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iupqks
|
How are the Baltimore salt piles that are left uncovered not affected by weather such as wind and rain?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5m8o0t"
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"text": [
"They are affected, just not noticeably. The outermost layer of salt will form a crust after being exposed to water, which will help the pile resist wind erosion to an extent. Rainwater will eat away at it over time, it just depends on how much salt the owner is prepared to lose to runoff. It's a huge environmental issue as well, hence why salt is usually kept in covered shelters."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iupr2i
|
Why does your body heat up after sneezing several times?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5md5bu"
],
"text": [
"Sneezing involves lots of muscle work, mainly abdominal muscles and chest muscles, dipahragm. If your lifestyle not overall physically demanding, I.e. pretty sedentary, then couple sneezes is basically a workout."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuq0gd
|
Why does the hardness of an object effect it’s impact?
|
I was thinking of the nature of punching power. On paper it would seem to be as simple as mass x acceleration but in reality, what you hear from experts “in fighting not physics mind you” is that the X factor is bone density and muscle rigidity. Will two objects that are the same size and weight, launched with the same force, have different impacts based on their hardness and density?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mapew"
],
"text": [
"Because the object doing the hitting can dissipate some of the energy of the impact back into itself- which lessens the force of the blow on the target. Punching is all about transferring energy- you want to put as much of that kinetic energy as possible into the target. A proper punch will involve rigid muscles and the arm/hand in perfect alignment to direct all of that energy into the target efficiently."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iuq538
|
stock dividends. What are they. How are they created?
|
EXPLAINED--thanks everyone for making that so much easier to understand than all of the sights Google offered! Op: I just started investing in stocks and I keep hearing to reinvest the dividends. What are dividends ? How are they created?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"g5mba12"
],
"text": [
"When a company generates profits, they can either reinvest the profit into the company for future growth or give it to the owners. As a shareholder, you are one of the owners, so you get your share of the profit as a dividend. Companies will have a schedule for dividends e.g. $0.15 / share. So for each share you own, 4 times a year you'd get $0.15. If the company does well, they'll raise the dividend, poorly, they'll lower it. Usually only established companies pay dividends. You can do whatever you want with the money, it will collect in your brokerage account. You can take it out, if you need it, or you can use it to buy more shares.",
"Some companies will pay shareholders some of their profits. These are called dividends. It’s easy for one to see it as free money and spend it on whatever. However, if you don’t need it, reinvesting it is a good way to grow your investments, leading to more dividends.",
"A \"dividend\" is a share of money that a corporation can choose to pay out to its shareholders, drawn out of its profits and paid proportionately to how many shares someone owns. When someone tells you to reinvest them, they're telling you to take that money and buy additional shares of the company, rather than just taking the cash. This can have tax advantages, as you may not incur taxes on dividends if you reinvest them (obligatory I am not a tax expert, please do not take this as gospel)."
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3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iuq9he
|
Why is it that fair Elections are so close almost everywhere? Is there some kind of social mechanism behind it or is it mostly just coincidence?
|
Or am I wrong and it isnt even that close in most places?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mbx8b",
"g5mbyve",
"g5mccvo"
],
"text": [
"In places that use a \"First past the post\" system, political parties get encouraged to become large and divide the vote between two opposed groups that try and get as many people as possible into them. In those places, when you have two political parties trying to be as big as possible, very close elections are common.",
"We really only hear about the close elections. There are plenty of elections that are fair, but everyone knows going in that this person will win, just because the other candidates have some crazy ideas that don't stand a chance of getting elected.",
"Most countries have some form of party system, each of which puts forth a candidate that appeals to their voter base. In most cases those parties constitue large portions of the population- the smaller ones usually aren't the ones you're seeing in the major elections. In the US an example would the the major Republican and Democrat parties, and the minor libertarian and green parties (there are more). So in most elections you're going to see a pretty close split between the opposing major parties as some voters of smaller parties align themselves with the major ones."
],
"score": [
12,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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iuqwij
|
Why do we zone out for multiple seconds, where our eyes focus on one spot but we still are responsive?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mhk8j"
],
"text": [
"You actually simply stop recognizing this input consciously. Your brain does that in the same way it filters out other things in your field of vision (or spheres of your other senses) deemed unnecessary. What's also interesting is that that sensation of \"looking without looking\" is the same way blindness feels, just much, much shorter!"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ius960
|
Why can't you mix alcohol with almost any medication?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5msc6q"
],
"text": [
"Alcohol is a sedative, and combining different sedatives (benzodiazepines, opiates, etc) can lead to unexpected results greater than that of either drug alone, including the potential for slowed breathing, which isn't good if you're trying to live. Alcohol and acetaminophen both are broken down into toxic intermediates that rely on a common pathway for elimination. To keep the explanation simple, it's somewhat easy to overload this pathway to the point where you have a buildup of toxic substances in the liver, which causes liver damage. Acetaminophen is used frequently in combination with other medications (including the opiates I mentioned above)."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iusdjl
|
How come every time I pluck hairs out of my nose my eyes tears up and my nose starts running?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mugig",
"g5mv4jl"
],
"text": [
"self-defense against user error. it's your body telling you to knock that crap off because the hairs are the front line filtration system for the lungs.",
"You should not pluck nose hairs. The wound left behind can get infected, which can be very dangerous due to the proximity to your brain. Also you can get very painful pimples inside your nose. I learned the latter the hard way(and then learned the former when I googled it). Get yourself some of those tiny nose hair scissors."
],
"score": [
9,
8
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iusfqi
|
Why is Japan's ageing population having a negative effect on GDP, growth, their economy etc?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mxzk5",
"g5mtuhz",
"g5mudxi",
"g5n4l3o"
],
"text": [
"There's a common misconception on reddit where people seem to think that all of the stuff that you consume in a day just magically pops into existence when you go to the store with money. That's not true. Lets pretend you go to a restaurant and order a pizza. That pizza doesn't just magically appear. Making the pizza appear requires a huge chain of people to all work towards making it. IE, a farmer needs to grow the wheat and tomatoes as well as to grow and milk cows. Someone else needs to drive all of that stuff to a factory. Another person then needs to turn that into dough, tomato sauce, and cheese. *Another* person needs to transport that to the restaurant. *Yet another person* then needs to cook all of that into a pizza. When the population in a country shrinks you have less people to do all of that, which means that the total amount of stuff being produced in less. But that's not really the problem with Japan's shrinking population - the problem is that the percentage of people who are retirees is increasing. Imagine you have a country of 50 million people, all of whom are working. If 10 million of those people suddenly die off then, while that certainly sucks, if the remaining 40 million continue working as before then the survivors are all just as well off as they were before because, although there is less stuff, there is an equally smaller amount of people to divide that stuff among. But lets say that out of your population of 50 million, 10 million people just stop working even though they don't die. You now have 20% less stuff being produced, but the same number of people to divide that stuff among - which means that everyone gets substantially poorer. This is the situation that develops as the percentage of the population that are retirees goes up - even if the population is shrinking, production falls faster than the population does. Another common redditism is to just say \"well this wouldn't be a problem if people/governments just wisely saved their money!\" The problem with this is that money doesn't have any intrinsic value. The only purpose that it has is to convince someone to work for you. But if everyone has a lot of money and there aren't very many people to work, all that happens is that the value of that money goes down to the point that your savings becomes worthless. Even if you want to say \"well just hire people in other countries!\" that still doesn't work. A Japanese retiree's savings are going to be in the form of Japanese Yen. The reason that the Yen has value is because Japan produces a lot of stuff that people in other countries want. So if I own a factory in India it makes sense for me to accept payment in Yen because I can use that to buy stuff that I want from Japan. But if the only thing that Japan is producing is retirees then why do I, as an Indian or Malaysian, or anyone else the third world want to get paid in Yen? \"Japanese retirees\" isn't something that I value so it makes no sense for me to accept a currency that I can't use to buy anything meaningful. The ultimate problem is that retirees consume but don't produce. They're essentially economic parasites. Historically this didn't have a huge economic impact on countries because the vast, vast majority of people didn't live to retirement or died shortly thereafter. In other words, retirement only works if most people don't get to do it.",
"It's not \"less people spending money\", but it's a growing segment of the population spending their money on things retirees buy (as opposed to new houses, baby clothes, ...). This concentrates the economy, and that's a smaller opportunity for new products and growth.",
"Fewer people producing value and more people living off savings/public spend. GDP is a measure of goods and services created in an economy in a year; an 80 year old is likely to have less discretionary income than a 40 year old one, eat less, spend less on clothing, travel, etc etc etc.",
"It's not just people who are approaching retirement - they've got people living for decades past that point who aren't spending money and require lots of services. So, you've got a shrinking workforce combined with a need to devote more of that resource to eldercare. Those aging people are also less likely to be buying many things that would drive economic growth."
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16,
11,
5,
3
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[
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|
iut1qy
|
Apparently, if you get carsick/seasick, putting a noise cancelling seal like ear plugs in one ear and waiting a few minutes helps immensely. Any idea why this works?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5n7pek"
],
"text": [
"Most of the time, motion sickness is caused by a miss match of information coming from your inner ear and your eyes. The ear plug changes the pressure inside of one ear enough that it disrupts the feeling of off balance-ness your inner ear is reporting. That’s my hypothesis."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iut31j
|
How come your vision doesn't change when looking through any window? Wouldn't there be some sort of imperfection that cause it to change focus like glasses?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5mz88k"
],
"text": [
"Windows are flat so the light is coming through evenly while eye glasses are curved to help focus the light into the eye. That's the basic of why you don't see any distortion or imperfection in clarity."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
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[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iut94o
|
why is it whenever the second hand moves on a clock you can clearly see it move between each second, but whenever it's a new minute, you never see the minute hand move?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5n01wb"
],
"text": [
"The minute hand is constantly moving, just at a pace much slower than the second hand. If you pay close enough attention, you can see its movement"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iutu6k
|
Why do we feel cool if we put the air conditioner on cold mode at a certain temperature (let's say 26⁰C) but feel warm if we put it on heat mode on the same temperature?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5n5m0s"
],
"text": [
"Because it may actually be cooler. By setting your thermostat to 26°, you're telling it *don't go above 26°* for heating and *don't go below 26°* for air conditioning. Your thermostat will try to get as close as possible, but it only has 2 modes... On and Off. So for heatingcb for example (it's the same for cooling, the temperature just goes the other way) it will heat *until* it reaches 26°, and then shut off, allowing the temperature to cool naturally a few degrees before turning on again. The same thing happens for cooling. The thermostat turn on the AC, waits for the temperature to reach 26°, and then turns off, and waits for the temperature to go back up naturally a few degrees. All in all it could be a 3° difference between what you set, and the actual temperature."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuu700
|
Literally. A situation i was recently in. I have a 4yo child with non verbal autism. We recently went on a play date with a co worker and there 5yo child. Said child asked me "what's wrong with him?" I was caught off guard and not sure what to say sowhat is autism?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5n7nas",
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"g5n7yqc",
"g5nhoh8",
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"text": [
"So as an autistic adult working with autistic and neurotypical children under the age of 6, here is how I explain it. Say your child's name is Tom for the sake of writing this nicely.. Tom is just a little different. Just like you are from (insert friends name here). Do you and your friend have all the same interests(/things that you like)? What's different? See, Tom is just a little different too. He likes (1-3 interests). And sometimes we struggle with different things too, Tom is really good at (insert thing here) but he hasn't learned to talk yet. What's something you are sturggling to learn? This explains that everyone has differences and even if \"Tom's\" are more pronounced it isn't 'wrong' just different. From personal experience this is really important for both your child and \"Tom\" to hear. Self esteem and acceptance of others, etc. Then this redirects the conversation to identifying with your child (awesome! Best case scenario for learning outcomes) or exploring the concept of \"same and different\" which to put it bluntly is a big enough concept at that age that they tend to forget what they were talking about conversationally. If they are trying to loop back and you feel comfortable, then answer questions, maybe suggest how your child prefers to communicate. If you don't feel comfortable, then redirect with examples in the environment of same and different.",
"[Disclaimer: Almost no direct experience with autism.] As this is a pretty literal \"explain to a five-year-old\", I'd say something like \"his brain really likes it quiet and peaceful; sometimes even if we're being nice, it's too much and he needs to take a break\"...?",
"\"His brain works a little differently than most people. So it's hard for him to talk. He's still smart, but his brain hasn't figured out how to do that yet. It happens to some people.\"",
"Keep it simple, *he’s not able to talk*. I’d also throw in, he communicates in different ways. You could let them know if he likes to be around other children playing or if he would prefer being left alone.",
"You will find that for a lot of kids at that age, they are curious but don't require a ton of details. Something as simple as \"He can't talk\" may be adequate. Don't make a big deal about it if they don't. They don't see \"autism\". They just see another kid.",
"I'm a mother of a non-verbal 10-year-old ASD. I would be as a matter of fact with the child as possible. Honestly children tend to take simple straightforward answers in stride. ELI5: Say that your kid has autism and that that means that they might not react the same way or it may take them a little longer to understand what you're saying And they may see things in different ways. Say they can't talk yet but they still like to play Even if they prefer to play quietly sometimes. Then open it up for the new kid to ask questions That's probably the best way to explain it is by answering them on the specific things that they're curious about. And I would point out a couple of interests your child has to see if the new kid will latch on to those interests and engage with your child. If you have more interaction with this new child I recommend playing the cartoon \"Pablo\" on Netflix. It's a pretty well-produced show that explorers autism from the child's point of view. The issues that they discuss are instantly recognizable for children and can promote a deeper understanding."
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4,
4,
3,
3
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[
"url"
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[
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iuuakg
|
Why do so many animal species have a "mating season", but not humans?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5n8uv8"
],
"text": [
"When you live outside, you have to plan the birth of your babies for a certain time of year so that * they don't freeze to death, with their tiny furless bodies, and * there's enough food available to keep them going as they're growing We have enough control of our environment and food supply that we don't need to roll that way. (I don't know if our ancestors used to bang seasonally, but there's no selection pressure for it anymore.)"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuuzog
|
the Armenian Genocide. I'm Turkish, so I don't know anything about it.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nfwl9"
],
"text": [
"Starting in WW1 and continuing after it was over the then Ottoman government which was a largely Muslim rump state (empire had been in a long term decline) The Armenians were a largely Christian group which was attempting equal recognition/status as earlier wars with Russia had devastated their land and the government appeared not to care. In WW1 the Ottomans joined on the side of the Germans the Armenians were recruited for labor battalions as the government didn't trust them enough to arm them. Under the pretext of forming these battalions fit young men were rounded up by the local Ottoman governor but the Armenians suspected that this was just an attempt to dispose of anyone able to resist the Ottoman government, so they only supplied a fraction of the men asked for, because the governor had already trashed several local villages, but they offered money to make up the difference. The governor then accused the Armenians of rebellion and lay siege to Van, which was ended when the Russians came to the Armenian's aid. After this the Ottoman government rounded up all the Armenian intellectuals capable of organising wider resistance to the government. This resulted in riots and demonstrations the government responded by confiscating property and killing Armenians similar to the treatment of Jews in Germany in 1930's. In Syria the government marched one group of Armenians into the desert and left them there with inadequate food and water the Ottomans also set up 25 concentration camps, entire villages were burnt, groups were loaded into boats and thrown into the sea this pattern continued until 1923 at which time maybe 1 million Armenians had died (numbers are disputed)."
],
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13
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuv6em
|
Why does very angry rap and rock music calm me down and boost my confidence?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ne119"
],
"text": [
"My guess would be that it puts you in the mindset of the artists. They sweat confidence and composure. So you vicariously pick up those vibes."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iuv795
|
Why does puberty happen?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nehqb"
],
"text": [
"We are not born fully developed because it would take much longer to develop in the womb and we would be too big to leave the body of the mother. We mature later because little humans would struggle to give birth to such large babies. The hormones that mature us sexually also help us to grow. If children were to mature and reproduce at a young age they would not be intelligent, strong or capable enough to give birth, feed and raise their offspring."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuv800
|
Why do teens go to sleep later and wake up later?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ne7z1"
],
"text": [
"I'm gonna go with FOMO. Marine there's something biological about needing to be up later, but there's certainly something societal about it. When you're at school all day, maybe doing clubs or sports, and maybe at a job after that, or doing homework, or waiting for friends doing those things, getting together happens later. It used to be the good television didn't happen until later. If you stay up later, you sleep in longer."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuvay5
|
If phones and gpus use ddr5 and ddr6 memory, why are laptops and desktops still stuck on ddr4?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nft42",
"g5nj251"
],
"text": [
"Phones and GPU's use GDDR5, GDDR5X, or GDDR6. CPUs use DDR3/4 with DDR5 coming soon. GDDR5 runs at a higher voltage than DDR4 (1.2 vs 1.5) because GDDR5 uses the DDR3 memory standard (stock voltage of 1.5). 5X brings it down to 1.35 volts They run at roughly the same stock frequency. DDR4, like SATA, can only do one task (read/write) per cycle(Hz) while GDDR5, X, and 6 can handle read and write tasks in the same cycle. DDR4, with strict timings and smaller channels, can complete tasks faster than GDDR5/6 while GDDR5/6 can complete a lot of larger tasks simultaneously at the cost of speed and efficiency More information: URL_0",
"Phones and GPUs use GDDR5/6 not DDR5 Graphics RAM broke off from system RAM around the DDR3 era because graphics cards have different requirements for their memory than the rest of the system does, primarily the GPUs need for extreme bandwidth going both ways. At a minimum it needs to pull data, do math, push the drawn frame back to RAM, but if you're running AA(antialiasing) it has to pull the frame back in, down sample, then push the correct frame out DDR5 has been announced for PCs but as you need the RAM modules, a physically compatible motherboard, and a CPU with the right memory controller, it'll be a couple years until it's in desktops but that's fine since very few applications are limited by RAM bandwidth (those that are are outsourced to the GPU)"
],
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5,
4
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"text_urls": [
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"https://www.hardwaretimes.com/whats-the-difference-between-ddr4-vs-gddr5-vs-gddr6-vs-gddr6x-memory/"
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}
|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuvcho
|
Why did orange juice and apple juice become the most common “breakfast” juice?
|
Maybe it’s just a cultural thing from the part of the world I’m from, but it just seems like these two are MUCH more popular than any other juices, breakfast or not.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ney8q",
"g5niqti"
],
"text": [
"These fruits are easy to grow and their acidity helps cleanse the mouth in the morning with breakfast before you brush. Orange juice is a great alternative to coffee in the morning and helps to wake you up.",
"You can attribute it mostly to a fella named Elmer McCollum. He was a biochemist that promoted orange juice as a deterrent to “acidosis” (an excess of acid in the bloodstream which supposedly caused fatigue and lassitude) and spurred the world into “vita-mania”. When that started to fade, it was WWII and the need for storable, transportable vitamin C that spurred the creation of orange juice concentrate...albeit 3 years after the war was over. It replaced boiled and canned juice and lemon crystals as well as spurring a huge industry to life. Author Alissa Hamilton wrote an industry-exposing book in the ‘90s about orange juice that has spurred several lawsuits against the industry."
