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irqnj0
|
How do humans go from growing in water in the womb to oxygen breathing once birthed?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"while inside the womb, you are effectively not breathing by yourself, the lung are not formed and your getting all you require off the placenta(so the mother), even at the stage the lung are formed and \" usable\", they are filled with fluid until birth so they aren't functional, if they were the fetus would likely be in distress(drowning is pretty painful).",
"in utero, nutrients and oxygen are transfered to the baby via the umbilical cord. Upon being born, each baby instinctively takes its very first breath and starts breathing.",
"Part of the delivery process is squeezing the fetus/infant by the uterus, then through the vagina... which compresses the torso, and lungs, and squishes the amniotic fluid out about the same time the mouth & nose are hitting air. Also, lying a baby head-low across the woman's belly helps drain the lungs. As long as the umbilical cord is attached at both ends, the fetus/baby is getting oxygen so it's not really an immediate need like you or I would feel after holding our breath underwater."
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|
irqrdb
|
How do connections work in the business world?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"When people need to hire other people it's 10000% easier to hire someone you already know and trust, instead of shuffling through a stack of random strangers. So, by making friends with people who are in charge of making decisions, you will get a leg up on any potential offerings. Make friends, talk to strangers, be a people person, and make a good impression. People will remember you, and you will be at the forefront of their mind the next time they need someone, and you can take advantage of those opportunities.",
"The old saying is \"It's Not What You Know. It's Who You Know\" Networking 'events' are 99% useless. It's just a bunch of desperate people shoving business cards into each others faces. Nothing of use will come from it. So, how do you network then? You need to hang out where the business people are and get to know them without being pushy or coming off like you want something. The stereotypical place used to be golf, but apparently now it's cycling. Private schools and University are other places. Parents don't send their kids to private school because they learn more, it's because who they meet. The children of rich people. You don't learn that much more at Harvard or MIT, it's the friends you make there that are most important. Only 30% of jobs ever make it job boards. If this is where you are looking for work, you're fighting with 1000s of others. You've already lost. When hiring, the first thing you do is go to your network. Old coworkers, friends, family, kids and ask: \"You know anybody who does X?\" This is why, no matter what job you have, you need to do good work / work hard, be friendly and leave on good terms. Those people you work with will move on and so will you. And when they find a good job, and remember you, the will give you a call and get you in. Even if your boss sucks, if you quit no notice and fuck over your coworkers, they'll remember that and no future job offers will come your way. It really helps if you are a people person, and can remember faces. But even if you aren't, you need to make an effort to keep old friendships alive. Just check in with people every once and awhile to let them know you remember them.",
"So, basically if you are introverted, might as well give up now?",
"It's literally just your ability to make friends and polite acquaintances with interested, like-minded, and/or useful people. For example, I used to work at a nonprofit. I'm now in academia doing psychology. If I ever felt like studying the work psychology of nonprofit employees, I have \"connections\" I can talk to that can either 1) directly work with me or 2) can at least give me some information and recommend others who might work with me. I made this connection by working with them. But you can make connections in any way. Bumping into someone somewhere is thing that happens. The way I got my first job out of college was that I went to a nonprofit board meeting to talk with them because our student org was interested in working together (engineering projects). One of the directors liked me, and offered me a job after I graduated. It wasn't anything fancy, but was nice to get something to plan on. Another common one among graduates from my University is to look up older alumni and see if they are willing to give them information (e.g., leads on a company that's hiring) or recommend them for a job at their company. Internal recommendations at companies carry a lot of weight. At lots of workplaces you have no chance of being hired without an internal recommendation (this includes giants like Google and Facebook). Like you MIGHT be hired, but it's way harder. It's the same as you choosing between a random potential hire and someone you know. You typically prefer someone you know, assuming things are relatively equal. That's it really. The reason \"connections\" can be ... Problematic is that there's an obvious economic, gender and racial component: rich white men are the most likely to have connections in the first place because women, minorities and the poor haven't been able to compete until recently in history, and most powerful people are still upper class white men, who unconsciously prefer people like themselves, which is other upper class white men. This is just human nature btw, we prefer people who remind us of ourselves. Also a lot of people find the idea of trying to make connections \"for business\" sketchy and immoral. I don't really understand why. I guess they see it as \"using\" someone. But like that's literally what friendship really is anyway: we \"use\" each other in a mutually beneficial, agreed upon way, except in friendship it's \"for fun,\" and for business contacts, it's for work."
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"url"
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[
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|
irqsco
|
Why are there suddenly so many prepaid phone services, such as Yahoo and Mint to name a couple?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g51aicg"
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"text": [
"You know major retail chains, auto manufacturers and even airlines started offering their own branded Visa or MasterCard? They did so to spread brand awareness and get a piece of the credit card revenue. All these prepaid cells are kinda of the same thing. They are buying access to cell networks and cell minutes in bulk contracts at prices you or I could never get. They then make their own line of cellphones and plans for what ever the going rate in your area is. It's not really all that new of a thing. My first cellphone I owned was a MuchMusic branded flip phone. (90s) I think that the reason you're seeing an increase is because the market for cellphones is pretty saturated and there isn't much to really make one carrier or line of phones stand out. So the cell companies do these deals with Yahoo and so on because there still some room in the niche market for branded stuff. Some people are more brand motivated than others, so a Yahoo! plan might appeal to some people."
],
"score": [
3
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"url"
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[
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|
irqy05
|
How do doctors determine what prescription of eyeglasses to give an infant?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g518v36"
],
"text": [
"We have devices that can measure a patient's eyeballs and generate a \"close enough\" corrective lens prescription. If the patient can communicate the results can be fine tuned to better fit their needs, but sometimes just being close enough is better than nothing."
],
"score": [
110
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
irqyyg
|
Why can only one person talk on a walkie-talkie channel at a time?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g51l2bc"
],
"text": [
"Radios can't receive and transmit on the same frequency (channel) at the same time; their own transmission drowns out the weak signal from a distant transmitter. If you need handle messages in both directions at once then you can use two different channels, but even then it's difficult to receive while transmitting because the local transmission is so much more powerful than the received signal that it can swamp the tuning circuits. Another approach is to use just one channel but switch rapidly between sending and receiving. Walkie-talkies are traditionally simple devices where having one person talk at a time is much less of a problem than going to the trouble and expense of enabling two-way talking. Modern digital communication technology is changing this."
],
"score": [
5
],
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"url"
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[
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|
irr2ek
|
how does doxxing work?
|
I don't really understand how normal everyday people get doxxed, could I get doxxed? ( plz dont) or you? I don't get how whoever you are, the entire world knows and hates you in 24hrs ( in no way do I want anyone to be or do I endorse this, just no clue how it works)
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Doxxing is basically revealing somebody's private address to the internet. Oftentimes it matters in cases where if you're a famous movie star or musician or someone that has pissed off the internet.",
"People recognize backgrounds, landmarks, signs. Someone found a famous YouTube address based on what they had in their back yard. One of my coworkers made a post about his truck. I recognized the mound of dirt in the background. So he was in the same area as me. I showed my supervisor and they recognized the guys pattern of speech. So in a subreddit with over 1 million members I identified a guy in 30 minutes from one picture.",
"Mistakes with revealing information. Let's go through a scenario. You use the same username across most sites you use. In school, you signed up for a competition, representing your school using this username. This gives me your name, high school and graduation date. I call or access the school's website and find out your last name. From here I use yellow pages or something else to find your phone number and where you live. Alternatively, I trawl your social media and you have a picture outside your house. I use Google maps to find out your general address, and use this to access house records, thus finding your name and phone number. Both of these were simply because you made a small mistake on revealing some information. Change your usernames among media sites, post as little information about yourself as possible on these sites and keep your profiles private"
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5,
3,
3
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irr2uu
|
How can humans identify discrepancies in rhythm and beats of a song regardless they are trained musically or not?
|
I've seen almost everybody regardless of their musical training identify the rhythm of a song especially when something isn't right. Like if somebody is singing out of beats or isn't picking up the rhythm.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g51iqk9"
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"text": [
"Many can't, but a lot can because it's a simple pattern to recognize. It's what your ears and brain were literally made to do, so they do it well, even if you don't realize it."
],
"score": [
3
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[
"url"
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"url"
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irr3id
|
If an astronaut dies in the spaceship while on a space mission, what do the other astronauts do with the body?
|
I started watching the new Netflix original Away (like everyone else seems to be since it’s in the top 10 in the US) and it got me thinking...it’s not like you can just turn the spaceship around and head back to earth like one could an airplane!
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Unknown every time this has happened the spaceship in question has exploded a few seconds prior contributing to their death. Their is probably some contingency plan to keep them in the fridge or something but we don't send up anyone who is not in perfect physical condition. Having a cold disqualifys you. So the odds of someone dying in any other way than the spaceship exploding are basically 0.",
"There is no set protocol, and it is illegal to dump a body in space. The most likely scenario would be to put them in a bag, hang them outside the ship to freeze them, bring them back inside, shake them up until they are dust, and then hang them back outside the ship until you come home. URL_0"
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5
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"https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-someone-dies-in-space-2015-4"
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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irr441
|
Why do we get dark spots in our vision after looking at a bright light?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g51hsqc"
],
"text": [
"Because the things in our eyes that receive light and send it to the brain to be processed are overwhelmed by the amount of work they had to do, so they take a short rest before going back to taking in light and sending it to the brain."
],
"score": [
3
],
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
irrjgc
|
How does music and copyright work on platforms such as Twitch, YouTube, and movies?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g51irp7"
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"text": [
"There is no such thing as plagiarism in real life. Whether you give credit or not is completely irrelevant as to whether your use of a copyrighted work is infringing. Either you have the right to use it, in which case you don't need to provide credit (unless that's part of your license agreement), or you don't and its infringing. Whether you make money from your use of the work is also irrelevant. Either you have the right to use the work, in which case you can make money with it, or you don't and its infringing. \"Fair use\" is a concept in copyright law that covers a handful of very specific situations. There is only one of these situations that a normal person could ever find themselves in and that's fair use to review a work. If you're making a video in which you review something else you can give a description of that thing and use very brief snippets of it in your video. What the internet thinks is \"parody\" is actually satire. Parody requires that your mockery of the work be for political purposes. Satire is any other form of mockery. Its very, very difficult to create a mockery of a commercial work in such a way that it would be considered a parody. Satire is explicitly not protected as fair use. People are able to upload videos to the big video hosting sites because those sites have agreements in place with the major content publishers concerning what can be uploaded and how that content can be monetized. Typically if you upload content that you don't have the right to use then the video gets to stay up, but any money it makes goes to the rights-holder. Twitch's agreements allow content producers to have music playing in the background of their livestreams so long as it is incidental to whatever they're streaming. However, the videos of those livestreams get muted. If you want to be able to monetize someone else's copyrighted work on youtube you can do so, but you need to get a license to use the work (which means paying the rights-holder). There are a couple of big rights clearing houses that handle licensing. ASCAP and BMI are the main two for music, but a lot of smaller ones have popped up recently. Things like movies and TV shows typically aren't licensed to individuals."
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3
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irrm5i
|
—Why is it that we all have different voices? I understand the idea of male and female, but I’m referring to tones. Vocal performance. Range. Etc.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"In the same way that we all have similar hand and fingers but different fingerprints. Bodies grow, they form differently and then they continue to develop organically. It's because we are not all identical as to why voices are different.",
"Human bodies are self assembling. There are genetically directed tools that put “all the pieces in the right places”, But there are also a huge number of variables that affect the small details. Details that were important to get exactly right like the particular proportions of the eyes to manage focusing light are very tightly controlled by extra instructions and processes in our genetic code because they *need to be*. And despite being so critical, those still often times go wrong in many different ways. However, structures are generally only as precise as evolution required. There are different lengths, thicknesses, stiffness, etc. properties to our vocal cords and the resonating structures we use to create our voices which creates a nearly infinite set of unique sound characteristics because there was no reason in evolution for our bodies to spend extra “effort” to make them be exactly (or more exactly) the same.",
"Think of a brass or woodwind musical instrument. Very minor adjustments with your fingers greatly alter the sound coming out. Your vocal cords are different from everyone else's. Different length of cord, width of windpipe, flexibility of muscles, innervation by the brain and how precisely you can control them, etc.",
"They vary depending on the length and thickness (male trachea are larger/thicker than female trachea), mens vocal cords vibrate at an average of 125 vibrations per second whereas a female averaged around 250. Age also plays a factor. Obviously as we grow so does our larynx which is why our voices are deeper compared to children's. The trachea of an elderly person is not as elastic as before which is why their voices tend to sound different as well (called presbyphonia, fancy word for aging voice.) Other factors include a person's hydration, history of smoking, acid reflux,or vocal misuse- overuse of the vocal chords (excessive yelling usually) can result in nodules (think callouses) which can also affect the voice until they are removed or are allowed to heal up in time. Breathiness can come from the vocal chords not adequately closing/hitting one another during phonation. Another type of dysphonia, called spasmodic dysphonia, happens when the vocal chords uncontrollably spasm. It makes the person sound like they're choked up and struggling not to cry when they talk. Vocal strength is dependent upon one's ability of deep breaths and pronation upon exhalation. I've found that range usually depends on a person's laryngeal elevation. I've had patients with very little laryngeal movement who could only do one or two octaves but after some therapy they are able to produce a wider range (I usually do this for swallow therapy if the person needs to improve their range of movement to help their swallow.) Hope this helps!",
"Do you think labs bark in similar tones? I'm sure they hear more nuance between tones than we do. We can pick out even very tiny differences in vocal tonality, which might sound identical to other species. Part of why even similar voices sound so different is because we're very well attuned to recognizing these differences.",
"First off, it's evolutionary beneficial for individuals of a social species to be distinct from one another. That's why we have different faces, hair colors, and body shape in general. There is a *lot* that goes into making your voice sound the way it does. To start with the physical, the shape of your mouth and throat, along with the exact configuration of your vocal chords, and the shape of your chest cavity determine the bulk of how your voice sounds. The actual sound of your voice is a mess of different pitches, harmonics, and resonations. For example, a broader chest causes resonations at lower frequencies, giving your voice a deep, rich quality. Tiny variations in the structure of your mouth and throat combined with the exact placement and structure of your vocal chords build harmonics in the higher frequencies. Some of these characteristics are genetic, some are based on sex, and some of it is simply how your body grew. Think of it this way: your fingerprints and the creases in your hands are not genetic. These features develop physically as your body builds itself, and yet they are utterly unique to an individual, same as your voice. Another huge component of this is simply psychology. Each person develops their own way of speaking, and it has a lot of effect on the way your voice sounds. For me, my voice goes up or down an octave depending on my mood, who I'm talking to, and the context of the conversation. I tend to use a lower register when talking to my partner or my friends, but my customer service voice is much higher. If you've ever heard a person switch between Chinese and English, you'll see something similar, they tend to use an almost completely different voice in each language, because of the demands of each. This is in large part because Chinese is a tonal language; the exact pitch with which you speak carries meaning in the language. Tl;dr: your voice unique due mostly to the physical changes your body goes through as it grows. Many of these structural changes are random because it's important for social animals to be able to distinguish one another"
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irrscx
|
What causes color blindness? How do those glasses fix it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Your genes are supposed to dictate how light-sensitive cells in your retina respond to certain wavelengths of lights. These cells are called cones. Due to genes, some people are either missing entire cones or some cones are misshapen to the point where they can barely be used. and this causes an overlap in wavelengths going into the remaining cones. Those color blind glasses cut out the unnecessary overlapped wavelengths. The glasses don't restore full color correction to a color blind person's eyes depending on severity, but will allow them to see colors they haven't seen before. URL_0 This is a colorblind youtuber that got his glasses then played minecraft with his friend. In the video he explains that while he can see them more clearly, he still has a problem with brown, purple, and blue while wearing his glasses. He also takes a color blindness test, and wearing the glasses takes him from extreme color blindness to mild, so it's not a cure.",
"Our eyes have four types of cells that detect light. One of them is unimportant for what we're talking about. The other three detect light of different frequencies. Reddish frequencies, greenish frequencies, and bluish frequencies. The exact frequencies actually vary between people. Often (relatively often, anyway) the red and green cells overlap too much in the light that they detect. This results in both green and red things appearing more yellow, and reducing a person's ability to distinguish between redder and greener colors. This is only one type of color blindness. EnChroma glasses use a lens that filters out yellow frequencies of light. Effectively, this makes red colors more red and green colors more green, making the difference more visible to the wearer."
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irs2q0
|
Why does moving your head left to right or right to left mean “no”, and moving your head up and down mean “yes”?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Despite a fair amount of research there's no clear history or reason for this, and it's not universal either. In India for example nodding your head means 'no', and bobbling your head means 'yes'. It's one of handful of weird habit things that we've probably been doing for thousands of years and passed onto our kids.",
"There is no clear defining reason why this is. There are a lot of guesses and theories but we can't confirm it. But I will say this is cultural, meaning this is learned. In other cultures it is the other way around, where a nod means no and a shake means yes. This is traditionally the case in SouthEastern Europe in places like Greece, Albania, Turkey, etc.",
"I bet \"no\" started when our mom's tried to feed us green grass as baby cavemen and we'd shake our heads so it couldn't get in our mouths.",
"There's a theory that moving one's head side to side comes from the natural reaction a baby will have when presented with food it doesn't like (moving its mouth away from the source). Nodding for \"yes\" is not universal. In India, the gesture for \"yes\" is a head tilt/roll. It can sometimes look like a Western gesture for being confused or not understanding something. I do a lot of business in India, and it was tough to get used to. Because of my cultural conditioning, I would think that I wasn't being understood. Also, the sounds \"hmm\" and \"ha\" mean \"yes.\" It can get confusing."
