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ivl2lf
|
I'm confused on frame rates and refresh rates
|
So if I have a PlayStation 5 that can apparently run 4k at 120fps and my tv is only 50htz would I then cap at 50fps? Or would it go up to 120? Versus if I played on a monitor that didn't have 4k support by had 1440 I obviously wouldn't recieve the 4k quality of a ps5? I am confused .
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Refresh rate is how many updates the HDMI port on consoles send to the display to update per second. Frame rate is how many frame of the game the system can render per second. The two in no way have any relationship to each other. It could be 3 FPS and 500 Hz, baring any syncing or intelligence. > So if I have a PlayStation 5 that can apparently run 4k at 120fps and my tv is only 50htz would I then cap at 50fps? Maybe. Unknown on the PS5 programming. If the PS5 can tell the display refresh rate is 50 Hz, it could cap at 50 FPS. More than likely, it won't. It will hit 30, 45, 60, 90 FPS or whatever the game runs at. Display will be updated at 50 Hz. Won't that be out of sync? Yes, absolutely. But every display is out of sync with every console. Faster rates, even if out of sync, mean you can get better response times as one part lining up with the other is quicker. The PS5 won't do 4K, 120 FPS. I absolutely guarantee this. All they mean by 120 Hz is it has an HDMI 2.1 port that can refresh 4K at 120 Hz. It will never render a game at 120 FPS. Why? Because you can look at PC hardware and see how ridiculous hard and expensive that is. PS5 would pull that off for a cartoon 2D game sure. The AAA games going forward might hit 30 FPS at 4K. Remember, the PS3 advertised HD gaming. Yet the PS4 game were still outputting 900p, that is short or 1080p or HD. Don't believe the marketing nonsense, 4K 120 FPS is not happening. Wait for the PS6 and AAA games might be pulling this off. > Versus if I played on a monitor that didn't have 4k support by had 1440 I obviously wouldn't recieve the 4k quality of a ps5? I am confused . 1440p monitor will look like dogshit. Why? Because the PS5 likely won't support 1440p. It will output 1080p to the monitor, and the monitor will upscale to 1440p. That will look horrible though, as your monitor is doing it on the fly and 1440p is not a clear multiple of 1080p. 1440p is double 720p. 2160p (aka 4K, marketing half truths) is double 1080p. 1080p to 1440p looks bad as each pixel of 1080p becomes a fraction of a 1440p pixel. PS5 will probably support 720p, 1080p, and 2160p (4K). It will probably render most \"4K\" games at 1440p, and checkerboard upscale. Why do I assume this? Because that's what the PS4 Pro does. As well, that's what the fancy PS5 Unreal engine demo did. 1440p rendering as that is the reasonable goal of < $1000 GPUs right now. Can the PS4 Pro output 1440p despite rendering it? No. I have one. I have a 1440p, 144 Hz monitor. would be excellent if the PS4 Pro or PS5 had the same function a PC or Xbox has, but sadly they do not. I'm very disappointed in Sony incompetency and would have an Xbox One X if it wasn't for friends and online gaming. I run it at trueb1080p with no upscaling, so it takes up a small box in the middle of my monitor, but thankfully since my monitor is large that's still equivalent to a 24\" 1080p. I can run it at full 1440p, but again the monitor upscales off a bad multiple, and it does not look great. I can assure you, absolutely do not buy a PlayStation and a 1440p monitor for the sole purpose of using them together. The results, all thanks to Sony end, are horrible. Why cant the PS4 Pro and more than likely PS5 based on everything Sony has said so far output 1440p depsite it being a common resolution and the very attainable goal of this generation? No technical reason, just Sony laziness and indifference from being market leader with the PS4 by a large margin. You can bet your ass Xbox One supports it. And you can bet your ass the SeXbox (both versions) already confirmed it. Sony has been silent, so that's a cold piss off you to anyone with a 1440p display. Now onto Sony failings again, Xbox actually support something called AMD freesync. This mean the display and graphics card actually talk to each other. Frame rate matches refresh rates and they sync at the exact same time. Minimum possible lag, no screen tearing half way through a frame being displayed getting an update. My PC supports this, and let me tell you, it's absolutely amazing. Could Sony support this? Absolutely, they use AMD. Will the PS5? Probably not, the cocky market leader laziness. Dynamic refresh rate syncing is truly next gen, but they left it out."
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9
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[
"url"
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ivljiv
|
How come the US healthcare system is different than any other developed country? Why are we paying so much money in healthcare?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"The main difference is rooted in the 1942 NLRB decision to institute a wage cap in order to (attempt) to stop people from jumping from job to job. This resulted in employers adding non-wage compensation to their job offers, principally in the form of health insurance. The IRS then decided that these health insurance benefits were not taxable; this further incentivised health insurance as a job perk. All of that coincided with the discovery of penicillin, which meant that for the first time medical care was something that people actually might *want*. That got enough people into the insurance system that the medical lobby, worried about price caps, could scuttle all of the attempts in the early 1950s to create a nationalized health system similar to what Britain was doing at the time. That covers the weird, but not necessarily the expensive. As for why it's expensive, I would say there are three principle causes. First, medical care (especially catastrophic/emergency medical care) is not the sort of problem that lends itself well to market mechanisms in the first place. The \"customer\" side enters from a position of absolute need, so there's little to no incentive for the \"supplier\" side to set the price below \"everything you've got\", whether or not that price bears any relationship to the actual cost of the service in question. See Martin \"$750 or death\" Shkreli, one of the most hated men in the country and famed disrespector of the Wu-Tang Clan. Second, medical care is on an industry-controlled guild licensing system. Current doctors decide how many new doctors will be trained and permitted to practice in the country, allowing them to choke off the supply of new doctors. This leads to bizarre phenomena like pre-meds ripping pages out of library textbooks in a desperate effort to maintain a critical hundredth of a point of GPA advantage over their classmates while medical residents work 80 hour weeks at inadequately staffed hospitals, and in general serves to increase the pay of those who make it through the twelve-year death gauntlet that is \"becoming a doctor\". A lot of that money winds up going to pay off loans for other, mostly unrelated reasons. Third, the existence of the insurance model decouples the payment and service, to the detriment of anyone without insurance trying to get care. Insurers and providers negotiate absurd bespoke payment regimes completely apart from the patients whose care they are providing (who proceed through the system largely unaware of these machinations, assuming everything is at least sort of working), leading to wild \"sticker price\" inflation combined with a willingness to negotiate away 90% of that alleged price the moment the \"customer\" shows any sign that they might prefer a different one.",
"Because the people in charge are the ones getting rich from it. The bigger question is why ordinary people that would benefit from any other kind of better system still are so opposed to it.",
"Some great answers already, but I haven’t seen anyone else mention the administration costs. OECD data shows that administration costs for Germany are 5%, France 6% and the U.K. 2%. The US spends 26%-34.2% on administration (studies vary) Part of that is the insurance middle man but the rest is plain old inefficiency. For a relatable example, I’m sure anyone who has been to the hospital can recall having to repeat the process of giving their information to a form filler. Another factor is clinical inefficiency. When you work in a public heath system, you don’t order tests when there was a perfectly valid test taken a week or two prior. In a system where you make profit on every activity, you aren’t incentivised to be efficient, in fact you are rewarded for not being.",
"It makes more money that way, and some people even seem to like the garbage type of system you got set up.",
"In my country we have a free public health care system. It's passable, you have waiting times and cramped hospitals, but it's there, so the private sector is much more competitive. Also we have free education so there is an abundance of doctors who are paid much less than in the US. Also price of medicine is regulated and there is a generic drug option. I don't know if these are the only reasons for the difference but they're in there"
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ivloee
|
How are scalpers so bad for a company to the point where they might manually review orders like for the RTX3080 and PS5
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Person with an actual economics degree checking in: Scalpers are a byproduct of inefficiencies in a market. The main one here is demand far outstripping supply. Side note - nvidia is the sole supplier of the chip, and it's next to impossible to \"just make more/faster\". They already know exactly how many they can make in a given time with a yield margin of error. Adding production is near impossible since chip fabs cost billions upon billions of dollars and take years to bring online. If we looked at things in a super simple manner, based on the supply they have vs the demand nvidia could and would sell direct say $1500 for a 3080. There's obviously people out there willing to pay that. This would maximize their revenue, and (for arguments sake) create an efficient market where everyone who wanted one at that price got one. Keeping with the efficiency goal, once everyone got one at that price level, they would lower the price and repeat with say $1000, over and over till the market was fully satisfied to the point of what it cost them to make. Reality is different though because the masses would cry out, and long term that would damage their reputation and/or future business. Scalpers suck - but from a math point of view it's simply a natural solution to an inefficient system. Over time of course demand and supply equalize and you won't see any of this crazy nonsense. The simple solution: just wait, you will be able to get one in a few weeks or month or so. The old saying goes, it's only worth what someone is willing to pay works in both directions. Obviously there are people out there willing to pay $1200+ for a $700 part. nvidia can't make enough to satisfy demand, and they can't raise the price to create an equilibrium point, result: scalpers."
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3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ivm5jq
|
Do any other veggies “pop” the way corn does?
|
If not, what makes corn so special?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sav1y",
"g5sb6dm",
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"text": [
"Only certain types of corn are popping corn — has to do with the moisture content inside the kernels and the strength of the outer skin of the kernels. There are multiple varieties of corn that don’t pop because the kernels don’t hold the moisture in the same way.",
"Popcorn is special because it has that hard shell that lets pressure build up before it finally breaks, and the inside of the kernel puffs. Other grains, the husks aren't tough enough— and vegetables? Forget about it— no shell at all. But you *can* get similar results through machinery. The magic happens when the corn goes from high pressure to low pressure quickly. In popcorn, this is done by, basically, bursting a balloon. But you can also just put, say, rice, in a high-pressure chamber and release the seal super-fast. That's (approximately) how rice crispies are made.",
"Yes! Sorghum, quinoa, millet, and amaranth can be popped for the reasons explained in other comments. Popped sorghum looks like miniature popcorn"
],
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6,
4,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ivmmxl
|
How are prescriptions filled
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5sj0m9",
"g5sdlku"
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"text": [
"Pharmacists can verify handwritten prescriptions with the doctor’s office. Also they are trained professionals and go to school so they are qualified to know dosages and can figure out what dosages make sense and what would be weird (eg: 800mg vs. 80mg). There are also systems in place where it would flag a weird dose or other potential mistakes. Lastly most pharmacies have moved on to electronic prescriptions. Mine are sent electronically to my pharmacy from my GPs office and filled without my actually being in possession of a physical copy.",
"Most prescriptions now are written electronically. The script will be typed in the Electronic Medical Records and then sent to the pharmacy of your choice. Of course there are old school doctors who still hand write their scripts, so it either has to be written as eligible as possible by the doc. If not, the pharmacy will call the office and verify what the script was written for.",
"Pharmacists know what medicines are given with what decease. And they can guess it by a couple of letters. Source: I work with pharmacists."
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5,
4,
3
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[
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"url"
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|
ivneba
|
How do metals exist while conducting electricity.
|
Ik this sounds dumb, but please read the whole post. So, electricity is the transfer of electrons. It occurs in metals as they have only one, two or three electrons in their valence shells. But, metals exist in molecular form with a complete octet for stability, right? So if it has a complete octet, then it is stable but can't transfer electrons, but if it doesn't have a complete octet, then it won't be stable and will look to combine. Thanks in advance for clearing this confusion!!
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sie8o"
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"text": [
"The simplest answer would be because they have free electrons which are allowed to move when a force is applied. This force can be an electric field caused by an applied votlage. The movement of electrons corresponds to a current. When bonding together the metals create binding orbitals and empty anti bonding orbitals. These electron orbitals are very close together to the point they seem continuous. The electrons can then easily move when provided an electric field."
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8
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ivnere
|
Why have ASD diagnoses increased so much in the past 20 years?
|
According to the [CDC]( URL_0 ), cases went from 1 in 150 children in 2000 to 1 in 54 in 2018. Searching online brings up way too many anti-Vaxer arguments...
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Because, as our technology improves, our diagnostic capabilities also improve. That's literally all there is to it. We have better ways of detecting ASD in children, so more children are diagnosed with it. Part of the problem is that we've already been primed to believe that ASD is an aberration of normal human function rather than simply a *variation* of human function. So this makes people feel scared when they see big jumps in diagnosis numbers.",
"Aside from the technological improvements mentioned by the others, people in general are more informed too, mild autism could've gone undetected in the past but nowdays the whole description of the syndrome is not only more accurate but it is also common knowledge",
"So think 100 years ago no one had ASD not just because it wasn’t a labeled thing but because society was slower and quieter. You could easily work in a farm or your families business and likely weren’t going to be expected to sit through school anyways. Our expectation to be in bright, loud, busy stimulating environments makes it much harder for folks who don’t tolerate these well to exist. Our early and required education systems means kids get seen by more people and compared to each other more earlier. We also realize now ASD isn’t just little white boys obsessed with trains too. Or a disorder that always presents with less interest in socializing It’s not really an increase in numbers it’s just we can fine and diagnose these kids now. (Which is good and bad). In a side note some folks who survived bad early child hood trauma grow up to display symptoms that are really close to ASD and are getting misdiagnosed too. (Really ime it’s sometimes an intentional misdiagnosis to give them resources to thrive in settings that would nit pick)"
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15,
6,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ivnm7u
|
Scientists say the universe is expanding. What is it expanding into? What is the ‘area’ it’s expanding into made up of?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Analogies about balloons or raisin bread or rubber sheets are inherently flawed. As far as we can tell, the universe is not expanding *into* anything. There's no \"super universe\" that contains our universe. This is a subject that cannot be explained by using ordinary frames of reference. All we can say is that our observations of celestial objects show that everything is moving away from everything else (roughly) and the only explanation we have that accounts for this is that the universe is expanding. What is causing this expansion or what, if anything, lies beyond the confines of the universe are not questions we can currently answer.",
"It’s like trying to think about what it was like before the Big Bang. You can’t, our brains can’t comprehend it. That is one of the reason that why gods exist, to try to rationalise things that are essentially incomprehensible",
"> What is it expanding into? What is the ‘area’ it’s expanding into made up of? A common misconception. And worth answering 5 different ways so maybe one will click. It's not a ball of stuff expanding INTO anything. ALL space is getting bigger. In the space between every atom and quark, suddenly there's more space. Where two things were standing perfectly still 1 meter apart from each other, now they're a little more than a meter apart. The extra space was added to all the space in-between the two things. Yeah, I know the balloon analogy gets used a lot. It's supposed to show how images on the surface of the balloon get stretched. But it just ends up making people think the universe is ball of stuff. At T+1 second after the big bang, the universe is infinitely big in the X,Y, and Z dimensions. 3-space. It's super-dense, super-high energy, and full of energy. There's not enough space for atoms to form yet. There's nowhere for the stuff to go, there is no outer-wall that's holding it in, because this is everywhere. All space is filled with it. The big bang and the expansion of space is actually everything cooling off. Where did the energy go? It slid into the extra space that showed up everywhere. We don't know why space expanded or where the extra space came from. (or exactly why the expansion is accelerating)."
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[
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|
ivnp7z
|
Converting decimal to binary in octets?
|
Learning IPv4 addressing. Online book only shows binary to decimal but not the other way around. Found a very simple way to convert decimal to binary (from a 6 y/o reddit comment), but it doesn't end up in octet form. Just wondering if the binary answer ends up with 7 binary digits, how would I end up getting 8 digits? [Here's the comment]( URL_0 ) Thank you.
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"I think what you are asking is, how to deal with a decimal that converts to a binary less than a full 8 digits. If this isn't what you are asking I'm sorry. Binary is counted from the right. Each 1 represents you adding that place's value to the total, and each 0 does not. So for example: 1100001 = 97 But you are right, in IP addresses, you have octets or group of 8's. So you just pad it with a 0. 01100001 = 97 because the padded position is a zero, so you don't add that number to the total.",
"Just like in decimal, binary can have leading zeros. Just stick a 0 in front of your answer."