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iuvllo
|
How does a song get stuck in the head?
|
What is happening inside the brain when lyrics or tunes won't stop playing?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nh9yy"
],
"text": [
"The human brain is great and seeking out patterns and once played it does its best to remember patterns by replaying them. I've found that I don't enjoy listening to popular music in the background for this very reason. I still listen to music only when I want to and try not to replay the same song too many times. On a side note have you ever had your brain replay something that happened that day over and over, like for instance a conversation where you said something embarrassing or you messed up. A good way to stop your brain from replaying these scenarios is to write it down in as much detail as you can. The brain is trying to replay the scenario to remember it so you don't make the same mistake, if you write it down it helps the brain remember and it will reduce the amount the brain replays it. Writing down all the details is important, if you don't later you will remember a little detail from that moment which brings it all back up. I wish I had been told that when I was younger, It would have saved me a lot of time cringing at things I couldn't change."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuvun7
|
Why are you not allowed to sleep after fainting?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nicue"
],
"text": [
"They're wanting to monitor your consciousness as well as other physical signs and if you're asleep it's harder for them to do that monitoring."
],
"score": [
15
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuw0sw
|
Does being vaporized hurt?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nkdat",
"g5nlynh",
"g5o8fqm",
"g5o1qlj"
],
"text": [
"It would be so quick that you wouldn't feel anything, assuming you are close to the bomb. People further away will get hit with an intense wave of heat, burning their body to a crisp. Get even further back, and you still have to worry about the shockwave. And then a massive area around the site has to deal with nuclear fallout. If you're gonna get hit with a nuke either way, being close to it gives you an instant death. Essentially, the further away you get from ground zero, the slower your death will be.",
"In general, it takes at least a tenth of a second for sensory data to travel from your body to your brain and be processed as pain (or cold, or whatever). Some reflexes work faster than that by being processed in the spinal cord, without ever needing to go through the brain, but you don't have conscious awareness of those. If you were at ground zero of a nuclear explosion, your body would be vaporized far faster than that, so you wouldn't have time to feel anything.",
"So I should either run to the center of the blast or as far away as possible. I’ll just have to do some calculations when it’s time.",
"Pain comes from receptors telling your brain that stuff hurts. Those signals the receptors send travel slower than 300mph, so anything faster than that is literally capable of killing you before you felt it. Nuclear explosions tend to be faster than 300mph."
],
"score": [
73,
67,
7,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuw7b6
|
Why do quarterbacks say things like “blue 80” or “green 42” before snap?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nkr8l",
"g5nlbl4",
"g5nky66",
"g5nktaa"
],
"text": [
"Basically they are codes for plays. It's the reason why the whole \"stealing a playbook\" is such a big nono.",
"Some of that is nonsense to distract the other team, but some pieces are code. As it's happening the quarterback is watching the defense, trying to read their setup, and in some cases they'll call an \"audible\", which is a signal to their team that alters the play. You could make it so some of the combinations are meaningless but \"green 42\" means \"no pass, I'm running right\", or whatever. Every team has their own system, and if they thought a competitor knew how it worked they'd change it.",
"Strats and plays they have to memorize. They have codes for it. It’s a pain in the ass to remember it. For example, if the QB wants a certain player to go left he’d yell the code for the player to go left. If the other teams QB shouted “go left” id know what they’re planning. But with the codes it’s easier. Notice how whenever the QB yells a play , one or more teammates adjust their position. But it’s not always go left sometimes it can be complicated. I was a good football player in high school but I couldn’t remember the plays for shit so I sat out a lot of games for just that reason",
"They're names of plays. He's telling his team where he's planning on putting the ball and where they should be."
],
"score": [
5,
5,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuwd7e
|
If there is microbial life in Venus, could that be from Earth?
|
Since in the 70's The Soviet Union launched several "Venera" spacecrafts to Venus, and even had a successful landing, is there any chance that the spacecrafts "imported" primitive life to the planet's atmosphere? Maybe some form of microbial from earth found the perfect enviroment and after 50 years were able to multiplicate enough to leave a trace? Or is this total nonsense?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nm5qq",
"g5nno0e"
],
"text": [
"Possible, I guess, but NASA and Roscosmos have both been pretty diligent about sterilizing their interplanetary vehicles before launch - and Venus's atmosphere would murder most terran life pretty quickly anyway. (Months in vacuum on the way to Venus would be a brutal experience too, even for a bacterial spore.) AND, even if we got a microorganism to Venus, it would have to reproduce like mad to have any impact on the atmospheric composition, so it would need a great food supply. There isn't much on Venus that an Earth lifeform could metabolize, unless the thing were photosynthetic - and if it were, and managed to secure water by some miracle, it would be producing oxygen, not phosphene. Overall, I feel like that's too much of a reach.",
"There hasn't been anywhere near enough time for microbes from the 70s to create the amount of phosphine we've detected. The chances are...*astronomical.* However, there could still exist the possibility that Venusian life emerged from the same origin as Earth life, through panspermia (impacts ejecting microbes off of one planet where they drift through space and land on another) at an earlier point in the solar system's history. Venusian life could theoretically originate on Earth, or Earth life could theoretically originate on Venus, or both could theoretically originate from somewhere else."
],
"score": [
8,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuwe0s
|
Why is it a common joke that the French always surrender?
|
I was a terrible stoner of a student, by my hazy memory suggests that they were on the front lines of both world wars. Obviously I’m missing something obvious.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nntr8",
"g5nn5gp"
],
"text": [
"In World War I, they had some bad commanders and lost a few major battles early on, ended up losing a lot of territory. Then the two sides dug in for trench warfare and so the rest of the war was fought on French soil. It's easy to read it as \"rofl everybody else had to rescue France\". At the start of World War II, France was the most dangerous adversary Germany saw - pretty substantial army, right on the border, with a crazy defensive network called the Maginot Line. So Germany's plan was to sucker-punch France early. They equipped an unheard-of proportion of their vehicles with radios, to keep command and control, and did a march through the mountains to get around the end of the Maginot Line. It worked fantastically. They got to a position where if France had fought they would have lost boatloads of soldiers and still lost, so they surrendered. Since then, they haven't had a lot of chances to win back Honor Points. They were driven out of Vietnam the same way the US was, they showed up for Desert Storm but were off on the flank where the action wasn't very heavy...and that's all the French military actions I can think of for now.",
"The French lost very very quickly in WW2. The French were seriously on the ropes in ww1. A lot of people who aren’t students of history assume this is how the French have always performed in battle."
],
"score": [
39,
9
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuwfa8
|
What's a Bifasicular block in the heart?
|
My mom has a Bifascicular block in her heart and she can't really explain it. I tried looking it up but I just don't understand a thing I am reading. Please help Edited for spelling
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nn5ac"
],
"text": [
"The heart makes its own electricity. This is (usually) first made in a certain area called the sinoatrial node. The heart has fibres in it that conduct electricity from there to the heart muscle to make it contract. These fibres form certain pathways. First they split into 2 branches called the right bundle branch (which goes to the right side of the heart) and the left bundle branch (which goes to the left side of the heart). The left bundle branch then further divides into 2 further branches called fascicles. All of these branches convey the electricity quickly to where it needs to be to make the different areas of the heart beat together at the same time in a coordinated fashion. If any of these branches or fascicles are blocked, it is called heart block. These can be more specifically referred to as left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, bifascicular block, trifascicular block, complete heart block... it depends which ones are blocked. If any of these pathways are blocked, it means that the electricity cannot get to where it wants to go in the most efficient manner. It can still get there by passing through the heart muscle itself, but this is less efficient and coordinated. This can lead to incoordination of heart muscle contraction, strange heart rhythms, slow heart rate, and changes on the electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). EDIT: here’s an LPT - replace the “en.” on any Wikipedia article with “simple.” to get a much simpler explanation. Comme ça: URL_0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_block"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuwnds
|
what is a salary cap in sports, and how does it work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5noumf",
"g5nug1x"
],
"text": [
"Salary cap is a limit to how much a club can spend on players wages either as a team in total or per player. It keeps cost down. But more importantly it exists to keep a good balance in competition, or in other words; 1 club cant buy all the best players in the league. So the \"richest\" club is more on par with tge not so rich clubs.",
"Sports leagues typically have a few different ways to make sure they are fair. The first is to use a hard salary cap. For example, you can only spend $200 million on your roster every year. Every team has to abide by these rules and they keep the league fair. If you draft someone and they are a stud, you have to choose between committing money to them or letting them leave your team. You can also spend money on a player you like but have to consider how that affects the rest of your roster. The second is a soft salary cap. In this, there is a cap limit, and penalties for going over. These penalties often involve rules for signing new players, rules for paying players, and taxes. In the NBA, if you're above the salary cap, every dollar you spend on a player you have to spend two on the league. So if you're 10-million over the cap, it will cost your team 30 million. This prevents owners from wanting to do that, but also provide more money to the poorer teams in the league or are less willing to overpay. Benefits - if you have an athlete on your team, you can often spend extra money to keep him (Call Bird rights in the NBA) even if it makes you go over. Negatives - Rich owners and generous owners may yield an advantage for their city as they are willing to splurge to win (When the Cavs won the championship, Dan Gilbert, the owner, lost money due to how much he was paying in taxes) No Salary Cap - The MLB has this. This often leads to less parity in the league. The yankees consistently spend 10s of millions more than other teams because they have more cash, typically resulting in good lineups. Benefits - Popular teams get to spend the money they are earning, players can typically earn more. Negatives - lack of parity"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iux39d
|
what DJs do other than change the tracks on beat
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nszt2",
"g5nrvvy"
],
"text": [
"CRED: several years as a local DJ, had a residency at a local techno club, played numerous bars, clubs and raves Aside from beatmatching, DJs play to the vibe of the crowd. Playing certain songs at certain times can raise or lower the energy of the audience, and it's a learned skill. Also, DJs are tastemakers - they often have or develop the ability to know when a track is going to get a great response. Not only are you playing amazing tracks that people will love and groove to, you're introducing them to songs they've never heard. Also, thanks to constant developments in technology, you can remix tracks in real time. Skratching, rhythmic effects, loop juggling, hot cues...there's a wealth of tricks modern DJs can use to take great tracks and make them even more exciting in real time. As far as being a woman...it should be common knowledge that women always have to put in more effort to be taken seriously. It isn't fair, and we should be much more advanced in our ways of thinking. Several of my DJ friends have been women, and they were just as talented as the men, if not more so.",
"Most djs need to have a very good sense of rhythm, they have to be able to beatmatch, lining up tracks so that the beats aren't asynchronus. they have to be one with the dancefloor and know what kind of track to play next to keep the energy alive. not to mention doing interesting transitions between songs"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuxh4k
|
How exactly does everything we see and experience around us get turned into chemicals in our brain? For example, how is a memory nothing more than a chemical?
|
Edit: Hello, I just wanted to say thank you for all of the answers. I’m a very curious person and this is one of the topics I’ve always struggled to understand. I have to go to work but hopefully when I come back, there will be more replies for me to look at!!! :)
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5o1q2i",
"g5obvug",
"g5oc1x1",
"g5oho1p",
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"g5nyoqu",
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"g5oyaba",
"g5oktol",
"g5olmd8",
"g5p4ut9"
],
"text": [
"I think it's more accurate to say that what you experience is turned into a pattern of excitation of neurons, so the pattern of firing neurons encodes the patterns of the experience. The \"chemicals\", or neurotransmitters, are just the carriers of excitation between neurons.",
"Another way to look at it: With computers, all information is encoded into series of binary units. Brains just use another method of encoding, patterns of neuron connections. As I understand it, the exact rules of that encoding scheme are not well understood. But on a systemic level, it works on a system of comparing and contrasting various patterns. If you're trying to think of a specific make of car, a bunch of patterns concerning cars which you've built up get referenced and compared until the attributes of the specific make of car are found, which then is already heavily associated with the pattern that encodes your memory of the name of that make. Gull wing doors and unpainted steel associates with an image of the car from back to the future - > delorean. So in that way the brain can be considered a comparator engine or if that's too technical, an association machine. Every particular thing is defined by all the other things its associated with, and the pattern of those associations.",
"This isn't a question that science really knows. It's called the hard problem of consciousness. It can be seen how certain activities excite what neurons and interpolate what chemical reactions are made, but nobody really knows at what point they become the experience we have. Regarding memory and recall being nothing more than a chemical process - that's something that can be explained. But the experience of that memory when we're thinking does not currently have an explanation. There's something of a disconnect between what happens in the brain and how it turns into a tangible experience like sound or visuals.",
"How come when I ask questions like this that can’t be specifically answered or some other bullshit reason gets removed but other people can ask with no problem? Mods are such bull crap.",
"We don't really know how memory works. Scientists that would say otherwise are dancing on Lilly pads.",
"Here is my basic understanding: memory happens when the neurons in your brain connect in a way that shortens a path. When you learn something the pulses are taking \"the long way around\" and then as you do it more the path \"shortens\" (this is incredibly unscientific) The things like serotonin (made in the brain, but the rest holds true), cortisol, etc, are produced elsewhere in the body, but when they find their way to receptors in the brain, the brain reacts accordingly.",
"Sorry, but as you see in the following comments, no one really knows. And especially not well enough to explain it to a 5yo.",
"Your brain is like a bed of sand with a river going through it. If you carve out a path of sand big enough to allow water through, the water will make the path bigger and more permanent. If you barely scratch the sand, then the wind will blow it over and disappear forever. When you're focused the river flows faster and creates these streams easier, when everything slows down it becomes harder and the smaller streams might even dry up and disappear. Sometimes streams become so deep that they become permanent and are even big enough to branch out to others. Sometimes they dry up and leave a puddle that can only be reclaimed if a new connection is made to the river system. There are countless analogies that can be made here but that's basically what drives memory and learning. Small stimuli causing long or short lived excitement of neurons all depending on countless variables.",
"Think of our brains like vinyl records. Memories recorded are like songs etched into the vinyl. The etching itself shouldn't be able to signify the song, but with the right projector (our brain chemistry) we can bring it to life. It's the same with how computers are just 1's and 0's and electrons flowing over pieces of silicon. Our brains are the silicon, the neurons are the 1's and 0's. With the right pattern it can create an experience that seems to be greater than the sum of its parts.",
"Here is the thing, you got it backwards. What we see and experience is all that we know, what actually is really outside is both unknown and unknowable. All your experiences..vision, colour, taste, smell are all hallucinations of the brain. So to answer your question, let's say you have seen an object x. What it actually is, its unknowable, but your brain reacts to it and perceives it as a pen and this perception is associated with a pattern of activity in certain neurons of brain. So when you have the memory of a pen, you are just recalling the pattern your brain made on itself by mildly activating that pattern again. Hope that made some sense",
"This sounds like what philosophers call the mind-body problem, and lots of them believe that there is no solution. There are 50 replies in this thread explaining that our experience is composed of chemicals by way of our experience being composed of chemicals. Physicalism like this tends to sound question-begging. Dualism on the other hand should have to explain exactly how physical stuff can be connected to the apparently non-physical stuff of your experience. And there's no consensus on that. Idealists argue that the physical stuff is actually imaginary, and the subjective experience is the reality. But then doesn't a tree falling in the forest make a sound? Aside from various proposed solutions there's also debate about whether the question itself is scientific, or even coherent. And if it is coherent, then does science offer a legitimate cosmology at all?"
