottom by upvoting everything else. I, not really out of any moral decision, almost never up or down vote anything. I only do when I think it really requires it. This might cause some less than stellar answers to be voted up, just because one is really bad.",
" > 2.) If you are not tagged, please start off your posts with \"Well, as a non-expert,\" or \"As a layman.\" This way people know you are stating your interpretation or view as a non-expert. This does not necessarily mean that you are wrong or not to be listened to, it just gives preference to the subject matter experts. This has worked well in our cousin sub r/askscience quite well.\n\nEdit: \"As a layman.\"\n\nHow on earth........ History is very different from science. Science has tons of hard facts with zero room for interpretation. History in a lot of cases doesn't. Some dude sitting on his couch watching PBS with no formal training and access to a library can contribute to a discussion as much as a PhD.\n\nAs someone who has just read a lot of books and has no formal training you should be aware of this. I say this as someone who is pretty much the same. As someone who is not a professional historian should I go get tagged? Or should my comments be relegated to the dust bin to be ignored?",
"I like a lot of the things you are suggesting, eternalkerri, but can't help but feel your comedic take on things on this post and your moderator post aren't setting the right tone for this community at all. In all honesty, I think you are extremely witty and seemingly good fun, but this isn't the subreddit where that kind of thing really belongs, is it? \n\nI've always imagined and approached this subreddit with the idea that it should be like r/AskScience in that comments that are jokes or don't pertain to discussion should be downvoted and the experts in their field should have the opportunity to properly answer queries. There is r/History and others where people can go and make historical jokes to their hearts' content. Here should be where the reddit community can come and seek information from the people who really know and are interested in their fields. \n\nMaybe I'm alone in this, but I think the downvote serves an important purpose in this subreddit, but I don't really believe the comedy does. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothings"
],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/help/faqs/watches"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"askhistorians.wikispaces.com"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
dufwn4
|
why do two transits of venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of mercury occur more frequently than venus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dufwn4/eli5_why_do_two_transits_of_venus_occur_every/
|
{
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"f75j2vk"
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"text": [
"Mercury orbits the sun much quicker than Venus. And Venus and Earth's orbit time are closer. That means Mercury is going to \"lap\" the earth far more often which gives opportunity for a transit.\n\n(Imagine a track race where you're on the outer track and the person next track in is running only slightly faster. They'd lap you every 10 laps or so. That's Venus. Mercury is on the inner most track on a motorbike and laps you both far more frequently)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3n22v6
|
why do states seem to carry out executions in the middle of the night rather than during the day?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n22v6/eli5_why_do_states_seem_to_carry_out_executions/
|
{
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"cvk4qdn"
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"text": [
"If someone is due to be executed on October 1st, they do it right when it turns october 1st, right after midnight."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
k702l
|
how lottery cards are made?
|
They obviously cant have thousands of cards with the same combinations, so how does it work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k702l/eli5_how_lottery_cards_are_made/
|
{
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"c2hzp88",
"c2hzp88"
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"text": [
"The non playing areas are all the same and made by standard off-set printing methods. A special printer based on the same technology as ink jet printers selects numbers at random from a computer bank and prints them on the playing area, along with the unique bar code. Then off-set printing is used to cover the numbers with scratchable ink.",
"The non playing areas are all the same and made by standard off-set printing methods. A special printer based on the same technology as ink jet printers selects numbers at random from a computer bank and prints them on the playing area, along with the unique bar code. Then off-set printing is used to cover the numbers with scratchable ink."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
eia45p
|
Did Living Standards Decline After the Fall of Rome?
|
Question for anyone here who might know about living standards in Roman Europe (or Asia minor and North Africa) and living standards in medieval Europe: Would it be accurate to say that there was some drop in living standards once the Roman Empire began to decline and eventually fell? I understand that many educated people detest the idea of a "Dark Age", and I most certainly do not mean to imply that Christianity or some other bogeyman caused such a dark age, but it does seem plausible to me that Europe suffered after the collapse of imperial authority.
For example, economic historians such as Peter Temin and Silver seem to suggest that there was a small amount of growth during roman times due to Roman institutions (the rule of law, contract enforcement, protection of commerce, etc.). This growth did not approach the scale of modern growth of course, but it did mean that Romans, specifically those on the Italian peninsula, enjoyed living standards significantly above subsistence. This seems to imply that, after Imperial authority and its institutions were swept away, life would have gotten worse for many people who used to live in the Roman Empire.
Am I missing something here? Did living standards decline along with Imperial authority, or am I unaware of important evidence? Thanks to anyone who can contribute something here.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/eia45p/did_living_standards_decline_after_the_fall_of/
|
{
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"fcrt05q"
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"text": [
"Hello there. This is not the answer you are waiting for, but I am going to try help you framing it differently so it can be answered by more knowledgeable people.\n\nBecause the question, as it is, is very very difficult to answer, for several reasons:\n\n & #x200B;\n\n* The processes you are asquing about happened very differently and with very different dinamics and consequences depending on the area of the west you are refering to: the process was totally different in places like England to what happened in the mediterranean coast. There just wasn't a \"universal, suddden fall into obscurity\" as the classical narrative repeated on and on. Plus, the political system in that era implied so much \"subcontrating\" that almost every city of the Empire had its own specific relationship with the State: generalizing is impossible even if you focus on one specific area, because it was a political process and, understandably, politics played differently in different places, if only for contingent reasons.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n* It assumes a narrative of \"decline and fall\" of \"Rome\" in the V Century that is basically wrong. The V Century was not an era of decline, but the opposite: the fact that what happened in the IC in terms of growth wasn't repeated in subsequent centuries doesn't point to a \"decline\" in those centuries but to the exceptional nature of that said I Century. In fact, the IV and V Centuries were a time of consolidation and growth: the new monetary system created by Constantine remonetized the empire, and the new political rules laid by him made access to the elites easier for \"middle class\" rural citizens. The \"fall\" of \"Rome\" (AKA: when the city of Rome went from having a Roman representative ruling in the name of the Emperor in Constantinople to having a barbarian representative ruling in the name of the Emperor of Constantinople) had very little economic or material impact for the bigger part of the population: it's only the super rich class, having diversified land owning so much, that suffered the consequences of the \"de-globalization\" of the system.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n* What happend in 476 was not the \"total fall of a whole civilization by failure\", it was just a political affair. Things didn't really change much for the bigger part of the population. What REALLY destroyed the Italian Peninsula was in fact another political happening: the Gothic Wars, when the Romans started a war of reconquering that left the whole area decimated, and the city of Rome destroyed; It remained in roman hands, actually (meaning,it was ruled from Constantinple, thru Ravenna), but the destruction caused by the gothic wars, and the Plage of Justinian gave the definitive hit by killing up to 1/3 of the population.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n* More generally, it's imposible, and a big mistake, to analyze the past using modern theoretical frames and concepts. It's not really possible to study the \"standard of living\" in Rome without having a clear understanding of what \"standard of living means\" and, more importantly, whom it applies to. Rome was built, sustained and expanded on the backs of a HUGE slave population. Do they count when we meassure the \"living standards\"? Romans didn't, they weren't \"people\" in the same category, so what model do we follow, ours, that can't be applied to that kind of society, or theirs, that doesn't apply to our measssures? What about women, do we count them? Becase Romans did't. \n\n & #x200B;\n\n* But even if we could compare both socioeconomic models: What are the indicatives of a \"good\" living standard? Does avoiding war count? Does avoiding anhilation of your whole culture count? Do we value more acces to matrial resources (a slave would have those) or do we value more not being a slave (thus, by yourself and having to look for work on a daily basis just to survive?), thus being free? Is being a citizen better than being a foreigner? Was being part of the council (free from the worst state humillations, but with the new job of cohercing your community and the responsability of paying up yourself if you didn't) better than being a soldier? Those questions need to be answered not from our contemporary frame, it's like trying to write a symphony with chiken wings: two different universes.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAnd, on a more general persspective, I've come to realize that this kind of questions (please, say YES or NO to this very simplistic economic theory on the past that I will then use to make maximalist, sometimes ideologically charged statements about the present) don't do very well in this sub, for the reasons I explained at the beginning: the question is framed on such a way that none of the two answers you proppose (YES/NO) is really accurate.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTips for reframing the question:\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFocus on some specific geographic area, or ask for how the process worked in a geographic area that serves as a good example; that way someone who is specialized in that area can chime in and flood you with nice, more specific information.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTry to write it in such a way the the answer is open. forcing a boolean conclusion (yes/no) on such a complicated topic makes it really impossible to answer in an in depth-way.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nMaybe its a good idea to conceptualize your question in a specific scenario and ask about that, those questions always work around here. For example: \"I am Clodovert from \"X\", living in the year 1000 (whenever middleagish enough for you), and I'm quite happy with my life. This traveller came thru the village the other day and started talking about \"romans\". He told us of great deeds and richness so big everybody lived a wonderful life: he told us that life with the ancients was more pleasant, as their might allowed them to make every country on earth work for them so they could be iddle\". Is that true?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
48odch
|
How did Zhenjin die? (the father of Temür Khan and son of Kublai khan)
|
Can't find anything on google and just find it really odd that no mention of how he died seems to have been recorded.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/48odch/how_did_zhenjin_die_the_father_of_temür_khan_and/
|
{
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"d0linbr"
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"text": [
"According to the **History of Yuan**, he died of alcoholism. However, it may not have been as simple as merely drinking too much. It also states that shortly before his death, some ministers of the court wanted to propose that Kublai Khan abdicate his throne to Zhenjin on account of old age and because Prince Zhenjin was highly respected throughout the empire. However, Prince Zhenjin tried to prevent this from happening. Unfortunately, Kublai Khan found out anyways and was furious, which terrified Zhenjin and may have led him to overdrink\n\nSong Lian, Wang Yi, et al. 宋濂 王禕 等撰. \"Yuan Shi\" 元史 [History of Yuan]. Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan 臺灣商務印書館 \"The Commercial Press, Ltd.\", 2010."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
t608z
|
If you bring a bucket big enough to put over your head underwater, can you breathe in the bucket, being able to stay underwater longer?
