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ktw36o
|
What is the atomic explanation of ice being less dense than liquid water?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gioen4k"
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"text": [
"Water molecules form a strong pseudo-bond with one another called a *hydrogen bond*. This isn't as strong as the true bonds in molecules, but it is much stronger than typical forces between different molecules. This means that water molecules interact more strongly than molecules of most other materials, and it means that hydrogen bonds are by far the most important factor in the behavior of water molecules in bulk. With respect to everyday ice, this bonding causes water to form an unusually open crystal structure. The hydrogen bonds want to align along the crystal's axes, because otherwise there's tension left over trying to pull them back into line. Because of the exact angles of the bonds in water, which line up nicely with some crystal lattices but not others, water is therefore encouraged to adopt one of the lattices where the angles are close to lined up. It turns out that the hexagonal pattern ice actually takes lines up pretty well: the 105 degree angles between the hydrogens in each water molecule line up quite closely with the roughly 109.5 degree angles of the lattice. It happens that this hexagonal lattice isn't very good at packing the molecules close together, so ice isn't very dense."
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4
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|
ktwx3j
|
Why are diet soft drinks so much more fizzy than the full sugar soft drinks?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gionqih",
"gipitst"
],
"text": [
"Sugar takes up a lot of space. It's harder to dissolve as much gas, when so much sugar is also dissolved in the same space.",
"It’s because sugar causes the viscosity of the liquid to increase. Diet actually isn’t more fizzy, but rather, due to lower viscosity, the bubbles can rise to the surface with less resistance, so it appears more fizzy. Imagine boiling honey vs boiling water."
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12,
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ktxicj
|
why do banks not process your payments on the weekends? For example, if I make a rent payment on Friday, the money isn’t withdrawn from my account until Monday. If it’s all electronic, why can’t they process it the next day?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giomw9l"
],
"text": [
"In the U.S., the Federal Reserve is responsible for exchanging money between banks. They don't work weekends."
],
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13
],
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[
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|
ktxjnq
|
How does the +/- stat for hockey work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giomsgb"
],
"text": [
"If you’re on the ice for a goal against your team, you get a minus. If you’re on the ice for a goal for your team, you get a plus. This is added up to bring you your total for each game, and is continuously added throughout the season. this can become a negative number in the case where a player is on the ice for more goals against than goals for in their career."
],
"score": [
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ktxvqw
|
Why does some bread get moldy before getting stale, and others get stale before getting moldy?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giosop6"
],
"text": [
"I think it depends on the moisture content. Mold prefers warm and damp conditions, whereas bread exposed to the air is more likely to dry out."
],
"score": [
3
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[
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|
kty2uu
|
Why does your voice sounds different on a recording and why do we hate it so much when we hear it if it's what others hear?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gioqrkr"
],
"text": [
"Your skull and chest resonate your voice giving it more warmth and bass. There’s a fancy term called bone conduction that also plays a major part. Basically just means how sound transmits through vibration and your ones conduct the sound. When you’re hearing a recording, none of that extra resonance or bone conduction is in play any more. You just aren’t used to it when you hear it on a recording. You get used to it though"
],
"score": [
6
],
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
kty43b
|
I’ve never flown and would like some help
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giorsob",
"giorl0v",
"giotf74",
"giotodg",
"giourtb"
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"text": [
"Talk to ANY of the staff you see manning any of the lines. Tell them it is your first time flying. They’ll totally help you out. It’s refreshing for someone in their role to be able to help someone have a better experience at the airport, than just dealing with someone who is angry about something.",
"Especially if it's a larger airport, plan to arrive at least 1.5 to 2 hours before the scheduled departure time just in case something happens. Many airlines and airports allow mobile boarding passes these days: if so, check in can be done via the airline's mobile app, and the boarding pass accessed from there. If you are travelling with checked bags, you will still have to stop by the airlines check in counter for that, but otherwise you can just head to security with a boarding pass (and an identification document such as a driver's license) in hand. Plug the same airline and flight number information on your ticket into Google, and that should show you a similar flight happening today. Notice the gate numbers (gate assignments rarely change very dramatically over time) and look at where they are on a map of the airport terminal you can find searching on google images or similar.",
"Priceline sold you the ticket, but the people who will actually fly you from Texas to Chicago are the airline. Find out who they are and how to check in for your flight. You will almost certainly be able to check in online in advance, though the specifics vary by airline. If all else fails, you can check in at the airport (go to the departures area and look for your airline's desk). You should decide your luggage situation. If you don't have much, you can take it as a single carry-on like a small suitcase or duffel bag (your airline will have specific size limits). If you're traveling with a lot, you will have to check a bag, which can be much larger. Airlines often charge extra for this. You can check a bag at the same desk where you check-in. You get to bring a carry-on even if you check a bag. You get a boarding pass when you check in, either online or in person. Your boarding pass will indicate the gate your flight is departing from. Each gate is in a terminal, and terminals are usually indicated by a leading letter. So if your boarding pass says \"D32\", you're in gate 32 of terminal D. When you arrive at the airport, look for your airline - most only fly out of one terminal. It's often difficult to travel between terminals, and you may only be allowed through security at your terminal. Check TSA regulations for travel documents and the items in your carry-on. You will need a boarding pass, which you get when you check in, and some ID (a driver's license or passport will do). TSA forbids the things you'd expect - weapons, sharp objects, things that could explode - and some things you wouldn't, like liquids except in small amounts. Blame 9/11. Basic advice is to show up to the airport 2 hours before your departure time, but you should add some time to account for the fact that you're unfamiliar with the airport/flying in general. On a normal day, checking a bag and going through security should take about 30-45 minutes. Most airlines start boarding 30 minutes before the scheduled departure time. Any extra time can be spent relaxing/shopping/eating in the terminal.",
"(Disclaimer: I haven't flown since before the pandemic.) You'll need a photo ID, like a driver's license or passport. If you have luggage, you'll need to get to the airport a couple of hours before your scheduled departure. Have at least one small bag to keep with you, for papers, books, computer, etc. Go to the airport terminal which serves your airline. Look for the check-in counter, and tell them your name, and flight number and/or destination. Answer their questions and follow their instructions. You hand over the baggage you don't want to carry with you on the plane. You'll walk away with a boarding pass, which you'll need to get on the plane. It'll identify the gate your plane is leaving from, your seat, and the boarding time. Go through the security check point leading to that gate. You'll probably have to take off shoes, etc. and maybe open your carry-on bag. Go to the gate and wait for boarding instructions. You'll be in \"Group [whatever]\"; when you're called, get in line, present your boarding pass to the agent, and board the plane. Seats are in numbered rows, labeled from left-side to right as A, B, C, etc. Stow your carry-on stuff in the overhead compartment, under the seat in front of yours, or in the pocket on the back of that seat. Do whatever they tell you, regarding seatbelts, masks, etc. Enjoy your flight home!",
"If you are worried then just make sure to show up to the airport early. This way you have time to find out what to do next and even ask people to help you out. The airport layout and signs is also intended to help you out a lot so pay attention to this. The first thing you do is check-in. Just follow the instructions given. There is usually different check-in points for different airliners and there might be counters with staff that helps you and there might be self check-in computers. You want a boarding card for yourself and a baggage tag for each of your baggage, except the carry-on. Make sure you attach the baggage tags properly, place any additional stickers with copies of the barcode on your baggage so that machines can read the barcode if it is upside down. Pay attention to the destination airport on the baggage tag because if you are flying via another airport then you might have to claim the baggage and get another baggage tag for the next part of your journey. The baggage is dropped off at a conveyor where you scan the barcode to hand it off to the machinery of the airport. Next off you and your carry-on is to go through security. Just follow the instructions and you will do better then half the people there. When you are past security you are in the terminal itself. There are big screens everywhere saying which flight is departing when and from which gate. These are everywhere in the terminal so you can always look up the status of your flight. This is when you potentially have time to kill. Eat dinner, go shopping, watch videos, browse reddit, etc. Just make sure you pay attention to the screen and your flight. You have to be at the gate when they close boarding and preferably before they start boarding. The screen will tell you the status of the gate so you know when you have to leave your half eaten chicken salad and run. Then just follow instructions and you will safely end up at the destination airport. Just remember that you need to get your baggage before you leave. There is usually a one way door so that you can not enter the baggage claim area from outside the airport to deter thieves. And in some airports it is too easy to miss the baggage claim area and end up outside without your baggage."
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ktyht6
|
Why do muscles get warm when they cramp up?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giow7aq"
],
"text": [
"In case no one else answers, I’m going to guess that it’s because your muscles are in a state of contraction. This would cause more blood flow(increases heat) to the area and consumes energy which gives off heat as wel"
],
"score": [
7
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[
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[
"url"
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|
ktyjec
|
When a bruise or blood blister heals, where does the blood go?
|
If bruises and blood blisters are bleeding beneath the skin, when it heals that blood has to have gone somewhere right?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gioyo10"
],
"text": [
"It's cleared out by various white blood cells. Ultimately, the breakdown products of red blood cells - particularly hemoglobin - are processed by the liver. This produces a chemical called *bilirubin*, which is a major component of bile; that bile is duped into your intestines and you poop it out. It's why poop and bruises have the same colors (pale yellow to brown and black), actually - both get their color from bilirubin and its breakdown products."
],
"score": [
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ktyx9a
|
What happens to the pus in an abscess when you take antibiotics?
|
Where does the pus go?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip2mt4"
],
"text": [
"Once the antibiotics kill the bacteria causing the infection, your body will start reabsorbing the pus and destroying the waste products. Pus is made up mostly of dead bacteria and used white blood cells and your body can carry those away to be flushed out through normal waste processing."
],
"score": [
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ktz9q8
|
Why do some pills need to be dissolved under the tongue instead of swallowed whole?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gioyd5t",
"gioys32"
],
"text": [
"Typically sublingual absorption has a more rapid and complete effect, whereas with digestion, full absorption isn't guaranteed due to variances in digestive duration. For me, for example, i process products VERY rapidly and don't always absorb the full amount of the medication. Additionally, some medications may not be as digestion friendly, so it's a more guaranteed and efficient result going the sublingual route.",
"Some medicines are better absorbed and are able to do their job through sublingual administration, especially during emergency situations (allergic reactions, chest pain from an underlying heart condition, etc.), as it immediately enters the bloodstream. When swallowed whole, the pill still has to pass through the gastrointestinal system and undergo different processes so it takes longer have any effect on the body."
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3
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[
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ktzksj
|
what's ADHD ?
|
any explanations please. thank yuou.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip10xv",
"gip1dk0"
],
"text": [
"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurological disorder. People with ADHD have low levels of attention and high levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, distraction. This makes it difficult to concentrate, focus, stay on task, manage time, sit still, be organized.",
"Can’t focus on task that you simply don’t give a fuck about for long periods of time, when you do find a task you enjoy you spend hours doing it. Basically the inability to focus and remember things easily, “remembering” comes from focus. Some people can experience it differently though, but it’s relatively the same concept."
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4
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[
"url"
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ktzvyr
|
What is the difference between Enterprise Value and Market Capitalization?
|
I saw two posts about Tesla compared to the other top 10 car companies. One comparison showed Tesla as larger than the other 10, one showed it lower. Why is this?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip4v6p"
],
"text": [
"Market cap is just the number of common shares of stock * the current stock price. Enterprise value is that, plus [several other things]( URL_0 ) like debt, preferred stock, and pension liabilities, minus cash and the value of associate companies (other companies that the company owns a significant amount of, but less than a majority). EV is essentially the cost to completely purchase a company from everyone who has any claim on it, not just stockholders. For Tesla, those numbers are almost the same, but for other companies, EV is often much larger (though it can be lower if the company has a lot of cash). Of course, the difference could also just be when the posts were made, since Tesla's value has increased 20% in just the last week."
],
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3
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_value#EV_equation"
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ktzwr5
|
How are most promotional contests “no purchase necessary” when you need to buy a product to get a code/entry?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip2b2l",
"gip2ebw",
"gip44yj"
],
"text": [
"They are required by law to offer a free way to enter. If you look at the fine print there will be some mechanism to get a game piece or otherwise enter the contest without purchasing the product.",
"You are allowed to send a postcard and get one free entry into the contest. Most places require this, so that the contest is not technically a lottery. As lotteries are only allowed to be run by the government.",
"The text is there because there is a way to enter that doesn't involve buying the product. This method is there to avoid gambling legislation. It's by design as barebones, non-fun and non-advertised as possible, but it still needs to be a functional option. Usually it's something along the lines of, send them some mail, email or such. This avoids gambling legislation as you're not paying them anything for your participation."
],
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8,
3
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ktzzh2
|
What exactly is imposter syndrome?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip3502"
],
"text": [
"Not really. What you have is called “struggling.” Imposter syndrome is a feeling that your success is undeserved. Unprovoked Anxiety can be treated. Talk to your doctor."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ktzznh
|
if lint is just fibers from my clothes being pulled out in the dryer, why are my clothes not completely dissolved after decades of being put through said dryer?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip89o7",
"gip7jw2"
],
"text": [
"Basically: clothes wear out before they can fall apart, but this wear is partly due to shedding lint. Clothes made from natural fibers like wool and cotton, especially thinner weight items like t shirts, do wear thin after enough washes. As they get thinner they become easier to tear and we eventually throw them out long before they could actually dissolve, but if you kept at it long enough they would eventually just be rags, and if you kept washing those ece dually they'll be shredded, and if you kept washes those eventually they'd fall apart into pieces and somewhere down the line actually dissolve. Synthetic fibers are longer and often stronger so they break less easily. If your clothes are not 100% cotton, they will last even longer.",
"If you weigh your laundry load before washing, and then weigh your lint, you will find that clothes are heavy."