],
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246,
87,
20,
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuxnim
|
why the immune system doesn't fight off cancer?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nvcs1"
],
"text": [
"It does, every day, there are a few cells that would otherwise go cancerous and kill you. It takes a while for the chances of your immune response missing one to increase such that it's fairly common to have cancer. Edit: URL_1 Second source since this is making me angry enough to actually look it up. URL_0 From the source > The immune system, which recognises foreign micro-organisms as 'non-self' and mounts a response to destroy these disease-causing agents, plays a similar role in protecting the body from malignancy. The damaged DNA in cancer cells frequently directs the mutated cell to produce abnormal proteins known as tumour antigens. These abnormal tumour proteins mark cancer cells as 'non-self'. The immune system likely encounters and eliminates cancer cells on a daily basis. However, it is apparent that cancer cells possess mechanisms that allow them to escape the immune responses that ordinarily prevent the development of malignant tumours Anybody saying stuff about \"it's you, so it doesn't get noticed\" is talking out their ass, the immune system is critical to dealing with cancers"
],
"score": [
37
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.edcan.org.au/edcan-learning-resources/supporting-resources/biology-of-cancer/defining-cancer/immune-system",
"https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2017/10/how-does-the-immune-system-work-when-it-comes-to-cancer-its-complicated"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuy2g3
|
- using sea water on fires; is it done, and if not why not
|
I've seen video of flying tankers sucking water from lakes, but never the ocean. Why is this?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5nzgyi",
"g5o1sux",
"g5o05su"
],
"text": [
"Sea water is certainly used on fires. There are fireboats that do just this, you often see them in boat parades shooting water from their various nozzles as an impressive display. Firefighting aircraft do sometimes use seawater, but it is preferable to use freshwater if it is available. Drawing water off the ocean requires calm conditions, ocean swells make it near impossible. Lakes are nearly always calm enough.",
"Most fires happen further inland than is convenient to reach back to the ocean. But, rivers and lakes are fairly common and generally attract the housing developments that firefighters are trying to save. In addition, the water has to be fairly still to scoop with a plane, though less so with helicopters. Technically, there's no reason you can't use seawater.",
"so people have already explained that salt in of itself, is damaging to the environment. But also, think about the fact that the ocean is turbulant. Full of waves. Lakes can be etherally still. A lot easier for a plane to scoop water out of a still body than a turbulant one."
],
"score": [
19,
11,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iuy5og
|
How does grass not die when you step on it but other plants do?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ocyux"
],
"text": [
"This is because grass and some other plant’s cells grow near the base of the plant, so they can survive being eaten by animals or cut by a lawnmower. Most other plant’s cells grow on the ends of what was previously grown, so if it were to be severed it cannot continue growing in that direction. Also, grass is very flexible and can survive being bent and twisted, while other plants would just break."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iuz3xc
|
Why is Venus considered a hellhole for life? Why can an alien life not thrive on acids and carbon dioxide like we thrive on oxygen and water?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5o7jcx",
"g5ohzv5",
"g5oacuz",
"g5o5v4b",
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"g5ov8of",
"g5ocake",
"g5pn49n",
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"text": [
"It is possible, there are actually bacteria and single felled organisms in extremely volatile places like vents on the bottom of the ocean that do survive using different chemical processes. But when looking for life on other plants. We know life like us best, so we know what to start looking for. Life that doesn’t function like we do, that’s completely foreign, is way harder to try to look for because we don’t know where to start looking",
"It's almost 900 degrees Fahrenheit or almost 500 degrees Celsius on the surface of Venus. It would be difficult for chemicals of the complexity needed for life to stay together and not vibrate apart. The temperature makes it unlikely to find life. The huge temperatures are why few probes have been sent to the surface. The Russians have been the only ones to successfully land on the surface with their Venera landers, although the longest any lander lasted on the surface was under 2 hours.",
"We don't know any life that can survive at temperatures of 462 C. That's hot enough to melt lead, and is actually a minimum temperature on Venus's surface. The most we've ever seen life survive was 121 C. For now it makes more sense to check places we know life can survive first, then check the place we don't know if life can survive later.",
"There an expression called “life as we know it” and the reality is we don’t know if it can because we don’t know it.",
"It's not so much the acids and CO2 directly that make Venus a hellhole, it's the runaway greenhouse effect from those things being in the atmosphere. The surface temperature on Venus is 500C during the day--considerably hotter than the oven when you're cooking a roast--and we don't know of \\*any\\* life-form that can survive long in temperatures like that.",
"One thing no other commenters have touched on is energy availability. Oxygen is useful to us as organisms because it can react with other compounds to release energy, which we can then use. CO2 is basically oxygen that has already reacted and given energy off, so it's much harder to use for biological processes. Similarly, when you mix acid and water together energy is released as heat. This means that separating the water from the acid as any organism would need to do to survive (even the ones on earth that live in acid do this and filter out the acid) forces the organism to expend precious energy. Basically, you can't just pick random chemicals and say you want to live off of them with clever new biochemistry. Oxygen will always be potentially useful to life because it can react with things; CO2 is quite unreactive and thus much less useful to biological systems. In a place like venus, the overall reactivity of things is much lower because it has already reacted or dissolved into the acid in the case of the atmosphere, so there is much less energy availabile. At the end of the day, you absolutely need energy to live as an organism, so venus is very inhospitable compared to earth. In research papers on speculative venusian biology, one way to work around this that has been suggested is photosynthesis. If organisms could use light for their energy, this makes the ambient chemical potential less relevant of a problem.",
"I assume this question relates to the recent biosignatures on Venus? As for unsuitable temperature, it bears to be said that these signatures were not on ground level but in the atmosphere where temperatures can be around +30 C which is super comfy for life. As for thriving on acid etc, yes most of what we talk about \"poor for life\" is as we know it and being carbon based. If it's a new form of silicon based life, it might actually thrive on the sulfuric acid on Venus and since phosphine was detected, that in itself is a sign of being life despite in an oxygen depleted environment. It would be super cool if this was actually a silicon based form (extremophile?) evolving and migrating to the clouds over the millions of years during the worsened ground conditions.",
"Like many of the comments are saying, it’s just hella hot on the surface. Too hot for organic molecules to form and remain stable. The upper atmosphere though is a lot cooler, and still packed with chemicals that could be food for single celled organisms. So it’s a much better bet.",
"Because we took the wrong lesson from Star Trek. We expect alien life to look like us with pointy ears, when we should be searching for, \"life, but not as we know it!\" There's no reason to think the only life in this vast universe is Earth-like organisms in Earth-like conditions.",
"Whenever you hear people talking about \"Life\" in terms of aliens etc. there's an unspoken \"-as we know it.\" Added on to the end. Thing is, -as we know it- is the only example we have to compare to. So Venus is a hellhole for life as we know it. because if life does exist there, it won't be of a kind we know.",
"It could...but we only know about life that we can relate to on earth so we look for life like that. It's hard to find life when we wouldn't recognize it as being alive. Imagine if mountains on earth were highly intelligent beings that lived on a timescale of millions of years and had completely different chemistries that didn't use DNA even. We wouldn't know it was a lifeform if it fell on our heads.",
"Life as we know it is carbon based, has proteins and is based on the existence of liquid water. Venus has no liquid water and is so hot that most proteins would be baked immediately. An egg in a hot pan won't produce chickens either. In the last decade we've learned a lot though. Proteins exist in the most extreme places and the presumption that life is carbon based could very well be false. Alien life could theoretically thrive on anything. Earth-based life can't. The question is asked by a human. A venusian alien would wonder how humans thrive on toxic water and oxygen and would die from strong acid and carbon dioxide."
],
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuz6re
|
Why can some birds like duck be served medium rare, but chicken can not?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5o7k3z",
"g5o7k50",
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],
"text": [
"It comes down to microbes. On a steak, microbes only exist on the surface of the meat and not inside it (hence why ground meat needs to be cocked more. However, in chicken, there are microbes that are spread throughout the meat, not just the surface.",
"Chicken is a lot more likely than duck to contain Salmonella bacteria, and if you don't cook it properly and kill all those, well, you'll not be having a nice time of it. I'm also not sure that undercooked chicken would even be very pleasant to eat, but I'm not going to try the experiment for obvious reasons!",
"It technically isn't safe to do pink poultry/fowl of any kind unless you can hold the meat at a temperature (min. 135 F internal for ~80 continuous minutes) that ensures bacterial elimination over an appropriate time span, but duck breast is more akin to red meat than chicken and can be served pink with less risk (provided it is properly handled and prepared)."
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4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iuzdo1
|
Why do gas stations show their prices with a small number after the price? (Example in the body of the post)
|
$1.73^(9)
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5o7a6g"
],
"text": [
"Because that is actually saying that the price of gas is One dollar, seventy three and nine-tenths cents. It effectively means that it’s actually 1.74, but it lets them put what looks like a smaller amount of on the sign. Especially when gas prices are near the next whole dollar. 1.99 9 looks better to human brain that 2.00"
],
"score": [
11
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iuznyo
|
- What is the weird sensation you feel when you clean your bellybutton?
|
Okay, I hope I explain this well. Every time I clean my bellybutton, I get a really weird, almost painful sensation deep inside my body (not immediately below the below button) but a little lower and deeper inside. What causes that to happen?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The inside of the belly button like around the abdominal cavity is exquisitely sensitive and its sensory nerve fibers relay input back to the spinal cord at the same level as the nerves that relay sensation from your bladder and urethra. So it feels kinda like pain from your urethra but it’s not coming from there, that might explain why it feels deeper. Cuz it’s like coming from not as far down and you mind ain’t used to it, or something.",
"Rooted around in there for a good 30 seconds and it didn't *feel* weird, but my finger smells like the inside of a wooden leg now.",
"I have a bit of a phobia of belly buttons because of this exact feeling. I can look at them fine but if someone starts poking and digging around in theirs in front of me it makes me want to die inside.",
"I had an ingrown hair in my belly button when I was 15. Ended up going to a doctor about it and he managed to grab hold of the hair with tweezers. He pulled about a 6 inch hair out. It was the weirdest sensation I've ever felt.",
"Just stuck my finger in my belly button and dug around a bit. No feeling, weird or otherwise. Is this a guy thing?",
"I currently have an umbilical hernia and if it get exacerbated, my belly button pops out and then I get these pains in my side, almost like really bad cramps or someone punched you in the kidneys. I can make it stop though, by literally pushing it back in. Extrapolate that."
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iv15k0
|
why is it that when we go under water, our ears dont let water go inside our head?
|
So when i go under water and i open my mouth water would go inside of me directly, but why is that the ear, which is considered an entry to the body, doesn’t let water go inside without covering it
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5oiyl7",
"g5ote6o"
],
"text": [
"There are air bubbles that can only escape if you tilt your head under water, because ear canal is not straight. And if you are asking why the water isn't flooding your head literally, there is ear drum in form of membrane that acts as physical barrier.",
"You're head is not an empty space for water to fill, regardless of how far you can stick a cotton swab in. I think the simplest explanation is when you put an empty glass upside down in a water. Air pressure keeps the water from flowing in until you tip it. If you tilt your head enough underwater it IS possible to get some liquid within your ear canal. Edit: fixed a word"
],
"score": [
18,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
iv1eti
|
Why do men wake up with an erection in the morning?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5on0nb",
"g5ojgou"
],
"text": [
"Erections are caused by increased blood pressure in the penis. Usually this is due to muscles on the blood vessels directing blood into the penis during sexuar arousal. During sleep the body will lower the heart rate in order to save energy and wear. So when someone wakes up their heart rate increase quite rapidly. And since blood flow is controlled locally at the individual limbs the increase in heart rate cause the blood pressure to shoot up before the limbs can react. This may also be a result of evoution as it is quite possible that survival may be dependent on the ability to do physical exercize after having been woken up quite suddenly so people who had a slow increase in blood pressure when waking up might have fainted when trying to run away or fight due to low blood pressure and therefore would be less likely to pass on these genes. However the spike in blood pressure after waking up often means that men get an involuntary erection without arousal. This erection might go away as quickly as it came and even come back as the body tries to adjust the blood pressure and gets it too high again. There may also be medical issues that makes the erection last for longer such as a full bladder or certain medications. An erect penis might also trigger sexual arousal by itself causing the erection to last for longer.",
"Typically it is from a full bladder and it puts pressure on your spinal column causing the erection. That’s also why in some spinal injuries men will have an erection called priapism due to damage of the spinal chord."
],
"score": [
6,
5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv1ujg
|
When you purchase a piece of land, how deep does your property go? Are you buying a tiny piece of the earth's core, too?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"It depends on the country and even within countries there are different types of ownership. It isn't very meaningful to discuss \"ownership to the core\" since no human endeavor even gets close to getting through the earth's crust. In some cases, one would \"own\" the land and mineral resources underneath it. In other cases, not. Some countries allow only a time limited \"lease\" on land - even though they may call it a purchase. Nearly every country has a rule allowing for \"eminent domain\" which means the government can, at their will, seize land and property (sometimes with compensation).",
"Not really. So now for the long version. Really, you're only buying the surface. You're not even buying everything ON/UNDER the land unless you're willing to pay extra, and even then there are weird things that you have to consider. * Mineral/mining rights - So I don't know if it's an everywhere, or just a parts of the US thing, but, for example, let's say you find gold on your land. Woohoo, right? Not so fast. Do you have the mineral rights? If not, somebody else who DOES have mineral rights can come in and mine the gold and give you nothing for it. Same with oil, etc. So if you find gold, keep quiet about it until you can secure your mineral rights. * Water rights - here's another one, that's ESPECIALLY important in parts of the southwest. Once again, you might not have the right to access water on your land, unless you buy water rights. So when buying the land it's best to determine what rights you need to go with it.",
"Oh this is a great question! In English property law, there is a maxim about the extent of interests in land: cuis est solus, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos. This in essence suggests that the extent of interests in land extend indefinitely upwards and to the centre of the Earth downwards. However this is demonstrably untrue, although the actual extent of vertical interests in land is not precisely defined. There are a couple of explanations for this. Pragmatically, it is not sensible to have a system where the property right extends upwards indefinitely. For instance, there would be able to veto eg commercial airliners flying over your property and, if you take the concept to its logical limit, satellites. The better explanation however relates to the nature of property. Property isn’t a ‘thing’, it is actually a power relationship and definitions of ownership are general premised on the right to use, the right to control, the right to exclude (and others - check out Tony Honore’s work if you want the non-ELI5 version) and so on. You cannot meaningfully exercise control over land to an unlimited extent, so the idea of having property to the heavens or centre of the earth is not terribly meaningful.",
"We had a place in Tonopah Nv. that had several building lots included in it, the deed stated we owned the surface only. A mining Co. had the mineral rights. When we checked into it we learned that if they wanted to the mining Co. could excavate to the surface but they could not cause the house or any ground to collapse. We also did not own the water rights which was not a problem as it was in town with city water. As we did not have the water rights we could not implead or impound the water that fell as rain or snow. The water had to be free to run off to whoever held the water rights.",
"This is actually a big issue in Australia, with natural gas companies endorsed by the government claiming that farmers only own the surface of their land in order to access the gas beneath it.",
"For Australia at least... “Laws vary from state to state, but typically, if you – or your great grandfather – bought your property before 1891, then you often own all the way down to the centre of the earth. But, crown land grants issued after 1891 are typically limited to approximately 15.24 metres below the surface.” URL_0",
"the italian law says, in general : < < the property of the land extends downward and upward with everything in it. The owner of the land cannot oppose others activities taking place so deep down or up that he has no interest in stopping them > > & #x200B; that's the GENERAL LAW but then there are obv several exceptions"
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"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/traditional-rights-and-freedoms-encroachments-by-commonwealth-laws-alrc-report-129/18-property-rights/definitions-of-property-3/"
],
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv1wq7
|
How would it actually look, if you were instead a spacecraft traveling warp-speed?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ooq48"
],
"text": [
"First the answer you want: because of the doppler effect the light coming from the front gets blueshifted to higher frequencies, light coming from behind and from the sides will become redshifted gradually to zero frequency (e.g. become invisible to you), and the faster you go, the narrower your field of view will become. At c the FoV is theoretically is a 45 degree wide cone with dark edges. Now the answer you need: It'd hurt and kill you. Because of the doppler effect, the wavelengths coming from the front are compressed to infinitesimal small lengths which translates to infinetely high frequencies, which means they contain infinite amounts of energy. Since energy equals mass, you'd be hitting an infinitely heavy object at lightspeed with every particle or photon in your way. That's why warp-travelling klingons have naturally evolved thicker forehead bones to protect their brains."
],
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5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv2lnr
|
What is a subnet?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5p95sj"
],
"text": [
"A subnet at the most basic level is a group of IP addresses. So say your home network has a subnet of 192.168.1.0/24 that means that within your home exists devices with IP addresses in the range of 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254, calling a subnet a “network” is accurate. All of your devices reside within your network and need some form of routing to communicate with devices in another network or “subnet”. The subnet defines a given segment of the larger network. In a hypothetical scenario where I’m exchanging routes with my neighbors so that our devices can communicate with each other, when I advertise the 192.168.1.0/24 prefix what I’m basically saying is “if you need to communicate with a device in this range come to me”. I’m advertising a specific portion of the larger network between my neighbors and I."
],
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3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv2mdo
|
How does a chameleon change it's body color?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5oqhq0"
],
"text": [
"Chameleons have light-reflecting skin layers. They can rearrange the skin cells in these layers, so light reflects differently off their skin, thus changing the way we perceive it, often leading to a different color."
