q_id
stringlengths 6
6
| title
stringlengths 3
299
| selftext
stringlengths 0
4.44k
| category
stringclasses 12
values | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | answers
dict | title_urls
listlengths 1
1
| selftext_urls
listlengths 1
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kuu15l
|
what do the numbers on the toaster mean?
|
i’m sitting here losing my mind because i think 4 means medium
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giu4okp",
"giu76sz"
],
"text": [
"Honestly, they are usually thrown together so cheaply that 4 just means more than 3 but less than 5. If you want to know the right toaster setting, toast bread, if it's too dark, turn it down, if it's too light, turn it up. Repeat until the toast looks right.",
"It's time, but it's not necessarily minutes. Five is longer than four, but it may or may not be 5 and 4 minutes."
],
"score": [
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuuss6
|
Why do people blame the U.S. for the Khmer Rouge genocide?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giu9r5c",
"giu917m"
],
"text": [
"Prior to the US involvement in the Vietnam war, Cambodia was a relatively peaceful country. During the Vietnam war, north Vietnamese troops would cross the border into Cambodia to avoid US forces. The United States started sending their forces into Cambodia to attack the Vietnamese troops there. Cambodia effectively became a battleground for the Vietnam war. This destabilized the government and resulted in a civil war starting in Cambodia, which resulted in the Khmer Rouge taking power. If US and/or North Vietnamese forces had not started fighting in Cambodia, this civil war may not have happened.",
"Because after the US left Vietnam, the Vietnam Government went into Cambodia to overthrow the Khmer Rouge, and created a People's republic of Kampuchea. The US and the West chose to recognize the Khmer Rouge backed Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea instead of the Vietnamese backed government. Also, the US carpet bombing of Cambodia by the US during the Vietnam War also helped the Khmer Rouge grow, just like the invasion of Iraq led to favorable conditions for ISIS recruiting."
],
"score": [
15,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuv1dv
|
radium girls
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuahx2",
"giualsq"
],
"text": [
"Radium glows in the dark (because it's radioactive). In the beginning, this wasn't fully understood (well, they didn't realize it was radioactive) so they started using it on everything they wanted to glow, like watch/clock hands. Companies employed young girls to do the delicate painting. The girls, to keep their brush tips pointy, licked them. It didn't take long for at least one of the girls to get radiation poisoning, the symptoms of which among other things was holes in her bones as the radiation ate her jaw. Once the link was made, companies did, well they did nothing. They kept it quiet until more and more girls got sick and started dying. These brave girls eventually made their situation public, and sued (in a time where women were second class citizens). In a nutshell, they won, set a precedent for workplace safety, and saved the lives of many young girls.",
"Radium infused paint was used to make clock hands glow in the dark. It works great, like tritium lights today. Clock hands are thin, and the factory workers that painted the glow-in-the-dark lines were mostly women, because they have great fine motor control. At the time, nobody knew how dangerous it was to have radioactive paint on a super thin brush. No protective equipment was used, or even thought necessary. Alas, now we know better, after many workers were killed."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuv1ve
|
Cleveland Browns
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giua0zw",
"giua1zg"
],
"text": [
"The Cleveland Browns aren't named for the color Brown, but for their first coach, who was named Paul Brown. Therefore, their uniforms are free to be any color.",
"They aren't named for the colour brown, my dude, they're named after the OG head coach, Paul Brown. But they do have a bit of brown in their colour scheme. Edit: I just had a google because I remember watching a video about team colours and there being another reason for the colours, to do with high school/college teams that Brown was a fan of. \"Massillon was where Brown’s coaching career started, and as such he was a Tiger through and through. He loved the school and its school colors of orange and black, which is common for schools having Tigers for a nickname. Brown didn’t want to copy Massillon’s colors in total, because it would have looked hokey and caused animosity from people living in other Ohio cities, such as in neighboring Canton, home of the Tigers’ arch rivals, the McKinley Bulldogs. But, as he saw it, he could get away with copying BGSU’s colors and as such getting half of Massillon’s colors with the orange.\""
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuv9fi
|
How often do pilots interact with ATC mid-flight?
|
I understand that pilots liaise closely with Air Traffic Control during takeoff and landing but I was curious as to how often pilots converse with ATC while the aircraft is cruising at 30,000 feet? I stumbled across a map of European Air Traffic Control regions and it got me reminiscing about a flight I took last year across Europe. There are so many different national airspaces, I was wondering whether pilots confirm their presence when the plane enters a new airspace or not?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giubn1g",
"giulx0j"
],
"text": [
"As they enter different airspace that is controlled by different [TRACON]( URL_0 ) centers, they will announce their entry, and receive any necessary information. During their time in that airspace, they may be told to adjust course or altitude by the controller. When they're leaving that airspace, they'll be told what frequency to switch to in order to talk to the next controller for different airspace. Airliners travelling between cities will do this several times per flight, but a private pilot in a small propeller plane might not talk to anyone for long periods of time if they're just hanging out in one area. In particularly low-traffic areas, there may not even be a controller and pilots will just announce what they are doing on a certain frequency to make sure anyone else in the area knows what's going on, even for takeoff and landing.",
"It seems like your question has been answered but as an aside, there are times when a pilot wont talk with ATC at all, even during takeoff and landing. Some airports are what's called \"uncontrolled\". They don't have a tower and, while they do have airspace, pilots are pretty much free to come and go as they please. They use what's called a CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) or UNICOM (Universal Communications) frequency to announce what they're doing and talk to any traffic in the area. Each airport will have a different frequency, and the pilots announce what they're doing at commonly recognized points, like turns, entering a traffic pattern, taxi, takeoff, landing, etc. These would be small propeller planes though, not big passenger jets. Source: I did most of my flight training for my private pilot license at an uncontrolled airport and was super, super nervous the first time I had to talk to ATC."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/air_traffic_services/tracon/"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuvbt0
|
How does the space station replenish O2 after space walks?
|
So I know the ISS has O2 scrubbers that will recycle air but how does the space station replenish the air that gets lost when they have to open the air lock to do a space walk? Surely since its a closed system they would be loosing a certain volume of air every time they have to use a space walk?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giubwsd",
"giucodd"
],
"text": [
"The airlock has an air pump which removes the majority of the air before the door is opened. Otherwise the sudden decompression wouldn’t allow any emergency stop if something was leaking. When the sensors indicate a lower amount of air inside they send up pressurized tanks in the resupply missions to refill.",
"They pump the air out of the airlock back into the station (or a tank), they don’t just release it into space. Some small amount will be lost, but most is saved. And EVAs are not a daily occurrence."
],
"score": [
9,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuvihl
|
Why do country names get translated to other languages? And how are they even translated?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuh3df",
"giudsze",
"giug3db",
"giuds2s"
],
"text": [
"The modern standard *is* to just use the local names; that's what Google maps does. But many countries have had names in English and other languages that are older than the countries themselves. Germans call their country Deutschland; but in English we use Germany which comes from the Latin \"Germania\" for the ancient tribe; and the French use Allemagne from the Alamanni tribe. The different names were developed at different times, when different people were occupying the lands. > Why not just leave the country's name as it is established in their native language? Because it was established in English long before that, and now it's difficult to change.",
"Sometimes, the name means something (United States is obvious with how this works. United Kingdom is too. Some names are transliterations, such as Russia (руски = Russian (as in the language- I can’t remember what “Russia” is) Pronounced “ruski”), or the Netherlands (“Nederlands” pronounced “neigh-der-lands”). . Others, like Hungary, are the names the international community, or just the English-speaking world, has agreed to call it, for historical or simple pronunciation reasons. European kingdoms called that region Hungary, and even the Hungarians probably called it Hungary when they spoke some form of Latin-vernacular. But then the Magyars came and the name changed locally. Not everyone could be bother to use the new name though, since it would be confusing, so in English it’s still “Hungary”. I imagine, when your new country establishes diplomatic relations with another country in some sort or another, you might tell them “here’s what we want to be called” and if they respect you they’ll call you the closest approximation to that using their language customs. Could be wrong here, but pretty sure that’s how it goes. For Hungary Specifically: URL_0",
"The two names are of different derivations. In the case of Hungary, the English name is derived from \"Onogur\" (which was a collective name for a group of people who ruled Eastern Hungary), with the H probably added to make it reminiscent of the Huns, who also controlled parts of the country for a while. The name in Hungarian, meanwhile, actually derives from the name \"Magyeri\", which was one of the seven tribes who settled the land long ago. As for why not use the same name--well, nobody does that. Go to France and they won't call England by its English name but by their own version (Angleterre).",
"> Why do country names get translated to other languages? There are no standards at all. Sometimes, we use it to distinguish from other similarly named countries. We don't call it Republic of China, we call it Taiwan. Sometimes what happened is an approximate sound, like China from Zhong Guo. Or some people might ended up with the old name, like Burma and Myanmar. ************* Other language might put less emphasis on translating the sound, and more on meaning or something with appropriate semantic, so a compromise is made instead. Like the name for a-MERI-ca is Chinese is Mei Guo which translated a Beautiful Country."
],
"score": [
26,
10,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Hungary"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuvkrb
|
Difference between NAT vs ARP?
|
Seems like both protocols translate requests from a public facing IP (say from a router) to the device on the network that requested it. What's the difference, and when is one used over the other?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giudti7"
],
"text": [
"> both protocols translate requests from a public facing IP (say from a router) to the device on the network that requested it. This is wrong, actually. ARP is used within a network; NAT is used for cross-gateway (local network to Internet) traffic. The Address Resolution Protocol is how a computer determines another computer's MAC address (Media Access Control), and it applies within a local network (Ethernet cables and switches only; no routers, no gateways). *Edit for clarity: Here, I'm using the term \"router\" much more strictly than the consumer might. The router on your desk can do ARP, but that's because it's acting in an intra-LAN capacity when it does. In order for computer A to send a message to B, it needs to know its MAC address. If it doesn't have it in its local cache, it has to ask every computer it can see \"Hey, what MAC address goes with this IP address?\" NAT, on the other hand, is primarily used to defeat *IPv4 address exhaustion*. The router keeps track of what internal machine initiated a communication, and then maps the *port* contained in the outgoing packet to the computer's internal IP. Then, when it sees data coming in on that port, it knows to swap out the computer's internal IP before sending the data back."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuvnbj
|
What is the difference between a ponzi scheme and a pyramid scheme?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuel1v",
"giufbha"
],
"text": [
"They are very similar. In a Ponzi scheme the investors are fooled into believing an investment is profitable because they get paid from the investments of people who join after them. So I tell you, my company is doing really well, invest $1000 and I will pay you $100 dividend every week. You give me $1000, and I pay you $100. Then you tell your friends about your great investment, and they also invest - and I tell them it will take a week for them to get paid, but here look, your buddy is getting another $100. As long as new investors keep coming in, I can keep up the illusion, but eventually there is no one left to be a new investor, and it all falls apart. A Ponzi scheme is a 100% con job. In a pyramid scheme, I tell you I have a great business opportunity. You get to be a distributor of my wonderful product - a new, super duper, not at all like the competitor’s, form of fertilizer. But wait - why do all the work of distributing, if you line of 5 of your own distributors, you will get a better commission and do less work yourself. Oh, and did I mention, you have to buy what you are going to distribute. This scheme might be a little more honest. There likely is a real product that some people do use - but if I get five distributors, and they get five each, and so on, it only takes a few iterations before the entire planet has to be a distributor for anyone to get the profits they have been promised - and when they run out of friends to offer business opportunities to, it quickly becomes obvious that the real customers that the inventor of this amazing new product had in mind were these distributors, who are now all stuck with a garage full of horse manure and no one to sell it to. TL;DR - Ponzi - trick people into investing in something worthless or completely false by paying first investors a dividend funded by subsequent investors’ investments. Pyramid - sell a product through a cascading pyramid of distributors, concentrating your real sales effort on selling “business opportunities” rather the actual product, eventually sticking your distributors with a garage full of your product they cannot move because there is no real market for it - it is really just a mcguffin to build the “business opportunity” fiction around.",
"Pyramids are, well, pyramid shaped. Money flows from the bottom level to the top levels with every level in between getting a percentage. Ponzis are sun/star shaped. There is the main scammer in the center of it and then every investor is like a ray of sunshine that gives his money directly to the sun center, with nothing in between."
],
"score": [
22,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuvqh0
|
What are WhatsApp’s new terms and conditions and why is everyone freaking out about them?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuejdk"
],
"text": [
"It’s like having a best friend whom you once confided in, shared your photos and phone number with, and now that classmate is threatening you “I’m sharing your information with other friends of mine so that they can understand you better, if you dont like it, dont be my friend”."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuw1y9
|
Why do we occasionally have big difficulties getting to sleep even when we feel tired and in our minds we just want to fall asleep?
|
This question was thought of while lying in bed awake at 5:22 AM
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giugtnz",
"giugsk4"
],
"text": [
"Adenosine and a chemical responsible for making you tired. It is reabsorbed when we sleep and slowly builds up through the day. Caffeine helps block adenosine, making up feel less tired. Melatonin is the chemical responsible for initiating sleep. You can be very tired, but without melatonin your body doesnt quite know it's time for bed. You can buy melatonin gummies or eat foods rich in melatonin, like grapes, an hour or so before bed.",
"Well this is going to keep me up at night thinking about it now, thanks. (I’d also like to know btw)"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuwdr9
|
Where in the physical world do computers store information, and what physical form does said information take? When space is taken up on a hard drive, what exactly is happening?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuhtsz",
"giui0ra",
"giuivpq"
],
"text": [
"Depends on the storage solution. For Hard drives for exemple, an head will place magnetic fields on a platter. Two possible polarities, so two possible data, 0 and 1. All data will always be written as 0 and 1, because that's what your computer understand. Because of those magnetic fields, you cannot bring a strong magnet close to an HDD without corrupting data.",
"> Where in the physical world do computers store information Computers store information in several places, actually, depending on what you mean. Contextually, I assume you mean \"when I save a file, where does it go?\" The answer is your *drives,* be they solid-state, magnetic, flash, or maybe optical. The physical form depends on the drive, too. Solid-state and flash drives represent data as buckets of electrons. A filled bucket is a 0, while an empty bucket is a 1. Magnetic drives store data in little places called \"domains,\" and represent 1s and 0s by which \"direction\" the domains are facing. CDs and DVDs store data in the series of pits and not-pits (or discolored vs not-discolored parts) on their underside, and represent a 1 as \"the surface has not changed\" and a 0 as \"the surface has changed\" (or the other way around, I'm not sure).",
"Think Etch-a-sketch. What happens there, is as you turn a dial, a stylus moves and shifts the dust inside to the surface. In that same vein, a hard drive simply flips magnets to represent it's state. With enough states, read a certain way, you can have a drawing on a etch-a-sketch, and similarly, on a hard drive you have a document. To directly address your three questions... 1. The location doesn't change for where the information is stored. The state of it changes, but it still takes the same physical mass. Look at a magnet. Flip it. It still takes the same space, but if you were looking top-down at it, the field would be N/S, which in a hard drive represents the two bit states. 2. The information is stored on a platter consisting of magnets arranged in different methods. There's CMR, and SMR, and they have their pros and cons, but is not relevent in this context. 3. Simply put, a head is flipping the states of the magnets on the platter really quickly, which when read, would correspond back to what the bits state. A common query is if saving files changes the weight of the disk. To this I ask you: When you flip a magnet over, and weigh it, does it suddenly weigh more/less? Rather grossly oversimplified, but should cover the general idea rather well."