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irsmb4
|
How is race a social construct?
|
I know this question sounds incredibly ignorant but i have been trying to understand for some time. My main reason for asking is because if we have dna testing that can show someone’s ancestry is this much % Italian and this much % Korean, how is that a social construct if it’s in our dna? Please understand I’m not saying race isn’t a social construct, I am just trying to understand how it is a social construct.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"text": [
"Focusing on the DNA tests, they don't measure the amount of \"Korean-ness\". They measure the presence or absence of hundreds of different harmless mutations. Some of these mutations are most commonly found in people from a particular region, so the more of them you have, the more of your ancestors probably came from that region. But those mutations didn't necessarily *originate* in that country. For example, the DNA test might associate \"Korean-ness\" with one gene that originally mutated in China and was brought to Korea through migration 2000 years ago, another that was brought by Mongol invaders 800 years ago, a third that originated in Korea but is also now found in Japan and Manchuria, and a fourth that originated in Japan and was brought over during their invasions in the 16th century. None of these genetic tags are uniquely Korean, they're all found in other parts of northeast Asia. All the genetic test can tell you is that that particular combination of genetic tags is most often found in the modern people who've chosen to call themselves \"Korean\". But those people have ancestors from all over the map. Nobody's a pureblood, everyone's a mongrel, and it's been like this for thousands and thousands of years. \"Race\" is nothing more than a set of sharp-lined boundaries we humans have chosen to draw across the blurry mixture that is human variation.",
"The idea that a person is \"White\" or \"Asian\" or \"Black\" is a social construct, because those categories are made up by people, and what counts as \"white\" varies from culture to culture, and from person to person. The idea of dividing humanity into sub-groups based on ethnic origin is a social construct, something that humans invented. The idea that certain humans whose ancestors came from specific regions are going to have minor genetic differences is science, but how we divide people up into groups is based on social norms and ideas.",
"there are genes more common in certain areas of the planet, but all that shows is where some of your genes originated. think about this, why is it italian? Italy wasn't unified until the 1800s. So, why is that report showing italian and not something like sicilian or roman? Or even Etruscan (iron age) or Remedellian (copper age). If it wanted to show where the genes originated, it would be something like 42N 12W (the approximate location of Italy), the alps, or the Tiber river (major geographic landmarks). \"Italian\" is a label that the people currently living in the areas mentioned call themselves. It's just made up. If you reset italy from back before the copper age, you'd end up with a completely different group of people with a different history that all called themselves something different. Your genetic makeup would be the same (probably), but your report wouldn't say italian.",
"There is no scientific definition of race. Human is a species. There are no sub-species or \"breeds\" of human. And the socially constructed definition of race has changed significantly over time. For example, you'll never hear anyone say a person is of the Irish race anymore, but 100 years ago you would have. Just as nationality is a social construct defined by made up borders, so race is a social construct with rather poorly defined borders. For example, is someone from Egypt a member of the African race? After all, they live on the African continent. Or are they of the Arab race, because of their culture? If it's because of their culture, then if an child whose parents were born in Sweden were raised in the Arab culture of Egypt, would they be of the Arab race even though their ancestry is nordic?",
"There are real differences between people, but which ones are considered important and worth classifying, and how they are classified are up to humans entirely. One person may be considered different races depending on who's judging, for example. Who counts as which race has varied quite a lot over time. > because if we have dna testing that can show someone’s ancestry is this much % Italian and this much % Korean, how is that a social construct if it’s in our dna? Italy and Korea, and any nation, is a construct of humanity. Nothing is fundamentally different in the planet itself on one side of a country's border or the other. If the land were divided in a completely different way, you could still pick out alleles (gene variants) more common in one area than another and classify people that way. Also, some people have tried sending their DNA to multiple DNA testing companies and got results that were different! A lot is up to subjective, human interpretation.",
"We know that race is a social construct because it's constantly changing. Depending on who you talk to, and what year it is, various groups have been white or non-white, for example. Irish people were considered non-white for years. In Britain, Irish people were considered \"brown\" people because they were so dirty. It didn't even matter that they were more or less the same skin color as British people. The British saw them as a \"degenerate, savage\" people who couldn't be considered white. The same was true in America for quite a while. And it's notable that part of the way that the Irish \"gained\" whiteness was by engaging in strong anti-black discrimination. The Irish were then accepted as white because they were allies in continuing the slavery of Africans. Similarly, Jewish people have sometimes been considered white. Other times, they're not. Why are Mexicans non-white, yet Spaniards who they're descended from ARE white? Sometimes Eastern Europeans are white. Other times they're not. It's kind of baffling. Lots of people say, it's about geographical difference, yet why is the whole of Africa black when Africa is a HUGE continent, and yet Europe can sustain these fine, fine delineations? The more you look at race, the more you get the feeling that it's just all made up to suit whomever wants to oppress somebody.",
"Skimming through the other comments, I see one major factor being overlooked: Tribe. A few thousand years ago, many people rarely traveled more than a day from home, limiting their world to about a 25 mile/40 km circle around where they were born. There were also people who had figured out horses and other pack animals, who traveled much further, and explorer types who migrated to new lands. The point is that many people were isolated or insular, or both, so their genetic pool led them to a similar appearance to the others in their pool. Tribes are an extension of this familial relationship, and the Nation (Sioux, for example) is a greater collection of Tribes. European nations like France, Poland, Italy, and so on aren't tribes. The tribes are Gaul, Teuton, Pole, Slovak, Croat, Angle, Saxon, Norman, Dansk, Finn, Scot, and so on. Many political Nation units are comprised of many Tribal Nation units, and there's plenty of ancestral history and friction between those units. The Origin of \"Race\" as a thing to describe people originated as a way to understand peoples by creating groups, but the edges are very flimsy. Further, considering how you define race, you can get many more than three: Mongol, Caucasian, Negro, Amerind, Polynesian, and Melanesian, for example. High latitude/low sun peoples will tend to be pale, low latitude/high sun people will tend to be dark. That's an ancestral/genetic adaptation to sun and how the skin reacts to it. But saying dark skinned/curly haired people from Borneo or Australia are directly related to similar people in the Seychelles or Africa via \"race\" is an error. Delaware, Algonquin, Pawnee, Apache, Zuni, Navajo, Choctaw, Seminole, and Paiute are all different tribes/nations from very different parts of North America. They're different. Likewise the peoples of North, East, Central, South, and West Africa are all different. Presuming the 200+ tribes of North America are all the same is as silly as presuming the 2000+ tribes of Africa are all the same. Somali is not Zulu. Egyptian is not Yoruba. People have in the past divided types of people since forever. We use labels to describe things. Race is one of them. But at what point when the blend between them become a change of label? Your guess is as good as mine, and the definition you use. Edit: Spelling",
"From a strictly scientific biological perspective: > [The term *race* in biology]( URL_4 ) is used with caution because it can be ambiguous. Generally, when it is used it is effectively a synonym of [*subspecies*]( URL_6 ).[\\[73\\]]( URL_5 ) (For animals, the only taxonomic unit below the [species]( URL_7 ) level is usually the subspecies;[\\[74\\]]( URL_3 ) there are narrower [infraspecific ranks in botany]( URL_1 ), and *race* does not correspond directly with any of them.) Traditionally, [subspecies]( URL_6 ) are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations.[\\[75\\]]( URL_0 ) Studies of human genetic variation show that human populations are not geographically isolated,[\\[76\\]]( URL_2 ) and their genetic differences are far smaller than those among comparable subspecies In other words: there are no different races of humans. At least not if you use the word like it is used for animals and from a biological perspective. From the social perspective it is still commonly used (at least in the English speaking countries) and other redditors have already explained where that comes from wonderfully.",
"Follow up question. Is that notion mostly a US idea? It seems weird to me to think in terms of continents. African encompasses some 54 countries, 4 dependencies, has Arabs, White people, and many specific groups of Black people. Yet we seem to want to round it off. It leads to some serious confusion. I had a person insisting with great conviction that all Africans spoke \"African.\"",
"So there are three concepts: nationality, ethnicity, and race. While there can be overlaps, they are each their separate and own things. Nationality denotes “legal” citizenship, whether born or naturalized. Ethnicity denotes cultural aspects of a specific group; traditions, language, foods, clothing, hairstyles, etc. Race denotes physical, or phenotypical, traits that people of the same group may posses; skin color, facial features, hair textures and so on. While the above are simply truths, the concept of *identifying* race in itself is a socially constructed idea and is purely divisive in nature. We are all the same species, though we have different cultures, lands, and practices but despite those variances, when it come down to it we are all the same. So back to race, it is obvious and true that we all *look* different though! People who have unfair and ungrounded biases like to use race as a divisive tool to set people apart. Example: Asians are smarter and more strict than other races, instead of; it is a *cultural* difference and the way they are raised. Or: Black people are more likely to be poor, instead of; they and the countries their ancestors are from have been exploited for resources and labor. While race *inherently* is not bad or fake, it’s morphological concept *is* bad and fake. (I hope this was eli5 enough??)",
"I read the comments, sounds like all the answers are confused. The take away is that race is a broad generalization based on geographic evolution. It's not simply a construct. Skin colour, hair type, eye color, susceptibility to disease, these all form the generalization of race. But I think people are leaning on post modern interpretations when they say race doesn't exist. It does exist, it exists in the same way breeds of dogs exist.",
"I've read some of the answers and I'm not sure if someone else has brought this up, since everyone seems to be focusing on the cultural constructs surrounding the labels. From an anthropological perspective, the relative difference in your DNA and everyone else in the room has no meaning as to what you are as a human. Mental ability, physical ability, or whatever metric you want to come up with do not deviate in such a way as for labeling you by race to be meaningful. The only meaning of that label is cultural. Yes. Their are a lot of differences we can track. Still no meaningful deviation based on genetics from perfectly normal boring human. Source: I found Physical Anthropology super interesting in college and did a lot of reading on the subject of race and disease.",
"“Race” is a cloud of ideas about groups of people. Sometimes the test that people used to demarcate a “race” was based on skin color or other physical traits, sometimes by geography, sometimes by lineage or “blood”, and probably others I’m not thinking of. Already you can see we have a problem with “race” as a concept: it’s pretty blurry and impossible to pin down what a “race” is and what it is not, who is in it and who is not. Those decisions are subjective and cultural. How do you categorize people of mixed “race”? That’s decided subjectively and culturally. How do you categorize areas with widely varying genotypes with lots of mixing like the United States? Subjective and cultural. And how can you categorize anyone anywhere once you see (in DNA for example) just how “mixed” all populations really are, even ones that look, superficially and subjectively, homogenous? Also, crucially, “race” always assumes essential qualities of the group being defined, and (coincidentally? Hah!) always assumes better qualities for the race of the racist. None of these claimed differences in quality have survived honest examination. On the other hand, DNA variations can be linked to geography. Right now, I might be able to find ten rare variations in my genome that only commonly appear together in a small population in a village near Minsk, and a different group of genes that appear together very commonly in a fishing community in Ivory Coast. These facts suggest (maybe strongly, maybe not) that my family tree includes people who lived in those areas, or at least that I share a common ancestry with those people, wherever that common ancestor might have lived. But remember, geography and the history of human migration, mixing, mutation, etc. is not “race”.",
"Phenotypes- that is, major genetic characteristics which make up a given ethnicity- are not a social constructs. They are hard science, demonstrable and repeatable. Assigning particular (unrelated) traits to these phenotypes, like intelligence, skill at sports, propensity towards crime etc are the social construct part.",
"The way you know that race is a social construct is that (at least in America) it was...socially constructed. A White Protestant American in 1900 would have been horrified by the idea of an Irish-American or Italian-American or Jewish-American being considered white, and yet each of those groups is considered unquestionably white today. What whiteness is instead is a club that everyone wants to be a part of - what James Baldwin called \"a metaphor for power.\" Nobody wants to be powerless, so joining the white club is about climbing the rungs so you aren't the bottom group. If there's someone with less power than you, you've made it. Any category whose membership changes that drastically must be socially constructed.",
"There's a whole lot of paragraphs in here when the answer is pretty simple. Race is genetic, it's not \"socially constructed\". Although to help your confusion a bit, when a dna test says you're %this and %that, what it's really doing is looking at certain genetic markers that are associated with certain regions in certain time periods. Here's an article about it: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) & #x200B; And here's a relevant quote: So, if your 23andMe test says you're 29 percent British, it's because 29 percent of the pieces of your DNA were most likely to have come from a group that 23andMe's reference library has labeled \"British.\" & #x200B; So the biggest stretch you can make is that how we identify someone's genetics is usually an association with their cultural and regional ties, and that usage of language is \"a social construct\". But race inherently is just genetics.",
"It’s not, unless you’re also going to tell me that a dogs breed is a social construct. Honestly you have to be some other worldly type of stupid to even begin calling it that",
"It's not. You only need a whole 5 min to learn how to distinguish people's races from (e.g.) their bones. DNA only adds up to it. Now, if you talk about what every single person perceives as white, black, brown, yellow, etc. that's a different story and, frankly, a discussion not worth having since there's 7 billion of us, each with a different perception of what it means to be white, black, brown, etc. It wonders me how you have to apologize 1000 times in 5 lines just to ask a simple question lol. What an age we live in",
"A lot of reasonable responses here, I just want throw in the apparent finding that people of Africa are the most genetically diverse set of populations on the planet ( URL_0 ). So, because they may share some set of phenotypic traits they are lumped together as a single race but this is an incredible oversimplification of the genetic diversity at play. So if actual genetic variation is not considered (epigenetics can complicate this but that's another story I'm totally unqualified to tell) for determining race that leaves cultural and societal factors to be responsible for racial distinctions. Also, I'm glad people honestly inquire about sensitive topics. Many seem to choose political affiliation over seeking some approximation of truth.",
"If you're interested in learning more about this topic, I'd like to point you towards the documentary series \"Race: The Power of an Illusion\". It includes an excellent summary of how we know \"race\" does not biologically exist, where the modern concept of race comes from, and how racial thinking has caused harm throughout generations. I highly recommend it!",
"People use it for political convenience NYC mayor Deblasio literally says Asians aren't minorities and are white adjacent so he can pander to \"real minorities\", the Nazis made the Japanese honorary aryans",
"Another example of the Social Construct of race relating to the 'Asian' catagory. I have met a few Japanese people who are from Japan and are 100% 'ethnically' Japanese. When asked if they consider themselves 'Asian', it is a definite NO. They only consider themselves Japanese. The rest of the world lumps them together with other \"Asian\" ethnicities. Another interesting example was the planning of a major Asian Art Museum. At the time there was a great debate [some scholarly], as to whether India should or should not be included. In the end India was included. EDIT: Removed US Census information relating to Asian people. Believed to be erroneous.",
"The DNA a person inherits is not representative of their entire lineage. (Recombinantion) and ones phenotype is also not a reliable indicator of their genealogy. Race as a construct is based mostly on appearance, it is not the same as ethnicity, nationality, or cultural grouping.",
"First of all, Italy and Korea are social constructs too. All of those ancestry reports specifically refer to particular regions, and often lump large land masses together; as such, referring to a person's race by a particular country is generally imprecise at best. The way genetic variation is distributed across the planet is *not* random, which is why many eastern Asians have a similar appearance, as do western Europeans, northern Africans, etc. The problem is, those variations are not discrete. As you move continuously from one place to another (particularly if you go back in time before colonialism and fast global travel), you will see people's \"race\" change continuously as well. When do the people you see stop being (eastern) Asian and start being middle-eastern? Then stop being middle-eastern and start being white? There's no hard line. The same thing exists for colors, where different cultures have drawn different lines between which colors are which. It's not that color is a social construct, but \"blue\" is. Similarly, genetic variation based on location is a real, demonstrable fact, but the racial categories we use to delineate people based on those variation are entirely constructed.",
"First, let's look at what it actually means if we say \"your DNA shows ancestry from here and there\". Imagine your whole genome (the sum of your genes) as a library inside your cells that contains information on how to build every little part of your body. Singular genes are then books that contain a building plan for one single part of a cellular \"machine\" (which are all called \"proteins\"). For example, there is a protein that allows our cells to process alcohol, which is called \"alcoholdehydrogenase\" or ADH for short. This brings me to my next point: If we talk about \"genes\" on the level of populations, you need to realize that we are actually talking about \"gene variants\". EVERY SINGLE HUMAN has the gene for the protein called \"ADH\". However, you may have heard that people from Asia often have a low tolerance for alcohol - one of the possible reasons for this is that their gene for ADH has a slightly different building plan and the resulting protein does not work as efficiently (or not at all). (If we're being really precise, you actually have TWO genes for everything, one from your father and one from your mother, but I'll leave it at that.) Now, if you were looking at the gene pool (the sum of all gene variants within a given population), there would be a difference in which gene variants exist and also which ones are the most common depending on where you look. Going back to our previous example of ADH, the gene variant that is not as effective would be more common in people of Asian ancestry than in people of European ancestry. Look at a \\_LOT\\_ more different genes and there are patterns emerging which enable us to say with some degree of certainty \"okay, your ancestors probably were a part of this group of people, living in broadly this geographical location, but there's also evidence that some of your ancestors where part of THESE people, living in THIS broad geographical location...\" Here's the thing, though: This is statistics. It's not meaningless, because we can observe trends and these tell us things, like \"people of asian descent are more likely to not react well to alcohol\", but that does not mean ALL asian people don't react well to alcohol, nor does it mean that ALL european people react well to alcohol. & #x200B; We draw these lines (it's not just \"race\", we do it all the time with lots of different things) and sometimes they are useful tools that allow us to predict stuff and better understand the way the world works, but they are just that - tools. They're not absolute and in a way we \"constructed\" them as a way to make sense of a very complicated world."