],
"score": [
5
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iv2rx1
|
the difference between strategy and tactics
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5oq3vw",
"g5oqo2a",
"g5oq61c",
"g5ozhsb"
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"text": [
"Strategy is the overarching plan. Tactics is just thinking a few steps ahead to solve the current problem. In warfare for example tactics refer to the current plans to win the next battle, while the strategy is about deciding wich battles to fight in the first place in order to win the war.",
"The distinction may not be very precise. Generally tactics refer to short term, quick and fairly small combination of tasks or moves. Strategy is typically longer term, bigger picture and is more positional or organization wide. For example in soccer: A soccer tactic might be to send the ball to the wings run it up and center it for the striker. A soccer strategy would be to employ a 4-4-2 lineup. In business: A tactic might be to launch a product in a certain store or geographic area first or perhaps make it available to a small customer set. A strategy might be to design a series of products to address a particular market over many years. The reason it is not precise is because what is tactical to a particular group might be strategic to another. For example: a marketing group in a company might consider expanding into a new market as a strategy. But to the CEO of that company, this new market is simply a tactic in their overall strategy to increase market share. Or in warfare (another area where the terms are used often), a field commander may have a strategy to conquer a country or region. The commander deploys his troops and the troops act tactically (ie on the ground) to secure key areas. But to the leader of the army, conquering a region might only be one of several tactics in the overall strategy of winning the war.",
"A tactic is used to achieve a short term goal while the strategy is for long term goals. If the long term goal can be split up into minor goals then you use different and multiple tactics while still following one strategy.",
"Strategy is the grand plan, what is your primary objective and what objectives must you complete to get there. (To take their capital we need to take these two harbors to disrupt supply lines - Strategy) Tactics is how you will complete a specific objective. This is often a bit narrower and more by the book, if you have a well defined objective there are well defined tactics. (We're going to take this harbor using two companies in a pincer move - Tactics) It gets murky because there is strategy and tactics at each layer. The general tactic here is to do a pincer maneuver to take the harbor, but what key items in the harbor need to be taken and in what order? That brings you to a smaller scale strategy, how you take those items brings you down to a smaller scale tactics. You need both strategy and tactics, with just a strategy you know what you need to do to win but you suck at doing it, with just tactics you will win every battle but none of them will be meaningful. > Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. > - Sun Tzu"
],
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13,
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iv2zvz
|
Why does salty food make us thirsty?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5orn9x",
"g5otphm"
],
"text": [
"It's because your body doesn't like it when things are too salty in there, so it encourages you to drink some water to try to dilute the salt and bring things back to the saltiness it likes.",
"Eating salt makes the concentration of salt in your blood go up. Drinking water brings that concentration down again."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iv3124
|
How do first/early/ancient times people think without knowing any language?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5orps2",
"g5ort1n",
"g5or5p2"
],
"text": [
"Remember things can evolve together. Our abilities of thought and of language evolved at the same time and reflected off each other. They influenced each other.",
"Deaf, blind, and mute people who don't speak or hear still think just with images. In fact deaf people have dreams of disembodied hands floating and signing to them. The way someone might hear a voice in their dreams. But words are for communicating thoughts to the outside world. We think in a more abstract way than that.",
"Think about a fish. Do you see the word “fish” in your head? Edit: Let’s take it a bit further. Think about a net. Think about a fish in a net. Think about taking the fish in the net to your kitchen and cooking the fish and sharing it with your family. Were there any words in any of those thoughts? The language is there to describe our thinking, our thinking is not there to describe our language."
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iv3430
|
Where are voicemails being stored?
|
Yesterday I was thinking about voicemails, and I came to the conclusion that you don't need an internet connection or something else to record or receive a voicemail So I was wondering where is your personal voicemail being stored? It's not on the phone because you can change phones without losing your personal voicemail? And where are incoming voicemails being stored? Is that on a server somewhere? Thnx DarkSmile
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5os8pz"
],
"text": [
"Yes, it is a server. Depending on exactly what voicemail you talk about how has it changes. For the answering machine vanity if someone calls you phone and you can't answer or your phone is off or without reception then it is a server the cellular provider has. If you use Skype, Google Voice it is those companies that have the servers. Large companies can have their own internal systems. A server is hopefully not correct you like to have in on at least to so one can fail and the data still exists and there is not service interruption. For a large system with millions of users, you spread them out over multiple servers."
],
"score": [
4
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iv39k2
|
Why does it feel nice to scratch bug bites?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"g5pe5io",
"g5pw161",
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"text": [
"Scratching. Think of when you have to take your kid/relative to a doctor. You play games/ make faces / distract them to not have them feel the pain of the injection. Scratching causes mild pain. So that your brain focuses on that instead of the stinging bite. Some studies have shown that it releases Serotonin fooling your brain. But the primary theory is that scratching ( the sensation of scratching and not necessarily the pain) supresses your brains focus to the stinging sensation and hence you feel good. It's just a distraction. CHRONIC SCRATCHING MAY LEAVE YOU SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTIONS. Edit: Your body releases a feel good chemical (recent studies) Serotonin which lasts for a short period of time so the itch cycle continues. It's not big pain vs small pain. It's about the sensation. Like with the kid you dont pinch him; you distract him/her. Try keeping a ice pack on your itch the next time and you would understand the concept of sensation. Though the ice pack also relieves some effects of inflammation ; there are many processes that take place at the same time. Why scratching at other places doesn't work? One word: Dermatomes Simple Explanation: No. See pain is a neuro-chemical sensation. You know how they say dopamine causes happiness. Similarly pain is associated with other chemicals ( Substance P to name one) . The point where the nerves are stimulated (generally the area of bite - is where the nerves supply so only in that area will scratching be effective and not others as the other areas are not carrying the pain sensation. )",
"So back to mosquito bites. Does scratching increase the inflammation? I always end up with huge welts - like silver dollar sized - for days. Is it because I scratch or am I more allergic?",
"You have different types of nerves. The one that makes you feel an itch is a different type of nerve than the one that makes you feel pain. Your brain gives priority to pain over an itch. Scratching causes mild pain, which your brain then registers instead of the itch coming from the same region.",
"I read \"bug bites\" as \"big butts\" at first glance. It's not quite dyslexia but it makes life interesting sometimes."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
iv43wg
|
Why do employers ask for references before interviewing you and likely not contacting them if you didn't move past the interview stage?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5oxul0",
"g5p0zfk",
"g5ox06a"
],
"text": [
"It's a gatekeeping step. If you can't provide references, or are too lazy to do it, then they can toss your application on the reject pile and save themselves the time of calling you in for an interview.",
"A few reasons: 1. If you can't provide references up front, there's probably a good reason, and that reason is likely you don't have good references. Big red flag. 2. It's an easy ask, and the potential employer doesn't need to do anything with them until they want to. So all the work is on your end at first, and if you're going to have an issue with a little bit of extra work when applying for a position, that's another big red flag. 3. Potential employers (or the screening companies they use) don't want to have to spend time cobbling together different emails, letters, forms, etc. to complete an employment application. Get everything (or mostly everything) up front and the file is complete. Less follow-up, less potential headache for the potential employer. By the way, they couldn't give two shits about how hard or difficult it is for you to comply with their application requirements. It may be hard for you to get references or embarrassing if you don't get hired, but that's not their concern - not even a little bit. They just want to fill the position reasonably quickly with a good enough candidate without too much struggle to do so, and their system is set up to optimize this, not make an applicant's life easier.",
"Because asking is free and more information is always good to have in any sort of selection process. Having the possibility to follow up on references is better than not having it, regardless of whether you actually use it or not."
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iv45rp
|
Most animals are symmetrical. Why are some animals like lobsters exceptions to this rule? What lead to this? And why isn't it more common in other animals, or even humans?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5oxj8p",
"g5p155g",
"g5p5bgz",
"g5p8z9u"
],
"text": [
"Lobsters are mostly symmetrical, the functional differences between a pair of front claws is just that, functional adaptation. Bilateral symmetry is very common in pretty much everything higher than worms and starfish. Sponges and such are usually thought of as the truly non symmetrical organisms",
"It's actually really common if you look at animal anatomy, snakes for example have one long large lung that does the heavy lifting. Lobsters being asymmetrical is a poor example as many if not most animals are equally asymmetrical if you include their insides. Also not all lobsters have different sized claws. Bilateral symmetry is very common but it isn't the only configuration, there is also pentalateral symmetry (sea stars for example). To answer your question about why asymmetrical animals exist, it's evolution, at some point certain lobsters developed a lifestyle that different sized claws benefited. At some point flounders started to lay in their sides so they become lopsided. At some point snakes become long and thin so two equally sized lungs side by side wasn't a good arrangement anymore. Think of the symmetry as the blueprint, how we develop at a very very basic level and then everything else is just fine tuning that blueprint.",
"Lobsters display handedness, like humans. They are right or left handed. Since they have exoskeletons, their claws increase in size as their muscles grow in their dominant claw. Human dominant hands don't really increase in size because there isn't a lot of muscle, except for the palm. Our fingers mostly contain tendons, which don't grow in size like a muscle would.",
"Actually, it's only *bilateralia* (literally: two-sided animals) that are symmetric in this way. This class includes most recent (living today) animals though. Starfish are five-fold rotational symmetric when they're adult, but they actually start as two-sided. Sponges (which are animals) are not symmetric at all. Jellyfish are sometimes rotationally symmetric and sometimes not. Apparently, there was a pretty large pressure on animals to evolutionally develop two-sided symmetry. I'd say locomotion and feeding were the main drivers. It makes no sense to have, say, three orifices in a body - two is enough. Directed locomotion (\"going from here to there\") also is simplified a lot when the body is shaped a bit like the way to go. And then it's pretty easy to achieve directed locomotion with a longish, two-side-symmetric body. It would be way harder to have three coordinated legs. Vertebraes are pretty asymmetric, by the way. This appears to have to do with the fact that we are \"handed\", that we prefer one hand/paw/foot (more generally speaking, one side of their body) over the other."
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iv4hfg
|
How important is it really to eat breakfast?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Actually the slogan „Breakfast is the most important meal of the day“ was promoted by James Caleb Jackson, aka the founder of Kelloggs, to boost sales. It was so successful that we still think breakfast is the most important meal of the day, even though it is not. [this article from The Guardian describes it 1000x better than me.]( URL_0 )",
"With no underlying health conditions, skipping breakfast is not a concern at all. Your body is perfectly capable of managing fasting periods, and intermittent fasting (no caloric intake for 16-18 hour periods) has been shown to improve pancreatic function, and helps in avoiding/treating diabetes. Getting a good quantity of fluid in is far more important, preferably water. So long as you are meeting your daily nutritional needs, then the precise timings of your meals are far less important.",
"The idea that \"breakfast is the most important meal of the day\" was invented by James Caleb Jackson and John Harvey Kellogg to sell their newly invented breakfast cereal in the 19th century. [This study]( URL_1 ) was about weight loss effects, so it might not be directly applicable to your question, but concluded that: > A recommendation to eat or skip breakfast for weight loss was effective at changing self-reported breakfast eating habits, but contrary to widely espoused views this had no discernable effect on weight loss in free-living adults who were attempting to lose weight. [Here's a good article]( URL_0 ) on the history of breakfast.",
"Lots of good points in here. I'm a recent convert to skipping breakfast and I don't see myself going back. One thing I think we overlook is how calorie and fat-dense traditional hot breakfasts are. Having a cheeseburger and fires for breakfast sounds a bit excessive, but having sausage, eggs, toast and home fries is a normal restaurant breakfast offering. I think that relates to past times where more people worked grueling, laborious jobs and needed the calorie rich diet so not to deplete their energy levels.",
"For adults, not really. For children, they absolutely have to eat a hearty breakfast to maintain their brain function.",
"Good question I was big on always having breakfast until I was 31. Then I just stopped, lol intermittent fasting, and started skipping it. Feel great now, lost some weight, don't overeat later to compensate, and can sleep a few minutes longer.",
"Breakfast used to just mean the first meal of the day. Now it refers to a meal taken as one of the first actions in the morning. There is no biological need to eat in the morning, the sugar boost might wake your brain up a little but so will a shower, drinking water and physical activity; the sugar is only needed if you're body expects it. There is no biological need to eat a large bowl of oats, any of the cereals, pancakes, bacon, pastry or bread more than the simple need for general calories. There is a need for calories so it's important that at some point you break your fast, otherwise you'll eventually die of malnutrition, but even this doesn't have to be daily. Humans, like most animals, evolved to be able to survive when food is hard to find. If your BMI is above average then you can probably go about a week without eating or any preparation, you'll get headaches and it'll be unpleasant, you might faint towards the end and you'll struggle to exercise, but you'll ultimately be fine -and also about 7kg lighter. Some things you can't go without: vitamins and minerals like those found in fruit and vegetables and tap water. These are chemicals your body needs but doesn't make itself; you will die without them, and it will be unpleasant and slow while it happens. Fortunately you don't need much, unfortunately you can't absorb a year's worth of iron by eating a nail, you need them little and often. Some things you can go without: essential oils. These are a scam and some are actually harmful, the name is a lie. Sugar: your brain can only use very few chemicals for energy. Sugar is one of them but in its absence your body will make another one called acetone. This makes your breath smell funny and your mouth taste weird, and I'm pretty sure it causes headaches when you transition from sugar to acetone but if don't eat a single thing your body can convert to sugar (carbs) you will become a human who's brain runs on nail polish remover.",
"Man, so many people skipping breakfast in here. It’s crazy how different people’s bodies can be. If I don’t eat in the morning I feel like throwing up and can hardly focus on anything.",
"The whole breakfastis most important meal of the day im sure has been found to have no scie tofic basis, i cant provide link atm. But i always think, eat when your body is telling you that its hungry, and eat right. Were hunter gatherers, we probably grazed all day on fruit and nuts and shit, we didnt sit down to meals 3 times a day like society guides us to do.",
"I am reading a lot of comments about how skipping breakfast is fine; I would just like to add that this is to be taken with a grain of salt if referring to growing children. Especially if they have to attend school it is best for them to already have a bit in their tummies so that they have the calories for exhaustive thinking readily available. You wouldn’t start on a marathon on an empty stomach, so, if there’s hard work ahead, allow yourself some calories. An orange juice or a big cocoa/coffee latte etc. is fine if you can’t stomach anything else in the morning. Just allow yourself some fuel for your upcoming work."
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"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/nov/28/breakfast-health-america-kellog-food-lifestyle"
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"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/06/how-marketers-invented-the-modern-version-of-breakfast/487130/",
"https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/100/2/507/4576452"
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iv4q3y
|
Why is it that scientists make claims that planets are uninhabitable because there are gasses, temperatures, etc. that wouldn't support human life? This surely shouldn't be one shoe that fits all.
|
Surely, all creatures (alien or human) require different 'things' (water, oxygen, etc for humans) to survive. But, those 'things' might not be essential for alien life so why is it that scientists say that certain planets aren't fit for life because they are inhospitable for humans.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"there are estimates that you need a certain variety of molecules to form what we would consider as life. i. e. on earth, carbon bonds to different stuff, and forms things like DNA, proteins, and so on. but we can't make a, say, sodium-based lifeforms because sodium doesn't bond to necessary amount of things, and those to which it does bond don't posess necessary properties. we could suggest that maybe our estimates are wrong and life is still possible with a non-carbon set of molecules - but it may be so different that we wouldn't be able to simply recognize it. so, we are in search of life that we can recognize, and that is carbon-based life. and carbon-based life requires certain conditions and leads to certain observable consequences in the planet's atmosphere etc.",
"It costs a lot of time and money to make all the tools we need to explore space. So we're going to make tools that can help us find what we already know about life based on all the life we've studied on earth. It's entirely possible that there's an alien lifeform out there that huffs methane to survive and has a body that is lighter than air. But because there are no larger lifeforms like that on earth, we're not going to waste time looking there. It is kind of a limited view of science but you gotta do with what you know. If you've known your friend Jeff for 20 years and over that whole time he's only ever eaten out at pizza restaurants, and then you go to his house and see a note \"went out to eat\", you're *probably* going to focus your time on pizza restaurants instead of wasting gas trying to find him at the Golden Dragon or Sabor de Mexico.",
"It's always implied \"uninhabitable for human life or life as we know it\". The notion that there **might** be forms of life that could survive in environments that we call \"uninhabitable\" is pretty much accepted.",
"If a scientist says uninhabitable, it means uninhabitable for life as we know it. We cant make inclusions or exclude things from a scientific investigation that we dont know about. So at the moment it is a one shoe fits all, because it makes the most sense to normal people (non-science literate folks). But we are well aware that there is the possibility of something coming along and making us re-think what we already know. And in this case it would be a new type of life form, made out of elements we havent seen \"produce life\" before. Because otherwise..... every single planet and thing would have to be defined as \"maybe inhabitable - because we haven't 100% concluded that there isnt a form of life somewhere in the universe that might exist now or in the future that could change the definition of habitable/uninhabitable and make us re-think life as we know it.\" So essentially your right in the point your making and it would take a stubborn person to disagree with you, but they label it as uninhabitable, because humans wouldnt be able to live there unaided. But after a quick amount of googling.... it tends to be media coverage that shortens the phrase to just uninhabitable and a lot of scientific papers and writings seem to actually specify that it is uninhabitable for human life.",
"Habitability goes way beyond what we would consider important for human life. Since we have yet to identify anything beyond the carbon-based life on earth, our criteria are based on that. However, it's scientifically accepted that there are probably other kinds of life that can survive conditions we'd consider uninhabitable. Life as we know it requires water, and so we place a lot of emphasis on searching for water when we find a planet whose physical conditions allow for it to exist. Knowing that we're looking for water makes it easier, because we know exactly what those physical conditions are. A planet without an atmosphere, a tectonically dead planet, one in the neighborhood of a dying star being bombarded with radiation- all of them would be unlikely to host water. If there's no water, we can assume the planet is unibhabitable- to life as we know it. That doesn't mean we'd skip that planet entirely- we just focus our limited resources on planets that could possibly host life.",
"We've found small building blocks on earth, which work like Lego. With 20 different Lego shapes, you can make dinosaurs, robots, cars, buildings ... almost anything you can imagine. We've identified 20 of these small building blocks, and see them appear in all life we've ever observed anywhere. These building blocks are called \"Amino Acids\", and are the foundation of animals, people, plants, fungus, bacteria, bugs, etc. When scientists look for habitable planets, they look for conditions favorable to these building blocks. Some planets are too hot, or cold, or large for the blocks to form. Some are missing key elements for making the blocks. Some planets have hostile things that prevent the building blocks from working reliably over time. Our definitions of \"life\" and \"habitability\" are based around these building blocks: how they form (synthesis), how they connect (genesis), what the things they make consume (eat), and what the things they make produce (waste). Scientists have looked for other kinds of building blocks that MIGHT work the same (Mega Blocks, etc), but I don't think they've found anything yet. It's a safe bet that places Amino Acids have formed, or COULD form, would be an interesting place to study or visit."