],
"score": [
8,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuwg47
|
How do companies like namecheap and godaddy own the right to sell you domain names?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giujghg"
],
"text": [
"They don't actually \"own\" the domains you're buying, they act more like brokers. They are known as Domain Name Registrars. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is basically in charge of the internet and the virtual \"space\" it allows others to occupy. Think of GoDaddy as a car dealership. They do not manufacture the cars, but they provide the transaction and support services so that you can buy one. You wouldn't go to a Toyota factory to buy a car - you'd go to a dealership. Registrars like GoDaddy, NameCheap, Squarespace, etc. are all just virtual brokers or dealerships that set aside a domain of your choice (if the name is available) and offer technical support, something the manufacturer (ICANN) does not. EDIT: it sometimes feels like a monopoly because there are some big established players, but anyone can start their own registrar the same way anyone can open their own car dealership. There's an application process and I'd imagine a sizable buy-in"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuwne4
|
How do restaurants offering unlimited barbecue and buffet work and make money? Don't they have huge losses for selling food dirt cheap?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuka4l",
"giujis1",
"giuuc57"
],
"text": [
"For the most part, the actual food is not the most expensive part of running a restaurant. A bigger portion of their costs go to overhead - rent, utilities, wages, insurance, etc. Certain parts of food can be expensive for the restaurant - nicer cuts of meat, some luxury ingredients, etc. But their profit comes from combining these items with side ingredients - veggies, grains, etc. - which are dirt cheap. It’s why no restaurant will hesitate to comp your bill or bring you another plate if you’re not satisfied - they’d rather have you happy and take a small loss of food budget than risk losing a customer. Buffets work on that principle - that getting people into the restaurant is the biggest step. That’s why buffets always have lots of cheap, starchy fillers - potatoes, mac and cheese, bread, rice. A whole tureen of this stuff can cost literally cents and ends up being very filling for the customers. And they know that most people will load up on those instead of the more expensive ingredients and walk away satisfied. Barbecue joints also have a nice upside related to this as well - barbecue is a classic way of taking the cheapest, toughest cuts of meat and making them delicious. Something like beef brisket is one of the cheaper parts of the cow, many times less expensive than the nice steak cuts like ribeye. But you smoke it for a few hours and slather it in sauce, and it’s absolutely delicious. So unlimited barbecue lets restaurants use lots of those cheap cuts of meat and seem like they’re giving it away, when they’re actually filling people up with tasty, cheap food and turning a profit on it. That’s not to say there’s anything wrong with it, it’s awesome to take cheap cuts and make them delicious.",
"Most people don't eat as much as the cost of the meal. If I can feed 5-10 people for $50 and charge each one $20 for a meal profit.",
"Worked a buffet. Buffets have like 1/5 of the personnel of a restaurant. No wait staff, just a hostess to seat you, a busboy, and maybe a buffet attendant if it's busy (depending on the size of the buffet). You can feed 500+ people with three cooks (who will do prep work before each meal rush). The save on labor is huge. Also most people don't take that much food. They calculate the average cost per plate, and round it up to keep their profit margins gucci. Restaurants buy food wholesale so it's much cheaper than at home, and since they're so light on staff they don't have as tight of margins. However, there are limits. There was a woman who was unfortunately very mentally ill and would fill her backpack with food. She was banned. (we felt bad but she literally shoved fifty grilled cheese in her backpack and she did it all the time to all the buffets on campus. It was a whole thing.)"
],
"score": [
12,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuwq7f
|
Why can’t we just put serotonin directly in pills instead of random chemicals that try to produce it?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giujmgm",
"giuqva7"
],
"text": [
"It's a large enough molecule that it doesn't cross from systemic blood circulation into the brain, so any taken orally (assuming it isn't destroyed by stomach acid or liver enzymes on the first pass through the liver, not sure here) would only act in places outside the brain",
"The human stomach metabolizes (destroys) the sensitive chemicals that are used in other parts of the body. Digestion is a harsh chemical reaction and serotonin won't survive, most likely. Many of our hormones and chemicals can't be artificially introduced into the body efficiently, so drugs that stimulate the natural production are used. Also, a lot of the \"random chemicals\" meant to promote production are legally sold OTC, whether they work or not. To actually supplement our natural chemicals, we'd need prescriptions at least, doctor application at worst. So the OTC availability makes people without access to doctors or money hopeful that they can correct an imbalance they assume they have."
],
"score": [
15,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuws80
|
Why does distilled water have no bubbles in its container, while drinking water has bubbles at the top?
|
The gallon waters on store shelves.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuqpx5"
],
"text": [
"Couple of reasons come to mind: 1) Water usually has gas dissolved in it. This is how fish can \"breathe\" water--they're extracting oxygen dissolved in the water using their gills. However, since distillation involves boiling off the water and letting it condense again, this tends to remove a lot of the dissolved gas. If you left the distilled water open in a beaker it would gradually absorb oxygen from the air, but they don't do that when they're manufacturing the stuff. 2) Bubbles require \"nucleation sites\" to form, which are essentially impurities in the water. Distilled water obviously has far less of these than regular water (it's the whole point of creating distilled water in the first place), so it's harder for bubbles to form in the first place."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuwuob
|
how weed goes from a leaf that looks like a star into a bud that looks like craggy fried chicken?
|
I just can't seem to wrap my head around how both things are the same plant. Do they dry the leaf out?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giukmgx",
"giukol7",
"giukpou"
],
"text": [
"You smoke the flower, not the leaf. The flower looks roughly like a hop cone, which it's related to. It's not brightly colored like the flowers that come easiest to mind, because cannabis is wind-pollenated, so it doesn't need to attract insects, the way [normal] flowers do.",
"E: a bud and a leaf are not the same thing, that's why you're confused. a but is the dried flower part of the plant, used for reproduction, while the leaf is used for photosynthesis. on the plant itslef, they are seperate parts.",
"Firstly, the bud is the flower/fruit, not the leaf. See [here for it still on the plant]( URL_0 ). Secondly, dried things look different. The water being removed changes the shape, look, and size. See a raisin compared to a grape."
],
"score": [
16,
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://d3atagt0rnqk7k.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/20120937/fastest-growing-cannabis-flowers.jpg"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuwz18
|
Why does linen wrinkle so easily? Is it the material? The way it's usually woven?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giumlln"
],
"text": [
"Linen, being a plant fiber, is made of cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made of long chains of organic molecules, and it has a tendency to form hydrogen bonds. OH groups and H ions hanging off the chain are attracted to each other and form bonds between different chains that give the fabric its stiffness. However, water is also made of an H ion and an OH group. Water from your sweat or from the air gets into the fabric and breaks these bonds, attracting the ions on the chains to the water molecules instead, then when the water evaporates, the chains are free to slide alongside one another before linking back together again. This creates wrinkles."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kux6ne
|
if someone had internal bleeding and they need CPR, wouldn’t doing CPR just pump more blood out of the wound causing the person to bleed out faster?
|
How is this avoided?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giumilr",
"gium23c"
],
"text": [
"It's unavoidable. Give CPR if needed as that's probably more critical and it's something you CAN do. Lack of oxygen to the brain is sure death in a few minutes.",
"Well, if the question is about keeping their heart pumping due to shock and falling blood pressure or losing a bit of blood - One is more easily replaced at the hospital later (blood). The way you minimize blood loss is by putting pressure on the wound, also taught in most CPR classes. The reason you can't just let someones heart stop beating to save blood is that they will lose oxygen going to their brain, even after just a short period of time this causes severe brain damage and shortly after, there is no coming back."
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kuxnm9
|
Hunger is a feeling that we need food and we know the more nutritious the food is the better; what is an explanation of Anxiety in a similar manner?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuq120"
],
"text": [
"There's a quote that says, \"Depression is when you put to much energy and focus into the past. And Anxiety is when you put to much energy and focus onto the future.\" Learning to be mindful in the present is a key skill to help battle Anxiety."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuxru3
|
Why are deserts so hot in the daytime but freezing cold at night?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuq3xs",
"giupgug",
"giuvlje",
"giurkan"
],
"text": [
"Largely due to low humidity in the dessert. Humid air tends to hold heat for a longer time than try air. Combine that with the sand heating up but not storing heat, and the heat of the sun during the day gets lost quickly resulting in cold.",
"That’s because of the sand. Sand can’t hold the heat, it acts like a mirror and reflects all the energy. There is nothing in the desert that can absorb or hold it on the surface so when the Sun sets all the heats gets lost quickly",
"Water is an extremely good \"heat battery\". It takes a large amount of heat to raise the temperature of water, and similarly, water can release a lot of heat before cooling down significantly. As long as the temperature outside of something is higher than the object(or any matter), the object will absorb that heat trying to reach equilibrium. So during the day, when the sun is there and it's hot, things absorb heat. At night, when it get colder, things release some of their heat. It just so happen that in many places, you have a lot of water (including in life forms such as plants and animals). By the ocean, you have the ocean(duh), inland, you have rivers, lakes, and all the plant life born from it. In desert you have much less available water. So, since water is the premiere heat battery material, there is barely anything in the desert that can hold heat. In a matter of hours, most of the heat dissipate leaving only the cold.",
"This has a good answer, but like the other redditor said it has to do with water in the air. URL_0"
],
"score": [
25,
11,
7,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/desert"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kuyk3h
|
Where does the extra matter come from on earth over millions of years to result in layers in the ground over time?
|
When finding fossils we talk about having a historical record in the earth, layers upon layers that trap elements and fossils. This means the ground level is continuously getting further from the planet's core. Where is all this extra matter coming from?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giuwt9f",
"giuuz80"
],
"text": [
"Tectonic plates crash into each other forming mountains and volcanoes. Those erode away covering the land below. The extra weight/mass pushes down on the crust which is floating on magma so we aren't actually getting further from the planets core. If anything the earth is shrinking slightly as it cools over time. The Himalayas are growing by about 2.5 inches per year. Thats ~40 miles of height gain per million years. Erosion eats away at that and spreads that rock over a huge area and we never actually have 40 mile tall mountains. A million years is a long time.",
"Sometimes volcanoes spitting out new rock. Sometimes sediment, like sand, building up and getting compacted into rocks over time and pressure. Where does all that stuff come from? Well, from older stuff getting eroded, or torn apart via glaciers, destroyed via getting sunk in water, destroyed in seismic events, or getting shoved under another tectonic plate where it melts and is turned back into crust or mantle. Basically the planet is like one big churning ball. This is one of theany reason for massive gaps in the fossil records. Some rocks that *were* fossils simply got destroyed at some point before humans even existed."
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv0fgt
|
; What makes pedophilia, pedophilia?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giv73f4",
"giv6hnq",
"giv9zp7"
],
"text": [
"The literal definition of pedophilia is attraction to *prepubescent* children. A 19yo and a 17yo is not really worrisome under normal circumstances. Sad to say, in recent years it seems like the internet has kinda latched onto pedophilia as a nuclear option to get somebody cancelled, and has expanded the definition to ridiculous levels. This is a serious problem because it causes alarm fatigue and makes it harder for actual survivors of sexual abuse to get attention brought to their cases.",
"The Carson thing wasn’t really pedophilia. It’s because he abused his position of power as a content creator to pressure girls to send pictures which is really messed up. But it really wasn’t pedophilia.",
"So, to start, obviously trying to engage in any sexual behavior with prepubescent children is pedophilia and wrong. With pre-teens and early teens who have gone through puberty, it is pretty easy to make the case that most of them are not emotionally ready to be engaging in any sexual behavior, most especially with adults (17+). When youre no longer a minor (17+ in most places), then its no longer an issue as long as theres consent and all that. Though, it still feels pretty weird if, say, a 17 year old was being perused by a 40 or 50 year old (or older). Not illegal or pedophilia, but still a bit cringe/awkward. However, the question of pedophilia can get a bit grey around the mid teens. One could make the argument that there are some 16 year olds who may be mentally and emotionally mature and prepared for engaging in sexual activity, even with those who are not minors. But human emotions/sexuality is complex and difficult (or even impossible) to quatify or describe to an adequate degree to actually form laws and reason around. So since we often don't have the proper language or logic to determine to a greater degree of specificity of exactly when a person is mentally/emotionally/etc. ready to engage in sexual activity with those who are not minors and to further protect those who are not ready, we base it on age. And a cut-off has to be established somewhere. And 17 (or in some cases 18) was the best age that everyone came up with. Are there some 16 year olds who are emotionally/mentally ready to engage in sexual activity with non-minors? Very likely, yes, there are those who exist. Are there some 17, 18, or even 19 year olds who AREN'T emotionally/mentally ready to engage in sexual activity with people much older than them? Also, very likely, yes. But we don't have a system or process to determine that. So the best we can do, as a general rule, to protect those who aren't prepared is to go by age. Obviously, suddenly turning 17 years old doesnt automatically make you ready for sex with non-minors. No switch is flipped in your brain that changes you. So it definitely has its flaws, but going by age is the best we can do (at least for now)."
],
"score": [
20,
9,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv0gay
|
Why does water evaporate at room temperature?
|
If water boils away at 100C and I drop some water on the floor, it evaporates away eventually, but I know that my floor isn’t 100C. Is there an evaporation point for water as well as boiling and freezing? Will a wet towel dry at anything above 0? Say 1C?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giv71ng",
"giv8f2n"
],
"text": [
"Water consists of a lot of molecules that is bumping into each other all the time. The warmer the water the faster the molecules go on average. The boiling point is the termperature at which the molecules have enough speed to brake free of the other molecules and evaporate into steam. However because the molecules are just randomly bumping into each other transfering energy between themselves it is possible for single molecules to get enough speed to turn into steam even though the average speed of the water is lower. And if this molecule is near the surface it might not hit any other water molecules before it gets into the air. There is not really an evaporation temperature but the rate of evaporation does increase with increasing temperature. Even ice will technically evaporate but at much lower rates then water at the same temperature as it requires a lot more energy to brake out of the crystal structure of ice then from the more lose structure of water. Another factor in the rate of evaporation is the humidity in the air. The same way that water molecules from the water can get enough energy and be pushed up into the air the water molecules in the air might occationally crash into the water and get stuck. This reduces the rate of evaporation.",
"There isn't an evaporation point. There is a thing called relative humidity though. You've probably heard on a weather forecast something like 30% humidity or something like that. What the percentage means is the amount of water in the air, relative to the maximum amount of water that can exist in air at that Temperature. The higher the temperature, the more water that can be held in air. As long as humidity is less than 100%, there is a chance that water molecules in liquid water can gain enough energy (movement speed) to escape into the atmosphere. There is also a chance that vapor in the air can lose energy (movement speed) and be redeposited to a surface as liquid water. The lower the relative humidity, the greater the net of water evaporating minus water condensing will happen. The higher the relative humidity, the more likely it is that water will condense rather than evaporate. Once you get to 0%, all you can have is net evaporation, once you get to 100% humidity, all you can do is have net condensation."