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28human_categorization%29#cite_note-Templeton_1998-75",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraspecific_name",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28human_categorization%29#cite_note-76",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28human_categorization%29#cite_note-conservation-74",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(biology)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28human_categorization%29#cite_note-Keita;_Templeton;_Long-73",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.livescience.com/62690-how-dna-ancestry-23andme-tests-work.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043002485.html/"
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|
[
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[
"url"
] |
irsp4g
|
What are the mechanics behind needing to reset a modem when there's a slow connection?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"A modem is just a specialized computer, and like all computers, a modem runs software in order to do its job. Software is really complicated as there are many different scenarios that need to be accounted for in order for a program to do its job correctly. When a specific scenario is not accounted for, there is no telling what happen, but sometimes, the program will keep running, but a part of the application starts malfunctioning. When we turn the modem off then back on, we reset all the parts of the application back to how they were before these software was malfunctioning"
],
"score": [
4
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|
[
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] |
[
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|
irsysf
|
what's the lore of Dark souls
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"There's waaaaaay too much lore to go into here, so I'll try to do my best nutshell. In the beginning there were dragons. They ruled every plane of existence, all except the darkness underneath where humanity was born. Four lords ignited and took part of the First Flame. One was Gwyn, one was Gravelord Nito, one was The Witch of Izalith, and the last one was the Furtive Pygmy. The first three emerged with a powerful army armed with sunlight itself. The Witch of Izalith learned the secrets to the unbreakable scales of the dragons through Seath the Scaleless, and created a disease to shed them. Gwyn and his army of sunlight warriors bolted the scaleless dragons with lightning, and then Nito released the final killing blow. This created the Age of Fire, a time when Anor Londo and the Kingdom of Lordran were established, and humanity was at its peak in power. However, all flames eventually snuff out, and when the flame would die, the lords would funnel their life energy into the flame in order to keep it burning. An unknown side effect of the First Flame was the Curse of Undying, which is what your player is cursed with, being a chosen undead who is destined to keep the fire lit. I suggest watching this video series of the full Dark Souls story from Vaatividya with that background knowledge, he's basically the Dark Souls loremaster URL_0"
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcGS3O27XYY"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irt3gw
|
The difference between Information Technology and Information Systems
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g52g23d"
],
"text": [
"There's a large overlap between them, but in general: * Information Systems has a business / management perspective (not purely tech). Examples: business systems analysis (BSA); IT project & people management; management information systems; IT finance, etc. * Information Technology is heavy on the technical side. Examples: server administration; database administration; IT security, etc.",
"Information Technology is a subset of Information Systems. An information system is *any* system that is designed and built to organize and process information. For example, the card catalog and dewey decimal system used in a library is an information system. Information Technology deals with the technology of information systems. More specifically, the computer-based technology involved in designing and implementing information systems."
],
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3
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|
[
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[
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|
irt86f
|
why is censorship on adult television a thing
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Because people in the usa have a distorted view of what a human should experience. Seeing people's heads explode is totally okay to most americans, but a nipple is terrible. Parents will literally cover their children's eyes if a woman's nipples are on screen but will send them without hesitation to watch movies where people are murdered, blown up, etc. It's really messed up and most Americans never figure it out throughout their entire life.",
"The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has rules and guidelines about this. [Indecent and profane content are prohibited on broadcast TV and radio between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience.]( URL_0 .) Many old shows that had bleeped words will continue to have them bleeped. I have noticed in the past 10 years that *shit* is no longer being censored.",
"In the US, if it’s on a broadcast network like NBC, ABC, CBS, Fox, that’s the rules for using public air. If you’re getting bleeps on a cable station like Comedy Central, CNN, they are self-censoring for the sake of their advertisers.",
"> It’s so weird you can’t cuss on tv is there like a law that could be passed idk it’s just annoying It wouldn't be passing a law so much as repealling (removing one). Most countries have laws on censorship of TV for violence, nudity, sex, profanity etc. The specifics will vary by country (and can tell you something about the culture and values of the country.) As to why, you need to remember when these rules were written. Nowadays, children often carry phones in their pockets which can access hardcore pornography in an instant. This wasn't the case until recently. When these rules were written and tweaked it was usually the case that the only live video and audio receivable in a home was broadcast television and radio. And the devices used to access it were very simple - on/off, volume and tuning was the extent of the controls. There were no parental controls like you can implement with modern digital devices and children would regularly watch TV (and listen to radio broadcasts). So, governments implemented laws to restrict what could be broadcast so that children wouldn't inadvertently find themselves viewing or hearing something their society deemed unsuitable. Now, what is and is not unsuitable changes over time and across countries. For example, mild nudity is not permitted on US broadcast TV while extreme violence is permitted. In Europe, much more nudity is usually permitted - especially after 9/10pm when fewer children would be watching. So, in short - laws were written because the basic technology of the day didn't have sufficient parental control capabilities. Today, digital broadcasting systems do (or could) but regulation and laws move slowly.",
"Advertising mostly. The way television makes money is by companies paying to have their commercials on tv. Now if you are advertising a product you want it to reach as many people as possible. You want people of all ages to know and want your product. Now if people under 16-17 or so can't watch a show because their parents won't let them or we have made a law that only adults can purchase the show w/e then you are missing out on a huge market because not only are younger people not able to see your product but adults with children might not see it either. So, if a show has cussing and violence and sex then no one will pay to put their advertisements on it. Thus, it never makes it to air."
],
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"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/obscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts#:~:text=Indecent%20and%20profane%20content%20are,may%20be%20in%20the%20audience"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
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|
irta5q
|
Why is the internet's upload speed usually a lot slower than the download speed?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"With adsl type connection. There is a limit in bandwidth so you prioritize download since that is what most user use internet for. Later on it was used to prevent people from running upload servers since they were a big expense for ISP. Fiber connections today don’t have a bandwidth limitation and people don’t run servers at home anymore so most fiber isp run same download / upload.",
"For some types of communication technologies there are technical limitations that cause your connection to be asymmetric (meaning upload and download speeds are different). The cable communications infrastructure uses some analog transmission technology that by its nature only has a limited band of relatively low frequencies for transmitting return signals. This is not an issue at all for normal television broadcast, which is what the technology was used for long before broadband internet was a thing. However, this limited return signal means that there simply isn't as much room on the line for your uploaded data as there is for your downloaded data. Therefore, your upload is slower than your download. Now, many technologies eliminate this issue. For example, fiber optic internet connections can easily be symmetrical (same upload and download speed). In these cases, your home internet connection is asymmetric because residential connections are considered \"consumers\". Meaning you go to websites and stream videos and do mostly things that involve receiving data to your house, not sending data from your house. Meanwhile, commercial internet connections can be classified as \"producers\" and they might have an internet connection that is asymmetric, but with faster upload than download. They will send much more data to users than they receive from users. By setting up connections to these consumers and producers asymmetrically, the ISP can allocate more bandwidth where it's useful instead of to connections where it may go unused most of the time."
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[
"url"
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[
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|
irtdj4
|
I read a comment about a dude that said if you need more computing power SSH into your colleges server how would that work, and what does SSH mean?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52blur",
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"text": [
"SSH stands for Secure SHell. A \"shell\" is a program that allows you to issue commands to a computer. SSH is a program that allows you to connect to a remote computer and issue commands to it instead of the computer you're sitting in front of. Whether or not it would provide you with any more useful computing power is pretty questionable. Depends a lot on what exactly you're trying to do. Also, one would hope that you can't just trivially SSH into a random server being run by a college. If you can, I'd have serious questions for their IT staff.",
"It's just a way to log into another computer and run a program on it. You'd need a username, password and the name of it to be able to log into it over the network. Often college / universities have powerful computers that are accessible to those doing computer related subjects so they can run their programming assignments."
],
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4
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
irthcb
|
How does frying ice cream not melt it?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"It does, but the oil solidifies and incases it so quickly that it only half melts and you end up with a great treat with a cruchy outside, melted inside, and heart disease on the side.",
"You don’t just fry the ice cream. The ice cream is covered in a layer of crunchy bits like oats and crushed corn flakes and such. You start by making ice cream balls, covering them in the crunchies and freezing them to very firm. Then you dip them QUICKLY in the hot oil, which browns the crunchy layer but doesn’t have time to melt the ice cream. Then you add toppings (whipped cream, fruit, chocolate syrup, maraschino cherries, etc) and there you have it.",
"I know the secret. The ice cream is kept in a special freezer in a deep freeze. The outside is funnel cake dough that cooks quickly. It's only in the frier for a minute tops and the ice cream doesn't melt but becomes the regular temp for ice cream.",
"The ice cream doesn't stay in the oil long enough to completely melt. Only the outer layer (usually covered with a batter or some other coating) has time to reach high temperature.",
"2 or 3 layers of egg/bread crumbs/cinnamon/sugar and frozen between layers. Then frozen solid, dipped in hot oil. Gets crispy and stays fairly in tact and gets soft after it's taken out of the oil.",
"Other people have mentioned the answers (hard frozen ice cream and quick fry) but this brings up a goal I had a long time ago which was to make hot ice cream. Via some interesting hydrocolloids I was able to make an ice cream base that solidified when heated and “melted” as it cooled but it tasted lousy, like ice cream but chewier because it was basically a gel. It may have lended itself better to other flavors than the standard vanilla base I used. Googling it I saw other people that made similar preparations with the same principles but I don’t know if any of those tasted any good"
],
"score": [
178,
161,
24,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irtmcz
|
Why is fighting forest fires difficult?
|
Is it a speed thing? Or guessing where the fire is going? Or not enough water?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52im0n",
"g52a23k"
],
"text": [
"Speed is a big thing, so is access. It can be tough getting engines and/or crew to areas that need support. Another difficulty is something called spotting - basically embers traveling through the air/wind and landing somewhere untouched, causing that area to catch on fire.",
"They can be very fast moving, unpredictable and they're kind of dangerous. The firefighters on the ground try and clear areas that will cut off the movement and they don't use water. Only the planes and helicopters drop water on them to help put them out."
],
"score": [
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
irtyl7
|
why race and ethnicity are an important distinction, and why Latinos/Hispanic people are White on most forms?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52kdfb",
"g52hhra"
],
"text": [
"I'll give it a try. Hope I can help. The U.S. Census Bureau defines race as a “person’s self-identification with one or more social groups.” The social groups include White, Black, African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders. So race is the social group you belong to based on shared physical characteristics. Ethnicity is how you identify based on nationality, language, culture and religion. It can also be based on your geography or your family's origin. It's a cultural definition of who you are. Latinx/Hispanic people are not always white. Cubans, Dominicans, puerto ricans may identify as black because they are Afro-caribean. Argentinians and spaniards self identify as white/european decent. Some latinx/people identify as native american. I self identify as black because I have african decent but I'm latina,. My race is black, my ethnicity is Hispanic and my nationality is American. My friend from Peru is mostly native american so he he puts Hispanic/Latino and then native american. So your race is who you are based on social group and shared physical traits. Ethnicity is who you are based culture and geography. You can multiracial and identify with one race more than another based on how you look or how you feel and you can be multi ethnic and be part of multiple cultural groups like kamala harris.",
"From a legal standpoint, most ask it so they can avoid discriminating and for a statistical standpoint. On medical forms, there are physiological differences between different races. For example, Caucasian people have a larger lung capacity than non-caucasians (around 8-12% depending on the race, I don't remember all the exact figures). This can lead them to be more susceptible to respiratory conditions and is why the UK NHS introduced Black and Minority Ethnicity changes and were doing blood tests for their non Caucasian staff to ensure they weren't immunocompromised in any way, as covid-19 would be much worse in these cases."
],
"score": [
24,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iru7r5
|
Why are basements not a thing in Asian countries?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52k19l",
"g52h92n",
"g52izct",
"g52hnbz",
"g52ubz7",
"g537bg5",
"g52ydo1",
"g53hbu8"
],
"text": [
"Many factors play a roll in whether or not a basement is practical. The number one reason to build a basement is because your location has a deep frost line (the depth the soil will freeze too) and you need your foundation to be below that line or your house will get heaved up by expanding frozen soil. If you don't have freezing temperatures, then you probably don't have much reason for a basement. There are other ways to deal with a deep frost line, but the basement has the advantage of potentially providing a significant amount of usable living space that is far cheaper to heat and cool than an additional above ground floor would be. Some reasons not to build a basement would be, the cost, a high water table (where water is only a few feet below the surface all the time) or frequent flooding, bedrock very close to the surface, or you're in an earthquake prone area.",
"They never saw a use for one and most Asians live next to the coast or a river so flooding is still a huge thing here. Basements aren't a big thing in Ireland either. I don't see the point in one. Just fill it up with rubbish, a nice dark, damp haven for insects and other vermin.",
"Not a thing in Scotland either, if you have a lot of rain you have a shallow water table and if you imagine a house as a boat the volume of water displaced is probably heavier than the house making the whole structure float to the surface.",
"A combination of factors, too much rain, not enough stone, alot of tradition architecture were stilt houses so it wouldn't work. Though they are a thing in Japan. Also basements arnt really a thing in earthquake areas.",
"Very few basements in California. When I moved to the East coast and our place had a basement, I was excited. It would be like kids in books... Then I got there and saw the basement. Big letdown.",
"Basements are expensive and you can only have them where the water table is much lower than the basement floor. Between the two, that rules out many many places.",
"If you live somewhere that freezes, your foundation needs to be deeper (below the freeze line) than a house in a place that doesn't freeze basements are uncommon in Texas, but more common as you go north",
"In asia countries like Hongkong, Japan (tokyo, osaka), singapore, Taiwan (taipei) etc, land are low lying, aka not very far from sea level. in addition, because the land is scarce, people live in high rise building, hence majority cannot afford standalone houses, let alone having basements. unless you're talking about each building have a basement for let's say parking lots, then those exists, but still limited."
],
"score": [
46,
39,
9,
8,
7,
6,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iru7t3
|
Why is it difficult thinking about numbers across different languages?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52yizq",
"g52wbtw",
"g52pmf9",
"g53bvzo"
],
"text": [
"This might violate the rules as it comes from anecdotal evidence, but as someone who has taught foreign languages for over fifteen years, it might be the way you process the non-native languages. When operating in your native language, words are associated with concepts, ideas, images, etc. When doing so in one learned later in life and especially if a lot of translation was involved, words become associated with other words. This means that in order to understand, analyse and manipulate information like numbers, you are two doing two steps instead of one (un = 1 vs one = un = 1). With a lot of practice, you can get quite proficient at working in this way in a second language, but it is still slower and subject to overloading you than the more direct way you do in your first language.",
"it actually used to be \"four and twenty\" in English too, just like in Dutch and German: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )",
"It's an offshoot of subject/verb/object order of the languages. In this case it's grouping of the numbers. English does powers of ten from greatest to least. German does the ones, then powers of twenty. Then it sticks the hundreds *back* on the front. To me (who speaks/used to speak German) it felt like germans were doing the math in the word to get to the number, where english doesn't.",
"Fun fact: The Czech language have 2 versions of numbers. Officialy you should say 24 \"Dvacet Ctyri\", literally \"Twenty Four\" as you would say in English. In common speach people very often say \"Ctyri a Dvacet\" = \"Four and Twenty\", as in German."
],
"score": [
16,
4,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-11342,00.html"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irulum
|
Flickering light only flickers when I’m not looking at it
|
On my kettle there’s a light on the on switch, which lights up when you press it down to boil. When I look straight at the kettle it looks like a constant (not flickering) light, but when it’s in my peripheral vision it’s clearly flickering/blinking on-off-on-off really quickly. Why is it that when I’m looking straight at it it looks like a constant light? Is my brain just filling in the gaps? (I flaired physics but I’m not sure if that’s right)
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52lcpx"
],
"text": [
"Your peripheral vision is mostly black and white but much faster then your \"main\" field of vision. It's probably because of evolutionary safety reasons so you can react to danger coming from places you're not looking directly right now."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iruo1c
|
Why aren't people with 'dirty drinking water' immune by now?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52n45p",
"g52sabm"
],
"text": [
"Our immune systems can only do so much. Keep in mind as our immune systems develop, so do the pathogens. A sort of genetic arms race, as it were. Also, some will develop resistance to waterborne diseases in their region. Example: When I was in Iraq, Iraqis could drink from some local water sources without too many problems. But I'd get sick if I drank that same water.",
"Natural selection usually takes many generations - dozens or hundreds - to make very significant changes to an entire population. Usually the economic and political situations which deprive people of clean water, come and go on a much shorter timescale than that. You do see milder resistances to pathogens develop over a shorter time, but a lot of that is more about immune system exposure than about evolution or natural selection. If we decided to *keep* an impoverished population stuck with contaminated drinking water for a few hundred or a thousand years, I bet we'd find (after a huge number of deaths) that the surviving population did have much higher resistance to those contaminants."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iruo54
|
How exactly does the Youtube Copyright System work?
|
When i add music and give credit and link in the description, it still gets claimed, so i deleted the vid. However, other Youtubers use full songs and don't get claimed, so how does that work? What's an easy work-around? Thanks in advance
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g52xfuz",
"g533e1x",
"g530e98"
],
"text": [
"Is this your music that you own or someone else's music that your using? In short - legally you have *no right* to use someone else's music. It's called copyright infringement. Copyright holders provide copies of their music to YouTube so that YT can scan uploaded videos to locate infringing videos. Most major labels have agreements with YouTube, so that instead of taking these videos down immediately, the copyright owner can monetize your infringing video instead. > When i add music and give credit and link in the description This won't stop the video getting claimed.",
"You cannot use other people’s property without permission. > give credit and link in the description That’s not getting permission, that’s proving that you know it’s not yours > other Youtubers use full songs and don’t get claimed You can’t tell whether they’ve been “claimed” or not, but if they haven’t it’s because they have asked for permission and probably paid for it The entire world works like this.",
"There's a thing about YT legal issues... It's a bit of detail, but watch this by Tom Scott. He researches his vids quite well URL_0"
],
"score": [
14,
13,
10
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/1Jwo5qc78QU"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
irv5mg
|
How does genetic recombination work?
|
From what I’m getting: When chromosomal crossover occurs during meiosis, the chromosomes exchange and rearrange the information encoded in genes, to ensure that there is enough genetic variation. But the chromosomes in our genome have to code for the same proteins and some Wikipedia pages even pinpoint where exactly a protein-coding gene can be found in a chromosome (for example, ACTR2 is on the p-arm of chromosome 2). How does the chromosomal crossover provide genetic variety between individuals without misplacing the essential protein-coding genes? This is hard for me to grasp. Maybe I’m thinking of it in the wrong terms. If so, please explain!
