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iq3p35
|
How can human body survive lighting strike if it can reach over 100 millions volts, while cows struck by lighting die instantly.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ohkb9",
"g4oi9hp"
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"text": [
"Cows and humans die as easily from lighting. There's some slight differences depending on the situation that could differ between us and cows or other mammals. Posture at the time (particularly important if not a direct hit, but say a tree near you and dealing with step potential), surroundings, skins wetness, terrain, etc. might come into play, but it's mostly the same. Major difference in survival rates would be humans usually receive expert medical attention, cows don't.",
"Lightning hits the ground and then spreads out to dissipate the energy. Cows have their front and back legs relatively far apart, so their bodies can act like an alternate path to more distant ground when lightning strikes nearby. Moving up through the cow and back into the ground further away is a path of less resistance than moving through the dirt itself, and multiple cows can get fried by a single nearby strike. Humans stand with just two feet close together, so we can get struck directly and killed, but as aren’t likely to get injured by a voltage dump from a nearby strike."
],
"score": [
45,
9
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"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq56rl
|
Why is warm/melted butter so much more satisfying (tastes better?) than cold butter?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4p1c2h",
"g4oygma",
"g4p9lin"
],
"text": [
"The same reason most hot food tastes better, the heat makes the flavor stand out more. When you taste food you're usually picking up on the fats and oils, these compounds are then volatilized by the heat and adding a distinct smell to the mix as odor plays a part in how we taste.",
"Doesn’t butter melt when you spread it on toast anyway?",
"says you... a nice cold slab of butter on a warm biscuit just out of the oven? pure heaven."
],
"score": [
12,
4,
3
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq5fun
|
What is NVMe in Solid State Drives?
|
I tried reading the description on Tom's Hardware website, but I didn't understand what I was reading.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4p53eh",
"g4p84m2"
],
"text": [
"It's an interface (special connector with a specific algorithm) that allows SSDs to access to it's data way faster than the older protocols used for the old hard drives and old SSDs. Quick summary on how: Old hard drives have a disk that rotates and a \"needle\" that reads a position of the disk in order to retrieve data (kinda like vinyls, yeah). This allows only to obtain 1 piece of data at the same time. SSDs are a bunch of chips that retrieve the memory position they are asked, with no moving parts, so the limitation of 1 piece of data at a time shouldn't exist. However, first SSDs are designed to be compatible with the old HDs and hence only support obtaining 1 data at a time, but faster than the HDs. NVMe just change that \"one piece data at a time\" to allow several search operations to be performed in parallel.",
"NVMe is a faster equivalent to SATA for connecting the drive to the system SATA was built for old HDDs which are relatively slow and can't respond to very many requests in a timely manner. NVMe was designed explicitly for SSDs, specifically those little ones that go in that narrow M.2 slot on the motherboard. NVMe using 4 PCIe 3.0 lanes will manage about 32 Gb/s while SATA 3 will manage just 6 Gb/s giving NVMe a peak throughput that's 5x higher, but real performance can be even higher. Old hard drives are ludicrously slow compared to the CPU taking millions of clock cycles so requests were punted out and checked on a couple eons later, but modern SSDs are only a couple orders of magnitude slower than RAM(tens of thousands of clock cycles) and it can read multiple blocks at the same time so NVMe increased the amount of different requested datablocks that can be queued up for the SSD since it can get to them in a timely manner, this means that more of the SSD is busy at any given moment so you lose less time waiting between reads. Having a 32 Gb/s bandwidth doesn't help if you spend 75% of your time waiting for the next thing to read so the deeper queue helps significantly."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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iq5jh5
|
When you get badly sunburned (totally not me right now) why does the burn give off a lot of heat?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4p3uaz",
"g4p4fzc"
],
"text": [
"The skin is inflamed which increases blood flow to the affected site. Because your blood is critical in maintaining a good body temperature (which is usually higher than the environment) it causes the burn site's temperature to increase.",
"Your cells are dying due to the excessive ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. However, these cells are within your skin so they need to be cleaned up from the inside. The dying cells trigger the inflammation response which is part of the wound healing process. As part of the response, the local blood vessels around the sunburn open wider to allow more blood and other cleanup cells (white blood cells) into the area. More blood flow causes the area to be warmer and swell."
],
"score": [
14,
9
],
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[],
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]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iq5vr9
|
Why do we tear up when cutting onions but not when eating them?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4paodu"
],
"text": [
"Chef here who graduated culinary school and has 13+ years in the restaurant business. There's a gas in the root of the vegetable that is an irritant to prevent it from being eaten. It's kind of like how jalapenos are spicy for this reason; to prevent animals from biting into it. The chemical is released when we cut the root."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iq60vq
|
how does Sirius starlight provide on demand content
|
I can’t wrap my brain around how I can choose content and stream it to me with millions of customers at times doing the same thing. How does this work? TYpo in title Satellite not starlight.... ugh
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4pa9c3"
],
"text": [
"The Sirius On Demand library is only offered through the Sirus app on your mobile device. So its not using the Satellites. As for how that works, it works not much differently than Netflix, Amazon Prime, Spotify etc. If you have a landline or wireless data connection, it works. You may have Sirius On Demand in your car, but that's because your car receiver is using a wireless cell connection (like OnStar does). (rarely mentioned tho is that Sirius has ground based transmitters in urban areas to augment the two satellites that your receiver is listening to, in case of building interference etc., I thought that was neat)."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iq6c5o
|
McCarthyism
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4pbitz"
],
"text": [
"Senator Joe McCarthy held a series of hearings in an attempt to identify all the communist sympathizers in the US. Like the Salem Witch Trials, where was scant evidence and a lot of stigma attached to those he said were \"unAmerican\". It was like government sponsored cancel culture, where a past statement could be taken out of context and used to argue that a person's character was irreparably awful."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iq6wxt
|
How does the body thermo regulate itself?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4pgpi5",
"g4ph7r3",
"g4pglfz"
],
"text": [
"If you get too hot, you sweat. Evaporation of the water in your sweat carries heat away and cools you down. You also tend to slow down your activity, reducing the heat produced by burning calories in your body. If you get too cold, you start working your muscles (voluntary = working harder, involuntary = shivering). This increases your calorie burn and adds heat. Depending on circumstance, we may also curl up to minimize heat loss to the environment.",
"Heat generated in the mitochondria provides most of the baseline. If you drop a certain amount below that, your muscle generate a bit of extra heat through shivering. If you go over, you start sweating. Certain animals (and human babies!) also have specialized brown fat tissue that can burn energy at will to generate more heat. This is a lot like the normal mitochondrial heat generation, except it's uncoupled from the cell's metabolism and can therefore be much more freely used.",
"Well, the body constantly is generating heat internally. This heat gets dissipated (Dumped into) to the air around us. So a comfortable air temperature is the temperature where your body is generating heat and dissipating heat the the air at the same rate, keeping us at roughly 98 degrees F. If our bodies start generating too much heat, and can’t dissipate it fast enough, we start sweating, the evaporation of water off our skin increases the speed that heat dissipates of the body. If we’re losing heat too quickly, we will start shivering. The extra muscle contractions and motion that comes with shivering increases the amount of heat the body is generating."
],
"score": [
3,
3,
3
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq7244
|
Why is 18 considered the age of adulthood?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4po3j0",
"g4phy56"
],
"text": [
"18 became the age of adulthood because that is the ideal age to draft military recruits. If they waited until people were more mature adults (age 21-25), those recruits would be far less malleable to training and/or willing to put their lives at risk. If society set the age of adulthood to be 21, then there would be obvious ethical qualms about recruiting 18 year olds into the armed forces. [The voting age in the US was 21 until people protested that 18 year olds could be drafted before they had any say in the system that drafts them.]( URL_0 ) Rather than set the drafting age to 21 and miss out on kids while they're still trainable and much more willing to take risk, they moved the voting age to 18.",
"Well it's not 18 everywhere. It's 14 in Saudi Arabia, 15 in Indonesia, 16 in Cuba, 17 in Tajikistan, 19 in 7 provinces/territory in Canada, 20 in Japan, and 21 in the US. Sometime the age of majority isn't the same as the age to vote or go in the military like in the US. Basically, majority is a pretty subjective things, but most of the world consider it between 14 and 21. 18 is pretty much in the middle of that, so it make sense that this is the age most modern culture decided. In reality, some people are still not really mature even at 30, while I met some kids that were very mature at a young age. But at the end of the day, we need a specific age if we want to write law so we choose whatever number make the more sense to our respective culture."
],
"score": [
11,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iq7331
|
Genetically speaking, am I more closely related to my individual parents, or one of my siblings, excluding identical twins?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ph7g4",
"g4ph98e"
],
"text": [
"Your parents. You have a mix of 50% dad dna and 50% mom dna. But the genes you take from your mom and the genes you take form your dad are random. So your sibling is also 50% mom and 50% dad, but it might be a different mix of genes. This is why siblings can have different hair colors, eyes colors, and in general look really different and be really different.",
"You are 50% similar to each of your parents. You are statistically about 25% similar to each of your non-identical brothers/sisters. It's a little different if you and a sibling are the same gender, but 25% is an ELI5 generalization."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iq7nxm
|
What good does mold do?
|
And if all mold spores went extinct suddenly, would the world be better or worse?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4plv9s",
"g4q6dyk",
"g4pmnhx",
"g4plxik",
"g4s0mfs"
],
"text": [
"The world would be far worse. Mold breaks down a lot of organic materials, and in doing so helps to return them to the circle of life. Without mold, a very large part of the resources in organisms that die would end up being lost.",
"While the other answers are important. They leave out the most important reason we need mold: cheese! Camembert in a fondue makes the world go 'round.",
"Mold actually caused the drug pencillin to be made! Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis of peptidoglycan.",
"Molds help decompose organic matter. When things die, various organisms help break down the remains so that they end up back as nutrients in the soil that can be used by plants. Without molds, it's possible some other decomposing organism would fill the niche, but it's hard to say for certain what impact it would have.",
"Hundreds of millions of years ago there were no trees. Then plants evolved a method to make lignum which is the woody tissue that trees are made from. It took a further 60 million years for fungi and molds to evolve a method to break that lignum down and decompose trees when they died. In that 60 million year period trees dominated the planet and when they died they turned into coal. All the coal was made in that time before fungi and mold could 'eat' lignum. No coal has been made since then. So if mold and fungi suddenly went extinct, trees wouldn't decompose when they died, and we would eventually have lots of new coal."
],
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12,
11,
3,
3,
3
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iq7y5p
|
How taxes in the UK work?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ptea4"
],
"text": [
"Income taxes are based on how much you earn in a financial year, april to april That amount is taxed at a rate depending on your income, but also on certain criteria like dependants or discounts or write-offs. If the amount you've paid at the end of the financial year is wrong, you will either get a refund or be asked to pay more. The pay as you earn system gives you a tax code, the tax code can be adjusted by your employer to make sure you are paying as close as possible to what you should owe, and you can pay what you do owe in instalments if it's significant. It sounds complicated now, there are tax calculators that should give you some idea how much would be taken out of your pay so you can see how close this is to what is being taken out. It becomes a lot simpler if you work at a place for over a year as your tax code will be correct for your income If you are employed by a business or company, you are unlikely to get in any trouble unless you purposely lie on forms that you fill in and sign. The issue with getting in trouble comes with self-employment or starting your own company, because an audit can see if someone is fiddling the books, which is the target of tax fraud/evasion investigations"
],
"score": [
3
],
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[]
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq7ytl
|
physics, what does it mean that time is only local?
|
Hi everyone, so I have heard physicists saying that time is local, there is no global time, and asking a question, what is happening now(at this moment) in a far away planet is nonsensical. In a sense that there is no global "now"? That seems very counter intuitive to me, could someone explain, elaborate? Thanks!
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4podgn"
],
"text": [
"Imagine two people are sitting on a moving train, with a light bulb between them. Each of them lifts their hand when the light bulb turns on,and each of them is so fast that it is essentially instantaneous. If you are inside the train, then for you those two people raise their hands simultaneously. But if you are outside of the movie train looking in, then the person who is near the back of the train raises their hand first, followed by the person nearer the front of the train. This is due to the fact that light always moves at the same speed relative any observer. So for the observer on the outside, the light moves away from the bulb at the same speed in both directions, but the person in the front of the train is moving away from the light while the person in the back of the train is moving towards the light. so in other words, saying that two events happen at the same time is meaningless unless those events are occurring in essentially the same frame of reference."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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iq841t
|
Why does the skin next to our fingernails peel really easily, but there are no other areas of skin where this happens?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ppri3"
],
"text": [
"It is because the skin there bows out a little bit past the fingernail, and because it is a very active area that tends to get damaged quite often as we use our hands. imagine a carpet lying on the floor period most of it lies flat against the floor, but there's one area where it is sticking up a little bit. if you are constantly pushing things across that carpet, then each time you push something heavy over the area that bows out, there is going to be a little bit of damage. Eventually that will result in fraying, just like the bit of spraying on the skin next to our fingernails."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iq89vl
|
How does a 0% apr credit line make the creditor any money?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ps8ez",
"g4ptk2a"
],
"text": [
"It allows companies to book the sales revenue this quarter even if they don’t receive the full payment for 2 years. If you look at it another way, they’re basically giving you a few percent discount vs. charging you 3% for 2 years. Would you question a company offering a 5% discount to close a sale? Microsoft might be reimbursing the costs to CitizensBank for their services, basically paying them that 5% of sale price instead of giving you a discount.",
"I haven’t read the Terms and Conditions on this particular deal yet, but they generally hope you make a late payment so they can start charging a high interest penalty rate."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iq8ssg
|
If UV wands and boxes sanitize and kill germs, shouldn’t the Suns UV rays be enough?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4pxv9o",
"g4q123s"
],
"text": [
"UV from the sun works to kill many microbes but it's slow. UV wands/boxes can be higher power (in UV-at-the-surface terms) and can get places that sunlight can't reach.",
"Two answers here. One specific, and one big-picture. ____ First answer: Your microwave oven heats food using, uh, microwaves. Microwaves, like UV rays, are a form of light. Like UV rays, microwaves are produced by the sun. However, my microwave oven can heat my food nice and hot, while the sun can't. Why? Well, my microwave oven concentrates *all* its microwaves on a very small volume of space - the inside of the oven. The sun, meanwhile, spreads its microwaves all over space, and only a tiny fragment reaches earth. It's enough to keep the earth kinda hot, but not as hot as I want my food. It's a similar case with UV rays. My UV wand/box concentrates *all* its rays on a small area, while the sun blasts them everywhere. Only a tiny portion - less than one millionth - of the sun's rays reach earth. ____ Second answer: Every microbe encountered by humans has evolved to handle the normal conditions on earth. The sun's UV rays have been around for millions of years and are always present - microbes have had enough time to evolve to survive those levels of UV, and it's been very beneficial in reproductive terms. Our UV wands have been around for a much shorter time, so microbes haven't had the time to evolve. In addition, UV wands are somewhat rare, so there's less of a reproductive advantage in resisting them. ____ It's like asking \"Why can a turtle shell resist a small rock but not a .50 caliber round? They're both just light objects.\""
],
"score": [
7,
4
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq8z0g
|
How did cows survive before being domesticated?