],
"score": [
9,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv0kgb
|
Why are there some unsolvable math equations? What do people have that solve them that others didn't? What makes them unsolvable?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givbxkf",
"giv8o40",
"giva7ho"
],
"text": [
"We don't have a general answer for \"what makes them unsolvable.\" If we knew how to answer that for every question, then we would kinda know *everything*, mathematically. In some cases, we can give a proof for why a particular equation or system has no solutions. The proof or disproof is different for each problem, and finding them is the bread and butter of a mathematician's work. It's hard, and that's why it's a whole profession. Sometimes they find a solution to the equation, sometimes they find a way to prove no solution exists. In either case, they consider the problem settled after that. But there's a very clever reason we know that there will always be some problems that are beyond our reach to settle. It is an argument put forward by Alan Turing, to answer something David Hilbert asked called the \"Decision problem.\" Or in Hilbert's German, the *Entscheidungsproblem.* Ent-SHY-doongs-pro-BLEM. Isn't that a great word? The Decision problem went something like: \"given some logical proof system and a statement in that system, can you always determine the statement's truth or falsity?\" Turing's argument got a little technical, but in the broad strokes, he first showed that the problem was equivalent to asking whether a particular algorithm or computer program would ever terminate. This related problem is called the \"Halting problem.\" He then imagined that there could be some process which, in a finite number of steps, could answer this question, does it halt or not, for any program. We call that process an \"oracle.\" He showed that such a process (if it existed) could, itself, be expressed as a program. And since the oracle answers halting questions about programs, he then proposed to *ask the oracle a halting question about the oracle!* But it was a question phrased in a very tricky, paradoxical way. Do you know what a paradox is? Think about if you asked someone \"Are you going to answer 'no' to this question?\" If they answer yes, they're a liar, and if they answer no, they're a liar. That's a paradox! So Turing exploited a paradox kind of like that one, to show that there *must* be some questions we could ask the oracle and it could not correctly answer. And this meant that, no matter what set of tools you might settle on for solving math problems, there will always always always exist some problems it can't solve. There can be no master-algorithm for solving them all. One pretty cool thing about this story is that it's from 1936. There *were* no computers yet, so when he proposed expressing math problems as computer programs, he was *kinda* inventing the whole concept of computer programs! He described these programs in terms of abstract processes which we now call *Turing machines.* (note: The Decision problem was also answered, the same year I think, in a different way by Alonso Church. But his answer was much harder to ELI5 and I don't really understand it well myself.) eta: If you want to explore it in a little more detail, there's a good brief walkthrough of Turing's argument [here.]( URL_0 )",
"We can generalize it to \"Why are there some unsolvable math problems\". Well, first, they are unsolvable now, but perhaps someone will solve them in the future. But why it's so difficult? Think about the set of possible solutions - candidates, if it's small, you usually can just test every possibility. The problem is when this set is huge or even infinite. For example how many prime numbers exist? You can't test every number for primality, because there is infinite of them. You have to be clever and find an explanation why there are infinitely many of prime numbers. Finding an explanation is sometimes easy (like in this case) and sometimes extremely difficult or plainly impossible with our current knowledge.",
"equations are just abstract versions of phrasing a statement, so I wouldn't get hung up on that part. many of those famous unsolved equations can be phrased in plain language, like the Collatz conjecture: > So here's how it goes: pick a number, any number. > If it's even, divide it by 2. If it's odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. Now repeat those steps again with your new number. Eventually, if you keep going, you'll eventually end up at 1 every single time (try it for yourself, we'll wait). > As simple as it sounds, it actually works. But the problem is that even though mathematicians have shown this is the case with millions of numbers, they haven't found any numbers out there that won't stick to the rules. > \"It's possible that there's some really big number that goes to infinity instead, or maybe a number that gets stuck in a loop and never reaches 1,\" explains Thompson. \"But no one has ever been able to prove that for certain.\" the goal for mathematicians is to find an approach that shows that something is true for ALL numbers, something you cant just do by trying number after number (since there's an infinite amount of them). things that you need to solve those: - a good understanding of maths - creativity (think of a way to prove it that somehow no one else has up until now) - perseverance (most likely your solution wont be just 2-3 paragraphs long)"
],
"score": [
10,
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macM_MtS_w4"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv1feb
|
How are causes of death determined from ambiguous deaths?
|
As someone who has near-zero medical knowledge, I'm keen to know how are they determined. Specifically, if someone suddenly has a hemorrhagic stroke while driving fast on a highway, becomes unconscious and as a result loses control of their vehicle and crashes severely, how then do medical professionals determine if said person died from the severe car crash or from their hemorrhagic stroke?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giveruy",
"givk8x7",
"gix859i"
],
"text": [
"They just take their best guess after looking at the remains and considering the circumstances. Then they sign the death certificate so they have to be ready with their findings in case there are further questions from insurance adjusters.",
"When you investigate a death involving an accident or traumatic event, there are signs that can indicate at what point in the process death occurred. Factors like bruising and bleeding or absence of it can suggest the order of events. Additionally, most places in the United States have laws that say there has to be autopsies when the cause of death isn't clear.",
"I was involved in a death case V was a forklift driver for a warehouse/assembly plant. his stand up forklift took off across the plant in reverse, probably 20+ mph (ungoverned) a part of the racking was hanging out and popped his head like a ripe tomato. The lift hit the racking threw his body into the steel, and stopped. The company said it was a health issue, the family said it was a fault on the lift, it came down to the video of the lift functioning normally before the incident and stopping after impact for COD and fault. There was nothing left to say if it was a stroke, or aneurysm, heck even a seizure, it was like reddead or something his head was just gone, body was mangled from hitting the steel and wall, someone tried to do CPR, and that just made everything so much worse on everyone. When your kneeling on brain mater its probably too late for CPR."
],
"score": [
6,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv1max
|
Why does all japanese animation must look like "anime" ?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givhtdp"
],
"text": [
"Most anime is based on manga, and most manga is drawn with a fairly standardized art style. Anime is quite expensive to produce, so they mostly don't take unnecessary risks with it (that's part of why it's relatively rare for an anime series to not be based on some pre-existing work). Think of it as the same basic reason big Hollywood blockbusters mostly don't take risks: they're putting a ton of money into effects and want to make sure they're recouping costs. As for how that style became standardized - it's derived from Disney animation in the late 1940s and 1950s when Japan was heavily Americanizing after WWII, in part under the influence of direct contact with occupying American military. Compare the art style of, say, *Alice In Wonderland*, *Peter Pan*, or *Lady and the Tramp* (contemporary Disney films) and you'll see they're quite similar."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv1obt
|
Why do doctors prescribe Ibuprofen 800mg when the same medication is available over the counter?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givfz16",
"givh1lx",
"givhgh5"
],
"text": [
"I don't know about your country, but in my country doctors do regularly prescribe widely available medication, however, here prescribed medication comes with the possibility of being free of charge or being under a huge discounts due to your insurance. There's a great difference between paying 10 bucks and 1 buck.",
"A larger single coated pill is better for the stomach. Over the counter ibuprofen is 200mg so you would have to take 4 small pills that dissolve faster and release the medicine quicker. Your body gets to much in to short of a time and you will end up needing more sooner.",
"There are higher risks in taking 800mg vs 200mg, which is why there is a prescription threshold and it wouldn't be advisable (or safe) for some people to take that much ibuprofen. That's the main reason. Otherwise - there's convenience in not having to take 4 of something when you could take one. If you didn't have to pay to see the doctor, there is a chance you would be saving money with the prescription vs if you had to pay for the same quality over the counter. But that is all relative."
],
"score": [
15,
5,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv2cry
|
Why do some wines or whiskeys have a cork top, but others stick to a screw off top?
|
Is this flavour based? Aesthetic? An old tradition to certain branding for no reason?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givlsfc",
"givm64a",
"givorbo"
],
"text": [
"Basically just tradition and marketing nowadays. Corks have two advantages over other methods that were available back in the day of sealing a bottle: a cork creates a pretty good seal, but still lets some oxygen through. That's ideal if what we want is to seal up a bottle for a long time and have the wine or whiskey not go bad straight away, but also oxidise a little bit, slowly over time, which is what 'ages' the beverage in the bottle. Plastic corks might actually work better for this than natural corks but it's debated. Screw tops let almost no oxygen in so they're a bad choice if you want to age that bottle for 10 years. But otherwise, they're the same, and the vast majority of people buying any of these things is not going to age them long term, so it's mostly tradition and prestige to use a 'proper' cork",
"Cork is traditional and people get all worked up about change if they don't get why it's better. As a natural material, cork can carry contaminants or microbes or even leak and ruin the wine. The modern plastic fake corks work better, but even better than that at every job a cork is for is the screw off top. It's also way cheaper. This means the first adopters were the cheaper \"lower class\" wines which added additional stigma to serving wine with a screw off top. Fun bonus fact to illustrate people hating change: Archaeologists think that the flutes we carve into stone columns are so that the columns look more like the tree trunks they replaced.",
"Corks are used because that’s how they’ve been done for a long time, but it can “cork” the wine and ruin it. Screw tops are better for drinking cause it creates a better seal and you can close it after drinking some of the wine. Some still prefer corks for tradition and for the flair of removing the cork. Oddly enough, some have replaced the natural cork with plastic cork. Environmentally, natural corks are renewable resource, versus plastic corks and screw tops that are more difficult to recycle and reuse."
],
"score": [
17,
8,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv2gz6
|
Why does turning a device off, then turning it back on usually fix the problem with it?
|
Title
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givpr0i",
"givlsl3",
"givlmuu",
"givluh4"
],
"text": [
"Imagine you were driving somewhere and you took a wrong turn. All of a sudden your directions are all wrong. You could try to backtrack your steps and undo what happened, but if you could just teleport back to your starting point and start all over again, that would be much simpler. It's similar with computers. Sometimes some bug in the application can cause something to happen that it isn't supposed to. That can have some cascading effects down the line, but restarting the application gives you a clean slate. Black box devices like a router are similar -- they're just computers running software after all. Instead of restarting the software, we just restart the whole thing.",
"A lot of info is temporarily stored in RAM. Random Access Memory. Turning a device off clears that RAM and any hung processes or does slowing it down (for the most part). When you start up a PC, whether laptop, desktop, tablet, phone, etc. They all use RAM in a similar fashion. Is a lot faster at reading and writing data, too, so resources for the OS are loaded to not put wear on the HDD. With SSDs and now PCIe connected SSDs, there's less reliance on RAM, but still necessary to function. You can close all the programs/apps in the world but nothing clears RAM like a full shutdown",
"Sometimes a device will encounter a problem that doesn’t necessarily bring up and error message, and even when it does, rebooting it puts the software back to a fresh condition so it can start again. The longer a device is on for, the more likely it is to have an issue and cause problems for the user. I’ve had phones where the BT system or the main radio died without a trace that anything was wrong other than I couldn’t connect. A reboot usually bring it back.",
"A computer is a complex set of things working together. Alongside it, many program start and stop over the duration you keep it turned on. Some program reserve memory here and there. And sometime, they don't clear their reservation properly later on (there are plenty of error that don't show, and usually they cause minor crash in the background leaving memory reserved while nobody else need it). As more and more small things go wrong, even if it's in the background, it can cause other issues. Eventually, some settings can lock themselves, and program can't manipulate things that are reserved somewhere else. Eventually your computer throw visible error because it cannot handle these error in the background. Restarting the computer clear the memory and make it start over. You ahve no background task stuck, you have no memery stuck."