|
When a cup is pushed underwater rim-down, it creates an air bubble in the cup. Now, if the cup were bigger, say an ice bucket, it would create the same effect, but bigger. Since there is air in the bucket, it would be buoyant and float to the top. When it is tied down with enough weight, it would stay under. Now, if you were to use this rig in a pool and breathe in the bucket when you need a breath, for how long could you be underwater by doing this?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/t608z/if_you_bring_a_bucket_big_enough_to_put_over_your/
|
{
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"text": [
"I did this in our pool, using a small 3gal bucket and a big rock. (Tried cinderblock, but it wasn't heavy enough.)\n\nBut unfortunately the CO2 builds up quickly. With my head in the bucket, most of the volume of the bucket is full of head, not full of air. I could only stay down for less than a minute before the air in the small pocket \"went bad.\"\n\nGo see [underwater room in a swimming pool, needs 5,600lbs of weights](_URL_1_)\n\nAlso search [youtube for those clear plexiglas buckets used by tourists \"underwater helmet\"](_URL_0_)",
"That was the theory behind diving bells, which were often fairly large."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=underwater+helmet",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Phj3lLEtWlk"
],
[]
] |
|
61ytji
|
why do islands come in chains?
|
Someone recently told me Hawaii comes from an underwater volcano and moving tectonic plates...? It doesn't make sense to me at the moment. Could someone explain how an Island chain is formed and maybe compare it to how other islands form? Thanks in advance!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61ytji/eli5_why_do_islands_come_in_chains/
|
{
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"text": [
"From my simple understanding; those tectonic plates are moving slowly. As they pass over the hot spot where the molten rock is oozing from the earth's mantle, there is enough buildup to form an island.\n",
"The Earth is divided into layers of what it's made of. The crust on the outside, about 5 to 50 miles thick, is solid rock that was originally made from volcanic eruptions. Then there's the mantle which is about 1800 miles thick, also solid rock but is primordial having been mostly solid since the Earth was formed. Then the outer core which is liquid iron, then the inner core solid iron.\n\nThe Earth can also be divided into layers of how it acts. The outside layer, called the 'lithosphere', is made of the crust and uppermost mantle and it's cooler which makes it rigid. It's broken into a number of pieces called 'tectonic plates' which move around sideways. Below that is the hotter asthenosphere, part of the mantle which flows in super slow motion; it's solid, remember, but think 'solid like plasticine'. The plates mostly correspond to continents or oceans, for example there's a Eurasian plate and a Pacific plate and many others.\n\nIf a part of the upper asthenosphere or lithosphere melts, it creates some magma. Rock doesn't melt all at once like ice, it 'partially melts', so you get a bit of magma and some residual solid rock mixed together. The magma rises because it's less dense than the solid residue, and then either stops and freezes again in the crust somewhere or erupts through the surface and makes a volcano.\n\nHow to melt some asthenosphere? Three ways. One, simply make it hotter, naturally. Two, let it rise closer to the surface while retaining its heat, it's under less pressure and that makes it melt. Or three, get some water into it, which lowers the melting point.\n\nIn Hawaii it's the first one. There's a 'hotspot' which makes some magma which then makes a volcano. Over a long enough time the volcano builds above the sea surface. But the tectonic plate is moving, compared to the hotspot, which means after a while the island is too far from the source of magma. Its volcanoes stop erupting, and new ones form. This processes repeated over and over gives a chain of islands, their ages increasing along the chain from the newest one. The old islands get eroded, eventually down to below sea level. So the Big Island is the largest and the youngest, with the volcanoes still erupting, at the east end of the chain and they get older and smaller as you go west.\n\nFor the mid ocean ridges, it's the second one. The plates are pulling apart, stretching the lithosphere thin to breaking point, the asthenosphere fills the gap and melts and the magma then freezes again into new oceanic crust.\n\nFor \"island arc\" volcanoes such as the Aleutian Islands, it's the third one. There's a subduction zone near the island chain, where one tectonic plate crashes into another and is forced underneath. This carries water down into the asthenosphere, making it melt, and forming a bunch of volcanic islands. Unlike Hawaii where the island at the end is youngest and the ages increase systematically down the chain, island arc chains have no pattern to their ages.\n\nAnd just for good measure, Iceland is a combination of 1 and 2. It's a mid ocean ridge over a hotspot, which means extra magma so the new oceanic crust builds thicker and rises above the sea surface.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Partial_melting_asthenosphere_EN.svg"
]
] |
|
1yes9b
|
my poop floats sometimes, and sinks others. what gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yes9b/eli5_my_poop_floats_sometimes_and_sinks_others/
|
{
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"The density can vary based on things like fat content; having too much fat in it can make it float for example.",
"I have a B.S in nutrition and a Doctorate in Naturopathic medicine. \n\nThis question actually needs a slightly complicated answer. So here we go.\n\nThere are two main reasons why your feces will float. \n\n1) You have a fat malabsorption problem, which can be anything from Crohn's disease to gallbladder or pancreatic problems) or you have a terribly diet full of fatty foods. If it is pale or clay colored, this would indicate gallbladder or liver problems. \n\nIf it's greasy and leaves film on the toilet, you could have digestive system problems and therefore may be deficient in fat soluble vitamins like Vit A, D and E. Vitamin deficiencies can cause disease in other body systems like the eyes and skin.\n\n2) You eat lots of fiber and have a healthy diet. Your stool would be brown, not offensively odorous, and well-formed [(see type 3 or 4 on the Bristol chart).](_URL_0_)\n\nFor the most part, if it floats, doesn't smell bad and it brown, you are probably OK. \n\nIf it floats and is clay colored, greasy, black, and/or offensively odorous or very different from your normal stool then you should see someone either a nutritionist, naturopath, or gastroenterologist depending on the severity of your symptoms. \n\nI hope this helped :) \n\nEdit: For the people who think I'm making this all up... _URL_1_",
"You should look into the book, \"What is my poo telling me.\" It actually has saved lives."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.continence.org.au/pages/bristol-stool-chart.html",
"http://www.medicinenet.com/stool_color_changes/article.htm"
],
[]
] |
||
f9az61
|
why are whites and yolks mixed in separately while baking cakes? sometimes extra yolk is also added. how does that affect the cake?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f9az61/eli5_why_are_whites_and_yolks_mixed_in_separately/
|
{
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"fiqca28",
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"text": [
"They aren’t always separate. More often than not the whole egg goes in. Yolks the fattiest most flavorful part so they extra yolks being more moisture and depth to taste. Whites are comparatively less so but whip well to being structure and solidify cakes (binder).",
"This is too general a question without a specific recipe.\n\nOne reason I separate them is to whip the egg whites separately (with tartaric acid/cream of tartar) to form a reasonably stable foam. This foam won't form properly in the presence of oil/fat which the yolk has. \n\nAfter mixing the batter with the yolks etc. carefully fold in the egg white foam into the batter. This gives a lighter/fluffier cake after baking. Additional yolks give a nice moist mouth feel to the cake. \n\nIf the goal or desire is for a more dense cake, then the egg doesn't need to be separated. It is a preference. A bit more effort for a lighter cake."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
49qixr
|
how does the us democratic party's rule of proportional representation work?