|
If cows arent milked they can die so how did they remove the milk before being domesticated?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4pzmx9",
"g4pzjoz",
"g4pzl7r",
"g4q9gkb",
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"text": [
"Calves. A normal non-farmed cow only starts to make milk when they give birth to a calf and they slowly ramp down production as the calf weans. Farmed cows get milked every day so they continue producing milk, they never \"wean\". You can't just go cold turkey...if you sloooowly ramp down milk production you can get the cow back to normal non-milk producing state.",
"Cows don't have to be milked to survive. They have to be milked in order to keep the milk production from stopping. I suspect they survived the same way buffalo or deer survive.",
"The short answer is that cows only produce milk when they have calves. On a dairy farm the calves are removed so that the milk can be collected. In the wild, the calf would drink the milk.",
"As with most domestic creatures, the domestic cow differs greatly from the wild auroch. This is true of most domestic plants too. We humans kept breeding these plants and animals in ways that have made them more useful for us but that aren't great if they ever wanted to go it alone again.",
"Cows didn't exist before being domesticated. Cows were created by domestication. The wild ancestors hat we created cows from were called Aurochs and the behaved quite differently than modern cattle. You may look at some breeds of dog and say to yourself that those could not possible survive in the wild without humans, but the truth is they never existed without humans, what humans created them from were wolves and wolves are much better at surviving in the wild than some completely f'ed up dog breeds. Aurochs have been extinct for few centuries. The last Aurochs died in Poland shortly after what is now New York was founded in America, so the last of their kind died in relatively modern times, but they were already rare then. Serious scientific studies of the animal were never done, and all we know of them today is from looking at cows and dead Aurochs remains and related species and the accounts from people who lived when they were still around. Based on that it seems quite clear that Aurochs gave milk just like any other wild animal to feed their young and had no need of it being removed by humans. In fact it seems based on accounts any human stupid enough to go near an Aurochs cow when it had a calf nearby and was ready to give milk, would likely not live to regret that stupidity for long. They are supposed to have been very aggressive and terrible. Imagine a modern bullfighter being the equivalent of a person fighting a dog, then a person in the past trying to fight an Aurochs would have been like instead of a dog you would fight a wolf. Those were not docile creatures.",
"Cattle is an animal species that was made by humans. There were no cows until humans selectively bread other animals to create them. So cows have been specifically designed to live as livestock. But even then it is only quite lately that they have been bread so efficiently that we see variants with serious health problems making them fully dependent on humans for survival. Cows, like all mammals, only start producing milk when they get close to giving birth. They would then have a calf that would milk them. This ensures their udders stays healthy. As the calf grows up the milk dries out as well until the calf is weened off the milk."
],
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16,
5,
5,
5,
5,
3
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[
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[
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iq9q7q
|
When we're born are we in peak condition? If not, why?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4q9a7s",
"g4q9dlb",
"g4rxesk"
],
"text": [
"Newly-born humans are at their peak in one thing: skin quality. A baby's been moisturized for 9 months so their skin feels great. Otherwise, a newborn is pretty useless. It can't move it's head so it can suffocate if improperly placed. It can't move on it's own. It has no immune system so it's very weak to sickness. It's stomach is so small, it needs to feed every 2 hours. These are definitely not peak conditions.",
"What do you mean by peak condition? Like, peak athletic condition? No, babies are not the best athletes. Peak neuroplasticity? Kind of, babies learn a lot really quickly. There are a bunch of metrics that you could use.",
"I mean, what do you mean by peak condition? Have you seen a baby? They are clearly not humans in their prime."
],
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16,
8,
3
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"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iq9qkg
|
Why do some languages like Hindu have their own alphabet but also sometimes spell words in English?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4q97f6"
],
"text": [
"Because around the world English has become somewhat of a Lingua Franca, due to British colonization and American influence. You look close to anywhere in the world and you’ll see that English is one of the big languages kids/people are taught, because it’s very useful. With that, countries that don’t speak English and don’t use the same alphabet as English speakers have recently started “translating” their words into the English alphabet, spelling things like city names/building names twice on signs, once in their language and once in the English alphabet version, so even if English speakers can’t actually speak the language, they can still pronounce the name of the place on the sign."
],
"score": [
4
],
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[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqa14u
|
why do they list sugar and carbohydrates on foods if sugar is just converted into carbohydrates?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4qb7bd"
],
"text": [
"Other way around. Carbohydrates are converted into sugars. And it's the same reason why you have to list saturated and unsaturated fats separately, even if they have the same components, not everything is the same."
],
"score": [
14
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqa3ur
|
How do fans cool down the air that goes through them?
|
I get that spinning the propellers in a circle very fast would propel the air towards whatever the fan was pointed at, but how does making it move cool the air down? Especially when it's hot outside, shouldn't you just have hot air blowing in your face?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"It doesn't. It makes sweat on your skin evaporate, which cools you down. Water usually must change temperature or atmospheric pressure to change state from liquid to gas",
"It doesn't. In fact, the friction between the blades on the fan and the air actually heat up the air very very slightly. Fans don't do anything really except move air. If you have a room that is sitting at 80 degrees, and you have 100 fans in it blowing air all over the place, the room will never cool down if no external forces start introducing cold air. It will gradually heat up. However, if we as humans (and other animals) stand in front of the air that the fans are blowing, it will feel cooler to use, because it's moving past our skin faster. The more air that moves past our skin the more our skin can shed heat, so it makes us feel cooler. But fans do not cool down air at all.",
"Everyone is referring to the cooling effect a fan has on our skin via evaporation. But if you're asking how a fan can cool a PC for example, as others have said it doesnt actually cool the air it comes into contact with. It instead moves a portion of the air away to be replaced by a new volume of air. So when a PC's motherboard heats up air around it, the fan continuously moves new air into place."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iqad3i
|
Why do we feel an ice cold sensation for a brief moment before the pain of a thousand suns when we touch boiling hot water/a super hot surface?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"It is called paradoxial heat response: basically if your skin gets too hot very fast your receptors for feeling cold get activated faster than the receptors for feeling hot. Thats why you feel cold for a short period of time.",
"ELI5 answer: The nerves that carry heat/cold sensation to your brain are faster than the nerves that carry pain. ELI15 answer: It's because the termpature-sensing nerves are covered in myelin. Myelin makes the electrical signal travel a lot faster. ELI30 answer: URL_1 URL_0",
"There's clusters of nerves around some of your joints that trigger you muscles to yank back when they get a pain response before your brain even knows what's happening.",
"Your brain is programmed to scream “BAD GET BACK” first, and then figure out what kind of bad later on.",
"The way that your hand senses temperatures is surprising. There are sensors for \"warm\" or \"cool\", and a different sensor for \"**VERY**\"! I saw a really fun exhibit at the [Exploratorium]( URL_0 ) museum in San Francisco. It had a bar you could touch that *felt* like it was super, burning hot, but really it wasn't. It had alternating coils of luke warm and super cold. When you touched it, your brain interpreted \"warm\" plus \"VERY\" as \"very hot,\" even though that's not actually what it was. Here's an [article]( URL_1 ) about that."
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"https://www.exploratorium.edu/",
"http://annex.exploratorium.edu/xref/exhibits/hot-cold.html"
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqb99k
|
Why is there so many type of clouds, if they're made of the same thing?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4qs9xs"
],
"text": [
"Just like there's: Icebergs Shaved Ice Ice Cubes Crushed Ice Ice dams in rivers Hail etc.... It's all just frozen water..."
],
"score": [
5
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"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqc33r
|
If computers can process millions of instructions why does it take a couple minutes for my laptop to boot? Are there really that many instructions to process?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"> Are there really that many instructions to process? Yes. There is also times when the processor can't do anything because it is waiting for data from the just-spooling drives or the network port that is still negotiating with the upstream switch/router.",
"The problem likely is not the CPU, the problem is the hard drive. The instructions to boot and for the operating system to run have to come from somewhere and they come from the hard drive. And hard drives are slow unfortunately. It is likely spending much of that time waiting for the hard drive to give it the data it needs. This is why most newer computers come with something called an SSD, solid state storage. This uses different storage technology than a hard drive and is much faster. While it is a little more expensive, prices have gone down a lot in recent years. My computer boots in 5 or 6 seconds as a result of this.",
"It doesn't do processing of instructions all the time. To process anything it should be readed from the disk into memory. Disks are very slow as compared to processors. Also, one instruction is something pretty simple as basic arithmetic operations.",
"There is a whole set up process that occurs when you boot up. To use a crude analogy, you have to unpack the lumber, build the house, wire it, install the plumbing, move in the furniture —- and then you can move the people into the house. And if the people try to do things in the house before it is dine being built, it gets messy. There are a couple of different ways you can “build the house” as it were: you can build the entire house all at once, build the foundation, then the lumber, then the wiring and plumbing, etc etc etc. and then turn the house over once the entire house is done. Then there is another way: do the foundation first and then build the entire entry way before anything else - lumber, wring, lights. And let the people into the entryway. And then start building the living room next, release the living room to the people and move onto the kitchen. It gets minimum functionality quickly, but you don’t get the whole house any faster. Yes, this is a crude analogy."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqcpuf
|
I recently saw a post on r/humansbeingbros of a two guys helping someone that had fallen in a wheelchair in the middle of the road. Shouldn’t that be normal?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g4r6lkn"
],
"text": [
"Anything dealing with disability is seen as somehow especially kind for some reason. See also all the \"someone took a disabled classmate to prom\" posts. Being disabled myself it's disgusting that people are being praised for treating us normally."
],
"score": [
9
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"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqcx26
|
Why is being outside healthy?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g4rf23p"
],
"text": [
"Tabulating what others have said here: vitamin d, circadian rhythm Adding: fresh air is good for your lungs, regardless of your preferences/interests psychologists have found that the color green, more specifically the visual of plants, is proven to be calming therefore making it a stress reliever (stress makes every physical problem you may have worse as it negatively impacts immune system). Also, exposing yourself to deadly diseases isn't good, but exposing yourself to *some* low levels of germs/bacteria found out in nature can help train your body to develop immunity to stronger equivalent bacteria that may be deadly otherwise. Lastly, and I think most importantly, inertia. The \"outside\" often doesn't have a lot of places to lounge about lazily, and if it does it's not comfortable for long (shade moves, weather changes, people walk through, etc.) so you are simply more likely to excercise overall when you go outside, no matter how little exercise you get."
],
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11
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iqdc5s
|
How do we measure inequality in countries in a way that South Africa is higher than the US or India?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g4revbj"
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"text": [
"One way that economists measure wealth inequality is through the [Gini coefficient]( URL_1 ). The higher that number is, the greater the wealth inequality. There’s a lot of math involved, but a simple case assumes that there’re just two levels of income: low and high. If H represents the percentage of the population made up by high-income people and those people earn M percent of the total income, the Gini coefficient is M - H. As an example, it’s often told that 1% of the world’s population has 50% of the wealth. So, the Gini coefficient for the world would be 50% - 1% = 49% in this case. When there’re more than two income levels things get a lot tricker, but hopefully that gives you some idea of how it works. [Here]( URL_0 )’s a list of countries with their Gini coefficients. You can see that South Africa’s is 63% and the United States is at 41%. So, the United States seems to have less wealth inequality than South Africa."
],
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4
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality?wprov=sfti1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient?wprov=sfti1"
]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqdgv7
|
What exactly happens in our bodies in the split second between when we hurt ourselves and when we actually feel the pain?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"It depends what's happening. Either way, your nerves send signals to your spinal cord that something isn't right. Depending on the severity of the signals, one of two things can happen: \\- Signals are routed to the brain which assesses the situation, decides how to respond, and sends instructions to the relevant muscles, organs, glands etc. \\- Or, in the case of an urgent threat (e.g. you are touching something hot that's burning you), what's called a reflex arc can be activated, this is where your body can invoke a response (usually to withdraw your hand) without reference to the brain, which saves vital time. Of course, even in the latter case, the signals still reach the brain eventually, which still takes stock and decides how to respond. So in the case of touching something hot, you probably withdraw your hand (via the reflex arc) before you consciously realise what's happening or feel the pain. You can then make more immediate unconscious decisions like saying \"ow!\", or cradling your hand to protect it, followed by more conscious decisions like dealing with the hot object, or running your hand under water."
],
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8
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqf7cv
|
What causes internet speeds in the same location to fluctuate while downloading something?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4rr6p2"
],
"text": [
"Think of your internet connection as a highway. Think of data as the cars. The more cars you have trying to go down the same road at the same time will have variances in speed, maybe you got a clear opening on the left and that guys going super fast. Then you have someone taking their time on the right and someone slowing down for a passing cop lol. And they’re all going to the same place and they all have to put a big puzzle together at the end."