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g543kwq",
"g52zxo5"
],
"text": [
"Oh you are thinking that the recombinations work at sites where there are essential genes located. My professor said that all junctions happens in non-coding sites, so there's not really a concern there.",
"This is way beyond eli5, but I’ll try to simplify it as much as possible. There is a protein called Spo11. This protein can only target specific portions of your DNA, and causes the DNA to break at that point. Two other proteins, Dmc1 and Rad51 then glue the broken ends of the DNA strand together. Sometimes they glue the cut part back to where it came from (the strand is the same as it original was), but sometimes it glues it to the DNA on the other cut chromosome (sections from different origin are now glued together). You end up with 4 strands of DNA stuck together in a cross-like pattern called a Holliday junction. Another protein called GEN1 recognises Holliday junctions, and will cut the Holliday junction and you get 2 double strands of DNA with a possibility that some of the DNA was exchanged. We call that a crossover. Since the sections of the DNA which can be cut and glued are determined by the Spo11 protein, you have very specific genes in between the cuts that are “preserved” in the species rather than completely random mixing of DNA."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
irvmrb
|
How is the US in so much debt, how can they owe money to themselves?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53187h"
],
"text": [
"The US cannot just print new money or erase debt. When the government does something and the money isn't available, they will buy securities issued by the Treasury. These securities are alternative ways of funding the government's expenditures, but the government has to repay them. Taxes go into repayment of these securities, but the US currently borrows more Treasury money than the public pays taxes."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irvvqi
|
what's happening to the awards and coins?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g533eap"
],
"text": [
"The most recent thing that I heard was that Reddit is now giving out random awards to accounts once a day. If that's what you're talking about."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irw377
|
Why the Davy Crockett (Nuclear Device) considered to be really bad/ineffective
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53j8ox"
],
"text": [
"So first of all its important to remember that nuclear weapons are very heavy. Its incredibly complicated, but you have to get the right amount of fissile (elements that can undergo fission) material together in the right configuration, at the right purity for anything to happen. Little boy, the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 had a core made of 64 kgs of highly enriched Uranium-235. However, it was very inefficient, and only 1 kg of the Uranium underwent fission, with less than 700 milligrams of mass being converted into energy. However, Einsteins theory was proven mercilously correct, and that 700 milligrams of mass(less than the weight of a single American dollar) was enough to obliterate a city. Those two facts make a hand held nuclear launch device like the Davey Crockett, or even the Fat Man from fallout completely unfeasible. Even if you managed to rig something up that could reliably launch bombs that weigh hundreds of kgs (worth noting that the 64 kgs in Little Boy only accounted for the Uranium-235. There's the whole rest of the device to account for) it would still be a death sentence to anyone who they convinced to shoot one of them off. The destructive force of nuclear weapons is really hard to put into words, and if the fireball didn't kill you, it would be the heat wave. If not that, then the Shockwave. If not that, then the hurricane force winds. And if you still managed to survive all of that, then congratulations. You'll now die horribly over the next few days of Accute Radiation Syndrome."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irwdbf
|
How does encryption work?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53edrk"
],
"text": [
"The idea behind encryption is to scramble the plaintext in a secret way, such that only someone who knows the secret can descramble it. For example, one of the most classic and simple encryptions is [Caeser cipher]( URL_0 ), supposedly used by Julius Caeser himself. The idea is to take every letter in the text and shift it several positions in the alphabet, for example 'a' becomes 'd', 'b' becomes 'e', 'c' becomes f, etc. (and the shift is cyclic, so 'x' becomes 'a' and 'y' becomes 'b'). So for example \"hello\" is encrypted as \"khoor\". Decrypting is simply a matter of shifting the letters back. Of course, this method is pretty weak. Once you know it's a ceaser cipher, you just have to guess the shift (from 1 to 25). A little more complicated encryption is a simple [substitution cipher]( URL_1 ), where each letter is mapped to a different letter (or symbol). Decryption is just putting the ciphertext through the reverse map. The secret is the substitution table. From there the methods just get more complicated... If you're really interested about encryption and its history, I greatly suggest reading The Code Book by Simon Singh."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irwngi
|
Why are animals cute?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53f13f",
"g53fbby",
"g53sa7c"
],
"text": [
"Baby-mammals are cute to us because we are mammals too and they all follow the same scheme: Big head, small face, big eyes etc. That's because most mammals are born needing protection, that is ensured by making the parents or adult animals attached to it.",
"We find animals \"cute\" because they look, sound, and/or act similar to human babies. In fact, this is why cats meow–to mimic human babies and make themselves seem \"cuter\" to us. They don't meow to other cats, they only meow to humans. So, yeah. Animals are cute because they remind us of babies.",
"There is a special part of our brain that recognizes faces, no matter how differently they appear to a human face, as long as the have the basic eyes/nose/mouth format (sometimes not even all those components are necessary, we can spot faces by just ears/eyes, eyes/mouth, etc). This is why we can sometime see faces in inanimate objects, splashes of water, stains on a wall, etc. This ability applies to animals as well. The other half of it is that our brains are very pleased when we recognize familiar things. We think animals are cute because we can recognize their faces and spot similar expressions to our own. This is why most people don't find animals like spiders, flatworms, sea urchins, etc cute, because their faces don't look like ours. Occasionally you will see a picture of a spider, for example, that somehow looks like it's making a human expression, and people will sometimes find that cute, but you generally need the combo of recognizable face + familiar expression to find animals cute. Another user was spot-on with their point about most mammals having the same format as human babies, with big eyes, small, face, big head, and because we have evolved to protect and care for baby humans, we find these traits compelling in other species as well."
],
"score": [
14,
7,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irwsg6
|
How come some cryptocoins can be purchased, despite the fact not having any real market value when first launched?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53g8in",
"g53t07r"
],
"text": [
"The value something has IS the amount it was purchased for at the exact moment the purchase occurred. Forget about crypto coins or any of that jazz. Things are worth value because a transaction was made which gives it the value. If I purchase a piece of paper from you with your name on it for $5, the value of that paper with your name on it is $5. Now convincing someone else to buy it from me for $5... that’s more trickery. This is one of the reasons we have currency in the first place, everyone agrees that a certain piece of paper is worth $5. We don’t have to convince or negotiate anyone else about what the value is.",
"Everything has some market value as long as someone is willing to pay for it. Take for example cow shit (sorry, I don’t know the proper English word for it). For cow farmers it’s just waste (has no value) so they would pay for anyone to just come and take it somewhere else but in fact they sell the cow shit for other farmers to use as fertiliser."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irww1y
|
- if the proof value is always double the percent alcohol content, why not just list alcohol content? What's the purpose of proof on liquor?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53fo0h",
"g53mf0t"
],
"text": [
"Proof is merely a historical measurement that’s common in liquor/spirits. There’s no other use for it other than that in a modern context outside of say marketing. Most spirits actually do and are usually required to also show alcohol % on the bottle or packaging. Your local regulations may vary",
"The original definition of \"proof\" was different, but turned out to be really close to double the alcohol content (by volume). The definition changed to be simpler. The original definition involved measuring if gunpowder could be soaked by the spirit and then ignited. If it could then it was above 100 proof. If not, it was below. A more precise value for high-proof spirits could be found by diluting it until the gunpowder would ignite."
],
"score": [
11,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irwy6o
|
What's the difference between megapixels and video resolution?
|
I heard the Surface duo having an 11 megapixel camera, but able to record 4K, whereas I have a camera that's 20 meagpixels but only 720p, and the camera on my phone is 13 megapixels and 1080p. Can you please tell me why? Does it have to do with sensor size? & #x200B; Thank you in advance.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53fg47",
"g53htsu"
],
"text": [
"Videos require a lot more resources than taking a simple photo. The camera's processor needs to process 30 or 60 images per second, compress them and save them to the memory card. Therefore cameras can usually take only videos with a smaller resolutions than the photos they can take.",
"Pictures are just lots of little coloured dots, each of those dots is called a pixel. If you have 4000 pixels in height, and 5000 pixels in width then you have 20,000,000 pixels, or 20 mega (million) pixels. Videos are like lots and lots of photos stitched together. 30 frames per second is 30 photos per second. If you’ve ever looked at the file size of one of your pictures, it’s pretty big. To take, and process, and stitch together and then store 30 (or 60 if in slow mo, or 120 if you’ve got super slow mo, takes a lot of processing so while some phones can take big photos with lots of pixels, they can’t keep up when doing video at that rate so they do smaller size. When movies say 720p or 1080p or 4k they are talking about the number of pixels in height. More pixels generally (but not always) means more detail / better picture but just because the sensor can take that many, doesn't always mean the phone can keep up with processing them all."
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
irx5pc
|
Why do we yawn?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53jadd",
"g53pfbh"
],
"text": [
"It's to force you to take a big breath, increasing the oxygen present in your blood. It also acts to cool down your brain by pushing spinal fluids and blood away from your brain and closer to the mouth where the cold air you pull in will cool it down. And additionally, it serves as a handy reminder that you should get some rest.",
"The only thing that scientists can agree is that a yawn is a *reflex*. What causes that reflex could be overheating in the brain, lack of oxygen in the bloodstream, tiredness, boredom, unequal pressure in the middle ear, or a need to decompress the nervous system after a state of high alert. It is also a *fixed action pattern*, a behavioral response that, once started, runs to completion, which is why it is nearly impossible to stop a yawn once it starts. Finally, a yawn is a fixed action pattern *releaser*, which is a behavior that triggers a fixed action pattern. So, seeing someone yawn causes a yawn to happen without the watcher consciously deciding to do it."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
irxahx
|
Why can’t we use helicopters to rescue climbers on top of Mount Everest?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g53kfql",
"g53k9bv",
"g53kswa"
],
"text": [
"Helicopters work by pushing a mass of air downwards to create a lifting force. In order to fly you have to create a lifting force equal to weight of the vehicle. If the density of air goes down, the amount of mass available to push decreases, and the max amount of lifting-force you can generate also goes down. Since density of the air goes down with altitude, the ability to create lift drops off with altitude. You can spin the rotors faster in-order to compensate for this, but there is a limit to that too. The tips of the rotors cannot exceed the speed of sound without causing a lot of problems. Therefore, there is an altitude ceiling at which a helicopter can no longer fly at. Mount Everest is well above that ceiling",
"There isn't enough air for the rotors on most helicopters to work well enough. Everest is 29,000 ft + up. Most helicopters can't even fly at that height, let alone hover. [Even at much lower altitudes, helicopters basically have to take off like airplanes.]( URL_0 ) In one of those videos a helicopter is struggling to take off in Nepal, at only 9,334 feet. There just isn't enough air for them to go straight up and down.",
"There's 2 issues: wind, and air density. Everest is a very windy place. The winds are so powerful that uncovered skin can easily get frostbite in under 10 minutes! So any helicopter that tries to go there will be thrown around like a toy. And then the air pressure. Everest is so tall that after a certain point, there's literally not enough air for you to breath. They refer to this as \"the death zone\". Even with supplemental oxygen, you are dying every second you spend in the death zone. Being as the air is so thin up there, there just not enough of it for the helicopter to generate enough thrust. There was one pilot who landed on the summit once, but the helicopter was very light, and wouldn't have been able to carry all the gear required to rescue someone, as well as other rescue workers AND the person intended to be rescued. URL_0 )%20summit%20of%20Mount%20Everest."
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[
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|
irxjw2
|
what is the difference between shampoo and just soap or shower gel.
|
And why is mens and womens shampoo so different.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"While soaps & shampoo do share much of the same ingredients, that doesn't tell the whole story. * Soaps naturally tend to be *alkaline* ([basic]( URL_0 )). Most common brands, like Coast, Ivory, Dial, Camay and Nivea, are very strongly alkaline (pH > = 9). * Shampoos are made to be low or neutral pH (pH < 7). That's because [high pH can damage the hair]( URL_1 ). Hence it's probably ok to use shampoo as soap (e.g., body wash); but probably not ok to use soap as shampoo.",
"Shampoo has a mix of ingredients that are better at removing oils. In short, it's a bit more aggressive than soap intended for skin. I work on my car, and if I have grease or oil spot on my arm or leg, soap won't remove it, but shampoo usually will.",
"Chiming in just to say there is no difference between men & women’s besides possibly fragrances. It’s all marketing.",
"Soapmaker here: shower gel and shampoo actually gave more in common with each other than soap. Real soap is made of fats saponified by lye. This is generally better for your skin (depending on the fats used) because of the leftover fats and the glycerin byproduct of the process (glycerine draws moisture to the skin). Handmade soaps are better than mass produced, because mass produced soaps strip out most of the glycerin fur other uses. Shower gel and shampoo and the like are made with surfactants. These are basically detergents, and bubble a lot (we are lead to believe bubbles=clean). The shampoo bars a lot of companies sell are actually really bad for your scalp. They are basically cakes of surfactant, and can be very drying to the scalp. There are soap based shampoo bars, but they have to be made of certain fats, and can take some adjusting. Legally, they can’t call it soap if it’s not made like soap, hence why a lot of commercial “soaps” are called “body bars.” Two ways to tell if it’s real soap: 1. It will say soap right on the front, or 2. Look for the names of the saponified oils. Soap is a kind of salt/sodium, so saponified coconut oil would be sodium cocoate; saponified palm oil would be sodium palmitate; saponified tallow would be sodium tallowate, and so on. Hope that helps. I’m new to this reddit, so hopefully, I explained things simply enough.",
"The core part of most cleaners (from body wash to soap to hand soap to shampoo to many household cleaners) is a \"surfactant\". These are often identical between soap, body wash, and shampoo, particularly \"Sodium Laureth Sulfate\" and others with similar names. Sodium Laureth Sulfate is [even in Tide Pods]( URL_0 ), but this does not mean you should wash with Tide Pods. Most products have > 1 surfactant. Cleaners usually differ by the following: 1. Concentration. More concentrated things are stronger; the less something is intended to touch skin, the stronger it's likely to be. Shampoos are generally slightly stronger but not dangerous for skin or anything. 2. Some surfactants are bad for the skin or hair. If something is expected to touch your skin or hair, they won't include these ingredients, but detergents for machines, and strong cleaners to be used with gloves are likely to be unsafe here. (This is why you should not wash by dumping a tide pod in your bath). 3. Solutions can be \"Acidic\" or \"Basic\". Acidic means something has extra Hydrogen; Basic means it doesn't have enough. This can help clean (vinegar works by being acidic) as they try to balance out their hydrogen with their environment, which creates water as a byproduct. \"Soaps\" - Things specifically *named* Soap and not \"Body Wash\" or \"Beauty Bar\" or \"Detergent\" - must have the only surfactants be \"alkali salts of fatty acids\", at least in US regulation; this is a mouthful, but it means in practice the surfactant is mildly basic. This is fine for the skin - nothing used for the body is strongly acidic or basic - but there is evidence it can be bad for the hair in the long run, if a mild acidic [hair]( URL_2 ) [rinse]( URL_1 ) (or even just diluted vinegar) is not used to rinse the hair after. Shampoos (or 2/3-in-1 body washes) are generally neutral, neither acidic nor basic. 4. Some ingredients are targeted specifically for hair or skin or dishes, such as moisturizing ingredients, or ingredients to make your hair feel smooth after washing, or a many low-concentration ingredients intended to strengthen or repair hair or skin. They don't necessarily interfere with using the product for different purposes and are generally low concentration. They don't always have strong science behind them. 5. Men and Women's shampoos are generally just marketing, but often have different fragrances and shampoos targeted at women are probably more likely to include the ingredients in (4). The differences here amongst things used for the body are pretty minor, and you could use them fairly interchangeably (apart from using acidic rinse with Soaps used on hair). That's one reason Dr. Bronner's markets as 18-1 Soap; it's a vegetable oil based soap with no specialized ingredients, so you can use it pretty widely, but it's not necessarily unique on reusability.",
"Middle aged bald guy here...Dove moisturizing body soap head to toe. Shampoo, conditioner and combs need not apply.",
"I started dying my hair during covid. First time ever for me. I noticed immediately why women's hair products are so different. The bleaching process really destroys the hair and it feels and acts different after bleaching. It becomes very dry and clumps together and feels wet hay or something. The dyes I've been using wash out VERY easily. So I started using real women's shampoo which is designed to moisturize the hair and specially formulated to try to make the dye last longer in your hair. I also started using conditioner because it makes a very big difference in the look and feel of the hair that has been bleached. Without conditioner, my hair looks whispy and it just doesn't feel good. Protip - and I have no idea if this is good/bad. I use a facial lotion after showering. I always have extra lotion all over my hands after trying to get it all over my face, so I run my hands through my wet hair to try and get as much off as I can. It seems to really make my hair softer and feel thicker. It is a close to it's natural look and feel from before bleaching it. Y'all should probably take what I wrote as nonsense from a newbie because I have nothing to base my info off of. This is all new to me.",
"I'm natural (African American) And even our shampoo differ from the shampoo sold outside of the ethnic aisle. The sulfate found in typical shampoo strips our hair of the natural oils. So we usually look for sulfate free shampoo. About once or twice a month we'll wash with \"regular\" shampoo to get a good cleanse. We usually follow that with a deep condition and hot oil treatment.",
"Shampoo also has stronger fragrance and several ingredients to take care of hair, like keratin, arginine, biotin, it depends on the shampoo.",
"Almost nothing. Read the ingredients. In most countries, they are listed in order of the amount of each substance. It'll be \"Aqua\" first. So it's mostly (could be 50%+) water. Then usually there'll be \"sodium laureth sulphate\" (soap, effectively, but sometimes the name is jumbled to disguise even that). Beyond that it's scents and things to make it look creamy, etc. Sometimes an emulsifier to make it the right consistency but which otherwise adds nothing to its cleaning power. Those ingredients could literally be no more than 1% of the final product, if that. Sometimes it's literally 90% water, 9.9% soap and 0.1% of not much else. You can wash your hair with soap. You can bathe in shampoo. Hell, to be honest, if you're short of shampoo then washing-up detergent is often a perfectly adequate substitute. (Don't do dishwasher things though, as they are NOT designed to come into contact with the human body). My dad worked on cars most of his life and what did he use to wash grease from his hands? Fairy Liquid (washing up detergent). Guys who work in those kinds of dirty jobs will happily shower and shampoo in it, if they have nothing better-smelling available. Pretty much everything that's sold as a cleaning agent for a human body is the same thing. You only need interpret the ingredients. Same thing happens with moisturisers and all kinds of creams and other junk. It's all pretty much identical, with different scents and consistencies.",
"This is a great podcast that goes into the history of soap and will explain the answer to your question as well: URL_0",
"I stopped shampooing at the beginning of lockdown, I said to myself that as soon as my head started itching or smelling or anything I would go back to using shampoo. I have had dandruff all my adult life. I didn't realise that it was because my scalp didn't like all the anti dandruff shampoos I've been using, my head doesn't itch or feel tight any more, I don't have dandruff, and my showers in the morning are much quicker. I doubt I'll use shampoo again.",
"There IS a difference between shampoos, body, and hand soaps. One difference that I haven’t seen mentioned is that shampoos AREN’T meant to be as strong and work differently than a dish soap for example. One DOESN’T want a shampoo to be that strong as to remove all of the oils from your scalp as these oils are needed for your hair and scalp to be healthy. If you’re using something like dish detergent or laundry detergent you’re stripping the oils that a shampoo will leave behind.",
"Soap is basically a salt of various fatty acids. If you mix acid and base, you will get salt. You can only use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as a base. They say you can use another strong bases but you can't get useful soap with them. You get different soap salts as you mix the base with different oils. For example, if you mix NaOH with coconut oil, you get sodium cocoate, if you mix NaOH with olive oil, you get sodium oliveate. Every soap salt has different properties. For example, if you add sodium oliveate, your soap will be conditioning. But if you want your soap cleaning, you should add coconut oil, palm kernel oil, or tallow. If you don't have these in your soap, your soap won't clean your body. Fabrication soaps usually use sodium palm kernelate for cleansing, and sodium palmate for conditioning and creamy bubbles. You will say why we need other detergents. That's simple. If you try to make your soap acidic(like adding citric acid), you will notice your soap won't lather anymore. That's why we may need other detergents. Human skin pH is between 4.5 and 5.5, and soap pH is between 8 and 10. So, technically, when you rub your skin with the soap, you hurt your body. Your skin may be itchy, and turn red over time(it doesn't happen to me except my hair, by the way). If you can't make the soaps acidic, you need another detergent. That's why sodium lauryl sulfate came out. Sodium lauryl sulfate has very detergent-like odor, and it comes with pellets. You can easily change its pH with various acids and bases(I use citric acid). You can make the pH of product around 4 or 5, and you can use it without any damage to the skin. But sodium lauryl sulfate has very high cleaning properties(like you are using a hundred percent of sodium cocoate in a soap), so it needs some oils and humectants like glycerin. Shower gels, liquid soaps and shampoo all share this ingredient. There are mild surfectants, but since I have oily skin, I hate all of them. Long live sodium lauryl sulfate. Men's and women's shampoo is different, because usually women have more fragile hair. So men easily use their shower gel as shampoo, but women may have a hard time. Women's shampoo should contain more silicone and humectants. You can make the soap more mild by adding high amounts of glycerin, and your soap will be translucent, but the soap will be little bit soft and meltable. Also you don't need a preservative in a soap, because bad microorganisms can't live in high pH. But you need a preservative like methylparaben in a shower gel or shampoo, because pH is now acidic(because you added citric acid to it). My favorite preservative is sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, but they are highly reactive. Using parabens like methylparaben would extend the shelf life of the product big amount. That's why they quit using parabens. They should sell you more products. Also methylchloroisothiazolinone is effective, but it's only usable in wash-off products like shower gels. You can't use them in lotions. You can also use high amounts of propylene glycol to preserve the product. Lush uses that.",
"I was also wondering if someone can explain difference between hand wash soap and soap for body / shower gel ? Because there doesnt seem to be any to me at the moment",
"**Difference between men's and womens:** Fragrance, packaging, and maybe the latest buzz ingredient for the ladies. **As for shampoo vs soap:** basically, what it comes down to is the degree at which the product removes oil. Products for skin will be easier on skin; products for hair are typically more agressive. Now with your generic stuff, there isn't a ton of difference. But you can buy really strong shampoos that will strip away a ton of oil that you have to be careful with.",
"Soap is made from saponified oils. It is alkaline. It can have additives in it like glycerine, milk, honey, herbs, etc. It can be either a solid or liquid. It cleans very well in soft water. It turns into water insoluble soap scum in hard water and leaves a coating of 'wax' on every solid surface it touches, which is difficult to clean off. It can make hair waxy too when used with hard water. This difficulty is what prompted to switch to detergents/chemical surfactants, which work in all kinds of water. Sulfates are one type of surfactant. Detergents can also be a solid or liquid and have additives. They can have varying pH. They have made their way into all household cleaners and body products, including shampoo, because of their ease of use. Unfortunately, there are also people who find them toxic and damaging and thus search for alternatives to them. The main difference between mens and womens body products is preference. Women like feeling soft and smelling like flowers, so there are additives in their products to soften and moisturize skin, to help with anti-aging, etc. Women also typically enjoy 'pampering' themselves and spending time on hair and body care, so their products cater to that. Men traditionally care less about these things, and don't usually want to smell like flowers, so their products tend to be more basic, with simple anti-irritants, some moisturizers and 'fresh' smells instead. They also don't typically enjoy spending excessive times on 'pampering' and so their products also cater to that preference. The different type of body products are usually focused on their intended use. So hair products will be focused on things that hair needs, and skin products will be focused on skin needs. That said, there is often little actual functional difference. There's no reason you couldn't use body wash to also wash your hair, or shampoo to wash your body. The only product with any real difference is conditioner, which focuses on moisturizing and sealing hair and isn't typically useful for washing your body. Some conditioners can be used to wash hair (co-washing), but they have to lack specific ingredients like silicones to avoid buildup that coats the hair and can damage it. True soap can be used for everything if your water allows it. If used on hair it needs to be finished with an acidic rinse of some sort (herbal rinses can be nice and smell good too) to reset the hairs natural pH so it isn't damaged, and also shouldn't be used on hair more often than every 4 days."