|
How does the rule work and apply to two candidates and what does it mean to the candidate coming second? From the little I have heard on the news it seems that the candidate coming second will always be second because of the rule. That seems like it would be a broken rule though so I do not think that is true.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49qixr/eli5_how_does_the_us_democratic_partys_rule_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"All candidates who get 15% or more of the vote in a certain state get delegates. How many delegates they get depends on the number of people who voted for them: if candidate A gets twice as many votes as candidate B, then candidate A gets twice as many delegates (up to some rounding).\n\nAs an example, suppose we had three people running: Alice gets 10% of the vote, Bob gets 30%, and Charlie gets 60% in a state with 30 delegates. Alice didn't get more than 15%, so she doesn't get any delegates. Bob and Charlie split the state's total of 30, and Charlie gets twice as many (20) as Bob does (10)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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49fl0s
|
spanning tree network?
|
Please.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49fl0s/eli5_spanning_tree_network/
|
{
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"text": [
"I assume you have a basic understanding of networking to be asking this question. But essentially, if you have a layer 2 network without spanning tree or some other means enabled what happens is the broadcasts/traffic would propagate throughout the network forever. Spanning tree stops loops by disabling one of the links between switches. If the primary link goes down for some reason the backup link comes online. There's a lot more to it, but that's the basics. It's a means to disable a port between two switches that have multiple connections to stop broadcasts and such from continuously being sent throughout the network.",
"Probably the wrong sub for this I'd head over to /r/ccna or /r/networking but the primary purpose of spanning tree is to prevent layer 2 (MAC addresses) loops in a network where two switches have more than one link connected to them by shutting down the redundant ports.\n\nImagine you have two switches with 2 links connected to each other and the other ports have PCs on them. When one PC sends a frame out of a switchport the switch then associates that MAC address to that specific port. Basically saying (hey i know this PC because I know his MAC). The problem arises because of multiple links between the switches because each switch can (and will if STP isn't enabled) associate the same MAC address with two different ports. And because frames don't have a time to live field like IP packets the frame will transverse the network continuously.\n\nThat wasn't ELI5 was it :("
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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dz186n
|
What invasive species invaded and destroyed ecosystems without the help of humans?
|
Like the cats destroyed birdlife in NZ, but only after humans brought them.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/dz186n/what_invasive_species_invaded_and_destroyed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f86sxe3"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"This can occur when previously isolated ecosystems become connected in some way. Check out the Great American Interchange, when North and South America became connected by a land bridge. A lot of South American animal species became extinct shortly after, likely being outcompeted by Invaders from the north.\n\n[\nPBS Eons did an episode on the Great American Interchange](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://youtu.be/Ds0aDc6sBtg"
]
] |
|
fkrqw4
|
How did the Haudenosaunee/Iroquois Confederacy form?
|
How accurate is the story of Hiawatha and Great Peacemaker? What are some good books on the history of the Iroquois from a Native perspective?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fkrqw4/how_did_the_haudenosauneeiroquois_confederacy_form/
|
{
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"fkunttg"
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"text": [
" > How accurate is the story of Hiawatha and Great Peacemaker?\n\nTo start out with, there isn't a singular concerning the efforts of the Peacemaker, Hiawatha, and Jigonsaseh (the third major founder that is often neglected in these conversations). There are several different traditions, each with some slight variations. In particular, the Peacemaker's origins can vary. While he's commonly presented as having come from an Iroquoian group outside the Five Nations, other times he's from one of the five. Most founding narratives for the confederacy also contain a number of supernatural elements - from the Peacemaker's miraculous birth (which may be a post-colonial insertion into the story), or his preternatural stone canoe, or the violent sorcery of Tadodaho - which historians that favor a more naturalistic approach would view skeptically.\n\nBy and large though, the Peacemaker, Hiawatha, Jigonsaseh, and Tadodaho are accepted as historical figures and the broad strokes - at the very least - of the founding narrative is seen as legitimate.\n\n > What are some good books on the history of the Iroquois from a Native perspective?\n\nI'd recommend [The Rotinonshonni\nA Traditional Iroquoian History Through the Eyes of Teharonhia:wako and Sawiskera](_URL_0_) by Brian Rice and [Iroquoian Women:\nThe Gantowisas](_URL_1_) by Barbara Alice Mann. Rice is Nottoway - an Algonquian tribe that migrated north with the Tuscarora and were integrated into the Haudenosaunee back in the 1700s. He pulls from several different Iroquoian sources for his work, but Mohawk sources are of particular importance here. Mann is Wendat-Seneca, and Seneca sources get more time in the spotlight for her work. She also spends a considerable amount of time on Jigonsaseh's role in the founding."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rotinonshonni/RYWiAgAAQBAJ",
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iroquoian_Women/lQqMrn7SvXYC"
]
] |
|
q85iq
|
Would someone with anaemia get intoxicated easier?
|
As I understand it, anaemia is a condition where you have decreased blood volume due to various reasons, is 'drunkenness' simply (or predominately) alcohol vs blood volume, or is it more a combination of other factors?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q85iq/would_someone_with_anaemia_get_intoxicated_easier/
|
{
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"c3vj8xc"
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"text": [
"First, anemia is not decreased blood volume but rather low red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. This is due to, as you said, a variety of reasons. \n\nAlcohol is metabolized in the liver by three primary systems: alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, and a catalase. Each of these metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which is then metabolized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and excreted. These systems are not affected by anemia (unless they receive inadequate O2).\n\nOne's level of intoxication is correlated by their BAC (blood alcohol level), which is the concentration of ethanol in the blood. This percentage would not be shifted enough by anemia and so an anemic person would not get intoxicated faster than someone with normal RBC/hemoglobin levels. \n\nHowever, your original understanding of \"anemia,\" a low blood volume(hypovolemia) *would* cause a person to get intoxicated faster than normal. The same amount of ethanol would be absorbed but it would be distributed into a lower volume and your BAC would therefore rise more rapidly, leading to a faster intoxication. \n\nI cant find specific papers right now, but my answer is based on the education I have received in pharmacokinetics and ethanol pharmacokinetics/metabolism"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6of361
|
Was there any serious opposition to the Habsburg dynasty for the Imperial throne between the death of Frederick III and the War of the Austrian Succession (1493-1740)?
|
After Frederick III managing secure the title of Holy Roman Emperor(several Habsburgs have been king of the romans beforehand), was there any serious opposition for the Habsburg election to the imperial throne until the succession of Maria Theresa?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6of361/was_there_any_serious_opposition_to_the_habsburg/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkgxhrb"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"You might enjoy my earlier answer on the [crazy negotiations behind the election of 1519](_URL_0_) (Charles V). And, er, \"negotiations.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/525j41/in_the_1519_election_the_viable_candidates_for/d7hqjsi/"
]
] |
|
4cj7rp
|
i know who takes over if a u.s. president were to die in office, but who would take over if a presidential candidate were to die of a heart attack or such? they're running mate or would their party nominate another candidate? what would happen?
|
I was so afraid to google "what would happen if a presidental candidate would die before the elections" lol... So I figured I would ask here. Thanks.