],
"score": [
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqfnc2
|
Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"text": [
"Whether you burn or you tan, the sun exposure damages your skin and increases your risk of cancer. Just a few bad sunburns at a young age dramatically increases cancer risk.",
"Yes. Tanning is literally letting the DNA of your melanocytes be damaged by UV radiation. Enough of that and chances are one of the genes damaged is an oncogene which stops dividing cells from becoming cancerous. Then you have a melanoma on your hands and shit gets very serious, very quickly. See your doctor if you have a new mole, people. If you have dark skin the melanin already there absorbs the UV to a point but when the UV radiation oxidizes the melanin the products can still cause oxidative stress which can do damage to DNA. This is why black people can still get skin cancer but at far less rates than white people in high UV environments (i.e. Australia).",
"Yes. This is why it is said that using a tanning bed increases your risk for skin cancer so much. It’s even warned within the tanning salon. It is also on tanning oil bottles, and, of course, sunscreen. Your skin cells don’t have the ability to kill themselves *because* they want to prevent cancer. They are damaged, so they die. Damaged cells are not useful for the body. The epithelial tissue (skin), is specialized to be constantly generating new cells to replace dead ones.",
"Sunburn is your skin cells committing suicide (apoptosis) due to irreversible genetic damage via UV radiation (I think it specifically UVB). Every second you are in the sun UV radiation causes little kinks in your DNA called Thymine Dimers (you remember your DNA base pairs? A-T, G-C. A Thymine Dimer is a T-T < - no bueno), your body can naturally deal with a huge number of these (think 50-100 per second in each cell and 90% of these can be fixed in a few minutes). So let’s say (just rough example) your body can deal with this safely for about 5 minutes (500 thymine dimers per cell), that’s your bodies own natural sun protection, more than that and you start to get permanent damage to the exposed cells which increases the risk of cancer Sunscreen SPF works on that “5 minutes” natural sun protection - SPF 40 = 3:20:00 possible time in the sun where you are at minimal risk (reduced by application technique, sweat, swimming, friction) once that time is used up, that’s it, you don’t get more by putting more sunscreen on, you gotta head for shade/ cover up and let your body recover. So tldr: “tanning is skin cells in trauma” but you are more likely to get cancer the more burnt you get and more regularly, the tanned people come next in likelihood and that’s not factoring in genetics.",
"Short answer: No. When you say tan, you're talking about the melanin content of the skin. For darker-skinned people, you have a naturally higher resistance to skin cancer caused by sun exposure. However, for lighter-skinned people, \"tanning\" is a response of the skin to lessen the chance of damage to the skin, and DNA inside skin cells, *in the future*. It's a gradual response to an acute, immediate problem. It is not a response that prevents, or even reasonably compensates for acute sun exposure. ----------------- Long answer: Yes, kind of. A person who has had a lot of sun/UV exposure to the point where their skin is darker than it was before has a greater resistance to skin cancer *in the future*. It does not eliminate or overall improve the risk of skin cancer. The initial phase of \"tanning\", as mentioned before, is an adaptation that allows people to lessen their future risk of cancer. But, the fact that the tanning trait exists among all lighter-skinned people should tell you something about the potentially deadly nature of sun/UV exposure. If it wasn't a genuine, serious threat then it would not have evolved among lighter-skinned people. The response that has evolved in lighter-skinned people is slow. It was \"designed\", for lack of a better word, to be a long-term response. Think of lighter-skinned people tens, or hundreds of thousands of years ago that migrated or roamed from one place to another. They were exposed to a moderate level of sunlight on a consistent basis. The tanning adaptation is pretty effective in that case. It only mitigates the risk - it does not eliminate it. It was not intended by nature to account for your 2 days on the beach, on vacation, after spending the vast majority of your time in your home with very little sun exposure. In short, yes, if you develop a tan then you will be more resistant to the damage to your skin's DNA that occurs when you're exposed to the sun/UV. But, there is a price to be paid to achieve that tan, and that price is very high. It is not a way to avoid skin cancer, and it's absolutely incorrect to think of it as such. I am wording this comment in such a way as to answer your original question, but also make it clear that getting a tan is in no way a solution or a preventative measure to the risk of cancer from sun/UV exposure. ------ Hope that helps!",
"When I was a kid I lived in New Zealand, where the ozone layer is basically non-existent so UV levels are extremely high. Even on an overcast day you can get burnt if not wearing suncream. From being there I must have got burnt at some point because now I have a fuck ton of moles on my body. Apparently I'm at a greater risk of skin cancers because of this, although I'm not sure if the moles are the risk or an indicator of the risk. I'd recommend anyone to wear suncream on a bright day. You can still tan- I usually wear factor 50 and still get tanned.",
"No. Regardless of whether you tan or burn, UV exposure damages DNA. Those who are naturally darker are *less* susceptible to this damage, but can absolutely still develop skin cancer from too much sun exposure.",
"No. Your skin cells kill themselves in response to irreparable DNA damage. The cells that escape the suicide can sometimes become cancerous. Tanning is also a response to DNA damage - it's an attempt of the melanocytes to prevent further damage. All else equal, lighter skinned people are more likely to get DNA damage from sun exposure than darker skinned people, and people who cannot tan are more likely to get DNA damage than those who do. That does not mean dark skinned or tanned individuals are immune to getting cancer though, as many have pointed out in this thread. And deliberately tanning regularly dramatically increases your risk of getting cancer, since DNA damage is still occurring. Someone who finds out early in life that they cannot tan is unlikely to go tanning very often, so nowadays the cancer incidence in those individuals is less. As an aside, lookup xeroderma pigmentosum (though images may be nsfl) - it's a disease in which the DNA repair mechanism that is particularly effective against UV damage is defective. These people cannot spend even a few minutes in the sun without disastrous results"
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqg9va
|
How are collection notices under $5 cost-effective for a company?
|
We recently received a collection notice in the mail for less than $2.50. My first reaction when I see these things is that upper management needs to be fired. But...maybe this all makes sense somehow? How is something like this cost effective in any way; wouldn't sending these types of notices cost the company far more to generate than what is actually owed? And, that's not even touching upon if the debtor refuses to pay.
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Collection notices are sent in bulk. You are just one of thousands of debts that the collection agency is trying to collect on. They send a spreadsheet with all the names, addresses, debt amount, and other to a mailer. The mailer prints out the notices of the appropriate stationary, puts them into envelopes and mail them out. The process is designed for large volume, so each individual mailing is cheap. It is unlikely anybody took any serious look at your collection notice before it was sent out. And if somebody did, they were so low on the corporate ladder that it's not their decision to cancel the debt and it's not worth their time or risk of being fired to try and argue it with their boss. For small amounts like yours, they're hoping you just write them a check and move on. Worst case for them, you don't pay it back. Worst case for you, it seriously hurts your credit score."
],
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3
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"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
iqghym
|
Why does microwaving fried foods turn them soft?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Moisture. Microwaves cook by interacting with the molecules in water (i.e moisture). So something that was once crispy will get soggy and soft as the majority of moisture in food is from the inside. (The age old homage \"microwaves cook from the inside-out\")",
"For things to become crispy, you need low moisture, and high enough temperatures to start the chemical reactions that cause crispness. When you fry something, or cook it in the oven, you usually have oil or oven hotter than what you want the food to become. That way, the water in the surface layer evaporates and the surface gets hot enough to crisp up before the inside reaches the appropriate temperature. A microwave works by heating the water molecules dispersed in the food. You're practically \"boiling\" or steaming the food. The surface doesn't get hot or dry enough to crisp up, and might even become soggier as the moisture from the inside escapes through it."
],
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3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqgofp
|
Why does everything get blurry when you cross your eyes?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Crossing our eyes is basically changing our focal point really close to our face, so anything further away gets blurry."
],
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5
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqh4lw
|
escrow accounts
|
I’m buying my first house and cannot seem to understand what an escrow account is or the purpose of it.
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The bank doesn’t trust you to have save enough money to pay taxes at the end of the year, so they make you save small amounts to an escrow account every month along with your mortgage payment. At the end of the year, that money is used to pay yearly taxes.",
"It is a special account to hold money for a specific purpose. For example, when you make an offer on a house, you may pay money to show that your offer is serious (earnest money). That money is held in escrow until closing, when it’s applied to your purchase. Then you may put money in escrow to make insurance and tax payments. You pay a flat amount every month into the account, with the principle and interest payments. Then, when the tax or insurance bill is due, the bank makes that payment for you, using the money in the escrow account.",
"An escrow account is basically a little account attached to your mortgage. You're never really going to see this account, because it's an internal account that the bank uses to put aside money for your property taxes and insurance. The reason banks like to have an escrow account on the mortgage is because they have a vested interest in taking care of the property. If property gets broken with no insurance, and you bail, now they're on the hook with a burnt down house and no money for it. By factoring taxes and insurance into your payment, they make sure that the house is always insured, and that it's taxes are always paid. The way this works is like this: your actual mortgage payment let's say is $800, but you have to pay $2000 dollars in taxes every year and your home insurance is another $2000 dollars a year. So the bank averages out the cost of those payments into monthly installments and includes them in your monthly payment. Averaged out that's another $333 every month, so your full monthly payment is $1133. Okay but sometimes those numbers might change, \"what if my taxes go down?\" You may ask. Well every year your bank will do an escrow analysis, and if there's a surplus because your taxes weren't as much as they anticipated, they cut you a check for the difference, or on the other side of the coun if your taxes were more than they expected, they may request a one time payment to cover the difference, or factor the increase into your future payments."
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iqh7lp
|
What exactly does acupuncture do for your body or is it just some sort of placebo?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Last I checked in 2010, there was literature in nature neuroscience pointing at local adenosine release mediating acupuncture's effect on pain control. URL_0 There's been more recent 2014 work looking at vagus nerve effects as well URL_2 Impressive that pain has made it into Science now, but seems like they're still stringing things together on how pain works. URL_1",
"There are many things that modern science either doesn't explain yet or has shown to not do anything. For example many homeopathic remedies have been proven to not do anything chemically. But here's the important caveat; modern science has shown that the placebo effect can be *very* powerful and actually make significant differences in health. So as long as these practices are used wisely in such a way that doesn't actively harm someone then they can still be a part of medicine. The best place for a placebo to replace \"real\" medicine is when it comes to comfort, for example when you have pain that seems to be mitigated by acupuncture sessions then you are avoiding all the very serious downfalls of pain medicines. The danger of some of these is that there is a culture of mistrusting medical professionals and instead trusting people who are selling snake oil. But if you work with a doctor to explore the pros and cons of different treatments then there is still a place for anything that makes you feel better.",
"I had a holistic doctor say that the main benefit may just come from having you lay down for 30 minutes and having someone tend to you.",
"As far as we know it is some form of placebo there is no rigorous proof that it has any more significant effect than a placebo.",
"Double check all sources cited. It is unfortunate but true that China as a political body is pushing TCM on the world stage. It is easy to find \"research\" papers \"published\" that lend support to all sorts of TCM, including acupuncture. [Science Based Medicine]( URL_0 )",
"Subjectively, I've found that it forces you to relax. The needle goes slightly into your tendons, so any small muscle movement is transferred to your skin and becomes much more apparent. You basically have to focus on relaxing and not moving, which over the course of an hour relieves a ton of stress for me.",
"I had dry needling on my calves and the osteo said it causes the muscle to fire rapidly then relax, so it decreases tension. I had heel pain for months before that and it went after the session, but I’ve tried dry needling again with a different person and it had no effect on my pain, so who knows!",
"Without undertaking a rigorous review of the available literature, I'd imagine that it's for the most part placebo, and maybe there's a small part of endorphin release from the multiple tiny injuries.",
"I used to get acupuncture once a week (until she left needles in the small of my back which went way too far in when I got in my car). She would alternate between acupuncture and dry needling depending on what was causing my pain. She also hooked up some of the needles to a TENS unit. I have chronic pain due to rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. It did a lot of good for me when she plugged the TENS unit in - much better than just putting the electrodes on my skin (which I do at home). Not sure how it would have helped without the added TENS unit....but I always had immediate relief afterwards."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqh9t3
|
How do workers get stock options in a company?
|
I recently heard that real workers get stock ownership in Tesla stock, but how does that work? Is that on top of their regular pay? What happens when they leave the company are they allowed to keep it? Couldn’t there not be enough stocks out there to pay all of Tesla’s employees?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4s5a6s"
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"text": [
"Companies will compensate employees with stock options either as part of their normal compensation package or as a performance or retention bonus. The stock option allows the employee to buy stock in the company at a discounted rate. Usually the stock options are on a vesting schedule after they’re granted. This means that the employee doesn’t get all of the options upfront but instead gets them over time. When the employee leaves the company they will be given a period of time (around 3 months) to exercise any vested stock options. If they do not exercise the options during this period they lose those options"
],
"score": [
8
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"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqhrob
|
What is consciousness?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4s9u2i"
],
"text": [
"As near as we can tell, consciousness is an emergent property. For generations now we've failed to positively identify a biological or physiological mechanism responsible for it, yet we clearly have it. We've believed for a very long time that humans are the only species on the planet with true consciousness. But because it's so hard to define and describe it, and as our understanding of animal intelligence has expanded over the last century, we've begun to identify some species (dolphins, whales, corvids) that may or may not experience a level of consciousness more similar to our own than previously expected. Netflix's *Explained* series had an [episode on animal intelligence]( URL_0 ) you may or may not find interesting."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11099870/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqhshs
|
How do computers interpret new programming software?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4s8mfn"
],
"text": [
"Because all software engineering packages ultimately compile the software down into code that the computers can understand. Think of it as an interpreter. You, as a developer, writes code in whatever language you know. The computer understands it's language. The programming software translates your code from the programming language to a language the computer understands."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqi6a4
|
how can there be so many funny or interesting videos of bears interacting with humans in urban environments of Russia, like we can see often in /r/anormaldayinrussia, for example ?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4scyq3",
"g4sd8wu"
],
"text": [
"The bears will eat what they want, regardless of what their diet \"requires\", and eating scraps from a city is way easier than fighting off two other bears from the dead elk you found. It can be dangerous when they get agressive, and it is bad that they are becoming more used to human contact. It's not the bear's job to stay away though, it's up to the people to find ways to safely keep them away, which doesn't always happen.",
"I have no expertise in either bears or Russia, so I'm not even going to pretend to have an answer for your question. But I feel compelled to point out you're probably vastly overstating the case about their environmental needs, at least for some species. When I lived in Morris County, NJ, near-ish to NYC and population of roughly half a million (\\~1000 people per square mile), we had black bears wander through our backyard nightly and sometimes take down our birdfeeder. My neighbors were maybe 15 feet to either side, so it's not like I was way back in the woods or anything. They're a huge pest throughout a good sized chunk of the Northeast."
],
"score": [
4,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqifen
|
how is internet speed different than internet bandwidth?