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"https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Acidic+Hair+Rinse"
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[
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irxlnb
|
how does active noise cancellation works and is it more harmful to your ears than normal headphones or earphones
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Sounds are moving air. Active cancelation uses a microphone to listen to the sound, and then make an \"opposite\" sound by pushing air in the other direction. These opposite sounds are added to the music coming through the headphones. By the time it gets to your ear, the combined air from the original (ambient) sound and the opposite sound created by the device cancel out (mostly), so you hear more of your music with less outside noise. The music quality is a bit less because the music has extra sound added on top, but there's no more danger to your ears than listening to regular music.",
"No, it's not harmful. Noise cancelling headphones just play a tone that cancels out the noise around you. How does it work? Picture a sound wave, with peaks and valleys, coming out of a speaker. Now add a second speaker playing the exact same sound. If the peaks of the first sound wave line up with the peaks of the second sound wave, the overall sound gets louder. If the peaks of the first wave line up with the valleys of the second sound wave, they cancel each other out. Noise cancelling headphones have a microphone to \"hear\" the sound around you. They take what they \"hear\" and produce a sound that's the same, but shifted, so the peaks line up with the valleys. This cancels out the sound around you. Many people with normal headphones will crank them really loud to drown out the noise around them. This can damage your hearing. With noise-cancelling headphones, people don't feel the need to crank them because there's hardly any outside noise. No cranking means less damage to your ears, so noise-cancelling headphones can actually be beneficial. :)",
"Sound waves are made up of crest and troughs (loudness and silence). The loudness comes from the air getting pushed and pulled by the speaker. Now imagine what would happen if you could somehow set up another speaker that detects the sound and quickly emits the opposite. So if it detects and loud pushing sound, it'll emit an equally loud pulling sound. They would cancel each other. That's what a noise cancelling system does. It has a sound detector that converts sound into an electrical representation. That electrical signal is fed into an inverter which converts it into the opposite electrical signal. This signal is then fed into a speaker to turn it back into sound. Since it's the opposite sound to what was detected, they cancel each other out. This system only works because electricity is far far faster than sound, so the inversion process and the sound emission process are almost instantaneous, so they're able to cancel the original sound before it travels away. And no, unless the sounds involved are very loud, noise cancellation shouldn't damage your ears any more than the original sound might have.",
"Noise cancelling headphones do two things. They isolate the noise with the padding around your ears and muffle it a bit. Like what your regular headphones do. The second thing is that they have a microphone built into each side that records the abient noise and inverts the signal in real time. Constant sounds with constant bandwidth disappear ( like jet engine sounds in a plane). Irregular sounds with varrying bandwidth like talking are muffled and almost silenced because irregular sounds are hard to invert quickly."
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[
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|
irxuwg
|
Would it be realistically possible to eliminate the common flu from the Earth, and would there be any kind of adverse consequences?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"If you're talking about common flu, meaning influenza. It would be highly unlikely that it would be eliminated. The virus that causes influenza is an RNA virus. And because RNA is super unstable compared to DNA, it mutates way more. So even if we got rid of one type, another new completely different type wouldn't be far away. Due to the mutations changing it. Currently, there are a few different influenza types (Influenza A, B, and C) that have a whole heap of different species within those groups. And there's a good chance that even more are hiding around the corner in other animals. All it takes is a mutated strain and bam! Another influenza is out and about among humans. If you're talking about the common cold. That's even more unlikely. There are hundreds of viruses that can cause what we refer to as the common cold. And they're all different types. Some may have the same tricky mutation skills that the influenza virus has, some may have other sneaky skills to avoid our attempts at eliminating them. If, by a very very very (I cannot stress this enough) slim to assuredly no chance, they were eliminated. It would be hard to predict the consequences, adverse or otherwise. Mammals developed the placenta as a result of a virus influencing our DNA way back in the past. They've had a big hand in speeding up evolution of many different species all over the world. But they have also been implicated in some cancers and neurological disorders. So in answer to your second question - maybe, maybe not.",
"It is difficult to eliminate diseases that have a wild reservoir. Influenza A has a natural host in aquatic birds and occasionally jumps over to domesticate poultry, pigs or humans (like h1n1, h2n2, h3n2 and etc.) Influenza B is mostly in humans the only other animals known to have it are seals and ferrets. It mutates slowly compared to A so most people have immunity to it from childhood. Because it is so slow to mutate, and because there are few species that carry it, it ensures that pandemics from it don't occur. Influenza C is in dogs and pigs too. It can cause local epidemics, but it is less common and generally only causes a mild disease in children. Influenza D has not been seen in humans. It's only in cattle and pigs. We might be able to eliminate D and possibly C since the animals are domesticated, but it might be difficult to vaccinate village dogs.",
"An interesting idea that sparked due to the current pandemic, is researching a way to target all coronaviruses by means of altering our own cell functions so that the virus can't replicate rapidly. So, instead of targeting the virus' DNA (which is a wild goose chase needing different drugs due to all the different types and constant mutations), we could instead use one drug that temporarily inhibits the DNA replication mechanisms in our cells. So we could deprive the virus of its reproductive mechanism for a little, while our immune system ramps up defenses. I found this an interesting approach that if successful and properly advanced, could protect us widely from viruses (or at least, pandemics) in the future."
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|
iryumk
|
How do they make vitamin tablets?
|
Where does the vitamin come from and how do they make it into pills?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Vitamins can be derived from plant or animal products, or produced synthetically in a laboratory. Vitamin A, for example, can be derived from fish liver oil, and vitamin C from citrus fruits or rose hips. Vitamin C is water soluble, so all you need do is crush or grind the plant material and then shake it up with water. A common method is to grind the material with some clean sand in a mortar with a pestle. The material can then be filtered or centrifuged to get rid of the debris. The vitamin C will be in the water. The water is removed and what is left is made into tablets. Producing it synthetically just means that we have learned what basic chemicals make up the vitamin. Those chemicals in a very purified form are mixed together and put into tablets. Most commercial vitamins are made from synthetic vitamins, which are cheaper and easier to produce than natural derivatives. So vitamin A may be synthesized from acetone, and vitamin C from keto acid. There is no chemical difference between the purified vitamins derived from plant or animal sources and those produced synthetically. That said, some people react differently to the different versions and have a preference for one type or the other."
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10
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|
[
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[
"url"
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irz7gw
|
If I’m in a pool, does my weight push down on the bottom if I’m floating?
|
Is the bottom of the pool supporting the same amount of weight whether or not I’m standing on the bottom or floating on the surface? Edit: thanks! Something something Archimedes
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Well OP you could actually test this fairly easily at home. Grab a kitchen scale, a bowl, a small rock, something that floats that weighs as much as the rock. But the answer is yes your weight is added to the weight of the water pushing down.",
"When you get in the pool you displace some water. This causes the water level to rise slightly. Each square centimetre on the bottom of the pool now has a taller column of water above it. That taller column is heavier, and so applies a greater force on the bottom of the pool. So you getting in increases the pressure exerted on the bottom, and so the entire pool carries your weight. If the pool was already full then some water would slosh over the sides, and that amount of water would weigh the same as you, so the total weight of water + person in the pool would stay the same.",
"In order for you to be motionless in the pool, the total force on your body must be zero (thanks, Newton). When you're in the pool, gravity doesn't disappear. It's still pulling you down. Which means something must be pushing back up. You could (rightly) claim that the water is pushing you back up. But then there would be more force pushing down on the water. The water isn't accelerating down, so something must be pushing it back up (it's the bottom of the pool).",
"Yes, you've added some mass to the pool, unless the water you displaced has drained out of the pool."
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[
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[
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irzgj7
|
What actually happens at your ankle when you sprain it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g54f7h7"
],
"text": [
"in an ankle sprain the ligaments, tissues that connect the bones at your feet forming joints, tear or becomes injured by overstretching or being pulled but when it is the tendon (tissue the connects the muscle to a bone) that's been injured it's called strain"
],
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3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
irzrd3
|
Why aren't famous mob bosses or cartel leaders arrested if their crimes are public knowledge?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Everyone knowing someone is a criminal is different from being able to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt in court. There are often members of the mob willing to take the blame for anything in exchange for their families being taken care of.",
"Because they have spectacular lawyers. Also actually pinning them down to a specific crime can be extremely difficult. To convict someone you have to prove that they committed a specific crime \"beyond reasonable doubt\" which, if there is very little hard evidence is tricky. You can't necessarily rely on witness testimonies, because good lawyers can twist words and discredit witnesses pretty well. Mob bosses don't get to their position by being stupid and leaving evidence lying around. There's also the separate issue of finding a judge and jury willing to take the personal risk of actually convicting them. Putting a mob boss in prison could result in yourself or your family being threatened hurt or even killed. And that's if it even makes it to trial without judge, jury or prosecution being threatened or paid off to drop the case.",
"Knowing and being able to prove in court are two different things entirely. Mob bosses isolate themselves from the crimes committed by the cartel/organization. That way the crimes of a low level enforcer or theif can't be used directly against the mob boss. As for crimes directly committed by the Mob Bosses, they have really good lawyers and processes in place to hide and tamper with evidence. Historically the mob would buy, bribe, and intimidate juries, politicians and judges to help them get off. What finally brought down the mob in the US was the introduction of the RICO act of 1970. This allows the government to prosecute the mob as one large criminal conspiracy instead of as individuals."
],
"score": [
38,
13,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is0odu
|
Why are penises one of the most veiny parts of the human body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54hcf4"
],
"text": [
"Well, it's mostly flesh, tissue, muscle and tendon. The tissue is a special sponge type tissue which fills with blood to make it hard. The veins are on the surface basically to make sure that rest of the organ can have enough room for that tissue throughout to do it's purpose."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is1d7y
|
Why is it that sometimes I wake up extra early (not having to) feeling refreshed, go back to sleep to get some more hours, just to wake up groggy and with brain fog
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54nonz",
"g561130"
],
"text": [
"Sleep goes in cycles, with each one lasting somewhere between 90 minutes and 2 hours. When you wake up naturally, it's at the end of a cycle, when you would be in a lighter sleep. Your alarm clock going off after you go back to sleep is waking you up at some other point in a sleep cycle, where you would be in a deeper sleep and not ready to wake up.",
"Just want to mention that, although I don't know why this happens, when it does happen, you should wake up at the time you felt refreshed rather than sleeping in and making yourself groggy. It's better to wake up a bit early naturally, than to wake up a few hours later to an alarm that shocks you out of your sleep cycle."
],
"score": [
240,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is1qp7
|
Why does smoke or fog appear thicker at a distance?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54ptag",
"g54qdh0"
],
"text": [
"The further you look, the more smoke or fog there is between you and the thing you're looking at. Think of it as looking through several layers of a slightly transparent material.",
"Smoke and fog are made when bits of burnt stuff or droplets of water are floating in the air. The more burnt bits or water droplets there are the thicker the smoke/fog appears. A big space can hold more burnt bits/water droplets than a small space. The further back you look the more burnt bits/water droplets there are in your field of vision and so the thicker the smoke/fog looks."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is1t1l
|
why are lemon wedges often served with seafood?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54q2cl",
"g54qetq",
"g54s5wi"
],
"text": [
"Lemon wedges are commonly served with seafood to get rid of what is considered the nasty fish smell/taste. Fish contains amines which are molecules that are produced naturally when fish muscle starts to break down (which happens the moment they are no longer alive). Chemically, amines are very similar to ammonia, and have the trademark “fishy” odor/flavor. Also like ammonia, they are alkaline. When mixed with an acid such as the citric acid in lemon juice, they react and form an amine salt. Amine salts don't have a smell or a taste. Lemons are a way to enjoy your fish, without it tasting too 'fishy' because it moves the PH level towards neutral on the scale.",
"For a number of reasons. For one Lemon and Fish are tastes that go well together. Lemon also helps get rid of the fishy smell by neutralizing the ph. Citrus is also historically associated with seafood and sailing because it added much needed vitamin C to the diet.",
"Oh, I was checking it some time ago! For once, acid in lemon (or sauerkaut or othe acidy additions) is neutralizing bad smelling amines and changes them into something better. And it apparently helps with keeping fish meat together (it firms it) and also with digestion of some vitamins and other nice things :D"
],
"score": [
21,
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is2pjc
|
What is the big deal will “across state lines”
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g550ikq"
],
"text": [
"The US Constitution states that the federal government can't mess with state affairs. But, it can mess with interstate affairs, such as when a crime is committed by one person is two states. The federal government has way more resources and training than a local agency. They're going to have a better \"wide scope\" view of the area. For instance, County A where victim was originally kidnapped, might not know a single soul in County X, two states over, which can make coordinating a surveillance or arrest difficult. Police officers don't have the ability to arrest anyone outside of their state (ie a Maine police officer cannot arrest anyone who is currently in Vermont). A federal agent can arrest anyone anywhere in the US. They even have the connections to coordinate an arrest if the suspect flees to another country. To be clear, local agencies could do this too, but they might not know how to go about the process. Crossing state lines does elevate the level of the crime. The crime is now a federal crime, and the suspect have a federal agency processing the case, which almost certainly means more jail time if they are convicted. This is because their investigations (generally speaking) won't have flaws for a defense attorney to wade through and get charges reduced or dropped. They will dot every i and cross every t. Again, local agencies might be just as diligent, but if County A hasn't seen a kidnapping case in fifty years, they might be out of their depth, and not know the current best practices, or updated laws."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is2sy2
|
Was Jesus’ last name actually Christ?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54yh1q"
],
"text": [
"No, that’s not a name but rather a title. It’s derived from the Greek word “anointed one” which is in turn derived from the Hebrew word for “Messiah”."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is2wyh
|
How does soap kill bacteria?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g54z3it"
],
"text": [
"Most soap doesn't actually kill bacteria. Soap bonds to both water and oil, so it acts as a sort of glue between the oil on your hands that bacteria are using to cling to and the water from the faucet, allowing you to then rinse away the bacteria."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is2yah
|
What makes a computer programmable?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g550u5d"
],
"text": [
"A computer at it's most basic level is just large network of switches. Similar to a light switch. The up position allows electrical current to pass through to the lightbulb and produce light. The down position cuts the current effectively shutting off the light. Programming languages just change the state of those switches to produce different results."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is30op
|
Correlation Without Causation
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g550i8i",
"g551qbt"
],
"text": [
"When two things happen at the same time but neither thing was caused by the other. For example, you're a salesperson and your sales total for the month goes up every time you wear a certain pair of socks. It might appear that the two events are connected, but in reality they are not.",
"When two things change in a similar way, but are not actually affected by one another. A good example is Ice Cream and Sun-Hat Sales. When Hat sales go up, so do Ice Cream sales, but wearing a Hat is not causing people to buy more Ice Cream. They are CORRELATED, but not CAUSED by one another. Instead, the CAUSE is the increase in temperature on a hot day."