],
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7,
3
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[
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[
"url"
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ivnru8
|
How did musicians, specifically rockstars in the 70's -90's, perform live without that ear piece that let's them hear themselves?
|
I watching a load of Zepplin videos and obviously, they were loud as fuck but I also remembered in last decade or so, most musicians would have that ear piece that apparently lets them hear themselves back? Sometimes they take out and it just dangles down. Even in the early 2000's I hadn't really noticed this kind of thing, they just wore ear plugs.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"They had monitor speakers pointed at them which had a vocal heavy mix. A deluxe setup would allow each person their own mx. Also folkies would stick a finger in one ear to block out the sound of other instruments and voices.",
"In-ear monitors, as they’re called, are a relatively recent invention and are expensive and require a more sophisticated setup (cuz you need a little radio transmitter and the musician has to wear a wireless receiver clipped to their pants). They’re meant to replace regular monitors (sometimes called “wedges” cuz of their shape) which are speakers sitting on the floor pointed at the musicians instead of the audience. If monitors are too loud, they can cause feedback issues, which is why in-ears were invented (another reason is it protects against hearing loss from having a big speaker blasting at you night after night and also you have more freedom of movement). ETA: sometimes you’ll see guitar players sticking their guitars close to the monitors to induce feedback on purpose... I believe I’ve seen Dean Ween do this during solos. Most musicians still use regular monitors, though. When you hear someone in a band say “can I get a little more guitar?”, they’re asking the sound engineer to turn up the guitar in their monitor. (If they’re mid-song they’ll use hand signals; next time you watch concert footage, see if the singer looks off to the side, points to an instrument or their own mouth, then points up).",
"Just asked my wife (retired musician): \"By talent. You rehearse until you can do the gig well even if you can't hear a thing.\" Not a big fan of relying on tech, my missus."
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33,
33,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ivo8zy
|
Why does a song sound better when played from a vinyl than from a cd?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sn29i",
"g5soga4"
],
"text": [
"There are two different things that might be going on. One is that what sounds \"better\" is subjective. What you're used to, what you grew up with, is going to sound better to you. There are people who grew up listening to MP3s compressed with a significant amount of loss but to them that sounds better. Think of the stereotypical old person ranting about how the music that the young'uns are listening to is just noise. We even have records about people in Ancient Greece complaining about the young generation. The other factor isn't because of the CD or digital file itself, but the mastering process and specifically the [Loudness War]( URL_0 ). A lot of times when music is remastered for CD or digital, they amplify the sound a lot so that there's less dynamic range, and often introduce a significant amount of distortion.",
"Because you are used to it. It is really as simple as that. If you have a chance, take a CD of your favorite song and go to a REALLY high end audio store and demo the song in their sound studio. You'll likely find that it won't sound the same at all - the details and dynamic balance might even sound odd to you. People are divided on a subjective matter of \"what sounds right\". But a reasonably good audio system will play a reasonably well remastered CD of a song with much greater fidelity (measured objectively wrt distortion and noise) compared to an LP played back on the same equipment. All LPs have (to an extent) distortions based on analog pickup and turntable speed variances etc (mechanical stuff). On top of that, all LPs have their analog signals recorded with what is known as the RIAA equalization filter. The turntable (or sometimes the amp) will de-equalize the RIAA filter to recover the original sound. Typically, this makes for what many call a \"warmer\" sound from LPs - but these are artifacts introduced by the media and equipment. When someone first hears the CD version of a song they know, it is common to hear it described as \"clinical\" or \"lacking warmth\". That sound is (objectively) probably closer to the original master recording. Some people will appreciate this while others will prefer \"their idea\" of the song when they first heard it on LP. Almost identical arguments are made by people who claim that \"tube amps\" are superior to solid state amps. And a lot of that appreciation is that tube amps inherently \"clip\" gradually and has a \"warm\" tonality. EDIT: I love tube amps too!"
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10,
5
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ivoas0
|
What's the difference between value and saturation in colors?
|
I've watched so many videos and surfed around the internet, but I still don't get it. I understand that value determines the brightness, and saturation is about the dullness or intensity of a color. I think my inability to understand the concepts comes from me not being able to differentiate dull colors with bright colors, and intense colors with dark colors. In my head, I'm thinking that the brighter a color is, the more dull it is, and I know that's not the case, but I just don't udnerstand it.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"> I understand that value determines the brightness, and saturation is about the dullness or intensity of a color Ya. That's pretty much it. ...That's it. You've got it. Brightness vs color. Two different variables. You can have bright white paint with a little red mixed in giving a bright but mostly desaturated / dull / low-intensity color. You can have pure red paint... in the dark, so you can hardly see it. Bright and dull vs dark and intense. These are two different physical properties. Amplitude and frequency. Your eye has 4 receptors. Rods for [nightvision]( URL_0 ), which doesn't have color and gets over-ridden in bright settings so we're going to ignore it. And then there's 3 types of cones. Red, Green, and Blue. They respond more to different frequencies of light (there's a lot of [overlap]( URL_1 ) with green and red). When you see stuff, the cone nerves wiggle with an intensity equal to how many photons hit your eye. The is brightness, the amplitude of the lightwaves coming in. Depending on which cone nerves wiggle, you pick up what [frequency]( URL_2 ) the lightwave has. If the red cone nerves wiggle while the other cones don't, it looks red. If they all wiggle, it's a mix (and it's a grey-white light). Color is the differentiation between the cones. And a lot of light is a mix of frequencies. (And polarity, which we can't see at all)."
],
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5
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision#Biological_night_vision",
"https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-more-red-cones-on-the-retina-than-blue-and-green-cones",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivon3j
|
Why are phone cameras so bad at capturing colour as we see it, and what can be done to correct it?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ssjny"
],
"text": [
"A phone camera, like other digital cameras, depend on lighting to produce a photo. There are settings on the phone that can be manually adjusted to change how the image will look. The human eye works differently in that it uses specialized cone and rod cells to detect light, which is used to send electrical signals to the brain and be interpreted as an image. For the phone cameras, some of the limitations of capturing an image can be due to either hardware, like the image sensors, or software. But, improvements in both can increase the likeness of a photo to its actual color."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ivor7g
|
Why does radioactivity cause cancer?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"you cells are like little computer programs. they have code to tell it to multiply and code to tell it to stop, they also have code to tell it when it's too crowded or unhealthy and to \"self destruct\". all this is a normal part of life that happens successfully billions and billions of times a day. radiation is high energy particles or rays that can hit and break the computer program in the cell (the DNA). just like changing random letters in the code sometimes this damages the part of the code that tells the cell to stop multiplying, or damages the part that tells it to self destruct when it gets unhealthy. in these situation the multiplying part of the code keeps working as normal and you end up with uncontrolled growth, which is cancer.",
"Cancer is when cells fail to die when they should and instead begin to replicate wildly and without a plan. This happens when the DNA, a set of instructions for cells from everything about how they are built to how they should behave, gets damaged and the cells no longer \"know\" how to behave. This happens all the time, and your body is pretty good at destroying cancer cells before they become a problem. The thing is radioactivity is very good at damaging things, for example, DNA, so more radioactivity means a higher chance that those parts of DNA that tell a cell not to be cancer, are damaged. And so more and more cells become cancer and the body gets overwhelmed."
],
"score": [
17,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivp3i0
|
(Forgive me in advance for asking this sick question but...) How does the body manage to flatulate even when there's feces blocking the rectum?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ss97u"
],
"text": [
"The bowels and intestines are pliable, not fully rigid, and with enough pressure it would be easier to push a gas through than a solid. Often with a true fully impacted bowel movement (like bad enough for surgical intervention) even gas will not move through. If you were to go to the hospital with a suspected impaction one of the questions you'd be asked is if you're still passing gas and how often because it can be a quick indicator of how bad it may be even if it's not always a 100% accurate test"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivpadv
|
What did they use to edit images in order to make movies before the 90s?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ss5c7",
"g5ss8l5"
],
"text": [
"They’d use plastic film and basically cut/paste frames together. [Here’s a different but same ELI5]( URL_0 )",
"Scissors and glue. They'd take reels of film footage (a unit of length back when film had physical length) and find the frame with that \"action clack box\" which has the scene number in it. They take scissors and cut the film strip there. Or more like, they put the film in a jig made for holding it in place and hit a lever that cuts it cleanly. Then they glue two strips of film together, More accurately: they used a [splicer]( URL_0 ) which used film cement to glue to two strips together. Keeping the perfs aligned for the sprockets was important, those holes on the side of film that physically pull it forward. For video effects, there was a whole profession of altering images. Like carefully shining light on the film to darken out sections. I believe that's where \"dodge\" and \"burn' come from. Or taking a tool and rubbing the film to blur the image. For movies, it's repeating this for EVERY frame. For things like rotoscoping, they would project the image into a paper, paint the paper as they wanted from what they see, and then take a picture of the paper as a single frame in the movie. Labor intensive as hell. And that was considered the \"cheap\" way of doing it."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tn81i/eli5_how_did_they_edit_films_before_computer/"
],
[
"https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=flim+splicer"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivpudc
|
Why do we get eye strain from staring at a screen for a long period of time?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sxvnz"
],
"text": [
"Eye strain from digital screens is primarily caused by low contrast, your eyes constantly shifting focus and moving to look at different parts of the screen, and the brightness of your screen and room, plus occasional glare and reflections. Blue light has a bad reputation because it causes you to stay awake the most out of all of the other wavelengths of light, but not by a large margin. It is by no means dangerous to you nor causes eye strain more than the others."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivpztm
|
Where do fruit flies come from?
|
Are the fly eggs on the skin of the fruit, and do they have an 'incubation period' longer than I'd previously thought?? I figured the eggs would survive for 3-4 days..
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5svdsz"
],
"text": [
"Fruit fly moms are attracted to the smell of fruit (or dirty drains, wet mops etc, a whole lot of stuff), and lay eggs on the rotting fruit, and they reproduce really quickly so in a matter of days there can be hundreds of fruit flies, seemingly out of nowhere."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivq0m3
|
in MOBA games, do players with higher frame-rates(60fps for example) have more advantage than players with lower frame-rates(30fps for example)?
|
In FPS games, people obviously say the better fps the more advantage you'll have and was wondering if this also applies to moba games.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sv86m"
],
"text": [
"Yeah, I mean... you’re receiving twice as much data to your brain with 60 vs 30. Even if the difference is a nano second in response time, that nano second can give you an edge against an opponent receiving less data. To casual gamers it’s negligible but to professionals competing, I think it makes a difference. I always thought FPS and latency should be capped for everyone to level the playing field but that suggestion drives gamers bonkers."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivq1n1
|
Who’s RGB and why her death is important?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sw90w"
],
"text": [
"She was a Supreme Court justice who was committed to providing fair treatment for LGBTQ+ individuals as well as fighting for open access for all women to Planned Parenthood clinics. She was a democratic-leaning judge and her death means there are only 6 supreme justices in America at the moment. It’s important because this situation lines up very closely to a situation during last election year, when a Supreme Court Seay was vacated around the same time. There are already people, most notably Mitch McConnell, who are saying literally the exact opposite thing compared to the last time this happened. Basically, it’s a huge political upset right before an election."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivq39d
|
Where are the layers actually present in protocols like TCP/IP or OSI?
|
I recently studied the OSI model which divided the networking process into 7 layers where every layers adds onto the previous layers work. Please explain how and where in the device is this followed before the request is sent out from the device!! Basically I just want to know how and where does the layering happen in the backend.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t0okb"
],
"text": [
"I saw others explaining in detail, but you were asking for examples so I'll try to chime in to make it (possibly?) easier. It's late and I'm super tired, but... maybe this will help if I give a few examples. I'm going to use CIDR notation in the examples, so I hope you've got that down. If not, I can explain it later. Layer 1, like the other guys, is just physical, like the network cable mentioned. You'll only ever deal with this when plugging stuff in. If you have a Layer 1 problem, it's usually a matter of a bad cable, bad port, a physically loose connection, etc. Layer 2 is actually how packets move around. It uses MAC addresses as the destination. If your computer (192.168.0.10/24, let's say) wants to talk to another computer (192.168.0.20/24 to continue the example) on the same subnet, it sends out and ARP to ~~the broadcast of your subnet~~ ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff (EDIT: /u/fractalbrains reminded me that ARP broadcasts aren't restricted to the subnet's broadcast address) saying \"HEY! Who is 192.168.0.20?!\" and that computer that matches that IP address will respond with \"I am! My MAC address is ff:dd:cc:bb:aa:00 (or whatever).\" Your computer will now take that MAC address, put it into the packet header, and send it out, directly to the target computer. Assuming that both computers are plugged into a switch, the switch will see the incoming packet from your computer, and it knows the physical port that ff:dd:cc:bb:aa:00 is on, and it will just shove that packet out that physical port to the destination computer without any routing calculations. Layer 2 is usually very fast, and very low overhead on the switch. Layer 3 is routing. When you're trying to reach a destination outside of your local subnet, your computer can't just ARP broadcast and expect to receive a response, so it instead looks to it's routing table. To modify the earlier example, let's say your destination is 192.168.100.20/24. Since that IP isn't in your local subnet, it won't ARP for it, and will instead look at your routing table. If you don't have a route directly for that destination subnet, your computer will instead hand the packet off to the default route (in this case, probably 192.168.0.1, the first IP in the subnet, most commonly the default route, also called the gateway). The router will receive the packet from your computer, look up the destination ip in it's routing table, and forward the packet along to the next hop (either directly to the destination if it's plugged into a port on that router, or the device defined in the routing table if it needs further routing beyond the first router). Layer 4 is your port information. This requires an active listener on the destination, like a webserver running to answer port 80/443/etc, an ssh daemon listening on port 22, a telnet server listening on port 23, etc. For TCP, the port is a mandatory part of the packet header. When your computer creates the packet and sends it out, it will open a port (almost always a random high numbered port number) so it can listen on that port for the reply. Layers 5-7 aren't really useful in day to day network admin/engineering, so don't worry about that yet. Layers 2-4 are the meat of TCP, 99% of what you do will deal with those layers."
],
"score": [
17
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivqbso
|
How do little insects that live in groups like ants and bees live when they get separated from their nest?
|
Imagine you're a bee and get trapped inside a car that drops you off two towns away from your hive. Do you just live trying to find your way back or just become part of another hive or just live like a lone wolf? Do foreign bees care if you are not their relative? Are you gonna survive?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sxvgd",
"g5t0n7p",
"g5sxlmv",
"g5sxlr3"
],
"text": [
"Generally, it’s a death sentence for that individual. Sometimes bees will get taken in by other hives, though there isn’t much documentation for this. The bee could probably make it back to his hive from just a mile or two away, as bees can cover quite a bit of area looking for flowers. Ants are extremely territorial, though, and unless the lone ant in question runs across a different colony of *exactly* the same species, he’s definitely dead. Even if the lone ant didn’t run into an enemy colony, he would likely not make it long. Ants are basically a bit of biological programming with legs, outside of the controlled chaos of his anthill the simple rule set that ants use to survive in a group would not get him what he needs to survive alone.",
"[ants canada]( URL_1 ) made a video on this, but that's with total isolation. if the ant is from a supercolony it could find its way to another nest that belongs to the same colony and join it. if it finds a foreign colony it'll be rejected, eate, or even [enslaved]( URL_0 )",
"You die. I suppose they could continue to eat but they won't have any sort of shelter and would be attacked by another hive if they tried to enter.",
"I think they usually just die. Bees don’t have a place to sleep or the food production system they’re used to. Ants kill other colonies. It’s usually game over for those eusocial insects"
],
"score": [
17,
7,
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-making_ant",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74xygxN7h_Q"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivqjap
|
Why is a broken neck almost always fatal?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5sxjye",
"g5sy3j6",
"g5sxeuu",
"g5sxod7",
"g5t30lv",
"g5t6rzs"
],
"text": [
"The neck is a small conduit packed with extremely sensitive and vital body parts connecting your brain to the rest of your body. There is not much room for error or damage to occur there.",
"A broken neck is not as fatal as movies make it seem. I know many people who have \"broken their neck\", which usually means broken vertebra in the neck. This can result in anything from needing to heal, surgery, parallelization to death. My father broke his neck in 40 years ago and was fine after a couple months.",
"It usually causes damage to the spinal cord, which usually means the heart, lungs, and other organs stop working. Unless you have immediate access to really good quality healthcare that's usually a death sentence. That said, it isn't always fatal, with outcomes ranging from complete paralysis to total recovery, depending on the type of fracture and promptness of care.",
"There are 3 vital organs in a Human Body. Heart, Lung and Brain. While the rest is obviously still important, you can live without new nutritions etc for quite some time. Air however is permanently needed - that's why those 3 organs are vital, as well as all their major connections. Your Neck has \"connections\"for all 3 of them: you can suffocate because you don't inhale air, you can loose too much blood or (in this case) damage/destroy basically every nerve connection to the brain.",
"Well for a start that's not really accurate, A \"break\" is a loose medical definition, so there are many kinds of breaks. Technically, I've broken both my thumbs but they were really hair line fractures. When people talk about a \"broken neck\" they're typically thinking about \"an internal decapitation\"- a complete severing of the spinal column in the neck. Sure that generally fatal as the brain can no longer control and regulate the body. But fractures or crushes in vertebrae may not do this but are still classified as a kind of break.",
"Broken neck, you would mean as breaking the vertebrae (neck bones) in your neck (cervical fracture). Firstly, it is not almost always fatal. It depends on the exact location and what happened. Enclosed in your spine (vertebral column) is your spinal cord that sends information and signals to control your body, both things you can control like moving your arms and legs and things you can't control like heart rate etc. Secondly, there are a few different types of broken bones such as bone crack (hair like fracture), bone getting crushed (compression fracture) or even one of the parts of the neck bones being pushed out of place (fracture-dislocation). These depend on the how you \"break\" your neck and how strong the force was. Depending on if the neck vertebra is broken, there may be shards of bone or if the neck vertebra is dislocated, then they can hurt the spinal cord so the signals that pass through that part of the spinal cord cannot send it's message across. The main breathing muscle (diaphragm) can be controlled by you trying to breathe and also your brain telling your diaphragm to do it's job. This signals pass through the spinal cord that runs through the first 4 neck bones (C4), so if your broken neck is around that part and stops your brain from telling your diaphragm to \"breathe\", you'll die. If you break your neck bones, but not so badly enough it hurts your spinal cord or if you break it lower than C4, then you won't die. So only some broken neck will die, while others just need to hold their head in place while allowing the vertebra(e) to heal."