|
I recently upgraded my internet plan from 150Mbps to 1Gbps. After being dissapointed that my PC was only picking up 1/4 of the speed through wifi, I bought a long Ethernet cable and ran it through my living room into my bedroom. Now my PC is getting \~800Mbps upload and download. But I am still not getting very good ping when I play online games. My friend said its because my good speed doesn't mean I have good bandwidth. I googled it but I can't seem to find an easy to understand article about why I'm still lagging with such good speed.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sdt1u",
"g4sed5y"
],
"text": [
"I'm currently learning this sort of stuff for my new job. From what I understand so far, its easiest to look at it as a roadway. Bandwidth would be like a highway, the more bandwidth you have(the wider your highway), the more data (cars) you can fit on it at once. Speed would be how long it takes for your data to get from the server/source to you. Please, anyone correct me if I'm wrong!",
"Now I'm not the best to explain this, but I'll give it a shot. Internet speed and ping are two completely different measurements. Think of speed like a highway, the more speed you have, the more lanes you put on the highway. Ping on the other hand is the amount of time it takes for your \"car\" to travel to your target server and back, hence why it's measured in (ms) milliseconds. For instance, I sadly have Satellite internet. What this means is that my \"car\" needs to travel 22,000 miles to a satellite, then 22,000 miles back down to earth... That's just half the trip as I still need the data to come back to me. This leads me to ping between 700 milliseconds and 1600 milliseconds. If you don't have satellite internet then I'd highly recommend learning how to ping a server and seeing if your \"car\" is taking a roundabout way to its destination, which can be common with certain ISP. If it is, switching to another server or I think using a vpn can fix this but am unsure as I've never had this problem."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqih2k
|
Why do humans require regular brushing/flossing to maintain proper oral health while other species do not?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"1. Humans live far longer lives than most other animals. Mice live a few years, dogs a couple of decades. Humans need to keep the teeth for 80+ years. 2. Humans do not have regenerating or replacing teeth. We get two sets, that is it. Crocs replace teeth regularly, as do sharks. Rodents have teeth that grow forever. 3. Humans eat sugary foods that allow bacteria to grow rampant. Animals tend to eat less nutritionally dense foods that doesn't foster bacteria as readily. 4. Animals don't have proper oral health. The ones that have rotten teeth and infected jaws, they die. We humans just find that to be unacceptable.",
"They do. A lot of old dogs and cats are missing teeth and have tooth infections because of lack of dental care. We actually brush our dog and cat’s teeth at night. There’s an enzymatic toothpaste that we use. We’re a pretty cute sight, the whole family in the bathroom at night brushing teeth. My cat likes the beef flavor, dog likes the chicken. It’s made a big difference and my old cat hasn’t lost any teeth yet. My 2 y/o golden’s teeth are so white that people comment on them. Most giggle when I tell them that I brush her teeth but her breath is fresh and no dental problems!",
"Also many animals do clean their teeth in their own ways. They chew on certain things e.g bones or bark, which helps remove plaque and other nasties.",
"No other eats as much sugar or refined carbs as we. This is food for the type of bacteria that leads to decay. Also if we ate as many raw unprocessed fruits, veggies, and grains as we would need to as a foraging omnivore, many of them would help cleanse our mouths.",
"Both my 11 year old dogs have about 5 teeth each left in their heads. Regular brushing by us could have saved some or most of them. To be fair, they were working dogs prior to being petted out, and their previous diet was a mix of raw hamburger and mush soaked low grade kibble. Their diet, just like ours caused tooth decay from lack of care.",
"Our diet has shifted towards high carb grains, and away from lower sugar content plants and meats. This shift happened recently enough that we have not evolved adaptations to deal with the extra sugar in our teeth that aids bacteria growth. Other species that have not had this diet shift are already designed to eat the diet that they have, and thus have less of a reason to manually clean their teeth.",
"I mean, have you smelled any dogs breath recently?",
"Try keto for a week and you'll notice that your tongue and mouth don't get that need to brush mouth feel. However keto breath is a thing so you replace on with another.",
"Also, other species don't seem to be as turned off by the smell of rotting teeth. So there's that.",
"Animals do \"brush and floss.\" Just not the same way that we do. Some chew sticks, which you may or may not know, is the most primitive form of tooth brushing that humans engaged in. Other species, however, continually grow new tooth material over time. Like rats. Domesticated rats often need their teeth clipped because they do not wear down like in the wild.",
"After we started farming 10,000 ago both our diet and the bacteria that causes cavities (e.g. Streptococcus mutans) changed. If we never started farming our teeth would decay much slower. While our teeth would probably not look amazing, we could get away with not brushing with no sugars/wheat and no sugar-diet bacteria.",
"Vet tech, here. Dogs and cats absolutely do need regular dental care! I’m actually doing three dental treatments today when I go into work. The pets are put under general anesthesia. The technician performs dental X-rays and scales and polishes the teeth similarly to a human dental hygienist, and the veterinarian probes the teeth and gums for pockets and other problems and extracts teeth if necessary.",
"Because humans changed their way of living and what they are eating very drastically not long ago, so evolution did not adapt us, and since we are fixing the issue otherwise, likely never will. Most of our teeth problems come from eating way more carbs than our hunting and gathering ancestors did. This type of what to eat (\"diet\") changed when settling down and living mostly from growing grains (or rice).",
"Its becuase we've only recently been eating carbohydrates in the quantities that we do, If you look at hunter gatherer cultures their teeth are in remarkebly good condition, its only when we introduce the to a western diet that's heavy on carbohydrate and low on fat that their teeth condition will deteriorate. When you eat a ketogengic diet with macros similar to what we evolved on, \"teef fuzziness\" is a thing of a past.. which makes sense as you remove the food the bacteria can readily metabolise. People even heal gum disease when they eat the foods that we evolved to eat. Will get downvoted to hell for my politics.."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqil9y
|
Why does the shower liner get pulled inwards when turning on a hot or even cold shower, what kind of fixes can I do to prevent it?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4si5wz",
"g4sf823",
"g4sfjkq"
],
"text": [
"The cause: the hot water from the shower warms the air in the enclosed shower. This causes that air to rise out the top of the shower (hot air rises!). That air leaving out the top has to be replaced with air from somewhere, and the easiest place is for it to come in from the bottom. Unless you give it another path! I'd recommend pulling the far end of the shower curtain open a few inches. It will give the air an easier path to come in, but be far enough away from you that it isn't too cold. As others have said, weights at the bottom will help, but you'll still have a good bit of air pressure pushing at the bottom unless you give it another path.",
"Best solution I found is a shower rod that curves outward quite a bit. Like at the center of the rod it's 150mm (\\~6\") outside the tub. The sheet hangs inside at the bottom like normal. The bowing out at the top virtually eliminated the sheet sucking inwards. Less messing with magnets, and I'm crazy about magnets! Unless your existing sheet is very close to actual size, you can probably keep the same sheet. I first saw these in Holiday Inn-type hotels. Kept my eye out an eventually found a model at retail.",
"Get a shower liner that is thicker or heavier. They will be able to resist the pressure better"
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqiu6b
|
Advantage of medical experiments conducted on ISS
|
So I know that the ISS has made a lot of contributions to the field of medicine and pharmaceuticals.What I want to know is that how and why does microgravity play a role in this field as I guess it's the only variable that's changed by testing it in space; everything else can more or less be simulated on earth.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sicqm",
"g4sozxz"
],
"text": [
"Things get weird in microgravity. We can do some experiments in microgravity if they’re less than a few minutes long. But if someone wanted to see how a biological process worked for more than 10 minutes without gravity, they’d need the ISS. Sometimes, they’ll find that microgravity has no effect, other experiments find that it does affect the results. Why will vary based on the specific experiment. For example, a few diseases are much more virulent in space because the microgravity makes them want to reproduce faster than they usually do.",
"Microgravity can also influence sedimentation behavior. On earth, dense things sink. In space, they don't. That means if you have a biological process that creates some product, there's no natural method for pushing it away. Hot air doesn't rise, and cool water doesn't sink. If you put algae suspended in water and let it create oxygen, it'll just create a bubble around it. The bubble won't float to the surface. I'm part of a project working on developing watering systems for plants. On earth, water flows down in the soil because of gravity. Roots can hunt down and find the depth with just the right amount of water for them. In space, the water wants to blob up (its flow is controlled by surface tension), and you don't get that nice smooth transition in the soil from wet to dry. You get soaked or dry."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqix2i
|
why does google chrome use a lot of RAM?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sfz77"
],
"text": [
"Chrome splits each tab and extension into its own process, so if one thing crashes it won't bring down your entire browser. The trade off is extreme RAM inefficiency."
],
"score": [
32
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqjerf
|
What's the difference between a romantic relationship and a platonic relationship? Or, more bluntly, what is a romantic relationship?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4smmqc",
"g4smezu",
"g4sm2gb"
],
"text": [
"Well what you might be looking for is an explanation of the \"8 types of love\" popularized by the ancient Greeks. The 3 types that are relevant here are 1. Philia- affectionate love, the trust that is gained through shared experience and value, often between friends 2. Eros- romantic love, love originating from hormones that facilitates the desire to have sex. 3. Pragma- mature love, a love developed between partners gained through mutual commitment and effort in the relationship. All the types of love are valid, and can occur together, but don't have to. You can have a relationship that is based on Pragma and Philia, but without Eros. This is your Platonic relationship. It still has care and love, but without the physical aspect. Your experiences with your parents and grandparents show a difference in expectations of love. If they don't seem to put any work into the relationship, it lacks Pragma, if one person requires sexual love, but the other doesn't, it's a mismatch in Eros. Relationships only work well when everyone understands what everyone else is putting into it.",
"Personally? I think it’s just semantics. Those are just words we use to be able to communicate certain things, and while they have rigid definitions in the dictionary, the things they describe are really fluid and overlapping. So to answer your question, I think there is a distinct and perhaps obvious dictionary difference between the two... however, when you think about actual real relationships it can be hard to separate them consistently into the two categories based on just a few criteria. This is just my two cents though, I’m sure not everyone will agree.",
"Could you post a resource about the specific model you're referring to? Some quick Googling didn't point me to something that matched up exactly with what you're talking about (I found \"4 types of attraction\", \"types of love\" which has about 8, \"37 terms to describe types of attraction\"...and some other random ones). I will say I don't agree that they're hard, distinct types. You can very much be aesthetically attracted to someone but only maintain and nurture something platonic with them. You can have a platonic friendship that *does* include some sensual elements (probably not mouth-mouth kissing, but forehead or cheek kisses, as well as cuddles, and general physical closeness with them). Trying to break attraction into only 5 types and saying \"This is all there is and you *must* only fit in to one of them\" breaks a lot of the complexity around human emotion/attraction."
],
"score": [
17,
6,
4
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqjmdm
|
why does Jazz/Latin music with exotic/dissonant scales sound less uneasy/dramatic than in rock/metal?
|
Why does some chromaticism/dissonance sound ‘spicy’ or ‘jazzy’ in some context but dark or uneasy in others?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sy5me"
],
"text": [
"Melody is only a part of music. You also need Instrumentation/timbre, and rhythm/feel. Take a song like 'night in tunisia'. Have a drop tuned distorted guitar play it and it'll sound pretty metal."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqjwiy
|
Can someone please help me understand square roots?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4smk2s",
"g4snczt"
],
"text": [
"Think of the number (e.g. 40) as an area of a square (e.g. as 40 little 1 by 1 squares). You are trying to find the sides of a bigger square that make an area of 40. So if a side was 7, the area would be 7x7, which is 49 --- too big. If the side was 6, the area would be 6x6, which is 36 --- too small. So the side length (also called the square root) must be somewhere between 6 and 7.",
"For me the biggest thing that helped was memorizing the square numbers (e.g. 2x2, 3x3, 4x4,...) . If you know that 2x2=4, so root(4)=2 and 3x3=9, so root(9)=3, then root(6) is probably about halfway between 2 and 3. If you want to get a better idea on root(6), you then try 2.5x2.5=6.25, so root 6.25 =2.5, well then root(6) is probably just a little less than 2.5."
],
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12,
6
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqk52z
|
2020 California Proposition 22
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sn63p"
],
"text": [
"It would allow app-based transportation, such as Uber or Lyft, to consider their employees \"contractors\" which means they are not entitled to normal benefits of employees."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqk5jd
|
How are vehicles advertised as 4x4 yet you can't put them into 4hi or 4Lo. Ex. My 2005 V6 ford escape 4x4?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4snoix"
],
"text": [
"4x4 means it has four wheel drive. That does not mean it has a transfer case (the Lo and Hi in 4Lo and 4Hi). If you don’t have a transfer case it’s equivalent to just being in 4Hi all the time."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqk9gs
|
How does money laundering work?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4so9x3",
"g4soali"
],
"text": [
"Joe the Drug Dealer makes a lot of illegal money. But Joe can't take that money to the bank and use it to pay for a car or a house. Since Joe doesn't have a job that makes a ton of money, the bank would get very suspicious if he suddenly deposited tons of money into his account. They'd get the police to investigate him, and probably get him sent to jail. So instead, Joe the Drug Dealer buys a business. He then lies and claims that the business is way more profitable than it really is, by using the illegal drug money he gets. He fakes paperwork to make it look like he's getting tons of money from the business he runs, when really he's just selling drugs to make money. But, since he has a business, the bank goes \"Oh, Joe the Business Owner, it makes sense that you're depositing a ton of money. Go ahead, buy that fancy car and new house!\" It's called \"laundering\" because laundromats were a popular way of doing this, a business that didn't have a lot of paperwork involved, so it was hard to prove that you were breaking the law.",
"Funnel illegal money through a business so that it looks like the money was made legally through the business. Eg. you’re a big time meth producer and make bags of cash every week. You buy a car wash, then take the bags of money and start writing many receipts for car washes. You then put that cash in the bank, pay taxes and all, and to the govt it looks like all this meth money is actually profits from a very busy car wash business. That’s it. Your dirty drug money is now clean and taxed money. Hence the term laundering."
],
"score": [
19,
3
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[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqket2
|
the Quebec separatist movement
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4spdw5"
],
"text": [
"Quebec was a French colony that were given over to Great Britain as part of a peace deal. But unlike other colonies that have been assimilated by another nation like Florida or Texas there have not been any big movements of settlers to the area afterwards as Quebec was pretty much fully settled by the French already. So most people living in Quebec comes from French ancestors and have kept up their culture and religion which are very different from the rest of Canada. And there is a great fear that the culture of Quebec will disappear as the cultures of Canada grows closer together. So there is a strong movement for Quebec to leave Canada and form their own independent country."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqkyv0
|
In the movie Interstellar, 'they' are being referred as 5-dimentional beings. Do we hope to find such life somewhere in universe or we will one day become such intelligent life ?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sskyd"
],
"text": [
"It's very hard to answer this without making huge speculations. A lot of Interstellar was based on pretty fanciful ideas of how physics might work - they might be ideas we can't strictly rule out, but we certainly don't have any particular reason to believe the universe *does* work in a way which allows 5-dimensional beings, or that black holes have any of the magical-seeming properties we saw in the movie. The idea that we will continue to evolve and develop into some greater, smarter, wiser type of being? That doesn't seem far-fetched to me at all. But the specific form those beings take in the movie, does."
],
"score": [
8
],
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[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iql8rm
|
How can the source of a fire be determined when often times everything for miles around has been burnt to a crisp? Ignoring somebody who either saw or admitted to causing the start of one, how is there any evidence left to determine what caused a fire?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Also taking from my ass, but forest fires generally have a very identifiable start point as the fire started there and went down wind. It’s not hard to go up wind and find the start and look for a lighting strike, campfire, gender reveal party or meth den. House fires are different. I still don’t have direct knowledge of this, but I have been told that fires that originate in the house usually have some evidence of where it burned the hottest because at the start there is more oxygen in the house. This is a good clue to start. Also, metal doesn’t really melt in temperatures associated with a house fire, so a broken gas line etc will still look like a broken gas line. A candle might be more subtle.",
"Fun fact; An ex girlfriend of mine worked in insurance, she told me the best way to set your house on fire without the fire department figuring out what the source is, is by setting a cat on fire and letting it loose in your house. I always kept an eye on my cat when she was at my place. Hmm. Maybe not really a fun fact.",
"In the Hunter region in Australia they have hidden cameras on trees to catch arsonists: URL_0",
"Depends on the situation... In forests/wilderness fire tends to spread down the wind so you can generally find out where it started, and then you search for any leftover evidence that hasn't completely burnt out, like residue from an accelerant, metal pieces of a lighter etc. While fire does destroy a lot of evidence, there are often tiny bits that survive the fire, especially considering remains of different materials look differently, like plastic/metal which can mostly be easily recognized. So, simply said, figure out the way fire spread, go to the assumed starting point and look for any leftover traces of accelerants/starters.",
"It depends on the individual situation. Sometimes it's physical evidence. Sometimes it's witness testimony. Sometimes it's deductive reasoning. Sometimes it's guesswork. Sometimes it's bullshit because they just don't know for sure. Usually it a combination of all of those things. Hopefully someone more intimately familiar with the details can explain a bit about the evidence and reasoning part better than I could.",
"I have zero professional experience in this but my guess is that, much like an explosion, fiery destruction radiates outward from its source. If this is true; then when investigating a burn site, I'd think you'd see evidence of the fire spreading in a certain direction until you hit the source, in which case it should show to have spread in ALL directions. But again, I pulled that from my ass so who knows",
"Most fires are started by lightning. There are sensors all over which detect and record lightning strikes, so if a fire starts at the point where there was a lightning strike there's a good chance that it was caused by lightning.",
"Our company was involved in a fire that occurred on a construction site. We were permitted to walk through the site with our insurance investigator. You really could pinpoint the source. In the middle of the destroyed site was a metal electrical box with scorch marks and burned timbers above it, no damage directly below it. You could see that the fire started in the electrical box, spread to the wooden framing above it and then through the attic to the rest of the building."