Yea yea yea, I know, I ment their not they're, sorry in advance.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4cj7rp/eli5i_know_who_takes_over_if_a_us_president_were/
|
{
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"text": [
"The party whose nominee they would have been would decide how to replace them. There are reasonable arguments to be made for either the second highest vote getter in the primaries, or the Vice Presidential nominee. Unless this happened just days before the election I would guess there would be a sort of emergency convention to decide - although it's also possible that the parties have a plan already.",
"If it's a presidential candidate (and not the president elect), then I think it's in the hands of the party to decide. I can't think of an instance of a presidential candidate having to withdraw, but there are examples of that at other levels.\n\nFor example, back in 2004 for the Illinois Senate race, Jack Ryan won the Republican primary, but ended his campaign before the election due to a scandal. The Illinois Republican committee selected Alan Keyes to replace him. Keyes went on to lose 70%-27% to Barack Obama.",
"It depends on what stage the election was in.\n\nIf it was before the parties had nominated their candidates, things would go on as if the candidate in question had left the race for any other reason; their supporters would have to vote for other candidates. Maybe another candidate (or even a newcomer to the race) might run \"in their memory\" and try to poach their former supporters.\n\nIf it was after the conventions, the party of the dead candidate would have to nominate someone to run in their stead. They probably wouldn't hold primary elections for lack of time, so the decision would ultimately fall to the party leadership.",
"The nomination process isn't part of gov't...all the Constitution cares about is who wins the most electoral votes on election day.\n\nStates have laws about how to get on their ballots, and what deadlines you have to meet to do it. If a candidate died or otherwise left the race, after that deadline, the best their party could do was some sort of write in campaign, likely for the vice presidential candidate.",
"This has kind of happened already.\n\nRobert Kennedy was assassinated on June 6th 1968 by the Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He was shot as he was giving his victory speech for winning the California Primary. Because it was still in primary season, instead of the actual Presidential election, the Democratic Party went ahead with the other Democratic choice, Johnson's Vice President, Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey lost to Richard Nixon in the 1968 general election.\n\nAt the time he was shot, RFK was about 100 or so delegates down from Humphrey--that includes his win in California, which bumped him up quite a bit. By the end of the election, Humphrey won the Democratic Primary's popular vote with 2.91M votes vs. RFK's 2.3M votes--which is a hell of a slim margin.\n\nRFK doesn't strictly apply here, since it looks like you're trying to figure out--for example--what would have happened if Barack Obama or John McCain was shot in fall 2008. At the time RFK was shot, the Democratic Party hadn't picked their nominee yet, and honestly--it was looking like a pretty damn close Democratic convention.\n\n[Source for numbers.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1968"
]
] |
|
273mh9
|
There has been some claim that the Dalai Lama presided over a feudalistic/slave Tibet until Chinese Communism abolished the system. How accurate is this?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/273mh9/there_has_been_some_claim_that_the_dalai_lama/
|
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"text": [
"Using the term 'feudalistic' and 'slavery' as a comparative isn't a very appropriate way to view either system. Feudalism implies an aristocracy who owns land by inherited right, but also have a duty to the bonded serfs who work the land and recognition of a greater authority. Slavery implies the use of people as liquid capital, buying and selling their labor as capital and complete subservience to the owner. Serfs had the right to justice, allowed limited mobility, and could accumulate personal wealth (if circumstances allowed). \n\nIn terms of Tibet, the argument that it was a religious society based on a feudal system is accurate -- but it was accurate for a large number of nations in that region at that time, and was not out of the ordinary. Russia was, to a certain extent, a feudal society until 1917 as an example. Tibet was in a process of modernization starting in the 1930s; partly due to the external pressures of Nepal, India, and China encroaching on their territory. Due to their geographic remoteness, sustained trade was difficult, and the federal government had problems both with ensuring taxation and maintaining relations with Britain as a primary trading partner in the 1920s and 30s. \n\nIn short, Tibet effectively had a series of regional overlords who were accountable for local administration and governance. But there was a recognized federal authority and at the time of occupation Tibet was undergoing a series of initiatives to modernize and open their economy. Tradition, religion, geographic remoteness, and a weak economy all contributed to a slow transition away from a feudal government. \n\nReference material:\nA History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, By Melvyn C. Goldstein\n",
"There's a problem with the word \"Feudal\" because it carries a lot of baggage with it. It causes people to imagine a lot of things that don't necessarily match reality. It's better just to describe the history of Tibet. \n\n\nThe beginning of the Dalai Lama (used as a title here) rule in Tibet began in the mid 1500's. At the time Tibet was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. A Dalai Lama at the time established a close relationship with the Khans by declaring he was the reincarnation of an earlier monk that had converted Kublai Khan, and the current Khan of this sub-group was the reincarnation of Kublai Khan. This started a trend where Buddhism was popular among mongol elite, and the Mongols favored certain Buddhist leaders. There was a prolonged civil war between various sects of Buddhists, and one group eventually succeded. \n\n \nLobsang Gyatso the 5th Dalai Lama (1617-1682) is known for unifying Tibet. Gushi Khan aided in making the 5th Dalai Lama the spiritual and political leader over most of modern Tibet. Tibet continued to be governed by the Mongols or various related groups until 1720 when the Qing Dynasty established a protectorate over Tibet and installed the 7th Dalai Lama as their puppet. Those states continued to lead through local Tibetan nobles The Dalai Lama would remain the de-facto leader of Tibet until 1962. \n\nIn 1912 when the Qing dynasty collapsed, Tibet declared independence. There were a series of negotiations between the British, Chinese and various other parties to try to resolve these issues, but they mostly just kicked the can down the road. Tibet remained independent until 1951 when the Chinese re-conquered it. \n\n Donald Lopez notes that Tibet at the time DID have a very unequal society. However, the Chinese also played up the feudal and slavery angles to justify their own invasion of Tibet to claim they were acting in the interest of the Tibetan people. Slavery may have existed, but was almost gone by the 20th century. \n\nAt the time much land in Tibet was held by a class of nobles. Their estates were granted by the government and were hereditary, but could be removed at will. Tenants had property use rights (usufruct) which they kept by fullfilling labor obligations for the landowners. This is essentially a form of serfdom, but the 13th Dalai Lama had reformed the system in the late 1800's. Serfs were obligated to work for their lords, but any serf who absented himself for three years could be re-classified as someone other than a serf. \n\nOn top of this was the Buddhist Monastic system. Various Buddhist Monasteries owned large tracts of land and supported themselves through that land. People of any social class could join the monasteries, and the monasteries were at least in part, meritocratic. Sons of lower class individuals did at times, rise to the very top of the monastic system and become Dalai Lamas. \n\n\nSource in part: Donald S Lopez Jr., Prisoners of Shangri-La: University of Chicago Press, (1998)\n\n\n",