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iv4r3m
|
What is the difference between soap and shampoo?
|
And why is soap not suitable for hair and vice versa.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"URL_1 URL_0 Soap. Fat and lye mixed together. Shampoo. sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate mixed with cocamidopropyl betaine in water. Soap cleans hair really well. Too well. Shampoo does it without removing everything. Conditioner is there to put oils back into your hair."
],
"score": [
3
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap"
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|
[
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] |
[
"url"
] |
iv4w41
|
What does an n-bit(like n=64) architecture mean; both as a physical difference on a logic component, and a software-related point of view?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"This \"bit width\" parameter describes how many bits are in the computers primary registers. That influences how large of a number can reference a location in memory, and thus the maximum amount of physical memory. It also determines how many bits a logical operation can operate on. More bits in a single instruction means that it takes fewer instructions to do work on a file or object; presuming your algorithm can exploit all those bits.",
"Depends on context. What you're likely thinking of is x86 vs x86_64 CPUs. In this context, 32- or 64 bits refers to how large an address space the CPU physically supports. In software, the 32 or 64 bit can also refer to addressing space. In both cases, the effect of different address space is primarily seen in memory addressing, as this is where the vast majority of addresses are used. 32 bits permits 2^32 units of memory (or other locations) to be addressed, which in modern technology equates to 4GiB of RAM (minus any other addresses you want to have access to). 64 bits allow over 4 billion times more addresses."
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3
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[
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|
iv53e7
|
Why do we experience random sharp pains on random parts of the body?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"It can literally be anything. You could have overworked the muscle group, or even worked it too little so now it's stiff and sore. It could be a gas bubble depending in the area... Like anything... If the pain is consistently in one place, I would ask your doctor about it.",
"It could be any number of things. Organs shifting around, moving a tendon in a weird way, your chestburster preparing its escape route etc. Usually nothing to worry about, unless there is.",
"They mostly aren't \"random.\" The cause just may be a bit obscure. Your body essentially has a one size fits all response to something being amiss. Pain. It's like the old error code \"printer is on fire.\" As far as information goes, pain is pretty non specific. So, for example, you left an arm or leg in one position for too long and the muscles are getting tired or a nerve has been stimulated too long? Pain. You have some minor injury that is easy to ignore but still has some inflammation? Yep. Pain. Getting older and some of the soft tissue in your joints is starting to wear thin? Pain. Repetitive movements of your hands? Could be you are developing carpal tunnel syndrome. How should the body let you know? How about a dosing if pain? Gas bubbles in the stomach? Pain. Heart attack? Pain. Guess what? Symptoms of the two can feel similar. Old sprains and strains. Pain. Old injuries that healed but have some scarring may cause pain later. The list is ridiculous and as the signal is more or less the same it's hard to figure out from just the symptom alone. If it keeps happening in a specific situation? That's an issue. If there are other symptoms associated, that's an issue. If you can tie a cause and effect that's something. But saying \"I felt a weird prickling sensation in my hand for a second and it disappeared\" can mean early signs of nerve damage, circulation issues, a.side effect of how it was positioned, or even it can all be in your head. Yeah, that lump of neurons in your head that is intended to decipher these signals? It can get things wrong. It often does. You naturally filter out certain stimulation as background noise when it doesn't change much. Like the feeling of your clothing and how it drapes on your body. You just sort of stop being aware of it until just now when I reminded you (you are welcome). So something that was present for awhile can drop below the threshold of awareness and something can remind you of it. You went from no sensation to sensation. Could that be pain? The brain will fill in the gaps and will sometimes get things wrong So no one all inclusive source of phantom pains.",
"Does anybody else twitch in different parts of your body randomly, and sometimes throughout the body part by part am I just malfunctioning?",
"I get those around my lower chest area about once a month. Usually to the far right or far left or right under the heart. It makes it painful to breathe but goes away in a few minutes. According to my doctor mom, it's probably just a gas bubble.",
"The human body runs on electrical impulses. When a nerve \"fires\" it is usually responding to some external stimulus. You touch a flame and the nerves fire telling your brain \"ouch that hurts\" so your brain can tell your body \"pull away!\". But just like any machine, the human body can occasionally \"burp\" and send an errant signal to the brain. The brain initially responses to the \"pain\" but when further supporting signals are not received the brain realizes it was a \"false alert\" and sends the \"all clear\" signal."
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iv65dq
|
how is it possible that some movies cost 300 million dollars? Where does all that money go?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"The massive amount of people that work on it, they get paid too, set building, CGI, costumes, travel (including food, hotel, transportation costs) if its a big movie the costs can add up.",
"Have you seen the credits? all those people need to make enough money to live in California, and if they're filming outside there are fees for that too, imagine how expensive it is to shut down a city street for a few hours to film there",
"It goes to paying salaries for actors, crew, assistants, make up artists, costumers, screen writers, editors, directors, and composers. It pays for the set construction materials and workers, materials for costumes, cameras, film/digital storage for footage. It is used to license music, secure venues for filming, pay travel of various crew and cast members, and promotional materials such as billboards and ads.",
"Salaries for the stars. Rental of locations. Hundreds of extras have to be paid, plus fed, plus moved from place to place. Dozens of stunt people work for weeks to perfect their gags. So many, many makeup/hair/costume people, as well as costume rental/purchase. Union wages for all the people you see in the credits. Computer generated imagery can take months and require techs. For every name you see in the credits, think '$10,000' and you'll see how fast it adds up. Many of the people get way more than $10,000, especially if they are on the project for months and months."
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|
iv65qg
|
How do countries do trade with different currencies?
|
I was thinking about it, and I couldn't figure it out. If say the US bought $500k of product from Germany, what does Germany now do with US Dollars?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"text": [
"Well it depends on if you’re buying it form The German government, or. Richard German company. If it’s a private German company, they might just keep it in a bank account as dollars, or more likely exchange the currency for the equivalent amount of euros with some party (Bank, financial group, whichever, idk exactly how Germans function) that does currency exchange. If it’s going straight to the German government, well, chance are they’ll just hold onto it. And then use it whenever they need to buy something from the US, or other countries. US dollars are close to being the accepted global currency on a macro level, pretty much every country has reserves of US dollars stored somewhere. This mainly stems from the years of economic dominance the US had post WW2, it was the most stable country so everyone was confident in its currency and wanted to trade with the US.",
"> the US bought $500k of product from Germany, what does Germany now do with US Dollars Trade isn't that simple. Still oversimplifying: Let's imagine this as a real transaction. German company VW wants to buy $500k worth of car parts from GM, for example. VW is based in Germany and has a bank account full of Euros. VW will instruct its bank, let's say Deutsche Bank, to send $500k from their account to GM's account with, let's say, Bank of America. Money can be exchanged on money markets. Deutsche Bank can exchange, say, €400k from VW's account for $500k and then deposit this with Bank of America. -- In reality, the Banks would be trading plenty of EUR and USD in both directions daily so would be able to handle the trade themselves. Only a variance would need to be dealt with by involving outside trades. But the main principle is: currencies can usually be exchanged on markets where they are freely traded so one party or their bank will trade what is needed there. When countries' currencies aren't freely traded that causes problems for trade and other solutions sometimes have to be found. PepsiCo used to trade Pepsi to the Soviet Union in return for vodka."
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iv7cmx
|
Electoral colleges
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"So, you've been lied to. The president of the United States isn't a single election where the people chose a leader. It's 50 independent elections where the *states* chose a leader. This works as follows: Each of the 50 states is granted a number of \"votes\" for president roughly proportional to its population. Each state will then chose who to award their votes to, and the candidate who achieves a clean majority wins the presidency. How the states then decide what candidate gets their votes is technically up the the state legislature, but for obvious reasons it tend to be decided by a statewide election. In all but two states whoever gets a plurality of the vote wins all the state electors. If a plurality of the public votes for a candidate in California that candidate gets *all* of the Californian vote. Same in Wisconsin, Florida, Mississippi, whatever. This means that the popular vote doesn't really matter, because the votes aren't counted as a nation-wide mass: they only matter within the states they are cast. It doesn't matter if 51% or 100% of Texas votes Republican, Texas only has the votes it is given and will cast them all for the winner. Therefore it's pretty easy for the overall winner to not match the nationwide winner, since there isn't a direct correlation between the margin of victory in any given state, and how many EC votes the candidate gets. There are multiple reasons why this is the system, but among reasons is that this is a system that was invented when the fastest you could get news from one end of the country to another was by a week long horse ride. It was more practical to send a bunch of representatives to the capital where the latest news can be received and responded to nearly instantly, instead of in a fortnight. Another is a compromise between states on the division of power, and the fact the founding fathers didn't really trust the general populace and wanted a degree of separation between the masses and the governance.",
"The electoral college is a body of voters who vote the presidential election. These voters mostly follow the popular vote of the state, but two states allow these voters to split their votes. Some states have laws requiring the electoral voters to vote with the popular vote, but not all. These voters can go against the popular vote, but for the most part they don’t. Maine and Nebraska allow vote splitting. This is where the votes of certain districts can actually provide an electoral vote to a different candidate than the rest of the state. For an example, if California votes Blue with 75% of their population doing so and 4 other states with equal population total and electoral votes choose red but 55% of the population in these states vote red. In this case, both red and blue have equal number of Electoral votes, but blue has a higher popular vote (popular vote being the vote of the general population). Take this over a large amount of states now. States with a smaller population are generally more spread out. This rural lifestyle votes red generally. They may have a smaller individual population leading to a lower state voting power, but combine to roughly equal the voting power of blue states. Blue states are ruled by large cities. Places like California, Washington, New York, are ruled by the large cities. The electoral college was implemented in the Constitution to prevent a popular vote from controlling. It also prevents small states from controlling an election. The two original proposed plans (Virginia and New Jersey) followed these ideas. Virginia at the time was a large state and had a high population. New Jersey wanted equal representation for each of the states. The Connecticut compromise let each state use both. This sets up the Congress. Each states number of congressmen are the same number of electoral votes. It is important to remember that this is not perfect but it is more balanced than a true popular vote. A popular vote allows the large cities to control more policy which would not positively impact rural areas. An equal vote for each state would allow small states to enforce policies not conducive to running a city. The compromise allows large states to still control the path of the country but mitigates the effect on the rural parts of the US."
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3
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iv7f9g
|
If a law that was previously criminal is no longer criminal (ex weed possession/use in Canada), how come they don't release and exonerate everyone who broke that law before?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"I would say it's due to the fact that they dont actually care about the law itself, just the fact that that person broke the law and they cant have people getting away with breaking the law cause it would look bad. Its dumb but there it is....",
"Passing new laws is not retroactive, as a rule of thumb. Historically, retroactively enacted laws have either been very distasteful, or targeted at fixing very distasteful laws/events. In Canada, retroactively enacted laws are prohibited by charter of rights and freedoms. It makes sense as well: at the time when these people were doing the thing, it was a crime, so they have committed a crime. It's not a crime only starting from some very certain point in time.",
"Often times they do, lots of people have gotten pardons for things purely like weed possession. But the problem is that often times people are charged more with just possession. And even if possessing the drug isn’t illegal anymore. Other charges against you might still be illegal. Like say illegally selling the drug, or illegally carrying across state lines, or driving while using the drug, or possessing some sort of weapon while having the drug. Those other charges won’t get wiped away. It’s just often times people who are in jail/charged with possession of drugs are also charged with other things too.",
"They kind of do. In Canada you need to fill out a form basically. Keep in mind though this is government (strike 1), doing something it doesn't do very often (strike 2), for people who are a bit of an underclass without much political sway (strike 3). So don't expect it to be efficient or sensible.",
"I'd say it's simply because you broke the law. Doesn't necessarily matter what the law is, unless it's a misdemeanor vs a felony. Carrying weed in Canada when it was illegal, is breaking the law. If you were carrying weed, you knew that. Just because marijuana is legalized in Canada NOW doesn't mean you didn't break the law back then. I know someone in Alberta that is still serving time for a cannabis extract distribution ring. Like he's still in prison. The way the judge figured was that if weed was legal, he'd probably be doing the same thing but with cocaine or meth."
],
"score": [
6,
6,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv7h0d
|
Someone sent me a drop box full of torrents for software.What are torrents?How much trouble could get in if I use them ? And how would I even download them ?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5pj4bn"
],
"text": [
"Torrents are a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol. Basically, a few people who have the file 'seed' it to the 'swarm' - the users that want the file. As more people get parts of the file, they in turn seed it to other people who want the file. So long as the entire file exists among all of the members of the swarm (even if no single user hast 100% of the file) then every user will eventually get the entire file. To download torrents, you need a torrent download program - like Deluge or qBittorrent - that allows you to connect to the swarm. You also need a torrent file or magnet link that says _what_ file you are looking to download and what trackers can tell you who is in the swarm for that particular file. Torrenting itself is 100% legal - it is just a file transfer system. **However** - _what_ you torrent may or may not be illegal. Just like any other digital content, you may or may not have the right to disritbute said content to others. Transferring royalty-free or public domain content is fine; transferring copy written content is usually not."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv7kw9
|
What is the mechanism behind the different sound capability of earphones VS speakers
|
Hey, So I wonder how come earphones / headphones doesn't make loud sound externally compared to speakers sound, what's the difference electronic mechanism? I know it's sound waves hitting the air but how come one is only heard innerly and the other is heard externally? 2. What cause the different max volume capacity? Is it the size of the electronic output? 3. I understand that sound waves transmit into 0 & 1 and vice versa my question is how the device is able to convert those indefinite sound air waves into the exact sounds waves with only limited 0 & 1 even on an allegedly simple tiny voice recorder?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5phcjo"
],
"text": [
"The reason you don't think you can hear headphones externally is most likely your only exposure to headphones are closed-back. This style of headphones is super common and what most people use/think of. The backing plate on the exterior of the headphones acts as a bit of sound-deadening and prevents sound leaking in or out. Open-back headphones do not have this backing plate and so they will readily leak sound in and out. Even at medium volume settings, people around you will be able to hear what you are listening to with open back headphones."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iv80zd
|
How does eating too much sugary food rot your teeth?
|
How come if you ate an excess of sugary food and didn't brush your teeth your teeth would probably rot? I get that it's to do with a build up of plaque, but how and why?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5pkwdb",
"g5ppaev"
],
"text": [
"Plaque is made of bacteria which poop out corrosive acid that decays your teeth. Those bacteria thrive on sugar, so the more sugar you eat, the faster those bacteria can multiply and spread. Brushing your teeth mechanically removes much of the bacteria as well as strengthening your teeth against the corrosive acid if using a fluoridated toothpaste.",
"It's not exactly about how much sugary food you eat, but how long sugary things stay in your oral cavity. If you down one jug of sugar syrup in one gulp and then rinse your mouth with something alkaline or even water, your teeth will not rot as compared with when you take just teaspoonful of sugar syrup but slosh it in your mouth for a long time, and do not wash it down with some neutralizing liquid like water. Downing one jug of sugar syrup will do other damage to your body though. Rest of the answers provide other important details."