],
"score": [
44,
18,
13,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv2xl8
|
What exactly is Reaganomics and why did it fail?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givv54r",
"givozsy",
"giwjxas",
"givrtg8",
"giwnjsx",
"givte97",
"gix3mk8"
],
"text": [
"Reagan had a policy plan called [\"Starve the Beast\"]( URL_1 ). In short: Step 1: Lower Taxes, especially on the wealthy. This drives deficit. Step 2: Cut funding across the board. Allow Government Projects to suffer from lack of funding, until they are functionally useless. Step 3: Defund those \"useless\" Government Projects entirely. Result: Smaller government, less money being collected by the state or moving out of the state. The theory was that the burden of these government projects would be picked up by responsible citizens. Wealthy citizens would employ less-wealthy citizens for labor, and would buy luxuries, moving the money downward. The lower class will use that money for necessities and comforts, and their spending will drive the economy. --- In reality what happens is that most wealthy citizens stop buying luxuries, or at least do not buy luxuries at the rate proportional to their profits. In reality, paying employees more money per hour across the entire company is more expensive than waving the maximum-allowable-donation at a politician next to bill proposal that allows them to actively work against worker's unions, and pay even *less* per hour with less benefits. In reality, tax reductions and bailouts are counted as profit to be invested back into the company or to reward bonuses to executives for their profit-making, rather than inspiration to be more charitable. In fact, they can even push charity off to their customers and collect the tax benefit of the consumer's guilt. When the money is re-invested into the company, the economy is still moving, but the money is pooling at a higher level than where it's needed most: **by the lower class, who are struggling to meet basic necessities.** --- Now that we know the money doesn't trickle down as expected, what happened to those government projects? - **Infrastructure projects stagnate.** We've been talking about crumbling bridges for over a decade, and most of our public projects were made before 1960. With construction and infrastructure maintenance work comes jobs, especially for \"unskilled\" labor, which are typically in the lower class. - **The people at the lowest end have to fight tooth and nail for help.** Food stamps, WIC, housing projects, etc. are supposed to ensure that the richest country in the world doesn't have people dying on the street; and they're also constantly under attack. There are many people who are in the tricky position where they make too much to get these benefits, but also make too little to thrive thanks to the earlier points. - **Education suffers, and therefore the future suffers.** Public education is supposed to be the great equalizer, but it's funded largely on local taxes. In poorer areas that aren't able to pay well for taxes or have the funds to make big donations into their school systems, schools suffer, which means those kids have less opportunity in the economy. Every dollar in invested in education is multiplied tenfold in terms of the economy, because that child becomes an educated adult that will contribute more to society at large. - **Privatization of State Responsibilities.** When the state can't afford to take care of its own responsibilities, it has to pass them off to private entities. This often costs more over time, but doesn't rely on public works to get done. *For example*, when the prisons are full and you can't find the money to build another prison, you can get a private company to build one for you. You don't have to hire anyone, build anything, and it's easy to justify the cost of the prison to your constituents; [but the private prison gets huge leverage over prices, and can do the best it can to hold onto those prisoners as long as possible, to get every last penny out of the prisoner and the state.]( URL_0 ) Those private prisons can wave money at people giving sentences to drive up incarceration too, an incredible investment on their part. [Also, thanks to the 13th amendment, your prisoners can also be functional slaves.]( URL_2 ) Penal labor, paid for by the state, is free labor, which means *free profit*. Stamp a \"Made in the USA\" sticker so everyone feels patriotic.",
"Trickle down economy. So basically, if we prop business up enough, the rich get richer and in turn dump money into the economy, and eventually everybody is better off. But as it turns out, the rich get to a point where they dont have to spend shit. And people have a tendency to go to a big box store instead of the mom and pop. All that money is funneled OUT of the system, and the poor/middle class continue to struggle.",
"Neoliberal economic policies were an answer to the runaway inflation of the 70s. There are some converging ideas that a lot of people conflate, in short the idea was that government regulation was strangling business and what really needed to happen was that businesses needed to be 'freed' to work as the needed to. For some sectors of the economy, this worked really well, like de-regulating airlines. In other sectors it was very bad, like in the banking industry. The impact in the banking industry was so quickly felt that there was a banking crisis during Reagan's term and, of course, the big one in 2008. That can't all be blames on Reagan, the Traveler's law (look it up) was passed under Bill Clinton. People tend to have an absolutist look at this, Reaganomics worked and was brilliant or it didn't and we are all screwed. We tend to over-estimate the impact of a lot of these policies on long term growth. For example, taxes, we keep lowering them and driving the deficit but the data isn't there to support the idea that the tax reduction strategy worked all that well. In fact, during most of the fastest economic growth in the USA was during times when the marginal tax rates were extremely high. We also tend to ignore shifts in technology, for example, the jobs boom under Clinton (which eclipsed both Bush's and Reagan) had more to do with technological advancement than any political/economic condition. If you wanted to make that connection, it would go back to the space race of the 60s and the race to getting a guided missile in the 50s. What people who support neoliberal policies often wont accept is that the government has a role in R & D when it doesn't immediately produce a profit. Nuclear energy, aviation, microchips, the internet (among others) were all areas where the government dumped billions into, either to fight a real hot war or a cold one with the soviets. The US government used to buy microchips that had a 40% failure rate, they didn't care because that would mean 60% of missiles would likely find a target, that was huge in the 50s. A private company could never absorb losses like that. The issue I have with neoliberal economic policies isn't that it can't sometimes be the salve to treat some problem - it is that salve is often used to bludgeon the 'others' in society. Cutting taxes, reducing welfare programs, reducing funding towards state colleges, reducing funding for public schools, reducing funding for public hospitals, etc all disproportionately hurt society's 'others'. The link is so causal and obvious that it makes one wonder if it is the point of the thing.",
"Reaganomics is just the late 20th century rebranding of neoliberalism. And it's been failing since the beginning of the 20th century. In this country, a series of wars, western expansion and a half century of respite bought by New Deal progressivism has kept it undulating in the background, but it's been a series of collapses ever since the beginning. Markets are wealth extractors. Money is power and it begets more money and power. Without strong social policy to keep that imbalance in check, it always collapses into despair and revolution.",
"For some reason people thought corporations are job creators, as apposed to spenders. You and I are job creators. We actually spend money. All corporations do is hoard it.",
"Reaganomics = give rich people money and that money will eventually “trickle down” to poor people. It failed because that’s not how any of this works and rich people like to hoard and keep all their money for themselves and don’t give a shit about the poor (see: Jeff Bezos). It was a way to make rich people feel less guilty by feeding them a lie to make them feel good.",
"\"Reaganomics\" as a term is a political buzzword thats too vague to have any concrete meaning or to analyze in regards to whether it \"failed\" or not People will try to give you definitions to analyze, but there is no real definition."
],
"score": [
251,
57,
15,
6,
4,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://news.wsu.edu/2020/09/15/privatized-prisons-lead-inmates-longer-sentences-study-finds/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starve_the_beast",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv2zol
|
how are macronutrients measured in food? It it just an approximate value?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giw3hwn"
],
"text": [
"Approximateish. Everything natural, so long as it is grown within similar conditions, the same type of animal/plant,whatever is going to be somewhat similar. Nothing is going to be exactly the same, and of course, you’re gonna see more variance with some things, even with similar conditions. Livestock will have a lot more variance than a carrot or something. However that being said, the actual amount of variance is gonna be pretty small and not really very relevant for the most part. It’s like the idea that you can never do two things exactly identical because there will be at least very tiny differences on the microscopic scale. Processed foods might have a little more variance in them, though it is easier to strictly control different factors you can with non-processed foods, like the percentage of fat in ground beef. I’m not sure how anything other than Calories is measured however. Those, you can just burn the food in the correct setup and se show much energy is released."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv3ngl
|
How is scent linked with memory?
|
I just smelled a blanket after wash and it unlocked the memory of the scent of the toys I played with when I was 3 years old. How does that kind of thing work?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givvkob"
],
"text": [
"The smell-detecting neurons connect directly into the limbic system which as an old and primitive part of the brain controlling our basic functions such as mood, emotions and memory. Thus, unlike other senses, smells can evoke strong emotions and memories rather easily."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv3r27
|
So, i have poured boiled water into a plastic bottle half full with really cold water, slowly, and now part of the bottle is now deformed, what did I do wrong?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givuw91",
"givv0cy",
"givvxf0"
],
"text": [
"The water doesn't instantly mix to warm water. So if very hot water is hitting the plastic before it cools, it will deform the plastic.",
"The hot water pouring into the bottle heated up the air in the upper half of the bottle. Hot air rising out of the bottle reduced the air pressure in it, causing the bottle wall to buckle in.",
"You poured boiling water into a plastic bottle, that’s what you did. XD The temperature difference between even really cold water room temp, and then boiling water and room temp are really different. 35ish degrees compared to 142 degrees Fahrenheit. There is an equation floating somewhere, I can’t remember where, but it explains how temperatures change when you mix two quantities of substances together. It may be specifically for liquids or something, it’s been a while since I used it for something but the important part is that there is a constant used for an individual substance. This means that if you are mixing two quantities of the same stuff, temperature will average out in Kelvin (Maybe others too, not sure). Say some water is at... 50K and some is at 100K. If they are even quantities, temp will average out to 75K. Anyway so the point is, your boiling water is still gonna be really hot. Not enough to actually melt the plastic, but certainly enough to deform it. As other comments said, it’s not going to mix instantly, so you are gonna have patches of really hot water and some steam."
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv40gv
|
Why is USA still stockpiling cheese instead of cutting support to the dairy subsidy?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givzqdt",
"giw14be",
"giw40mc"
],
"text": [
"This is a basic problem of subsidies. Once they are given, it is very hard to take away. Not the mechanism of the subsidy but the political impact. Subsidies benefit few and penalize everyone a little. This means the beneficiaries are VERY motivated politically to maintain them whereas the majority who feel only a little issue, aren't too motivated to retaliate. Depending on the subsidy mechanism, the impacts may vary but for ELI5, subsidies reduce the cost of production and therefore increase supply. This increase of supply makes subsidies more expensive (generally) and prices lower. But there is a limit of consumption, and at some point, there is a \"natural limit\" to how much cheese people will consume regardless of how cheap it becomes. If the subsidies are limited, then it should never come to this point. But this is easier said than done in a political environment. Ultimately, the taxpayer has the double whammy of subsidizing cost and paying for excess supply to be stockpiled (or price support). The cheese industry supports the dairy industry and so on and so forth. Once subsidies start, more people are employed in it than would be in a non-subsidy market. This makes the subsidies even more politically difficult to remove.",
"Cheese and butter is a very efficient way of storing milk for long periods of time. And countries will usually want to keep a strategic stockpile of certain commodities in case there is a shortage. For example in case of a war or a natural disaster. Say for example that there is a disease spreading throughout the dairy cow population in the US so a lot of them have to be butchered to prevent the spread of the disease. That would mean a shortage of milk but thanks to the strategic stockpile it would not mean a shortage of cheese. That would give the dairy farms a few years to recover. All the while cheese would still be available to consumers. Another thing that might happen is that some new popular diet trend makes a lot of people suddenly want to eat cheese. The dairy farms is not able to keep up with demand but the government could still sell cheese to people from their stockpiles. Similar things have actually happened before. After a few years the diet trend have changed and now cheese is out of fashion but the dairy farms had invested a lot of money producing milk that nobody wants. So the government is able to buy the milk at lower cost and make it into cheese to be stored so that the dairy farms do not go bankrupt. Of course there is a debate on how large these strategic stockpiles of cheese should be. Dairy farmers wants them to be as big as possible and so do the Department of Defense. However a big stockpile costs a lot of money both in building and operating the warehouses but you would have to constantly buy new cheese and sell the old if you are even able to sell the old cheese because even cheese can not be stored forever.",
"Dairy subsidies in general can be sensible because milk is a perishable commodity that is produced using \"machines\" (cows) that are expensive to maintain and take a long time to build. A dip in the demand for milk, absent subsidies, could cause dairy famers to rationally reduce the number of cows they maintain. Then when demand rises again, there's no way to quickly ramp up milk production again. A program where the government buys excess milk and turns it into cheese can help to smooth out these bumps. Thus the spike in government cheese production during the pandemic is the system working as intended. There's a short term drop in the demand for milk, so the government steps into buy the excess. The sign that there's a problem with dairy subsidies is that we were still producing government cheese even *before* the pandemic. There has been a long-term decline in the demand for dairy milk. More people are using plant-based milk, and the idea of having a glass of milk with dinner is quickly becoming very old-fashioned. Government subsidies should adjust to this, but they haven't because the dairy lobby is powerful and motivated."
],
"score": [
19,
8,
6
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv43z3
|
. If the stars /sun are so bright, then why is the universe black, and why is it bright on earth during daytime?
|
Earth Science
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givxy9s",
"givxev3"
],
"text": [
"First, because the speed of light is finite, we can only possibly see the light from objects closer then about 14 billon light years to us. So there is a finite number of stars which are observable from Earth. Second, the stars further away from us look very dim because of the distance and can only be seen through a telescope - the furthest object (barely) observable by naked eye is the Andromeda galaxy, about 3 million light years away. The daytime sky on Earth is bright because of the way that the sunlight gets diffused in our atmosphere. Edit: Also see this: URL_0",
"I’m guessing that to be considered “bright” the light needs to be reflected off of something and because it just travels through emptiness of the space we can’t perceive it."
],
"score": [
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv4d8x
|
Why consuming a hot or cold beverage IE, 16 oz hot coco in the winter, is capable of warming 152 lb (me) person?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"givzcmw"
],
"text": [
"Changing your temperature by just a degree or less can make you feel hot or cold, because a human body normally operates in very narrow temperature window. Now although that drink is small compared to you, it has a very different temperature from you, and us generally delivered to your insides quite fast. This can make your body feel the abrupt change in average temperature."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv4mhb
|
Why did we start using paper as currency instead of gold or other materials?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giw1bd6",
"giw2xvk",
"giw3fwu"
],
"text": [
"Carrying around paper that *represents* the gold was easier and safer. And, eventually, people realized that you don't actually NEED the gold if the entity issuing the paper is good for the value of it.",
"We start by trading stuff for stuff. Eventually, it becomes not very practical, so we decide to use a medium. That medium is what we call currency. At first, it was pieces of gold, silver, copper, tin, or other stuff. One is that a madlad built too big a vault for himself. So he proposed, for a minor fee, to also allow people to keep their money inside. So he gave them a paper signed by his hand with how much money they had in the bank. After a few weeks, he grew tired of signing. So he used a printing press. Then he was even more tired and instead of printing a piece of paper saying \"I owe Frozen\\_storm5 5€\" the piece of paper said \"This piece of paper can be redeemed at Elgatee's bank for 5€\". That way, he didn't need to put names on the bill. Well people simply started trading bills rather than money. The concept spread. Other places did the same. Bank were born and bill had value because the bank accepted all their bill to exchange for gold.",
"We actually used both for quite some time. It was quite annoying to have to carry around big bags of gold so people ended up giving the gold to jewelry makers to keep in their vaults for safe keeping. In return they would get a certificate for the gold that they could go to the jeweler at any time to get back their gold. However people often just traded these certificates instead of going to the jeweler every time they had to spend money. It developed into its own industry to store gold for people and issuing gold certificates for it. But it was hard to know which certificates to trust and it also became expensive to transport gold around whenever you were doing transactions between two people with banks far from each other. So the government took over the system and issued their own bank notes from their own reserve banks and banned any other type of money. But the bank notes were still representing real gold stored in a vault somewhere. The problem was that eventually there were not enough gold around for people to pay their bills. Some people could not pay their bills because they were waiting for money from people who could not pay them because they too were out of money for the same reason. Especially during wartime when the government had to spend a lot of money there were little actual money going around. To fix the issue the government just said to print more bank notes even though there were no more gold. People did not actually exchange their bank notes into gold any more so nobody were worried about it. And people just accepted it and continued using this fiat currency just like they used with the old gold backed currency. As long as you could buy things with it people were happy to accept it as payment."
],
"score": [
7,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv4ye4
|
Dirt. What is it?
|
What is it composed of, at an elemental level? What in it is organic vs inorganic? How much does it vary by location? How does it come into existence?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giw47n9",
"giwhjm1"
],
"text": [
"Dirt can be a lot of varied things. It does depend a lot on location. The most basic element of dirt is usually sand and silt from eroded local stones. And as you may suspect these minerals vary a lot between different locations. But there also tends to be organic matter in the dirt as local plants and animals decompose and mix with the dirt as they do so. Some dirt is almost pure organic matter and some dirt is almost pure mineral matter. However most is a mix between these.",
"\"Dirt\" is just a generic term for the natural stuff under your feet. The inorganic material can be described as sand, silt, or clay which is basically particulate size from large to small. Dirt will be a combination of these 3 in various ratios. Even within these classifications there are dozens more specifics. \"Soil\" generally indicates a higher degree of organic matter. Dirt is kind of lifeless soil. There are hundreds of terms across various countries to describe different types of soil based on the bedrock, time, erosion, and more. Pedology is a rather new science and words to describe \"dirt/soil\" are dependent on context, whether you're an engineer, a farmer, or hydrogolost. Lots of places do soil surveys that are wonderfully visualized on maps. There should be a key so you can research further how a particular places dirt came to be."