"There's a lot of good information in this thread and I wasn't going to comment at first, but there's some inaccuracies and misrepresentations (minor at best). Still, I figure I'll throw in my 2 cents to get a bit of a bigger picture here. \n\n > The beginning of the Dalai Lama (used as a title here) rule in Tibet began in the mid 1500's. At the time Tibet was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. A Dalai Lama at the time established a close relationship with the Khans by declaring he was the reincarnation of an earlier monk that had converted Kublai Khan, and the current Khan of this sub-group was the reincarnation of Kublai Khan. This started a trend where Buddhism was popular among mongol elite, and the Mongols favored certain Buddhist leaders. There was a prolonged civil war between various sects of Buddhists, and one group eventually succeded. - u/BigBennP\n\nThe Mongol Empire here is only VERY loosely connected with the Empire that Chinggis Khaan founded in 1206. The North Yuan were still doing their thing after being bested by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. They were faltering but received a solid revival under the Great Khaan's descendants Manduhai Khatun and Dayan Khan at the turn of the 16th Century. This becomes somewhat relevant in that the above King and Queen would be the great-great-great grandparents of the Fourth Dalai Lama. \n\nThe Dalai Lama lineage officially beings in 1391 with the birth of the famous lama Gedun Drup. He was not acknowledged as \"Dalai Lama\" until centuries later when the title would be applied posthumously to him. At the time, Gedun Drup was simply acknowledged as the reincarnation of the famous teacher Lama Drom. He was also the star pupil of the great reformer Lama Tsongkhapa who was recognized as an incarnation of Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom (just as Gedun Drup and the Dalai Lamas are recognized as an incarnation of Chenrizi, the Bodhisattva of Compassion). \n\nGoing back to this \"Mongol Empire,\" it was really a piece of territory in western Tibet and southern Uyghuristan controlled by Dayan Khaan's grandson Altan Khaan. The Mongols for the most part were now heavily invested in Tibetan Buddhism. Going back to the great Qhubilai Khaan, who ruled the Yuan Dynasty after his grandfather Chinggis Khaan, who patronized Lama Pakpa. Pakpa was the ruler of the Sakya sect of Vajrayana Buddhism so his employment by the then-recognized King of the World was a hug boon for the Sakya sect who built monasteries all across Asia (as far as Russia and Persia, few of which survived the Ilkhanate or Golden Horde conversions to Islam). Centuries later, Altan Khaan asked Sonam Gyatso to recognize him as the reincarnate of Chinggis Khaan. Altan Khaan wanted nothing more (like many in central Asia at the time) than to conquer the world like his distant ancestor. But he needed that added legitimacy. In 1577 Sonam Gyatso, the grand-reincarnate of the above Gedun Drup, recognized Altan Khaan who then somewhat surprisingly recognized Sonam Gyatso as \"Dalai Lama.\" \"Dalai\" being the Mongol direct equivalent of \"Gyatso,\" both of which mean \"Ocean\" implying the Lama's wisdom is as vast as an ocean (a word which carries a lot of weight in landlocked countries). \n\nThe Dalai Lamas, however, were students of Lama Tsongkhapa's school, the Reformed Kadam which eventually was called the Geluk school. Lama Tsongkhapa and the first Five Dalai Lamas each founded and built monasteries across Tibet. (Tsongkhapa built Ganden, (HHDL I) Gedun Drup built Tashilhunpo, (HHDL II) Gedun Gyatso built Chokhorgyel, (HHDL III) Sonam Gyatso built Kumbum, (HHDL IV) Yonten Gyatso built... something, I need to go back and look it up, (HHDL V) Lobsang Gyatso built the famous Potala Palace). Obviously, if you build it, it becomes your seat until further notice. The Dalai Lamas, head of the Gelukpa school, now didn't have to worry about a school like the Sakya having grand imperial connections, had royal connections of their own, and now had a growing infrastructure of monasteries and temples. Until the Fifth Dalai Lama assumed temporal and spiritual control over Tibet in 1642, there was a \"prolonged civil war\" in the form that the Kagyu school of Vajrayana Buddhism competed (sometimes violently) for influence over Tibet with their main rival being the Gelukpas. \n\n > Lobsang Gyatso the 5th Dalai Lama (1617-1682) is known for unifying Tibet. Gushi Khan aided in making the 5th Dalai Lama the spiritual and political leader over most of modern Tibet. Tibet continued to be governed by the Mongols or various related groups until 1720 when the Qing Dynasty established a protectorate over Tibet and installed the 7th Dalai Lama as their puppet. Those states continued to lead through local Tibetan nobles The Dalai Lama would remain the de-facto leader of Tibet until 1962. - u/BigBennP\n\nGushri Khaan was a pious Mongol king who ruled over the Qoshot tribe that would later settle around the Lake Kokonor (Lake Qinghai) region where their descendants still live. The Fifth Dalai Lama's regent Sonam Rapten asked Gushri Khaan to help end the competition with the Kagyupa. Gushri Khaan took Lobsang Gyatso as his tsawa lama (root guru, primary teacher) and swept out the Kagyu order and seating HHDL V on the golden throne in Lhasa in 1642. \n\nDuring the enthronement ceremony, it's important to note that the Dalai Lama was seated in the center significantly higher than the Khaan or the Desi (Regent) who sat on either side of Lobsang and were seated at equal height. The seating arrangement is important because it recognized the Lama's higher position over the Khaan (though there is significant debate over whether the Desi really was in control of Tibet's external affairs and how much the Mongol warriors had to play in Tibet's mosaic of society). \n\nThe government officially ran out of Ganden Goenpa - the Ganden Monastery that Lama Tsongkhapa founded above. Until the PLA toppled the Tibetan government in 1950, the Tibetan government actually referred to itself as the Ganden Phodrang. In addition to unifying most of Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (with various levels of control in outer Kham and Amdo, and the rebellious kingdoms of Ladakh and Bhutan which broke away during the Fifth Dalai Lama's rule and became havens for Kagyupa refugees) the Fifth Dalai Lama was incredible at infrastructure building. He built medical colleges and clinics all across Tibet, initiated the first census, maps, and survey of the country to encourage effective government, built the first Tibetan treasury with the first organized system of taxation since the fall of the Tibetan Empire centuries earlier, and finally promoted a tradition of religious tolerance (somewhat ironic considering his rise to power involved sectarian wars) \n\nThe Great Fifth, as he is known in Tibetan circles, cordoned off some land in Lhasa to build a mosque for Kazakh traders. After all the violence with the Kagyu was largely over (in Tibet) the Dalai Lama (or his Desi) sought to end the Kagyu fringe by promoting local Kagyu lamas over Ladakhi and Drukpa (Bhutanese) ones. The Dalai Lama, much to his contemporaries' chagrin, was also a recognized Nyingma Terton (treasure-revealer) and is recognized as one of the \"Five Confirmers.\" He actually writes in his autobiography, \"Gelukpa hate me because they say I am Nyingma, Nyingma hate me because they say I am Gelukpa.\" \n\nThe Great Fifth left a big pair of shoes to fill. His successor, the Sixth, was completely uninterested in political or religious happenings and chose the life of a sexual libertine by his enthronement at age 18 (where he refused to be enthroned). Unfortunately for the Lamas who tried to pressure Tsangyang Gyatso to ordain as a monk like his predecessors, they couldn't take back Tsangyang's recognition as the Dalai Lama and he had access to all of Lobsang Gyatso's vast territories, wealth, and power in the heart of the people. Since he never took the vows of a monk, only those who thought he should be a monk became angry that he was out having sex and drinking all night. There was even an attempt on his life on one of these nights. Contrast that with the fact that there was a shortage of yellow paint in Lhasa when every girl he slept with painted her house yellow as a sign that she was chosen as Kundun's consort. \n\nPolitical intrigue in Lhasa was run by Gushri Khaan's successor in Lhasa, Lhazang Khaan. Historians are still confused by Lhazang, with many of them claiming he was pious and well-intentioned, that he never meant to hurt Tsangyang and what followed was accidental and out of his hands. His wife, who was spurned by the Sixth's Desi, executed the Regent which led to the Mongols arresting the Sixth (after threatening to destroy the monastery he was in at the time and kill everyone inside). Tsangyang sat in a jail cell for some time before he was led to China where he died en route. \n\nIn 1708, Kezang Gyatso was born in Lithang and eventually enthroned as Tsangyang Gyatso's rebirth. The Qoshot were busy doing whatever they pleased in Tibet at the time as Lhazang Khaan struggled to find a replacement. He took a monk (today known as the Chakpori Lama) and named him the \"Right\" Sixth Dalai Lama and that the previous search committee had made a mistake. When the Seventh Dalai Lama took control of the situation in 1720, he asked the Dzungar tribe of the Mongols, operating out of Uyghuristan and Tajikstan, to oust the Qoshot. The Dzungars did so, briefly restoring order in Tibet. The Seventh eventually reformed the Ganden Phodrang which became the official government of Tibet, unchanged until the PLA invasion of 1950. \n\nCont'd because wow",
"There's some great info here about what Tibetan society was like, but I'd like to address the \"presided over\" aspect of your question. The 14th Dalai Lama was only 15-years old when he was formally enthroned in 1950, the same year that the People's Liberation Army threatened Tibet, forcing the Tibetan government to sign the \"Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet\" with the PRC. Though the young Dalai Lama remained the titular leader of Tibet, he wasn't really \"in charge.\" He fled into exile in 1959, aged 23, when his situation became untenable due to the the 1959 Tibetan uprising. He was just a kid with a fancy title who never really \"presided over\" Tibet."