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iv8ieg
|
How are pirated anime streaming services (internationally) still up for so many years despite them being piracy?
|
Kissanime, a very popular pirated anime streaming site was just only recently shut down, but there are more out there. How come the actual "owners" don't take action more frequently?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5pneph"
],
"text": [
"In many cases, the owners of the pirated media streaming services are based in countries where the copyright laws are more loose, and thus it becomes harder for foreign companies to shut them down, because from the laws of the country they are in, they haven't done anything wrong, and international lawsuits are very expensive and difficult to arrange."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iv8r4v
|
How does Zofran work?
|
So I have emetaphobia, and I take Zofran for my inevitable nausea. I’ve looked it up, and it says that Zofran stops the brain telling you to be sick, but what does that mean? Does it block the nerves or something? And if it doesn’t, is there something that does?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ppj9b",
"g5pqnbk"
],
"text": [
"I just looked it up too. Eli5-: Your GI tract has its own nervous system to keep the plumbing working on the right schedule; it sends status updates to your brain through the vagus nerve. Zofram is thought to keep the messages that you need to vomit from getting loud enough for your brain to notice. We don't know the whole mechanism of action, but that's my understanding of it atm.",
"The general name is odansetron, which the suffix -setron will tell you its drug class,, which tells you about how it works. Its a 5HT-3 antagonist, otherwise known as a serotonin blocker. Youre right it does tell your brain essentially to not be nauseous, but it directly works at the mid brain and hindbrain (mainly your medulla oblongata) level, because these parts of your brain control what doctors call the \"choreography of emesis \" (which has 3 stages which i won't name to respect your phobia). Odansetron works because it binds to (and blocks) that 5HT3 subtype of serotonin receptor responsible for receiving the message from your brain to your GI telling you to feel nauseous. It works extremely well, in fact so well with its excellent safety profile that this is also prescribed to chemotherapy patients and post operation patients. Hope it helps, lmk if you wanna know more :)"
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iv8wr7
|
how stocks/shares makes someone like Bezos really rich, when afaik if he sold all of it and cashed out the stock would massively diminish in value
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5pqfc0",
"g5pr4s9"
],
"text": [
"Because wealth is measured by the sum total of all someone's assets, and not by the ability to liquidate them to use them for something else. Because Bezo's net worth is largely tied up in a single asset (Amazon stock), he probably actually has less \"usable\" wealth (here meaning ability to quickly liquidate) then some other of his fellow billionaires who are more diversified.",
"If someone who has a lot of stock holdings wants to liquidate them, they don't sell them all at once. Instead, they devise a timeline across which they'll sell them. The idea being to avoid a huge crash which will trigger panic selling. There may still be some impact on the price, but spreading it over time means it won't be as huge, as investors who still think the company is a good investment will buy those shares as they come available, keeping the price reasonable."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iv9fk8
|
Why are the "lines" in Jupiter moving straight and in different paces?
|
If you don't understand, I'm talking about the storms in this: & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q4yo7"
],
"text": [
"It's all down to Jupiter's rotation. Jupiter spins about its axis once every 11 hours -- more than twice as fast as Earth, for a planet 11 times the diameter of Earth! You've probably seen Olympic ice skaters who start out spinning with their arms and legs stretched wide, and as they pull them inward, they spin faster. If you've done this yourself, you also notice that the spin makes it harder and harder to pull your arms in the faster you go. Jupiter's atmosphere is like this, but more so. If it had winds blowing north or south, that would mean air was getting closer to / farther from the planet's spin axis. Just like the ice skater, that would cause the air to spin faster or slower than the rest of Jupiter -- that is to say, east / west winds will be created. And just like with the ice skater, the spin makes it harder and harder for air to keep moving north/south. So air on Jupiter can only go a short distance north/south before being deflected east/west. There are small oval storms where the air goes around like a hurricane, but on the whole-planet scale, all the winds are east/west, creating the counter-flowing stripes you see in your picture. The same pattern occurs on Earth: Earth's winds mostly blow in east-west bands, especially at high altitude. But Earth rotates slower and is smaller, so the stripes are wider compared to the planet. Jupiter's wind patterns also affect the cloud patterns, which is why the stripes are different colors, but the details of how the clouds work are still being studied! URL_0 URL_3 URL_2 URL_1"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWSu6U0Ujs8",
"https://climate-dynamics.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/rhines79a.pdf",
"https://www8.physics.utoronto.ca/~phy189h1/Jupiter%20Meteorology%20scientificamerican0376-46.pdf",
"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/coriolis-effect/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iv9q71
|
- Why does a game update always require additional data space, even when the update only removes a certain "event" or feature from the game?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5pvx39"
],
"text": [
"Even when you remove content, what you're doing to do on a file-system level is download new versions of the files that don't have that content and swap them out. The update isn't going in and editing the files in place. This means you need room to download and extract the new version of the files and then move them over the old versions."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iva2hf
|
Why is space cold when sun light must be able to travel uninterrupted to a location in space? Should thst make it really hot?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5py5zm",
"g5pzzjw",
"g5pzyhz"
],
"text": [
"Space is neither cold nor hot. It is empty. The tiny amount of gas floating around up there *is* quite hot, but doesn't transfer heat. If an object is left in space, it absorbs heat from the sun and radiates heat. What temperature it reaches depends upon its geometry, distance from the sun, and coloration. Deep space will make things quite cold, since sunlight is very spread out at such a distance and thus not a whole lot hits things.",
"Space isn't cold or hot the way that air is cold or hot, since it's a vacuum. When we talk about space being cold, we mean that if you stick some inanimate object in outer space in a place where there's not any stars directly shining on it, the object will radiate away heat until it gets very cold. Yes, light travels through space, and that light will heat up things that it hits, but that's only if things are in the direct path of that light.",
"It DOES get very hot in the places exposed to sun in space. The areas that are not exposed to sun get very cold. Further, since the infra-red rays spread out as they exit the surface of sun, their concentration on an exposed area decreases as you move further away from the surface of the sun making the heat less intense."
],
"score": [
62,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivacev
|
What is sleep paralysis, and what causes it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q0bz8",
"g5renbx"
],
"text": [
"When you go to sleep, your brain shuts off the input to your voluntary movement muscles. That's a little hand-wavey, because it's not entirely shut off, but you get the point. The two are separate systems in your brain. Usually, your consciousness shuts down at the same time. Sleepwalking is, roughly, when your consciousness shuts down but your movement doesn't. Sleep paralysis is when your movement shuts down but your consciousness doesn't.",
"First thing you understand is that when you sleep you enter various different 'stages' of sleep over the course of the night. First you enter Stage 1 sleep, this is that stage when you're just falling asleep, when you're just drifting off, sort of half asleep, half awake. Stage two is light sleep: Your heart rate and breathing slow, your muscles relax and your brain activity slows. Stage three is deep sleep. Your heart rate and breathing slow even more, your muscles relax fully and your brain waves slow even more. Stage four is REM sleep (REM= Rapid Eye Movement). This is when you dream. Your heart rate, breathing, brain activity and blood pressure return to almost waking levels. You'll go through these stages in cycles all night long. Basically repeating stage two, three and four over the course of 90 minutes to a couple of hours. Now, the interesting thing is during REM sleep, your arms as legs become temporarily paralyzed. Your brains essentially 'turns off' motor control for the period of REM sleep to prevent you from 'acting out' your dreams. Now, it's not yet understood exactly what causes sleep paralysis, but it's essentially when periods of REM sleep and Stage one sleep overlap. You're awake enough to be aware of your surroundings, (you're in that stage between wakefulness and sleep), but your brain still has your motor control turned off. Basically, it feels like you're awake and unable to move. Also, because you're also still in the REM sleep stage, you may also be dreaming at the same time, which because you're mostly awake manifests as vivid hallucinations. Interestingly, sleep paralysis is believed to be responsible for a lot of 'ghost sightings' or alien abductions. People wake up, find themselves 'pinned in place' or otherwise unable to move while seeing things around them"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivao8f
|
What is sensory overload?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q2b9w"
],
"text": [
"It's like when you hold your hand over a flame, and pull it away when it gets too hot, except you can't pull it away and it's another sense, or some of your senses, or all of your senses at once. Example: I get sensory overload at live music shows under the right circumstances. I'm surrounded by too many people, the music is too much, the lights are bright and flashing and all of a sudden it's like I can't breathe, my skin is crawling, and I want to run away as fast as possible."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivb1xt
|
Why people predict Tesla will become the biggest company while others think it is doomed?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q59pp"
],
"text": [
"You already said it. Personal opinion. There is a sizable contingent of people who believe Tesla's concepts and ideas will propel it to the front of the industry and turn it into a world-changing powerhouse. They could be right. There is also another sizable contingent that looks at the numbers, the business side, of Tesla and is concluding that the business likely can't support all the promises and ideas that are being released. Fact is, Tesla has failed to deliver on many promises, and made many more. Combined with relatively opaque accounting practices and the unpredictability of Musk as CEO, it makes for an uneasy opinion of the company's performance long term. Nobody can know for sure what will happen, other than that a company can't survive just on good ideas, they do have to sell products and make revenue in order to keep the business healthy."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivb48o
|
What exactly is autism?
|
I spent quite some time trying to learn about autism and I still feel a bit lost. I understand that it’s a genetic learning disability and that it’s a spectrum. I still can’t put a finger on exactly what it is. To put it in one sentence I guess, if that’s possible.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q9lur",
"g5q85i1",
"g5q8izy",
"g5qie0i",
"g5qccgb"
],
"text": [
"It's not possible to put it in one sentence. Autism kind of isn't one thing, is the problem. It became classed as a spectrum somewhat recently, but I fully expect psychologists to split it into a few different, separate disorders in the future in terms of how they categorise it. The common theme in all the different disorders currently classified under \"autism\" is possessing some kind of disability in the social department (it's not usually a learning disorder btw - people with autism don't usually display reduced capacity for learning - rather, it's a disorder of social interaction and communication). Autism is easiest to describe as a number of different scales that all add up to make \"autism\". Imagine you're making a character in Skyrim, and each slider for like weight and skin colour and eye colour and so on is instead a slider for stuff like \"ability to recognise emotions\" and \"ability to adapt rapidly to change\". If 1 on those scales is \"can do it perfectly well\" and 100 is \"can't do it at all\", Autism is like adding up the results of each scale and saying \"if the total is over 300, you're autistic\" - which means that autism can manifest in lots of different ways depending on the exact way those sliders are set that adds up to 300. For example, 50/50/50/50/50/50 is autistic, but so is 100/100/100/1/1/1. The most common \"sliders\" are: - Ability to recognise emotions, sometimes called cognitive empathy: The ability to look at someone's face or listen to someone's voice and identify \"this person is angry\" for example. Also affects ability to recognise distinctions in emotions. Autistic people often group emotions into broader categories than non-autistic people, such as interpreting all pleasant emotions as \"happy\" and all negative ones as \"sad\". Kind of like how some people might categorise crimson as red, whereas other people would insist that crimson is a different colour to red. - Ability to recognise nuances in communication, such as body language and tone of voice. For example, it's quite common for autistic people to be bad at grasping sarcasm. - Ability to adapt to change in plans. A lot of autistic people don't cope well with things being changed last minute. - Ability to process sensory information. A lot of autistic people can be subject to something called sensory overload, where a bunch of incoming information all at once (loud noises and bright lights simultaneously for example) can feel painful and cause stuff like anxiety and panic attacks, as the brain fails to integrate the information properly. - Ability to regulate emotions and thought patterns. It's quite common for autistic people to rely on some kind of external stimulus such as repetitively tapping a pen, or fiddling with a blob of blu-tac, to help keep their brain from responding to distracting things and keep themselves focused. - Ability to do something called executive functioning, which is a broad name for various organisational skills like keeping track of a calendar or budgeting time during the day well. Autism also interacts with other mental conditions, particularly learning disabilities. Something called Low functioning autism happens when autism is combined with things like low IQ or another learning disability. Low functioning autistic people often display much more exaggerated symptoms due to lacking the capacity to compensate for them. The worst cases may never even learn how to speak. On the other end, you have something called high functioning autism, which happens when autism is combined with unusually high IQ. High functioning autistic people are kind of comparable to the idea of an idiot savant. Because autistic people see the world in a different way to non-autistic people, autistic people can have some very useful things to offer, provided they have high enough IQ to put that perspective to use. For example, many high-functioning autistic people have \"special interests\", which are like hobbies but *really* in-depth. A high-functioning autistic person with a special interest will most likely be the most knowledgeable person you can ever meet about their particular special interest, because it's so important to them that it consumes a possibly even unhealthy proportion of their time and attention. When this happens with a marketable skill, such as computer programming, you've got yourself a very valuable employee. It's also worth noting that most high-functioning autistic people are capable of compensating for their diminished social skills with techniques called \"masking\", and it's usually very difficult to identify high functioning autistic people, cos they're good at passing as neurotypical. It's also also worth noting that the terms \"high functioning\" and \"low functioning\" are considered problematic by certain portions of the autistic population, but I use them because no one can figure out more appropriate terms yet (because, as mentioned earlier, autism is a very poorly defined set of conditions to begin with).",
"Autism is a developmental (shows up in kids) neurological (brain) condition that alters how people develop social interaction & communication skills. People with autism don't interact/communicate/learn with other people in the average (\"neurotypical\") way. There's a genetic component but it's not purely genetic. There's a wide range of possible symptoms, which is why they call it a \"spectrum\". Someone with very mild autism might go undiagnosed their whole life and nobody, including them, would ever know. Someone with severe autism may be incapable of maintaining very basic communication functions like having a conversation or recognizing facial expressions. And it often shows up with other issues but doesn't clearly share a common cause. It's a topic of very active research. Edit: fixed typo",
"Autism is a diagnosis, categorised by impairment in all three of: social interaction, social communication, and imagination. There are a number of genetic markers with links to autism, but no clear single cause. I wouldn’t call it a learning disability myself.",
"Someone *with* autism, here. I wouldn't really call it a learning disability, more a social one. And since it's a blanket term that covers a lot of different conditions, it's hard to really explain what it is. People with autism often have a hard time telling when someone's joking and when they're being serious, and generally just missing social cues, which is why a lot of the time they tend to come across as awkward people. There is, of course, much more severe cases of autism, that can greatly affect someone's ability to function socially. Someone with autism could be incredibly intelligent, but come across as someone who isn't. & #x200B; Oh, and fuck Autism Speaks. **Fuck. Them.**",
"Autism causes changes in the brain. People with autism have issues with they interact with the world. It can affect how they see, hear, touch, and taste. The world can seem too bright and too loud. Things that touch the skin can be overwhelming or mundane things can also feel really really good like spinning or tapping. It also affects how they understand the emotions of others. I can make it difficult to understand the intentions of others. To make it difficult to read body language. They tend to see things very literally. Autism can also make it more difficult to speak and understand language. Sometimes they cannot speak at all. It doesn't mean that autistic people aren't intelligent. An analogy would be you have a computer but the keyboard It's missing keys and the mouse sensitivity is way out of whack. Also the monitor and the printer sometimes malfunction. The computer still works. The processor is good and the memory is good but it's hard to input information and it's hard to get information out. Honestly I would recommend watching the cartoon \"pablo\" on Netflix. It's all from the kids perspective and it's a pretty good example of early life autistic experience."
],
"score": [
36,
12,
6,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivbc2g
|
Why does it feel nice to pressure about your left or right eyebrow when you have a headache?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qe2o5"
],
"text": [
"[The Gate Control Theory of Pain]( URL_0 ) may suffice to explain this. In essence, the pressure sensation overrides the sensation of pain."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_control_theory"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivbiw2
|
Why is Japanese curry in the form of cubes? Is it possible to make Japanese curry from scratch?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5q9leu",
"g5qumed"
],
"text": [
"Because making it from scratch is much more labor and time intensive compared to simply chucking a roux cube into a pot. Lots of people and restaurants in Japan still do it, though.",
"Resident of Japan here! It doesn't so much come in cubes, but in sealed, hard packets, which you break into cubes. The roux, which is the base of the curry, is dehydrated and compacted, for easy storage and longevity. When added to water and heated, the roux mixes in with the water and other ingredients. Many stews, soups and sauces start with a roux base. And many of those can be store-bought in Japan, not just curry. It's totally possible to make your own roux, but it can be time consuming and hard work, and requires a fair bit of culinary skill. Curry is mostly seen as an easy comfort food - all you really have to do is chop vegetables and meat, and stir a pot. Same reason why that, if someone makes homemade ramen, they will still probably buy the soup stock, as making your own stock takes multiple hours."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivc7wf
|
When pavement or any large structure is laid down, does the ground below it turn into a lifeless desert? If so, how far down does that desert typically go?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qc9db",
"g5qc399"
],
"text": [
"No it doesn’t turn into a lifeless desert, the base majority of construction materials have some water permeability, and almost as soon and pavements are laid down they’ll start cracking. Letting water into. Not the ground under pavement is going to be no where nears as diverse or fertile than the soil in an untouched field, that’s how construction always goes, but it won’t just completely turn it into a desert.",
"The ground below a building is whatever it was before, plus foundations - ie, mostly concrete and stone. A desert is a large region with minimal rainfall. It's not defined by a specific kind of floor - for example, Antarctica is a desert and that's snow and ice. You can't have a desert the size of a single building or road, and any given building is going to be part of the biome it's in - rain just hits the building instead of the ground. The ground below a building can't be a lifeless desert because it's not exposed to the elements. Kind of like how the inside of a cave isn't a lifeless desert, it's just.. underneath more rock. And the ground underneath a building doesn't significantly change when the building is built, apart from adding the concrete. Some exceptions to this exist when the building is being built in very wet or loose sediment and the ground has to be dried out first."