],
"score": [
15,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv5kdq
|
Oxygen supplies are running out in California, oxygen is everywhere, how hard is it to make more?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giw864l",
"giw8fzv",
"giw8x8l",
"giwe21r"
],
"text": [
"However hard or easy it is, it requires time to do. So if the pure oxygen is being consumed faster than it is being produced, you will have a shortage. Also important to factor is that the pure oxygen is available, just not in those specific locations having a shortage. They don't make it on site, it's made elsewhere and shipped to the locations that need it. So if you use more than you have ordered or requested from somewhere else, you will also have a shortage.",
"Oxygen is distilled from the air much like how you distill alcohol. The main difference is that the factory must cool down the air to very low temperatures (near liquid nitrogen). Then separation of the different gases in the air is necessary. It isn't particularly difficult to do conceptually but it does require some specialized equipment so it is not easy to suddenly produce more.",
"Oxygen is everywhere but it is usually mixed with a lot of nitrogen and other gasses. The hospitals are having problems with the supply of pure oxygen. There are machines which filter out oxygen from the air but these are running all around the clock and not producing enough pure oxygen to supply the hospitals. What California needs is more machines to filter out oxygen from the air or at least getting pure oxygen shipped from places which have their machines producing an excess.",
"It is everywhere, but getting pure oxygen requires a lot of energy. Hospitals usually get liquid oxygen, since delivering liquid oxygen is far more compact for the bulk delivery they need than compressing it as gas. But to get it to liquefy you need to cool it to -183 C or -300 F, on the plus side since you're already cooling it you can just suck in atmospheric air and use the difference in boiling temperatures to separate oxygen, nitrogen and argon."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv5u5r
|
Why when you put pressure on your eyes you see weird patterns of yellow, blue and sometimes red
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwax3g"
],
"text": [
"When you rub your eyes, you basically make your retina produce random signals. Normally, these would be just a noise. However, you likely see patterns like checkerboards, fractals and mandalas. This is basically pareidolia - humans are so \"good\" at recognizing patterns that they see them even if there are none."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv6wnd
|
Why do will still have to search for the “black boxes” of crashed planes for information, can this information not be uploaded automatically with today’s technology?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwjblm",
"giwkwsb",
"giwjqqv",
"giwpnji",
"giwy4qo"
],
"text": [
"Good question. A similar system would probably have to rely on satellites, especially for long range travels. This can be somewhat expensive. Also, who gets all those data? ICAO? The national agency (which means everytime a border is crossed, someone different gets the data)? How long should all those data be stored? How can you ensure those data aren't being tampered with? It's not impossible, some airlines already do this or are working on it, but there are a few things to improve and study before this becomes mandatory. Also, I wouldn't replace the black boxes. I would still keep them as a backup, in case for some reason you can't find the data, or you suspect someone tampered with the live stream.",
"I believe the main point is that black boxes are designed to be as reliable as possible in all scenarios. If they are transmitting the data then that is susceptible to interference or deliberate blocking in malicious scenarios. Black boxes are created with specs like withstanding temperatures of 1000C or being submerged at up to i believe 6000m. This makes them resistant not only after the crash, but during as well - imagine for example the flight shot down over Crimea. You can't shield a transmitter, so it would be entirely possible for the data flow to have been interrupted during the initial explosion and fire, whereas a heavily shielded black box can theoretically continue recording and storing data without being damaged or compromised. It's generally these last moments which are of most importance to crash investigators. Transmitters which could maintain permanent contact are also relatively power hungry, again meaning that it would be harder to make it self contained and durable, and the data flow could be interrupted more easily (EMP effect, electrical storms, power loss, etc.). There have been some calls for black box tech to be improved with satellite transmission etc., it just seems like so far the cons are thought to outweigh the pros. At the end of the day they are the last resort in terms of evidence - aircraft do transmit a lot of other flight data in general, it's just that generally when things are going wrong that's the first thing to go.",
"Planes do transmit a lot of data. The black boxes are there for when that fails. Let's say their transmission systems fail. Or some of their electrical systems break down. The black box is the last recourse. Local data recording in a sturdy containment vessel that can hopefully be retrieved.",
"Well - it is. Nowadays most planes send what is the equivalent of text messages back to mothership, so GE, Boeing, Rolls Royce, and Airbus. However, those messages are short and contain data of the performance as it is happening, which isn't exactly the same as the black box data. A digital black box includes a lot more information that would be very bandwidth intensive to send during flight. However, based on these messages we got all sorts of advanced data about AF 447, for example. So it is a useful technology. The point of the constant communication from plane to mothership is to help predict failures and trend performance data, so it is a safety measure but it isn't designed to be all that helpful as a forensic tool after a crash has happened.",
"Airline pilot here. Aviation very slow to progress new technology. The closest that we have existing right now is ACARS and [SELCAL]( URL_2 ) SELCAL is literally just the system that says \"MESSAGE\" in the cockpit, or occasionally \"[ATS]( URL_1 ) Message\". This overcomplication of what the rest of us are so used to is the equivalent of your phone ringing is very telling of how cumbersome aviation can be. [ACARS]( URL_0 would be closer to the existing system since it conveys more information through a VHF or HF signal. Aircraft sensors are a part of this - but often they are only sent when something triggers a fault. The question then is there enough available bandwidth to support realtime data output of these sensors instead of particular events and whether or not 'dead areas' of signal can be resolved. Depending on the air carrier, transmissions may or may not support satellite and only have ground based communication. This *surprisingly* does become and issue every now and then as signal is lost for a brief amount of time."
],
"score": [
102,
18,
14,
6,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACARS#:~:text=In%20aviation%2C%20ACARS%20\\(%2F%CB%88,1978%2C%20using%20the%20Telex%20format.)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_service",
"https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Selective_Calling_System_\\(SELCAL\\)"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv71ks
|
For games such as Animal Crossing which come both as a cartridge or downloadable version, how does the cartridge version get feature updates?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwitqq"
],
"text": [
"The updates are downloaded to local storage on the gaming console. Then, when you boot the executable program from the game cartridge, it asks the gaming console to look at the local storage and check if there are any update files. When there is a new file that the update has that the cartridge doesn't, or the file on local storage is newer than the cartridge's file, the newer update file will be used. There are slight variations on this across multiple settings."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv7j7q
|
How do countries purchase land from each other like they once did (louisiana purchase) and how come when citizens buy property the government still owns it.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix9nxr",
"giwmp0v",
"giwnwv2",
"gixt3jc",
"gixbn1y",
"gixawfz",
"giy68wa"
],
"text": [
"I think you're confusing two separate concepts. One is land ownership, the other is sovereign territory. Land has both an owner and a country. In the case of the Louisiana Purchase, the land transferred ownership from the French government to the US government, and the sovereignty transferred from France to the US. Normally when you buy land, the sovereignty remains with the same country. If I buy a plot of land in Canada or wherever, then that land is still part of the country of Canada. However, the ownership of that land is now transferred to me.",
"If you have more guns & troops than the folks nearby, you ALWAYS have the option to take a bit of land and sell it to someone else; this is still true in 2021. The Louisiana purchase was between one empire with many guns, the French, and another, the new empire of the US which was busy expanding east to west across North America. The land originally belonged to other peoples but famously they weren't given much say in much. Modern states depend on old thefts and if the land you bought for your house wasn't part of the state anymore, the state would eventually cease to exist! States are very committed to continuing existing. Edit - 2021 not 2020 dagnabbit",
"* In the US, when you buy property, you own it, not the government. * The land is still considered part of the territory of the the United States and also the state in which is lies but the government doesn't \"own\" it. * There is a process by which the government can take the land back but they technically pay you for it and so force you to sell it to them.",
"Transactions like the Louisiana Purchase are not really a \"purchase.\" For $15million, what the United States got was simply the nation state of France ceasing to claim the area in question. Over the course of the next 75 years numerous occupying Native American cultures quite adamantly disputed the U.S. ownership of various parts of the Louisiana Purchase.",
"The private ownership of the land continued on through, the residents just changed nationalities. \"Spanish Land Grants\", for example, carried through despite the USA taking over Mexican/Spanish lands.",
"There are two tiers of ownership that are being conflated in the question. 1. The top tier is territory. A government draws an administrative division around land. Everything inside that line is it’s jurisdiction. There is a surprising amount of disagreement about where exactly those lines are and their positions are negotiable by trade, force, and diplomacy. States like the USA, Canada, the EU, they can negotiate overlapping sovereignties at this tier. Perhaps both the State and Federal government can tax commerce that occurs on it. Another country may have entered a treaty that gives them a stake at what militaries or industries can do there. Regardless of what happens at lower tiers, that the land is the jurisdiction of a sovereign state doesn’t change. 2. Lower tiers may be “ownership” or some temporary status, but that’s all subject to change by the state that has jurisdiction. You may buy land at this tier with “just” money (and so may the state), but the state can still tax you, regulate what you do on it, control how you can resell it, etc. If you raise an army and try to resist the state’s influence, you’re trying to punch up into the top tier of ownership and the revolution is on. Hope that helps! Edit: I think I can do this in a better way to for a five year old. Countries deal with land the way parents deal with stuff in their house. Everything under our roof is ultimately in our control. Granny bought you a keyboard? You “own” it, but if it lives here, we have plenty of control over what you do with it. We can even take it from you and give it to another kid. Would granny like that? No. Would you like it? No. But we can do it if you don’t stop turning it up to 11 and banging away on it.",
"Because it's really handy. A country owns the land in the same way a king owns his country. They call it 'sovereignty' after an old word for kings, 'sovereigns'. But it was useful for a King to be able to figure that this particular peasant family 'owned' the mill they built, and that it doesn't belong to all of the peasants equally. It lets him give land to people as gifts. But obviously, he wanted to be able to do that and still tax the mill. So he king-style owns it (with 'sovereignty' over it), and the peasant legally owns it (that is, for the purposes of two subjects arguing in court). This lets nations exist, and also lets property exist. People want both. So we do it two ways. Sometimes even three, where the government might own what's underground some places, but not what's underground in others."
],
"score": [
79,
58,
41,
6,
5,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv7pix
|
Why do people tear up when they yawn?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix4jb4",
"giwqcf5"
],
"text": [
"[I made a quick video for this question!]( URL_0 ) I'll answer here too by summing up the video: * Our eyes always have a sort of film layer around the eye, this layer contains water, mucus and oils. It keeps our eyes nourished and moistourised. * When we yawn, we scrunch our face up and usually either close our eyes or squeeze them. When we do this, we are essentially closing off the tear ducts. This means the liquid on our eyes has nowhere to go, so the overflow of liquid drains out of our face essentially. * Happens more for people with larger tear ducts, and less so for people with dry eyes (wind can dry them out) Hope that helps, take care mate",
"IIRC, People tear up when they yawn because some muscles in their face contract and squeeze the tear ducts."
],
"score": [
14,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-iE3FmfLoQ&feature=youtu.be"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv7x7u
|
If a battery stores power in chemical reactions and supercapacitors store power as charge, what is the key enabler that is now making solid state batteries practical, and how is this different from high-discharge batteries or supercapacitors?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwsgg0",
"giwpcmb"
],
"text": [
"The innovation is a ceramic layer that sits between the cathode and anode and is what puts the \"solid\" in \"solid state\" (as opposed to a non-solid separator). This layer ferries lithium ions from one terminal to another, and critically stops the formation of lithium dentrites (tiny metal spikes that form when lithium batteries charge) from connecting the two sides of the battery and forming short circuits. This working ceramic layer is the new tech that makes the solid state battery practical.",
"The big enabler is effective solid electrolytes. Virtually all current battery technologies use liquid electrolytes (a few use gas), which makes it more difficult to control the battery's physical configuration during repeated charge/discharge cycles...the electrolyte is mobile on purpose so it tends to slowly change configuration over time. Gel electrolytes help combat this but they're not perfect. Solid electrolytes are better in this regard but, historically, it was harder to get high discharge rates from them. It's different from a conventional high-discharge battery because it's both solid eletrolyte and capable of high-discharge...in the past those were mutually exclusive. It's different from a capacitor because it's still a battery storing energy as a chemical reaction, not directly as charge."
],
"score": [
12,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv8d4b
|
How do employee-owned shares work?
|
I'm trying to understand the mechanics of employee-owned shares. How does a company decide how many shares there are? How does a company just offer more shares to ew employees when that would dilute the existing owners' relative share? What happens to those shares when an employee quits? Thanks guys!
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwu6m9"
],
"text": [
"> How does a company decide how many shares there are? That is one of the jobs of the company's board of directors. They, as representatives for the shareholders, decide how many shares of stock are available in the company. They can vote to issue more shares, or they can vote to retire shares (that are either held by the company or purchased from the market). > How does a company just offer more shares to ew employees when that would dilute the existing owners' relative share? It depends. Sometimes they buy the shares from the market (which doesn't directly dilute equity) and sometimes they just issue new shares (which would dilute equity). > What happens to those shares when an employee quits? If the employee owns the shares outright, they are the property of the employee and the employee retains ownership after they leave."
],
"score": [
5
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv8oes
|
How does a touch screen know the difference between a han touch and a mechanical one?
|
It's often that when we tap random things on the screen, it doesn't respond, but it surely does when we use our fingers.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwt5yi",
"giwxrzk"
],
"text": [
"Many touchscreen technologies work by sensing a change in the electric field near the display. That change depends on the capacitance and resistance (electrical properties) of the thing coming near, and they're calibrated to respond to the electrical properties of average human fingers. Most mechanical things don't have the same properties, so the screen can't \"see\" them or ignores them. Devices designed to mimic your finger, like touchscreen-compatible gloves or styluses, have conductive inserts to mimic the electrical properties of your finger. Touchscreen that respond to physical touch (uncommon in smartphones) don't care and will respond to anything.",
"There's generally two types of touch screens: resistive, and capacitive. Resistive screens respond to any mechanical pressing at a particular location on the screen. The pressing pinches two layers of material together and measures the change in resistance from the point of pressing to the edges to figure out where the screen was pressed. No human hand required. Anything that can mechanically press on the screen will work. Some cheap tablets use resistive screens. They usually don't have great image quality because of the optical properties of the materials needed in the layers in the screen. A capacitive screen is probably what you're describing, and is what most phones and tablets use these days. They respond to the fact that our skin is conductive and our body can store charge (has capacitance). When you touch the screen, some charge gets transferred to your finger, and where on the screen the charge was pulled from tells the device where it was touched. They require a conductive object that holds charge to register the touch. You fingers work fine. You could also wrap a nonconductive object like a pen in foil and touch your screen. The charge would transfer to the foil and register as a touch."