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqlho2
|
Why are beliefs so important to people, as opposed to facts? There are some spiritual beliefs I hold myself, but I never feel attacked when someone disagrees, because that's the whole point of beliefs.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4swpqq"
],
"text": [
"I doubt this post will stay up. But one way to look at it is beliefs are one way to build trust in the other. Trust is what underpins the social contract in a community. People who don't share your beliefs cannot be trusted to hold up their end of the social contract. Therefore they cannot be allowed into your community and, at worse, be eliminated. The factual or otherwise objective/subjective nature of the belief is mostly irrelevant for day to day living - the social contract is what matters. The rituals and structure underpinning the belief system is proof of the belonging - the more complex the tighter the community. So complexity is the litmus test. It is not much of a belief to say \"people are good\". It is much better to surround it with rituals (weekly/daily prayers, types of clothing, the food one eats, social rituals like marriage) and structure (religious organization, priests, books and texts, calendars) because the more complex, the more commitment is needed, the more the trust, the stronger the community."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqlimo
|
What is entropy and how does it work?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sz38z"
],
"text": [
"Throw one dice. It's 1/6 equal chance for all values. Throw two dices. Suddenly it is no longer equal to get 1/12 for all values. Instead there are more ways to arrange the dice to get 7 (3+4, 2+5, 6+1, etc) than e.g. 12 (only 6+6). Throw three dices. There are now 15 ways to get a sum value of 14. But only 6 ways to get 5. And only one way to get 3. Your odds of throwing a sum value somewhere around the middle (14) is way higher than to get the extreme values towards 3 and 18. The value 14 here has *greater entropy* than the value 3. There are *more* ways to *arrange* the the dices (the *microstates*) to yield the same sum value (the *macrostate*), for the macrostate 14 than for the macrostate 3. The more dices we roll, the more likely the macrostate is likely to approach the \"middle\" number, purely by chance! If we roll a million dices, the odds of getting the macrostate 1 million is exceedingly unlikely (it would require every single dice to land a 1), and the odds of landing in the middle is way higher. These odds get more skewed the more dices we throw. Now replace the dices with e.g. molecules. In your room there are trillions upon trillions of oxygen molecules. Now we release trillions of nitrogen molecules in a corner of the room. All the molecules will whizz around and bounce into each other randomly. After some time, your entire room will be perfectly mixed with oxygen and nitrogen. Because, purely by chance, the odds of all the nitrogen molecules staying together in some corner (one of the macrostates) is exceedingly unlikely. Instead, the macrostate of \"all molecules being adequately mixed\" is exceedingly more likely, since there are sooooo many ways to arrange the microstates (the molecules positions) to get a \"mixed\" state. In other words, there are waaaaay more ways to arrange the microstates to yield the macrostate of \"all molecules being mixed\", than there are ways to arrange the microstates to yield a macrostate like \"the oxygen and nitrogen molecules being separated\". So even though we started out with a low entropy (all the nitrogen in one corner), as time developed, the entropy increased and the molecules ended up mixed. You can replace the oxygen and nitrogen molecules above with atoms of different kinetic energy (temperature) and the analogy is the same. A coffee cup will get cold and in equilibrium with the temperature of the room. The chances of the temperature of the room decreasing while your coffee gets hotter is unlikely (practically impossible). This is what they mean when they say \"entropy always increases\". There is a natural tendency, fueled by chance alone, to end up with the macrostate with the highest entropy. This goes for everything in life typically. Throw a bunch of marbles on the floor. The odds of them landing in a spread out pile (lots of ways to yield this macrostate) is way larger than the odds of them landing stacked on top of each other (few ways to yield this macrostate). People like to draw the comparison, that greater entropy means more \"disorder\", and less entropy means more \"order\". Which might help you understand the explanation above. But it can be misleading because \"order\" and \"disorder\" are not strictly defined in physics, and there are many cases where there is no consensus on which state is ordered or disordered. For example, which is more ordered: One glass out of three being filled with water; or all three glasses having 1/3 of water? Or another example: a glass with crushed ice, versus a glass with liquid water? If you take a poll, people will respond roughly 50% randomly (actual answer: greater entropy for the macrostates of \"three glasses with 1/3\" and \"a glass with liquid water\", and they would then be more \"disordered\" apparently. So take that explanation with a grain of salt. --- TL:DR: Entropy is how many ways you can arrange the microstates to yield the same macrostate. The more ways to get the same macrostate, the greater the entropy. This means that nature tends towards greater entropy fueled by chance alone."
],
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14
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqlrrk
|
How do Covalent Bonds work, if Electrons are negatively charged and hate being near each-other?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sxvzt"
],
"text": [
"Oh man this takes me back to secondary school! You already know that a covalent bond is where pairs of electrons are shared together. It's all to do with something called electronegativity. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom or a molecule to attract electrons and form a bond. Some elements are more electronegative than others and so we denote them as (delta negative), some elements are not so electronegative and when compared to a much high electronegative atom the least negative one is denoted (delta positive). It depends on the element and the compound you are trying to create, some elements have a much stronger \"pull\" than others due to its structure. After a certain electronegative value (i forgot the number now) the bond then becomes ionic since it's way too electronegative to just share. I doubt someone wants to go in depth regarding orbitals and bonding theory since that's way too advanced for this sub. & #x200B; Hopefully I didn't make any mistakes since it has been donkeys years since I did chemistry."
],
"score": [
3
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[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqltuj
|
What is price gouging and why is it bad?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sxbmj",
"g4sxdtl"
],
"text": [
"Price gouging is where you raise the price of a good or service to take advantage over a situation that may be happening. An example would be if there were a hurricane (I live in the south) and there was a mandatory evacuation. You as a gas station owner know people will need to buy gas to leave the area, so instead of your normal price of $2/gallon, you jack it up to $5/gallon. You are just trying to take advantage of people in need.",
"Price gouging is the significant increase in prices of a good to an unfair amount after a big increase in demand. A more recent example would be when COVID was beginning to be a bigger issue in North America around March, and hand sanitizer prices skyrocketed in some stores. It’s unethical because it typically is taking advantage of the demand of necessities"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqlxh2
|
Probability of winning this dice game on exactly the first try
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4sxl4a",
"g4sy1v3",
"g4sziy4",
"g4sxucu",
"g4syd4m"
],
"text": [
"The simple probability is 1/20 or 5%. Even if you roll 1000 times and don’t get a 1, the 1001st roll still has a the same odds as rolling a 1 as the 1st roll did.",
"You have a 5% chance of winning on the first roll. That means you have a 95% chance of having a second roll. On that roll, you have a 5% chance of rolling a 1. That means you have a 0.05*0.95=0.475% chance of winning on the second roll (since you wouldn't do a second roll if you won on the first). You'll then have a 90.25% chance of having a third roll, etc etc.",
"> Now the first roll has a 1 in 20 chance to win, but I don't think it necessarily means that I will win on the first roll in exactly 1 out of 20 games. For the same reason, I don't think I will win on the 20th roll every 20 games. Keep in mind that \"a roll has a 1 in 20 chance\" is not the same as \"chance for making at least 1 successful roll in 20 total rolls\". The first is straightforward: you roll the die once, the die will show the number one with a probability of exactly 0.05 For the last scenario you're venturing into binomial probability. The probability of \"chance for making at least 1 successful roll in 20\" is (**all outcomes of 20 successive rolls that contain at least a single 1**) divided by (**all possible outcomes of 20 successive rolls**), which is roughly a probability of 0.64",
"In statistics there is this thing called \"law of large numbers\". If you have some kind of probability doing a few tries the result may change a lot (if you do a 50% win and 50% loss on 10 times hardly you'll have 5 wins and 5 losses) but if the number of tries get a lot bigger (like some millions or billions) the result will be more or less like the probability",
"For any single roll of a fair 20 sided die, the probability of rolling a target number is .05. You have a 1/20 chance of rolling that exact number. Now let's say you roll 1000 times. What is the probability you roll 1 at least once in that time? The formula for this is 1 - (1 - x)^y, where x is the probability of one roll, and y is the number of attempts. So we have 1 - (1 - .05)^1000. .95^1000 is 5.29182275 times 10^−23, which is infinitesimally lower than 1. Meanwhile, over 20 attempts, the odds you get 1 at least once is just under 65%. So the short answer is: you have a 1 in 20 odds of getting 1 on a d20 in the first try."
],
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5,
4,
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iqmdd9
|
where does the urge to spend money come from?
|
Where does the urge to spend come from? I'm not referring to the need to buy necessities by the way. More so the urge of buying little treats or more deluxe items (or even the feeling you have too much money).
|
Psychology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4t25il"
],
"text": [
"Good question. Think it has something to do with control and self empowerment. If you grew up poor like I did, you might associate spending money with being able to gain / achieve things that were not in your reach before. Also boredom ‐ spending money and acquiring things gives us a dopamine boost of excitement. \"I'm a boss!\" kind of feel. Its a fleeting feeling and should be mastered - lots of other things can give you the same good feels without being hard on your savings."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqmvaq
|
Do schools of small fish have social interactions?
|
I was snorkeling yesterday, and noticed a few schools of fish that were feeding. Aside from moving together and eating together, there didn't seem to be any conscious behaviour. Do groups of small fish recognize that they're in a flock of their social kin? Do they have and/or understand hierarchies? Do they have conscious recognition of themselves or others when in flock? If there is no registration of the above, what guides the fish to stay close and understand the rules of group behaviour? Do they gain knowledge through experience? In this case, I'm comparing small fish to large aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphines.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4u4xne"
],
"text": [
"It varies by species. All fish are at least smart enough to recognize their own kind, and some fish do have social hierarchies though it's not common. Generally shoals move through group mentality, fish on the fringes just pick something to move to, while fish towards the middle follow the others. Fish who guess the groups next move wrong usually correct course or rush back into place, because being together is safer. As for how smart they are relative to dolphins, tuskfish use tools, while manta rays and whale sharks can recognize themselves in a mirror, placing them somewhere on par with dolphins. Even goldfish, despite being the poster child of short memories, are relatively smart and can be taught tricks like a cat or a dog."
],
"score": [
4
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqnq2h
|
why do bubbles in champagne rise up in a straight line originating from one point?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4t6gvk",
"g4t9dp4"
],
"text": [
"They are a lower density than the liquid around them, so they rise against gravity, which basically means straight up. They form around nucleation points, tiny particles of dirt or scratches in the glass.",
"Because bubbles originate from *nucleation sites*. These are locations in the bottle that contain favourable conditions for the carbon dioxide to come out of the liquid - i.e. where CO2 forms bubbles easily. Let's pause for a moment to think about bubble formation. A single molecule of CO2 gas won't form one of those bubbles we see streaming toward the surface. A bubble requires multiple molecules of gas, clumped together. But how do they end up together? Imperfections on the inside of the bottle - microscopic scratches and dings in the glass - form little tiny cavities and holes. CO2 can come out of solution in these cracks and gaps, but because of the relatively high force of water's surface tension at such small scales, water can't get into those pits. The result is that these tiny imperfections act as sites where CO2 can freely 'un-dissolve' in amounts high enough to form visibly noticeable bubbles. When enough CO2 has come out of solution to force its way out of these nucleation sites, it rises as a bubble toward the surface."
],
"score": [
12,
11
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"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqnq42
|
Recipes often indicate that a wooden spoon should be used for stirring/mixing. How can this possibly make a difference?
|
It’s not like flour, sugar and eggs can tell the makeup of the utensil- right?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4t8nw3",
"g4t8iia",
"g4t6he8",
"g4tie5q"
],
"text": [
"If you're cooking on a stove top, you don't typically want to use metal utensils, as they might scrape your pot or pan. Wood is much gentler. Wood also never leaches chemicals into your food the way metal can with something very acidic or plastic can with something very hot. For the example you gave, I don't see a reason why a metal whisk wouldn't work unless the container the ingredients are in could be scratched by metal.",
"Two other considerations are heat and pan coating. A wooden spoon will not conduct as much heat as a metal one if you are mixing something hot. Also mixing with a wooden spoon will likely not scratch the non-stick coating off the pan.",
"Some metal utensils can leave behind a faint after-taste. Wether this is due to the quality of the materials or just a property of metals, it can and does slightly alter the taste.",
"The person who wrote that recipe may have gone to culinary school and learned to write industrialized recipes. In a commercial recipe, you have to specify every single utensil at all times. You can't just say \"whisk\" and assume the recipe reader will use a whisk to whisk. You have to specify \"mix with rubber spatula until fully combined\" or you run the risk of some newbie cook trying to whisk the dry ingredients with a ladle (cooks are amazing but we aren't the brightest bunch). It's best practice to be very exact with recipes so they turn out exactly the same every time. Plus, the wooden spoon is the best utensil in the drawer. You can't use in a commercial kitchen so it's sort of the symbol of home cooking."
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4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
iqoier
|
How does fps work? Does it interpolate between frames?
|
More precisely in animation. Like there’s the same number of still images, yet increasing the fps rate somehow makes the animation more smooth.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tb29b",
"g4taue7",
"g4teiwv",
"g4tptsl"
],
"text": [
"Modern tools that increase FPS in preexisting videos and animations use neural networks to interpolate between frames, essentially drawing additional images based on the existing ones.",
"Well if it was the same number of still images and you increased the fps, it would make the video faster. You would need more frames along with higher fps to have the right timing to get the video to look smoother.",
"Well, most of the time. Generally there are three major \"methods\" 1. There aren't the same number of frames. If you double the framerate the artist will draw twice as many images so that the animation gets smoother. 60fps? Well, someone literally drew 60 images for every frame of the action. This, as you might expect, is quite labor intensive. 2. You're correct: the system will interpolate between frames. Generally what happens is that the artist will draw/animate a few special poses called \"key frames\" which define major points of the animation, and define some parameters like speed or timing. The system doing the drawing will then take those keyframes and settings and for every frame \"in between\" where it doesn't have a keyframe it will draw an \"in-between\" frame where the animated thing will transition from the last keyframe to the next. This is much easier and cost effective, but can seem stiff if the parameters are incorrect. 3. They simply play some frames twice so that while the framerate is \"double\" the animation is effectively playing at the exact same speed.",
"In 1878, there was an argument about whether or not a horse lifted all of its feet off the ground when it was running. Some said no, that it always had at least one foot on the ground, that it had to have at least one foot off the ground, while others said it momentarily lift all four up as it ran. To settle this, they set up a series of cameras on a race track, and ran a string across the track. As the horse moved passed the camera, it broke the string which triggered the camera. They created a series of images, proving once and for all that a horse does, indeed, lift all four feet off the ground. In studying the images produced, Eadweard Muybridge created his zoopraxiscope, a disk that had all the images upon it, that when spun up, created an animation effect - just a few images/second tricking the eye into seeing a horse in motion. It had just a few frames -- each a different picture of the horse in motion -- passing by the eye at a set rate: frames per second. [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) & #x200B; #"
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3,
3,
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Awo-P3t4Ho",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEqccPhsqgA"
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqojgv
|
Whats in between an atom?
|
So my (basic) understanding of atoms is you have a nucleus (also always wondered what exactly a nucleus is made of) and then you have the electrons orbiting around it, like a ring around Saturn. My question is, what is between the ring and the nucleus?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tau5n",
"g4tb05o"
],
"text": [
"Nothing, just empty space. Also, to be more specific, it's not really a ring, more like a cloud (called the atomic orbital) that can have different forms. It describes the position of the electron (as a wave) or a chance of it being located at any specific point (as a particle), quantum mechanics are complicated.",
"So real quick, to answer your question: actually nothing. Now, a quick aside about electrons: they are quantum-mechanical particles. That model of the atom that you’re talking about? It’s somewhat inaccurate. Yes, the protons and neutrons sit at the center, and the electrons “orbit” around them, but we don’t ever know exactly where they are. Due to their nature as a fundamental particle, we cannot know exactly where they are at any given moment, and in order to measure something as small as a single electron, you have to interact with it, which changes the state of that thing right afterwards. Hitting an electron, or group of electrons, to measure where they are, causes them to change energy levels and therefore their location in space. But in between those electrons and the nucleus, there is nothing. No extra particles exist in that space, only the different forces at work within an atom that keep it together. Fun fact: atoms are made up of about 99.9% nothing. The electrons interacting with each other is what keeps you from falling apart, and from falling through the earth or your clothes. *Technically*, you *can never* actually touch anything atom to atom, unless you’re experiencing nuclear fusion/fission."