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivrb23
|
What happens if you get deported but they don't know what country you're from?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t3frt",
"g5t4at5"
],
"text": [
"They don't deport you, they imprison you. Deportation takes a whole lot of diplomatic shit actually, it's not that easy",
"I'm not 100% sure but I believe that the procedure varies from region to region. USA have probably different protocols than European union or Australia. Therefore, it would be better to specify the country or region which you're asking about. Although, when you're applying for asylum as refugee, it's under the International law and the procedure should be similar if not the same."
],
"score": [
13,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivrsr8
|
Why does pinching your nose stop your sneeze or holding your left thumb stop your gag reflex
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tq7l8",
"g5twwf8"
],
"text": [
"Never heard about the left thumb thing. Is it true?",
"There’s a nerve that runs right under your nose, if it’s pressed hard enough it’ll inhibit a sneeze. With a little practice you can also press it by jamming your tongue up under your upper lip."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivrtdn
|
Why is red meat considered more unhealthy than other types of meats?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t4ptu",
"g5t3jdu"
],
"text": [
"Red meat has a higher level of saturated and trans fat which contributes to increased cholesterol and heart disease. Also, some cultures (like the US) consume much higher quantities than others which compounds this risk. When we eat a giant steak with potatoes all buttered up on the side, thats incredibly more damaging than meals with meat as a side dish such as a vegetable stir fry over brown rice with a small amount of beef .",
"It has been shown to cause increased levels of colon cancer compared to white meat/fish. Colon cancer is considered unhealthy. Therefore, red meat is more unhealthy compared to other types of meat."
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivrtsp
|
What is SBMM (Skill Based Match Making) and why does everyone hate it?
|
I'm specifically talking about Call Of Duty. The community seems to hate SBMM but I just don't get it.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t4k2y",
"g5t48l3"
],
"text": [
"Skill Based Match Making is an attempt at making sure that new players aren't thrown into games with professional gamers, leading to many noob deaths and a frustration at the game. The concept is based on ranking systems for board games, where you are given a rank number based either on a skills test (Like playing a game of Go against a Master with a handicap) or based on your win/loss record against other players in general (You win about half the time against Jim, so you're about even. But you lose 4 out of 5 times to Sarah, so Sarah is better than you.) In the case of CoD, it checks for stats like kills per minute and kills per death. The controversy comes because SBMM prevents noob quashing (I know, ironic when that is the intent), as some good players get their jollies by killing noobs and looking like a real badass. They don't want the challenge. But it also means that a high ranking player can't go into a low ranking match to be helpful or just to dick around. That is, they are forced to play more competitively, and lose the casual aspects of the game.",
"It is suppose to put people of similar skills in the same match. But the problem is it is so easy to manipulate and mess with that more often then not the newer players are put up against veterans. Which causes very imbalanced matches. In CODs case they never actually fixed the issue with it making the community hate it."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivrvow
|
Why does soda tastes better in a glass bottle/can vs plastic one. Bonus qustion: Why does McDonald's coke taste different than any bottled one?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t4g1y",
"g5t4jo0",
"g5t4phj"
],
"text": [
"Different container materials alter the perception of taste, eat some ice cream with a metal spoon and then a plastic spoon for a test. As far as McDonald’s goes, those fuckers ALWAYS give me Diet Coke by mistake.",
"McDonalds tastes different because they have a very specific formulation, that is, the syrup to soda ratio has been tweeked to their specific needs. (I believe it's a stronger mix to account for ice melting in the drink and diluting syrup, where they do not do this in the can/bottle versions).",
"The object that you use to hold a liquid when made of certain materials will over time leech into the drink, especially with plastic. So anything in a plastic bottle will slightly leech undesirable flavors from it. As for getting soft drinks from a restaurant those always taste different because the soft drink dispenser doesnt actually have tanks of each drink, instead they just have the flavor syrup for the drink. So when you put your cup and press for the cup to be filled it mixes that syrup with carbonated water and shoots it into your glass. And this can taste different at every restaurant due to the owners ability to control the syrup to carbonated water ratio. So some stores might use less syrup to make the drink cheaper or others might turn it up higher to get a more intense flavor. All depends on the owners settings."
],
"score": [
10,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivs0a6
|
Why is that a half an hour video that I record on my phone has the same size as a movie file of the same quality which is three times as longer?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5t7gqx"
],
"text": [
"Your phone was recording, compressing, and encoding the video in realtime with a focus on quality rather than space which initially gives you a really large file Video compression is hard and takes a lot of computation time. If you have to save the file in nearly realtime then you can't spend much time compressing the file, but if you're reencoding a movie file for later distribution then you can take as long as you want to get that size wayyyy down without losing too much in quality. The best compression comes from being able to look at the differences between frames so being able to go back afterwards lets the software choose to use blocks that are shared by a huge number of frames (pale blue because half of the entire video is sky) rather than just by the couple it can work with at the moment because there's another one on the way. You could take the video from your phone, open it up in a video editor, reencode it into a much smaller file, wait hours-days, and then have a much much smaller file than you started with which will look very similar."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivso32
|
How do animals get so jacked eating grass and leaves?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tc4vu"
],
"text": [
"Because they eat a LOT. The vast majority of an herbivores life is spent either eating, or moving to a place with more food. The rest is spent avoiding being eaten themselves. Furthermore, the herbivores that get “jacked” are ungulates- they ferment the grass and leaves they eat, either with an unusual stomach configuration or in their cecum, and what they actually digest are the bacteria that fed on the plant matter, as well as some released nutrients."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivsoyj
|
Why once the US presidential election has been decide is there a huge period of time where the previous president is allowed to continue be in office making changes before Inauguration Day?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tcjqe",
"g5tujx4",
"g5tbhwu",
"g5tvndq",
"g5ty63r",
"g5tzfst",
"g5tyysa",
"g5u3tzq",
"g5tz5uw",
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],
"text": [
"After the general election on November 3rd, the Electoral college votes in their home states on December 14th. Then their votes are actually counted in the Senate on January 6th, and *that*'s when the election results become official, then the inauguration is on the 20th. So there's technically only a 2-week period between the election and inauguration day. The system is very much designed around people having to travel a couple thousand miles on horseback.",
"Whilst this is a great eli5 question, OP, it is worth reflecting that our AUS upper house can have longer time frames between election and result as they are appointed for 6 years, but elections can be held whenever.",
"Simply put... we have a pretty diverse geography that made travel in the past more difficult. Inauguration used to be March 4th (that's like four months from election day!) to make sure the incoming president had a chance to move and get settled in. The earlier Congress also did an analysis of the calendar and determined that March 4th was less likely to fall on a Sunday than other dates (didn't want to do official business on a Sunday!!). Then they decided that that was *too* long of a wait and transportation had improved so they moved it up.",
"it's also worth noting that Australia has a parliamentary government, unlike the US. However, other presidential systems don't necessarily have the same delay the US does. South Korea's current president assumed office the same day the election results were certified.",
"Part of the issue for the present day as to why it doesn't get changed now that we have modern transportation, is the thousands of people that the new administration has to hire and the over 1000 they have to get through Senate confirmation. Those people have to be briefed and get staff in place...it's a lot of work to get done over the holiday season.",
"Because in 1790, it took a long time to gather all the votes from all the states. The US was, and still is enormous compared to European nations.",
"Officially it’s because 200 years ago getting people together to vote took a long time (electoral college doesn’t actually vote till January). What’s it’s become is a 3 month transition for the outgoing team to train up the new team and for the new team to staff up. Historically, this process has been remarkably peaceful and collaborative. Guess which administration was the first ever to blow off he whole thing, ignore all the advice and manuals, and do it their own way.",
"The whole point of the US government style, starting with the balance of powers between the 3 branches, is to jam up and slow down massive change. In general, the faster a gov changes, the more mistakes are made, the more corruption happens, the quicker you could turn into a nazi germany sequel. We want it as hard as possible to make any change, and we want another branch of government to be able to stop you. The time period gives the current administration time to finish what they're currently doing, cancel anything they know will be just dumped by the next one anyway, and to try to build barriers to anything they know the next one will try to do they don't want them to do. These opportunities might not sound like good things to you if you don't like Trump. They may sound great to you in 2016 when Obama had time to do it before Trump ( like how Joe Biden had a chance to tell Ukraine over a recorded phone call that Trumps administration knows nothing and undermines them as much as he can before the transition). But if you're an objective person, the opportunity is good all around because you want it as hard as possible to change the USA.",
"Belgian \"governement\" is always in caretaker mode, I guess it's another approach. (Not by design, it's just that they always have trouble to find a working coalition)",
"The US is a constitutional republic. Australia is a parliamentary system. While they are both forms of democracy, the processes are very different and difficult to compare in action. People vote, but it is the electoral college in December (as it has been stated) that decides the election."
],
"score": [
2633,
76,
71,
55,
25,
7,
7,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivss9d
|
how can your DNA be more prone to cancer?
|
I often hear that there are genetical predispositions to cancer But how specifically your DNA is more prone to go waka waka than someone else's?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tfa9e"
],
"text": [
"Cancer is caused by unregulated cell growth. That requires two basic things: turning *on* a signal to replicate and turning *off* signals to die at the right time. Your DNA has several security measures in place to prevent these things from happening. There are codes in your DNA that tell cells when they should die. There are more codes in your DNA that tell cells when they should die if that first code didn't tell them to die. There are sort of dead-man switches - proteins that tell a cell *not* to die as long as your cells keep making those proteins. The idea is that if the DNA becomes damaged enough to make the cell cancerous, there's a good chance that the DNA to build that dead-man protein will also become damaged and your cell will stop making it and, as a result, self-destruct. There are proteins that signal to your immune system that everything is fine and the cell isn't damaged or cancerous. If the DNA coding for those proteins becomes damaged nearby immune cells will attack and kill the damaged cell even if that cell doesn't self-destruct. And then on top of all of that, even if a cell just doesn't die when it's supposed to, it's not malignant until it starts reproducing itself. Plenty of cells fail to die but never become cancerous because they never grow out of control. They just sit there, continuing to do whatever they were supposed to be doing. Or just sitting there not doing anything but also not getting in the way of anything. There are a lot of sections of your DNA regulating when cells should reproduce and cancerous cells have a mutation or damage to one or more of them so they go nuts. It's entirely possible for you to inherit a mutation on any one of those sections of DNA. However, damage or mutation to any *single* one of those sections or even multiple sections will not immediately lead to cancer if all of the other regulatory parts are active and doing their job. The section of DNA that controls, say, the reproduction of breast tissue cells is *slightly* damaged so that they don't have the dead-man switch protein. But...that never affects the cells because they are still being appropriately regulated by the normal life-cycle DNA telling them to die when they are normally supposed to. Thus, this person has a predisposition for breast cancer because one of the security measures won't work *if* others fail. But it still takes others failing to get the ball rolling. Keep in mind that this is a very *very* simplified explanation. In reality, cancer is very complicated and involves a lot of different things going wrong and/or right for cells to become not only cancerous, but malignantly so. Every person is different and all of these security measures are not fully understood."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivt2rd
|
Why is there a stigma surrounding strippers but not cheerleaders?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tkcff",
"g5te8s2"
],
"text": [
"Idk man cheerleaders get a lot of shit for how athletic that sport is. Clearly you've made that connection, and you're not the only one. Girls in my high school had to fight with their coach to get uniforms they were comfortable wearing (which were still short skirt) because \"that's what the men came to see\" referring to adult men ogling teenage girls. But women making money from their sexuality is always pisses people off more. You're supposed to be objectified for free dammit.",
"The difference is that cheerleading is recognized as a competitive form of sport on its own right and cheerleaders aren't dancing / performing gymnastics for the sexual gratification of single dollar bills from fans in the audience. Stripping is not a form of sport, and they *do* dance specifically to make people whip out wallets and start spending cash. Pole dancing itself is slowly becoming more socially accepted since people are recognizing it has some good physical training potential and it can be fun."
],
"score": [
13,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivukpi
|
Why did we never manage to standardize to a universal electric socket in the world?
|
There are so many different power sockets in the world, of so many shapes and sizes. Before you travel to any country you're gonna have to find out what socket they have and whether you have the right adaptor. Are there reasons why we haven't moved towards a universal socket yet?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tq6e0",
"g5u2372"
],
"text": [
"The real issue is that every country made their own standards for electricity close to a century ago, before international communication was easy, and before international travel would became relatively easy. So there wasn't a real reason for countries to work together, that wasn't a major priority. And now, switching to a universal standard would require most countries to replace everything, a massive and expensive undertaking that isn't seen as worth the effort.",
"To add to what /u/mugenhunt said, *interface* standards, where two parts connect, are especially hard to change. In 2007, I switched from a regular cell phone to an iPhone. Huge technological jump, and easy enough to do: I just bought it and it worked with the existing cell network. My friends were skeptical and kept their old phones: we gradually changed over one at a time as a personal decision. But suppose I wanted to switch over to British electric plugs, because they're supposedly better. I can't just buy a new laptop charger with a British plug, it won't connect to my house outlets. So I've got to change outlets. And since I want to plug it in everywhere in my house, I have to change *all* the outlets. But I've still got my old stuff I need to plug in too... so I need to replace the plugs on everything I own. Oh god this is getting expensive. But wait! I can't go down to the Home Depot and buy this stuff: they only sell American plugs and sockets. So now I've got to convince the Home Depot to carry two kinds of every outlet and electrical device they sell. But wait there's more! The British plug system works at 230 volts instead of 110. So either we need to invent a brand-new \"Amerobritish\" system that uses British plugs at 110 volts -- which is to say the solution to too many standards is to add a new standard -- or we need to REBUILD THE ENTIRE AMERICAN ELECTRICAL GRID to run at 230 volts. You see the same problem whenever parts connect together. Wrenches and sockets, driving on the right vs the left, communication networks: if A has to match B, you can't replace A without replacing B... and often that means replacing *all* the A's and all the B's."