],
"score": [
3,
3
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"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivcd0e
|
Why did animals used to be bigger millions of year ago?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"It was due to an overabundance of oxygen from having many more trees than we have now (trees that were also purple). [This old URL_1 article explains it very well]( URL_0 )",
"Biologist here.. The term is Megafauana and we aren't too sure why they happened. The biggest theories involve larger animals because they werent the best at shedding body heat, needing more surface area on their body on a hotter earth to stay cooler Men were never 9 feet tall, and it takes more than a few thousand years for major evolutionary change.",
"Well, not everything is smaller now, the largest animal to ever live is alive today. The blue whale. And the difference comes from the extinction of the dinosaurs. The vast majority of large animals (minus some aquatic reptiles and fish) died off. All that were left were tiny little rodents and retired on land, so all the large land animals we have today are only the product of those small animals evolutions. Crocodiles, as survivors, probably shrunk to adapt too the now more limited, smaller prey"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
3
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.cracked.com/article_22604_dog-sized-scorpions-6-ways-earth-was-sci-fi-nightmare.html",
"cracked.com"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivcgjx
|
In history, how did the greek mythology disappear and was replaced by current beliefs?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5qn6h0",
"g5qdmhj"
],
"text": [
"Initially the Romans adopted / copied the Greek gods (renamed), and as they expanded into an empire, they kept a religious policy that was tolerant of the religions of the conquered territories, allowing the locals to worship the Roman deities, or whatever they wanted. After they conquered Judea and the local governor crucified / executed Jesus, the Christianity religion was basically tolerated like others, but within a couple centuries it had spread (not to a majority, but to a significant minority) throughout the Roman Empire. In 64, Nero and subsequent emperors started persecuting them, considering the religion to be intolerant of the other religions accepted within the empire, and subversive / rebellious, but despite this, the religion spread. In the 300's, emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and basically \"made peace\", ending the persecutions and making it an officially accepted religion, along with the Greek-based Roman deities and other religions accepted in the empire. Christianity continued to be intolerant of other religions though, and continued to gain hold among the population, and by the 400's it was declared as the official religion of the empire, and the believers of the Greek and other religions were increasingly persecuted. The 400's also saw the Goth and Hun invasions, and further weakening of the Roman Empire through wars and civil wars, but Christianity kept its hold as a major religion in Europe / the Roman empire. Eventually the Roman empire split into Eastern and Western; the Western empire split up into small kingdoms quite fast, while the Eastern remained as an entity for another thousand years, but declined and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Empire (1453, major battle, the fall of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman empire). The Ottomans had Islam as their officially recognized religion. The Ottomans had a strategic position because they controlled land-based trade routes to India, China, etc., so they flourished for thousands of years. Eventually they declined and fell behind in terms of military technology in the 1800's, and their trade control weakened because of ocean trade routes (south around Africa to reach India etc., and also to the Americas). Eventually World War I saw their complete dissolution to various countries (Turkey, etc.). And that leaves us with the current spread of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism over Europe and the Middle East, basically. For more details or exact dates of events, follow the wikipedia articles for [History of Christianity]( URL_1 ), or alternately [History of the Roman Empire]( URL_0 ), then follow the links in that article for the Eastern and Western empires, Ottoman empire, etc.",
"The Roman Empire and Christianity happened. Greece was one of the first places Christianity took root, and once the Roman Empire had converted Hellenism faded to obscurity. Edit: This was during the first few centuries AD"
],
"score": [
6,
4
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivcgug
|
How do muscles grow when you workout
|
Like, basically ive hear that scar tissue grows in your muscle fibers but how does that work? Do the fibers snap under tension like strings and are then repaired?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5qdn13",
"g5qe1xd",
"g5qepr3"
],
"text": [
"The muscle fibers will tear when overloaded. Not full tears but small micro tears that will build back. They do not build while working out, it’s rest and recovery, assuming you’ve provided the appropriate nutrition to promote growth. Your body will continue to adapt when it begins expecting a need to tolerate greater loads. That’s why it’s crucial to work out hard enough that your muscles recognize a need to grow stronger in order to meet the stress. You must continue to add weight to continue to grow",
"That's pretty much exactly what's going on. Working your muscles causes damage to the muscle cells (which can cause soreness). This damage to muscle cell activates satellite cells—which are located on the outside of the muscle fibers—to proliferate to the injury site. They repair or replace damaged muscle fibers by fusing together and to the muscle fibers, often leading to increases in muscle fiber cross-sectional area (i.e., size) which is referred to as **hypertrophy**. These satellite cells also divide to replace those lost during hypertrophy because muscle cells are actually in constant need of repair just from daily use. The cells themselves—specifically the slow-twitch muscles, the ones responsible for strength and size—are actually pretty fragile but what they lack in individual strength they make up in numbers which is why you get stronger as you gain more fibers.",
"Thank you both very much for the excellent explanation!"
],
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22,
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivcosa
|
Why is it predominantly lorries / large freight vehicles that crash into the back of broken down cars on the freeway?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qer0l",
"g5qf4f0"
],
"text": [
"They are heavier so it takes longer to stop once they brake. Also less handling. Its simply physics.",
"Trucks make up the majority of cars on the freeway in the first place. You should do this anyway, because there's still danger from other cars too, but it's just that there are more trucks on the road. I don't think trucks would be on the road if their position made them significantly more dangerous to drive, or if the people would be negligent enough to drive headfirst into a broken down car."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivd7cz
|
Why is it that when we watch footage from the 70s a lot of times it looks better than footage of the 90s?
|
I don't know what it is, but it looks good and sharp despite being pixelated. Example: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) & #x200B; edit: oh shit, this blew up. Thanks for all the answers. I learned a lot! =D
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Video from the 70's was all recorded on analog film. Film actually has an incredible resolution - sometimes better than 4K - so as long as you have the original film you can go back and re-digitize the footage and get high resolution videos. Video from the 90's was often recorded on magnetic tape - like a VCR - which had _terrible_ resolution. There is nothing we can do to go back and get high-res videos from that tape, because the source material isn't good enough.",
"Generally speaking, because a lot of the footage you're seeing from the 1970s that is still popular to watch today was shot on film. And not just any film but *good* film, such as 35mm or 70mm. Good film is expensive (purchase, processing, duplication, storage - everything about it is expensive), they also used good sound and lighting resources because it didn't make sense to use expensive film and cut all the other corners. All of this makes for an experience that has withstood the test of time. In other words, there's some selection bias at play. But going back to the 60s (and maybe even the late 50s), various media used videotape and similar technologies for cheaper applications. For example, soap operas and game shows. If you search for those on youtube you'll see the much lower quality difference. From: URL_0 : > Though most soap operas made the transition from live broadcast to videotaping their shows during the 1960s, it was still common practice to wipe and reuse the tapes. This practice was due to the high cost of videotape at the time. While soap operas began routinely saving their episodes between 1976 and 1979, several soaps have saved recordings of most or all their episodes. In the '70s early consumer and semi-pro video tape equipment came along (the film *Auto Focus* features early tech). It really took off in the 1980s alongside the miniaturization of electronics in general and started a new boom of homebrew/garage media production. That's sort of what fed into what you perceived by the 1990s, and the aesthetic also matched the 80s/90s garage/grunge/punk/metal scenes back then. So while it was \"budget\" it was also cool. With a few thousand dollars in equipment you could create a show \"good enough\" (highly subjective) for late night cable access channels, or something you could create, duplicate and ship relatively cheaply and independently on VHS or Beta. That was a big deal. To reach a wide audience back then was very different than today. You couldn't just upload to youtube some random thing you caught on your cellphone cam. You had to (at a minimum) deal with a studio of some sort, a distribution company, possibly censors and \"suits\". However, it was a massive leap forward compared from before that. If you wanted an \"indie\" audience you might have to pitch your little 16mm indie movie to the local theater owner, or enter it into a film competition or festival. Or sell it in the back pages of magazines. And anything \"mainstream\" generally had to go through all the layers of the big studios/distributors.",
"This is what is so cool about film. If I'm not mistaken, I believe large format film resolution has yet to be surpassed by digital - Can anyone chime in on that?",
"To expand on the explanations about film vs. video: It's not just cost, but mostly speed, ease of use and the overall cost of production. Film wasn't *that* expensive, but you needed a shit ton of it for motion picture. Remember 35mm film? That's 36 pictures. For motion, film is shot vertically on half the frame, so on that 36-image roll, you'll get 72 frames - with 24 images per second, that's 3 SECONDS. If you've ever watched a behind the scenes of some movie, you'd see cameras with those large bulky film canisters. Not just that, but whenever you need to do several takes or a reshoot, that's film wasted. Next, film needs to be developed. That requires people, dark rooms, chemistry... More costs and time as it always takes a few hours to days. Shooting in different lightning conditions? Gotta take different film stocks and change them as needed, together with lenses or just about entire cameras because that's faster. For a big budget movie watched at cinemas that's all worth it but for TV use that's crazy expensive. Remember TVs were like 12 to 15 inches at the time, with aerial antennas - the quality was ass anyway. So as soon as video became available, it was vastly preferred for TV work. Also to do any sort of trickery with film, you either had to *physically* manipulate it, or transfer it to video anyway. As an example, Star Trek TOS and TNG were shot, cut and edited all on film, so it was eventually possible to just rescan the film and release modern HD versions (TOS had some effects remade but the point remains). Voyager however, while also shot on film, had all effects made after transferred to video, and so for HD release those would have to all be remade from scratch.",
"This is true of film from the 30's versus film from the 40's, 50's, 60's. It depends on how well they were stored but for example if you watch the old Sherlock Holmes from the 30's they are crisp and amazing but then the Sherlock Holmes from the 50's is terrible. Was it a change in film quality? 70's to 90's I assume is because of the rise of video instead of film.",
"It's the film quality or the medium. Baraka was a 1990s movie shot on 70mm, They are rescanning it to 8 k but here is the original 1990s footage & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )",
"Because it was taken on film. Film grain is *way* smaller than pixels, and is still a superior medium for photography. Only the most sophisticated and expensive cameras can approach it even today. [You might find this interesting.]( URL_1 ) [This]( URL_0 ) too.",
"They recorded on film back then. That film was scanned into a format useable for TV/Video. The original film can be rescanned at HD or even 4K quality if it’s still in good shape. Later, there was a move away from film and the master recordings were at lower quality but still sufficient for TV/Video at the time.",
"I'll dumb it down as much as possible: video records pre 80's 90's were physical, and physical camera have been around for awhile, meaning the technology has lots of time to improve (look at videos from the 30's compared to the 70's) Then digital capture came out, and the technology was new, meaning it was still at its starting phase before it got \"better\", like physical did. Hope that makes sense",
"Lots of comments about film being a superior medium and I fully agree. Here’s a link talking about restoring the 1977 Star Wars into 4K or higher, it’s a long video but he goes into decent detail and in context of something as culturally relevant as Star Wars URL_0",
"Because footage from the 70s is almost certainly on film which typically has a grain structure approximately equivalent to at least 1080p whereas footage from the 90s was almost certainly on VHS which also has resolution of a potato (480i)",
"In the '90s a lot of the content was recorded to be shown on TV. So there was no point in recording it on more expensive film media and could be recorded on magnetic tapes. Even high-quality content would look bad on a low-res CRT TV.",
"Something being left out of the discussion... A lot things shot on film in the '70s have since been restored; ie, we've taken the original negatives, scanned them, and digitally manipulated them (adjusted contrast, color, focus, etc.) to create a new master. While things shot on film in the '90s haven't degraded enough yet to call for restoration.",
"So old footage is recorded on film. Film needs to be scanned to be viewed off the reel. Who ever owns the film can keep rescanning the film as technology gets better to get higher quality video over the years. 90s era footage was recorded digitally, so whatever resolution it was recoded at, it will always be at that resolution forever."
],
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[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiping"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSfFHxyYJJA"
],
[
"https://tigerweb.towson.edu/rpence1/rp_proj_a/resolution.html",
"https://thedarkroom.com/film-vs-digital-comparison/"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/G3W_O-tp0_g"
],
[],
[],
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivd7fu
|
How do fish "brake"?
|
I guess it has something to do with friction, but most of the fish I saw could stop moving almost instantly, even in flowing water (like a river), instead of slowing down like you would expect with only friction.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qj6cf",
"g5rvxd3"
],
"text": [
"They flare their pectoral fins, they are essentially large paddles on either side of the fish that push backwards and create a large amount of drag.",
"Fish brake by fanning out their fins, especially the pectoral fins, which are the paired fins equivalent to fish \"arms\"...although they often fan their other fins as well. They basically stick their fins out into the water flow, which generates a whole lot of drag and stops the fish."
],
"score": [
29,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivd90l
|
How is the fact that milk is good for your bones a myth? Isn't calcium good for bones; and isn't milk filled with it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"> milk is good for your bones This is marketing exaggeration at best, courtesy of the American Dairy Association. Their goal is to sell milk, not to promote health. It's been accepted as fact for so long that studies actually demonstrating benefits are probably lacking. Such studies are also likely to be funded by the dairy industry, a conflict of interest. Studies looking into drawbacks from milk consumption (such as increased fractures or osteoporosis) are starting to appear. Simply having calcium in your diet doesn't guarantee stronger bones. The body uses Vitamin D to absorb calcium from food. Bone health is associated with strength training—if your body isn't put under strain, it won't feel the need to make bones stronger. Phosphorus is also needed for bone formation, though the average diet usually contains a suitable amount. Calcium is also used for other purposes, mainly as ions along signalling pathways.",
"Well, it’s not a myth, but it’s also not like milk is a god power liquid either. The calcium in milk is a good source of calcium, but a lot of other foods also have calcium in them and are good sources. A lot of seeds, nuts, beans, and veggies are also a good source of calcium. The argument against dairy products is that while they have calcium they can also be high in fats and cholesterols, so you might want to avoid them if you have problems with those, or limit your intake just so you’re not taking in too much of them unintentionally.",
"Building bones isn't just about calcium. You can eat egg shells, but your gut won't break it down and the calcium won't pass through the intestinal barrier. Even if you do eat source rich in calcium, and absorb it, you need other facilitators of bone building, principally vitamin K, which you can find in kale, which is such an unfortunately disgusting leafy plant it was grown only for ornamental purposes for buffets because no one would eat it but until 10-15 years ago...",
"It is not a \"myth.\" Milk (and dairy products) is a concentrated source of calcium and is fortified with vitamin D, which enhances calcium uptake from mean (meaning you absorb more of it) and it crams more into your bones. Vitamin D fortification of milk was done for public health reasons in the early 20th century, to prevent rickets, and it *was* successful. Where it gets a bit murky is that you don't necessarily *need* to consume milk to get calcium, and there are other ways to get vitamin D (sun exposure, foods where it's been added, or supplements). Milk consumption is also lower today than in the early 1900s. There are also other nutrients involved in strengthening bone, some of which are not found in milk. Some people also simply don't tolerate milk (lactose intolerance) so it doesn't make sense to tell those people to consume it.",
"Milk is an ok source of calcium but it also has lots of fats and other stuff you don't really need and lots of people can't digest it well. The other sources of calcium, particularly legumes and green leafy vegetables, are great sources of calcium that give you other vitamins and minerals without the less desirable stuff.",
"While animal milk has a lot of calcium, it isn't a \"food\" that's been consumed for most of our species existence. Due to this, our digestive system isn't very good at absorbing and using all that calcium... We've domesticated animals only recently (maybe a couple tens of thousands of years), while the species has been around for way way longer than that. We're really the only primates that consume the milk of other animals, and we definitely don't have the strongest bones (chimpanzees are freakishly strong)... That should be a good pointer that milk isn't needed at all for healthy bones (other than mother's milk for the infant). It's been a marketing gimmick, trying to sell more milk, when it really isn't a part of the human diet."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
ivd9hy
|
Why does Russia interfering in US elections seem to go unpunished or without consequence?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The truth is, many countries (and all of the major powers) interfere in elections all the time. * Brexit had interference not only from Russia, but also from [the US]( URL_6 ) and from [Saudi Arabia]( URL_4 ) * The US interfered in at least two Israeli elections, in 1996 ([under Bill Clinton]( URL_2 )) and in 2012 ([under Obama]( URL_8 )). Both wanted to defeat Netanyahu. * Netanyahu in turn tried to [undermine Obama in the 2012 election]( URL_1 ). * China [has interfered with multiple US elections]( URL_7 ), including the 1996 presidential election and the 2018 mid-term elections. China [is currently interfering]( URL_3 ) in the 2020 presidential elections. * Iran is [also interfering in the 2020 election]( URL_5 ). So a better question is, why are we fixated only with Russian interference? Why aren't we concerned about China and Iran? The answer, of course, is obvious. Wikipedia has a nice (but incomplete) [list of Foreign electoral interventions]( URL_0 ).",
"There HAVE been repercussions, for example near the end of Obamas administration he kicked 35 russian diplomats out of the US in response to their election hacking. And deeper inside the government there have been actions taken to blunt Russia's activities, but you just don't see much noise from the executive branch of the US government because Trump really has no interest in souring relations with Russia, regardless of what Putin does. He enjoys being on friendly terms with them, he appreciates their assistance in the last election, and he puts loyalty above all else so there's no way he will talk badly about something someone did \"for him\", essentially.",
"It's a country with an economy roughly the same size as Italy. But it has a large military that's mostly positioned near allies and/or is in active conflict with them (e.g. Ukraine). And it has valuable resources of oil and gas that are purchased by allies (e.g. Europe). So, part of this is, the U.S. doesn't *need* to punish Russia. They're beneath our notice in most of the ways that really matter. When was the last time you bought a lot of Russian-made goods in the U.S.? Never. The answer is never. *Exactly*. Or, if you *need* to punish them, you can do it in effective ways that don't show up in most news headlines, such as freezing the assets of oligarchs (e.g. the [Magnitsky Act]( URL_0 ), which is *really* what started this entire dance with Putin that's been taking place for the past eight years or so). But if you tried to punish them *too* hard ... well, there's still that large military out there.",
"Mostly people are too scared to start wars, despite this being pretty demonstrably the only thing that's going to stop them now. All else has failed."