],
"score": [
26,
4
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqpj87
|
Why does the fibonacci sequence appear so often in nature?
|
Recently saw a video where whales were making a fibonacci spiral URL_0
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tg6ud",
"g4tyt02",
"g4tingg"
],
"text": [
"A whole lot of the supposed \"fibonacci spirals\" that appear in nature, are in fact just general logarithmic spirals, misnamed by people. In fact even your example looks by eye to be a bit too tight to be a true fibonacci spiral. So the answer is that, it doesn't really show up more often than lots of other sequences.",
"Nature does not like overlap and perfect alignment. If tree branches grow directly above one another, the top branch blocks light from reaching the branch below it. Cicadas spend years underground before coming up to eat crops - if all cicadas came up to eat crops on the same year there would not be enough crops for all of them. So nature has evolved to do repetitive things in odd numbers, prime numbers, or other patterns that minimize overlap. The fibonacci sequence is one such pattern. Nature also is rarely exact, so things that are close to the fibonnaci sequence in nature can be approximated so that they match the fibonnaci sequence.",
"It doesn't. Perfect example of confirmation bias. There is no proof they are seen more freuqently than any other numbers. Most of the time, non-fib numbers gets \"fibbed\" by normalizing/changing/playing with numbers."
],
"score": [
26,
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqppk3
|
Why does turning something off and on again seem to fix so many tech problems?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tnmz0",
"g4th75u"
],
"text": [
"Maybe a true ELI5: Imagine the computer being thousands of little workers. When the computer starts, all workers go to their starting position, where they have their tools and their instructions. Then they start working and moving around. Now while working one of them looses it's instructions. One of them looses it's tools. Now imagine that happening to a bunch of workers who work at the same spot, say the graphics card. And also they don't know who to speak to about that. So they basicly wander around being lost. Turning the pc off and on again now makes all workers return to their starting position where they get their instructions and their needed tools again. And now they can properly go to work again. Grossly simplified and probably not the best metaphors but here you go, an eli5 explanation.",
"It is very hard to troubleshoot and bug fix weird problems that occur after many hours of uptime and many hours of random events occurring, especially on home consumer devices. However, turning the system off clears any weird values in memory that were causing these errors and returns you to a clean state, where the large majority of testing was done from."
],
"score": [
18,
5
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[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqq2k2
|
Why do little paper cuts hurt so bad compared to bigger cuts?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tjb51",
"g4tl1lz"
],
"text": [
"Paper cuts often aren't deep enough to draw blood. They do tear the nerves in your skin, and their are a lot of them. Blood has an anti pain property that tells the nerves the cut is being repaired. Without the blood, the nerves keep yelling that there is a problem that needs addressed.",
"Hubris has it right but there an addition to be made. Paper cuts generally happen to your fingers. Since your fingers (mainly the tips) are what you use to feel things there are a lot of nerves in them. As such, they're more sensitive to things like temperature, texture, and other things. Of course the downside to this is that small cuts tend to feel greatly amplified as a result. To see what I mean, you can try prodding your fingers with a pin, then prod the back of your arm. You'll notice that it feels sharper to your fingers. The exception to this will be if you do anything that has given you callouses, for example playing guitar."
],
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9,
3
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[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqqaqt
|
Why do insects have much better vision than humans, despite having smaller eyes?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tl6jd"
],
"text": [
"Depends on how you define “better” Insects have compound eyes that have evolved a number of functions that human eyes don’t have. Dragonflies have nearly 360 degree vision. Bees can see near-UV light. Moths can see in very low light conditions. What they *don’t* typically have is depth and focus. Human eyes have a very different design and are built to track the 3D location of a single object. We do this incredibly well, and your visual distance and clarity blows away that of any insect. You can’t see a full sphere around you at all times, but a dragonfly can’t focus on objects more than a few meters away. Insects live in a very small visual world. And that’s just the best of them, many have terrible vision."
],
"score": [
41
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqqd3o
|
how does suddenly going off medication effect you
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tm3hh"
],
"text": [
"This is a very complicated question, and the response could range from “it doesn’t” to “stopping suddenly could kill you.” But I’ll try and give a general response. Taking medicines causes some portion of the medication to make its way into your blood. From there, it travels all around your body until it can reach the places it is meant to help out. Now most medicines have to reach a certain level of concentration in your blood to really help. Some medicines even have to keep this same effective level for long amounts of time to really make a difference. This last type of medicine is the kind you don’t want to stop suddenly. Without knowing what medicine you’re talking about, I can make the general statement that your body has gotten used to having an effective level of medicine floating in your bloodstream and helping out a certain area. If you stop suddenly, this level begins to drop down, sometimes over only a few hours, sometimes over a couple days. Depending on the medicine, this can cause your body to freak out. All sorts of things can happen, but the general term for this is withdrawal. The same withdrawal we all know about from opioids, where suddenly stopping makes you feel like you are dying (opioid withdrawal itself actually won’t kill you, just to clarify). You will eventually level back out, but there can be repercussions. Stopping antibiotics too early makes bacteria that can resist medicine. Stopping medicines for mental health suddenly could cause your condition to go out of control. Stopping heart medicine suddenly could trigger a heart attack. And so on. Generally speaking, unless it’s something you picked up over the counter and only needed a couple days, you should definitely talk with your doctor before stopping a medication."
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[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqqn41
|
the US election process.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tmqul"
],
"text": [
"For Presidential elections: 1. On Tuesday, November 3rd the US will hold a general election. 2. In that election all eligible voters (any citizen over 18, registered to vote, and not disqualified for some reason) will have an opportunity to go to a polling place and vote. 3. Their ballots will be counted, and their state will select a team of Electors picked based on the state's popular vote results. 4. The Electors from all states will meet together, cast votes, and elect the next President. 5. The new President will take office on Wednesday, January 20."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqraua
|
Is it actually dangerous to unplug a hard drive without "safely removing hardware"?
|
I understand there could be background processes that are happening, but there are definitely times where things don't seem to be happening at all (even when you use a program to detect which processes are running) and a hard drive will still say "it's in use". Can physically unplugging the drive really destroy the drive?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tr99g",
"g4trjqi",
"g4tsqdb"
],
"text": [
"It doesn’t cause any physical damage to the drive itself, but if a program is saving a file to the drive and you unplug it it cannot save the file and you lose the data, and if you do it while the operating system is saving the file allocation table, you can lose everything, the files are still recoverable, but the operating system cannot read the data form the drive, this actually happened to me one time",
"If you move a magnetic hard drive during operation you can cause the heads to hit the spinning plates inside, physically destroying it. But that's usually not what safe removal is for. Hard drives have a small volatile cache that will be lost when it's unpowered, any data just present in that cache that has not been written will be lost. The drive could also be in the progress of writing a longer sequence of data that will be left incomplete, corrupting either the file or the whole file system, making your data unreadable until restored.",
"A mechanical hard drive operates by having a read/write head on the end of a mechanical arm skimming across the surface of the platters of one or more rotating disks. Those heads are kept from hitting the surface by the air dragged along with the platter by its rotation, skimming just a few nanometers above. At that distance they could collide with an obstacle as small as a fingerprint or a single particle of smoke. If you unplug the drive while in use it cuts power to the drive while the heads are out on the platters. In the milliseconds before electrical charge fully fades from the circuits the drive must move the arms and heads to safely park them before they crash into the surface of the disk rotating at thousands of revolutions per second, damaging or destroying themselves and data in the process. Maybe it can do it, maybe not. Going through the proper removal process will prevent that emergency."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqrbqr
|
How does a cranberry bog work?
|
Why does it need to be flooded? If flooding is done to prevent freezing of crops, why wouldn't you collect the crops before winter?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tqw0x"
],
"text": [
"The flooding is an easy way to harvest the berries. Ripe cranberries float on water. So they flood the bog and agitate the vines and the berries come off and float to the top. Then they just have to drag booms or nets across the surface to haul them in. Much easier than if they had to pick each cranberry by hand. [Here's a picture.]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
31
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.oceanspray.com/-/media/Project/OS/Brand-Sites/OceanSpray/Master/Intl-Master/Our-Story/About-Harvest/About-the-harvest-banner-mobile.ashx?h=280&w=375&la=en&hash=15B5C6A97FAD34D14EB0495333535EF5CB0CCA37"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqrxrq
|
What is a chemical castration?
|
Recently there was a meme of the Alabama governor passing a bill allowing pedofiles to be chemically castrated, so what is chemical castration?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4twkkf",
"g4tuqgp"
],
"text": [
"There are certain drugs that affect your libido, reducing your desire for sex, and usually also having other side effects like decreasing aggression or other strong emotions, and often causing weight gain. Sometimes these drugs can interfere with libido so severely that a person is unable to become physically aroused (like in men, unable to maintain an erection). They can also make orgasm difficult or even impossible to achieve so that even if you still wanted sexual pleasure and managed to maintain arousal, you would find yourself unable to climax. The intention is to find a humane solution that doesn't require pedophiles to be permanently incarcerated. If they take these drugs, their desire for sex (and thus, their desire to victimize children) will be chemically reduced or eliminated so they can be safely allowed back into society. It's called \"castration\" because it does many of the same things that literal castration (surgically removing the gonads) does - particularly, the reduction in libido and aggression (especially in men). Your gonads (regardless of your sex) contribute to your behavior in complex ways by producing hormones that affect the rest of the body, including the brain, in very complex ways. Arguably it's very cruel to literally castrate someone, as that is arguably mutilation of their body, and it's a permanent, irreversible thing. In most Western countries, bodily autonomy is one of the most important, foundational rights we have and, indeed, is the very thing that a pedophile violates by using the body of a child (since children can't consent to sex). Chemical castration is reversible\\* (simply stop taking the drugs) and it doesn't harm their body. The chemicals essentially \"turn off\" the gonads so that they either stop producing the hormones that affect behavior, or their effect is blocked or prevented such that the result is *like* physical castration without actually doing it. Chemical castration is still controversial because it still forces someone to take a drug which still arguably violates their bodily autonomy and many of the side effects are *not* easily reversible, like significant weight gain. Some also argue that the behavioral side effects can be cruel, or even the intended effect of killing libido and inhibiting sexual climax. Some may argue that a sex offender is capable of having a normal, healthy sexual relationship with a consenting adult and should be given that option - something impossible with chemical castration. It is not my intention to comment on whether or not chemical castration is humane or a good solution, only to point out the arguments for and against it.",
"Taking drugs that prevent the production of testosterone = chemical castration. Supposed to reduce/eliminate sex drive."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqs08w
|
How do creditcards work on sites like URL_0 ?
|
And is it the same as online payment (on this site)?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tw2s3"
],
"text": [
"The same way they work anywhere else. What's special about URL_0 that would make it any different?"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"booking.com"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqs6kq
|
How exactly does a computer make sense of binary (1s and 0s)?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4twotf"
],
"text": [
"Binary is just a representation of voltages on circuits. Those circuits do basic binary arithmetic (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR), and produce new voltages out the other end accordingly. You line up a lot of those and it looks like you've taught a rock to think using electricity. Binary is just how we represent whether we're putting positive voltage on the line or not."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqspfl
|
If someone buys shares of a company through a brokerage firm, will he still own those shares if the brokerage firm goes bust?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4tz9vp",
"g4uj3ho"
],
"text": [
"Yes. The brokerage firm just handles the transaction, the shares belong to you. The brokerage firm is technically holding them for you as an asset that still exists even if the firm goes bust and you should get them transferred to you. I suspect there's some lag in the administration of that so you might not be able to access the shares for a while but they still belong to you.",
"**Short answer:** similar to bank accounts, brokerage accounts are insured up to a certain amount. This insurance provides protection in case the brokerage firm goes bust, so you will not lose ownership of your shares, mutual funds, etc., up to the insurance limit. For example, brokerage accounts in the US have SIPC insurance covering up to US$500,000 per customer (up to $250,000 in cash). Many brokerage firms carry additional insurance \"above and beyond\" what SIPC provides. **Long answer:** it depends. As implied above, if your account balance is above the insurance limit, then some losses may be possible. The exact answer depends on many factors such as the jurisdiction (US / foreign); Type of account (cash, margin, etc.); How the securities are actually held \"in custody\" (broker/dealer, custodian); The nature of the bankruptcy (mistakes, fraud, etc.)"
],
"score": [
14,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqt5xv
|
What is the "fear of failure"?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4u1ygc",
"g4u4xwm",
"g4u2nb2"
],
"text": [
"It means that if you don't try to do something then you won't have to face the possibility of failing at it. Or simply put, I can't lose a race if I don't participate in it.",
"Most humans are naturally risk adverse and dislike losing more than they like winning. This means that if you bet $1 and win $1 it does not make you as happy as betting $1 and losing it makes you feel bad. It also means not having something can be fine and having something (or thinking you have it) and losing it feels bad. On a hot day you are fine not having an ice cream cone. But if someone hands you an ice cream cone and then takes it away you feel bad. Fear of failure is often a fear of hope. If you do not try to accomplish something you do not have it. If you try to accomplish something and fail, you have the hope of it and then lose that hope. For many people it is psychologically easier and more comfortable to just accept not having something than to try for it and fail.",
"To put it another way fear of failure is being concerned enough with failing at doing something enough that just not doing it becomes an attractive choice."
],
"score": [
11,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqt87y
|
Why do medical dramas with graphic depictions of injuries have lower age ratings than horror/thriller movies that show the same?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4u2zb5"
],
"text": [
"Europe in general has a significantly lower tolerance for violence than they do the human body. The rating difference is likely due to the violence alone. The United States is the opposite, graphic violence usually falls into the pg-13 range while nudity tends to fall into R (Parent permission required) Simple cultural/government oversight differences."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqtx4c
|
Is there such thing as a dry liquid? (My 8yr old asked me this and Google is not helping)
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4u7bqb",
"g4u7kjp",
"g4ubox3",
"g4u7odf"
],
"text": [
"In chemistry liquids without water in them are referred to as dry. Liquid metals are not \"wet\" either (they do not leave moisture behind, nor contain moisture) same with liquid rock (magma/lava)",
"Liquid is a state of matter, where atoms are free to move. That's not at all the same as \"wet\" which is the ability to be absorbed into/onto a solid. Many liquids do not wet many solids. Stick a glass rod in a beaker of mercury and when you pull it out it will be dry, the mercury will not have wet it as say water would have. While that means water won't wet glass, it doesn't make mercury \"dry\" as it's clearly still a liquid.",
"A liquid \"wetting\" a surface is what happens when it sticks, spreads out, and generally attaches itself to that surface due to weak chemical interactions. Think how water drops stick to glass. Gasoline tends to \"wet\" your skin more than water, it spreads into a thin film rather than beading up into drops. On the other hand, elemental mercury doesn't \"wet\" skin, glass, or plastic virtually at all! It forms nearly perfect beads that slide off without sticking. Look at some videos of mercury to see what I'm talking about (mercury is quite poisonous).",
"I don't know if I'm correct because college chemistry was a looonnnggggg time ago, but my guess would be Mercury. Depending on your age you probably didn't get to play with it like I did when I was young, but when you sqish a larger ball of it Mercury scatters into tiny balls. Conversely, push the tiny balls together and you have a big ball again. The more that I've been writing the more the dust starts to clear and I'm fairly confident that it's the correct answer. Research Mercury, you may find the answer there."