],
"score": [
6,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is3avh
|
Why after consuming soda and participating in physical activity do you sometimes get a sharp pain in your shoulder/side?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55agto"
],
"text": [
"This may be because soda contains sugar (carbohydrates) or artificial sweetener that your body treats like sugar. After you consume carbs or fat or protein, really anything your body has to begin digesting (water has no nutritional components like this) your digestive track kicks into gear. Using regular soda as a simple example: you take in sugar, your taste buds tell your brain its time to start digesting, your brain tells your stomach to start pushing its contents into the intestines. Your stomach has two little circular muscles, sphincters are the technical name, that begin contracting when your stomach needs to move it’s contents through. The first sphincter sits on your left side, the second on the right. Depending on how long ago you drank a soda, those muscle would be contracting to help get the soda to the intestines. If these muscles are kicked into over drive because you need the contents of what you ate for energy to exercise, you’ll notice those muscles you don’t ever feel, feel sore and can cause a sharp jabbing pain or a pain that can radiate (feels like it’s moving from the source up or down your body) to the shoulder."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is3bfp
|
How does cancer actually kill?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5553yx",
"g552fww"
],
"text": [
"Doctor here: So, I'd wanna start by saying that the term \"cancer\" is about as broad as saying \"vehicle\"...when I say \"vehicle\", am I referring to a car? A boat? A bicycle? A rocket? They're all pretty different, right? So cancers can kill you in several ways, because they're pretty darn different. However, usually the main issue is that a cancer cell is a cell that is broken but doesn't know it's broken. So all it wants to do is multiply. Usually, if a cell in your body breaks, it senses that and kills itself (a process called 'apoptosis'). Cancer cells have lost this trait. How does that kill you? Well, cells that are only concerned with multiplication tend to not do anything else very well, so they start displacing the good cells but aren't doing the job they're supposed to be doing. Eventually, you have too many and the cancerous organ stops functioning well. This was definitely a super oversimplication of what's going on, but for the sake of the ELI5, it basically boils down to **bad cells take over and good cells die, then your organs shut down cuz there's too many bad cells not playing fair**",
"Cancer especially the rapid growth ones get in the way of the body's natural functions. Think of the disruption of a tumour in the heart, brain, bone or lung. The heart doesn't pump right, the brain can't send signals to control everything, bones break or grow in terrible ways causing pain or you lungs slowly suffocating you and you can't do much of anything about it."
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is45xj
|
Why when standing on something very high I feel like I am getting pulled in? Ex an edge of a building or a cliff.
|
Not sure if it’s just me but every time I go hiking or when we travel to the top of structures when I look over the edge it feels like I am getting pulled in or over the edge.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55aw3c",
"g55i9nk"
],
"text": [
"Consider it your bodies natural reaction to a dangerous situation. Your heart rate increases and less blood gets pumped through your digestive tract and instead goes towards your legs.",
"Vertigo. Most people naturally have a reaction of lightheadedness to large, sheer drops. We have this reaction because it's unpleasant and makes us instinctually pull back from the edge. Our ancestors who didn't have a strong reaction to the potential of lethal falls would die by falling more often than the ones who did, and so we are the ancestors of people who were afraid of cliff faces."
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is4eqo
|
Why can some cheese be "aged" for years but the cheese I purchase molds in the refrigerator?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55eh4r",
"g55e94m",
"g55f6y1",
"g56oolp",
"g579co5",
"g560cxn"
],
"text": [
"Some cheeses are very low moisture and high salt content and are aged in specific temperature and humidity conditions, they form a hard rind and will store a very long time even in your fridge after they've been sliced open. Some cheeses are stored with the full wheels protected by a layer of wax. Some cheeses are allowed to mold on purpose, and I don't just mean 'blue' cheeses that have mold inside them. Soft ripened cheeses like brie have their skin covered in mold and it's part of the flavour. This is also true of some aged sausage, the cheaper version of which will even have fake mold on them. Some cheese that you think is moldy might not be. Cheddar for instance forms protein crystals that can look like little spots of white mold but aren't at all.",
"A whole wheel of cheese is a sort of living organism with a skin (rind) that protects it. When you cut into it it opens it up to spoilage.",
"Aged cheeses are kept in a room with controlled temperature and humidity. The cheese you have in the fridge is always exposed to moisture and bacteria from being constantly used/touched and not being properly stored. Which also makes it a prime breeding ground for mold.",
"Aged cheeses do go moldy, the key is they are allowed to go moldy in a controlled environment that affects what mold grows. Or in some cases, the cheese is stored covered in wax, or in a very salty environment, or many other factors to prevent it from molding. It's much the same way that aging beef improves it, letting beef go off at the back of your home fridge does not. Or how wines and whiskeys are aged in oak barrels, but once they are bottled they stop aging, and once that bottle is opened, they will eventually spoil.",
"Daughter of a cheese maker here. What these people are saying is correct. If you buy a good cheese (not velveeta), and you want it to last a little bit longer and not mold, wrap it in parchment paper. Do not store your cheese in a plastic bag. You will kill the good organisms, introduce and lock in moisture, and mold will grow. Parchment (or wax or butchers) paper allows the cheese to breathe and maintain a healthy moisture level. If it's slices or cubes, just eat it quickly. If it's a block or wedge, this method will help. Happy (cheese) eating!",
"Most “natural” cheeses at normal grocery stores are enzymatic, not mold based. Chemists make specific enzymes to cause milk/milk products to create similar tastes to what once came from a growth process. Mold growth in your fridge comes from introduction of spores from the environment. Too much water and too few preservatives, usually not enough salt, creates a favorable environment for these spores to grow. The spores might be picked up at a factory, from your hands, from your house, from the fridge, possibly even from poor quality ingredients or that enzyme we talked about."
],
"score": [
964,
71,
42,
40,
14,
10
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is4ff3
|
Why are most pc components green?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55cip5"
],
"text": [
"Counterpoint: they aren't. For years the manufacturers have been making motherboard and GPU circuit boards black for aesthethics. Of course shitty OEM boards (and some PCIe cards) will be green, because printed circuit board manufacturers have that as the (completely arbitrary but \"traditional\") default. Different colors cost a tiny bit extra."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is4idd
|
why are strawberry, chocolate and vanilla considered the ‘basic staple flavors’?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55k84l"
],
"text": [
"Complexity and availability. Flavor (and smell) is a mix of different components. For vanilla flavor you only need one organic compound - Vanillin. And it could be easily produced from wood pulp or oil. Strawberry and chocolate are little more complex, but still it's 2-3 compounds that are easily producible and available. Now if you check something like black pepper - we are now on completely different level. Taste of it consist of 107 different components. In the end it's easier to grow black pepper than to chemically synthesize it's taste) TLDR: Strawberry, chocolate and vanilla flavors could be \"approximated\" by one or two easily-created chemicals, while something like melon or apple require 20-30 different components."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is676j
|
why does yellow seem "brighter" than other colors?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55szuo",
"g55y8ap",
"g56afzc"
],
"text": [
"The answer to your question isn't simple since color theory and the human physiological response to the light spectrum can be somewhat complex. Yellow is often perceived as brighter as the brightness (dark or light) and the saturation (intensity or purity) of yellow are often much higher than other primary colours. In terms of printed yellow, yellow pigments are often less dense than other pigments meaning they often appear brighter. In terms of displays like a TV, producing yellow uses a green and red light but this requires high brightness values so may appear brighter even if not significant in terms of actual brightness. Also individual physiology plays a huge part as all people are more sensitive to certain colours than others, nobody sees colours as accurately as everyone else so some might see yellow more bright than others as the eyes and/or brain process this colour easier or better.",
"A couple reasons. It is lighter in value (which is the measure of lightness and darkness). Which basically means that it has more \"light\" and less \"dark\". Second reason being that yellow is a more intense wavelength. As things burn hotter, they progress from red to orange to yellow to eventually white.",
"Two reasons. One, the choice of colours, hues, and saturation we pick as the \"real\" colour is sort of arbitrary. There are darker yellows, you might call them gold or something. Secondly, if we're talking pure wavelength of equal intensity right off the rainbow (ie ignoring the previous point), yellow (and green) light actually do excite your eye more than red and especially blue and violet. The human eye has three types of cone cells, that is cells that respond to light of a certain band. They can loosely be called blue cone cells, red come cells, and green cone cells. Hence, blue, red and green being the best (simple) primary colours for anything emitting light, like a TV. They aren't perfect, a TV can't display every colour you can see with its red, green, and blue (RGB) setup. And their opposites, yellow (absord blue), cyan (absord red), and magenta (absorb green) being the among the best primary colour choices for pigments that absord light. Like the ink in your printer. Yellow and cyan ink make green because they absorb blues and greens leaving reds. However, the cells don't line up perfectly nor do they all respond the same to equal intensities of those colours. Their response look like [this]( URL_0 ). As you can see, all three cones have a wide area and overlap. The green and red comes are much closer together. The blue cone is far less sensitive. The green is most sensitive. And the green and red overlap a lot as their peaks are very close. And the red come has a little peak in the blue region. This explains most of the human colour phenomenon. Violet (very blue end of a rainbow) and purple (red and blue mix) looks similar because red cones have a little spike of sensitivity in the very blue region. Green and yellow our eyes are most sensitive too, so they look bright. Blue and violet are eyes are not very sensitive to at all, so they look dark. The green and yellow region has a lot of overlap, so there's a wide region of hard to distinguish greens."
],
"score": [
9,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-cc538f9d6e126b50b64b7dab9476ae84"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is6kzy
|
why do we have to wash vegetables before cooking?Surely the heat of cooking kills the bacteria anyway?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55u6un",
"g55udtl"
],
"text": [
"We wash to remove the pesticides/germicides/fertilizer than only bacteria. Those include harmful chemicals which do not dissipate with cooking.",
"Heat won’t kill all bacteria, it won’t denature all toxins, and it won’t magically make dirt disappear. Many produce items from the grocery store come with dirt, bugs, fertilizer, and every once in a while human feces. Next time you’re at the grocery store check out the mushrooms. You’ll be able to see dirt right in the package."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is6ry8
|
How can a person have both myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness) at the same time?
|
I know that this is typical for older people, and that they usually have two pair of glasses - one for reading, the other for TV, or they have bifocal glasses. What I don't understand is if the myopia is a symptom that light is focused before the retina and hyperopia behind the retina, how can it be both?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5672dz"
],
"text": [
"You cannot have both conditions in the same eye, however you can have either condition with presbyopia. Presbyopia is the process of the lens losing it's flexibility to change focus. What that means is if you're myopic, you have to take your glasses off to read(unless you have a multifocal), and for hyperopes, they'll need reading glasses of some sort to see close up items."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is6zoq
|
How do promotional giveaways such as ‘Win $100,000 of Terry Bradshaw’s own money’ work?
|
Specifically, does the network (or sponsoring organization) give the TV personality/celebrity the money to ‘give away’, or do they not even bother with that pretense, and it’s just a giveaway like any other?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55ylv5"
],
"text": [
"In the game show \"Win Ben Stein's Money\" the money that Ben was defending was part of his pay for the show. At the end they subtracted the amount of money won by the contestants from the budget for the winnings and he got what was left over. Terry Bradshaw is obviously being paid for being a part of the promotion. In the end he's actually making money no matter how that $100,000 comes out and is accounted for"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is7847
|
how does decay of organic matter actually work?
|
Like if a dead person was sealed inside a plastic container and put in a building with no access to dirt or other organic matter, how would they decay? Are there maggots/parasites/fungi/bacteria that live on our bodies that start the decaying process? Is that the same thing that happens when a body part dies/becomes necrotic? Do those organisms that cause decay live in every kind of soil?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55zt5x",
"g56115f"
],
"text": [
"Your body (and mine and everyone else's) is teeming with microbes. Somewhere between 60% and 90% of all cells in and on your body are not yours - they are bacteria and their ilk. Many of these help keep you alive, but once you're dead, some will turn on you in a heartbeat (or lack of heartbeat as it were). Decay and rot is unavoidable, although sealing a body away or doing something extreme like launching it into the vacuum of space will slow the process and leave a far more desiccated corpse that doesn't rot away like a body buried in soil.",
"Maggots and parasites probably (hopefully) aren't in or on you, but bacteria live all over and inside of you. There are also fungal spores pretty much on every surface on the planet waiting to grow into fungus. Your immune system keeps those things in check so they don't harm you (most of the time). Some of the bacteria are actually quite helpful as long as they stay where they're supposed to be. When you die, your heart is no longer providing any oxygen to your cells, so your immune system shuts down and stops keeping the bacteria from spreading and the fungal spores from growing. Many of the bacteria species in your body can live quite happily without oxygen. In fact, some of the most important decomposer bacteria on Earth are anaerobic and require an environment devoid of oxygen. That said, normal, natural decomposition is a complex process that involves a lot of decomposers, including bacteria, fungi, and scavengers like maggots or even large animals like buzzards. Yes, decomposers live just about everywhere on Earth today. Millions of years ago, that wasn't always the case. Some particularly tough organic molecules like the lignin in trees was too difficult to break down and nothing yet evolved a way to do it. So, trees died and just kind of sat there until they got buried by the wind and rain. Eventually, mutations lead to bacteria and fungi that had the enzymes necessary to digest the lignin. For a long time in Earth's history there simply weren't a lot of decomposers and any dead stuff took a very long time to break down, if it broke down at all. That's how oil formed - dead plankton in the ocean sank and got buried before it could be digested. Today, dead stuff mostly won't form oil or coal because there are enough decomposers that it rarely lasts long enough to get buried. Stuffing you into a plastic bag will certain slow the process down by cutting out a lot of those decomposers, but it won't stop it entirely."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is79qv
|
Why is it easier for me to believe that something bad might happen any time soon rather than thinking something good might be coming my way?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g55zn8w",
"g560ztu"
],
"text": [
"Evolution. You have a better chance of survival if you're prepared for a bad thing to happen. A good thing happening is just a bonus but a bad thing could mean death so we have evolved to better process dangerous situations. This is why we have a fight or flight response too.",
"Possibly because of confirmation bias. If you think only bad things can happen to you, then you only notice the bad things happening, which reinforces your ideas about only bad things happening to you, which sharpens your skill to see bad things happening. Rinse, repeat. If you train yourself to see the silver lining or good things that happen, you can make it easier to think positive thoughts"
],
"score": [
8,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is7dej
|
If the amount of currency stayed the same and the population increases wouldn’t it reverse inflation?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g561z30",
"g55zl97"
],
"text": [
"Population not so much, but economy yes. Economy is somewhat linked to population, but is also obviously linked to other factors like technology, recourses, political stability, and trade. But yes, you are absolutely correct. If no more money was \"printed\", the same amount of money would represent more economic wealth. Hence, the money is worth more. If there's 100 dollar for the whole economic pie, and the pie just got bigger, each 1 dollar slice is now worth more pie. That's great, right? No, it's actually bad. This is called deflation. Deflation isn't some good opposite to evil inflation. It's can bad, it can very bad if it's strong. In fact, the mild inflation the world sees right now is intentional. The governments actually print slightly more new money than there is economic growth. Why? Because it encourages spending and investment as hoarding money slowly losses wealth. Deflation encourages people to hoard money, like a dragon with a cave of gold. As you can imagine, gold in a cave isn't very useful to anyone. If the money is worth more in the future, why would you spend or invest any of it? This is of course horrible for the economy and society. Loans stops, investment stops, spending stop. This of course crashes the economy as nothing is happening. The same amount of money is still there, but it's not moving so nothing is happening. This of course soon means the economy is shrinking, so there's even less resources but the same amount of money. This clearly goes right back to inflation as the economy stalled and shrank rather than grew. Ultimately, money is meaningless. It's just a placeholder for resources. It doesn't matter if a Japanese yen is worth 100x less than an American dollar, it's all just placeholders. It doesn't in any way mean American is richer or better off or has a stronger economy than japan by 100x. What matters is the economy itself. How much resources there are, how well they are being exchanged, and how much it grows. So the goal is whatever inflation, deflation, or neither that works for the strongest economy. And through current economic theory and historical results, steady, reliable mild inflation is the best bet. It's very intentional, not some accidental issue that inflation is occurring. And of course by \"printed\" I don't necessarily mean literally printed. Some money is minted, and a lot now is digital. In the old days, the rate of growth of money was determined mostly by how much new gold and silver was discovered and mined. It's rarity kept it as a steady currency growing more or less in check with the overall economy, and small size and high value as a nice placeholder for bartering that can be carried in a purse or wallet. Now this is all artificial, with well established and wide reaching governments being able to control the rates of new currency. Governments before modern times had dealt with paper currencies or attempts to control currency outside of raw good and silver. The paper currencies often failed however, which then only being as reliable as the power of a feudal empires stability. And rampant inflation of coinage also occured as governments (like say the Romans which was far reaching enough to attempt control) debased the coins (put cheaper metals in), but their failed understanding of economic theories often spiraled things out of control. Turns out cheaping out on the coins based on the value of metal and attempting to fix prices doesn't actually work, and the black/grey market will just default to supply and demand depsite whatever the king or emperor wishes. Turns out you can't dictate more resources into existence with wishful thinking.",
"Population doesn’t matter as much as other factors URL_0 Goods and services being the major thing."