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6
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[
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ku08mc
|
why is starting the hardest part?
|
Pretty self-explanatory, but why is the saying “starting is the hardest part” so true? I’m thinking more is there any neurological or emotional reason why starting something takes so much more effort than continuing something? The act itself requires so much more energy output from your body, so why do we typically resist the first step more than the steps after?
|
Psychology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip6hpj"
],
"text": [
"Momentum. Our brain usually keeps doing what it was doing. Takes some motivating force to change it. If you trained yourself to behave or think a kind of way for ten years, it's going to take a while untrain or retrain."
],
"score": [
3
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[
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ku0r99
|
How are shower drains not a cesspool of sickness when they have heat, moisture and human organic material?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gip7vit",
"gip80n9"
],
"text": [
"They probably are but everything flows downward. Also there is a trap under there to keep the lower sewer gas and debris from rising. Further a properly cleaned shower will have some bleach (or other cleaner) run through there somewhat regularly.",
"Wait, you do realize that they drain into the sewer or septic system, right?"
],
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10,
4
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[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ku1d6d
|
Why is that humans tend to make high pitch voices with pets or animals that are cute?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipcucv",
"girs7y4"
],
"text": [
"Ok so, we instinctively use the tone in our voice that serves to communicate our mood to our fellow humans. Want to sound intimidating? Lower in pitch and louder volume it is then (think of someone shouting madly in an violent argument). The pitch needs to be lower, because larger animals, with their wider thorax, make lower pitched sounds (for mechanical reasons), so that helps us to sound big and dangerous. When we talk to babies, to lovers, or to children, it's the opposite: we want to send the message \"I'm not dangerous\". And the opposite is: higher pitched, softer voices. So that's what we will instinctively do. With cute animals, we automatically set the \"talk to babies\" mode to the max.",
"It’s simple really. High pitched sounds get the attention of animals. Try speaking to a puppy in a low voice and you’ll soon see they ignore you. But a high pitched excited voice gets their attention."
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11,
3
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[
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[
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ku1if8
|
How do number systems that aren’t base 10 work?
|
Like I know computers use hexadecimal and I know that means it’s base 16 but like what the fuck does *that* mean??
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipd0vk",
"gipd42x"
],
"text": [
"Think about base 10. You have 0-9 as your first group, and then once you get to 10, you start your second group. Your second group is 10-19, and 20 starts the next group. If you had a base 6 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ... 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 If you had a base 2 system, you would have 0, 1 10, 11 100, 101 110, 111 1000, 1001 1010, 1011 1100, 1101 1110, 1111 10000, 10001 In a base 16 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F ... F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F I don't know if I actually explained it well. But hopefully smaller examples helped you understand. My favorite system is base 12, so I just looked up a bunch of youtube videos explaining that to me when it wasn't fully making sense",
"Pretty much the same as base 10 works: you have 16 symbols to represent numbers, and each position represents some power of 16. So, let's start at base 10. How does base ten work? Well, you have ten symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), and a number is formed by placing those symbols next to each other to indicate different powers of 10: so 519 means 9, plus 1 x 10^1, plus 5 x 10^2. In something like base three you have three symbols (0,1,2), and arrange powers of three. So in base 3 102 means 2, plus 0 x 3^1, plus 1 x 3^2: 2 + 9 = 11. Hexadecimal works the same: you have 16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F), and each digit represents some power of 16. So the three times table (in base ten) goes like this in hex: 3, 6, 9, C, F, 12, 15, 18, 1B, 1E, 21, e.t.c. Of course the numbers are the same: C is 12, 15 in base 3 is 24 in base 10 (1 x 16 + 5), 21 is 33 (16 x 2 + 1 = 33), and what have you. The math doesn't change, just the way we represent it. This representation different can be more comfortable when working with something like computers which is built on binary which is often more comfortable to represent in hex."
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[
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ku1ijy
|
why rivers only rarely freeze, even in subzero temperatures
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipc879"
],
"text": [
"I’m no scientist but it probably has to do with the constant motion of the water and the currents. Rivers up north freeze when it’s cold enough though."
],
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4
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"url"
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|
ku1luz
|
How come PCs can render 100 FPS in gaming, but it takes so long to render a single frame in blender
|
Blender is a 3d animation software thingy idk the exact terminology
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipdet8"
],
"text": [
"Because games are cheating to bring you \"good enough\" as fast as it can and try to avoid as much work as possible whereas software like Blender spend as much time as they need (when configured to do so) to render the scene in as realistic, accurate way as it can in as high quality as it is permitted. This is a very intense work when you don't allow any cheating."
],
"score": [
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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ku20l7
|
When alcohol dissolves something, where does the dissolved substance go?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipg08k"
],
"text": [
"Whatever was dissolved will still be there just broken down into much smaller pieces. The distribution will be much more evenly spread. If there is a chemical reaction it may create a gas that will be released in which case the properties of what was dissolved won’t entirely be in the alcohol."
],
"score": [
7
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
ku265g
|
why do our eyes (or brain) not autocalibrate for vision deficiencies?
|
Our eyes and brain are fundamentally just an adjustable sensor and an interpreter for the signal output. Why is it that say a nearsighted person’s brain cannot either: 1: reinterpret the blurry image to become more sharp 2: recalibrate the eyes, telling it to change how it adjusts to get a more clear image at the focal point If we were to make an analog of our eyes and brain with say, a magnifying glass, camera, candle, and computer; I know the second option is possible to do manually in this system, and I’m fairly certain there’s software available to clean up a fuzzed image.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giphags"
],
"text": [
"Near sightedness happens when our eyeballs are too long such that the light entering our eyes focuses in front of the retina and not directly on it, resulting in a blurry image. Since the signal input is messed up, the brain really cant do much since it cannot change the shape of the eyeball itself. It does try squinting because that alters how much and how light enters your eye so that it falls in a better place in the retina but obv this is not a viable long term solution. Glasses and lenses on the other hand bend light so that when it enter the eyeball it hits the retina perfectly and restores vision. The brain does have a remarkable capacity of adjusting vision, eg your nose is in the middle of your eyesight and the brain edits it out. However in this case it cannot make something out of nothing."
],
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6
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku2c71
|
Why can’t you just go underwater before the tsunami hits
|
I’ve always thought this as a kid and I’ve been told it doesn’t work that way but never got an actual explanation
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giphs79",
"gipiuka",
"gipl9y1",
"giplbdh",
"gipms2p"
],
"text": [
"How would that help? You'd still get flung up the flooding (and full of debris) coast, and you'd just miss out on that last few seconds of breathing.",
"Tsunamis are incredibly powerful. They aren't a wave, they're more like a wall of water and one that will most likely contain solid objects as anything movable in its path will be picked up. It's not that you can't go underwater before it hits, it's just a very bad idea. The water is not calm once it reaches land but incredibly turbulent, and it will be very difficult to stay on the surface. There will be lots of debris floating around which may injure you, even knocking you unconscious. The force of the water is incredibly strong and there will be no way to fight against it - you'll be carried wherever the water takes you and that could well be into a tree or the side of a building. The chances of you drowning are incredibly high.",
"A tsunami isn't a really tall wave that comes crashing down, like in the cartoons. It's more like a long, deep surge of water that seems to never stop coming into shore. You're on the beach and you notice that the water is receding unusually far out, a lot faster than it would if it were the tide changing. Maybe the surface of the water is roiling and foamy. Then it changes and the water starts coming back into shore. Not much faster than a normal wave might come in, but the wave doesn't stop and roll back again. It just keeps coming in, and coming in, and the sea level is rising behind it. There is a mass of tons and tons of water that is going to push onto land and start flowing into buildings and down streets. It will pick up cars, break up houses, maybe uproot trees, and float them along and crash them into other things. You REALLY do not want to be swimming in that. If you're out at sea, though, a tsunami can pass by without you even noticing. It can feel like a slightly higher and wider wave than usual. You can swim in that no problem, though since you're well away from shore you might as well stay in the boat.",
"If you are out at sea deep sea a tsunami is not very high but a very wide and fast wave. A ship out there or someone in the water would barely notice it. When the water gets shallower the wave gets higher and that is what you see when it hit land. The wave still very long and can go inland many km with water and cover the ground with a couple of meters of water. It will sweep building that is not very strong and everyone else inland. It will not be just the water on the top that moves inward but down to the bottom. Even if you could stay on the bottom the waves can be so wide that it takes a minute to pass above you. So if you dive close to the shoe to escape it you will be swept in with the water, if you cant get to the surface you will drown. So the result is not significantly different if you fell in from a building still standing. Just look at [this video]( URL_0 ) where the water flows between the houses and sweep everything with it. If you dived in shallow water you would be swept in along all other debris. You can compare a tsunami to was a regular wave of water. Compare it to what happens if a large dam collapse and a huge amount of water are released. That is likely a lot simpler to comprehend.",
"So the one misconception about tsunamis is that it’s a big wave face, so grab your surf board!!! No. It’s a rise of the level of the sea. If you’re standing on the beach and you have a decent size set coming in, and it rises you up 15 ft off the beach you were standing on, you’re prolly not going to have anything to hold on to when the wave recedes and takes you out to the ocean. Also, if you are a little more inland, there can be a lot of debris in the water, causing injury. [about halfway through this video]( URL_0 ) you can see the first wave hitting Japan. No way to “dive under” the wave."
],
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17,
16,
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3
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aLzg10Vzzw"
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[
"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mk68bZ701s0"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku2kim
|
How does a computer create a 3D image? What are the inputs and how does the computer use them to output a 3D image for movies and video games?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipqgl9"
],
"text": [
"well the short answer will be maths. lots and lots of maths. to elaborate a bit: let's say you want to draw a cube. you can describe it (store in a file) as a bunch of points - (0,0,0), (0,10,0), (10,0,0), and so on, where numbers correspond to the vertices' positions on the x, y, z axis respectively. if you want to draw it on a screen, like, maybe rotated or something, your software would need to perform some trigonometrical calculations in order to find out where the vertices of the cube \"land\" on the plane of the screen. it's all determined by the numbers. if you want to lit it up or something, you'll also have a bunch of numbers to specify how well the surface reflects the light, what color is it, etc. then you do some more calculations in order to find out how each place on the cube would look if it's being hit by rays from some given source of light, etc. that's what videocards are doing. lots and lots of calculations in order to find out how each piece would look eventually (i. e. what color to display on the screen... where the color is expressed by numbers and is calculated from some other numbers)"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
|
ku2n30
|
why is it easier to fall asleep in an uncomfortable position???
|
Has anyone else noticed that when you are traveling (bus, car, train) even with the sunlight on the face, when you are just sitting and got too tired or when you are on a couch without a pillow or blanket, or even with jeans, shoos or uncomfortable cloth you have to fight to fall asleep? And when you are in your bed, covered, with comfortable cloth, lights off and no noise you just can't? Edit: I think there's a science thing here... like, when you are in the middle of the day and you fell asleep you resist it because is not the right place to sleep. Therefore, your body persists, somehow? But when you are in bed you *supposed* to sleep kind of 'force' it so your mind resists it somehow. I sense like it has to do with something like that. (Why can't I see the comments, it shows there are 3 and I can't read them, is this because they were deleted?)
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giq8dn3"
],
"text": [
"One possibility: while you are in a moving vehicle or on a couch, you manage to zone out more effectively than when you are in a bed, trying to fall asleep. If you're focused on falling asleep while you are in bed, then you'll have trouble falling asleep. (It's a paradox.) If you're just not focusing on anything and sitting there, sometimes your brain can shut off, making it easier to fall asleep. in this case it's not the comfort level, but how much is keeping you awake."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku2syw
|
What are the pros and cons of taking a hot shower versus a cold shower?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipk3rb",
"giplwb1",
"gipn7yw"
],
"text": [
"Hot showers tend to dry out your skin quicker. Cold water is better for keeping your hair healthy. That’s about all I know lol",
"cold showers strengthen your immune system and get you energized. warm showers are much more comfortable and calming.",
"Hot showers are great before bed to warm your outer body which cools your core and helps you relax and also opens your pores but can dry your skin out. Cold showers are painful but will definitely wake you up"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku327t
|
How did ancient ruins survive for so long is people were living around them?
|
How did ancient ruins in cities like Rome and Athens survive for so long? Didn't people vandalized them or re-puropose the land? Its hard for me to imagine ruins not just being demolished by people wanting to make way for new buildings and cities.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipmoqd"
],
"text": [
"When I visited the Pont du Gard aqueduct it was explained that the low hanging fruit had been taken but no civilization, post Rome, had sufficient engineering expertise to effectively deconstruct it."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku3le3
|
Why does Kelly Blue Book decide what every single car is worth?? Why does Kelly get to set the price of cars??
|
How does she know? Who is Kelly? Is there some complex math equation involved? Why does no one question what the Kelly Blue Book worth of a car is? Why does everyone go by it?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipqe6n",
"giptgm4",
"gipqvh9"
],
"text": [
"They don't decide it. They collect data on the prices the cars are selling for and average it.",
"When you buy a car you have to get a title for it at your DMV/probate office/etc. They record the sales price and sell that data. KBB and other companies buy it. They then compile everything and know what 2018 Toyota Tacoma SEs are selling for in zip code 123XX. That's the price they are putting in their guide.",
"[This should help with part of this question.]( URL_0 ). As for the rest of it, KBB is a long running company who has assessed vehicles and their worth for the average consumer. However, KBB is not the end all of pricing, as it doesnt factor in absolutely every little detail. Hence the range of expected value."