],
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8,
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4
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention",
"https://www.haaretz.com/netanyahu-interfered-in-u-s-election-1.5197032",
"https://www.timesofisrael.com/bill-clinton-admits-he-tried-to-help-peres-beat-netanyahu-in-1996-elections/",
"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-interference-idUSKCN2550Q2",
"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/what-connects-brexit-the-dup-dark-money-and-a-saudi-prince-1.3083586",
"https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/515898-microsoft-sees-stepped-up-foreign-cyber-targeting-of-biden-trump",
"https://www.ft.com/content/d509ceee-2ef2-11e6-bf8d-26294ad519fc",
"https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/china-caught-meddling-past-two-us-elections-claims-not-interested-2020-vote",
"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2016/07/12/ngo-connected-to-obamas-2008-campaign-used-u-s-tax-dollars-trying-to-oust-netanyahu/"
],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitsky_Act"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivdas1
|
Why is alcohol consider the most dangerous drug over drugs such as meth, heroin and crack cocaine.
|
I understand that it can and often does have fatal consequences but what about the number of people who do consume alcohol (semi regularly) without developing a dependency, who live to a ripe old age and don’t get into fights and accidents?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Because its socially accepted and a slow killer . The other drugs are frowned upon and may do more damage pyshcially but Alcohol destroys families, relationships, partnerships & so on over a large frame of time .",
"A reasonable number of people can use harder drugs too and be ok, but alcohol is everywhere, the same people who tell you not to be peer pressured to do drugs growing up will shame you for not drinking (not always but this does happen). Basically, somewhere around 25-30% of the country uses alcohol semi-regularly. Of those, about 2% (according to papers I was provided) become seriously dependent on the sauce, and up to 50% of them report wanting to drink less. Out of ~300 million American adults, that's 1.5 million or so serious addicts, and 30-40 million people with a self-reported desire to reduce their usage",
"And, perhaps most importantly, the government benefits significantly through alcohol consumption and dependency. Tobacco and alcohol have one of the highest mortality rates of any drugs but governments benefit from the high taxations of both products.",
"You're mixing up different definitions of \"danger.\" Something can be very poisonous -- that's only one *kind* of danger. Cocaine can kill your ass in a single dose, no matter how healthy you are. See [Len Bias.]( URL_0 ) Something can be very addictive -- that's a *different kind* of danger. No one ever died from a single glass of wine. Go ahead, drink entire bottles of wine. You'll feel like shit in the morning, but you *probably* won't die. But you can become addicted to alcohol, which is arguably a more intense-and-insidious *kind* of addiction than cocaine, and die an early death from several different kinds of alcohol-related diseases."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivdk34
|
how does headphone virtual surround sound in headphones work
|
Could someone help me understand because I don't get how you can make something sound from all around you using 2 speakers in static positions
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qnsnu",
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],
"text": [
"The answer you're looking for here is called HRTF, Head-Related Transfer Function. Put on some headphones and watch this video: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) The one obvious clue your brain uses to determine a sound's direction is the delay between sound arriving in both ears. That covers 360 degrees around you. But what about above and below? Your outer ear is not a simple tube and sound doesn't go directly into your ear. There's distortion in there caused by the ear canal's shape and of course your head getting in the way. If you play sound from your left but cover your left ear, your *right* ear hears it slightly muffled. That distortion, which can cause sound to be muffled or just slightly change shape, is part of the \"HRTF\", which is *all* the cues used by your brain to determine if a sound is: left, right, up, down, behind a wall, no obstructions, etc. They call it a \"head\"-related transfer function because it's all to do with where, the size and shape of your head, and the size, shape and distance of your ears. It's a function because for any given size shape an distance, we can fake the actual sound changes pretty well. Things like echo (far away) and lack of high frequencies (obstructed) also factor into how you interpret where a sound is coming from. All of these can be faked with just two speakers. The sound for the above video was made simply by placing two microphones next to each other with some sort of plastic dome to simulate a head, and doing all the actions for real. They explain it in the video at around the 2 minute mark. If the separation between the microphones or the fake head isn't close enough to your exact head, the illusion will be off because it's effectively as if you stuck your brain into someone else's body because you're hearing the results of a different HRTF.",
"The main ways that your ears are able to locate sounds is in the difference in timing between hearing a sound in each ear and the particular distortion caused by your outer ear which is directional. Both of these can be approximated in software by changing the timing and slightly modifying the sound signal sent to each ear."
],
"score": [
18,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUDTlvagjJA"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ive3en
|
How do they make doors?
|
How the fuck do they make doors? It baffles me to see a piece of wood fatter than any tree I've ever seen.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qom34",
"g5qvwsm",
"g5qowl1",
"g5qyf39"
],
"text": [
"They're made out of multiple pieces of wood glued together then planed flat and sanded so you don't even see the seam. Either that or they're made out of particle board which is a bunch of wood chips that are glued together.",
"[Here]( URL_0 ) is a segment from *This Old House* showing how doors are made in a factory. That piece of wood you're looking at isn't a single tree; read the grain to pick out the individual pieces from which it's made.",
"You know you can just glue a couple of pieces of wood together? Sand the fuck outta those rough bad boys. Wood Fill any spots left and sand that bitch again. Wrap it up in thin plastic to pevent minor scratches, smack a sticker on the bottom saying Made by Tina's Vegenas and sell that shit on the black market.",
"First of all, you have clearly never been to the Pacific northwest. There are trees you can drive through. Secondly, I can't not think about real fake doors from rick and morty, because it is very rare that a door is made from a single piece of wood. Even solid wood doors are planks glued together - so they are real fake doors. Most interior doors are basically sawdust glued into a panel, and then a 2\" framed wall around the interior of the 2 panels. making it light but functional. [let's just see where this goes]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
22,
7,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.pbs.org/video/the-doors-the-westerly-ranch-house-xjzezl/"
],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/4270c5qWPBg"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iveilw
|
Why do some stars, planets, and galaxies have really cool and unique names while others are just numbers?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qrnzx"
],
"text": [
"Because the cooler named ones were discovered first. At some point there were just too many so they started giving them only scientific names."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivf9az
|
If light weighs nothing...
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5qwxrb"
],
"text": [
"Gravity warps the space around the body creating the gravity field, light travels along that warp. Imagine a flat bed. You roll a gold ball across it and it goes in a straight line. Put a bowling ball in the middle of it. When you roll the golf ball, it will follow the dip the bowling ball creates."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivfv4a
|
How do bilingual kids (5-8) understand concept of language? How do they know what world on what language is?
|
Let's say kids first language is English and he speaks English with his parents and family, but he is born in Germany and goes in Kindergarten there where he speaks mostly German. How does he know what world is on English and what world is on German? How does he know what words he needs to use in Kindergarten and what words he need to use with his family?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5r13qs",
"g5r3tt5",
"g5r1zb2",
"g5r9qet",
"g5s8nek"
],
"text": [
"They don't know who speaks a language where, they just speak whatever's appropriate for their environment. Since English and German are different sounding languages they just respond to whatever sound they're hearing with whatever sound they think is appropriate.",
"I’m English, my waifu is Japanese and we live in Them Netherlands. From day one we have done this: when I talk to my daughter, I only ever speak English. When my wife speaks to her, she only ever uses Japanese. In her daily life (school, friends, shopping) our daughter uses Dutch. One time she told us that even though we explained different languages to her several times, the whole thing was so natural to her that the penny didn’t drop until she started going to school and got a friend who mostly spoke German. She felt a bit cheated by us pulling the 3 language trick, but she’s 11 now and pretty much native level fluent in 4 languages already. She describes it as “it stopped being difficult once I started thinking in the language I want to use”. For quite some time it felt perfectly normal to her that we used different languages because we had different nationalities.",
"I was born in germany and lived in spain from 7 to 10 with my family and it was pretty clear when we wanted tontalk to germans or spanish citizens (we almost never talked german outside of our home)",
"I can't explain it myself, but I know that by the time I was 5/6 I was aware that my step dad couldn't speak Spanish and I could use that to my advantage to trick him and stuff lol I was also aware of what language was spoken around me, and as a shy kid I would often use that to communicate when I didn't want others to understand me. Kids are a lot smarter than we give them credit for, they learn language purely by trial an error in the earliest stages of speech and communication",
"They don't. They learn by observing others around them. I've grown up trilingual, and many of my common friends spoke the same three languages (including English), so I often confused words between languages since we were using them interchangeably and understanding each other. When I began watching movies in specific languages and interacting with differently lingual people, I began placing my hitherto orphan words into their rightful language. Kids learn languages as a means of communication only. They differentiate between languages later, based on many factors like colloquial usage of other people, grammatical consistency, and differences in intonations of languages. For me, English was taught in school, and has pronunciations way different from my native language, so it was easy to mentally see English as distinct from the other two languages that I picked up rather organically even before schooling began."
],
"score": [
13,
9,
3,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivgk0d
|
Why does compressing injured body parts like knees and elbows reduce pain during activity?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5r7uma",
"g5reo65"
],
"text": [
"There are lots of different reasons for this and those reasons apply to a variety of circumstances. However, there are two common ways that compression helps. The first answer is that in some cases, compression is not reducing pain; it is supporting weakened muscles and stretched ligaments/tendons that cannot support the load during activity. Therefore, the compression might add stabilization or support that prevents further strain to the area. Example: taping an ankle or a strong ankle brace provides this type of compression/support. The second reason is that in some circumstances, compression can reduce fluid buildup, which reduces pressure and inflammation, which thereby reduces pain. An example of this is a soft wrap or ace bandage around a knee. Another use of compression that can help is a tourniquet type support, often seen for relief from tennis elbow/tendinitis. Theoretically, the tourniquet does both of these things, but my experience is that it maybe prevents further injury more than it reduces pain when under stress. As I said, there is not a catchall answer for this, but the above answers are for common circumstances.",
"Think of injured joints like a loaded taco. Now hold that taco and go running. It gets all over the place, right? But wrap that taco up and go running and you have a much more intact taco when you’re done."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivgv9r
|
Are you supposed to leave any soap residue on your hands/body?
|
When I use soap, after I wash away the suds, there's still a bit of residue on the skin. I have habitually cleaned that off as well, until the skin is no longer slippery, and there is no longer any residue. But I got to thinking, are we supposed to just leave that last little bit on there? For me at least, being taught to wash my hands was very simplistic, and never went into the detail of "keep cleaning them off until it's no longer slippery", so I was just curious if there is a more correct way to do this.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5r7k8q"
],
"text": [
"No, the point of soap is that germs stick to it. So you rinse off the soap, you rinse off the germs"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivgvmj
|
Since personality disorders start emerging in the teen years then why can they only be diagnosed at 18-21 when the symptoms/ personality are much harder to change. Isn't it better to diagnose in the teen years when they haven't already been set and can be changed?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5r81iv",
"g5r7yl1",
"g5rpscx",
"g5r8225"
],
"text": [
"Basically children are sociopaths. Children do what they can to get what they want. They learn empathy. They learn to get along with others in society. They do not start with those things. So you cannot diagnose a child with personality disorders because they all start with what in an adult would be a personality disorder.",
"Sure, and it would be great to diagnose autism in infants instead of waiting until they show symptoms. Alas, this isn't like a broken bone where we have a \"bone checker\" machine that we can put your arm in and know if it's got a crack. While there are machines to scan your head, they don't have anything like the ability to identify personality disorders. Frankly, we don't even have theories that if proven could lead to a machine like that in the future. Teen years are full of unstable behavior, because teens are developing stability. Interpreting that as a personality disorder hasn't been demonstrated in clinical practice, and it's not clear anybody is even working on it because it is so unlikely to be possible.",
"Mental health is so crazy variable. My symptoms didn't start to become noticeable until I was 17 and before that it's hard to tell if you just have a different kid or a kid with a possible illness.",
"You can't diagnose it during those younger years. It can only be diagnosed as behaviour dissorder at younger age. Personality is in development until 18ish so you can't reliably know. It could be many different maladaptive problems that the person is having."
],
"score": [
8,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivhdwj
|
Why is it when certain emotions are overwhelmingly felt, we don't really shed a tear although it feels like crying wildly?
|
I've experienced it, and you know you've, too. 👀 Why tho?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rhdit"
],
"text": [
"TL;DR your monkey brain and your human brain are in conflict. Crying is a response to draw attention to yourself if you're in danger and are unable to fight, and is a very human thing to do, as we are incredibly social animals. Usually an overwhelming feeling of fear or feeling of dread is caused by your fight or flight response activating for a prolonged amount of time, so you may want to cry as a human, but your monkey brain doesnt want to waste the time. It can also be caused by anxiety over a long time. Your brain needs to use up adrenaline to stay in flight or fight mode, but you have a limited amount of adrenaline, so after awhile your brain basically shuts down and releases calming chemicals instead. This is basically your brain accepting that you are going to get eaten by whatever animal was chasing you, so you may feel paralyzed or unable to cry. But because we dont usually get chased around by lions these days, the flight or fight response to daily stress feels really uncomfortable and unfamiliar. Imagine your brain thinking theres a lion chasing you because you need to finish a project at work."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivio4m
|
What does "pack the court" mean?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rk1q6"
],
"text": [
"There's nothing that says the Supreme Court has to be 9 justices, that's just the way it's been for a long time. The court has been fairly closely ideologically split (5-4) for a while, so there's concern with Ginsburg's death that Trump will appoint another conservative justice and it becomes 6-3. Even if Trump loses the election to Biden, Biden can't just kick out 2 justices and appoint two new ones to make it 4-5 because Supreme Court appointments are for life. But, in theory, he could expand the Supreme Court to 13, appoint 4 more, and make it 6-7. That's called \"packing the court.\" It's the \"nuclear option\" of Supreme Court politics in the US."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivj6b5
|
Why is Puerto Rico in so much debt and what type of economy did they have post WWII?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rrftl",
"g5rrafh",
"g5rroe7"
],
"text": [
"Too much to mention. Highlights: 1) tax subsidies for US producers, and tax exemptions for US imports, ensure most local production, farming, etc will always cost more than importing. 2) predatory lenders gave them all they asked for, assuming the US would guarantee against default 3) incompetent and/or corrupt govt used the borrowed money and kept borrowing until it was far past unsustainable. Summary: they import most things and produce and export almost no things, and that isn't likely going to change.",
"Puerto Rico is in debt in the same way any U.S. state or territory is in debt (and by the way, they're *all* in debt to various degrees, because that's how economics work). They collect taxes, and when that's not enough to get the roads paved, they issue bonds that must be repaid with interest. That's it. There's nothing nefarious or special about it.",
"Mostly due to the fact that the president of Puerto Rico is widely considered to be inept at his job."
],
"score": [
12,
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivj7vp
|
Are muscle "knots" real? If so, what are they?
|
You hear them talked about with massage in that massage gets rid of "knots". What are knots and why does message get rid of them? Where do they go?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rq93t",
"g5rq2ma"
],
"text": [
"Muscle knots are groups of muscle fibers that don't want to relax. They're under tension due to injury, over use, or sudden strain when you have a sedentary lifestyle. They can feel hard, or at least harder than the muscles surrounding them. Take your bicep for example. Lay your arm out and feel that muscle. Kinda squishy right? Now flex. Much harder now, yes? A muscle knot is just that. Keep flexing your bicep and it'll start to hurt. The difference is that muscle knot isn't voluntary and can last a long time, leading to pain. You can stop flexing your bicep now. This differs from a cramp in that a cramp contacts quickly and suddenly, where as a knot is just tension over a longer period of time.",
"They are real. A combination of a permanently flexed muscle with a not well understood protein. The massage helps loosen or relax the muscle from it's tense state, and break up the protein which \"washes away\" ."
],
"score": [
39,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivjhx0
|
What makes your brain understand that it was asleep and you didn't just travel through time to the morning when you wake up?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rw2ic",
"g5rtnfq",
"g5sczpp",
"g5rslie"
],
"text": [
"Because you've been sleeping and waking up since before you knew what time was. Your whole *sense* of the passage of time, was acquired when you were an infant who spent half the day asleep. So you're very well acclimated to the experience of waking up by now. It's when we go too long *without* sleep, that our memory and sense of time starts to unwind. That's the more unfamiliar and disorienting state of affairs, for most of us.",
"Your brain has had your whole life to figure out what it feels like to wake up. My son is 5, about a year ago we had a small emergency which required me to wake him up at 1am so I could take him with me. About 10 minutes after getting him up and dressed, he looked at me and asked \"am I awake now?\" When I said yes he was you could see the gears turning and this info getting filed away.",
"I think something that many other comments are lacking is that sometimes when you fall asleep you DON'T realize you were asleep. This is mainly because the things your body does to realize you were asleep are minimized. Have you ever seen a friend fall asleep for a few minutes but they swear they weren't asleep? Your brain knows at night that you slept because you see it get darker, you fall asleep, and then when you wake up it's lighter and a new day. Your brain comprehends this passage of time and feeling of being well rested as knowing you slept. And being strictly direct with your question, technically you did just travel through time to morning. We are all constantly traveling through time at a fixed rate. We just can't go back, only forward and only at the same rate.",
"Just because you're sleeping, doesn't mean your brain is doing nothing. Your brain uses sleep as a time to process, catalogue, and store long-term memory, and get rid of things it doesn't need - kind of like reorganising your computer files, then emptying the recycle bin."
],
"score": [
15,
11,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivk26h
|
Why do our hands curl up when we relax?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5rvf7z"
],
"text": [
"The muscles that flex our fingers are stronger than the muscle that extend our fingers. Which makes sense because we need to be a able to firmly grip. The joints in our fingers are also oriented to curl in not outward. So, when in a relax our fingers naturally curl a little."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivkaii
|
; Could I actually grind bones into meal that I could make my bread with?
|
What would happen if I replaced AP flour with bone meal?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5s3y62",
"g5rxual"
],
"text": [
"There are actual historical accounts of bones being used to make bread, in 1590's France during a famine caused by a siege of the city. It didn't end well- The people who ate the bread generally died. It's unclear if this was used with flour to make something that at least resembled bread or if the bone meal was used to make more of a cooked paste. It was the 1590's, no pinterest. Bread and flour in western countries has historically been highly regulated, because it's been so important to civilization. The importance of bread lead to wheat flour sometimes being scarce or expensive, especially in ties of crop failures or other economic tough times, leading to people seeking to replace some of the flour with other ingredients If you want a cheap but still edible flour additive I'd suggest potato, well-cooked and finely mashed, and you still get a fairly white loaf.",
"Yes, but not how you might envision it. Firstly, you’d still need to use regular bread ingredients and the bonemeal would be an additive. Secondly, I don’t think it would be all that nutritious as we don’t digest bones all too well. It’d be kinda like adding sawdust to your bread. Edit: no you could not just straight replace flour with bonemeal and expect it to rise"
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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