],
"score": [
23,
9,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqtzdj
|
What is the revenue model of WhatsApp? They don't run any ads, they don't have any subscription charges, and even the chat is encrypted so they can't track user behaviour. How do they generate money?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4u8zyn",
"g4u7710"
],
"text": [
"I know a little bit about this - WhatsApp was purchased for a few combined reasons - one - to control a competitor from getting too powerful and eroding their core business; two - to prevent another competitor from acquiring them (TenCent) Three - Facebook was able to validate / check a massive amount of data (like phone numbers, names) in their master DB Four - there are plans to monetize WhatsApp that are being tested; mostly for b2c applications - like marketing messaging, linking WhatsApp numbers to your FB business pages, support channel / help bots, etc.",
"Their business model is obstruction of a competitor to Facebook. Facebook owns them, and thus makes sure they stay in their lane. This prevents anybody else from using Whatsapp to make money, perhaps through ads, that might impact Facebook's ad revenue."
],
"score": [
10,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iquiso
|
Why is it that you can keep a house phone on it's charging dock for years and it doesn't destroy the battery where as a cellphone will eventually wither over just a couple years if you charge it for too long everyday?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4umtz6",
"g4un289",
"g4uaggq",
"g4ufwwp",
"g4ugs0k",
"g4ugre9",
"g4v8aqv",
"g4uplar",
"g4umukd",
"g4v6g4m",
"g4wai1l",
"g4vpbj5",
"g4vhgxt",
"g4vz4j0",
"g4w9e85"
],
"text": [
"It's not the continuous charging that damages modern cellphones. Modern smart phones have smart charging causing them to switch to a trickle charge that keeps the battery topped off without over charging. There is some truth that keeping a cellphones batter near 100% often will damage the cells, but it's not because of overcharging. The reason cellphone batteries weaken overtime is just wear and tear at the atomic level. Overtime as the battery charges and discharges the materials inside get worn and degrade and just don't work as well so they drain faster. Things that accelerate this wearing of cells are things like: * Letting the lithium battery fully drain before charging * Constantly charging to 100% * Excess heat builup * Freezing cold temperatures. The above puts extra strain on the cells and makes them degrade faster. If you avoid these things the cells will still degrade from everyday charging, but not nearly as fast. You also have to consider the phone is doing more work overtime as things update. As software/apps update they become more power/resource hungry. Your phone is going to drain the battery faster as it uses more processing power to handle the new software giving the illusion that your battery is going bad. Same idea as your computer is slowing down after a couple of years. It's the same speed, the games are just more demanding. Comparing this to a portable house phone isn't really accurate. Your house phone most likely has the same problem with a worn out battery, You just don't use it for hours on end. If you have an old portable phone it may very well only last 10 minutes these days where when it was new it would last hours.",
"Edit: ELI5 version. The batteries are different types on the inside. The cell phone type gets hurt at 100% charge and the cordless house phone type lasts longer at 100%, plus the house phone type is much cheaper and easier to replace (so even if it doesn’t last super long, it’s not a big deal). Edit2: ELI20 now features more ELI20-like-explanations In parentheses. I've worked in the battery biz for 10 years. Most commercial li-ion batteries don't handle high state of charge (battery % shown on your device) very well as the oxidation rate (how fast the liquid inside is getting used up) of the electrolyte is high at this state, so you lose lithium ions rapidly (battery can’t store as much charge.) This causes loss of capacity (runtime). The internal resistance (resistance is the phenomenon that reduces battery power) of the battery goes up at the same time, and it can't charge/discharge as quickly anymore, so the end effect is it can't perform well in the device (the device needs a certain amount of power, which the battery will eventually struggle to deliver) and this actually accelerates the capacity fade even more. (Battery loss of runtime will get worse each day) Most household phones are Ni-MH chemistry which is much lower energy density (heavier and less sexy) but handles high state of charge much better. They used to put Ni-MH in cell phones in the mid-to-late 90s, they were big, bulky, and didn't have a lot of talk time. Li-ion was better in every way for cell phones. For household phones this isn't really a problem, and Ni-MH is much cheaper to implement, plus they are more easily customer replaceable (they don’t catch on fire, and are widely available) You can get a much longer lifetime out of lithium-ion batteries by implementing lower maximum voltage, for example 4.1V max charging voltage instead of 4.2V. This is called derating and is used in more high-end applications like Teslas (4.1V is normal charging mode, 4.2V is \"extended range\" mode which you shouldn't use if you don't have to). \"Regular\" lithium-ion batteries are usually charged to 4.2V and the device makers don't give a shit about the long term longevity, they just want to advertise longer runtime on a single charge at beginning of life.",
"When a battery is fully charged the power doesn't go to the battery it just skips it and makes sure it just retains its full charge and only rarely uses its battery. A cellphone/mobile phone constantly drains and recharges. This constant discharge and recharge is what damages batteries. If you kept your cellphone on charge 24/7 it would be the same as the house phone. Additional: while batteries do degrade over time when on charge continously, trickle charging reduces battery performance by a very negligible amount that you wouldn't notice it over a 12-18 month period at all upon taking it off charge plus if its always on charge its not like it matters. There are external factors which will impact the performance more than trickle charging such as heat.",
"In addition to the other answer about not constantly discharging it, the chances are that you rarely use the house phone for an extended period of time. If the battery can last a few hours when the phone is new, even if it loses half its capacity over a couple of years, you'll never notice the decrease if you only use it for 10-20 minutes at a time.",
"I think there are three effects at play here: 1. You don’t really notice that your cordless house phone’s battery only has 40% of the capacity it started with. 1. Keeping a battery charged is not really damaging. They do age over time and at least for Li-Ion batteries apparently it’s best to store them at ~60% and relatively cool temperatures. But simply being plugged in and kept at 100% isn’t really bad. 1. Deep discharge is harmful for most rechargable batteries. You probably only discharge your house phone by a few percent, then immediately charge it again. 1. Cell phone manufacturers try to put as much charge as possible into the battery. This means charging to high voltages and discharging to very low voltages. They are also charged much more quickly and get hot a lot more. This is bad for battery life. A properly cooled and carefully charged battery (like in electric vehicles) will live longer.",
"When I had home cordless phones with batteries, I’d have to change the batteries every couple years on those, too, or else they’d only have a few minutes of talk time.",
"> a cellphone will eventually wither over just a couple years if you charge it for too long everyday? I think you began with a misconception. Your phone's battery does not become weaker over time if you charge it too often. In fact quite the opposite, if you don't charge it enough, areas of the cell can crystallize and stop acting as battery capacity. URL_0",
"House phone batteries are low amps, low voltage, and very simple. They don't need to run a fairly powerful CPU, Memory and huge, bright touchscreen, 4G internet transmitter/receiver, and all the other gadgets in a smartphone. So the batteries are much less powerful and complex, and the phone itself can tolerate a greater loss in performance from the battery before it's noticable. Ontop of that, cellphones batteries are almost or completely discharged regularly, which is the main cause of battery life decreasing. Home phone batteries are very rarely completely discharged, or even go below 75%",
"I came here thinking that the OP was talking about corded house phones which do not have a battery and are powered by the low voltage of the telephone line; totally forgot about cordless phones. We had to change the batteries on the cordless phones every so often as well, this usually meant a trip to the local Radio Shack with the battery in hand to get the right one. Every now and then the replacement battery was just as much as a new cordless phone which we would return with a new home phone and spend the next few hours programming in the auto-dials, which would also result in an argument as to which family member was in which position on the auto-dial.",
"It doesn't, and the supposed \"battery expert\" currently at top comment is regurgitating shit that hasn't been true since 2005. You're not \"charging it too long\" it's just normal wear and tear.",
"I watched a video from an MIT professor and he said keeping it 100 all the time is probably the best. Batteries don't display it's real charge. They don't ever go to 0% nor do they go to 100% it's a non linear graph. When you charge closer to full, the voltage and amp goes down slowing the rate of charging. Charging from 0 to 100 is different and more damaging to the battery than charging from 60 to 90 a few times. It is also in relation to the temperature of the battery. Short charging time equals small increase in temperature. I always charged my old phone in short cycles for over 3 yrs and it never had battery issues. I do the same with my current phone as well. Some people still think you have to let it go all the way to 0 before charging. That's bad because you have to wait longer for the phone and does more damage to the battery.",
"My experience with wireless house phones is contrary to your very premise. All batteries decay.",
"What you're describing isn't a thing. Hasn't been for decades actually, it doesn't apply to li-ion",
"I love how all the explanations skip right over the question. What's the difference between old cordless phone batteries that last for more years than cell phone batteries?",
"House phone = Nimh battery Cell phone = Lithium Ion Two different chemistries. LI ion holds more energy but is less stable. NiMh holds less energy but is more forgiving and stable."
],
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2461,
357,
138,
43,
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11,
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8,
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4,
3,
3,
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"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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[
"www.batteryuniversity.com"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iquw16
|
What does it mean when someone says that they are a furry?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4udiak"
],
"text": [
"Loosely speaking, \"furries\" are people that have some sort of affinity for anthropomorphized animals (animals with human traits). There's a spectrum of seriousness to it, with some people treating it like a D & D character that's fun to play as, and it being an extremely serious part of others' lives on the other end of the spectrum. There's often, but not always, a sexual component to it. At the most extreme, you get \"otherkin,\" which are people who are convinced that they are in some biological or spiritual way their \"fursona,\" (the furry character they identify with) or otherwise affiliated with some human-animal hybrid. With that said, it's important to note that there is a distinction between furries and otherkin, and a significant portion of furries reject otherkin as part of the group."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqv045
|
How come some online retailers don't accept prepaid debit cards?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ue596"
],
"text": [
"Fraud. Prepaid debit cards are involved in a lot of fraud cases. In general, retailers that participate in fraudulent transactions lose money on them. It's a tradeoff, you lose some legit transactions, on which you would have made money, and you avoid bad transactions, on which you would have lost money. Merchants crank out this math problem and act accordingly - to make as much money as possible."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqvdav
|
how is it that after 2 hours of staying still while awake is uncomfortable but we can stay unmoving for 8+ hours while asleep?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uhkja"
],
"text": [
"Your body constantly adjusts itself while asleep. You're not conscious when this happens, but it does get uncomfortable, rolls a bit, and resettles itself periodically."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqvh2x
|
Why do some digital displays jitter when chewing
|
I hope somebody knows what I mean by this - but I was looking at this digital thermometer display and chewing on something crunchy and the numbers on the display seem to jitter, like vibrate with each bite much more than any of the non-digital things around it. The numbers seem to almost float off the display and can move beyond the edge of the screen. Also happens when brushing my teeth, but not with everything. For example, I don’t see this effect with my iPhone screen. It’s also weird that the numbers don’t seem to jiggle together, if the brain is processing the digital light differently than non-digital, then why wouldn’t all the numbers jiggle in the same direction together?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uou9c",
"g4ugqao"
],
"text": [
"u/Dunsparces already explained what's happening to our eyes and brains to cause the shaking effect, I'll try to explain why the characters jitter in different directions on digital displays. Most digital displays aren't constantly on, they're flashing on and off very rapidly in order to update to display new information. The parts of our eyes that detect light can't instantly tell if there's light or dark, they take time to adjust. If you look at the display without moving, this delay and our brain's own filtering masks the flickering. If you move the display at all, the light it emits with each flash will hit a different part of your eye, and you start to see the flickering. Try focusing your eyes on something in the distance and then quickly sweeping the digital thermometer display across your view. This effect is less noticeable the faster a display updates and the smaller the individual pixels are, and devices like phones and computer monitors have very fast update rates with millions of tiny lights, while less complex displays like your thermometer have a slower update rate with larger lights and are more noticeable. In the case of your thermometer, each character in the display is flashing separately, so they appear at a different time and as your eyeball bounces with your chewing, the letters will look like they're moving individually.",
"When you're chewing or brushing your teeth, you're moving your entire head, eyes included. Your brain has evolved to ignore a lot of signals it receives that are irrelevant, so it doesn't have to process every single thing you sense at all times. What this means is that you don't notice your whole field of view jittering around like that in most cases. The issue comes up when you're focusing on something small and close to your eyes. Since you're making an effort to take in the visual signal of thin digital numbers, your brain can't do its usual filtering of that small movement of your eyes. If you do the same thing looking at a distant landscape without focusing on one particular thing, you wouldn't see it at all."
],
"score": [
10,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqvhbn
|
How do prosthetics work?
|
Like do they use neural feedback or do they follow your arm movements
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ui1lc"
],
"text": [
"So prosthetics have been advancing constantly. The original movable prosthetics typically had hidden buttons or switches that were activated by specific muscle movements. For example say you lose your arm, and got a prosthetic where you can open and close the hand, the opening/closing action was controlled by moving muscles in your shoulder a certain way. New more advanced prosthetics have taken this a step further, instead of just using muscles thatre left to flip a switch, now some will use electrodes and computers to capture and interpret that muscle movement. Or some will actually tie directly into what are left of the nerves that used to run to the limb you lost. Not every prosthetic has all these functions, they are still relatively new and can be expensive, but they do exist."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqvjl8
|
Why do some barbershops have these spinning red, white and blue stripes?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uh3rs"
],
"text": [
"Yes. Above answers correct but Doctors at the time were allowed to prescribe but not cut. Hence surgeons these days are called 'Mister' and not 'Doctor' (at least in the UK)"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqvxqa
|
Whats the science behind process of losing weight? Why and how does the process differ for different individuals?
|
I have started trying to finally get rid of the extra weight but I get conflicting info about weight loss in different places. What is the actual process through which the body's fat just disappears? I just feel if I knew this it would help me in my weight loss journey. Thanks in advance.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uj8vt",
"g4ukfp6",
"g4ujvec",
"g4uk41g"
],
"text": [
"As you go about your life, you use energy. If you intake more energy than you use, then you are storing some. For humans, this is in the form of fat. Likewise, if you are using more energy than you consume, then you are burning this energy storage. This is just thermodynamics. Fat cells are made of, fat, simply enough. When you burn that fat, it reacts with things in your body, and breaks down, eventually into CO2 and other waste products, also releasing the energy that you use to move around and survive. The CO2 is released in your breath, and the other waste is released when you defecate. The goal, for pure weight loss is balancing that equation of energy input and energy output, through eating less food, lower calorie food, and using as much energy as you can. Being completely healthy adds numerous complications, but the basic premise is that without having that favorable balance, you will not lose weight.",
"> What is the actual process through which the body's fat just disappears? When you burn body fat, after it gets metabolized, it gets transformed into carbon dioxide at the end of the process, which you then exhale through the lungs.",
"The basic formula to losing weight is to consume less calories than you use. When you do that, your body will start using fat as a fuel source and that’s how you will lose that. What’s more complicated is what determines calories in and calories out, especially calories out. So running on a treadmill will burn calories, but for weight loss, you actually might be better off building muscle. Those exercises don’t burn calories necessarily, but if you have more muscle, your body will burn more calories throughout the day(and also, muscle takes up less space than fat, so even if you don’t lose weight, having more muscle will make you slimmer).",
"When your body needs to do some work the cells will do a controlled chemical reaction between oxygen and either sugar, fat or protein to generate the energy it needs as well as carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Your body always needs energy to stay alive and an average basal metabolic rate is at 1500 kcal/day even without any exercise. If you do exercise then you might add another 200 kcal/hour during your exercise depending on how hard you work out. As you see even if you are exercising a couple of hours every day it is not adding that much to your energy needs. I am not saying exercise is bad but it does not actually help that much with weight loss. The best way to lose weight is to eat less. The problem is that your body is hard wired to crave more food then it needs. So it is extremely hard to stay hungry all day. There are various diets that helps you reduce food intake without feeling as hungry. But there are also studies showing that any diet, it does not matter what it is, will make you lose weight just because you become conscious of what and how much you are eating. However the body is also very adaptable and staying on a diet will make you body adapt to it and find out how to get you to eat more again."