],
"score": [
15,
6,
3
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"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://tenor.com/view/kelly-guys-name-clerks2-sexy-stud-kinky-kelly-gif-16390066"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku46l5
|
Why do you get so thirsty in the middle of the night when you can go most of the day without wanting water?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giptcb9"
],
"text": [
"Your mouth dries out at night. Due to a combination of breathing with your hanging open, Andrew* movement/swallowing meaning you’re producing less saliva. It’s not necessarily that you’re extra dehydrated at night, but that feeling of dry mouth can make you feel really thirsty. Edit: And Less**** not Andrew"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku4lme
|
Why is there such a taboo on sex and stuff like that?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giq216v"
],
"text": [
"Historically humans were weak against diseases, so communities that adapted to avoid them were more likely to succeed. STDs are such diseases and one way communities avoided STDs was through propagating monogamy and sexual abstinence. Religion was an easy way to propagate these ideals and communities adopting such religions flourished against others that didn't. In the modern days of science this wouldn't be needed anymore, but it's hard to let something go that is such an extreme core belief of many, even though we don't have much reason for it's existence anymore. Same as with the \"no ham in islam\" rule."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku4po8
|
The role that Barber Shops play in Black culture, especially for males.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipwwzg",
"giqnhbs"
],
"text": [
"Economic opportunity for black men; haircuts are in high demand. Hairstyles are important to physical appearance in black culture, and there’s loyalty to the barbershops you go to to get your hair done so it becomes personal. It’s YOUR barber, and that barbershop becomes home-like. The barbershop is then a warm locus in neighbourhoods where you can go and see friends and shoot the shit.",
"It has also been a place where black entrepreneurship has thrived because (in most states) even with a record a man could still be a barber. I had to practice with my son on what to say on the weeks I would take him to the barbershop, temple taper, take a little off the top and fade the back lol. I’d give him a $20 bill and tell him how much to tip. This would kinda help him learn a bit of real world/man to man interaction on his own outside of his father and I."
],
"score": [
22,
8
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku4us0
|
when you make a return to a store, why do they insist on refunding the cost to the original method of payment? Why does it matter?
|
& #x200B;
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gipxlor",
"giq4ads",
"giq4ytr"
],
"text": [
"I worked the service desk at a grocery store (US) and from what I remember it is due to fraud issue/trail of funds. Too many times people have asked for cash back for the refund and then had someone else come back to ask for the same refund cash again or on card, etc. So, unless requested or they didn't have a receipt (which means we put it on a store gift card to use as store credit) it goes back the same way it was paid.",
"Yeah. People will buy items with a stolen card and get cash for a return so they can spend it on drugs or whatever. And cash is no longer traceable.",
"It’s kinda anti-theft too. If you steal a bag from Someone who just bought xYZ and the receipt is in the bag/with the item and you return it, you have cash, the person who paid for it on their debit card is stuck with the bill. But if the store puts the money back on the card, you don’t get anything for the theft, and the person you stole it from isn’t out the money. It’s much safer."
],
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5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku5ghc
|
How does Google know I’m not a robot?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giq22n4"
],
"text": [
"well if it’s one of those buttons that just has “I’m not a robot” written on it, it tracks your mouse movement when you go to click on it. if it’s perfectly straight, you’re a robot. if it’s all wobbly then you’re a human."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku5ywd
|
If we can always see our nose, how does our brain choose to ignore it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giq86lz",
"giq6oku"
],
"text": [
"Sight doesn't happen in your eyes. Sight happens in your brain. Your eyes collect light. And send signals to the brain. Then the brain decodes those signals and fabricates an image. A good comparison is the fact that color does't really exist. Without the brain to invent it. There is no such thing as \"blue\". Just different frequencies of light. Everything you see is just an illusion. You brain makes it all up. This is also why you can have hallucinations during periods of stress, mental illness, or drug use. Any of those things can change the way your brain handles the signals you eyes produce. To bring it full circle to your question. Your eyes tell your brain there is a nose in the way. But your brain chooses not to include it. Fun fact. There is no wavelength of light for magenta. Itp doesn't exist in the rainbow. But of you Google Magenta and go to images. You will see a lot of pink pictures. Yet your computer can't possibly produce a colour that doesn't have a physical wavelength. Magenta happens when blue and red light on the fuethest edges of the spectrum enter your eyes. And your eyes can't figure out if the image should be blue or red. So it tried to find a middle ground. And ends up inventing a color. It's largely believed that everyone sees a different color when they look at magenta. Because all our brains can't come up with the same fake image in the same way.",
"maybe like how you’re always smelling the inside of your nose. you block it out to create a new baseline"
],
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10,
5
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku6xym
|
Why do we "see double" when drunk? Is it just our eyes not focusing properly?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqbbe0"
],
"text": [
"You always see two images, and your brain stitches them together into one image. If you're drunk enough, this stitching process doesn't work too well, and you still have two images."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku73y0
|
Why do gums bleed with infrequent flossing, but don’t when flossing is done regularly?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqqh9f"
],
"text": [
"Bleeding gums is caused by gingivitis. This is a chronic buildup of bacteria in the gingival pockets where the gums meet the teeth. This results in inflammation which weakens the connective tissue attaching the gums to the teeth. It also causes small blood vessels therein to become enlarged, inflammed, and weakened as well, causing potential bleeding. This is due to a wide range of chemical signals produced by white blood cells attacking plaque bacteria. Brushing doesn't easily reach the spaces between teeth, and not flossing can lead to a buildup of plaque there and decay bacteria in the gum pockets there. This results in Interdental Gingivitis. Flossing rarely breaks the weakened blood vessels causing bleeding. However regular flossing cleans plaque and food residue, vastly reducing the population of bacteria. In the past, a large potion of the diet of humans was green vegetables and leaves. This diet rich in roughage acted as a natural toothbrush. Many if not most plants also contain substances which inhibit the growth of bacteria. Gingivitis is at least partially due to a diet excessively rich in starches and sugars which promote the growth of decay bacteria, and poor in green vegetables."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku7adf
|
If antibiotic resistance is an ongoing problem around the globe, should we be concerned about the increase of soap resistant bacteria? Why or why not?
|
I was wondering, Despite having almost the exact same diet, activity, hygiene routine and habit in the past year, i noticed my body start to smell much faster in the past few weeks. Usually my body starts to smell around 6-12 hours after showering, now it's around 3-6 hours. . i live in the equator where there is not much weather difference across the year. If anything, it's currently rainy season and i sweat even less if compared to me in march 2020. . . Is it possible possible that bacteria increasingly more soap resistant with time and soap usage? Why or why not?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqh3ue",
"giqjw5p",
"giqhitq",
"gir207f"
],
"text": [
"No. Soap doesn't actually kill germs. Instead, it makes your skin so slippery that everything just falls off with water. There is no biological defense against this. There are antibacterial soaps, but these are no more effective at keeping you clean and healthy.",
"Soap generally doesn't kill bacteria, it mainly removes them from the surface of your skin by mechanical means and suspends them in water, which is then rinsed down the drain. For a bacteria this may actually be a desirable situation. It's moist in the sewer lines and there's a lot of nutrients floating around. So, this is a bit like asking if trees can evolve resistance to clearcutting with chainsaws. Possibly they could, by evolving stronger wood, but that only really slows logging down a little. This isn't the same as evolving resistance to herbicides or certain pests or diseases. Soap does this by surrounding them with a layer of soap molecules. The skin naturally secretes a sticky oil called *Sebum* from gland located in hair follicles. Bacteria tend to get stuck in the layer of oil. Soap molecules have a charged polar end which is attracted to water molecules. They also have a long hydrocarbon tail which is soluble in oils but not highly water soluble, this is slighly repelled by water molecules but attracted to water insoluble substances. The hydrocarbon tails embed themselves in the layer of sebum on the skin, and also cling to proteins in dead skin cells, dirt particles, and the outer cell walls of bacteria on the skin. The charged head of the soap molecules acts to dislodge droplets of oil from the skin surface including encapsulated bacteria, by means of water's surface tension. The suspended foreign materials and oil droplets are then easily rinsed off.",
"Soap is generally not antibacterial, and even most hand soap isn’t either. the way it works is basically making your skin slippery to germs and dirt, making them able to rinse off much easier. Granted, the chemicals in soap that aren’t specifically antibacterial can theoretically kill some germs, but antibacterial soaps are mostly useless unless used properly by letting the soap sit on your hands for an extended period in order to actually work.",
"No, because while both have chemical aspects, antibiotics work on bacteria in a biological way. Soap works in a more mechanical way. Basically. Similar to, a species might evolve and develop a tolerance against certain poisons, but you cant evolve against being e.g. swept away by a flood or being cut with a blade. Soap works more similarly to both of the latter examples than the former."
],
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13,
4,
3
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
] |
ku7akt
|
Why is it that an even divided by an even can be either odd or even but an odd divided by an odd is always odd?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqdimt",
"giqfggp"
],
"text": [
"\"Even\" just means that 2 is a factor of the number. Division has the effect of removing prime factors. (ex: 14/7 = (2\\*7)/7 = 2. We removed the factor of 7.) If you divide an odd number by an odd number, the first number never had a 2 as a factor. So no matter what factors you take out, you can never get a result that has 2 as a factor. Whereas, if you divide an even number by an even number, there could still be a 2 left over. (ex: 24/6 = (2\\*2\\*2\\*3)/(2\\*3) = (2\\*2) = 4. ) Whether or not you get an even or an odd number depends on whether or not you've divided all of the 2's out of the final result.",
"Because an odd number, by definition, cannot have any even factors. Likewise, any even number must by definition be divisible by 2, so at least one of its factors must be even. Let's prove it, by contradiction. Let's say A is an odd number and that B is one of its factors, and that B is even. Therefore, we can say that A is equal to B multiplied by some other number, let's call it X: A = BX. But since we said B is even, we can rewrite B as 2 times some new number, which we'll call C: B = 2C. Rewriting our first equation, we now get A = 2CX. Uh-oh. A is now equal to some number multiplied by 2. That means it's not even, so our assumption is wrong. Therefore it's not possible for an odd number to have an even number as a factor. You can extrapolate this out for any number, not just 2, e.g. any number that is not divisible by 3 cannot have any factors that are divisible by 3."
],
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17,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
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|
ku7aue
|
What's The Difference Between Mutual funds & Index funds?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqesmy"
],
"text": [
"When you are investing, you want to diversify your investments. That is, invest in a bunch of different things instead of one company. That way if one company goes bankrupt, you are ruined. Problem is most people don't have a huge amount of money to invest every month. Let's say you have $100 each month to invest, Apple stock is currently $132. So after 2 months, you could buy 1 Apple share. Then a few months later you could buy a share in something else. This isn't very diversified. So instead you buy $100 of mutual fund. They take your $100 and $100 each from 1000 over people. They use that money to buy a bunch of Apple shares, IBM, GM, Tesla, etc, etc. That you all share. Now you are diversified. They do research to find out what stocks are good to buy, etc. For this they charge you a yearly fee, so your investment returns aren't as good as the could be. There are also things called indexes, which are the value of a group of stocks. When you hear people say things like the DOW is up X points, S & P 500 is down, it's the value of these companies as a group. People have noticed that over long periods of time, no stock broker can beat these indexes. They may have good years, but then they have bad years. They can't beat the average that the market improves by. So, why pay the mutual fund to pick stocks when they can't do better than average? You shouldn't. So a new thing came along called ETF. It's like a mutual fund in that it's a group of stocks. But there is nobody managing what stocks go in and out, so the fees are a lot lower. They'll just pick an index like DOW or S & P, match whatever stocks are in the index. They are usually free to buy and have a small fee to sell. They are usually provided by your bank or an investment company. So for any index, you'll be able to find a bunch of companies that offer an ETF that matches it."
],
"score": [
5
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku7blp
|
What actually happens when we feel our heart “pounding”? Does it physically pound harder, does our heart rate increase, or do we just feel it and nothing physically is happening?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqe6qi",
"gir3gpq"
],
"text": [
"There are a number of possibilities: Your heart might be beating faster. Your body is pretty good at ignoring things that remain constant (when was the last time you noticed the feeling of the shirt you are wearing?) Your heart rate generally stays within a range, and when it beats much faster than that you become aware of it because it is different than what your body is accustomed to. It may be beating harder. If you have an adrenaline rush, or you are dehydrated, or are exerting yourself your heart not only beats faster, but also harder. Again, your body is used to your heart beating fairly consistently, so if it deviates too far it becomes noticeable. You may be more attuned to your own heartbeat. If you are anxious, or if you are in a setting with minimal sensory input (dark, quiet) your body may be able to focus more attention on things that are usually ignored, such as your heart beat. It could be a combination of any of these. Edit to add: could also be a ‘skipped beat,’ causing a single beat with increased filling of the heart, which makes the heart become temporarily more full, subsequently requiring the heart to beat harder on the next beat to push out that increased volume.",
"Your heart can do two things to increase the amount of blood it pumps: 1. Beat faster (increased heart rate) 2. Squeeze harder (pump more blood with each beat \\[this is called inotropy\\]). You are able to feel both of those things. The really interesting part is different people are better or worse at doing so. \"Interoceptive\" ability varies a lot and this includes being able to feel your own heart beat without putting your hand on your chest/pulse. You might be someone who has a particularly strong interoceptive sense."