],
"score": [
22,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivukwj
|
How did Indigenous people find places like Japan/Hawaii/Australia
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tqqc3"
],
"text": [
"While some amount of luck was probably needed, there are also ways to find land in the ocean. An island disrupts currents and wave patterns, causes the formation of clouds that can be seen far over the horizon, etc. If you're whole life is about sailing in the pacific you'd be pretty attuned to that stuff! As for why, the same reasons people have spread out forever. To seek new opportunities, to make a new life for themselves, just for the pleasure of exploring new lands."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivv7qi
|
How does money laundering work ?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tukcb"
],
"text": [
"Step 1. Have dirty money Step 2. Find a cash business Step 3. Create fake revenue and sales Step 4. Create fake expenses equal to fake revenue Step 5. Pay taxes on dirty money That's the basic process."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivvefo
|
What is the purpose of the refractory period for males?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tzkpk"
],
"text": [
"The short answer is no one 100% knows why. The longer answer is that the shape of the typical penis, particularly the glans penis or the head or tip, has a secondary function that can \"scoop out\" other other semen during intercourse. If there was no refractory period, the man would end up scooping out his own semen, which would mean there wouldn't be any benefit to just ejaculating more - he'd just scoop out his own. There's lots of other species of animals that have some similar kind of mechanism to limit or prevent how much their sperm has to compete. Cats as an example have barbed penises that injure and damage tissue in the female - which leads to swelling that prevents how easily other males can mate with that female. Dogs as an example have a 'bulb' that effectively locks the male to the female, and prevents any other male from penetrating for a while. Humans simply evolved differently to scoop out a previous man's sperm, but that also meant that without a refractory period, he'd be \"competing with himself\"."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivvo01
|
How can people get extradited to a country they haven't been to?
|
I saw Narcos on Netflix and they talk a lot about not wanting to be extradited to the US. The main agent also say that they got extradited to the US even if they have never been there. How is that allowed?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5txmlt"
],
"text": [
"It is possible to commit a crime against a state that you haven't been to. If I lived in Canada and called a hitman in America to kill a person in America, I have committed a crime against the USA. If the USA makes a deal with Canada, then Canada could send me to the USA to face trial. However, Canada is not required to do this."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivvuj7
|
why do you need a corkscrew to open wine bottles, but not champagne?
|
Sub-question: since no equipment is required to open a champagne bottle -- why not just use champagne corks for wine?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tyh3m",
"g5tycli"
],
"text": [
"Wine is not carbonated, like a bottle of juice you can shake it and nothing will happen (don’t shake your wine though). Champagne is sparkling wine, it’s carbonated so much like a bottle of soda it will explode if you shake it too much. The pressure inside a bottle of champagne helps you remove the cork because the gasses are providing a physical aid, the physical aid needed for wine is leverage, a corkscrew. You would likely break a champagne cork in half without the pressure behind it.",
"Carbonation for one. All champagne needs Is a little nudge to get the cork out. I do feel like all wonder should have those giant champagne corks. Make it easier."
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivvwgk
|
Why is living alone so bad? I'm always told how socialising/friendships/relationships are important, but never really told why. Why is it considered so bad to just keep myself to myself for the rest of my life?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5tz58c",
"g5tyq6z"
],
"text": [
"It's not inherently bad. It's just that most humans can't fathom the idea of not being bothered by being alone, and assume that people who are alone must be depressed or in some other way mentally ill. It's just people imposing their worldviews on other people. It's not really any different to how many religious people think that atheists must just be choosing to ignore god for personal benefit, because they can't fathom the idea of someone not believing in god.",
"Humans are a social species and for most of us a healthy social life of some sort is important for mental health. I need a little bit but not nearly as much as most people. A few people need none and if that's you do your thing. People who need it the most wont understand. Just smile and nod."
],
"score": [
6,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivwkxa
|
Why does being in the cold causes to have a runny nose?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5u5olk",
"g5u5vh3"
],
"text": [
"Cold air is *dry* air. Your lungs prefer humid air so mucus is formed to help humidify the air.",
"Our noses filter the air we breathe and warm it up and add moisture to it as it goes into our lungs, the colder the air, the more irritating it is for our noses, so to fight that our noses drop excess mucus in our noses to bring moisture and heat to the air we breath so it doesn’t hurt our trachea and lungs as much"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivxrqp
|
What is DLSS and what makes it important to gaming today?
|
DLSS (Deep Learning Super Sampling), when I watch videos about it, just sounds like a fancy way of saying "upscaling." I don't understand why upscaling is considered revolutionary these days.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ud29j"
],
"text": [
"It's AI driven upscaling, which you already know. It's important in that instead of just stretching the image (say from 1080p to 4k) an AI tries to add some more detail that wasn't present in the original 1080p image (say some text that was a bit blurry would be sharper) in real time, which is great for gaming, because then the sacrifices of higher resolutions on framerate is lowered"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ivxwcv
|
How does a Chinese keyboard work; are symbols built up phonetically, what is on each key?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uf7ok",
"g5uhijv",
"g5ugy70"
],
"text": [
"There is a phonetic version of chinese that was developed so computers could be used in China. However, they developed a way to use traditional Chinese characters by breaking down the characters into parts that are common in many characters. When typing, several keystrokes are used for a single character. Additionally, drop down menus are used so that after starting a character, you can choose from a menu how to complete it. Interestingly, there are many different keyboard mappings that have been developed with each claiming to be the most efficient. They actually have speed typing competitions. Radiolab podcast did an episode on this. Look up The Wubi Effect.",
"Depends. There are actually a *lot* of Chinese input methods, but they break down into 2 categories: Pinyin-based methods are phonetic. [Here's an example keyboard]( URL_1 ). You type in the word with English letters, and then the program presents you with a list of characters that are pronounced that way. Modern versions use predictive text to make this much smoother. Shape based methods are visual, and have you build up the character from its component parts. Here's a [Cangjie keyboard]( URL_2 ), and [here's how you'd type 'Cangjie Method' on that keyboard]( URL_3 ). Wubi works the same way, but only handles simplified Chinese characters, and is harder to learn. On the other hand, it's faster to type. Here's a [Wubi keyboard]( URL_4 ). There's also the [four-corner method]( URL_0 ), which only uses the number pad. It's not really in use as a typing system anymore, but it's still used in academia sometimes when describing the construction of a character.",
"Typing in Chinese, and other Chinese-derived scripts like Korean and Japanese, tend to have two options. The first is using Roman characters (ie, the latin alphabet) to spell out what you want to write phonetically. This will cause the computer to bring up a special dialogue box that you can scroll through to pick the appropriate word. So if you wanted to write the character 猫 (which is romanized to Mao), you would type in \"mao\" and then scroll through the list of options that comes up until you find 猫, press enter (or whatever other key you have set to the \"yes pick this one\" function) and then do the same process for the next word. You can test this out for yourself if you want on [this]( URL_0 ) site. This one is primitive compared to the ones you can install, but it shows the basics. Type in mao and you'll get a list of options in the box on the right, the fourth of which is 猫, and if you press the 4 key on your keyboard then that character will appear in the left box. Installed versions do all this as a pop-up over your screen and type the results directly into the body of text you're writing. The second option is based on the shape of the characters you're typing instead. Characters are broken up into their radicals (each character tends to either be a radical itself, or made up of several radicals), and each common radical is assigned to a key on the keyboard. You type a character by pressing the combination of keys that correspond to the character's radicals. So for example, you might have a key for 日 and a key for 月. Type the two characters together and you get 明, a character made up of smaller versions of those two characters. There are dozens of different options that all run on this basic scheme but take their own approach to dividing up radicals and figuring out how to combine them. This method is much more complicated than the phonetic input option, but it's also much faster, provided you understand all the rules for combining characters, so it's the more popular form of input."
],
"score": [
12,
7,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://web.archive.org/web/20100206034658/http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/sapienti/fourcinp.htm",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MSPY-double-pinyin.svg/1920px-MSPY-double-pinyin.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HK_%E7%9F%B3%E5%A1%98%E5%92%80%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88_Shek_Tong_Tsui_Municipal_Services_Building_%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E9%8D%B5%E7%9B%A4_Chinese_input_keyboard_Jan-2012.jpg/1920px-HK_%E7%9F%B3%E5%A1%98%E5%92%80%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88_Shek_Tong_Tsui_Municipal_Services_Building_%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E9%8D%B5%E7%9B%A4_Chinese_input_keyboard_Jan-2012.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/%E5%80%89%E9%A0%A1%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95_%E6%8B%86%E7%A2%BC.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Wubi_keyboard-cut.png"
],
[
"https://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/ime.html"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivxzbe
|
Why is it that the screen appears totally black for a laptop from some angles but not so for my TV?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ug5bn"
],
"text": [
"When color LCD screens were being invented a few different kinds cropped up, the two most common are TN, which is more responsive, but has worse color accuracy, and has the poor viewing angles, and IPS, which has better viewing angles and has better color accuracy. On laptops, and cheaper screens in general you'll usually find TN, but on most good TVs you'll find IPS"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivy3q0
|
How do over-the-counter pain relievers work?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uh824"
],
"text": [
"You are actually asking more than one question. Each specific medication has its own pathway within the body. The easiest to understand is your common NSAID. Ibuprofen inhibits the COX enzyme. The body experiences pain, inflammation, and elevated temperature when chemical called prostaglandins have a higher level in the body. When the COX enzyme is inhibited, body metabolites cannot be converted into prostaglandins, therefore lowering their levels. If you have less of these chemicals that cause those symptoms, you have less of the symptoms."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivyf9d
|
Why English speakers tend to make store names possessive when saying the name.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uj07o"
],
"text": [
"For those two in particular, they were both founded by someone with that last name. It doesn't tend to extend to stores thay aren't an actual name. No one is saying Walmarts or Targets for example."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivyqej
|
Why do Potassium and Calcium fill the 4s shell rather than the 3d shell, when the 4s shell is supposed to have a lower energy level?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5unux8"
],
"text": [
"You said it. The 4s shell has lower energy associated with it than the 3d shell, despite the 3d shell being closer to the nucleus. It's because s shells don't have intrinsic angular momentum, while d shells do."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ivzxb3
|
Why is movement relative, but not rotation? Does the universe have an up and down?
|
In physics, we are taught that if you have a velocity of X, it's only a velocity of X relative to something else. If 2 objects have a velocity of X relative to a third object (and are moving in the same direction), then those 2 objects aren't moving at all in relation to each other. Simple to understand and demonstrate. However, if you rotate an object, it doesn't matter what you are rotating in relationship to....or does it?? For arguments sake, there's nothing visible around you - you're in a total zero energy vacuum. My understanding is you can still tell you are rotating. Is this because you are rotating in relationship to other parts of the same body (eg, 1 side is going up while one is going down)? Or would you be spinning and have no idea you are because there's no frame of reference?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uw8cq"
],
"text": [
"It's because rotating requires acceleration, and acceleration requires force, which isn't relative. If you were spinning with no external reference you'd still experience centrifugal force (a real thing in a rotating reference frame), coriolis force, etc. Constant velocity is zero acceleration is zero force...nothing to measure directly, so you need an external reference. If you're accelerating at all, you can measure it and it's not longer relative. This doesn't just apply to rotating, it applies to accelerating in a straight line too. Among other things, this is what resolves the Twin Paradox in special relativity."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw01nn
|
Why do women have different types of orgasms?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v5fc6",
"g5v9eq3",
"g5v5ym9",
"g5uyc8l",
"g5vsfr7"
],
"text": [
"You do realize men have different types also don't you?",
"The answer with most questions like this is just \"because that's what they evolved to have\" There's no real *why* to it, it just is",
"They don‘t. It is a hard-to-kill myth that there are different “types” of orgasm. URL_0",
"That have different pleasure areas in the body. Press 1 button it does this, press 2 button it does that!",
"There was a study done on the female orgasm where they put this substance that showed up on a screen inside the vagina. They found that while the male orgasm is for expelling semen, the female orgasm is designed to pull it in, they even found that the contractions pulled the semen either right or left depending on which ovary was ovulating... You can fact check if you like, if I'm wrong I'm wrong...."
],
"score": [
10,
6,
5,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://www.bustle.com/p/8-myths-about-the-female-orgasm-that-just-wont-die-8877153"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw01q9
|
Nvidia Radeon simultaneous operation
|
I have purchased a laptop(yet to arrive) which has ryzen 4600h and gtx 1650ti, is it possible for the bulit in radeon graphics card to supplement the nvidia graphics card in gaming(or other graphics heavy task) or gtx will run standalone all the time?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v3nb6"
],
"text": [
"It depends on how the game or program is programmed. For example, Blender will allow you to use both, but most games by default will try and use the dedicated GPU exclusively for rendering"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw043i
|
Why do we instinctively rub our heads when be hit it off of something?
|
Note: Just smacked head off table :(
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uxzsd"
],
"text": [
"I imagine, it's to check for blood, cuts or parasites that may have attached themselves when making contact with trees or plants, where ticks and such wait for a host to make contact"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw04p0
|
If combustion requires oxygen, how does gunpowder burn inside a sealed bullet casing once it is fired?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5uxlmf",
"g5uxpoy",
"g5uxvxc",
"g5uxsp3",
"g5v0gp2"
],
"text": [
"Like most explosives, Gunpowder contains its own oxygen in the form of saltpetre. If it didn’t have oxygen in it, it would burn no faster than a regular charcoal flame.",
"Because part of gunpowder is oxygen. Potassium nitrate, (salt-peter) is KNO_3, the O_3 bit being in reference to 3 oxygen atoms per potassium nitrate molecule. Meaning that even without air, you can get a combustion reaction.",
"Gunpowder contains its own oxidizer; the oxygen is already inside the sealed cartridge. Gunpowder is charcoal (carbon), sulphur, and potassium nitrate (a compound of potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen). The oxygen comes from the potassium nitrate. Gunpowder can burn really really really fast because the fuel and oxygen are really intimately mixed already, they just need a trigger to set them off and then the burning happens nearly instantly (not actually instantly).",
"Gunpowder contains both the fuel and oxidizer needed to burn. This makes the cartridge a self-contained unit.",
"Combustion needs an oxidizer and oxygen is the most common but there is others like fluorine. Even if you use oxygen it do not need to be free ocxygen if the element you burn bind harder to oxygen that what is currently attached. For classic black powder is made of sulfur (S), charcoal (C), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter, KNO3). A simplifed desciption of the reaction is 2 KNO3 + S + 3 C → K2S + N2 + 3 CO2. So the oxygen biding in the potassium nitrate is lower then in carbon dioxide so you can have a combustion with the oxygen in it. & #x200B; A simple example is Thermite where you have a metal powder and a metal oxide. A common is iron oxide (rust) and aluminium powder that you can mix and burn at high temperature. The combustion do not need any atmospheric oxygen. Aluminium form stronger and more stable bonds to oxygen so it can steal the oxygen from the iron oxide. It can melt steel and produce metallic iron it is a way to weld together iron objects, a common example is to weld together railroad tracks Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3 & #x200B; A compound with oxygen that ls liquid in room temperature is not uncommon at the oxygen source in rocket engines. . The most used is Red fuming nitric acid 84% nitric acid (HNO3), 13% dinitrogen tetroxide and 1–2% water. You see that HNO3 is quite similar to KNO3 but is a liquid at room temperature. Even Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 has been used in some rockest and as a replacement for oxygen in combustion engines in torpedoes."
],
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38,
24,
17,
7,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw0da7
|
Do new smartpones actually have big technological advances over the older ones or do smartphone manufacturer just want to trick people whose phone is old/broken into thinking they need an upgrade?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v0iy9",
"g5v08rv"
],
"text": [
"The new ones are actually more advanced, so the are faster, have a better camera etc. But the question is if you necessarily need that. If you don't have a high amount of pictures and apps, you don't need the newest and biggest amount of storage etc. Also, as far as I know, phones are build the way that they get slow after some years, so the companies do their best to get you to buy the new models",
"mostly in processing power, also battery power but when the techs see there is more power to be used they eat it up again with processing. There are also a good number of smaller tech add ins depending on brand an model, but generationally the big difference is how much processing and graphics it has."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw0flx
|
why sunsets have orange, red and purple, while purple is on the complete other end of the spectrum
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vhdvf",
"g5veq35"
],
"text": [
"The purple is from blue scattered off particles in the upper atmosphere mixing with the normal reds and yellows. The red and yellow are due to the fact that the path of sunlight through the atmosphere is much longer at sunrise and sunset, and the atmosphere scatters blue-er light more than red and yellow.",
"[According to this site]( URL_0 ), it's due to volcanoes: > Fine volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere scatter blue light which, when mixed with ordinary sunset red, produces a violet hue. The purple color is often preceded by a yellow arch hugging the horizon. As the sun sets, violet beams emerge from the yellow, overlapping to fill the western sky with a soft purple glow. High-quality pictures of the phenomenon often show horizontal bands cross-crossing the yellow arch. These bands are the volcanic gas."