],
"score": [
10,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv8opo
|
When nearly done with fixing a tooth the dentist will make you bite what looks like a small black piece of plastic or paper to check if the bite is right. How does that work exactly? Are they just eyeballing it by looking at bite marks or is there more to it?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwu1ep"
],
"text": [
"[Articulating paper is a diagnostic tool used in dentistry to highlight occlusal contacts and the distribution of occlusal forces. That is, it marks those points on the teeth where the teeth contact during biting and grinding.]( URL_0 )"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z06aaOcT08Q&feature=emb_logo"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv8we6
|
Why does tickling have the effect it does?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixdwf0"
],
"text": [
"I'm no scientist but I hate being ticklish so did a lot of research on it. It developed as a helpful tool for parents to teach their young kids self-defense of vulnerable bodily areas in a harmless way. I know fending off people trying to tickle attack me has made hand-to-hand combat training easier to learn because tickling is all about preventing your opponent's hands from reaching your vulnerable areas. It's also interesting that you tend to get less ticklish as you age though I'm unsure if that has anything to do with the given theory I just mentioned."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv8wm5
|
is stone just colder than other materials or does it just feel like that?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwum7w",
"giwutcy",
"giwv3yk",
"giwv1i2",
"gix7sg6",
"giyjlxc"
],
"text": [
"What we feel as temperature is actually the rate at which heat is being given or taken from us. Some materials are better at transferring heat than others, even if they are the same temperature. Metals and stone are good at transferring heat, and so they will feel \"hotter\" or \"colder\" than a material like wood or fabric, at the same temperature.",
"Materials like metal and stone have a greater capacity to move heat than cloth or carpeting. What you're feeling isn't the cold stone, it's your cold feet as the stone rapidly draws heat from them.",
"It just feels that way. You are hotter then comfortable room temperature. This is because you are producing heat. When you put your bare skin on something insulating such as carpet you will quickly heat up the top layer of the carpet and it becomes almost body temperature. However stone and metals are able to quickly conduct any heat into the rest of it. So when you put your bare skin on it you will not be able to heat it up as quickly. It will still be cold until your body temperature is able to heat it up in its entirety.",
"The temperature is always the same. What's different is conductivity. Remember that heat goes from hotter to colder and that, normally, your temperature is higher than room temperature. Different materials have different conductivity. Materials with HIGH conductivity are very good at drawing heat away from you (or other objects). Example: stone. As a result, you feel colder because some of your heat has gone to the stone. Materials with LOW conductivity are not that good at drawing heat. Example: wood.",
"Just to add to some of the comments, water is VERY conductive to heat. It also expands over a 1000 times it's volume when it transfers to steam, increasing the surface area of a given volume of water, allowing it to become even MORE conductive. This is why water is preferred to put out large fires.",
"The other answers are great, saying how different materials transfer heat better. I would just add that this is also why cheap ice-cream seems much colder than good icecream. If you get cheap and expensive ice-cream, put them in the freezer, the cheap ice-cream will seem much much colder. This is because cheap icecream is mostly water based, and water transfers heat very quickly, and has a high heat capacity (it takes a lot of heat to increase its temperature). Better icecream contains less water, so doesnt feel as cold."
],
"score": [
99,
14,
5,
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv95cd
|
; Why does spicy food feel the way it does?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwxt6h"
],
"text": [
"Your mouth contains \"doors\" that open & close in response to heat, that door opening is felt by the body as \"hot\". The more doors that open the louder the \"hot\" signal is. Spicy food contains a chemical called capsaicin that tricks the doors into opening and then blocks the doorway preventing the door from closing. This sends a very loud \"HOT HOT HOT\" signal to the brain. Capsaicin does not mix well with water so drinking will not stop the hot signal, it does however mix well with fat so \"expert\" spicy eaters will have a glass of milk on hand to clear their doors."
],
"score": [
145
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kv9bpy
|
why do pictures of computers have those stripes on it?
|
I’m talking about when you use your phone to take a picture of a computer and it has that grid lookin this that changes when you zoom in and out
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giwx95c",
"giwynim"
],
"text": [
"It sounds like you're talking about a [moire pattern.]( URL_0 ) It's caused when patterns of lines— or pixels— line up in some places, but not in others.",
"This is because the refresh rate of the monitor varies from that of the read rate on the image sensor in the camera, it's either faster or slower, and you're seeing artifacts from the screen refresh show up as physical banding on the camera."
],
"score": [
11,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kv9gdn
|
How do CPU's ensure / handle calculations to ensure that quality of performance is high?
|
Having worked with data for a long time, I'm noting that the level of complexity for computing is astounding. I'm now regularly working with Gb of data; I'm working with large Gb volumes of memory. But how do I know that the calculations are high quality? For example, should I presume that all CPU calculations are always perfect (i.e. unaffected by voltage fluctuations, etc.). Do unknown fluctuations in accuracy ever happen (e.g. quantum effects at the scale the chip is operating at)? TIA.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix6uvo"
],
"text": [
"Modern processors have error correction and detection; they either execute the calculation correctly, they make an error and use error-correction to catch it and recover, or they throw a fault so you know that they made an error they can't recover from. Most electronic components are subject to random bit-flips caused by cosmic rays or other types of high-energy radiation. You can get special processors designed to be hardened against those problems (combination of shielding and more robust error correction) if that's a concern. This is typically only in aerospace or nuclear applications. For virtually all normal purposes, you just assume they're 100% correct. If you're really concerned, the simplest thing would be to run the calculation twice and compare."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvaj2m
|
how is it that dairy can give people constipation, but then can also cause diarrhea?
|
Like how is it that someone can get constipation from eating/drinking milk or cheese or whatever, but maybe a different day get the shits from it? Is it all just stomach Flora that's the cause? Or is it a combo of flora+amount consumed+time?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix7dn8"
],
"text": [
"The problem with people who can not eat dairy product is that they do not produce the lactase needed to digest the lactose sugar molecules found in milk. So the lactose just goes through the digestion system until it gets to the big intestines. This is where the bacteria is. And some of the bacteria is able to digest lactose and are very good at it. So these bacteria multiply and cause all sorts of issues."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvamwx
|
Why can't we melt different kinds of plastic together the way we can melt different kinds of metal together?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix5gzv",
"gix5h8y",
"gix5wnh"
],
"text": [
"You can. Alas, like alloys of metals, mixed plastics don't always have the best of their constituent part's properties. Melt-mixed plastics are often weak and brittle, undesirable properties. That's why you tend to see heat-cured or resin bonded plastic composites, they better preserve the desirable material properties.",
"You can. They're called plastic alloys. Here's an example of a company that makes them: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Not all combinations make sense, just like with metals, so mixing arbitrary plastics may or may not be a useful thing to do. The reason you don't see it as commonly as with metals is that plastic molecules are \\*huge\\* compared to metals so there's way more ways to customize them...for almost all applications, there's an existing \"pure\" plastic to do the job. Whereas there are a relatively small number of metals and their properties in their pure form tend to be lousy, so you almost always alloy them.",
"At high temperatures, plastics and other polymers undergo a process called thermal degradation. The chemical bonds holding the chains of molecules together break and reform in different ways, and different molecules are made that dont have the same properties. By getting the plastic hot enough to \"weld\", you are changing the chemical it is made of. Metals, on the other hand, can be heated and cooled without a significant chemical change. Joining them relies on the same process that keeps a piece of metal together in the first place: metallic bonding. The atoms form an ordered structure and share a pool of free electrons. When you join two different metals, you must use a temperature capable of melting both, and you have to be careful to pick materials that won't corrode each other. Big differences in these two properties between the two metals make it difficult or impossible to join them. For example, Aluminum and Stainless Steel cannot be joined using typical welding processes. When you weld the two metals together, that ordered grid of atoms blends together. Parts of the grid are one metal, parts are the other metal, and in the middle they mix together. But they still metallically bond, and so they become one piece of metal."
],
"score": [
11,
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://www.uninko-plastics.com/cc/plastic-alloys.html"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvat4h
|
Prediction of cancer death
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix9vtd"
],
"text": [
"They can’t be accurate. It’s a mix of experience and looking and the patients test results over time. Cancer, well cancer does whatever it feels like it. A 6 month diagnosis is a guess based on how your are responsible dung to chemo and what the tests are saying about the growth, then the cancer might decide to take a break for a bit. You might have 2 years of zero growth and things looking ok, only for it to come back and be aggressive in 4 weeks. Things can get better. Usually they don’t."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvaza5
|
what happens to the air immediately surrounding a nuclear detonation?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gix788p"
],
"text": [
"You need to be more specific... I mean, generally speaking hot air rises so you see a big plume rising up above the detonation which expands as it cools creating the recognizable 'mushroom cloud', but that comes from any significantly large explosion. Outwards from the blast you get something called an overpressure wave, or the 'shockwave', which is the wave of air being pushed out from the explosion. What kind of information are you looking for?"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvbii9
|
Millions of data signals are transmitted over the same cables simultaneously. How are they separated and "sorted" so they go to the right place?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixadh2",
"gixcz66",
"gixa8le"
],
"text": [
"The act of sending multiple messages on the same medium is called multiplexing. There are three distinct ways of doing it. First is Time based multiplexing. Instead of sending everything at once, it all goes in a queue and gets processed one at a time. At a higher level, many protocols work like this. Then we have frequency division multiplexing. This is where you send signals on the same wire at the same time using different frequencies. They can be read at the other end and separated back into the two distinct messages. Then, in the world of fiber optics, we have angular division multiplexing. As the name suggests, this is where you send messages at different angles within the fibre optic cable. The reflection within the cable preserves the angle, and you can again read the distinct messages on the way out.",
"Without getting to much into details... Imagine you have 3 information to transmit at the same time. You might use 3 people, low pitch, high pitch, and medium one. And make them speak at the same time. You can clearly hear any single one of them if you focus on the pitch you want to listen to, even if when you listen to all of them at the same time it's just a mess. That's the same principle but using electronics. Emit something using a special rules that can easily be isolated when you know the rule that has been used to create it. Electronics rules might be a little strange and make no sense for human sense, like using polarization, angles, etc ...",
"Just like letters. Data packets have a \"header\" that says where they should go. When the router at the end of the wire processes the packet, it reads the header and sends it to the appropriate next station."
],
"score": [
51,
16,
9
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvbrhr
|
Standard deviation?
|
Mathematics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixglyo"
],
"text": [
"1. The number basically means \"how spread out is the data\". It is \\*not\\* the highest value or lowest value, that's the minimum and maximum. For different probability distributions, it will describe how much of the data set should land between the mean-SD and mean+SD. For example, if the data is coming from a normal distribution, \\~68% of the values should be between mean-1 SD and mean+1 SD, \\~95% between +/- 2 SD, etc. The %s will be different if the underlying distribution is different than normal. 2. I'm assuming you're asking about two different measurements...this is usually used in hypothesis testing to determine if two distributions really are different. You pick your confidence interval first (commonly 95%), then figure out how many SDs that is for your distribution (about 2 for a normal distribution), then see if the mean +/- 2SD from one measurement overlaps the mean +/- 2SD from the other. If they overlap, then you have no statistical basis to believe those two measurements aren't actually from the same distribution (at least for that particular test method)."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvcag7
|
If red Loctite cures within 24 hours in an anaerobic environment, why is it still liquid inside the package?
|
I genuinely don't understand how I can easily twist the cap off of a tube containing a product that's created for the express purpose of permanently adhering threaded screws.
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixfrp4",
"gixhoxl"
],
"text": [
"Red loctite is catalyzed by metals. It needs no oxygen (anerobic) AND an active surface. If you don't have what Loctite calls an \"active surface\", it won't trigger the reaction and it won't set...you need to apply a primer to get it to set in that case. The package is inactive, by design. It doesn't trigger the Loctite to set. This is why the instructions tell you not to touch the applicator tip to the metal, you're at risk of triggering the reaction in the Loctite that's still in the package. See p.4 here for a full description and list of active/inactive surfaces: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )",
"Loctite is based on a monoacrylic. This is single links that will form acrylic plastic. However in order to do so they have to start the acrylic chains somewhere as it does not form on its own. The plastic used in the bottles does not allow the monoacrylic to start any chains. However when they touch metal there is an electrochemical reaction that starts the chain reaction which converts monoacrylic liquid into acrylic plastic. This is similar to how cloud seeding works."
],
"score": [
25,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://dm.henkel-dam.com/is/content/henkel/auto-maintenance-do-it-rightpdf"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvci2r
|
When you call for your feline pet, they sprint towards you but then at the last few steps they turn around disinterested, why?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixiflx"
],
"text": [
"Like dogs, a cat's anus has a scent and they present it for saying \"hello\". While it smells gross to us, cats like the smell, or so my vet said when we asked."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvcozt
|
- What is the difference between Syntax Analysis and Semantic Analysis?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixho62"
],
"text": [
"Syntax analisys checks that the text adheres to some rules and parses it according to some rules. For example, syntax analysis of a real-world sentence would involve determining the object, the subject, the grammatical correctness of the sentence etc. Semantic analysis is about meaning. It doesn't care that much about the rules, instead trying to determine what has actually been said."
],
"score": [
7
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvcxwl
|
Why do images on the internet sometimes load all-at-once in rows and other times they load from a blurry image to a sharper image?
|
Thanks!