],
"score": [
25,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku86pp
|
What is the god particle and why is it so important?
|
Also, from what I’ve read they make it seem like there is only one and that they have found it. Why is there only one and what makes us think that we would find it here on earth and not anywhere else in the universe?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqizqv",
"giqj1dm",
"giqkqxo"
],
"text": [
"The Higgs boson is what we call the god particle. It's a type of particle, not a single one. They exist literally everywhere that there's matter. When they say they \"found it\" what they really mean is that they proved it existed by finding one. Before that happened it was just a theoretical particle. Anyway, as for why it's important, it is responsible for the existence of mass. Without it mass does not exist, and without mass matter does not exist, and without matter, we do not exist.",
"\"Only one\" doesn't mean only one in existence. It means it's the only particle responsible for what it does. They are trying to find other higgs-type particles, based on observations of the type we *have* created, but so far have only found the one. It was the missing link in the Standard Model of particle physics, needed to account for mass generation. Basically, they didn't know why things had mass, but theory predicted a particle that would account for it which hadn't been found until they finally discovered the Higgs boson. If they hadn't have found it, the standard model would have needed to be revised or replaced with something else that would be able to account for particles having mass.",
"To set the stage: There was a huge failure of science journalism, pop science videos and books, a decade ago, so people were fed bad info about the [Higgs particle]( URL_0 ), and its place in the Standard Model of particle physics. The appellation \"God Particle\" was originally just cheeky, but it went mainstream in a bad way. So anyway, the Large Hadron Collider creates not just one short-lived Higgs particle, but lots and lots over the course of many years, to gather the necessary statistics for understanding how it relates to physical theories, what it supports, and what it rules out in terms of possible new physics. The *Higgs mechanism* was originally predicted decades ago as the missing puzzle piece necessary in unifying the math description of the \"electromagnetic\" and \"weak\" fundamental forces of nature, and for generating the masses of all elementary particles. Today, [Higgs sector physics]( URL_1 ) is a huge area of ongoing physics research. To understand the fundamental forces of nature, and to look for avenues of new physics."
],
"score": [
7,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg",
"https://pdg.lbl.gov/2020/reviews/rpp2020-rev-higgs-boson.pdf"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
ku8svf
|
Why eye level should be around top of monitor, not center?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gir232n"
],
"text": [
"To stop you moving your head up, which puts pressure on the back of the neck/spine. Your head is balancing precariously, atop a support that mounts at the rear of the head. Holding it anywhere up past \"looking horizontal\" takes lots of muscles. Looking ahead takes the normal amount of effort you use throughout the day. Looking down is basically gravity assisted. Thus, for the least amount of strain on your neck, spine and the further body parts which have to support/balance the head, you want to look either straight ahead (as you do for most of the day), or slightly down, but not up. The way to do that if you're staring at a monitor is to have the highest point of the monitor level with your eyes. Imagine having to look at the sky for a long time. You'll have a sore neck by the end of the day. Now do that 8 hours a day, every day, and you get problems. And, you get eye strain if you use your eyes to look up for that amount of time, too. Apart from small movements in the center of your eyeball's range of movements, you should move your head rather than your eyes."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
ku8v87
|
Why do we get pimples, and what’s the difference between a whitehead and a blackhead?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqqkgi"
],
"text": [
"A whitehead happens when a pore gets clogged by dirt or oils. The underlying gland continues to produce sebum (oil) but the way out is closed so it accumulates. This provides a great feeding ground for bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory reaction. Blackheads are pretty much the same except their content is more solid, and tends to not be covered on the outside. This allows for air to come into contact with the accumulated sebum and oxidize it which causes the black color. You’ll notice when picking a blackhead what comes out is a lot less goopy than when you pop a whitehead."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuaayz
|
how does sleepwalking work
|
I’ve had this question for a while and I haven’t been able to find out. Thanks
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girefx1"
],
"text": [
"Basically, we think the brain uses sleep to process memories and clean itself up. While it does this, it fires off signals that would make you move. So, to prevent you from moving, the brain releases a chemical that paralyses you. When this goes wrong, you can wake up paralysed (sleep paralysis), or move about in your sleep (sleep walking/talking). As for why this happens, we're not really sure. It's also strange that sleepwalking tends to happen in the deepest part of sleep."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuacbe
|
Joe Wong joke that Roe v. Wade is 2 ways to get into the United States?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giquasg",
"giqubyz"
],
"text": [
"It's a joke based on the idea that some immigrants to the US swim here, and thus are either \"rowing a boat\" (Roe) or \"wading through the water\" (Wade.) It's just based on Roe and Wade both sounding like things people do in water.",
"Roe (row) as in a boat or wade as in crossing a river. Likely references to Cuban and Mexican people attempting to enter illegally."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuagwi
|
Where does the value of stock come from?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqvgc7",
"giquyap",
"giqv8he"
],
"text": [
"> So once the stock is issued and I have some (hypothetically), what's in it for me? **Stock is ownership.** If you own all the stock you own the company. If you own 50% plus one share you can control what the company does. This means that if buying that 50%+1 costs less than what you would get selling Amazon to another company (even in pieces) then you could make money doing just that. Because of this basic value of owning a thing, individual stock shares have value. If someone doesn't recognize this value and is willing to sell then someone who does recognize the value will buy it.",
"You’ve got it. Like bitcoin, the dollar, the price of oil, etc is all based upon perceived value.",
"> Let's take AMZN as an example. It doesn't pay dividends and Amazon is not going to be sold to some other company... So once the stock is issued and I have some (hypothetically), what's in it for me? It will eventually pay dividends. Stock price fundamentally comes down to potential future dividends. Currently it takes all the money it would pay dividends with to invest in expanding business, which expands potential future profit and dividends."
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kub011
|
What do people mean when they say “Time is an illusion”?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giqyhqc"
],
"text": [
"Well when you sit there for an hour and actively think about the time it will seem like it's taking ages to pass But if you go and have fun with friends that hour could feel like a few minutes. But when you look back on them the hour sitting seems like it was quick while spending time with friends was longer because of how full the time period was. If that makes sense to other people"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kubs9y
|
If you grow up bilingual. How do you know what language you are speaking?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gir25fj",
"gir2h0k",
"gir3y2f"
],
"text": [
"My kids are bilingual. They use one language in some situations and the other language in other situations. It's like a toolbox they can pull out as the situation dictates. It's similar to how you can switch from the language you use with your boss in a formal meeting and the language you use with your close friends while drunk in a pub.",
"How did you find out that you speak English?",
"I grew up bilingual and, for the longest time, I just thought that everyone spoke a mama language and a papa language. I was shook when I started play school and everyone was speaking papa language all the time"
],
"score": [
8,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kucew1
|
Why can't airliners use massive parachutes to be deployed in case of emergencies?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gir516i",
"girp6hy",
"gir50t7",
"giru2ec",
"gir5rxy"
],
"text": [
"Most of the time, if an aircraft is having an emergency, it’s during takeoff and landing procedures. It is super unlikely for anything to go wrong in the middle of the flight unless sabotage occurred, which is really the only time any such parachutes would be necessary. For parachutes to work correctly you need a certain level of altitude in order to give them time to expand and actually slow the fall.",
"Parachute for planes only really help under some very specific circumstances. If your planes loses its engines and its ability to glide to safety they would be useful, but that is not really a typical scenario for most passenger jets. Parachutes do exist for some very small single engine planes, but they would add very little extra safety to bigger planes. If a multi engine passenger jet loses an engine it should be able to continue on with the remaining engine(s). If it loses all engines it should be able to glide for quite a bit. The gliding won't help you if you are over the ocean and farther from shore than you can glide, but a parachute won't really help in that situation either. A parachute will only really help if you are over land lose all your engines and all ability to glide down slowly. That doesn't really happen all that often. Most serious incidents with passenger airlines happen close to landing or takeoff. A parachute won't really be a big help in most of those cases. Planes can also break part if for example a bomb explodes in mid-flight or something seriously goes wrong catastrophically with the airframe or engines. This is rare and not really a thing where parachutes can help. If a pilot either though human error or deliberately steers their plane into the ground or an obstacle a parachute won't help either. So most disasters won't benefit from a parachute. On the other hand a parachute would add cost and weigth and complexity to a plane. Not only would it make air travel more expensive for little added safety, but it would in fact create another source of things that could go wrong. If the chances of a parachute making things worse are greater than of it being helpful, they become a bad idea to add and even if they marginally improve odds of survival for a significant cost that might still not be worth it.",
"Because they’d have to be truly massive to be effective, as in bigger than the plane itself. This would be heavy, which reduces efficiency increasing cost. And you’d have to ensure that the parachute doesn’t tangle. If the parachute gets tangled it’s basically useless.",
"Mostly, it wouldn't help, and it would introduce new failure modes. Modern airliners are incredibly reliable, and the few incidents that do occur generally come down to human or systemic error. Parachutes would be subject to the same errors; and when you're adding a massive new system that doesn't get used 99.999% of the time, it's more likely that the system causes problems rather than solves them. Take a look at this list of [Aircraft Structural Failures]( URL_0 ) on Wikipedia, starting at say 1970 to get an idea of 'modern' failure modes. A pattern emerges as to cause: poor maintenance, pilot error, extreme weather, sabotage, and design error -- in roughly that order. It's hard to pick out more than a few cases where parachutes might have helped -- and when the underlying cause is \"bomb on board\" or \"company failed to maintain the aircraft until it fell apart\", you also have to question whether the parachutes would have worked. The problem with adding parachutes is that it's a complex system, weighing several tonnes, which must be always ready but never used for most planes, and never accidentally deploy, and be perfectly maintained, and still work even if the aircraft is fatally damaged, etc, etc.",
"For the whole plane? The packed chute would be heavy and would need to take up a huge portion of the plane's space itself, maybe a 1/3rd to 1/2 of the volume. The number of passengers carried per flight would be greatly reduced, so more flights would need to be added, increasing risks from simply having more planes in the air and on runways. More jet fuel would be burned increasing costs and CO2 emissions, and the chute system would be another possible point of failure that would need massive maintenance. And it would only be effective in situations where the plane failed but remained intact - if it blows up, there's nothing to lower down with a giant parachute."
],
"score": [
17,
16,
8,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_structural_failures"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kucnjn
|
why does paper get weak when it gets wet? When dry it can take a fair amount lf tensional forces and shear forces, but once wet the paper just gives up and is torn apart.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gir6n9b"
],
"text": [
"I mean... this isn't the sort of questiom a 5 year old would ask so I am not going to explain it like you are 5. It's about bonding. Paper is a mash of wood chips that gets softened and then pressed back together and dried. When you add water, the temproary covalent bonds between the wood fibres gets loosened so the paper as a whole becomes weaker."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kud6mp
|
Why do stress and anxiety give our bodies such a weird, wide range of symptoms?
|
Stress and anxiety can cause: acne, changes in menstrual cycles, weight gain or loss, changes in vision, and many more. My question is why? Especially when at first glance they seem so disconnected?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gir8mvi",
"gircg0i",
"git6sii"
],
"text": [
"Stress puts our body in some degree of fight or flight, where the body stops a lot of normal processes and puts a lot of energy into being alert and ready to react. So it's kind of like if you are too busy working your job or studying that you don't have time or energy to focus on cleaning the house (acne), taking the rubbish out etc. (This is put at a 5 yr olds level of course)",
"Your body releases stress hormones which work on all organs in your body, and that is no coincidence. Its purpose is, lets say you run away from a tiger, to inform your body that everything in your body now should focus on surviving and omit unnecessary functions for a time. Our bodies are not made for the modern world",
"In the wild, stress means you're in life-or-death danger. If you're in danger, your body goes into survival mode, focusing everything into keeping you alert, awake, and ready to act. Your body will take a toll, running in overdrive, but hopefully you'll escape those wolves and you'll be able to find enough food for another day. In today's world though, these reactions don't make as much sense. You don't need survival mode just because you forgot to fill out the project report. And modern life imposes more long-term stress than good old \"oh no, a bear\". If you're constantly stressed for months on end, your body just doesn't know how to handle it. Basically, your body thinks it's going to die if you get a bad grade on an exam, and so it starts panicking If stress is having an impact on your health, please take care of it. Get therapy if you can, and take moments every day away from stressors, go sit in a comfy chair and listen to a couple of your favourite songs with your eyes closed, let your body know you're safe."