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/111314/what-causes-inflation-and-does-anyone-gain-it.asp"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is7ik3
|
What is the "Just-World Hypothesis"? How is this idea a bad thing?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5646kv",
"g561em0",
"g561ac4"
],
"text": [
"In addition to what others have said, it's bad because it leads people to blame victims. The rape victim must've dressed slutty, the poor person must be lazy, the person shot by police must have been a criminal. It's an excuse to never try to improve the world, because if bad things only happen to bad people, then it's ok for bad things to happen.",
"The Just World Hypothesis is simply, if your actions are good upon the world, the world will be kind to you in kind (and vice versa). It’s a bad mindset because it’s not how the world works, and if you do good deeds expecting good deeds in turn and they don’t show up, you’ll be disillusioned.",
"It's the frame of mind that people get what's coming to them, good people get rewarded for their good deeds, bad people get punished. It's bad only in that it is not an accurate statement of reality. There are plenty of situations of injustice, where good actions are punished, and bad actions are rewarded. It also oversimplifies people. There is no such thing as a truly \"good person\", nor is there really a \"pure evil\" person, so this framework tends to draw hard lines where there really aren't any."
],
"score": [
11,
10,
9
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is7l8p
|
Why does marinara sauce always stain reusable containers?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g562e4f",
"g56c9rp",
"g56o8s8"
],
"text": [
"Plastic is a actually porous so it’s almost as if that container is absorbing it. The same is true for disposable contact lenses absorbing pollutants.",
"It's the red pigment in tomatoes, lycopene, that stains plastic. If you search online, people say that bleach or other chemicals will remove the stains, but I haven't found any that work well.",
"If you remember dishwashers use to turned pink inside if you washed dishes with pasta sauce on them. manufacturers used a talc like powder as a mold release agent that also have the plastic a satin look. The lycopene like to sit in the tiny pores left by the talc. Newer dishwashers tend to have a glossy finish to the tub"
],
"score": [
13,
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is7u8c
|
If you wake up from REM sleep for a minute or so, then go back to sleep, do you go right back into REM or does your brain have to backtrack?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56nsyw"
],
"text": [
"From experience I can go back into the same dream or another one (so right back to REM), but there will be folks who could explain this better and possibly prove me wrong!"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is8ghz
|
What happens to a passengers luggage if an airplane flight crashed and/or needed a emergency stop?
|
Do the passengers get reimbursed based on the luggage if it wasn't recoverable? How would airlines know the cost of the luggage on the flight it it crashed (people made it out, luggage stayed on plane)?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56b0su"
],
"text": [
"The airline is responsible to compensate passengers for injury, death, or damage and loss of property in the case of an accident. How much they can get compensated is defined in the Warsaw convention, first drafted in 1929 but updated in Montreal convention of 2003. The convention (which not all countries have signed) defines the rules for compensation as well as upper limits for how much the airline has to pay. If I understand the treated correctly your luggage has a value of up $3400 as far as the treaty is concerned, depending on various rules and stipulations. There are many rules, the details of which I won't get into or claim to understand, but the basics is Airlines have an upper limit of $175,000 US of liability per passenger. They are also required to have liability insurance. The main reason for this treaty is to limit the liability of air travel on the airline. The airline is still responsible for the safety of it's passengers but the upper limits are in part to protect the industry by not setting precedents of liability that would bankrupt an airline every time they had an accident. Basically everyone recognizes that while aircraft are incredibly safe, when accidents happen the chance for loss of life is very high. In practice airlines have insurance that covers this, but the premiums and deductibles are so high that the airline will pay you out of pocket for misc damage. The insurance is just there for disasters."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is8iaz
|
How do calculators use logic gates to calculate?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56ex4i"
],
"text": [
"You create logical circuits that do the operation you like. In addition, you make a full adder and change as many as you need together for the calculation. a full adder is added 3 bits, the carry from the previous adder, and one bit for each number. It output a result bit and a carry. Carry is overflow from an operation The operation is like you do when you add by hand on parer as you learned in school 35+26 can be split up. first adding 5 +7 to 12 so 2 out and 1 as a carry. Then you have 3+2 + 1( the carry from the precious operation= you get 6 out and 0 as a carry The result is the output in reverse order so 2 and 6 is 62 If you do that with binary you can make the 3-bit addition with simple logic [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Multiplication and division is harder buy you split than just like you did when you learn to do them in school"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/full-adder-in-digital-logic/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is8n71
|
Why do we feel weak (as in not being able to lift a heavy object) when we are laughing a lot?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56ibqc",
"g576cdb",
"g56ysdm"
],
"text": [
"Someone may be able to correct me on this, but a good ELI5 would be that our core muscles (Abs and such) play a major role in keeping us upright and maintaining posture, and are even more active when we are also lifting something heavy. When we are laughing uncontrollably a lot of that core muscle activity is now involved in the act of laughing and not maintaining posture, to the point where in particularly intense laughter we might end up doubled over on the floor.",
"Cataplexy is what it's called. Studies have been done that showed people's reflexes were dampened during laughter but not as much during other breathing activities suggesting it isn't a breathing issue. Your muscles actually do get weak when you laugh. Last I checked (it's been years) there wasn't a definitive answer as to why exactly but there may be more recent results.",
"Not a scientist- just a random dude But I think the answer is fairly simple. Oxygen. As you laugh excesively, you expel more air than you receive which reduces the exchange of oxygen. As the muscles struggle to receive oxygen, they are less effecient This probably made no sense and the ghosts of scientists are laughing at me as we speak"
],
"score": [
22,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is8rwh
|
How did people first learn other languages and figure out what the equivalents were in their own?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56cpwc",
"g56dlm7"
],
"text": [
"Most likely by holding or showing objects while repeatedly saying the word for. Like pointing to yourself and saying your name.",
"How did you and other people learn your native language as a baby? Babys are not born with the knowledge of a language they learn it. You can learn languages as an adult in the same way. Your brain might be fewer flexibles as it is set in its way but the general the same methods works."
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is8v23
|
I've been noticing people using the word "biased" recently and I was just wondering how one could be non biased? If there is such a thing at all.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56d9m7",
"g56ddfq",
"g56di3e",
"g56d8ls"
],
"text": [
"Not really. So ideally, you should make an effort to be aware of your bias, and what bias other people may be coming in with - another word for it is intersectionality. As you become more aware of whatever bias you possess, you can take steps to neutralize it, make sense?",
"Biases can be really large or really small, and I acknowledge they pretty much always exist, But you can always attempt to minimize them, and that pointing out a noticeably biased position is important so that the bias can be minimized.",
"No one is ever non-biased. One can analyze their own thinking and try to compensate for their own bias. Bias happens unconsciously, we have to consciously stop and reflect on that thought to not act on that bias. If you’d like to [read more]( URL_0 ) this goes a lot more in depth.",
"You can be ninbiased if you either don't want a particular outcome, or if you remain objective and look at both sides. For eg. A statistician who is compiling covid19 rates needs to be nonbiased and present the figures as they are. A biased person would twist the data or present it in a way to promote a particular narrative,"
],
"score": [
7,
6,
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/reset-247/201508/can-you-escape-bias%3famp"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is9mf4
|
Why do photographs from the early 2000s (MySpace era) have 'that look'?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56jsed",
"g56k1sm"
],
"text": [
"Answer: it was the early ages of Digital camera's, Over the years camera technology have been refined a lot. Better sensors, better colour capture, better lenses. There where good Digital camera's back then, but they where very expensive. So it was common to have a camera with a very small sensor which had very basic features, poor quality lens that was 'always in focus' and nearly no enhancements. Plus a lot of people would use Webcams rather than a digital camera which will produce a much poorer picture. Edit_ Just to compare to today's prices, I bought a 256mb memory card for £85, you could fit around 2000 pictures on there (so small image size). These days you can get a 64GB card for around £20 Things where limited and seriously expensive compared to now.",
"Cell phone cameras were horrible back then. They took very small pictures. The images were grainy and didn't do very well when uploaded online. they also didn't usually have a flash and it was hard to get your face centered on it very well."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
is9sbg
|
How the heck do the door handles on Tesla’s work?
|
Do you boop them? Do you hover your hand over them? Do they pop out?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56y1j7",
"g56k9n9"
],
"text": [
"- 2008 Roadster: small button on the top of the door towards the end - Model S Sedan: push on the handle slightly and it'll pop out, and will go back in once locked/door closed - Model X SUV: push on the handle and door will open (doesn't pop out, but the doors will open automatically, no need to pull the door open) - Model 3 Sedan: push on the fat part with your thumb, pull on the skinny part with rest of hand - Model Y Crossover SUV: same as Model 3 - Roadster 2.0: swipe on the b pillar with finger to open door",
"When you unlock the car, they pop out and work like regular handles. When the car is locked, they go back into the door"
],
"score": [
10,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is9tvs
|
Where does all the smoke and bad air particles from wildfires go?
|
Does something naturally filter it out? Does it vent into space? Do all these harmful particles just dilute out and die somehow? Honestly want to know. ELI5 and gorey detail welcomed too.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56m7ad",
"g56mrm2"
],
"text": [
"The particulate will eventually settle onto the Earth's surface. It either gets absorbed by the ocean or becomes good ole dirt here on land.",
"Some of it may naturally settle on its own by sticking to surfaces through weak intermolecular forces. (think chimney soot.) A lot of particulate matter in the atmosphere ends up being brought down when it gets caught in airborne water droplets - in clouds, fog, and rain. The tinier a particle is, the longer it's likely to hang in the air, because the force of gravity on it ends up being negligible compared to the force of all the air molecules knocking it around on a random path through Brownian motion. But if a particle hits a droplet of water, it may stick and be absorbed. And if it's big enough, the droplet may have enough weight, compared to its surface area, to fall."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
is9y5t
|
Why do birds like to sit on power lines?
|
[Birds on a power line]( URL_0 )
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56kudl"
],
"text": [
"It provides great visibility and protection from non-flying prodators. Since the wires are far from the ground, the bird is in no risk of being shocked."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isa5o1
|
- How do spiders build their webs horizontally sideways?
|
How do spiders build a web across a horizontal plain with no downward angle? Surely that would defy physics... Eli5
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56ok5a",
"g56me0h"
],
"text": [
"Spiders can dangle a thread to blow into the wind and snag onto another point. It's called a bridge thread. If we're talking orb webs, the spider will then make another line down from the center of the bridge and start working from there",
"They usually build the horizontal lines after setting a few vertical ones, attaching them to those other lines. But spiders will also sometimes make horizontal guide lines, they make these straight by pulling them taught after reaching the other side. They don't always use wind to disperse threads horizontally, many retract them manually to make them straight and remove slack. [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider\\_web"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isaez8
|
why is biodiversity so important?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56nx2b",
"g56sjff"
],
"text": [
"If everything were exactly the same, then when something really bad happens it will affect everything exactly the same way. Sometimes it’s so bad that it can cause everything, that is exactly the same, to permanently disappear from earth forever. But if everything was not exactly the same and some things are like this and some like that, then when something bad really happens it might only affect some of the things and not all of the things. So then only some of this and that might not permanently disappear from earth.",
"Just to add to other's very good answers: it's not a renewable resource. When something goes extinct it's gone. You can't get that diversity back. So whatever the benefits, the risk of losing them is worse because it's irreplaceable."
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isao4r
|
What are the benefits of non-gmo foods.
|
Is it just marketing or are foods that are "all-natural" actually better for you?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56pabp",
"g56seyq",
"g570mh8",
"g579fcl",
"g57dqwt"
],
"text": [
"No food we have today is all natural. They have all gone through selective breeding to create a product that grows well, is resistant to diseases and bugs, etc. That's is all technically genetically modified products. All non-GMO stuff is is products that have not been additionally altered in a lab to make them more resilient. Is it actually better for you? not really. Though there could be the possibility of a risk of a product that has been modified causing problems, I don't believe it has to date.",
"The cornerstone of non-GMO marketing is fear and ignorance. By exploiting this, companies can, or attempt to, boost their sales. As an example, in the US the only [GMOs crops]( URL_1 ) grown and sold are corn, soy, canola, alfalfa, cotton, sugar beets, potato, summer squash, papaya and apple. [GMO potatoes]( URL_2 ) are still uncommon. The GMO non-browning [Arctic Apple]( URL_6 ) is still new and hard to come by. All other crops are by definition non-GMO. But this doesn't stop sleazy companies using sleazy [Non-GMO Verified]( URL_4 ) labels on foods that have absolutely no GMO counterpart (examples - [wheat]( URL_0 ), [tomato]( URL_3 ), [oats]( URL_9 ), [quinoa]( URL_7 ), [coconut]( URL_10 )). Another vested party is the organic industry. Since generic engineering is not permitted in USDA Organic, this puts them at a competitive disadvantage. As such much of the anti-GMO rhetoric comes from the organic industry and their front groups, example - Organic Consumers Association, USRTK (in particular Carey Gillam and her Guardian articles), GMWatch, EWG (ie their \"[dirty dozen]( URL_5 )\" list). This is also why the [GMO labeling movement is all about]( URL_8 ) banning GMOs. So yes, there are benefits to non-GMOs, mainly boosting sales and charging more.",
"As far as I’m aware the only risk associated with GMO is when a company copyrights a genetic variety, lets it leak outside of its farmland, and then sues a farmer for selling their variety even though it’s not really something the farmer can control. Can someone more knowledgeable verify this? It’s actually been a bit of a sore point with me and Bill Nye because he didn’t seem to be aware of it when he was talking about Monsanto. (BTW: Monsanto is the company I’m alluding to in my example.) Edit: I haven’t replied to any of the below comments because while the ones saying it hasn’t happened are technically wrong, it seems the situation is more complicated than it appears. I would encourage people curious about the matter to read through the Wikipedia article for [Monsanto legal cases]( URL_0 ). At least as a start.",
"Smugness. No, really, there is no scientifically proven benefit to non-GMO food. Any perceived benefit is purely psychological",
"Correct me if I'm wrong but I believe that while there are no direct disadvantages of GMOs foods in terms of health, the issue is more environmental. Many GMO crops are modified to become more resistant to increased use of heavy pesticides, so basically farmers use genetically modified crops so they can use more deadly pesticides that kill more pests which would be eating the crop. Naturally, stronger pesticides being used on GMO crop fields, while they produce larger crop yields, end up in water run off that can go into streams and into other farms. In other farms, the remnants of these heavier pesticides can kill the crops that haven't been modified to resist them. Of course you can imagine the extended negative consequences of more pesticides in streams and all the aquatic life there. So there isn't really any inherent negative consequence to GMOs, it's just that they are sometimes used in ways which have secondary negative effects on the environment. edit: added second paragraph right after typing."
],
"score": [
28,
21,
7,
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.barilla.com//-/media/images/en_us/products/groups/shapes/pack-comps/product_shells_v5.png",
"https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato",
"https://www.hunts.com/sites/g/files/qyyrlu211/files/images/products/tomato-sauce-30346.png",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPZvAPSPAWE",
"https://www.agdaily.com/insights/perspective-dirty-tactics-ewgs-dirty-dozen/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Apples",
"https://www.lundberg.com/assets/photos/Products/Quinoa-Organic_Tri-ColorBlend-Product-Thumbnail.png",
"https://b-i.forbesimg.com/jonentine/files/2013/10/GLP-GMO-label1.png",
"https://www.quakeroats.com/images/default-source/products/quaker_old-fashioned_320x400",
"https://drinkc2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/c2o-pure-coconut-3.png"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto_legal_cases?wprov=sfti1"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isb5sp
|
- Why are allergy shots given for environmental allergies but not for food allergies?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56w3kj"
],
"text": [
"Generally speaking, environmental allergies are a bit more tame than food allergies. E.g. a pollen allergy may give you a runny nose and make you sneeze, but a peanut allergy can put you in anaphylactic shock. So we don't give shots for food allergies because there is a much greater risk of having a horrible reaction to it."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isb6py
|
How does hydrogen peroxide help clean wounds?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g570skt",
"g56synm"
],
"text": [
"In my last ems training they told us not to use it because it doesn’t do much. Isopropyl alcohol or plain soapy warm water is much more effective.",
"Hydrogen peroxide is what we call an \"antiseptic\", same as like rubbing alcohol and other first aid cleaners. Basically, it's a harmful material that will kill all the bacteria and everything on the spot that you put it. The reason that peroxide and rubbing alcohol hurt is that they will a few of your cells inside the cut as well, but they won't do enough damage to hurt you long term, so killing all the gems is worth it."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isba79
|
If different types of soaps (shampoo, bar soap, etc) mostly different because of the Ph then how does dr. Bronners do an 18 in one?
|
Someone else asked why different soaps were different. I'm at work right now stocking soap shelves and I saw dr bronners 18 in one. If they can do laundry detergent, face soap, dish soap, shampoo, body wash etc etc etc all in one then why can't everything be all in one? And how do they balance the ph to do that?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56toit"
],
"text": [
"All soap has the same basic principles. All soap can work for all things, but maybe not as well as other things. Dr Bronners works fine for everything, but not great for everything."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isba9x
|
What is the process of death like for a heroin overdose?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56uxr3",
"g56uzmv",
"g56vqee"
],
"text": [
"It is likely similar to any narcotic overdose. A warm and soft overall feeling as the person drifts into a VERY heavy sleep. While unconscious their brain no longer recognizes an increase in co2 in their bloodstream and with that lack a drive for breathing and eventually succumb to hypoxia. At this point their organs no longer perfuse and they die from lack of oxygen. Quite a “pleasant” way to go as the victim has no understanding and simply drifts away.",
"Heroin is an opiate. Opiates cause sedation and respiratory depression. So you fall asleep and stop breathing. Eventually hypoxia kills you.",
"Are you asking how the person feels during it? Or the actual process? Person falls asleep and doesn’t wake up. Painless. For me working on you your heartbeat and breathes are almost if not non existent. You’re turning blue from lack of oxygen. Hopefully we get there before you vomit so we don’t have to suction your airway if not and you’re alone the minimum breathes you take will be of vomit going into lungs and you will “drown” from your own vomit. Many rock legends have died this way. This is reason why you put people on their sides so vomit/blood doesn’t pool in your mouth and kill you. You not breathing will not wake you up all of a sudden or choking on vomit either. You’re asleep and definitely feel nothing cause that’s what the drug does."