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixl803"
],
"text": [
"It's a decision made by the designer of the page. A blurry low-resolution version of an image requires very little data, so it can be downloaded and displayed immediately, while the user waits for the full-resolution version to download, and this looks smoother than having images suddenly pop into existence. But it requires more data overall (since you're downloading the full image, plus the low-res version), requires some extra effort to set up, and doesn't necessarily work in all browsers or under certain browser settings. The technique is called progressive loading, and if the user has JavaScript enabled, you can do more sophisticated and thoughtful versions of it too. For example, you can detect whether the user is using mobile data or Wi-Fi/a wired connection, how fast that connection is, and how high-resolution their screen is, and then decide what versions of things to load based on that. So a desktop user with a 4K screen and a fixed 100Mbps connection gets the super high-resolution versions of images loaded progressively, all the custom fonts, the background art, the HD video, etc, while the mobile user on 3G gets no special fonts, the 360p video, and has lower-resolution images that 'pop in' instead of progressively loading, to minimize the data usage."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvd115
|
Why does a heater set at 70F degrees make the room feel so much hotter than air conditioning set at 75F degrees?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixjmmx"
],
"text": [
"Its because of the temperature of the air its pumping in. For the heater, you're in a cold environment and you feel hot air being introduced. Your body was already somewhat acclimated to the cold so the heat has a more significant effect on your body. And it works the same way in reverse."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvdjaw
|
Why will certain CPUs perform better than others of the same model if all of the variables are the same such as cooling motherboard etc
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixmqko",
"gixt69a"
],
"text": [
"Microprocessor manufacturing is ludicrously complicated at the detail level. As a result, even though the process is \\*really\\* tightly controlled, you get manufacturing variance in the size/thickness of various parts of the CPU so it's never true that all variables are the same. Each given CPU will have a different component or section that \"gives up\" first as it gets hotter or the clock speeds up. As a result, some CPUs that are theoretically \"identical\" can run faster than others, or generate more/less heat than others at the same clock speed. Manufacturers are also constantly tweaking the manufacturing process to improve the yield (how many successful chips they get out of a run) so processors built to the same design may have changing physical features over time.",
"I discuss this a bit more in a response, but for an ELI5 explanation: 1) Semiconductor manufacturing is REALLY sensitive. Part to part variance is real. 2) Parts don't break down linearly. Not all CPU's are made the same. Minor defects at the atomic level can mean that 1 chip manufactured right next to its neighbor could perform faster/slower or not work at all. Intel handles this in a binning process where good chips can be sold as i7's for more and bad chips sold for less as i3's. Even within the same part, semiconductor reliability has some very chaotic behavior. Computer chips break down with time, use, and temperature. Almost all the equations describing this breakdown are exponential or power-law relationships. That means small changes in temperature, and voltage especially, can have large differences in the lifetimes of parts. And parts don't immediately switch from perfect to broken. They do slow down, get fussy, etc. The non-ELI5 explanation is most the population mean of performance parameters of a transistor, such as threshold voltage, leakage, etc. tend to follow an Arrhenius relationship with respect to voltage and temperature over time: URL_0 Furthermore, the performance parameters populations generally are log-normal, so part to part variance is wide, especially compared to the normal distributions commonly seen."
],
"score": [
11,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvdkua
|
Why do candles smoke when you blow them out but not when they're actually burning?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixnm17",
"gixnyrd"
],
"text": [
"It’s actually not smoke, it is vaporized parrafin wax. When a candle burns the wax melts and gets carried by the wick up to the flame where it vaporizes and burns. When you blow out the flame the temperature is reduced but still warm enough to vaporize some wax leaving a trail that looks like smoke. Here’s a cool party trick - blow out a candle and then put a lit lighter about 6 inches above in the ‘smoke’, the flame will travel down the smoke and relight the candle.",
"Candle smoke is mostly particles of flammable stuff that couldn't burn. Most smoke is, actually. This stuff only forms in large amounts when the burning is not working as well as it should. When a candle is blown out, all of the tars and waxes boiling off of the wick continue to boil for a moment before the wick cools down, and so you just get them mixed with the air and floating away."
],
"score": [
18,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvdr0b
|
How does a coma work? I presume people in a coma need food and water for nutritional value, so I assume they also urinate. Do they not get fat from a lack of exercise? Are they semi conscious? When they awake from a coma is it like being awakened from a deep sleep or is it like being revived?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixzreo",
"gixo4id"
],
"text": [
"Might be able to help, I'm a physician, so deal with this commonly. I think that there's a misconception that a 'coma' is a specific thing, like a heart attack or a pneumonia. It's really not a medical term used, at least in modern English speaking medical literature - in part because its not really one thing. Really, what people mean when they say that is just being unconscious (however you want to describe THAT) for a prolonged period of time. So, depending on what causes the unconsciousness to begin with - they may be more or less reversible, and there may be more or less variety in what a person is experiencing. If examples are helpful, lets think of a few. Person 1 is having a surgery like a gallbladder taken out, so they need to be medically sedated to keep from experiencing the surgery while awake. The anesthesiologist will give them a combination of pain meds, sedatives, anesthetics, and possibly paralytics to keep them essentially unable to feel, remember, or move around too much during the surgery. When the drugs wear off, this person will wake up. They might tell you, \"gee I dont remember anything after I checked in to the next day\" or they might have glimpses of the recovery room, or they might have weird dream memories of this. Person 2 has a horrible pneumonia, and is just super sick - they go to an ICU and get treated with antibiotics, maybe oxygen with a ventilator, and maybe strong medicines to raise their blood pressure. They are likely too sick to be fully conscious - you may have had a similar experience if you got a bad infection and felt kinda dumb or slow when you were sick. This is a horrifying experience, so we usually give people sedation to help them not be so scared. This person will probably not really remember any of the ICU, and maybe a few days after. They might have big gaps in their memory, but they may or may not have ever looked like they were 'sleeping' so you might not describe this person as in a coma to a friend. Person 3 had a big stroke or other injury to their brain. This is where it gets complicated. This person probably has 3 things going on. Some of their brain will be 'stunned' by the damage and need time to just cool off. Some of their brain will die. And to make everything more confusing, they will get treated with sedation, go to the ICU and have the general 'slowing' of the other two as well. We don't know where this person will end up. We do tests to try to figure out if part of the brain is dead or seems to be waking up and make really good predictions, but its a lot harder. Maybe all the parts of their brain that made them who they were are gone, and only the parts that keep them alive are what is going. This is what is commonly referred to as a persistent vegetative state. The thing that all these people have in common is that while they are not conscious, the rest of their body needs to keep doing their things. The heart needs to pump blood, the lungs have to get oxygen, the kidneys need to clean the blood, the liver needs to metabolize everything, and so on. While we wait for someone to (hopefully) recover, a lot of what we do is just support those other functions. So, we can give food through a bag for energy. We can replace the breathing with a ventilator if needed. We usually have to drain the urine and stool in bags. We have to do something like exercise (just turning people really) to keep their skin and muscles from breaking down. Sorry, I wrote so much.",
"Well for one thing, they don’t gain weight because you can only get so many calories when the nasogastric tube goes past the mouth and esophagus to deliver liquid nutrition directly to the stomach. They have urination bags via catheters. They are not semi conscious although a lot of people believe that while in a comatose state you can hear people talking around you. And I’m not sure about the last question, I’m assuming it’s different for everyone."
],
"score": [
9,
7
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvdxes
|
When lifting heavy weights and doing a set until failure, what does the body do during the rest in between sets that allows the muscles to continue with the next set?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixuqqz"
],
"text": [
"Your muscles use a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (atp) as it's energy source while lifting. Your cells can only store a small amount of it at one time so while resting your body uses creatine phosphate to make more atp. This process takes about 3 mins to recover 80% of your atp."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kve8dy
|
; What is epistemology, what is ontology, and what is the relation between the two?
|
Examples are appreciated.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixvqke",
"gixx522"
],
"text": [
"- Ontology is the study of what we know - Epistemology is the study of how we know what we know. Example: Epistemologically we know if you ride a bike without a helmet, you may fall. If you fall, there are a range of things that will happen to your body when it hits the ground. Therefore you should probably wear a helmet. Ontologically, we have recorded from parents and hospitals what happens when you fall off of a bike at varying speeds, heights, ages, wearing different kinds of equipment, etc. Which allows people to make an informed choice about wearing a bike helmet. Hopes this helps!",
"Epistemology is \"Yes, but how do you know?\" How do we separate fact from opinion, knowledge from belief? What makes the basis for a belief valid? How do we know whether we know something? Where does certainty come from, and how can we know it is justified? Epistemology covers all those kinds of questions. Ontology is \"Yes, but what precisely does that actually mean?\" What puts things in one category or another? Are concepts like territories on a map that take up all of a defined amount of space to an equal degree, or are they like cities on a map that have a central point but no real border? [Is this a sandwich?]( URL_0 ) What's the dividing line between one-of-these, not-one-of-these and one-of-those? Plato once defined man as 'a featherless biped'; the next day Diogenes brought in a plucked chicken as a counterexample. It's ridiculous, but it sheds light on the difficulty of defining things; exactly how far *can* you stretch the definition? If I cut off your leg, it's obvious which part is 'you' and which part is not. But what if I decapitate you? Are 'you' a headless body, or a bodiless head? Knowledge is meaningless without good definitions, and worthless without justification."
],
"score": [
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/H4dpQu4.jpeg"
]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvefjf
|
Why isn’t money made of material worth as much as it’s worth?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixsizn",
"gixskh1",
"gixtwg2"
],
"text": [
"Because that requires having enough material on hand to make that much money. And then the only way to grow the money supply is to get more of that material, which limits control over fiscal policy.",
"Well, aside from the fact that it would just cost an insane amount of money to make those bills/coins, there just isn't a point in doing so. Further, the value of materials changes over time. A gold coin produced in 1991 to be worth $1 would be worth roughly $5 today, so in order to know what a dollar is worth at any given moment, you'd have to know what the materials are going for at that precise moment, rather than what they were worth whenever the currency was created.",
"It used to be but inflation makes it impossible to keep up. Literal gold coins used to be tender for stuff. But when everyone uses noble metals as currency, the value just shoots up as the availability shrinks. With the population rising and with it the need for representation of value, hence more of it sitting in homes, the availability falls then the value rises. It just makes for a very volatile system. (If the US decided to drop all of Fort Knox on the market, the gold price would be cut in half) So instead there's national currencies that can change on value on their own without messing with the other valuable stuff but with more control for the government, as there the amount of money grows with the population, whereas the amount of noble metals on the planet stays the same, always. Actually getting smaller, as some gets lost, sunk or whatever, never to be replaced. Paper you can replace. So in a way it was about sustainability. The irony..."
],
"score": [
15,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvemvz
|
The difference between a nook and a cranny.
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixt4qr"
],
"text": [
"A “nook” is a small corner, closet, or shelf. A “cranny” is a crack or crevice. Both dating back to around the 14th century Edit: think a “book nook”"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvenfz
|
why haven't we found a way to turn ocean water into drinking water?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixt9ca",
"gixtabv",
"gixth8s",
"gixtb5b"
],
"text": [
"we have many different desalination and water purification methods exist in terms of getting solutions to low drinkable water areas comes down to money",
"We have, it's just expensive. Any large ship has desalination plants on it to produce drinking water from the ocean, even most life rafts have a small hand operated version to produce a few litres a day for survival",
"We have... There are approximately 16,000 operational desalination plants, located across 177 countries, which generate an estimated 95 million m3/day of freshwater.[5] Currently, desalination accounts for about one percent of the world’s drinking water [wiki]( URL_0 )",
"We have a way? Desalination It just requires a vast amount of electricity, there's a documentary about the desalination plant built in Australia. Worth a watch."
],
"score": [
5,
5,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvf6nx
|
What powers the microchip inside my credit card and the microchips we put in animals as identifiers for vets?
|
Are they actually “microchips” or is that a misnomer?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixwqn6",
"gixzoub",
"gixwzdj",
"gixx2yv"
],
"text": [
"The reader. For your credit card it's powered through the contacts, if you mean the visible one. For RFID, they're powered wirelessly, which works fine because they only need a really tiny amount of power. And yes, they're very much microchips and can run complex code. Most RFIDs tend to be simple -- just spit out a serial number or such. That's probably what your cat has. Now your credit card contains a complete processor capable of doing cryptography and participating in a complex protocol.",
"It's the same principle around wireless charging. A current in a coil in the reader can produce a voltage in a second coil (in the RFID/NFC circuit in your card) that powers a tiny little computer. Along with that, it has the ability to exchange data using radio waves. Here's a video from AvE demonstrating it with a ham fisted approach, as usual. Edit: the link, you fool. Add the link! URL_0",
"They are actually microchips. Chips that can't make physical contact with conductive pads are instead powered by wireless means. The reader will output a signal that is picked up by an antenna attached to the chip in the form of an electric current. Usually this would be used just for communication but in this case that is actually used to power the chip itself. Such a technique is only practical over a short distance so the reader usually needs to be within inches of the chip to function properly.",
"These “chips” that you mention have circuitry that require power to transmit the data on them. The pet microchip has no battery and relies on the emissions from a reader which actually powers the device. This is known as Passive-RFID technology. The same goes for a chip in a credit card. The reader itself powers the chip, allowing it to produce the data on it."
],
"score": [
18,
7,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/TYA8wq7YYdI"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvf8mi
|
why do some places make you talk to a representative or otherwise dont make it easy to check their prices?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"gixxd41"
],
"text": [
"Lead generation. By forcing you to contact them, you express interest and have to provide some kind of contact information (phone number, email, etc.). You enter their database as someone who's maybe interested in buying, that is hugely useful information even if you don't ultimately buy. Contrast to posting pricing somewhere people can anonymously access it...you have no idea how many people are looking, who they are, or what the think of it. You're basically flying blind."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvg3c3
|
Why anesthesia makes you go to sleep so easily?
|
Hey everyone ! Even when you countdown from 10 you are falling asleep at 5. Also why this kind of drugs act so fast! What kind of chemical reactions happens in our bodies. Thank you 🙏🏻
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giy2ghb",
"giy6nlk",
"giy3jqa",
"gizhsgy"
],
"text": [
"Anesthesia flows through the blood into your brain, where it interrupts specific brain cell connections that keep you awake. Your body makes a natural (weaker) kind of anesthesia when you are falling asleep as well.",
"Not all anesthetics make you sleep. Some just give you amnesia. I once woke up in a chair in the recovery room and asked who got me off the gurney and into the chair. The nurse said I did. I stood up and walked to it. You may have experienced the same thing with alcohol. So don't trust that you really did fall asleep when you remember falling asleep.",
"General anesthesia for major surgery is when a doctor gives you enough central nervous system depressants (the drugs that slow heart and breathing) in the form of painkillers, primarily, to make you lose consciousness. This would otherwise quickly lead to death (like a heroin overdose, for example), but machines are breathing for you.",
"Under 'general anesthesia' if your anesthesiologist just put you to sleep with standard drugs used for surgery, stopped monitoring your vitals, and just walked off without the administration of other drugs to keep you alive during surgery and wake you up again, yes. For example, when a pet is euthanized by a Veterinarian, that is what happens. So, to clarify, its the doctor running the machine who determines life or death, not the machine itself. Sidenote--when even micro amounts of these incredibly dangerous end up on the street in the hands of amateurs (fentyl for example), overdose is tragically common."
],
"score": [
12,
8,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvg6un
|
Protein powder??