]
}
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[],
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||
50a8mg
|
What was "Viking" ale?
|
I've been watching Vikings and they reference "ale" a lot. I'm curious if anyone knows more about what this is and what they made it with. Thank you!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/50a8mg/what_was_viking_ale/
|
{
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"d72hexc"
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"text": [
"First of all, we must remember than unlike today, \"ale\" and \"beer\" were not the same type of drink in early medieval times.\n\n\"Beer\" or björr might refer to ale-type beer, but also to mead or even cider. Its not exactly clear if this is supposed to be a catch-all term for fermented drinks, or just misstranslation of the sagas.\n\nthe viking öl or ale, was made of spruced and malted barley. The brew was flitered crudely through a mesh of branches (probably juniper, to add to the flavor). The yeast used to make ale were cultivated and grandfathered from one batch to the other continuously.\n\nThe resulting brew was syrupy, mostly unfiltered, not pasteurised, and would have a yeast-ish taste, only countered by the taste of juniper berries and herbs added to it (hops might also be used, but were not the primary flavor as they are today).\n\nThe addition of juniper and other herbs would also have minor anti-bacterial properties, and thus extend the time ale could be stored.\n\nAle was most likely only weakly alcoholic, but would have a high caloric content, almost counting as a meal by itself. Because of this, ale was drank by all classes and children as well.\n\nAle was a very important part of viking culture and features prominently in viking mythology (the heavenly goat Heidrun produces ale/beer/mead instead of milk) as well as a staple drink of most festivities.\n\n\nAnn Hagen, . Anglo-Saxon Food and Drink: Production and Distribution.\n\nClive La Pensee, The Historical Companion to House-Brewing\n\nElsa Roesdahl, Viking Age Denmark."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1p6ngw
|
Why did the Red Army in WW2 allow itself to be encircled time and again? Bad leadership, arrogance, or other factors?
|
There were atleast twelve encirclement of 12,000+ men, with the largest around 500,000.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1p6ngw/why_did_the_red_army_in_ww2_allow_itself_to_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cczfufy"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"A number of factors. First of all, encirclements in general were a product of the highly mobile warfare of WWII. It was easy for the side that had the initiative to mass their forces in a small area, achieve a breakthrough, and then use their mobility to quickly dash deep behind enemy lines. Envelopments didn't just happen to the Soviets. The French and the British forces got surrounded in 1940, though some of them managed to escape across the Channel. The Germans got surrounded most famously at Stalingrad but also in Falaise pocket, and a number of other encirclements in the east. \n\nNow, regarding specifically the Soviets, you will notice that the majority of their encirclements happened in 1941. This is because they were simply not ready for war at that time. The Red Army did not have time to mobilize and deploy. The Germans had a considerable advantage both in power and mobility. This was especially so after the Red Army lost most of its armor and air force early in the campaign. It became very difficult to anticipate what the Germans would do next, and then to react in time once the Germans made their move. \n\nIn some situations, particularly in 1942, the Soviets did overestimate their capabilities and were punished as a result. That could in part be explained by their desire to remain on the offensive and not give up strategic initiative. In a mobile, dynamic warfare, you want to force your enemy to react to your moves as opposed to be reactive (which was a big problem the previous year). But in early 1942, the Red Army wasn't strong enough yet to be able to maintain being aggressive. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4lxl3u
|
why when you look in a mirror with a mirror oppisite that it goes on forever, but seems to get darker the further in it gets?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4lxl3u/eli5_why_when_you_look_in_a_mirror_with_a_mirror/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3qwtpm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Mirrors aren't perfect - not all of the light that hits a mirror is reflected back out again.\n\nIf, for instance, a mirror reflects 90% of the light that hits it, that means 10% will be lost.\n\nSo on the first reflection, you'll be down to 90% of the original light intensity.\n\nIt hits the second mirror, and we drop 10% from the 90% we've already got - 81% of the original.\n\nReflect it again, another 10% off the 81%, 73%... 64%... 56%... 50%...\n\nSo each time we've got less and less light being reflected, so the reflections get darker and darker until they're impossible to make out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
35yijm
|
What limited the hunter-gatherer population in comparison to agricultural societies?
|
I know that agricultral scoieties produced more calories-per-acre, but couldn't the hunter-gathers cover a wider area for more calorie production? Every thing I read about hunter-gathers make it seem like they work less and are healthier then those in an agricultural society, so I dont see why the birthrates and survival rates would be higher for farming communties. Is it because of warfare? One group clashing with another over control of hunting territory? Is it Infanticide? Or delayed marriges? Maybe hunter-gathers are more prone to famine? Thanks for your help!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/35yijm/what_limited_the_huntergatherer_population_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr9xmps"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Whenever food production capability jumps, like what happened in southern China after the advent of high-yield rice or what happened recently with fertilisers, population soon follows. Agricultural societies tend to make children more frequently. Studies in modern and ancient nomadic populations showed that with various means they limited their birth rate to one child per woman every 4 years or more, while we know that for agricultural societies it is clearly more frequent.\n\nInfanticide is applied, of course, but mostly couples exercise birth control. It has been suggested that the reason for this ~4 year interval is due to the inability of the woman to carry along two children or one child while pregnant. The child has to grow up enough to be able to follow the team on foot during their long trips. A woman cannot take care of two careless little children simultaneously, the man is carrying heavy load and cannot contribute well.\n\nThe effect of all the agents you mentioned is significant, someone could perhaps list proper sources. I had read a couple great books but I can't find them now."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2oxb83
|
If comets are losing mass as they get closer to the sun, how are we able to accurately predict Halley's Comet's trajectory?
|
Since comets are constantly losing mass would this not affect the future trajectory of the comet? Unless we are able to measure the mass lost. But how did Edmond Halley predict it based on math alone?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2oxb83/if_comets_are_losing_mass_as_they_get_closer_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmsq51m"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"We cannot accurately predict it in the sense of being 100% accurate, it's a ball park figure based on intelligent assumptions being made & then plugging in those figures to work out the path of the comet. Done often enough (i.e. via a computer) you can start to model trajectories & work out the most likely path. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9h45s6
|
How Did Newfoundland Interact With Slavery in the Americas & Carribbean?
|
I had read that the cod fisheries in Newfoundland were sort of symbiotic with the sugar plantations down south, importing salt & rum and exporting cheap salt cod to feed the slaves, but the details have always been a bit vague.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9h45s6/how_did_newfoundland_interact_with_slavery_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6cfcd0"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They were indeed, and the trade relationship between Newfoundland and the Caribbean has had a lasting effect on the culture that can be seen to this day. \n\nSince the first [livyers](_URL_0_) started staying in Newfoundland around 1610 till about the 1960's the only industry was based around the cod fishery. This cod was caught, salted, cured, and when the time came was sold all around the Atlantic. Newfoundland cod was sold to the US, Canada or British North America, England, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and yes the Caribbean. With this, I would call global trade there were many factors that would effect the price of a [quintal](_URL_1_) of fish. War would drive up the price of foodstuffs, tariffs would also make product more appealing to some markets to others, competition from other markets, and lastly the most obvious factor was the quality of fish. Quality of the fish was based on where it was caught, size, how quickly it got to shore to be dried, the weather when it was dried, and the ability of the men and women drying it. This quality gets us to the relationship with the Caribbean. In Newfoundland there were three categories of salt fish, merchantable and merchantable number two (the best category), Madeira (second best), and West India. \n\nThe Caribbean market needed cheap protein for their slave labour, and later cheap food for their labourers. Without having fishing grounds of their own at the scale or other cheap protein West India quality salt fish met their needs. Merchants from Newfoundland would buy the fish from fishermen and then transport it to the Caribbean to be sold either for cash, or for products that Newfoundland could produce. From the Caribbean the return would be as expected sugar, molasses, and rum. \n\nThis was a huge trade, a quintal of fish is 112 pounds, in 1810 and 1811 there was over 150,000 quintals of fish sold to the British West Indies. 176,000 quintals was the peak in 1816 and after that exports were about 127,000 quintals and through the 1840's to 1860's numbers were about 140,000 to 160,000 quintals per year. \n\nNow. How this has held over to today? there is a great book called \"And a bottle of Rum, the history of the new world in ten cocktails\". The book does a great job of talking about the Caribbean, how the rum industry started and how it had an effect on places like Newfoundland and New England. In New England they used to buy the molasses and built an industry of distilling the product and making rum themselves, in Newfoundland we just took the rum. In Canada 50% of the rum consumed is in Newfoundland... 500,000 people are responsible for 50% of the rum sales in a country of 36,000,000. Also, one of the most interesting things is the world rum awards only take place in the Caribbean, the one exception is Newfoundland. \n\nHope that helps! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.heritage.nf.ca/dictionary/#2715",
"https://www.heritage.nf.ca/dictionary/#3555"
]
] |
|
5y2kx2
|
Is there any meaning to the phrase "twice as hot" or "twice as cold" as 0 degrees?
|
My understanding of temperature is that it's mostly a measurement of how fast molecules move. Do molecules move twice as fast at 80 degrees celcius as they do at 40? That's absurd, right?