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqvypt
|
Why does math often times use two very similiar looking letters?
|
Like a pair of (p and q) or (i and j) or (m and n). The worst one for me personally is (u and v). An example for the last one is the chain rule. And the (i and j) one made matrixes even more of a hell for me. & #x200B; Depending on the hand writing (and the distance between you and the board) they look so similiar that one may check it twice (sometimes to ther point of being barely distinguishable). & #x200B; What is the purpose of that? It looks very redundant and has seemingly not a single advantage.
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uj4e1",
"g4unhm2"
],
"text": [
"It's not so much that they wanted them to look the same, it's just that when you're dealing with two similar things, it's helpful conceptually to use consecutive letters (because then if you have to you can expand your process and just use the next letter). Unfortunately we do a lot of math so a lot of letters are already spoken for in the sort of \"standard\" (if there is such a thing) notation and a lot of letters are spoken for more than once.",
"Sometimes it's historical (i and j I believe are). Some letters and Greek symbols are avoided because they have specific meanings. But usually I think it is just to denote \"these variables fulfill similar functions, but aren't the same\". That can be a bit helpful but obviously can create problems, particularly in situations where it can be difficult to distinguish them. And the use of certain variables in certain situations has become rather entrenched. It's in multiple textbooks, and teachers use them because of that and because it was how they were taught. I'd also point out that if your ability to distinguish different variables depends on how close you are sitting to the board, you might have an issue with your distance vision. Consider getting a vision test. The inability to make out some letters quickly is how a lot of schoolchildren are found to need corrective lenses. Of course, there's no easy fix for a teacher with crappy writing skills. All you can do is repeatedly ask \"Teacher, is that a v or a u?\". They might become more careful if they realize that their writing is causing a problem with understanding."
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqw4v0
|
Why do gnats swarm in seemingly random spots in mid air?
|
I see little gnats in small swarms just flying around in just random spots in the air. Not necessarily over trash or standing water, just in a ball of gnats in the air. What's the reason?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ulubi",
"g4uluvn",
"g4w70yt"
],
"text": [
"When they are swarming they are mating. You are basically watching an orgy. When they are done they will go lay their eggs (often on decaying plant matter) and then typically die. Some species are attracted to street lights and the like others are not.",
"When female gnats are ready to reproduce they release a hormone that attracts males. Swarming is the result. They will often do this above an object, like a fence post or even someone's head.",
"It can't just be mating. In my brother's back yard in Michigan, there is a 6-8 foot tall \"column\" of gnats, in fact I call them column gnats. They have held the same position for years over the summer, generation after generation. In fact, if you walk into the mist of it, thyey just move up above your head, then return after you step out of their zone. They are there all summer, so it's can't just be mating."
],
"score": [
92,
24,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqwd6i
|
Why do people use the term 'property' to refer to houses/buildings for?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4ulker",
"g4ulxjv",
"g4usupr"
],
"text": [
"Estate is everything, property is just the building or land. So when someone passes and they leave their estate, they are leaving the house, money, cars, stocks.... everything.",
"You're right about both ways, property means anything you own which would include buildings or land. It's (in my experience) most used to refer to property taxes, which is a tax on estates. So while property means anything you own, because of the tax it's just more common to hear it in reference to land.",
"Legally as well as for discussion there are a variety of definitions here: Real Property of Real Estate: Real property is land and things permanently affixed to the ground (as well as certain parts above and below, depending on jurisdiction and title). There is a \"bundle of rights\" associated with real estate that includes rights to every different aspect (to lease, to use, access, exclude, farm, build, etc). Personal Property: Anything owned that is not permanently affixed to the ground, also referred to as chattel. \"Property\" is a more general term used in conversation that can refer to any or all of the above."
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqwmn9
|
If the body stores energy in the form of fat on our bodies why can't we completely exhaust our energy stores before we refuel with food instead of having to refuel every couple hours of everyday when we already have energy on our bodies?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4un7k2",
"g4unrc5",
"g4unsaz"
],
"text": [
"We can, it's just not healthy. You'd start to get malnourished. The body needs a lot of different kinds of nutrients not just straight energy. Once you're out of fat you'd immediately enter starvation and start eating other proteins like muscle, so even if nutrients weren't a problem if we just depleted our fat, we'd be risking our non renewable tissue as well.",
"Fat stores are not particularly efficient, and require energy to break down the fat to regain the calories. It works in a pinch, and was absolutely vital in our evolution as hunters and gatherers, where days between meals could happen, but it's not something that works well for trying to eat one massive meal and living off the fat storage. Your body prioritizes new calories over the old ones because it takes less effort to obtain them, then switches to old calories (fat) when you are deprived.",
"You could, to an extant. There’s two major problems. 1. You still need vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Only energy, calories, is stored in fat, you have to keep eating to get all those other essential vitamins and minerals. Going a long time without them will lead to issues as parts of your body start to stop functioning. 2. Your body can burn fat, especially fat that is between your muscles and skin with no issues, but you do still need a layer of fat internally around all your organs. Pretty much all you organs have a layer of fat around them to give them some extra cushioning and protection. So hypothetically if you were still taking you daily nutrients through supplements, drinking water, and stopping before you started eating into the fat protecting your organs, you could do it with not many issues. Besides always feeling hungry and then probably getting mad Diarrhea if you start eating too quickly, especially things like meats."
],
"score": [
10,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqwocu
|
Why did the production of Grease cast such old actors to play teenagers?
|
John Travolta was 24 years old when the movie was filmed, Olivia Newton-John was 30. Why would they cast obviously old actors/actresses to play roles that were aged 18-19?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4unpyv",
"g4uopj5",
"g4unvh0"
],
"text": [
"This is the case with virtually all big-budget films and television productions. Simply put it's easier to work with older actors. They are better/more experienced at their job, they have more freedom to work when and where they need to, are more able to understand the management and business side of the production, and they are less likely to have the emotional/physical issues that real teenagers deal with. Also, no one really cares. Superheros don't really exist either, but we pretend for the sake of the film. We know that these aren't really teenagers, but they are ACTING like teenagers and that's good enough. And to be honest they probably portray being a teenager better than a teenager does, most of the time.",
"They were young enough that the idea of \"suspension of disbelief\" still applied. They had more experience acting, and they were already known so it made the movie a bigger draw. Not to mention that at the time it was probably safer to have adults play the lead roles since it was about a summer fling. It's just like anything else. It was a product of the time.",
"I don't know but my guess would be - It is a musical. Think broadway. This was well before the days of Glee and such crap."
],
"score": [
30,
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqwp1q
|
How does sugar turn into cotton candy?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4unhya",
"g4uo1bs"
],
"text": [
"Its still sugar but they use a machine to melt it and spin it so it creates very thin strands of sugar, that's the fluffy stuff.",
"Cotton candy is just really thing strands of sugar, so all the cotton candy machine does is melt it and then spin it really fast so the sugar rehardens into very thin wispy strands that you can wrap around a stick."
],
"score": [
9,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqwt8s
|
why can we focus and unfocus (blur) our sight?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uq7ci"
],
"text": [
"To see things at different distances clearly. \"Unfocused\" isn't so much being not focused, it's just being focused at a different distance (than what you're looking at). But you need to be able to manually focus if you want to both be able to see a screen door and see *through* the screen door, at will. Autofocus on cameras sometimes messes this up, for example, especially trying to take pictures through a chain-link fence."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqx9pj
|
Why does smoke getting in your eyes sting so much?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4utzwn"
],
"text": [
"I haven't researched this, but I think it is because most smoke has a variety of irritating chemicals. Most notably carbon dioxide, benzene, or formaldehyde, which when exposed to the eye are direct irritants. Carbon monoxide when mixed with tears forms carbonic acid, a strong irritant. Essentially the chemicals in the smoke irritate your eye tissue. Another example of a similar process would be cutting onions. They release propyl sulfoxide as a defense when cut which changes into sulfuric acid in your eye, causing a burning sensation."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqxrdh
|
What is happening biologically when we experience heartache or a gut wrenching feeling?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4vevgg",
"g4vf6gy"
],
"text": [
"ELI5? You're an animal. A primate specifically. And evolution has primed us with thousands of specific adaptions to survive our predators. One of those is the **acute stress response**, better known as ['flight or fight']( URL_0 ). Which involves flooding our systems with cocktails of hormones to devote resources towards immediate survival. Unfortunately for us now living *out* of the food chain, the response is hair-triggered by design. After all, there was no such thing as *nearly* escaping your predators. You either live to reproduce or you don't. Meaning your bodies have a habit of going all-in at the slightest provocation. Even in situations where it's not appropriate, such as stressful social situations or receiving bad news. So to specifically answer your question - what's happening is a sudden cascade of signalling hormones that up the heart rate, dilate the pupils, halt digestion, flush your face, shake the muscles, bring your brain into hyper-arousal and prepare for a situation that the body thinks is life or death.",
"I have no biology background so take this with a grain of salt. But I read an article about generational trauma and it mentioned that feeling from great sense of grief, sadness, or “heartache” creates that feeling in the pit of your stomach, empty sensation. It essentially is your body responding like it’s being attacked without actually being under attack. specifically it manifests in your gut. This trauma then can lead to auto immune diseases and digestive issues if the shock is so great."
],
"score": [
24,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqxss9
|
why do most 1080p+ HD webcams/nanny cams look terrible, but a DSLR streaming at 720p or less looks amazing by comparison?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uv5yd",
"g4uvcst"
],
"text": [
"Dslrs have much better lenses and sensors than webcams. Resolution (also megapixels for phones) doesn't matter too much past a certain point.",
"It isn’t about the pixel resolution. It’s about the lens. A webcam lens is the size of a fingernail. A dslr lens is the size of a cup of coffee. The larger lens allows for a more professional looking depth of field, not to mention that the camera will have more control and capability for exposure, focus, aperture, iso, etc. Basically, pixel resolution is actually not a big factor in whether something looks pro."
],
"score": [
8,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iqy6mz
|
Is fasting for a whole day good for you?
|
Is it good to abstain from eating anything during a whole day, and then to eat normally the next day and repeat the process? In what way (if any) is abstaining from eating doing any good for the body? Does fasting improve or disturb one's cognitive functions such as the ability to concentrate and be productive?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4vkt29"
],
"text": [
"From an older askscience comment on the topic: > Cells in the body must constantly assess how much energy is available, and one way of doing that is by sensing insulin levels. The pancreas releases insulin in response to high levels of glucose (fed state), which tells cells to take up insulin from the blood (conversely, glucagon increases blood glucose levels). Most cells have a receptor on their surface that insulin can bind to. It sends a signal into the cell that does a number of things, one of which involves repressing a stress response. > When insulin is low, this signal is turned off, and the stress response is allowed to turn back on. This tells the cell to begin conserving its energy, by increasing recycling of its old cellular components (primarily by autophagy, explained in the post by swilts) and maintaining its current ones in a healthy state (chaperones maintain protein structure, DNA repair enzymes maintain the genome). In addition, it can induce death of cells that are too unhealthy (by apoptosis). > The way I understand it, this translates into better health by (and i hate to use this word) \"detoxifying\" the body by helping cells clean up \"junk\" and to eliminate weaker cells. Again, someone else could probably expound further on the systemic physiology of how this translates into improved health/longer lifespan. > So, during a fast, you probably wouldn't want to stress your body further by going out in the cold, climbing a mountain, or getting sick. Also, it could possibly inhibit growth of some tissues. But, some fasting can be beneficial, as a lot of evidence shows. So to break down your questions. My experience is not with single day, but multiple day fasts, up to a week or more. > Is it good to abstain from eating anything during a whole day, and then to eat normally the next day and repeat the process? In a word, yes. > In what way (if any) is abstaining from eating doing any good for the body? Autophagy(auh tof fah gee) is activated and various sticky proteins are cleaned out. > Does fasting improve or disturb one's cognitive functions such as the ability to concentrate and be productive? The hunger period in the initial stages(first three days) is annoying as expected on your concentration, but can be remedied with some psyllium husk pills and water. These will adsorb the water and sit in your stomach hitting all the pressure sensors and taking a large edge off the hunger. Also from usually the third day, you will experience some intense weakness and light headedness if you don't replenish some basic electrolytes like potassium, magnesium and sodium. You can find these in zero kcal drink mixes like gatorade zero or anything with those elements on the label. Don't overdo that either, drink sparingly until your symptoms vanish, too much and you'll just give yourself diarrhoea. Its also helpful to keep up the psyllium husk pills in order to avoid diarrhoea as it will provide some zero kcal bulk. So when all of the above is in order, your concentration jumps noticeably, your energy levels are higher. The only other downside I might add is some drop in core body temp, but that may be just personal bias. Further viewing: URL_0 I don't condone long term fasts for anyone under the age of 18, pregnant women, people suffering anaemia or low BMI fyi"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1b08X-GvRs"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iqydaf
|
What happens after petitions reach their requested signatures? What power do they hold?
|
Just wondering because I have never been followed up with once a petition is finished!
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g4uzlay",
"g4uzd2h",
"g4v1m6s"
],
"text": [
"Unless it is a legally required petition - such as a ballot initiative - they generally hold no power at all. Petitions are an attempt to influence policy-makers. However, such policy-makers normally ignore them because they do not actually represent any significant faction they would need to worry about.",
"What petitions? In what legal system? Country? Level of government?",
"It depends on the country. In most countries it depends on how many signatures it gets as to how serious it’s taken. Using the U.K. as an example. If a petition gains 10,000 signatures it must receive a response from the government. If a petition gains 100,000 signatures then it will be considered for debate from the legislature of the country. Where not only the government will have to speak about it but every representative of the country will get a chance to debate about it."
],
"score": [
7,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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