],
"score": [
70,
16
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2019/08/27/why-are-sunsets-turning-purple/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw0jpl
|
Why do humans have to workout to get strong but animals like lions just grow to be strong?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v2ws3",
"g5v2hj0",
"g5v9r1l",
"g5v28wz"
],
"text": [
"Think of exercise as the muscle equivalent of a vitamin: we only need it when our daily lives don't already give us enough of it. The wilderness is a harsh and unforgiving place. Animals have to be extremely active to survive, and this activity makes them very fit. Humans who have manual labor jobs also tend to be fit for the same reason. Humans who do not lead active lifestyles do not get as much exercise, and therefore must choose to work out in order to get the same level of fitness. As for the strength difference between a lion and a human, we are pursuit predators, not burst predators like most animals. Whereas the lion has to kill its prey in the opening attack, and therefore has to be much stronger than said prey, humans are perfectly fine tracking a wounded animal for days or even weeks until the animal is too weak to fight back. Since we only need to inflict one decent injury, we don't need to be nearly as strong, and in fact that much muscle mass would actually slow us down and tire us out faster.",
"They don't just grow to be strong: they play and jump and run and have to work for their food. If you have a lion sit on its arse all day and feed it way too much it will get fat and weak too.",
"Some fairly incorrect answers here. Great apes aren't spending all their time at the gym to get buff or deadlifting fallen trees when no one is looking so all these answers of \"animals are more active than people\" are fairly inaccurate IMO. For one thing humans have a lot more fine control over their muscles than most animals (more grey matter in our spines which contain a large amount of motor neurons for example) and it is theorized that giving up the \"all or nothing\" type muscle control many animals possess made us weaker as a trade off. The main thing is just that animals are different and their bodies have evolved to do things differently. Not all bodies react the same way to the same amount of nutrition and stimulus. The most obvious example of this would be in regards to the protein Myostatin. Google it if you haven't heard of it before. It's a protein that SUPPRESSES muscle growth. Meaning if you didn't have this protein you would get buff from doing nothing. There are animals that are lacking in it and they are HUGE, google myostatin bull or myostatin dog to check it out. Some people are born with a myostatin mutation too and those are the jacked superbabies you may have seen pictures of. When you realize that this one protein can be the difference between a stick figure or body builder physique it becomes easier to understand how animals (all with their own unique makeups and ways of handling things) can all have differing body types that don't seem to follow our human rules of \"eat a lot and workout constantly to get big.\"",
"Most animals need to hunt or scavenge for food, so they utilise all their muscles on a daily basis, whereas most humans sit at home or at a desk, which results in muscle atrophy. But even animals grow differently in strength. The alpha male usually has the highest amount of testosterone and is more likely to build bigger muscles, while the beta males with less testosterone build less muscle."
],
"score": [
11,
7,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw0src
|
What does it mean when someone gets the keys to the city?
|
Like what? Does the city have a secret room or like? Like I would understand if it was a gated city and that key would open the gate but I’m confused
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v6u4o",
"g5v8uij",
"g5v4stw"
],
"text": [
"In the past, like in medieval times, most cities were gated cities. They had guards on the gates to prevent undesirable folk coming in. If you had the keys to the city you were trusted enough to come and go as you please. These days it’s an honour bestowed upon people. It literally means that you are trusted enough and have earned high enough standing to come and go as you please, but it mostly means that the “city” recognises your achievements and wants to honour you.",
"One of my wife's friends has been given the keys to the city of london. When I asked her about it a few years ago she said it just means \"I get invited to some swankier parties\"!",
"Short and simplified answer, it traditionally meant that \"We trust you enough to allow you to come in through the walls of our city whenever you want to.\" These days it is just a nice gesture."
],
"score": [
10,
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw0w9t
|
For someone not living in the US and having zero to none knowledge of your government etc. Why is one person dying such a big deal for the country?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5v5a28",
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],
"text": [
"It's a supreme court justice position, a position that has a lifetime term and is appointed by the president and conformed by the Senate. Supreme court justices could be chosen specifically based on their political views to create a court that the president and Senate support.",
"I assume you're speaking of Ruth Bader Ginsberg (RBG). The US has three co-equal branches of government, and one of them is the US Supreme Court (USSC). The USSC has nine justices and cases are decided by majority (it's a bit more complicated, but that's generally correct). They decide (among other things) cases involving constitutional rights, including access to abortion, when and how one person or employer's religious practices can be imposed on non-believers, the limits of gun ownership, voting rights, issues germane to politics and speech, etc. These cases are often decided on slim margins (5 votes to 4), and the makeup of the court is critical to how such cases are decided (usually). By \"makeup of the court,\" I mean generally conservative justices, generally liberal justices and swing justices who frequently come down on one side or the other depending on the issue. RBG was one of a diminishing number of generally liberal justices and she had an expansive view of personal rights in certain areas where conservative justices tend not to. This is especially true of abortion restrictions. More recent USSC appointments tend to be far more conservative, and tend to allow restrictive abortion laws that RBG would strike down (If she could). The president gets to appoint new justices when existing ones die or retire. The current president intends to appoint a conservative justice, almost certainly one who favors abortion restrictions. This will shift the USSC further to the right (making it more conservative). Simply put, there is a real concern that abortion rights will be restricted further, and in many cases, there will be no practical way to obtain one. There are a host of other issues of concern as well, but the importance of losing RBG now is that the president will try to aggressively make the USSC more conservative, and since justices serve for life, the makeup of the USSC could remain this way for a generation or two to come. Because people are impacted by the decisions of the USSC, the impact of RBG's death may be felt for the next 30-50 years. Adding to this is the irony that the last president was unable to appoint the USSC justice he wanted during the last year of his term because the appointment was held up in the Senate (which must approve any USSC nominee), ostensibly because the conservative Senators that controlled the vote thought no appointment should be made close to a presidential election. Of course, the US is now only 6 weeks from an election, and those same Senators are clamoring for a USSC appointment and confirmation vote as quickly as possible.",
"In the U.S. we have what is called the supreme court. When a law seems unclear (which happens often), the supreme court will often choose to step in and clarify the law. This only really happens when the law is questioned in a case - they don't just go looking around for gray areas willy nilly. The supreme court is composed of nine judges. These judges are elected for life by the current president. The judge that just died will be replaced by a Trump-appointed judge, which means that whoever Trump chooses will remain with the country and making major decisions (think:doing damage) for decades to come."
],
"score": [
6,
6,
4
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw161d
|
How can archaologists tell how old artifacts are?
|
For example, i read somewhere that they found a mask that was made over 2000 years ago, and tools used in 1150 B.C. How can they know and how are they able to be so specific with the year?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5v8nnf",
"g5vmdnc"
],
"text": [
"There are multiple tools they use. One is radiocarbon testing. This can give a rough estimate in very old finds. Another is location. If they find an artifact that is between two other artifacts and both of these other artifacts can absolutely be dated (through whatever means) then the artifact in question must have existed in between those two.",
"The elements inside objects can “break down” predictably over time. If you can identify what an element is, you can use it’s current state to estimate how long ago it was “new”. Carbon is very common, especially in living organisms where we know what the atomic structure must have been like originally, so that’s why we use it to find out something’s age. There’s also comparative stratification of objects, basically if a group has its objects buried deeper, they might be older"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw19gh
|
Entanglement wedge reconstruction and the information paradox
|
Can anyone explain this new paper in a digestable summary? I read the abstract and I felt like I was having a stroke. Any help would be appreciated. URL_0
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vappm",
"g5vj9id"
],
"text": [
"So, this looks to be a hyper-theoretical paper discussing the physics of black-hole evaporation. The specifics pretty much require a PhD in theoretical astrophysics to understand, let alone explain. The Crux of the issue though, is that black holes seemingly destroyed information, but the results of this paper suggest that they do not destroy information.",
"No, sorry but this fundamentally isn't ELI5-able. Like the other commenter said, you'd need a strong background in theoretical physics to understand them. I'm a PhD student and I'm still working through them myself, because there are parts I don't fully understand yet."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw1fnf
|
. Why do we need to have an empty stomach for anaesthetic or surgery?
|
So, I've had a few surgeries in my time, and also a few minor procedures that just require a small bit of anaesthetic, and every time, I have to not eat for X amount of hour before hand. Why so? I imagine if people are routinely being asked to do this, there must be a reason. Does food in the stomach decrease the affects of the anaesthetic or something?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vbmqc",
"g5vbmwx"
],
"text": [
"When you're intubated, the airway tools can hit your gag reflex and you can vomit. With the paralysers in your larynx, the mechanisms to stop things going in your airway aren't working properly, so that vomit can go into your lungs. You can't suction lungs properly, so the patient can end up with pneumonia and other serious lung infections.",
"An empty stomach, or close to it, is preferable where possible because it reduces the chances of vomiting and subsequently inhaling one's own vomit."
],
"score": [
39,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw1geq
|
As a country which is so vocal about free speech, why is it acceptable for public libraries to ban books in the US.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5veqk9"
],
"text": [
"TLDR: Libraries are private organizations and can ban whatever they want, and do so because of pressure from patrons. First of all Freedom of Speech doesn't mean that you can say whatever you want without consequences. Freedom of Speech means that the government can't pass laws that prevent you from speaking or expressing your opinion. Government censorship is therefore unconstitutional, but private censorship is perfectly fine. The catch is radio stations, libraries, TV stations, movie studios, etc are private organizations and can self-censor without violating the 1st amendment. It's when the Government does it that it's a problem. The supreme court has had to rule numerous times on what is considered protected speech and what isn't. Movies for example are censored by a private organization (mostly the MPAA) and movie studios comply to the MPAA willingly. There's no reason they couldn't ignore the MPAA if they chose, but lobbying pressure from the organization and threats to prevent movies from being shown in theaters forces their ratings to appear on movies. Libraries are similar, it's mostly lobbying form patrons and the fear of bad press that makes them remove certain books from the shelves. Speaking again about the 1st amendment; Just because you have a right to say whatever you want, doesn't mean that anyone else has to listen to or agree with you. Freedom of Speech can't be used to encroach on other peoples Rights like the Right to Life and Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness. That's why discrimination is illegal and you can't claim your Free Speech Rights allow you to discriminate against people. You can express your discriminatory opinion in public, but you can't enforce it. That being said the US is still a *Nanny State*. Laws are passed all the time to prevent people from doing things because they are unsafe."
],
"score": [
4
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw28g5
|
How Do Venus Fly Traps Digest Food?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vml4d",
"g5vl62s"
],
"text": [
"The enzymes liquify the trapped prey and the gooey remains are sucked in through tiny pores.",
"They first secrete acid then after a few hours secrete digestive enzymes. It’s very similar to the environment in the human stomach. The acid plus enzymes breaks down nutrients, into similar molecules which can be absorbed directly by the cells."
],
"score": [
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw2eg9
|
why do we get fevers and how do the symptoms happen?
|
Maybe it's just to alert us of sickness but how exactly does it work?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vqx7u"
],
"text": [
"In terms of why fevers happen, there are many theories. The best ones among these are that a higher temperature kills the invading pathogens, and that a higher temperature allows the immune system to function better. As for the pathogenesis (how the symptoms occur) is based on a couple of signaling molecules. The main one of these is known as IL-6. This molecule is typically intended for localized inflammatory responses (eg. a cut with a small number of bacteria). However, if a lot of this molecule is produced, it may end up in the bloodstream, where it acts as a hormone. In this case, it goes to the brain and stimulates prostaglandin synthesis in a part of the brain known as the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls many regulatory processes of the body, one of them being temperature. Prostaglandins produced increase the temperature set point (a bit like turning the thermostat up). Now, that the hypothalamus has a new set point (let's say 40 degrees Celsius). It detects that the body is cooler, and sets up the same responses as if you had hypothermia. This causes effects such as vasoconstriction, shivering, covering yourself with blankets, etc, which manifests itself as a fever."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw2lcq
|
How do genes tell a baby turtle to follow the moon to the ocean after birth?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"I see a little gap in what people are saying, so I'll try to explain the process of \"hard-wiring\" others are mentioning in a simple way: When the embryo is just a couple of cells, the DNA is being read by a long process that eventually works as like an instruction manual on how to build all sorts of different proteins. Proteins do everything and anything kinda, so they can act as signal molecules that tell all the cells how to develop and such ie there are cells that give off more of a certain protein that tell the cells around them to start making arms, legs etc. In the process of building a body from scratch, these proteins also dictate how the brain works, and what chemical stimuli the brain should respond to. One of those signals is the light from the moon, or tragically, light posts, flashlights, etc. The light hits their eyes and sends chemical/electrical signals to the brain which is primed to send the turtle in that direction (whether or not that's the ocean) at that early(ish) stage in the brain's development. Edit: For those asking for more details and/or a more authoritative or generalized explanation of some of this, u/PotatoBasedRobot shared [this]( URL_0 ) link to another reddit comment I found to be informative and clearly written.",
"Responses to certain stimuli are \"hard-wired\". This happens in humans too. Genetics guides how pathways develop in the brain (idk if this is even well understood yet, lots of brain stuff is poorly understood and a lot of theories about even well known neurological diseases are just educated guesses). Take a cat for example. They naturally develop a response to certain movements indicative of prey. Nobody taught them that. Just put a prey-like thing in their field of view and they will reflexively look at it and you can see their pupils reflexively dilate too. The turtles are likely hard-wired to follow the light.",
"They don’t follow the moon. They follow light. It’s just that moonlight reflects off the ocean really well. There’s a problem here in that now there are other light sources- namely cities. So you’ll get baby turtles following lights across busy streets instead of going down to the ocean.",
"The instinct they have is \"move toward the light\". When they hatch the moon shines off the ocean and that direction is brighter than the darkness of plants and dunes at night. The light is attractive and they move toward it. Moving toward light is one of the simplest possible instincts, even plants can do it...heck even some single cell organisms do it.",
"Here is how i imagine it, the turtles that where'nt born with a mutation to look at the \"moon\" or hear the waves went in a wrong direction and died. The ones that did went on to reproduce. This mistake is a tool to evolution and its the way 90+% of \"adaptations\" work. I say adaptations with quote marks because its a bad word to describe success by chance, witch is how it really goes. The other % of traits are random mutations that arent bad for you and they stick around just because of aestetics or because some other trait was so good that that one didnt matter for the mating process (silly example: monobrow, i mean what happened there, i guess the guy had amazing hunting skills so he got some ass dispite the face).",
"Daniel Dennett discusses the analogous behaviour of frogs eating flies to illustrate the (under)determination of meaning. In brief, it seems that frogs don't really see flies; they just detect black blurs moving in front of them. But changes in circumstances (such as an invasive species of fly arriving) cause adaptive responses in frogs, so changes in meaning emerge (not in individuals but across the species) as nature selects the optimal fly detectors. If sea turtles don't go extinct too quickly, we will see a similar recalibration of their instincts, as meaning and function distinguish between moonlight and boardwalks. (See Intuition Pumps, ch. 47.)",
"Everyone is getting really in depth with this, but im certain the moon isnt always over the coast of the ocean. Isnt the questioned flawed? What about the baby turtles born on a different coast? The turtles go inland?... Maybe the post should have left the moon out of this?",
"Same way that your genes tell you that sugar is tastey, girls are pretty, and sex feels good. There's patterns in the genes which tell the cells in your brain how to get made. Brains are not entirely blank slates where everything has to be learned. Some bits are hard-wired or baked-in. We're specifically wired to learn languages btw. We've got dedicated hardware for it. Some of that also influences things like... behavior, personality, and fight-flight responses. And to go make babies at puberty.",
"Baby turtles go to the ocean because that is the instinct they are born with. The exact mechanism of how they know to do this from birth in unknown, but there are a lot of ideas. The brain is essentially a system that generates responses to given inputs. It could be that the way the turtles brains are structured(and this would result from dna) makes them want to go to the water as a default state. How they find the water could also be an input/output that their brain already comes “programmed” with due to the exact way it was built in accordance to the dna",
"Because the ones who randomly mutated that gene originally survived more. Reproduced more. That's how all of it works. Why do people think genes are sentient in 2020"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw39no
|
Why do we fidget when we're nervous?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5vxpj1"
],
"text": [
"Being nervous/anxious is having amounts of adrenaline released, which your body has to expel that energy somehow and so you want to do a physical activity like bouncing your leg or pulling hair."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw3dog
|
What is it in "adult" shampoos that makes our eyes hurt and how exactly are kids shampoos formulated to be "eyefriendly"?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"g5ws26v",
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"g5y8yrg",
"g5wp76l"
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"text": [
"There was an (apparently incorrect) rumor when I first heard this answered that baby shampoo merely deadened your eye nerves so you just couldn't feel the ouch though the ouch (damage) was still there. Now, the latest answer I've read is that the surfactants in baby shampoo are different than in regular shampoo. Surfactants remove oils because the molecules have one end that likes water and one end that likes oil allowing the oil to be washed away with the shampoo. The surfactants in baby shampoo are longer than in regular shampoos. This makes them less effective, but not as harsh, but since babies aren't oil factories it works fine.. Sodium lauryl sulfate (C12H25NaO4S) [or (CH3(CH2)11SO4Na)] or sodium laureth sulfate (C14H29NaO5S or (CH2)11(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na) are common in regular shampoo, my bottle of baby shampoo has sodium trideceth sulfate which is oddly even harder to find only one formula for but appears to be (C19H39NaO7S). That 39 in the middle kind of shows how long the molecule is. Edit: redditors who remember more of their Chemistry than I do of my decades old HS classes say the C19 shows the length rather than the H39. Which makes sense as H only attaches on one end and won't form a chain.",
"Soaps that clean well sting. Soaps that clean less well don't. Kid don't use any product in their hair and you can get away with the less soapy soaps.",
"Adult shampoos typically include lauryl sulfates or other harsh formulations to clean your hair well. Kids shampoos use much gentler formulations. These don't get the oil out as well as adult shampoos, but are mild enough that they don't cause eye discomfort.",
"Chemist here. The molecule most commonly used for cleaning in shampoos is sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS or SDS). If you get that in your eyes or nose it will sting and burn as it not only cleans away dirt but also disrupts the cells. SLS is perfectly safe to use in body care products for all ages. But to avoid the eye sting other cleaning molecules (surfactants) are used in “no tears” formulations for kids. They are as good for cleaning but don’t disrupt the cells in the sensitive eyes, nose and mouth as much as SLS. The downside is the other surfactants are much more expensive. Also, SLS gives a nice lather that many people like and associate with effective cleaning. (A rich lather is not required to make an effective cleaning product.) The foaming is not as strong with most other molecules, so they require other ingredients to make a nicely lathering shampoo that will make it even more expensive. On a side note, this is why different toothpastes feel so different in your mouth as well - some foam very richly (guess which surfactant they use?) and some do not. It should be noted that many things in a child’s bath can make the eyes sting even if using gentle products. Just clean water will make your eyes sore, and the relatively low pH in the bath water will also be irritating. However, comparing a standard soap/shampoo with an eye friendly product, the difference is very clear. The sting from the standard shampoo is much worse and stays on for much longer.",
"Baby shampoo has a more neutral pH than adult shampoo. This means it's more gentle than adult shampoo, which is somewhat alkaline. The pH of baby shampoo is close to the pH of the tears of the eyes so it doesn't burn because it mimics the pH of tears. Baby shampoo is not very strong cleanser wise, but babies don't work construction and get all sweaty so they just need a mild soap. Adult shampoo is harsher to remove more dirt and grease."