],
"score": [
7,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kudhx2
|
How can wind be cold if it’s “moving”
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gira4i0",
"girboud",
"girbmb8"
],
"text": [
"Your body heat warms the air around you - > you feel warm. Wind blows the warm air away - > you feel cold. Also the winds air has its own temperature that adds to this. Edit: Ahm yeah I notice that's not quite what u asked",
"Take an ice cube from the freezer, it is cold even when you move it around the room with you. The cold wind is moving as a large mass of cold air (like the ice cube). The ice cube melts as warmer surroundings transfer energy to the cold ice, just as cold wind warms as it mixes with warmer air at the edges of the weather system.",
"Yes, heat on the atomic level is atoms moving around. for the air to be 'hot' though, those atoms will have to be moving about relative to each other. Think about a stream of cold air as a fast moving stream in a calm river. If we were both in inner tubes floating down that river, we would be moving fast down the river but not moving towards or apart from each other all that fast. Think about a stream of hot air as an equally fast moving river but with very turbulent rapids. If we tried to float side by side in inner tubes in such a river, we'd get tossed about chaotically like atoms colliding off of each other in hot air. The very fact that the cold air is moving is introducing more heat to it than if it was standing still. The atoms collide with surrounding objects and that creates some warmth. If there was no way to vent that warmth, over time just moving could turn cold air to hot. All of the air moving in a uniform direction doesn't itself make the air hot."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kudyq0
|
Why are modern televisions no longer making that static sound characteristic of older televisions?
|
You know when you touched the tv screen and it would make those little static “cracks”, why newer TVs don’t make that sound anymore? What’s the technology behind that?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girclzs"
],
"text": [
"Old style (cathode ray tube) TVs make the picture by firing a beam of electrons at the back of the screen which causes the phosphor coating to glow. This electron beam causes a static charge build-up which makes a tiny spark when you get your finger close to it. Newer TVs use a completely different type of technology that doesn't generally cause a static charge build-up."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuehrq
|
How do we come to gather the information necessary to make claims like “the chances of a bullet colliding with another bullet is 1 in a billion”?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girgpg7"
],
"text": [
"Those kinds of claims usually aren't exact. They make a few reasonable assumptions and then do a little math based on those assumptions. For example, we might assume that you have two armies of such and such a size lined up against one another, and that they fire bullets at a particular rate and in a particular distribution. Then it's just a matter of a bit of statistics and calculus to come up with a number that, while not exact, gives us a broad idea of whether this event is likely or not. In these kinds of calculations, we're not worried about being off by a factor of five or ten, because 5 or 10 in a billion is still really small. Let's try it. Let's say I want to do something like estimate how many spiders are in the United States. Obviously I cannot count them all. So instead, I make some estimates: * There's usually a couple of spiders hiding in my room, and maybe thirty or forty living outside in an area of the same size based on how many webs I see each morning covered in dew. * Most of the US is outdoors and spiders are more common outdoors, so let's pretend the whole country is outdoors and ignore the relatively small population of indoor spiders. * My room is about 200 sq ft, so at 40 spiders in that area, that's about one spider per 5 square feet. This number seems a bit low to me, but maybe spiders don't live on high mountain peaks or deserts in a way that brings the number down. * The area of the continental US divided by 5 square feet is 17.4 trillion, so I estimate that there are approximately 17.4 trillion spiders in the continental US. How did I do? Well, [this study]( URL_0 ) cites estimates of about 131 spiders per square meter worldwide. I got this number way wrong - I was low by a factor of about 70 on my estimates of how many spiders live per area. (My guess for why is that my urban environment is less spider-friendly than the wilds.) But my estimate *would* let me say something like \"there are almost certainly more spiders in the United States than there are people\"."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-017-1440-1"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuenhp
|
Why is meat made into any kind of sausages but there are no sausages made out of fish?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girfx18",
"girgboa",
"girhc51",
"girjj5l",
"girg5no"
],
"text": [
"There are fish sausages in Japanese food but it's not too common in the west. We just stick to fish sticks and the breaded sandwiches.",
"Well, they exist They most likely spoil fast, or have the delightful fish odor that most people dont like for some reason.",
"First, define “sausage” as you interpret it. If your definition is very narrow, you might use defining features that don’t play well with fish. If your definition is very broad, many dishes that feature minced fish might qualify. For example, [gefilte fish]( URL_0 ) is essentially fish sausage.",
"Jewish Gifilte fish, Asian fish balls are similar idea—ground fish shaped and cooked. But it’s harder to justify more widespread use due to cost of seafood, lack of tougher cuts like mammals have, lack of edible trimmings from a fish due to small size, all make fish sausage not economically sound way to utilize fish.",
"There are some “fish sausages” see here: URL_0 However I think that many people have a somewhat stuck up mindset when it comes to sausages and feel that they are some how lesser than say a fillet of fish. I think they are lovely and should be eaten more often as a way to incorporate more fish into our diets."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefilte_fish"
],
[],
[
"https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/263631/seafood-sausage/"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuf15n
|
What is dropshopping and why instagram kids boasting about million-dollar sales?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girkx72",
"giri8ay",
"giri71x",
"gis80va"
],
"text": [
"The general way retail works is that retailer buys products from a manufacturer or distributor to mark up and sell. This means needing money or credit to buy inventory to sell. Drop shipping is taking an order for a product and then paying the manufacturer or distributor to ship it directly to the end customer, meaning it bypasses your possession, warehousing, and you collect payment for item before paying for the product. But it’s hard to do successfully, particularly as a small operator, so it’s more get rich quick scheme than real business opportunity. But it can be used successfully by larger businesses for certain types of items, like furniture where it’s more cost effective to only ship from factory to final retail customer, or as a way to offer more product/deeper catalog than is practical for a business to keep in inventory (say an auto parts store wanting to sell parts for classic cars).",
"Dropshipping is advertising products online that are stocked and dispatched by a third-party. So when you get a sale you in turn place your order with another company who send it straight to your customer without any details identifying them, or some put your personalised labels on. Million Dollar sales sounds like a big exaggeration, though you do need to put some effort in like marketing and getting ahead on trends so with the right product and platform you can do pretty well",
"It's called dropshipping, not dropshopping. It's an internet get rich quick scheme that's been around for years but doesn't really work. It's like the people who claim to go into the dollar tree and buy certain items and then resell them online for a profit. Also, million dollar sale doesn't mean million dollar profit. Just go look up drop shipping on YouTube, it's basically a scam.",
"What krittish and blipsman said is the most accurate. You sell stuff online that never passes through your hands. Instead you pay the manufacturer to directly ship the item to your customer, thus saving you the cost of storage and shipping between you and manufacturer. Quite often the manufacturer prints your shop onto the shipment so the customer does only see you as sole point of contact. There is nothing magic about it, it's only the sales process stripped down as much as possible - but it's still a regular sale. Anyone claiming they are making millions of it are trying to scam you into buying fake courses from them. Alternatively they might be cheating on taxes. Or both."
],
"score": [
10,
6,
4,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kufggw
|
in most areas of the United States if you commit a crime and someone dies during the committing of said crime you can be charged with murder. Why aren’t they arresting everyone they can from the attack on the capitol for murder?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girkrhb",
"girlc2h"
],
"text": [
"Considering that there are videos of police letting people in and the history of police abuse in this country: the justice system is largely on the same side as the people that stormed the capitol.",
"They are arresting as many as they can identify as quickly as they can. There are dozens of reports every day since the riot of them arresting people. But that takes time when you choose to not arrest people on site. The second issue is that there were so many people there that if you were to arrest everyone or even just a reasonably large portion of them you would overwhelm the courts. You also have the fact that if this is actually an insurrection as some claim arresting more than just those few with direct visual evidence of crimes such as stealing the podium, opening mail, stealing laptops, actually personally attacking the police, etc and start arresting those just attending the event you will trigger civil war. Such a heavy handed enforcement of law will trigger more moderate people to react with force against what they see as totalitarian. It is a very narrow balancing act that they have to make at the moment to hold people accountable for their crimes, but not prompt more of the nation to react in such a violent manner. Remember This was one of the closest elections in US history with BOTH candidates getting more votes than any previous candidate. And if you truly believe that the HALF of the nation that voted for Trump is under the sway of propaganda then cracking down on them with authoritarian or totalitarian style legal action will only confirm that propaganda in their minds and spur them to action. Edit: You also have to be guilty of a felony to be guilty of felony murder. Most of what they were doing is misdemeanors. Only those that actually attacked others and stole things were guilty of felonies. That is unless you want to go the full coup and treason route in which case the punishment is death."
],
"score": [
15,
4
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[],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kufnda
|
Why do freezer burnt foods taste different?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gis6939"
],
"text": [
"Ok, I'll give this one a shot. Freezer burn is what happens when frozen food gets dehydrated. That's why we generally try to keep meat frozen in airtight packages. Freezer burned food is safe to eat, but the dehydration changes the texture and flavor, like how beef jerky tastes different from a roast."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kufwhq
|
If a medial clinic charges more for patients that have health insurance, why is it not considered insurance fraud?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girncc0",
"girtrfy",
"girzrby",
"gis8eo7"
],
"text": [
"It is problematic. The wording has changed from ‘cash discount’ to ‘time of service discount’. If you offer a service, and your customer pays you at the time, you have expended only the time that the service required. But, if you have to bill insurance, you are investing additional time, education, supplies, etc., plus you have to wait weeks to be paid, and often not be fully compensated. It makes sense to offer a discount for immediate payment. Source: am LMT who no longer takes insurance - not worth the hassle.",
"Hospitals negotiate rates with insurance companies. It is a horrible model for consumers and I am glad it is getting exposed with new price transparency laws.",
"That’s not the way any of this works - and it’s complicated but I’ll try to ELI5 it. Every patient is CHARGED the same whether or not they have private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or nothing. These charges are ridiculously inflated for a number of historical reasons and for two current ones. 1. Because insurance companies negotiate with providers to get a discount if a patient requires emergency care the insurance company is obligated to pay a non-discounted rate. Therefore having a very high charge can allow you to wring a bunch of money out of insurance companies under those circumstances and also encourages those companies to try to get you “in network” (if you couldn’t charge out of network companies more than in network they would never have any incentive to negotiate at all). 2. Even more complicated insurance companies LIKE high charges because they can use the discounts they negotiate to get credit from the companies they provide health insurance to (like my wife coming home and saying look at this dress I bought for $200 dollars that was on sale for half off the (fake) price of $400. We should go out to dinner with the money I “saved”). The reason that people with no insurance get charged high prices is that they have no one negotiating on their side. However generally if you do not have insurance and get a big medical bill you can at least get it negotiated down to Medicare rates by basically saying you can’t pay for it. You have to be proactive. If it goes to collections the hospital or doctor essentially gets nothing. These bills are bought from the hospital by collectors for literally pennies on the dollar and the collector will try to get something using the threat of destroying your credit. some hospitals will actually sue you for medical bills. This is more common than I thought but overall not incredibly common except in certain locations. Marty Makary talks about all of this in his fantastic book “The Price We Pay”",
"All hospitals I'm aware of, including both of mine, have significant write-off margins built in to their charge master (big book of how much every last item or procedure costs). Charges that go out to insurances are artificially high because insurances only pay a fraction of the cost based on their own sliding scale. In order to get full compensation based on that sliding scale you have to overcharge to get the maximum from the payer (insurance provider). The remainder of the charges after insurance are then adjusted down to correct for the \"overcharge\". That's where the write-off comes in. In reality the person paying cash should be paying more than the person with insurance after the difference is adjusted for the person who paid with insurance. This covers the offset between the insurance compensation and the responsible party compensation (responsible party is the person who buys the insurance and receives the service from the provider)."
],
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38,
7,
6,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuh0oy
|
What are the most damaging things you can do to your credit score?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girt7r3"
],
"text": [
"Obviously the most dangerous is racking up debts, not paying them, and declaring bankruptcy. While the score can be fixed, it’ll take ten years to fully get it off the report."
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuhilw
|
Why is "colonel" pronounced like "kernel" and not "col-en-el"?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"girw3z6"
],
"text": [
"It came from the French \"coronel\"; the Italian was \"colonnella\". For many years both pronunciations were actually a thing, and then that \"kernal\" pronunciation became the more popular one in English. you can read more about it here - URL_0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.etymonline.com/word/colonel#etymonline_v_15841"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuipr6
|
Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisa5jk"
],
"text": [
"'Hot 'and 'cold' are skin sensations. The other skin sensations are 'touch', 'pain', and 'itch'. Each of these can be broken into more areas -- e.g. light touch, deep pressure, etc -- but those are the basics. When you touch an extremely hot or cold object, this also triggers your pain receptors. Your skin and brain respond more quickly to pain, so the first thing you know is, \"Argh! That hurts!\" From there, the brain has to guess what has caused the pain, so it can take appropriate action quickly. This depends on what you have been primed to believe by experience. If you touched a pan, the answer is probably \"it's too hot\", but if you touch water then \"it's too cold\" is more likely. Your brain fills in the gap until the \"hot\" / \"cold\" signal arrives. This is one of many ways in which *expectation shapes sensation*. If a freezing cold knife was pressed against you, you might feel momentarily cut; a small electrical shock from a pointy object might feel like you'd been pricked; and, more abstractly, riding in a car is more likely to induce travel sickness than driving the same car. Some portion of these expectations are also subconscious and shaped by evolution: the historic human is much more likely to experience cold water than boiling; more likely to be stabbed than electrocuted; and more likely to be experiencing disorientation due to food poisoning than due to travelling in a vehicle."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuipvo
|
if smaller things in space gravitate towards bigger tings, why is'nt there just one big planet in our solar system?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gis3mj9"
],
"text": [
"In a sense, there kind of is: the Sun is 99.9% of the mass of the Solar System. But the reason it isn't 100% is that all of that stuff started out in motion. As it condensed into larger objects like planets, asteroids, comets, etc., those objects tended to carry some net motion. By itself, that motion would set up a stable orbit around the center of mass (for our purposes, basically the sun). But the mix of many different objects made many of the orbits unstable, resulting in numerous collisions of objects that weren't in approximately circular orbits. Over time, almost everything that wasn't in a roughly circular orbit either hit something that was or was flung into the Sun or out of the Solar System. (You can see evidence of this on the Moon - most of its large craters are from this time, as the numerous chaotic orbits of the early Solar System resulted in a bombardment of the planets by smaller objects.) That left us with the surviving roughly circular orbits of the planets (and the asteroid belt, which is kept from forming one planet by Jupiter's gravity), along with a small number of surviving noncircular orbits (too few to cause meaningful numbers of collisions)."