Co-workers are arguing among one another.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5y2kx2/is_there_any_meaning_to_the_phrase_twice_as_hot/
|
{
"a_id": [
"demql3x",
"demsakh",
"demy6sk",
"dengfgj"
],
"score": [
202,
11,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"**tl;dr: Yes you can double or half the temperature of something, but not in the way you're probably thinking.**\n\nThe confusing part of this topic for most people is that the temperature scales that we use in day-to-day life are kind of...arbitrary. The \"zero\" on the Fahrenheit scale was based on [the temperature of a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride](_URL_17_), while the \"zero\" on the Celsius scale is based on the melting point of pure water. While both of these are solid reference points that anyone can measure, they really don't have any deeper physical meaning relating to the nature of temperature.\n\nWhen we measure things, we tend to start at 0 and work up. A ruler starts at zero length no matter what units you use, a speed of zero mph or kph always means you're standing still, the pressure of outer space is zero[^^\\(not ^^exactly)](_URL_15_) whether you're using [PSI](_URL_2_) or [millibars](_URL_6_) or [inches](_URL_14_) or [torr](_URL_21_) or [atmospheres](_URL_12_), etc. But what about temperature?\n\nTemperature is, in rough terms, a measure of the amount of random \"motion\" atoms and molecules have at extremely small scales. For a gas, this essentially means [the average speed of a given molecule in the gas](_URL_5_). For solids and liquids, it roughly corresponds to the amount of \"jiggling\" the molecules do on a microscopic level. More motion/jiggling means higher temperature, less motion/jiggling means lower temperature. Many of us learned this from high school chemistry. So what would you think a proper \"zero\" for temperature would be? Naturally, you would think that \"zero\" temperature would be the temperature at which there is no motion/jiggling at all. And that's exactly what we see in physics and chemistry: [absolute zero](_URL_18_) is the temperature at which atoms would ([theoretically](_URL_13_)) have no random \"jiggling\" at all.\n\nSo if you measure the temperature of something on a temperature scale that starts at absolute zero, then you can properly talk about \"doubling\" or \"halving\" the temperature. By far the most common scale that fits this definition is the [Kelvin](_URL_7_) scale, which is basically the Celsius scale but it starts at absolute zero. So while absolute zero is -273.15C, on the Kelvin scale it's just 0 (and, conversely, the melting point of ice is 273.15 Kelvin). 2000K truly is twice as hot as 1000K, and 50K truly is twice as cold as 100K. Using our day-to-day scales like Fahrenheit and Celsius, this wouldn't be true: it would be like measuring things with a ruler that starts at -4 \"blinches\", which is the same as inches but it starts at -4. We know that something that's [10 inches long](_URL_20_) is twice as long as something that's [5 inches long](_URL_0_), but if we used our strange ruler then something that was 6 blinches long would actually be twice as long as something 1 blinch long, which really doesn't make any sense if we're just doing simple calculations!\n\nNow that you have the background, we can finally get a proper answer to your question. If it was 0F today, and tomorrow it were going to be twice as hot, you might want to consider evacuating you and your loved ones, because [0F is 255.4K](_URL_10_), and [2×255.4K=460F](_URL_8_), which is pretty close to the [autoignition temperature of paper](_URL_16_). If it was 0C today, then tomorrow's doubly-hot weather will be even more unbearable: [2×273.15K=273C](_URL_9_), which is getting close to the [melting point of lead](_URL_4_). \n\nInterestingly, if you doubled the [lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth](_URL_1_) (184K, which is −89.2 °C or −128.6 °F), you would get [368K, which is 95 °C or 202 °F](_URL_3_), which is close to the boiling point of water, and way above the [hottest natural temperature recorded anywhere on Earth](_URL_11_) (outside of a volcano or a forest fire). So, in practice, it's never possible for today to be \"twice as hot\" or \"twice as cold\" as tomorrow. Unless, of course, [set up a homestead on Mercury](_URL_19_).\n\nLet me know if you have any follow-up questions!",
"To answer the other question (do molecules go twice as fast) the answer is no, they go sqrt(2) times as fast. This is because changes in temperature depend on changes in energy, and the energy of a moving particle is (1/2)mv^(2). [Explanatory hyperphysics page](_URL_0_)\n\nNote that this applies to ideal gases, not so much liquids or solids because of quantum mechanics reasons.",
"There have already been some good answers, but I'll chime in on a subtle point that I think is worth mentioning. In general, **temperature is a macroscopic characteristic of large ensembles of particles**. In statistical mechanics, we would call temperature an [intensive](_URL_1_) variable. \"Temperature\" starts to take on a different meaning when you get down to single particles. There is certainly a relationship between the microscopic characteristics of each particle and their collective, bulk properties, but it's very incorrect to assume (except for very special cases) that all of the particles in, say, a gas at room temperature are moving at the same speed. The distribution of the microscopic characteristics like energy and speed can be found with the [Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution](_URL_0_), which is an incredibly important piece of math in all statistical mechanics.\n\nIt's important to note that the speed of a particle is not linear with its kinetic energy. You may have seen the expression for kinetic energy before, KE=(1/2)*m*v^2. You'll notice that the energy scales with the velocity squared. So, if you double the energy (and kept m the same), you've only doubled v^2, so increased v by the square root of 2. It also becomes more complicated because there are many ways for energy to \"hide\" in the system that aren't related to the translational speed of the particle. \n\nAs other people have pointed out, \"zero\" temperature really only has objective meaning if you're talking about absolute zero, which is 0 Kelvin, about -273 Celsius, and about -460 Fahrenheit. However, even if you made up your own thermometer with its own scale, there would be a lowest possible temperature that would correspond to the same \"absolute zero\". From a microscopic perspective, the bulk property of absolute zero temperature is due to every single particle in a system being in its ground state, or its lowest possible energy. Again, it's an unusual case because every single particle has the same energy.\n\nSo, to answer your question directly, particles at 80 C do not move twice as fast as particles at 40 C. On average, they are moving faster, but it's much less than twice. At out roughest approximation, we can simply let velocity increase go with the ratio of square root of temperature, so moving from 40 C to 80 C, and converting to Kelvin, we have sqrt(353)/sqrt(313) = 1.06. So, **they're moving about 6% faster on average**. Again, this is a very rough approximation, the real story is much more complicated. \n\n",
"I'd say when you say \"hot\" or \"cold\", it's with respect to the ideal temperature, maybe around 72F.\n\nSo yes, twice as cold as 0F would be around -72F\n\n\nRelated to your original question would perhaps be saying something's twice as hot as 72F; for which the same method would yield ... 72F. Which does makes sense - because 72F is not hot, nor is it cold; so twice as hot as not-hot or not-cold should also yield ... not-hot or not-cold.\n\nAnd yes, this would also apply to temperature in terms of molecular energy; but comparing to molecular energy at comfy room temperature."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://i.imgur.com/wfzDTfg.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch",
"https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2*184K",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Bulk",
"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kintem.html#c3",
"http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/\\(Gh\\)/wwhlpr/pressure_units.rxml",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin",
"https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2*255.4K",
"https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2*273.15K",
"https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=0F+to+K",
"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/HottestSpot/page2.php",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit\\)",
"http://io9.gizmodo.com/5889074/why-cant-we-get-down-to-absolute-zero",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury",
"http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/MimiZheng.shtml",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_451",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit#History",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero",
"http://www.universetoday.com/22111/temperature-of-mercury/",
"https://i.imgur.com/6QXqQzD.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr"
],
[
"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kintem.html"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties"
],
[]
] |
|
5obaha
|
How can TSA/Airport security workers stand next to X and T ray machines all day everyday without any ill effects?
|
I know the people walking through the machines have nothing to worry about, but are there any precautions in place to stop the workers absorbing these rays? Do the machines focus the radiation into one area?