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iw4bx4
|
How did the ancient Roman Empire manage to survive longer than other multi-culture empires, such as the Habsburg Monarchy, despite of the Roman Empire's larger size and number of revolts?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"The Roman's were experts at incorporating and tolerating other cultures and religions. There was a state religion, but they looked at other gods as aspects of the state gods (look at how Zeus and Jupitetlr were incorporated). They also were much more easy going about spreading around the political power. Eventually almost everyone was a citizen of Rome and (theoretically) equal in authority and equally qualified for high office. The revolts that they had tended to be more economic and political than religious. The Jews were an exception to this. They refused to incorporate the state religion into their own, and refused to acknowledge that their God was an aspect of another God. This lead to a lot of persecution and revolutions.",
"Nationalism wasn’t a thing in Roman times. The idea of each culture having a country of its own was unheard of, and this was actually how it was for most of history. It wasn’t until around the 19th century that people started to think that each individual culture should have a country of their own, which is why Austria-Hungary fell apart so quickly."
],
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10,
5
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
iw4ky6
|
Why does liquid sometimes run down the side of containers that are being poured?
|
Seems that the wider the rim of the container, the more likely this is to happen. What causes it and how can I avoid it?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5wfui3"
],
"text": [
"Surface tension. Different shapes can break surface tension better. Some designs are really bad and water can almost flow totally down the side without breaking. If you break the surface tension and keep the flow going, it’s unlikely to reform until you slow the flow down and it gets a chance to reform. So to answer your question, pour faster, and you should be able to break whatever surface tension you encounter."
],
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19
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw4z03
|
How do games like Among us suddenly blow up overnight and become mainstream with millions of downloads after two years of no real success?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"Most likely someone big and recognizable discovering the game, finding out it's a good game, and then other people that watch this guy play it, they like it, and a butterfly effect happens and now it's a big, popular game.",
"I believe that it was Twitch streamer sodapoppin that played the game with a few people and then later on invited more Twitch streamers to come play with him. Those streamers realised how good the game was and that it created good content so they also began inviting other streamers. Eventually it got big and the viewers thougth the game looked fun and also bougth it."
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20,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw52n7
|
Why are internet speed tests always way faster than any speed I receive when actually downloading something?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"So there are several things going on. 1) Read the fine print, you're paying for \"up to 100mbps.\" It's a subtle distinction but an important one. 2) ISPs market their service in megabits; speed tests and downloads themselves normally measure in megabytes. 100Mb = 12.5MB. 3) Just because you can download at 100mbps, doesn't mean the site you're downloading from -- or the networks between you and them -- can serve the content at 100mbps. 4) That 100mbps is \"at the pipe,\" and will be shared between all devices on your network. Roommate downloading the latest 30GB CoD update? That's going to eat into the available bandwidth. Sister running her camshow in the next room? That's going to eat into the bandwidth. If you've got a house full of people sharing 100mb, it's potentially going to go fast. 5) Wifi. It's convenient, but a 100mb wired connection will not give you a 100mb wireless connection, especially if there are walls, floors, etc between you and your wireless modem.",
"Also, the speed test is sort of an ideal situation ...its just your machine pinging a server back and forth without dealing with the infrastructure on the other side that you will encounter when you are actually downloading data / content",
"Applications downloading files measure their throughputs in Bytes per second, but speed tests measure in Bits per second. File sizes are measured in Bytes so that makes most sense for the file downloaders, but your internet speed is advertised and sold in Bits per second so that's what a speed tester reports. If you have 100 megabit internet then I would expect a peak of around 12 megabytes per second when downloading. That said, all ISPs oversubscribe unless you're paying like a thousand dollars per month for your connection. At certain times (eg: 8-10 pm) internet usage is at its highest and if too much oversubscription happens then you may peak out the connection. Oversubscription is like when airlines sell more tickets than they have seats on an airplane because they know a few people won't actually show up. ISPs know people don't use their internet connection at full speed all the time, just in random little bursts when they do things, and so can sell more capacity in an area than they could service. Maybe they only have 10,000 megabit to a neighbourhood, but sell internet access to 1000 customers at 100 megabit connections each rather than the mere 100 homes the math says they should be able to service.",
"Almost all of the speed test sites are operated directly or indirectly by the ISP's, so it's in their best interests to 'skew' those numbers so it looks favorable. I worked for an ISP for a dozen years, our tech support were instructed to get people to use certain speed tests while troubleshooting slow speeds....the speed tests were owner by them and the numbers were inflated heavily.",
"Another useful speed test is the one Netflix runs on their servers ([ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )). Its useful to see the real connection speed to something that's not directly peered to your ISP. I believe Netflix built that speed test site when certain ISP were suspected of throttling traffic to their servers. I understand this speed test connects to the same servers Netflix uses to send content so it's possibly closer to a \"real world\" test – of course a real world test to a very well architected infrastructure on the other end. Your mileage will vary with other sites even if you get good speeds at Netflix. Others have already pointed out that 100 mega bits per second will be about 12.5 Megabytes per second. Since the abbreviates are so similar it's often confusing.",
"Networking speeds are advertised and reported in bits per second, where as download speeds in applications are reported in bytes per second. 8bits = 1byte And also, just because you can get 100mbits_per_second to your ISP bode that's 10niles from you doesn't mean you get 100mbits_per_second to any location across the country or the world.",
"Isps prioritise traffic to speed test sites so they can get the best result for you. In practice all the QoS and traffic filtering services take their toll on your speed Source: work for a telco",
"Not quite ELI5, but I hope it’s useful. As far as I know internet speeds are advertised as connections from your devices to your choice of ISP (Internet Service Provider’s) servers. This doesn’t account for the fact that you won’t get the same speed with a wired connection than you would over WiFi (a lot faster through wired connection). Additionally, you have to account that when you’re downloading internet content or anything from a website you have to deal with the capacity of that server/website to send files over to your computer (downloading). Tip: If you want to have higher speeds I recommend to switching to a wired connection or consider switching to the new WiFi 6 protocol. Note: both the device and router must have the tech in order to make use of it."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iw59ch
|
what advantage do caterpillars have in turning into butterflies
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Butterfly can travel a lot further than crawling insect. That means a butterfly has a bigger chance of finding a mate with very different genes, which generally leads to more competitive offspring. Since the butterfly can fly, it can also travel further to lay eggs. That's helpful if the local food supply isn't very abundant. Basically, if the goal of an animal is just to eat and grow, then being slow-moving like a caterpillar is fine. But if the goal of an animal is to find distantly related mates or seek out new resources, then flying gives enormous advantage.",
"The ultimate reproduction and distribution of the organism lies in their adult butterfly form, so the caterpillar is just part of the butterflies journey, the same way tadpoles grow up. The caterpillar is the child stage and cannot reproduce either, so any caterpillar who does not grow into a butterfly will not pass on its genes.",
"I think another interesting question is why so many (most? all?) flying insects start in a larva form and then transform eventually to a flying form. In other words, I don't know of any that lay eggs that hatch flying insects. I wonder why not."
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iw5d3c
|
How do recycling factories deal with the problem of people putting things in the wrong bins?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"Sometimes they don't- they can just send the whole load to the landfill instead of processing it if there's excessive trash contamination. But recycling facilities usually employ either humans to stand on the conveyor lines and separate recyclables from trash, or automated equipment that does the same thing.",
"In most cases they don’t. Large share of things shipped to recycling plants ends up on landfill because it’s contaminated with non-recyclables.",
"Many places send the whole load to the landfill. If you are lucky, there will be humans at a conveyor belt sorting every bit into \"burnables\", \"metals\", \"green waste\", and \"trash\". That's why many containers say \"pre-consumer recyled\" instead of post-consumer. Factories would rather buy a trainload of pure cardboard trimmings from a factory than the load of old cardboard cereal boxes, pizza boxes and used Amazon prime boxes from community recycling centers.",
"Most stuff doesn't get recycled. It's a lot of feel good fluff for putting stuff in different bins.",
"I was in jail for a few months about 10 years ago. They put me on the work crew and about 12 of us would go to eco cycle and sort trash. Its all on a conveyer belt and you're assigned specific trash. They have these MASSIVE bins that you toss the specific trash into. That's the only sorting method that I knew of, free labor from the jail.",
"I live in Vegas and got a tour of our recycling facility. It's fairly new and has high speed conveyors with lots of automatic sorters. Then people work on those lines and remove stuff that isn't recyclable. It was super cool seeing the machines swiftly picking out glass bottles, then certain plastics, then aluminum. Guide said their main problem is with items being placed inside other items. So if a cardboard box had a aluminum can inside, both items would likely be identified as trash and discarded.",
"Here's a video of a massive recycling sorting plant in Texas. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )",
"Mostly trash it. But something like 60% of recycling winds up there anyway so I dont bother unless it's like steel or aluminum that actually pays for it. Paper/wood goes in the fire, organics go to the chickens, plastics go to the trash, cause it dosnt matter anyway.",
"They don't. It all ends up in landfill. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )",
"Short answer: they don't. Long answer: they have teams of people and machines on a vast array of conveyor belts try to sort it. However, most of it(plastics) end up in the landfill or slips through. Which is part of the reason why other countries are refusing our recyclables. Like China which was 90% of the plastics recycling market.",
"It depends on the method of collection. Typically this falls into two categories either co mingled where all recyclables go into one bin or source separated where households put our materials to be collected which are already in there different boxes. Ie paper and board, cans, glass, plastic. Typically source separated collections have a 5-7% contamination rate and co -mingled is circa 15-20% contamination rate. The reason co mingled collections are preferred in many places is because the cost of collection is lower, the participation rates are higher and it is just so much simpler for the resident",
"There's no such thing as a \"recycling factory.\" When you recycle something, it goes to a central location that performs some rudimentary separating and cleaning, but their job isn't to make anything. They're just trying to get your trash to the point where it can be sold to factories. That is, regular factories. Those factories then use the recycled goods the same as any other raw materials. When your recycling is too messy to be sold to factories, and your local government can't afford to clean it up to the point that it can be sold, it just goes in the trash."
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kb18xK_5u78&feature=emb_logo"
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[],
[
"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled?utm\\_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB&t=1600574430481",
"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB&t=1600574430481"
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw5vnu
|
How do those infrared thermometers work? How does flashing a red light on someones head give you their body temperature?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"The red dot is just a laser targeting tool, allowing you to easily see what you are measuring the temperature of. They work by having a sensor that detects infra-red light. Everything gives off light, it is just that unless they are really hot, that light is too low in energy for us to see - it is infra (that is, below) red light. You can feel this, however, because it still shines on your skin, and is able to warm it up. The sensor detects the amount of a certain 'colour' of infra-red light that is being given off, and the hotter something is, the more light it gives off. From that, the computer inside the device can calculate and display a temperature.",
"The red light you see is only a part of what's going on. The red light is used to tell you two things: the thermometer is on and it shows you what you're pointing at so you know you're reading the right temperature. & #x200B; The actual temperature reading is done through different light that our eyes can't see. Infrared light is invisible, but we can feel it as heat. The thermometer is measuring the infrared light being given off by a person/food being cooked/whatever, and translates that to a temperature. Higher energy infrared is associated with higher temperatures.",
"So... basically everything you know is either wrong, incomplete, or basically oversimplified to the point of being basically a lie. Temperature as most people know it isn't a thing, not like a ball is a thing. You can't even measure it directly like one can count balls, bricks, or trees. What people think of as temperature is a comparative measure of energy. If an object is \"hotter\" then it's giving off a lot of energy and if it's \"colder\" it's absorbing energy. All a themometer is, whether we're talking a alcohol or mercury thermometer, is a calibrated tube where the expansion of the fluid as a function of internal energy (ie. temperature) is well known and marked off. IR thermometers aren't much different, in a fashion, but to get there we need to cover a few things. The energy you think of as movement is the same energy you perceive as temperature. The exact same. Suppose every atom in an object has the same amount of energy, and they're all headed in the same direction, it's called movement. If the energy in each atom is directed in a different direction, but it's insufficient to tear it apart, that's temperature. Basically, the more the atoms in an object jiggle, the \"hotter\" it is. Now, how does the IR thermometer work? Well... It's easier to visualize the jiggling action as if the atoms were bound together with springs. The more energy the atom has, the farther it will travel before it gets yanked back, and it will do so faster. Its position will move back and forth and that motion will be, more or less, repetitive... and it will cross the \"same\" place with a certain frequency. Now, the entire time it's moving back and forth, the atom is emitting a constant stream of photons and that stream will ripple outwards. Other atoms will catch some of those photons, absorb them, gain energy... and eventually shed other photons to lose it. So... visible light is just photons. So are microwaves, etc. The only thing that makes light visible to us is the fact the rods/cones in your eyes are exceptionally good at catching photons of a specific frequency range and the structures then translate that into a local electrical impulse that gets relayed back into your brain for processing. IR thermometers aren't really any different, really. It has a detector that's tuned for a specific frequency of photon emission that just so happens to be outside the frequency band we can see. So when you point the IR thermometer at an object, all it's doing is basically checking how \"bright\" the object appears to the detector. That gets relayed into other circuits, just like how your eye relays to the brain. The internal circuitry translates the detector's \"how bright\" into the displayed \"how warm\" by essentially doing a complicated chart lookup. The details are a fair bit more complicated than that and vary by model/manufacturer, but that's mostly in a \"Please God, can we avoid doing math today\" level nutshell. Much more than that and explaining it without a chalkboard or dry erase markers gets annoying."