],
"score": [
15
],
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuirwd
|
the watergate scandal? It was before my time and I’ve heard people mention it but have been too afraid to say i’ve never understood what it was.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gis4f5s",
"gis6cip",
"gis4lrf",
"gitnav3",
"gitrzxs",
"giuaboa"
],
"text": [
"During the 1972 election, a group of people from then-President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign broke into the headquarters of their Democratic opponents to wiretap their phones. The headquarters was at the Watergate office complex, from which the scandal gets its name. The breakin was probably not directly ordered by Nixon, but he learned of it shortly afterward and began a cover-up to try to prevent it from becoming public (which would have been very politically damaging for him). He won the election by a landslide, so he remained in office during this attempted cover-up. The cover-up failed, there was a large public backlash, and Congress was set to impeach and probably remove Nixon from office. Nixon resigned before that could happen, and his Vice President, Gerald Ford, became the President. Ford then used the pardon power given to Presidents to pardon Nixon of his crimes, stopping any further actions against Nixon. EDIT: To be clear, the probable fact that Nixon didn't directly order the break-in doesn't mean he wasn't culpable to some extent. Nixon was, to put it mildly, very willing to engage in underhanded or even illegal tactics to win. In retrospect, for example, we know that he deliberately sabotaged peace talks in Vietnam to win in 1968. Even at the time, it was an open secret that he was happy to use the FBI against his political opponents. In fact, some names you might know from more recent political crimes, like Roger Stone, got their start as low-level Nixon operatives. EDIT2: To those of you pointing out comparisons to recent events, it's against ELI5 rules: > Don't post to argue a point of view.",
"thank you everyone for taking the time to explain this to me! very much appreciated",
"It was during Nixon’s term. People broke into the democratic national convention offices to plant bugs and steal information that could help campaign against them. The office was in the Watergate building in DC. The people were arrested and evidence eventually pointed back at Nixon’s election campaign funding the whole thing. Nixon tried to cover it up but was unsuccessful. Congress eventually started the impeachment process, but Nixon resigned before the proceedings could continue and Ford pardoned Nixon for his crimes.",
"The first season of the \"Slow Burn\" podcast is about Watergate. As is the movie \"All the President's Men\".",
"Tangent like you're 5: The scandal was named for the hotel where the burglary happened. The way the -gate suffix is used, one might think it was a scandal involving water. No, while those happen daily, worldwide because of companies like Nestle, this scandal had like no water. The tradition is stupid, and we need a better scandal by which to measure scandals if we are going to indicate information through a spelling convention. Gerrymander is worse, because not a lot of people remember Gerry or know what a mander is.",
"OK, you've gotten a lot of great responses and you probably won't see this but if you do, watch the Ken Burns Vietnam documentary. I was shocked to learn that Nixon didn't actually resign because he was afraid of getting prosecuted for Watergate. He totally would have been able to squirm his way out of that. He resigned because the Watergate investigation would inevitably discover his real crime: Treason. Before Nixon won the election, when Johnson was still President and trying to broker peace between North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the Viet Kong. Nixon (even though he had no right to do so at the time because he was not the President), told South Vietnam \"don't take that deal, I'm gonna win the election and when I'm President I'll get you a better deal!\" basically destroying the peace deal that was already agreed to by all parties because he wanted credit for ending the war himself. South Vietnam pulled out of the agreement, keeping the Vietnam war going for like 4 more years killing 22,000 more American soldiers. Johnson found out but said nothing because doing so would reveal that the FBI was bugging the ambassadors phone and he didn't think Nixon would win the election. He also told Humphrey (Nixon's Democratic rival in the election), but Humphrey was so mistakenly sure he himself would win the election, that he thought it would be too disruptive to expose Nixon. So yeah, undermining a sitting President's peace talks with foreign nations in a time of war = Treason."
],
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
kuiy1k
|
. Why are fossil fuels bad for the environment?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gis4sjt",
"gis51ki",
"gis4rf5",
"gis5cq1",
"gis6opa"
],
"text": [
"1) We have to tear up the environment in order to get them. That's damaging on its own, but then if there's an incident at a plant that extracts these oils or with a ship that is transporting these oils, then it causes an even more harm to wildlife, water supplies and soil quality. 2) You have to produce a lot of pollution to process them. 3) You have to produce a lot of pollution to use them up (if burning them like in the case of gasoline for your car). 4) The fossil fuels that get made into plastics wind up as trash in either landfills where they don't degrade or in the oceans and seas. Here, they can straight up kill wildlife, or get consumed by wildlife and in turn consumed by us people when we eat that wildlife. Or it makes its way back into our own drinking water.",
"Carbon is constantly recycled between living things and the atmosphere. As living things die, their carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, where it's taken back up by plants to renew the cycle. This keeps the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere relatively constant over human timescales. Fossil fuels, however, are ancient carbon that had left this cycle for a long time. When we bring them to the surface and burn them, we're adding carbon to the atmosphere that hasn't been there since a time when there was much more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (At the time, Earth was much warmer - there's fossil evidence of palm trees at the poles.) This causes the amount of carbon dioxide to rise to levels far beyond anything Earth has seen in recent history, which heats the planet up. (There are other problems, too. Fossil fuels often contain other chemicals that are bad for the environment, like poisonous metals or radioactive material. But climate change is the big one because it's much easier to stop the other kinds of pollution, and we've mostly taken steps to do that already.)",
"Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide and other harmful gases which increase the green house effect, poison plant and animal life, and create dangerous and unpleasant phenomenon such as acid rain and smog.",
"When we burn fossil fuels for energy, it creates polluted air that goes in the sky. The specific chemicals released by burning fossil fuels form sort of a blanket over planet Earth, trapping heat inside, making the planet slowly get more and more hotter. Using too many fossil fuels has made the planet get way hotter than it used to be 100 years ago, much faster than any temperature increase before. This increase is happening too fast for plants and animals to deal with, and is killing many of them. It's also melting the ice at the North and South Poles, which are going to make the ocean overflow and flood land that is currently by beaches.",
"I assume you're not familiar with the greenhouse effect then? Basically, the gases in our atmosphere interact with energy like light and heat. Sunlight can pass easily through the atmosphere, where it can heat up the ground and the sea. The heat that the ground and the sea radiates back out towards space does not pass as easily through the atmosphere. It's like a greenhouse - light gets in quickly, heat doesn't get out quickly. This is a normal and vital phenomenon that makes earth a habitable temperature. The greenhouse effect is a good thing, when it's in the right balance. The issue is that the balance can be shifted by adding or removing the gases that cause it. The more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the less heat escapes earth and the result is a higher average temperature and wilder weather. Carbon dioxide, methane and various other gases produced by burning fossil fuels are greenhouse gases that strengthen the greenhouse effect. The industrial revolution led to humans burning way more fuel and the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere rose noticeably. If we continue to increase industrial production while using fossil fuels for energy, we'll increase the earth's average temperature as we go. Earth has a lot of fragile ecosystems that can't survive that kind of temperature shift."
],
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8,
3,
3,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuj4yk
|
Why do animals like to be pet? Mostly asking about animals like birds, otters etc that haven’t had the same relationship with humans throughout history
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gis5w58"
],
"text": [
"Most social animals participate in some kind of social grooming. This helps keep them clean, removes parasites and bugs, and serves as a social signal of trust between individuals, but animals don't really \"know\" this - it just feels good to them the same way that a gentle touch feels good to most humans. Our own grooming instincts are shared with our primate relatives, for whom social grooming is a major way to socialize."
],
"score": [
19
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kujup5
|
How is a shirt consisting of, say, 90% cotton and 10% some other material made? How do they "blend" the materials during the actual stitching process?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisa92i",
"gisbjcp",
"githjtp",
"gisxvvj",
"gituuns"
],
"text": [
"They blend the materials during the thread making process, not during the shirt making process. So a thread is spun with a mix of fibers, and that thread is used to make fabric, and that fabric is cut and sewn into a shirt, for example. Different parts of the shirt, like the collar or sleeves, may use different fabric made of different blends too.",
"The way for the \"blending\" is done within the spinning of the the fiber that makes the cloth before it is used on the loom. It would be that at 90% cotton after every nineth strand of fiber would be a strand of polyester spun together to make the thread used to make the cloth.",
"It depends! Usually, the fibers are blended together before spinning into yarn/thread. Sometimes, like with stretch fibers such as elastane/spandex, the fibers are spun separately and plied together into one yarn/thread or held together while weaving or knitting. And sometimes, the other material is a coating required to be reported on consumer labeling, although there aren't too many of those. Trims and notions such as elastic aren't always included in the consumer labeling but when they are, they are often listed separately.",
"A clothing item can have different parts, which are not always blended. Your underwear has a rubber elastic in the waist, so it may be mostly cotton but a part of it is rubber or other elastic material. A good example is to look at a car. It can be 80% metal and 20% plastic, but they are not blended in any material sense.",
"Shirts are made of fabric, which is woven from thread. Thread is made by twisting little strands of fibers together so that the tension of the twisting keeps it together. When a shirt is made of a blend of fibers, that means that 90% of the fibers used to make the thread were cotton, and 10% were rayon for example. It does not mean \"9 cotton threads for every 1 rayon thread\", it means that every thread that makes the fabric is that same blend ratio. Sometimes, however the specific blend listed on a garment does not refer just to the fabric, but to the peice as a whole. For example, the fabric is 100% cotton and the embroidery on it is 100% rayon so overall the garment is 90% cotton and 10% rayon."
],
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14,
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3,
3
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kukd9b
|
What is neuroplasticity ?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisguy6"
],
"text": [
"To put it simply, it's the ability our brains have to reorganize, repair and adapt. It can be the partial recovery in the months of reeducation following a stroke, or the olfactory region of a wine specialist ending up more developed after a life of work or simply your ability to learn the piano to the point of not having to concentrate too much."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kulktq
|
If all the cells in your body are supposedly replaced every 7 years, why does permanent damage of anything exist unless it’s an ongoing injury?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisk383"
],
"text": [
"It damages the cells that divide to form more cells. Also, fun fact, neurons don’t get replaced"
],
"score": [
5
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|
[
"url"
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[
"url"
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|
kulvey
|
Coughing and clearing up phlegm when Intubated?
|
Especially in the winter, I often cough a bit to clear my lungs, occasionally clearing up some phlegm. How do, or how can, people who are intubated do that? Seems to me that I'd drown in my own goo in a month or so.
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gislsya"
],
"text": [
"Respiratory therapists suction or in some other way, remove excess fluid or mucus in the airways"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kum3bs
|
why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisn9xw"
],
"text": [
"At the elbow end of your humerus, there's a bit of a groove where your ulnar nerve passes over the end of the bone, so the nerve's pretty exposed there. If you bang your elbow the wrong way, you'll hit that vulnerable nerve and pinch it against the bone, and it causes a bunch of spurious sensations from all along where that nerve is connected. It serves most of your forearm and hand, so the whole area lights up. Most of our big nerves are buried deep, where they're safe, but there just isn't a ton of room at the elbow joint so we've ended up with a bit of a vulnerability there."