Thanks in advance.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5obaha/how_can_tsaairport_security_workers_stand_next_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dchzexh",
"dciyhcz"
],
"score": [
143,
8
],
"text": [
"Like any radiation worker, they apply ALARA. That means that you should take steps to make your radiation exposure \"As Low As Reasonably Achievable\". The ways to do this are the maximize distance from the source, minimize time near it, and use shielding when possible.\n\nIf you pay close attention when passing through security, you'll see that they rotate between positions throughout the day. So the people operating the x-ray machines rotate around to other positions as well.\n\nYou may also notice that some employees are wearing badge dosimeters. These are little badges that you wear on your body. Over time they will accumulate on average the same exposure density to radiation that your body does. Every few months you send them in for testing to see if you had an abnormally high exposure within that time.\n\nI don't know much about the manufacture of their machines (I'd guess it's not something they want the public to know much about), but it's not hard to add some shielding to strongly attenuate x-rays.",
"It is worth noting here (unless I'm mistaken), the thing you walk through doesn't use radiation in any form. It is an induction loop that detects the presence of metal, like the thing in the ground at traffic lights.\n\nOnly your luggage goes under penetrative radiation imagery, which is enclosed in the machine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
bx10vk
|
could someone get in trouble for accidentally stumbling upon child porn
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bx10vk/eli5_could_someone_get_in_trouble_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eq280g7",
"eq2b6nv",
"eq2bews"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It depends on how many times this \"accident\" happened. And btw...before considering telling police that you meant to be committing a different form of illegal movie downloading...you might want to consult with a lawyer.",
"Theoretically yes, practically no. Firstly law enforcement are not tracking those who on a single occasion saw something for a few seconds. Secondly if you accidentally clicked on something innocent then it is likely that hundreds of other people would have done the same and law enforcement can track back on your device to see how you came to the location.",
"Obviously, do not just click any random link that people send you. Do not download files that you are not sure of. That being said, accidentally downloading something is probably not going to get you in trouble. A police department or DA's office is not going to bother with someone who downloaded one file and then deleted it. Now if you accidentally download a few thousands photos and movies...well, you should be prepared for the consequences."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
ia5bo
|
If something huge hit the Earth, would humans and objects on the opposite side of the planet go flying up in the air?
|
[Remember how these balls work?](_URL_1_)
One ball smacks another ball, the energy is transferred across the balls, and eventually the ball on the end goes flying.
If certain something hit the Earth, in a certain location, at a certain speed, at a certain angle, etc., etc., ideal conditions, etc. ... and I were standing on the [opposite](_URL_0_) side of the planet from the collision, would I go flying off the surface of the planet?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ia5bo/if_something_huge_hit_the_earth_would_humans_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c224m9r",
"c225206",
"c225vsp"
],
"score": [
45,
6,
5
],
"text": [
"The earth is quite squishy on the big scale. It would be like hitting a water balloon i think. A gigantic shock wave would propagate around the earth from the impact location. If the object is big enough, the earth's crust would be thrown into space and the earth would turn into a giant ball of lava.",
"Relevant: \"Antipodal chaotic terrain\" is one effect associated with the Caloris Basin impact on Mercury, _URL_0_",
"From a layman's perspective: \n\nImagining that the earth was similar to a Newton's cradle, I would guess the opposite would happen, people on the opposite side of the world would be pressed against it from the force instead of flung away."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.labnol.org/internet/find-the-exact-opposite-point-on-planet-earth/5065/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_cradle"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloris_Basin"
],
[]
] |
|
1ffb4n
|
If I shot a lazer that went forever in a straight line through space, what are the odds it would hit an object - star, planet, nebula etc..?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ffb4n/if_i_shot_a_lazer_that_went_forever_in_a_straight/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca9rljm",
"ca9syfy"
],
"score": [
7,
5
],
"text": [
"All lasers (and all photons in general) do go in straight lines through space. \n\nEdit: Removed my answer which presumed a static universe. BarnardPancake is correct.",
"This question is very similar to [Olbers' paradox](_URL_0_)\n\nWell if there were no planets/dust in the universe the probability of it hitting something would be roughly the same as the percentage of the sky illuminated at night, that's roughly 0%. Dust though changes things and is actually a significant problem when observing stars that are in our own galaxy. You can see in this image how much of our view is blocked by dust.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nSo it depends on which direction you shine your laser, which wavelength you choose, and whether or not you want to count dust as an object. If you count dust and pick a random direction it would be around 10% chance the photons won't make it out of our own galaxy. If you shine your laser perpendicular to our galaxy it would be near 0% chance of it never hitting anything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbers'_paradox",
"http://www.stephenhicks.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/universe-near.jpg"
]
] |
||
2tertv
|
why is there so much down time in professional football games?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tertv/eli5_why_is_there_so_much_down_time_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnycz0j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming you mean American football. There are a couple reasons: \n\n* It provides ample time to include commercials\n* Football is an extremely brutal and tiring sport; the downtime gives players a chance to recover between plays\n* Oftentimes there are a lot of things that have to happen between plays; the ball needs to be spotted, teams need to decide on their plays, chains may need to be moved, the line needs to be set, etc. All of this takes time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
77kcc2
|
why does rain make us feel cozy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77kcc2/eli5_why_does_rain_make_us_feel_cozy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"domld69",
"domlpr6",
"domlziw",
"domqsdx"
],
"score": [
5,
96,
10,
8
],
"text": [
"It depends on where you are. If you're at home, and it's also cold out, you turn on the heat and some lights, grab a sweater or a blanket, and bam, you're feeling cozy. Because those things make you feel warmer. If you're outside, you pull up your hoodie or get under an umbrella, maybe stand close with someone else under that umbrella, and bam, cozy! Imagine being outside in the rain, no coat, no umbrella, no somebody, no warm...no cozy!",
"Let's be a bit more specific and talk about gentle rains with maybe a bit of thunder in the distance while you're inside or under shelter. There's a big number of things that contribute.\n\nFirst, the *soft white noise*. A gentle rain creates tons of mildly distracting pleasant white noise. This helps reduce stress. \n\nIt *amplifies positive feelings of comfort, shelter and safety*. You don't get these positive feelings when you're outside doing stuff in it, you get them when they're not drenching you. So there's a bigger difference between INSIDE (where you're comfortable) and OUTSIDE (where you wouldn't be), so you notice that you're in a positive state a bit more. And this contrast can be bigger if there's thunder off in the distance somewhere. And such rains comes when it's usually comfortably humid and cool, rather than sticky and too hot. \n\nGentle rains are tied to an emotional state of calmness too because they're *associated with a history of calm activities and \"me time\"*, relaxing and not working. The last time there was a day like this you pampered yourself a little with a good book on a comfortable couch... so you look forward to the next time. \n\nRain *symbolizes renewal and cleanliness*. It's a positive source of growth for plants and it often produces a nice clean smell as it washes dust away. So there's a mental association with a few positives there.\n\nAnd for those of us who live in temperate zones, this type of pleasant rain means it's not snowing and there are leaves on the trees... and so it's what most of us consider to be *the better time of the year*.",
"Less fomo: it's socially acceptable and expected to get cozy when it rains. Guilt free cozying without missing out on the coolest party ever or other socializing because there's a good chance everyone else is just getting cozy too.",
"Way back in cavemen days, rain meant we could rest without fear of being hunted. We could sit in our caves and relax."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
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