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
iw6lsx
|
how did Elvis actually die on the toilet
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5x586j"
],
"text": [
"It's actually not uncommon. I'm not sure the exact mechanism, but pooping puts a little bit of stress on your heart, and if there are other factors that are also putting stress on your heart, sometimes it's just the perfect storm. But people dying on the toilet happens more than you'd think"
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw6pyo
|
Why does a sonic boom occur when you break the sound barrier?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"g5xa4tk"
],
"text": [
"A sound is a wave traveling through the air. If you’re traveling through the air, the sound races out a head of you, traveling at the speed of sound. If *you’re* traveling at the speed of sound, it can’t get ahead of you because you’re keeping up with it. But you’re also generating more sound. So all of that sound is just piling up on top of itself until you get a nice big boom as you’re passing through that wall of built up sound.",
"The sound speed of air is effectively the average speed that the air molecules are bouncing around at. Information is therefore transferred at the sound speed of the medium. When you're going supersonic, the information that an object is coming towards the molecules can't be transferred fast enough so the molecules can't get out of the way and end up colliding with one another. This is what results in a sonic boom and shockwave.",
"You know when a fire truck or ambulance is coming towards you, the siren is higher pitched, but when it moves away the sound becomes lower? This is called the Doppler effect - the source of the sound is moving. As such, the sound waves become \"bunched up\" in front of the vehicle - the distance between the waves is smaller, creating a smaller wavelength, resulting in a higher sound. The reverse is true behind the source of the sound - a wider gap is created between the waves, meaning a greater wavelength, meaning a low sound. A supersonic jet breaking the sound barrier means that it is going faster than the speed of sound - that is, the source of the sound is so fast, it catches up with the sound waves ahead of it. The resulting buildup of energy releases in the form of the sonic boom - the air particles in front of the jet collide with each other. I hope that this was useful, and that my terminology is accurate and scientific - this is about all I can remember from all of physics at secondary school! Also, the crack of a whip is actually a miniature sonic boom. As the whip is flicked, the wave of motion accelerates along its length until it breaks the sound barrier at the tip."
],
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10,
9
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
iw6q92
|
what is value-form?
|
socialists say they are fighting for the abolition of value-form. i get that it has something to do about social relations and value but that’s pretty much it, what exactly are socialists trying to abolish?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"In the conventional understanding of economics, 'value' is subjective to one particular trade. If I trade you 3 apples for 5 oranges, the 'value' of an orange is 3/5ths of an apple. However, this value only exists at the moment of the exchange and only for that specific exchange. It is not a universal, intrinsic property of apples or oranges. Marx argued that there exists some universal, intrinsic property of 'value' that persists behind the moment of exchange and which can be stated as existing independent of any particular exchange. In essence, if you know the base materials, all the hands it passed through and all the labor spent improving it, you should be able to calculate this inherent value. To the average person, this notion of 'value' seems reasonable. After all, we all have an idea of what an apple is 'worth'. The notion that there is some formula that can precisely calculate that inherent value seems obvious. However, no one has ever come up with the formula of value Marx believes should exist and it's highly unlikely that any such formula does exist. If it did exist, it would almost certainly require time and position as two of its inputs - and such inputs would make it effectively impossible to deterministically calculate value as Marx imagined. In terms of socialists - by which you actually mean Marxists rather than people who just favor socialized medicine or the government building freeways - it derives from a basic political observation that wealth does not reflect moral virtue. In a medieval society, it was argued that kings ruled by 'divine right'. That is, their privileged position in society - as well as those other levels of the hierarchy - were reflective of their superior inherent virtue. An ordinary man could not be king because he did not possess whatever ineffable value lead to 'kingship'. However, in capitalist society, this is not the case. Elon Musk is not a superior form of human being to you or I, but he occupies a position of privilege and authority well beyond what you and I enjoy. Nor would Elon Musk argue that he is a 'better' person than you or I - perhaps more talented at some things, but almost certainly less talented at others. There is no *moral* reason for him to occupy that place of privilege. Ergo, any society which elevates Elon Musk to that level must be, in some sense, immoral - Elon Musk is 'stealing' from the rest of us to centralize power and position on himself. The way a Marxist 'proves' this is by demonstrating that Musk's value contribution to the value-form is insufficient to justify that power and position. Essentially, the people who believe such things tend to think that society has misjudged their value - they feel under-rewarded compared to their own self-perception. Marxism merely gives them the patina of intellectualism to justify their feelings."
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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iw6vp0
|
How is it that a Nintendo or Super Nintendo video game, with its graphics, its music and everything else, fits in a few kb when a single image or a single musical composition uses more than that?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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],
"text": [
"> ...a single image or a single musical composition uses more [than a few kb] This is a modern understanding of video games, where Call of Duty textures take up gigabytes of space. On the NES, a sprite is often 16x16. That's only 256 pixels of information to store. On top of that, because the technical limitations of the NES, a pixel could only select from so many colors. I believe techniques were often used to select a color from a palette, which would require less space than storing the raw color data itself. Rather than a byte to store the exact color for a pixel, you could select from one of four colors with just 2 bits. That would make Mario's 16x16 sprite take up 512 bits - about 5% of a kilobyte - if you stored it this way. Similar considerations are made for music. Actual music files are quite large as you have to store all the tiny, tiny, tiny information picked up in the recording. But video game music back in the NES/SNES era wasn't recorded. They used a standard called MIDI where instead of the game storing and playing back an audio file, it would store the notes of a song as well as the instruments/other info about these notes. It was very space efficient to store what was effectively sheet music and reconstruct it on the fly, as if playing the instruments, as opposed to storing and just playing back the chunky audio files. There are so many more examples of this ruthless and necessary efficiency in this era of game development that is totally lost nowadays. I would recommend doing some YouTube binges about this topic as it's incredibly fascinating how these game creators were able to do so much with so little.",
"In addition to what everyone else is saying, the creators (I feel bad calling them developers, since they were designers, developers, artists and sound engineers) of those games were fucking wizards of artifact reuse. Like the bushes in Mario are just recolored clouds. This blew my fucking mind when it was first pointed out to me. URL_0",
"For two reasons. One, those games are really really basic when you think about it, basically just telling what pixels to become what colors, not super duper in depth. And the sounds are all pretty monotonous. While music files thatre high quality are very very in depth, you can hear every little sound made in the recording, that attention to detail requires extra data. Reason two: they had to be that way. Storage data back in the day was Very Hard to keep smallish/portable. Really the only why to keep data storage small was to keep the data you’re trying to store small too. So programmers were restricted by what they were working with. And because of that had to make the game very efficiently. Modern videl games don’t have the problem, which a lot of people think is kind of a bad thing, because it leads to big triple A games not being done great and then taking up 100+ gbs of storage (looking at you CoD)",
"Let's start with an old nintendo first Say you have a box. The box holds 256(8 bits worth) marbles. Each box representation one dot that you can see. A old tv will have around 300,000 of these boxes used to make the display. For modern (1080p) display it each box must hold 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 marbles. So the box is much bigger. Also there is 2,073,600 boxes now. So not only are the boxes much bigger there are more of them. This also happened with sound and all other aspects of computing and is the reason everything is larger now.",
"Another reason: The game only stores the source material for what it displays, but the image or the recording has to be able to store anything no matter how it was made. The Mario game has a picture of Mario in it, but the recording of you playing Mario has to store Mario every frame because it doesn't know it's based on the same picture every time. For the sound, the Mario game has a list of commands like \"white noise for 0.1 seconds, beep at 440 Hz for 0.1 seconds, silent for 0.1 seconds, ...\" but the recording of the game has to record the actual sounds. It can't turn the beep sound back into the beep command. Also if the sound that comes out of the game isn't a perfectly shaped beep, it has to record the imperfections in the beep, because it records what is actually there, not what is supposed to be there. Even if it could reverse the beep and store the command, it would have to be \"beep at 440Hz for 0.1 seconds, but the beep is slightly distorted like this: < a bunch of numbers to remember the exact amount of distortion > \""
],
"score": [
13,
8,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_a_oggyx9pU/VLhDiXqX5oI/AAAAAAAACeI/7xtotE-fqs0/s1600/mario%2Bbushes.png"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw7cg6
|
Why are South and East Asia so densely populated in comparison to other parts of the world?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xf9iv"
],
"text": [
"Pre-industrial civilizations are limited by agricultural production. China and India just so happen to have large river systems running through some of the best - and most expansive - agricultural areas in the world."
],
"score": [
13
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw7e7m
|
How come 4K video takes up gigabytes of storage, but watching 4K videos on YouTube doesn't require downloading gigabytes of data?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xlym6",
"g5xg5re"
],
"text": [
"4K video from Youtube uses 13.0-51.0 Mbps which is 95-385 MB per minute or 5.5-23.0 GB per hour. Factor in compression which shrinks the videos, and watching it in windowed mode significantly reduces the size of the video. Youtube will automatically adjust performance based your available bandwidth as well. Another thing to consider is that services like Netflix and Youtube use caching services like Akamai which store commonly used data on server at the ISP so it doesn't have to be pulled directly from Youtube everytime. This greatly improves performance and reduces bandwidth usage on the ISP side.",
"Because you don’t download the entire YouTube video. You’re streaming it. The data for the video is never actually on your computer, instead the website, this case YouTube, is sending the data for the video to you in little chunks, which get displayed for you to watch and then don’t get sent anywhere. If you were to actually download and save the video to your computer, then it would take up gigabytes of storage, that’s just not happening when you watch videos normally."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw86v2
|
why do people behave differently when drunk?
|
I have so many questions. Why do people make strange decisions? Does being drunk reveal a dark side in a person or does completely change the person in control? For example, if someone gets in a fight or abuses someone while they are drunk, does this occur BECAUSE they are drunk, or does it occur because the intoxication is tempting them to make decisions they might have considered doing before?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xpo7p",
"g5xtr1r",
"g5xzs7c"
],
"text": [
"The intoxication lowers their inhibitions. Alcohol promotes and agonisises the inhibitory neuron GABA in the brain which is why people slowly shut down while drinking. The more drunk you are, the less inhibitions you have, the less of a fuck you give about your actions, the less aware you are of the way you're acting and the more likely you are to stumble over.",
"Our inhibitions are generally the most advanced function of our brains. So, you might think, “I really want to fuck the woman over there with the big tits.” When you’re sober you think, well I’m married and I’m her boss so let’s just file that thought away. When alcohol fucks with your neurotransmitters you’re too slow to come up with the Step 2 and find yourself balls deep in your intern and a stern meeting with HR the next morning.",
"Pardon me for quoting myself, but I described it like this in one of my recent comments on another thread: > Ordinarily, moderate drinking accentuates some aspects of your personality that you might keep suppressed when sober - becoming more boisterous and vocal, or more mopey and quiet, or more friendly and outgoing, or more angry and hostile - but it's still you in there. You're just freeing up some aspects of yourself that you usually might not. You may do/say things that you regret afterward, but they're your things. > > However if you get truly soused, like blackout drunk, or take drugs like hallucinogens or sleep medicines where you get up and talk and do things while you're effectively asleep or hallucinating, then I'd say yes you could do things that are quite bizarre and out of line with your character and personality. So generally, yeah, you just exceed your usual limits and show more of yourself. Typically if you're a good person, you'll still be a generally good person while drunk, but maybe some of the things that make you good are your limits. So maybe normal you would see a person who needs help and would just give them a $5 and say \"Hope that helps a little, have a wonderful evening!\" but drunk you instead invites them home to crash (and regrets it later, especially when having to deal with the family who was *not* ok with that). Also it's situational - having whiskey with coworkers after the company party may bring out one side of you while having tequila with metalheads after a concert may bring out another. Most people have a favored standard drink and a 'normal drunk mode', which may be chatty, intellectual, goofy, mopey, belligerent, lovey, or whatever - just one aspect of their character accentuated and unleashed. But different circumstances can unleash different aspects. As long as you drink responsibly, that's not a huge thing, maybe just a little embarrassing at times. The tough part is if you go too far (paragraph 2 of my quote) - when you just have to piece together what you did from what other people tell you afterward. It was still you, and even when you're blacked out you have periods of lucidity. So maybe it was an accentuated part of you, or it seemed logical and reasonable at the time, or maybe you actually were acting out of character - you can't really know. But either way, you're still responsible for your actions. So I would say it does not 'reveal a dark side' nor does it 'completely change the person' and the actions are not '*because* they are drunk', nor are they necessarily 'at risk of doing terrible stuff'. But it does mess with your normal limits, and if you go too far, you can surprise yourself. Perhaps discovering aspects of your character that you didn't know existed."
],
"score": [
16,
11,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw8g5f
|
What is a derivative?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xv6ji",
"g5xwdwp"
],
"text": [
"A derivative of some quantity is the rate with which it changes with respect to another quantity. For example, if you take a spot as your starting position, then move away , your distance from the starting point changes. Now if you bring time into the picture, then you can imagine that each second, you move a certain distance. That is roughly what you can call rate. How much one quantity changes per unit of another quantity. But derivative is slightly more complex. For example you can 1 second as your unit, but there can be changes in the distance travelled in that one second that we cannot account for. So we slowly decrease the unit of one quantity, here that is time, and consequently the other quantity. In the end we are left with an infinitely small increment of one quantity per infinitely small unit of another quantity. That is roughly what you can call derivative. If we continue the distance and time example, this would be called the instantaneous speed, as speed is the distance travelled per unit time, and here the unit time is an infinitely small fraction of time, so the speed here is of that small instant, hence called instantaneous speed. Derivatives are a huge field, so I'm sorry if i couldn't explain it simply enough.",
"A derivative of a function is the slope(rate of change) at a given point on its line. Say you throw a ball up in the air, there is a general equation that describes where the ball is(how high in the air) based on how hard you threw it and how much time has passed, but what if you want to know how fast the ball is going at any given time? You take the derivative of the location equation and get an equation telling you the velocity. Say you make a graph, with time on the y axis and distance on the x axis. The slope of that line becomes the rate at which your distance changes relative to time, or your speed(velocity). This is what the derivative finds. You could even take the derivative of a velocity equation to find out what your change in velocity is (acceleration). An integral does the opposite, and for that reason is also known as an anti-derivative."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw8p0g
|
Regarding temperature, why do men generally “run hot,” while women always seem to be cold?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xy2qk",
"g5xyr49",
"g5xzh69"
],
"text": [
"Woman have lower skin temperature due to decreased blood flow to extremities, which makes them perceive ambient temperature differently",
"Men typically have more muscle mass and generate more heat by using more calories to fuel those extra muscles. Basically, men generate their own little heat islands, kind of like walking space heaters. But since women typically have less muscle mass and evaporate less heat through the pores in their skin, they might feel colder than men in a room with the same air temperature. Some studies have shown that while men feel comfortable in rooms with the thermostat set at 72 degrees, women tend to feel comfortable in rooms with the thermostat set at 77.",
"This is the opposite for me (26F) and my fiance (34M) so this may just be anecdotal and not necessarily true."
],
"score": [
5,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw8prn
|
Can plastic surgery increase the likelihood for cancer since there will be scar tissue?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5yybk0",
"g5xxko0"
],
"text": [
"What does scar tissue have to do with cancer? Cancer is cause by a harmful mutation of cells which causes them to multiply out of control. Scarring is a normal biological process that is supposed to happen. It does not damage the cells DNA in a way that would cause cancer.",
"I never heard of scar tissue doing that. I mean people who get surgery like a gallbladder removed would be at risk for cancer."