],
"score": [
36
],
"text_urls": [
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|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kum71d
|
Why can’t we just extract DNA from the carcasses of extinct animals and clone new ones?
|
It’s been done with Dolly the sheep. Why not with the mammoth or the Irish elk or the dodo?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
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"gispp6v",
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"git7l8c",
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"text": [
"Cloning still requires a viable mother to carry the cloned child to term. Without a mother of one of those species, we could try to create an embryo but we couldn't raise it to a viable adult.",
"The short answer is, there just isn't enough DNA. Sure, theoretically we could make something work with recently extinct animals (as well as some as far back as the ice age), the problem is we couldn't necessarily create a breeding population. Anything found in fossils is far too fragmented, and the stuff in amber in biting insects, it's near impossible to separate the various strands into coherent DNA profiles.",
"DNA is a very large, complex and fragile molecule. The chances of extracting complete strands of it from animals that have been dead for thousands of years is pretty minimal, no matter what \"Jurassic Park\" may have you believe.",
"It's maybe possible to clone a mammoth or a dodo, maybe even possible to create enough of them to become a stable population. But independent of whether we can do that... what would happen? Would a new population of mammoths survive in an arctic that's warmer than the ice age and getting warmer really fucking fast? Would a new flock of dodos survive on a Mauritius that still has the human activity and invasive species that drove it to extinction in the first place? Lots of scientists and wildlife conservationists would also say that the huge cost of trying to bring back an extinct species would be better spent trying to save a hundred that are still around.",
"It’s not that you can’t it’s just very difficult. Here are some of the challenges: 1) all cells contain enzymes like DNase and RNAse which immediately begins destroying the DNA of cells that have died. Degraded DNA must be reconstructed meticulously in order to produce clones. This is very difficult using modern technology for very long fragments of DNA like a genome. (Relatively Easy to reconstruct the genome digitally but very difficult to synthesize DNA the size of a genome.) 2) a viable cell line would need to be produced from the genetic material. This is the most difficult part and will likely take pure chance to occur. 3) cell line would need to be cultured in an an artificial womb bag filled with nutrients and supplied with oxygen and glucose. This would all take a great deal of work but theoretically it is possible. The question about why it hasn’t been done yet is because there has been no pressing need to have the mammoths or the dodos return.",
"There are a lot of great answers here, but something else that makes cloning extinct animals difficult is that DNA has a half-life of only about 500 years. So while you could theoretically find enough DNA of creatures that lived a few thousand years ago, finding enough for animals that lived hundreds of thousands or millions of years ago is pretty much impossible.",
"Aside from other difficulties, to the best of my knowledge no one has ever successfully implanted even an elephant embryo in an elephant. It's very difficult to work with their reproductive cycles.",
"DNA is just one part of life. You need the entire cell first, and a place to put it second. You can't just manufacture a cell. Cloning techniques start with existing cells. You can make a teeny tiny embryo in a test tube, but where do you get a suitable womb?",
"Dolly only lived for about six years rather than the expected 12. The DNA used to clone her was taken from a six year old. Oxygen toxicity, other toxins, UV and other types of radiation degrade DNA over time. This is a primary cause of aging. When Dolly was born, her cells' DNA was already 6 years old. Given a longer time span and the other problems already mentioned, viable DNA is very difficult to obtain for even a recently extinct species.",
"I'm seeing a lot of people here giving somewhat correct answers but not really. To put it simply DNA has a very short half life, after which it breaks down like any other chemical element. Things that are subfossils like Dodo bones and Mammoths are recent enough to be able to clone (scientists are trying to clone mammoths in particular to help with the steppe ecosystem) but even with them there comes to problem of acceptable hosts (for a lack of a better term). In many cases elephant mothers reject and kill mammoth embryos because it is a foreign object in the body. On top of that as people have already said, even DNA from subfossils isn't complete and needs some genetic tampering to produce something that doesn't die instantly in the womb."
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kumtgs
|
The deal with the whitepeopletwitter and blackpeopletwitter subs. Both require submissions to only be from people of a certain race, and i’ve even heard blackpeopletwitter makes you send a picture of your skin to confirm. How is this not considered more problematic?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisviki",
"gisrodi"
],
"text": [
"im black, and while i do like to scroll through BPT i have not verified myself to be able to participate because i disagree with it as well. Some views there are kind of extreme IMO but im moreso of a lurking redditor so i don’t get involved.",
"Is that true? I have not heard that."
],
"score": [
13,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kumuo7
|
correlation doesn't imply causation, then what does?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisrvad",
"gisrypy",
"giss8u9",
"gissy0m",
"gitig4k"
],
"text": [
"Direct evidence. For example, if I say \"everyone that drank water in 1800 is dead, therefore water kills you\", that's not causation. Yes, the folks who drank water back then have died, but drinking water isn't necessarily what killed them, and everyone who drank anything back in 1800 is dead, so that isn't proof. So to prove causation, you need evidence that goes beyond just correlation.",
"Association (showing that there is a relationship between the cause and effect at all), temporal precedence (showing that the cause occurred before the effect, not vice versa), non-spuriousness (reasonably ruling out all other potential causes of that effect). All of these things must exist for causation to exist.",
"Correlation suggests causation, but doesn't prove it. If you want to be sure of a causal relationship, you'd have to discover some mechanism where A does something that controls B. Like, the fact that whenever I hit my light switch, the light goes on/off, tells me those two things are very tightly correlated. It seems pretty obvious that hitting the switch causes the light's behavior to change, but to confirm the causal relationship I'd have to get into the wall and discover the wires that run from the switch to the light. Once I see that, I can understand that the switch completes the light circuit, blah, blah blah. Correlation just tells you \"these things are connected...somehow\". Causation comes from figuring out \"this thing happens first, and once it's happened, this other thing *has* to happen afterwards\".",
"\"Imply\" here is in the strong logical sense of \"if P then Q\" being said as \"P implies Q\". It's not in the weaker sense used in conversation, where P suggests or provides evidence for Q. Correlation *does* imply causation in the second sense, in that correlation provides evidence in favor of causation. That being said, it's pretty weak evidence in most cases, because most things that are correlated are not causal (it's just that causal things tend to be correlated).",
"A well thought out double blind experiment that shows statistical differences between groups that are homogeneous, but received a different treatment comes real close. This is how many drug trials and intervention trials are done. The thing is, causation (even if you think you know what came first in time) can never be proven, only made very plausible. It can be disproven, though. So this is what science does: coming up with smart ways to try to disprove a causal effect. If after rigorous experiments you find no evidence to disprove causation, but you do find a high correlation, you can publish that finding as a statistically significant finding."
],
"score": [
37,
19,
8,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kun1fy
|
What is open source software? What is open source in general?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gistawg",
"gistcba"
],
"text": [
"Open source means you make the code for a program available to anybody who wants it. They can look at it, see how it works, and if they want they can modify it and release their own version. This means you're very unlikely to make a lot of money from your software, but if people get interested in your thing, it can improve rapidly because of all the hands working on it.",
"So, let's say you write a program that helps calculate a family's budget. If someone else wants to use that program, they have to get your permission. They can't edit that program to make a different program that calculates a business's budget, or make their own version of the program that has new features. It's your program, and you own it. Likewise, the actual code that runs the program is your secret, and they would have to work hard to disassemble the program and figure out how it works. But many people have started doing something else. They are giving up the permission to their programs. They're saying \"I don't want to make money from this. I have enough. Instead, everyone has permission to do what they want with it. And I will show everyone the code so they can easily figure out how it works and use that to make their own programs, or make new additions to it. This program is free for everyone to use.\" These are \"open source\" software, because the source code is open for anyone to look at it. It's free to use. Many open source programs have projects where volunteers work to improve it, because they feel it's important and helpful for that program to be better."
],
"score": [
15,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kun43d
|
Why do trains not have the same amount of security that airplanes do?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gisto7h",
"gistqi1",
"gisw72s",
"git5pfn"
],
"text": [
"Because 9/11 involved planes. Prior to 9/11, plane security was far, far weaker than it is today; most of the security you go through was put in afterward. There's a secondary element of \"you can use a plane as a weapon, but it's harder to use a train as one\", in the sense that if you hijack a train you can't hit anything that isn't on train tracks with it.",
"You typically don’t have to worry so much about a train, laden with 60k lbs of jet fuel, crashing into the middle of a crowded skyscraper from 32000 feet at 600mph. If something happens on a train, what’s it going to do? Stop?",
"You cannot fly them into buildings or other targets, like you can with a plane. Also, a train is harder to hijack/overtake by a passenger than a plane due to separate engine, yet easier to hijack/overtake by somebody who didn’t board it since trains travel on the ground.",
"Because the security around airplanes is security theater. It was put in place to make it seem like the government was doing something - it is not there in response to the actual threat. When security around airplanes became a big issue, politicians acted like they were solving it. If security around trains became a big issue, politicians would act like they solved it. It is all about attention and looking like they are being responsible, not actual security."
],
"score": [
18,
5,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kunzc2
|
How does toothpaste actually work?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"git3n4m",
"git16d6"
],
"text": [
"I used to sell toothpaste, I knew my day will come one day: toothpaste has a number of ingredients, the most relevant one being a gentle abrasive (often hydrated silica or calcium pyrophosphate). The main point of brushing your teeth is to remove food residue and as much of bacterial film as you can. Water and brushing go a long long way to doing that. Toothpaste is helpful as the abrasive is finer than the bristles on the brush, and with the addition of surfactants and foaming ingredients, it makes it easier to get rid of plaque and avoid redeposition. Other ingredients play other roles - fluoride reacts with the enamel layer building calcium fluoro-apatite which is even more resistant to acids than the regular hydroxyapatite your teeth are covered with; you can also add anti bacterial ingredients to help reduce growth after brushing like zinc chloride or triclosan; flavors etc. Edit: just to add - BRUSHING is the most important part - soft brush with circular motion is the most effective way to remove plaque on teeth surfaces (and flossing under gums) - toothpaste helps but doesn’t replace either.",
"Toothpaste works as an abrasive. You can actually get your teeth relatively clean without it, using just water and a toothbrush with the mechanical action of said brush. Toothpaste just adds a finer substance to assist in that mechanical action. It can also provide a dose a fluoride, or other things, directly to the teeth that you wouldn't get with just water."
],
"score": [
90,
10
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuo81x
|
Why can't you take out a hard drive (with bios lock) and just change the machine code of the hard drive to avoid the bios lock?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"git09hb",
"git0r4v"
],
"text": [
"The BIOS isn't stored on the hard drive. It's stored on the motherboard. Sometimes it is possible to remove the BIOS lock if you know what you're doing, but it's not neraly as easy as wiping a hard drive.",
"The hard drive and the BIOS are two different things. The BIOS is located on the motherboard, not the hard drive. It is possible to bypass a BIOS lock by resetting the motherboard back to its original factory settings. Simply disconnect power, remove the CMOS battery (that looks like a watch battery), wait 30 seconds and then put it everything back. A hard drive that has been encrypted (such as BitLocker) cannot be so easily bypassed, since the *entire contents of the hard drive* are encrypted and only the proper credentials can access the decryption keys to access the data."
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kup6dt
|
What exactly is Qanon?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"git66m2",
"git9zv9",
"gita2jc"
],
"text": [
"“Q” is supposedly a member of our government that is helping to leak information about “what’s really happening” to his followers in order to “protect us” from the evil shadowy deep state. The sad/brilliant thing about the conspiracy theory is that anything you do to discredit it is seen as a member of the deep state trying to prevent “Q” and his supporters from exposing the truth.",
"To elaborate, the current major Qanon theory is that there's a secret conspiracy of child molesting Democrats and other prominent left-wing people, who use the basement of a pizza parlor in Washington DC (a building that doesn't actually have a basement) as their secret headquarters. And everything President Trump does that looks bad or seems dumb is actually part of his secret plan to take down the evil left-wing child molesters, who are scaring children so they can suck out a chemical from their brains to use for a youth serum, and one day Trump's plan will be ready and he'll reveal it all and it will prove to everyone that Trump knew what he was doing all along, and everyone who supported Trump was right all along. And the longer it goes, the more people get invested in it, because they don't want to admit they got tricked by a random guy online.",
"'Qanon' was/is(?) a user on 4chan who purported to be a government insider, and would post cryptic messages and \"predictions\" about alleged conspiracies and supposed actions the Trump administration was taking to combat them. All kinds of weird coded stuff involving secret languages and number strings. Nothing was off-limits - secret pedophile rings run out of the basement of a pizza shop (you might have heard of \"Pizzagate\"-yeah, that's what it was; funnily enough, Comet Ping Pong, the pizza shop claimed to be the center of this activity, does not have a basement), George Soros being the mastermind behind all DNC activity and that of its supporters (including all protest groups and activists), that Trump was going to round up all Democrats in government and have them imprisoned and/or executed, all kinds of really bizarre, Alex Jones-type stuff that fails to make much sense. It's important to stress that nothing this poster claimed would happen ever happened or turned out to be true, at least, nothing of any consequence. Unfortunately, the ~~cult~~ community that cropped up around Qanon and their predictions broke its 4chan containment and started posting about it on other social media. This lead to it getting talked about on Fox News and other conservative media, and because conservatives tend to religiously believe news that comes from sources known to share their pre-existing views, it's become a mainstream component of modern conservative (i.e. Trumpist) ideology. I'm not certain whether or not the original user continues to post on 4chan or whatever, but that's the basic gist."
],
"score": [
23,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuph09
|
; Why can’t chicken be safely consumed medium rare, but steak and other red meats can?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"git8i4r",
"git8i9e"
],
"text": [
"Chicken is very porous which allows bacteria to more easily penetrate the meat. Bacteria *mostly* gets \"stuck\" on the outside of steak, so searing the outside kills all the bacteria (where it might not with chicken). However, some steak processing will \"tenderize\" it by stabbing the steak with large needles, which compromises the steak and makes it less safe to eat in any form of raw. Hamburger, given it's ground and mixed together, is also less safe to eat in any form of raw. That doesn't mean you *will* get sick from medium burgers or steak or something, just that depending on the conditions it was prepared in you run a higher risk than if you cook them through to the proper temperature.",
"Chicken can be consumed raw, but it takes special preparation to do so. It must be freshly killed and prepared to prevent contamination."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kupu5h
|
Why is a nose running in winter, even though you don't feel sick?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitit61",
"gitet8x"
],
"text": [
"Lots of possible answers. The simplest could be that warm air coming out into a cold space produces moisture. Thus the feeling of a runny nose.",
"There are a few explanations I can think of. During the cold your eyes need to get wet as always but as it is cold it needs to refresh the tear for your eye ball, so your lagrimal gland works double and as your lagrimal gland is conected to your nose it makes you a runny nose. The second explanations its kind of similar. The epitelium from your nose get dry in the cold, so the glands from your nose try to compensate and make you a runny nose. The third one is as simple as you kind of are allergic to something un your enviroment."