],
"score": [
21,
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isbahr
|
Why/how are house flies so loud?
|
They are these relatively tiny creatures but sound like an airborne lawnmower. Why/how do they buzz so loud?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56xlzc"
],
"text": [
"When flies beat their wings, the motion moves the air around the wings, creating a sound wave. The pitch (frequency) of the sound is determined by how quickly the fly beats its wings. I imagine the volume (amplitude) of the sound is determined, in part, by how big the wings are (how much air the wings move). It turns out that a house fly's wings move at a frequency that's very noticeable to humans (in the middle of our hearing range), and the wings move enough air to make the sound quite loud. They're like little helicopters."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isbb80
|
Why do quarterbacks yell things like “Blue 80” before the snap?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56tb98",
"g56tjn1"
],
"text": [
"They're calling the play. All the teams have \"playbooks\" with codes for where each man should run/block/throw. When they line up at scrimmage, the QB sees how the defense is set, and makes a call for the best play at that time, which may or may not be different from what they prepared in the huddle.",
"“blue 80” is a phrase that qb’s use to get the offense ready for the play/the center to get ready to snap the ball. other commands are used to audible (change plays at the line of scrimmage), or used to designate a player on the defense that the qb believes will have a significant role in the defensive possession"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isc0c1
|
How do you get sick from being in the cold?
|
I mean, what effect does outside temperature have on your health that causes you to, for example, catch (literally) "a cold"?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56xmj5",
"g56xyvo"
],
"text": [
"You don’t. A “cold” is caused by a virus. Just being outside in the rain doesn’t give you “a cold.” However it is common to be in close contact on days like this, hence increasing your chances of catching said cold",
"A lower body temperature lowers your immune system and makes you more susceptible to catching a virus, like the common cold."
],
"score": [
13,
9
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isc4ln
|
Why won't the eggs in store ever hatch into baby chickens?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g56yj4d"
],
"text": [
"Because they haven’t been fertilized. Chicken eggs are essentially the periods of chickens. And we eat them."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iscfco
|
Why are you more likely to get a cold/flu during colder/winter months?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g570bnq",
"g570fer"
],
"text": [
"A couple of reasons: - You’re more likely to be inside which is where germs spread more easily. - Cold air dries out your respiratory system and it makes it easier for germs to get in.",
"Because you’re in enclosed spaces with a lot of people. In the summer months, you’re spread out, social distancing. In colder months, you’re locked down."
],
"score": [
32,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iscfk9
|
Why are we (seemingly) always wrong on the first try when plugging in a USB cable?
|
I guess this could apply to any situation where we seem to be “always wrong”, but why is it universally known that when you try to plug in a USB connection, you will be wrong?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g570spl",
"g572nuf"
],
"text": [
"I suspect its something to do with fear of being wrong. A USB takes a fair bit of force to plug in. You push gently on the first try, expecting it to be wrong. You feel resistance and go \"Oops, wrong way!\" And flip it over. Sometimes that's the right choice, sometimes you should've just pushed harder. This leads to getting it wrong twice before you get it right.",
"It's a combination of things, like: Confirmation bias as in \"I always get this wrong\" so I turn it before I put it in and \"oh look, it's the wrong way again!\". Bad memorisation as in \"Does the USB symbol go at the top or at the bottom?\" (Hint: At the top) Visual indications like the USB logo which are not visible because it's a black connector in a dark environment and you don't check it out before doing it. My USB connectors have a silver dot on them which indicates which side is up. Half of the time the connector is laying the wrong side up..."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isck6h
|
why does the moon look big to our eyes but when we take a picture it’s really small
|
Edit: thanks for the awards guys. I’ve never gotten them before :)
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g57cqez",
"g57eos9",
"g575och",
"g575c90",
"g57oq8w",
"g57h1c1",
"g575hac",
"g57ruul",
"g57wrdp",
"g57lrmb",
"g5864wn",
"g57u2l3"
],
"text": [
"Others are right about your brain's ability to focus, but also many cameras (including until very recently basically all mobile phone cameras) are very wide-angle. This is great for fitting in all of your friends from just arm's length. It's also absolutely awful at capturing things at a distance, since such a tremendously large area is in-frame.",
"Camera focal lengths can effect this, however I suspect what you are really referencing is the Moon Illusion. The illusion that the Moon looks bigger when it is low on the horizon but small when it is above. If you take a picture of it on the horizon, it will appear small in the image but large to your eyes. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ). & #x200B; There are various methods to prove that the large moon is an Illusion: 1. use a camera 2. Hold your arm out and block the moon with your thumb while it is low and while it is high, you will see it is the same size when compared to your outstretched thumb 3. While looking at the large moon, bend over and look at upside down, through your legs, the illusion will break. & #x200B; The really fun thing is, we don't really know why our brain plays this trick on us. There are several theories, none proven.",
"It’s an illusion of perspective. When you look up at the moon, your eyes focus on it and your brain decides that everything around it is background. When you take a photo, the device decides that the entire image is important and doesn’t seperate the moon from the sky.",
"Focal length of eyes and cameras are different. As are the aperture and the ability of the brain to process the image compared to a cameras processing. The human brain tends to stretch an image that is small and far away to make it more useful for us too!",
"A lot of good answers here, most of which are right. I’ll just add the term ‘size constancy’, which is a thing our brain does with things we see. When something big like a truck is close to us we see it as a certain size. If that truck was instead far away *we can still tell* that it’s a big truck, even though it looks tiny because of the distance. Our brain takes into account the distance of the truck when figuring out the truck’s size. It does this mostly using binocular cues (how much our eyes need to move to join each eye’s image together) plus some other visual cues. For the moon, we can tell it is very far away and we can also sense its size *in spite of its distance.* The moon is indeed real big, so our brains go all “damn that’s a huge bitch” which kinda warps what we feel about the thing we are seeing, which in reality is a rather small circle. Photos don’t let our brains do this size constancy thing as much, so they show us the moon more as it really is. Luckily you can trick your brain into not doing size constancy. Try holding out your hand and ‘grabbing’ the moon between your finger and thumb. Then look at how much stuff is not in that little gap. You should suddenly be aware of the tinyness of the moon.",
"A few others have mentioned it, but not given any particular examples. u/kordiel mentioned the mental processing, which is accurate, but isn't the primary reason. The human eye sees at a focal length of give or take 50mm, which translates to a (estimated by me) roughly 90 degree viewing angle. The pictures you refer to taking are most likely from a phone, and phone focal lengths are something like 14-25mm. I'm not sure of the viewing angle on these, but I'd hazard a guess of around 110-125 degrees. This makes for a far larger amount of \"stuff\" you can see in the same image size (I know, I'm comparing an image to eyes, just pretend the picture is held close enough to your eyes to take exactly your field of view, no more no less, and it'll work). Because of the different viewing angles, and having more space in the same image size, the moon will take a much smaller percentage of the space, making it smaller. If anybody wants actual numbers, I can do the math when I get home in the morning. Edit: source - am photographer :p",
"When you look at the moon and there are other objects visible in you field of view, your brain makes the moon looks bigger because it is supposed to be very big. That's why this is most common when the moon is close to the horizon. The camera doesn't do that so the moon stays the same size.",
"Just came here to comment that it's not just the moon. I live in Paris and my office has a view on the Eiffel Tower. It looks so huge and majestic in real life. Then I take a picture, and it looks like a small thing amongst all the other buildings",
"Because you’re taking a picture of your entire field of view and then you view that on a small screen that only takes up 1/30th of your view.",
"The moon is visually about one half degree. The brain does an amazing job at making the moon and the sun seem far bigger than their actual size. Visually both are the same, just half of one degree. Selfie cameras in phones capture about 120 degrees across (details vary) so the moon will occupy about 1/240 of the width. Tiny in the background. Different phones zoom different amounts, but about 30 degrees across is common at a full zoom. That's still 1/60 of the image across. A full frame camera with a very deep (and expensive) telephoto lens, 600mm zoom is about two degrees across, or about 1/4 of the image across. It is about 1.5 degrees top to bottom. At 1200mm,the image is about 1 degree horizontally and 0.73 degrees vertically, still not the full frame but close to it. It takes a 1600mm lens, equivalent to 1.6 meters or about five feet long without fancy lenses, to fill the standard frame vertically at just over one half degree (0.55 degrees) top to bottom. There would be a slight margin on the side at 0.75 degrees across. With fancy and very expensive optics those lenses are only about a foot long and weigh quite a lot. If you want a camera that takes great moon photos it will be terrible for most other uses. Deep zoom might capture the moon, or a bird in the distance, or part of your nose in a selfie.",
"The moon fills 0.52° of your field of view. Most phone cameras use a 28mm equivalent focal length, which has a 65° angle of view horizontally, meaning the moon occupies 1/126th, 0.8%, of the width of a photo. The field of view of the human eye that is sharp enough to recognize faces is 7°, which means the moon would occupy 1/13th of the width of your vision, 7%, almost 10x as much as your photo.",
"In addition to what others have said, there's the whole effect of the moon looking a lot larger when it's near the horizon than overhead. This is a psychological effect. If you hold your arm out straight, you'll find the moon is about the size of your thumbnail, regardless of where it is. The effect isn't *fully* understood, but there are a few competing theories. One is that we're used to things getting smaller as they get closer to the horizon. A bird gets smaller as it flies away, for example. Our brains see the normal-sized Moon near the horizon, and think it must therefore be extra large to compensate for this perspective. Another theory is that it's similar to the Ebbinghaus illusion where the size of the centre dot appears to be dependent on the size of the surrounding dots. When near the small buildings on the horizon, the Moon looks bigger. When surrounded by big empty sky, it looks smaller."
],
"score": [
7987,
1276,
857,
100,
85,
28,
18,
15,
9,
9,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon\\_illusion#:\\~:text=The%20Moon%20illusion%20is%20an,this%20illusion%20is%20still%20debated",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_illusion#:~:text=The%20Moon%20illusion%20is%20an,this%20illusion%20is%20still%20debated"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
isco3l
|
What is a data scientist and what makes them so valuable to companies?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5725o9",
"g5788o2"
],
"text": [
"they basically figure out ways to collect and analyze data to determine how to better serve you with ads or influence your purchasing decisions or try and figure out what you're going to do. it can be as simple as figuring out the best type of ads to show you, to get you to click/purchase. or it can just be observing your movie/tv watching behavior and recommending you shows that you might like. or it can be trying to predict your presidential candidate choice (or political leanings) by the shit you post online/on social media. or it can be trying to analyze mass consumer behavior to predict what stocks or commodities might spike up or drop down in price. etc etc",
"We have two types of \"data scientists\". Firstly, you have the number crunchers. You give them a set of data, explain precisely what you want calculated, and they do all that hard math for you. You say, \"Here's our sales data. Calculate X, Y and Z for us.\" Nice to have, but at the end of the day, their function is similar to that of a calculator. Then you have the Data Scientists with a capital D. These are the ones who you say, \"Here's our sales data. How can we make more sales?\" The difference is that the latter can take a big set of data and extract meaningful, actionable results from it without having to be handheld through the process."
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iscwfp
|
If we see, hear, and feel relatively uniformly as a species why do our taste buds vary so drastically?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g573ye1"
],
"text": [
"Well, fact is that we don't hear, see, and feel relatively uniformly. Sight's easy to fix with eyeglasses, but hearing and touch are hard to diagnose and treat. And the major difference between non-tasters, regular tasters, and super tasters is only 15 extra tastebuds per square inch. Non-tasters have between 0 and 15, regular tasters between 16 and 30, and supertasters any more than 30. And that's completely disregarding that each of us grew up with a specific house with a specific culture. I'm gonna prefer the flavors I grew up with, and you're gonna prefer the ones you grew up with. There are some 100,000 different aromas that affect taste, after all."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iscy1g
|
why does the number of neutrons in an atom affect its stability?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g575drg"
],
"text": [
"The subatomic particles in the nucleus communicate a force. That force (called the Strong nuclear force) is attractive and it pulls the particles together. Protons and Neutrons both communicate this force but Protons communicate an additional force and that force is not an attractive force. It can be attractive but only to an opposite electric charge and all protons have the same charge, so they repel each other. You have two forces in the nucleus, one from just the protons which makes everything want to fly apart and the Strong force which makes everything want to stay close and snuggle-y. The more neutrons an atom has the more force is pulling the atom's nucleus together. This gets really important when you have really big nuclei with lots of protons that really don't want to be close. It is also why Hydrogen doesn't need a Neutron. It is also noteworthy to say that the Strong force is a short range force. VERY short, like it acts on distance scales the size of the atom's nucleus. That's why all of the atoms aren't all one big super atom; the nuclei can't 'see' each other that way."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isdeg6
|
Why does rubbing a recently injured body part help to alleviate the pain?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g578vt3",
"g578xf8",
"g579rzh",
"g57cnuc"
],
"text": [
"When you activate neurons that sense for touch, they may interact with neurons that sense for pain when they meet in the spinal cord and inhibit the pain neuron, thus alleviating the pain. You can look up \"gate control theory\" if you want to read more about it",
"Promotes blood flow, helps to induce the feeling that the pain is dispersed over a larger surface area, and adds a soothing, distracting sensation.",
"Maybe it's one of those things you grow up believing without verifying it ( looking for an answer here) bit I was led to believe your body can't feel pressure and pain at the same time. I was taught to pinch the web between my thumb and forefinger to reduce headache. Once again asking, not telling",
"Years ago I saw Jackie Chan do this in the outtakes to his earlier films when he misses his stunts and I've been a convert ever since!"
],
"score": [
77,
12,
6,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isdvjy
|
Why do men find breasts attractive?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g579jvb",
"g57a3f4",
"g57hnh9",
"g579ywn"
],
"text": [
"Anthropologists believe that breasts took on the additional role of sexual signal when our early hominid ancestors made the transition to a fully upright, full time bipedal posture. In most other primates, the female indicates sexual availability by turning and presenting the twin curves of her rump towards a potential mate. Us upright primates usually mate face to face. By developing a similar shape on her chest, a bipedal hominid can achieve the same signal by facing her suitor. Taking in a deep breath and slightly arching the upper back makes that signal more obvious. Once the use of breasts as sexual signal became established, the details of the breasts also took on meaning. Firm, high perched breasts are an indicator of youth while overall size, especially in ratio to waist and thighs, indicates general health and fertility. A woman with enough body fat to make full breasts and thighs demonstrates that she has the accumulated reserves needed to handle the metabolic load of pregnancy and nursing. (This was more important for the hundreds of thousands of years of prehistory than it is today where food is a lot easier to come by)",
"Symbolic of fertility. Look back through primitive art history and it’s all there. Ample breasts and large child bearing hips have been celebrated forever. We’re so technologically advanced now now so it’s just a remnant from the past.",
"We're not sure! Some people in the notes below have proposed that tiddies became important when our ancestors started walking around upright and there issome evidence to suggest this is the case- chimpanzees and bonobos only have 'full' breasts when pregnant, but humans have swollen/primed breasts all the time. Humans have the largest penises of all the Primates, and it's suspected that our upright posture played a role in that feature too. HOWEVER, Attraction to breasts (or large penises) is far from universal! Many tropical cultures have women walking around with exposed breasts all the time, becuase it's hot as satan's asscrack there, and breasts are considered as being 'for babies'. A friend in the Peace Corps had a guy from rural Uganda ask the same question as OP, but with the addenum \"-that's like being aroused by diapers or pacifiers?\" (my friend had the grace to not tell him about the weirder parts of the internet) Even in America, there's a good swath of the population that is much less interested in women's breasts than they are in thier asses, thighs, or actual vaginas. Humans love a LOT nonreproductive sex acts and features, to the point where it's so common it's considered 'normal'- lots of people are into Oral sex (which while fun, does nothing reproductive), anal sex, same-sex sex, feet, getting horny orver horror movies, shaved genitals even though pubic hair is an indicator of puberty and fertility, chocolate etc. My personal theory is that a sexual attraction to breasts is a Fetish, but a really, REALLY common one with a lot of mainstream cultural backing.",
"Sexual attractiveness is so, so culturally specific. Yeah, breasts are a sign of puberty (and, BIOLOGICALLY, available to reproduce), but other signs of puberty like body hair are considered unattractive in the same cultures. Plenty of cultures don't find breasts nearly as titilating (no pun intended) as Anglo cultures do."
],
"score": [
88,
10,
7,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
isdype
|
- Why do some animals roll over and lie belly-up when they die?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g57al7d",
"g57kye8"
],
"text": [
"Cockroaches and lots of bugs actually die BECAUSE they are rolled over. In the wild they have leaves and other things to grab onto to flip them over. But in human environments, they just sit there and starve/dehydrate/ or whatever natural cause they die from",
"In the case of insects. Exhaustion, chemical interference (such as from bug sprays) or trauma can lead to difficulty with motor skills. Due to how insects are built, if they cannot properly coordinate their legs, they will fall over. And because many insects have scrawny legs placed underneath their large bodies, they roll over, and struggle to right themselves. In the case of animals, similar reasons, but not quite the same. Exhaustion and trauma can make motor coordination difficult, and lead to them laying on their back. However, because most mammals have their legs on the side of their bodies pointing down, this leads to them most often ending up on their side. So in short, their death was caused by, or influenced by motor issues. And the placement of their legs caused them to right themselves harder because of it."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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