],
"score": [
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw8rbe
|
Why is your arm sore after getting a shot?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5xwyma",
"g5xwykq"
],
"text": [
"When you get a shot in your upper arm, it's known as an *intramuscular* injection, which means it's getting injected into your muscle. Whereas usually injections go *intravenously* which means they're injected directly into a vein. An intramuscular injection does a little bit of (temporary, moderate) damage to your muscle, you're kinda getting stabbed with a very small knife, essentially.",
"Two reasons. 1) you just got jabbed in the muscle with a needle and that can cause the muscle to try to repair itself, which can cause soreness. And 2) because you’ve just been injected with a (harmless) new substance and your body is going nuts trying to create antibodies to get rid of it. Your body sends extra red and white blood cells to the area and sometimes will induce a fever response to get rid of the invaders. That’s tough on the resident cells, and it can cause some collateral damage (in the form of soreness, swelling, and localized fever.) But the soreness means the vaccine is doing what it’s supposed to: getting your body to react."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw8xe7
|
if a conjoined twin commits a crime and the other is innocent what would happen to the innocent twin
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y0zks",
"g5y4qfi"
],
"text": [
"No one knows. Because the current legal system doesnt account for this \"irregularity\" URL_0",
"If treated as separate people, I would suspect that they would have to let them both go. The legal system is set up on the principle that it is better to let a guilty person go than put in an innocent person in prison. That being said, it could argued that conjoined twins collaborated when they committed the crime, thus there is no possible situation where one is innocent. I suppose that they will have to look a precedent and see to what extent the twin are legally bonded."
],
"score": [
10,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/01/a-siamese-twin-commits-murder-the-explainer-s-2009-question-of-the-year.html"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw948q
|
Why do hand nails take only a few days to grow out before I have to trim them again but toe nails can be left for over a week before they reach the same length?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y1n7f",
"g5y14rz"
],
"text": [
"I Googled this, and the answer seems to be that more frequent use of the fingers (relative to the toes), causes the nails to grow more quickly.",
"The matrix in your fingernails are more active, genetics is why I think the difference is around 3 or 4 times faster in your fingers than your toes"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw95sj
|
Why are the keys on the keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y1pwh",
"g5y1sye",
"g5y7xdq"
],
"text": [
"Early typewriters were designed so that letters often used together were spaced further apart on the keyboard so it would take longer to switch between them, lowering the risk of the “arms” with those letters being thrown up at the same time and slamming into each other. If you’ve ever used a mechanical typewriter and pressed a bunch of keys down at once you’ll know what I mean. The same keyboard design was kept when computers came along and made this a non-issue because the previous keyboard design was what people had been learning on, not to mention that typewriters hadn’t become completely obsolete yet.",
"The layout was designed for typewriters with keys on long stems. They clustered keys that were not often used together, to limit jamming of adjacent keys.",
"There are two reasons behind the layouts used. The first is that because typewriters were mechanicals devices, the designers made a point of keeping commonly paired letters separate to prevent them being hit one after the other and causing the mechanism to jam. The second reason is efficiency of typing - the more your hands have to move between letters, the longer it takes to type. So rather than putting the letters in alphabetical order, the letters are arrayed so that with your hands in a normal, central position, the most used letters fall most directly under your fingers, and the least used letters are kept further or of the way. So common letters like e, r, i, and o are all a short stretch for your hands, z, q, and p are stuffed off in the corners out of the way. When you combine these two reasons together, you get the typical qwerty layout - so a lot of oddities (why is a letter like j so central when it isn't that common?) will have come about through adaptations to suit the other needs (it may have been placed there to facilitate splitting or moving other keys). With computer keyboard of course there is no need to consider the keys jamming any more, so we are free to rearrange the keys as we like, however at this point qwerty is so well known that the more efficient alternatives like dvorak have never really gained that much traction, as people don't want to have to relearn the muscle memory they have developed using the qwerty layout, or have to constantly adapt changing back and forth between different systems."
],
"score": [
11,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw99hf
|
Why are Many Flying Insects bigger than Non-flying Insects, What's the advantage of being larger-sized as a Flying Insect?
|
I've noticed that many of the biggest insects can fly. Of course there are some large insects that don't fly, like the Giant Weta or the Giant Stickbugs, but many other large insects like Goliath Beetles, Atlas Moths, Giant Water Bugs, Tarantula Hawks, Hercules Beetles, Giant Hornets, and many more, and heck, even the largest insects that ever lived on Earth were Meganeuras or Meganeuropsis Giant Dragonflies, Insects that can fly! Wouldn't larger size and weight be a disadvantage over flying creatures? What makes it more advantageous for a flying insect to be larger-sized?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y9pr4",
"g5ynu7a"
],
"text": [
"Greater access to nutrients. They have a far larger effective range and have less of a selective pressure on their size to be energy efficient. Also larger wings increase this range and access and efficiency though obviously this does encounter diminishing returns, but for the insect world larger wings are generally more efficient.",
"Firstly, flying insects in general are not bigger than non-flying insects. But, if anything, It is likely that the reasoning is the other way around: it’s not that flying insects have to be bigger, it’s that bigger insects have to fly. Bigger insects require more resources, and so need to cover more area. Flying helps. Bigger insects cannot live close by to each other or in as big numbers like smaller insects, and so have to fly to find each other. Bigger insects are often slower, and bigger targets for predators, and so need to be able to fly to escape."
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iw9a2m
|
How comes when its dark you can often see something easier by not looking directly at it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y37j5"
],
"text": [
"There are two types of light receptor cells in your eye: rods, which detect light generally, and cones, which detect colours. The central part of your eye is packed with loads of cones to give you sharp colour vision, but cones aren't as sensitive to light as rods are, which means the peripheral vision (where there are far more rods) is better in darkness than the central part is."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw9dry
|
What keeps mosquitoes from biting us when we use bug repellent?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5y3epk",
"g5y7jcp"
],
"text": [
"I'm pretty sure it just makes us taste like shit. Neat little bit of trivia: eating garlic will reduce mosquito bites. It's because you smell like shit. Also keeps away leeches and vampires",
"Bug repellant tastes stinky and gross to them, so they don't want to eat you. Imagine if someone put poop all over the buffet table"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iw9yrb
|
Why is it normal for men to just get bald as they age, but women don't just get bald?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ydtkb"
],
"text": [
"Some women do go bald, but male pattern baldness is caused by testosterone hormone which men have at much higher quantities."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iwa1gz
|
why do we feel cold in the summer with the AC set to 72 but hot in the winter with the heat set to 70?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5yaffe"
],
"text": [
"You get acclimated to the climate. For example, I regularly work within a few feet of steel coils at a temperature of 400°C. When i first started this job it was unbearable, I'd sweat my ass off every day. Tonight, clothes are totally dry. Still doing the same job, still rolling steel that's hot, I'm just acclimated to the temperature, my body is used to it. So when it's been high 30s (again, Celsius) for several months and drops a few degrees in the fall, we throw on jackets. But when it's been -30 for a few months and it pops up to +5 im going out in a t-shirt because my body is used to the cold."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iwabv1
|
What is bruising and why does it seem like some bodies bruise easier than others?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5yauwa"
],
"text": [
"A bruise is basically a little trapped blood uner the skin. Whwn you gst hurt be it a bump or falling over, you sometimes burst the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) and bleed a little. You can tell how old the bruise is by the colour. Fresh is purple and blue and older is green and yellow."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iwafh5
|
More diversity within groups than between groups
|
Not sure if it’s in the right subcategory but in my intro to anthropology course we went over gene pools and comparing inhabitants of different continents one point that was made about biodiversity was the statement: there is more diversity within groups than between groups But if they are different groups wouldn’t the two groups have more differences than the people w/in the groups have with each other? Unless I’m remembering it wrong
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ydcbk",
"g5ybg47"
],
"text": [
"Alice is a woman and Bob is a man. Who is taller? You can guess Bob, and you’re not wrong to guess Bob if you have to pick one guess. Men are, on average, considerably taller than women. But hopefully you can see why there’s a very good chance you’d be wrong if you just said “Bob.” Now if you get into a question like, who is better at math? The differences between men and women in math are much smaller than in height. Some studies show the advantage for women and some for men. So if you have to guess based on just the fact that Alice is a woman and Bob is a man, you’re not going to do much better than random chance. Let’s say men’s average score on a given math test is 74.2 points and women’s is 73.9 points — just guessing “Bob” is better at math is barely better than flipping the coin, because the differences between Einstein and Ralph Wiggum are much bigger than the difference between the average man and average woman. Because of this, you shouldn’t use someone’s gender to predict their math ability, unless their gender is the only piece of information you have and you must make a decision now. That’s almost never true — if you want to know who’s better at math, instead of using a gender stereotype, just literally ask them one math question. Just ask them 13 times 23 and you have a vastly better data point to go from than their gender.",
"Take two groups of dice-rolls. The tribe of 2d6's vs the tribe of 2d8s. The 2d6's will range from 2-12 and will average at 7. The 2d8's will range from 2-16 and will average at... 8? 2-12 is a range of 10. There's a lot of diversity. The average of 7 vs the average of 8 is only 1, Not so diverse. When talking about the group of 2d6's, you're talking about their average. There's lies, damned lies, and statistics."
],
"score": [
7,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
iwai8r
|
Why do OLED displays show individual RGB Pixels whenever they get wet?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"g5ydymx"
],
"text": [
"The water drop acts as a magnifying glass since it’s lens-shaped. The pixels are small so you only see them when magnified"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
iwb292
|
Where did all the different units of measurement come from? And how did we get a uniformed decision on what is what?
|
I’m thinking distance or weight. Where did a fathom or metre come from and how do I know that my kilo is the same as yours?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"For the most part, somebody just creates a unit, and if it catches on, we use is. One thing that you might find interesting is to read up on the 'Le Grand K'. Basically, the kilogram was (until last year) defined as 'exactly the weight of 'Le Grand K, which is stored in France. This causes some issues. 1. I can't really go there and measure it, and 2, the weight is not stable. Since that object ALWAYS (pre 2019) weights 1 kilogram, as it gains or loses weight, the definition of a kilogram should change. For many practical reasons, it doesn't, which is why there was an effort to replace the standard. Here is an interesting video about it (pre 2019), so this is an attempt to replace the standard. URL_0",
"Lengths were usually based on body parts. A cubit for example was the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Hands for height of horses is another. Area was usually agricultural. An acre was the average distance an ox could plow in a day. Carats for gemstones was apparently based on carob seeds. Governments often codified standards for trade purposes. The rise of science demand even more uniformity and precision. The metric system or form ofnit was proposed in the 1670 and was officially standardized by the french republic in 1790."
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[
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iwb920
|
How do pension providers project your annual pension, since they don't know when you are going to die?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"text": [
"They don't need to know when you're going to die. They do need to know how many, out of 10,000 or 100,000 people just like you, will die this year, and next, and the year after that, etc. Given enough people similar to you, they can project with pretty much near certainty how many will die over a given time period, and they make their pension projections accordingly. This is done by actuaries - very smart people who run massive death data sets through sophisticated analyse to build highly predictive models. These models are very good at predicting death rates (after all, there's lots and lots of data about who died, when they died, how they died and how old they were when they died)."
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[
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[
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|
iwbewx
|
If sharks are predators, why are it’s eyes on the sides of the head?
|
I read in school that prey have eyes on the sides of the head (sheep, cows, etc) to spot predators coming whereas predators have eyes on the front. Is this rule not applicable to marine biology?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"Land predators rely on sight more than sharks do, while sharks rely on smell more. Hammerheads are the best example, their eyes are way out to the side right? They sense the electromagnetic field of their prey, even below the sand.",
"Furthermore, it's not \"predators have front facing eyes\" but more of \"as a rule of thumb, mammalian predators tend to have front facing eyes\". Eagles and crocodiles for example are predators and have side facing eyes.",
"Like with people, land predators generally get the best view of something they want to eat when looking directly at it. So for this reason both eyes generally focus in front. Herbivores generally need to see all around themselves so their eyes are on the side of their heads letting them see behind and in front to a degree. Sharks and other water creatures all have their eyes on the side because they need a more 360 degree field of view."
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[
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[
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iwc342
|
Why do some surfaces of a pure glass cube act like mirrors when looking at them from the "inside" from certain angles?
|
It's hard to explain this, I'd love to just show a photo because I have a glass cube in front of me and am quite confused at what's happening lol
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
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"Imagine skipping a stone on a pond. If you throw it nearly parallel to the water it will bounce off the surface. If you throw it straight down, it will go into the water. Light behaves similarly. When you look at it from a certain angle through the cube, it’ll ‘skip’ off the surface. If you want more detail, look up refraction and reflection of light"
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3
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[
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[
"url"
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iwcdi8
|
What is the physiological cause of that deep seated anxiety lump in our chest during stressful or disheartening experiences?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
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"The \"anxiety lump\" in your throat (when you're about to do public speaking, or when you're upset and about to cry), is caused by muscular tension keeping your glottis dilated to maximize air flow. The \"clenched chest\" or \"heartache\" deeper down your torso is caused by vagus nerve (which largely controls parasympathetic control of your organs) getting kicked out of \"chill\" mode by stress and entering \"survival\" mode, so it's going to tell the various organs to pump blood harder and faster, stop digesting, start producing cortisol and adrenaline, etc.",
"There's a part of your brain called the amygdala that controls your fight or flight response. When the amygdala activates it causes a response in nerves and blood vessels in your abdomen and chest. Often times people feel sick to their stomach or have chest pain when really anxious because of this",
"ELI5? You're an animal. [A primate specifically.]( URL_0 ) And evolution has primed us with thousands of specific adaptions to survive our predators. One of those is the **acute stress response**, better known as ['flight or fight']( URL_1 ). Which involves flooding our systems with cocktails of hormones to devote resources towards immediate survival. Unfortunately for us now living *out* of the food chain, the response is hair-triggered by design. After all, there was no such thing as *nearly* escaping your predators. You either live to reproduce or you don't. Meaning our bodies have a habit of going all-in at the slightest provocation. Even in situations where it's not appropriate, such as stressful social situations or receiving bad news. So to specifically answer your question - what's happening is a sudden cascade of signalling hormones that up the heart rate, dilate the pupils, halt digestion, flush your face, shake the muscles, bring your brain into hyper-arousal and prepare for a situation that the body thinks is life or death. But it's not life or death. You've just bumped into your ex at the supermarket.",
"It’s part of the “flight of fight” process, your body naturally activates certain hormones when you feel as if you are in danger or could potentially be in danger. You feel uncomfortable and that you’d rather “run away” because that’s exactly what your body is telling you to do. Feeling jittery, needing to use the bathroom- it’s all physical manifestations of changes in your brain chemistry. In the much bigger picture facing these feelings, especially when your just nervous about something minor like speaking in public- will help quell these feelings in the future. “Avoidance” to the situation that makes you feel uneasy will reinforce these feelings of anxiety the next time it comes up- and you can develop a “fear” of speaking in public, or elevators, or heights. Now Anxiety can be a good thing, and there are foolhardy things your body is telling you not to do and you should listen. But try to remember feelings are facts, take a breath and clear your mind. If you don’t feed into the anxiety can dissipate fairly quickly.",
"Humans are one of very few animals that can predict and plan for the future. As Lao Tzu said, \"If you are anxious, you're living in the future.\" Since we know that something may happen, we sometimes focus on the worst that could happen. We do it to avoid danger, but too much of it makes us scared to do anything.",
"The adrenaline response does one thing = get energy to the muscles ASAP. All other processes that require energy are turned down to low. Digestion (butterflies), waste (urination), immune system (stress cold), all take a backseat to skeletal muscle (jitters) and sensory nervous system (time slowing down). The circulatory system also gets ahead of the work that is about to happen by raising blood pressure, increasing heart rate, and increasing breathing. Thermoregulation also gets ahead of the work by cooling down your body (sweating) preemptively so the action of your muscles doesn't cause you to prematurely overheat when you're running/fighting for your life. Emergency fuel stores (glycogen) are also released by your liver to add more gas to your muscles, which is why people under adrenaline are stronger than their baseline.",
"Does it physically hurt for anyone else? When I get that lump, and for me it manifest as a lump in my chest, it huuuuuurts. Like, it's some of the worst physical pain I've ever had. Its a constant pain that just sits. And I also can't eat. If I do it comes right back up.",
"To be very simple. Stress means adrenaline, adrenaline means your heart goes faster than when relaxed (60 to 100 beats per second) plus, adrenaline makes the arteries that surround the heart (this arteries are said to cover the heart as a crown, and thus are called coronaries, from Latin corona that means crown) more narrow (the more adrenaline, the narrower) and the combination of fast heart and narrow coronaries makes the feeling of not having enough air to cover the metabolic expenses. The (supousedly) lack of air makes you feel dizzy, and the lack of oxigen in the heart now that goes faster makes it release substances that causes pain"
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