],
"score": [
6,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kupxfp
|
What’s the difference between a psychiatrist, a psychologist and a therapist?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitc1w7"
],
"text": [
"a psychiatrist is a medical doctor that has the ability to prescribe medication. they are required to go to medical school and specialize in psychiatry. psychologists are doctorate-level graduates. ph.Ds are trained to research, psy.Ds typically focus on therapy. both are legally allowed to treat through psychotherapy. they are NOT allowed to prescribe medication, only recommend it to a psychiatrist. a therapist is a masters-level graduate. there are licensed professional clinical counselors (LPCCs), licensed marriage and family therapists (LMFT), licensed clinical social worker (LCSW). there are other types of therapists but the three i mentioned are the ones who may legally offer psychotherapy. like psychologist, they are NOT allowed to prescribe medication. tldr: psychiatrists are medical doctors that can prescribe medicine, while psychologists and therapists cannot. all can offer psychotherapy (talk therapy)."
],
"score": [
40
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuq0jh
|
Why are words/exprssions like "damn", "hell", "oh my god" and so on so forth considered rude/not family freindly?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitbmqp"
],
"text": [
"Many of those words have negative religious meaning - you're not supposed to curse using gods name, someone who is damned is going to hell and not heaven, and many nations with a large religious population do not like using those words."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuqefc
|
How do grocery stores prevent their frozen foods from frosting over inside the bags?
|
Bag of raviolis at the grocery store, 18 individual pieces. Bag is ravioli after a month in the freezer at home, one giant frost ravioli.
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitdqkt",
"gitkp16"
],
"text": [
"That usually only happens after you open it. As long as the bag remains sealed, there should be any moisture from the air getting in that would settle and freeze on the food.",
"Your stuff likely gets thawed partly in the cart and on the trip home, causing it to refreeze as a clump. (You won’t notice when putting it away, because it will be loose when thawed.) Or your freezer doesn’t fully close and you need to address that or its temperature."
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuqf11
|
What is a tax write-off and how is it beneficial?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitjcm5",
"gitkm7a",
"gite1pv"
],
"text": [
"Follow up question: This a tax write-off the same as a deduction?",
"A tax write-off affects your taxable income. for easy math lets pretend you make 100K a year and are filing singly. on 100K you would owe $18,078.92 in federal income tax By default you get a 12,000 tax deduction called the standard deduction. This means for the purpose of federal income tax we pretend you only made 88K As such you only $15,198,92. Some people rather than take this 12,000 tax deduction chose to itemize there deductions. Some things that you spend money on qualify for tax deductions. The 2 big ones for normal people are: Your state and local taxes up to a max of $10,000, and interest on a home loan. Lets say that you pay 10,000 or more in state and local and pay 3k in interest on your home loan. Then you could itemize for 13k off your taxable income. This means that we pretend you only made 87K and you now only owe 14958.92 in tax Now the important thing to remember is you don't get both the standard deduction and itemized deductions. It is standard deduction **or** itemized deductions. If you do not have 12K or more in itemized deductions for the year you should take the standard as itemizing will actually increase what you owe.",
"A tax write off is something that you can claim back on your taxes. These can carry wildly by province, but I’ll explain with an example I know: Say I wanted to make a donation to someone in Canada, whether it be a political party or a charity or whatever. These have to be approved charities by the government. I donated $40 to the Canadian Red Cross. What I can now do is when I file my taxes, I submit proof that I donated with a receipt and I get a portion of my donation back to me in tax credits, which can be given back to me if I don’t owe any more taxes."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuqo5q
|
Why do we see “imprints” of a bright light when we blink even after we look away from it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitj9lc",
"giu7zi9"
],
"text": [
"Ever whack your hand so bad that it went numb for a bit and then stung for a while, but nothing was actually wrong with your hand, like it was better an hour later? Basically the same thing. The nerves in your hand got whacked so hard that they have a hard time resetting back to the non-activated state. Same kind of thing happens with the photoreceptors in your eyes.",
"Stand in front of your bathroom mirror with the lights off. State at the mirror for a good 60 seconds. Without miving, hit the lights on then off real fast. You'll see a ghostly image of yourself in the mirror for a few seconds."
],
"score": [
18,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kur65n
|
- Why do our mouths produce that little bit of saliva before we have something sour?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitkdj8"
],
"text": [
"Because the extra water diluted the acid. The taste of sour is acid. Doesn’t matter if it is citric or hydroflouric. They will all produce a sour flavor. The acid can destroy your teeth and damage your flesh so having it be more dilute is a huge help when dentists don’t exist yet."
],
"score": [
32
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kur8es
|
Why smartphone SoC drivers have to be updated so the Android OS can also be updated?
|
I just read an article where Samsung explains why they don’t upgrade their phone’s OS more than twice and basically they said it’s because of Qualcomm and Mediatek not updating their SoC drivers more than 2 years so why old drivers stop working? Might not be applicable here but I believe you can use drivers made for old versions of Windows on the new version so why that’s not possible on Android?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitw12o"
],
"text": [
"> Might not be applicable here but I believe you can use drivers made for old versions of Windows on the new version so why that’s not possible on Android? Simply put, you can't on Linux. Well, not out of the box. When there's a Linux Kernel update - as there always is when Android updates to a new major certain - you need to recompile your drivers from the source code. Often this can be done very easily without any actual new work being required (you can think of it kind of like printing out a new copy of a document that you have already written - you've done the hard bit, now you just need to hit print). The reason they don't simply get updated forever is because every now and then there will be a change in the Kernel which means you can't just re-compile - you may need to go in and actually change the code. Let's assume Qualcomm do this. Now Samsung need to test it with all the other drivers in the phone too, to make sure *they* compiled right, and to make sure they still all work nicely together. Except of course, Qualcomm might have made the SoC and they might have made the 4G chip, but they might not have made the flash drive or screen - so they'll need to get updated versions of those, too. But of course the SoC in question isn't just in one phone - it's in potentially hundreds, all of which have different configurations of other hardware and drivers that they need to make sure it works properly with. Even if they do this, they then have the problem of having to support many different users of many different versions of the OS and thus slightly different drivers - if Qualcomm find a bug, they now need to recompile a whole boat load of different driver versions, which then all have to be tested by Samsung *again* with all the other drivers. Eventually you end up with a situation where the gamut of potentially configurations is so wide that it's just not practical to keep updating them all, and from Samsung's point of view they'd rather just make a new phone and have you buy that instead. This is why Apple can support their devices for so long - they don't have many of them at any one time and they control almost everything in them and running on them. Google's Pixel line is similar but to a lesser degree. Ironically smaller companies have it easier, too, for the same reason. The massive companies with tons of phones are the ones in the really tricky situation."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kurxsa
|
How Windows time synchronization with server works?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gittg0s"
],
"text": [
"Several organizations maintain atomic clocks which are the most accurate timekeeping devices we have, and are used as \"primary standards\" which we as people agree is the official time. Every once in a while, provided you are connected to the internet, windows sends a request to a computer (server) that is synchronized with an atomic clock, asking what time it is, and changes the time on your computer to match. Your computer is not as good at keeping time, so it will desynchronize over several hours or days and need to be updated again."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kus3y0
|
Why would you lose your night vision if you took flash photography in a planetarium?
|
When I was little I went to a planetarium with my summer camp. When we were there the woman who did the presentation said that we can’t take pictures with flash in the planetarium or else we would lose our night vision for a few moments. How does this work?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitpcdm",
"gitqgff"
],
"text": [
"Your eyes adjust to the brightest source of light in the room. When you take a picture, the flash is the brightest source, and so your eyes try to adjust. The rest of the planetarium is not bright, so your newly adjusted eyes can't see very well until they adjust yet again.",
"In darkness, your pupils open wide to scoop up as much light as possible. In brightness, your pupils get smaller because you can't see anything if all you see is bright light. The planetarium is kept fairly dark. A flash photo would make your pupils contract, which means they'd take in less light, which means everything would look dark until they widened again."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kus7om
|
What’s the difference between a Food allergy and a food intolerance?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitq44e",
"gitrh60"
],
"text": [
"Allergies are immune system responses to something that cause things like swelling, respiratory trouble, rashes, etc. which can be deadly if not treated. Intolerance usually just means you aren't able to process a food well. Like lactose intolerance doesn't usually cause any significant problems other than diarrhea and gas.",
"An allergic response typically, though not always, is a result of an immune response going haywire. This response usually involves the hormone histamine. Histamine is used by your body to help fight against things. Too much of it, and if it is not targeted to a specific thing, means you're in trouble ans get things like difficulty breathing. An intolerance is an issue with digestion, typically a lack of enzymes to break something down, like lactose or gluten, and doesn't have an immune response or hormones attached to it."
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kusf8x
|
where does the standard measurement come from? Who decide a gram is a gram, centimeter is a centimeter?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitslfr"
],
"text": [
"The meter usually came first, then afterwards a lot of other stuff was based on the properties of water. The meter was decided to be based off the circumference of the earth, the distance from the equator to the north pole was decided to be 10 million meters. This is why the circumference of the earth is roughly 40 million meters, though there is some error here because they couldn't measure well back then. For everything else it was based off water. A gram is the mass of 1 cm cubed volume of water under normal atmospheric conditions. The Celsius scale comes from a 0 to 100 grading from the freezing point to boiling point of water, kelvin is the same but shifting the start point to absolute 0. The liter is also a unit of volume but based off the volume of 1 decimeter cubed of volume. These days the units have been redefined to match physical constants like the speed of light, the basic idea being that say an alien on a foreign planet would be able to figure out our units by just knowing a few bits of information and be able to design experiments to figure it out. I imagine if we had to define units today, we would probably use the speed of light as a better basis."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kushj8
|
How do identity thieves use payday loans to make money?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitt2l4"
],
"text": [
"When you take out a loan, you’re getting a bunch of money now, promising to pay it back over time. An identity thief can just take the money and never pay it back, and because he stole your identity to do it, you’re on the hook to pay it back"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kut5u6
|
Why are older people often more likely to be victims of scams and fraud than younger people?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitwxx0"
],
"text": [
"A lot of the scams these days use technologies that old people dont understand. Ie malware scams. You click on some website, says your computer is infected, tells you to call this number. You do, they tell you to download this app so they can take over your computer. They do and boom their pc is locked and the scammers will charge to unlock it."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kutcqz
|
How do you shave down there?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gityk1g",
"gitydp5"
],
"text": [
"Electric trimmer with guard. Cuts the hair short enough for sanitation purposes, not smooth, but who cares, and also: no itch when the hair starts to grow back, and no nicks.",
"Very carefully sideways or down with a razor (this is just what I did), trim with scissors ( very lengthy) or invest in a lawnmower 3.0 which is genuinely the best thing there is. It’s care free, has a damn flashlight, lasts forever, is waterproof, and I can shave everything with it"
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kutf8p
|
since the earth is spinning faster will scales read a lower output weight?
|
Quick explanation, centripetal/centrifugal idk I’m not really sure but, if the earth pulls us to the center (gravity) but if it spins faster it also pulls away from the center because of the spin. (Is this true?). Now if this is true, if someone were to measure their weight on a scale now and then in the future will the reading change?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gitznjx"
],
"text": [
"[Yep]( URL_0 ). Although the effect is quite small, but measurable. The force is greatest at the equator and zero at the poles. If you stand on the equator, a 60 kg person will weigh about 2 Newtons (0.44 lbs) less than at the poles."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/phynet/mechanics/circular%20motion/centforce_and_earth.htm"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kutnvo
|
Iran-Contra Affair
|
I just can’t wrap my head around it. I read about it and feel like an idiot. I know the CIA was involved with aiding contras but I don’t understand how that translates to Iran and the crack epidemic of the 1980s.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giu57ir",
"giu30t7"
],
"text": [
"Ronald Reagan wanted to fund the Contras to overthrow the government in Nicaragua. However, that was specifically illegal to do. So, since he couldn’t do it legally, he sold weapons to the Khomeini government in Iran (who called America “the Great Satan”) and then tried to reroute those funds to the Contras in Nicaragua in direct violation of the law (Boland Act). You can look up info on Oliver North for more specifics about funding the Contras.",
"(The crack epidemic part is questionable). America lose Vietnam War. Americans now not want to go back to war....but some Americans butt hurt from losing War. Another country starts to look like Vietnam after they overthrow their dictator. which makes butthurt people in White House unhappy and mad. But the rest of America doesn't want to go to war and their representatives say *we won't give you any money for war.* But president still want to go to war, so he gets money by selling missiles to another country secretly. They use money to fund *civil war.* America not fight war: Rapist thugs who work for overthrown dictator fight war. President calls rapist thugs \"Freedom fighters\". The weird part is they sell the missiles to another country that hates America & had held Americans hostage for a long time! Crazy! *And the weirdest part is some friends of theirs had actually negotiated with that country to keep American hostages inside the country! Just to help Butthurt leaders get elected!*"
],
"score": [
9,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kutqld
|
How does billing cut off works in credit card?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giu0wyx"
],
"text": [
"If it says your cut off is every 15th of the month, all your transactions before and on Jan 15 will be included in this month’s billing (Feb payment due date). After Jan 15, all transactions will be included in next month’s billing (March payment due date) Due date and cut off is different."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
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