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giy79eh",
"giy423v",
"giy459j"
],
"text": [
"Think of it on a biological level proteins are responsible for carrying out all vital functions in the body. Your body can borrow energy on loan from three different \"banks\" of energy if you will: Carbs, Fat, and Protein. While you need carbs, you get them in abundance most likely. Some fat is good such as the fat found in milk, bananas, avocados, fish etc. But largely, and ESPECIALLY, DEFINITELY to build muscle mass, you are gonna require a protein surplus. You want your body to be borrowing the most from the Protein \"Energy Bank\" and less from fats and carbs. That is what the \"Macros\" or maco-nutrients are: protein, carbs, fat. Weightlifters tend to figure out a ratio they want of each and eat to meet that ratio, and you guessed it it's always prioritizing high protein. (micronutrients are vitamins and minerals FYI. They are distinguished as such because macros are measured in grams, micros are measured in mg). If you're really trying to put on muscle mass it's often recommended you eat grams of protein relative to your body weight. So if you weight 150 lbs, you need to eat 150 g of protein in a day. That's hard to do... You can eat a bucket of yogurt, peanut butter, steaks and fish, etc. but it's likely hard to do all that and still get the high # of protein you're striving for... an easy way to supplement your protein intake is by simply downing the powder in a shake. Mix it with water or milk for the extra calories and you're golden. Only takes a few seconds to swig down 25 g of protein with a glass of water.",
"Essentially it's very difficult to get the large amount of protein most people on a bodybuilding or strength training program require. Balancing macros with a large protein intake and moderate fat and carbs is very tough to do with just whole foods. Protein powder is the magic bullet.",
"It is an easy way to get in calories and protein. To build muscle you have to eat more calories than what your body uses in a day, and protein is essential (eating ice cream for all your calories will not help you). If you get in these calories and protein through food, there is no need for protein powder, however it is an easy way to get some nourishment to your body right after a workout. Eating a lot of protein can be difficult, so the powder is just an easy way to bridge the gap. I mix mine with milk, yogurt, fruit, and oats, so I end up getting over 700 calories in one shake."
],
"score": [
7,
4,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvgfim
|
Why does the human mind perceive even very crude portraits as similar to the face of the sitter?
|
If someone with little artistic skill draws a sketch, how do our brains still process it as being a likeness and can recognise it without prompt?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giy6xbk",
"giy6pd5",
"giy84h6"
],
"text": [
"The human brain is highly evolved to recognize certain patterns, for survival reasons. The ability to recognize people is vitally important; that person approaching you might be from a tribe that wants to kill you.",
"Human brains are very, very good at recognizing faces. So good, in fact, that they’ll identify things that aren’t faces as faces (see: Virgin Mary in a piece of toast.) In the case of an attempted portrait, the viewer’s brain already has a template to work off of- the person sitting for a portrait. This makes it even easier for the brain to just go “yep, this is that person.”",
"It’s called pareidolia. The human brain is hardwired to see faces everywhere and to pay attention to it. Imagine a caveman scanning the savannah, he see a rock that barely looks like a face but pays attention to it, he looks again and see it’s just a rock, he laughs and tells his friend “Hey that rock looks like a face” and nothing bad happens. Later while scanning, for the briefest moment he see the face of a sabertooth tiger, but he pays attention to it, he looks again and see it’s a sabertooth tiger, and raises the alarm. So he avoids getting eaten that day. Because his brain was wired up like that, he survived and made babies."
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvgqdp
|
Why are Cpus so tiny compared to a gpu? Would it not make more sense to make a fist sized cpu so manufacturers don't have to figure out ways to pack more into each generation they can just use the space?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giy8en1",
"giy82yj",
"giyei4l"
],
"text": [
"> Why are Cpus so tiny compared to a gpu They aren't. [This]( URL_0 ), strictly speaking, is not the GPU. We tend to call it the GPU, but it's not. The actual GPU is [a little chip]( URL_1 ) on the circuit board inside that thing. Everything else is the stuff that supports the GPU: memory, capacitors, voltage regulators, that sort of thing.",
"They aren't. The actual graphics processing chip in the graphics card is the same size of the cpu. The chips themselves are pretty similar in their principles, though the sillicon design is different. But they need additional things, what we call the \"CPU\" is just the chip, what we call the GPU has a lot of this built on the card. Each chip needs power and power regulation. For the graphics card this is found on the card. For the CPU, its found on the motherboard. Each chip needs connectivity to the other parts of the computer. For the CPU this is found on the motherboard. For the GPU it is built on the card. Each chip needs RAM. For the CPU this is usually a separate stick that goes into a slot on the motherboard. For the GPU, you guessed it, its built onto the board.",
"Modern CPUs are so fast, that the *speed of light* is actually a limiting factor in moving data from one piece to another. A larger CPU is fundamentally slower because data would take longer to move around. And faster CPU can only happen by making the pieces closer together, which requires them being smaller."
],
"score": [
8,
8,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://venturebeat.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/evga-gtx-1080-100663485-orig.png?fit=400%2C259&strip=all",
"https://coinguides.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/gpu-memory-chip.jpg"
],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvgszu
|
Why is it ‘impossible’ to sneeze with your eyes open?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giy7xfg"
],
"text": [
"IIRC a reflex from evolution. Since sneezing transforms your nose into a high pressure dust/mucus spray. The reflex is to close you eyes in case this junk or dust from the air around blows back in your face should you sneeze in a mask/you hands/ anything close to your face from the past milleniums. We also have this reflex we are now suppressing off leading the head forward and at this time, something could also get in or eyes from it."
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvh40b
|
How does pressing “strong” on my Keurig make the coffee stronger?
|
Edit: [this is my Keurig]( URL_0 )
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyd91r",
"giyd6ft"
],
"text": [
"It pours the water through slower (lower pressure and lower rate) so that the water spends more time in the grounds and extracts more flavour and more caffeine.",
"I believe the higher the brew strength, the longer the water remains brewing, which apparently leads to more/longer extraction of flavor."
],
"score": [
13,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvhex6
|
If the ocean is filled with salt, and salt is heavier that water, then why isn’t there a layer of salt at the bottom of the sea?
|
Chemistry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyb9rx",
"giybb5m"
],
"text": [
"The salt in the ocean is dissolved in the water. On a molecular level, while the salt molecules *are* pulled downward more strongly than the water molecules, the action of brownian motion (the chaotic bouncing around of the particles that is heat) keeps them all mixed together. However, the sea does tend to become saltier as you go deeper, and you can get haloclines where the wall gets suddenly much saltier. You can even have 'underwater waterfalls' caused by rivers of ultra-salty water on the ocean floor.",
"The salt is dissolved in the water. In areas of high evaporation where lakes dry out, they do sometimes become saltier as the water is baked off, and the salt comes out of solution and settles on the lake bed - when the water is completely gone, you have salt flats, like the ones at Bonneville where they run cars faster than they probably should."
],
"score": [
24,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvhfzu
|
a number of countries worldwide have phytosanitary restrictions that restrict (or prohibit) the importation of honey. Why is this and what risk, if any, can importing honey present to local bee populations?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyc6ea",
"giyfzly"
],
"text": [
"Honey is classified as a “product of animal origin” - basically this makes it a raw product and it has to pass the relevant tests of the FDA or equivalent organization and receive a certification before it can be imported. It boils down to a food safety issue. For example China has been shown to have other chemicals included in their honey (or sometimes their “honey” isn’t really honey at all) With regards to live bees/queens it is very important to ensure that there are no pathogens that can be passed between colonies. Because bees live and work in such close proximity the wrong kind of bacteria from an imported hive can wipe out several colonies",
"In addition to the regulations issue, the world wide demand for honey is larger than the supply. Bees just don't produce enough. This leads to suppliers, notibly china, cutting their product with other shugars or chemical sweeteners."
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvhhjo
|
Why scientists, before the underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, were afraid a chain reaction would happen with the underwater explosion and what stopped it?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyfwxu",
"giydhpy"
],
"text": [
"The only scientist of any prominence that I know of who raised this issue in 1946 was Percy Bridgman, a Nobel Prize-winning Harvard physicist who happened to have been J. Robert Oppenheimer's undergraduate advisor, and who did some contract work for the Manhattan Project (Bridgman's specialty was generating very high pressures and getting the physical and chemical properties of metals under them, and he did work on plutonium). [You can read a letter he wrote on this here]( URL_0 ). The letter is to Hans Bethe, a physicist on the Manhattan Project who was an expert in nuclear fusion, and who is the one who later won the Nobel Prize for working out how stars work. Bridgman's worry is that the tremendous heat released by the bomb might cause the hydrogen in the water (water is very rich in hydrogen — H2O) to fuse into helium. That, he worried, would generate more energy, and you might have a run-away reaction. He openly admits that he doesn't know that much about fusion and that the scientists have probably thought about this, but he basically says that if there is any possible chance of this, then the test should be stopped until it had been investigated. He has some other interesting arguments in there as well, but that's the core technical one. Is it a crazy idea? No — the Manhattan Project scientists had thought similar things about the possibility of atmospheric nitrogen fusing before the tested the first atomic bomb. They did the math: it turns out that even the intense heat of an atomic bomb cannot cause a run-away fusion reaction in the air. They were also doing the same math on hydrogen during the war, because they were interested in making a hydrogen-fusion powered bomb — the hydrogen bomb. It turns out that the kind of hydrogen most prevalent in the ocean is _not_ very amenable to nuclear fusion (you need different isotopes — deuterium and tritium — for terrestrial fusion), and it also turns out, quite separately, that _even if_ the water in the ocean was mostly made out of the right kind of hydrogen, it would take _far_ more energy than any nuclear weapon ever developed by human beings to cause it all to react. The problem isn't just starting the reaction, it's continuing it: the fusion reactions don't propagate their heat fast enough. In a hydrogen bomb, the way to get around this is to compress the fusion fuel by a huge factor — hundreds to thousands of times —before trying to heat it up. The ocean would not do this. (If you are curious about what it would take to turn the ocean into a giant fusion bomb, weapons scientists [concluded in the 1970s]( URL_1 ) that it would require a 20 _million_ megaton bomb — not a typo — _if_ the Earth's ocean had 20X more deuterium in it than it actually does.) So anyway — that's the fear, and again, the scientists had already done the math on this and figured out that it was not a credible fear. But you can see that so little was publicly known on some aspects of bomb work in 1946 that a very credible scientist like Bridgman could see this as a valid question to ask. And it was a valid question to ask! But they had asked it, and the answer was, \"it's not a problem.\"",
"There was 3 underwater test in the Bikini atoll Operation Crossroads Baker and Operation Hardtack I with Wahoo and Umbrella Operation Crossroads Baker in 1946 with a yield f 23 kt of the same types as Far Man the test is to see the effect on ships. Operation Hardtack I tests was in 1958 with two Mark 7 the first tactical fission bomb with a yield 8 and 9 kt for more test on the effect on ships Both bomb types had been tested before, Crossroads Baker is the same design as the first nuclear bomb test There was nothing I can find about any chain reaction except the intentional one in the bomb. So what is the question about? Why would there be some extra chain reaction because of an underwater nuclear bomb test?"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[
"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/1946-Bridgman-to-Bethe-via-Bradbury-to-Groves.pdf",
"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2018/06/29/cleansing-thermonuclear-fire/"
],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvhlpd
|
How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots/takes so seamlessly?
|
Preferably, I'm looking for an answer that addresses both of the following the instances: 1) sometimes you'll see outtakes or extended versions of scenes where lines of dialogue are cut from the final product, but you never notice any "jumps" or "blips" in the finished version, and; 2) a movie like Birdman that, as a finished product, is one long tracking shot but it is never obvious where the separate shots might be stitched together, and the coloration, lighting, wardrobe, etc seems to remain consistent. I'm in no way involved in filmmaking or photography, I'm actually just a lawyer who loves movies, so please ELI5 any industry jargon.
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyh4al"
],
"text": [
"It all comes down to the cuts. The cut refers to when you end one shot and start another. A well-timed and well-placed cut feels natural. In the case of Birdman, if you watch closely there are planning shots that show the same thing on screen, be it a floor or a wall or a piece of cloth. Even for a fraction of a second, and that is enough to cut one shot and start the next. If the last frame of one shot is the same as the first frame of the next shot, the whole thing flows and you don't even notice. Editing is its own artform with conventions that we as viewers have grown trained to expect, so we notice these conventions even less and just accept them as part of the experience. Edit: Shot means a sequence of film recorded in one take. You can shoot the same thing a hundred times and have a hundred shots to work with. By Panning I mean the camera is moving in one direction, and they use that as a way to manufacture the feeling that many shots are one."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvhv0m
|
why are wooden barrels "barrel-shaped" (i.e., wider across the middle than at the top and bottom) rather than cylindrical? Wouldn't cylindrical containers be easier to build, store, and transport?
|
Physics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giygu5g",
"giyetus",
"giyh7tw",
"giygqr4",
"giyf626",
"giyf6ky"
],
"text": [
"Barrels that are full are VERY heavy. That's a lot of liquid. So you want things that are easier to handle, not just move. And barrels have that bulge that makes they way better for this than a cylinder that's shaped like the cardboard in a toilet paper roll. First, a barrel that has a rounded-outward middle is actually much easier to roll due to one point hitting the ground rather than the whole width of the cylinder. There's a lot less friction and a lot more control to do stuff like turn direction easily and quickly, something that's harder to do with a true cylinder shape. And then it's a lot easier to push upright when it's lying down. You can rock it to start it tilting up, and then push a little more once it's rocking... and up it goes. A cylinder is a LOT tougher - you have to pretty much lift it instead. But wait! There's more! They're easier to build really strongly too! Barrels are made by steaming arranged pieces of slightly-angle-cut wood under pressure, bending them into a curve at both ends, and then jamming a couple iron hoops over their outsides from top and bottom, squeezing both towards the middle until that bulge is really squeezed tight. The curve in the wood provides the extra outward force, pressing hard against that iron hoop, to keep the whole thing together and snug. Well, that hoop's a lot easier than something adjustable that could fit over a perfect cylinder and then be tightened. You don't get that barrel-shape's magical ability to create more tension by just sliding the hoops on both ends toward the centre to create more pressure - you have to somehow tighten the iron hoop you're putting on instead on a cylinder.... and that would be a lot harder to do without slipping. You'd need something like a ratchet or a knotted and welded cable, instead of a simple and easy-to-make hoop. So guess which is cheaper? Easier to move a lot of liquid, easier to stand it up after moving it, and easier and cheaper to construct. Lots to love about ye old-timer barrels compared those sucky cylinders!",
"The curve in the side allows the barrel to be tilted while rolling to turn easier. It also evens out some of the stresses (pressure) of whatever is kept in the barrel on the sides of the barrel. A curved surface is slightly better than a straight-walled surface.",
"The real reason they bow outward is not for rolling friction, that's just a nice side effect. It's because with an outer bulge any impact to the side won't cause the staves to pull apart and make leaks. Bowed outward and any impact makes just makes them tighter. Think of them as a circle of arches. If the sides were straight and anything hit them or even if just laying on its side would push the middle of the stave in, and the center would pull apart. The staves would also all have to be perfectly parallel to seal well, another impossibility before the age of industrialization.",
"All the comments about mobility are true, plus there's a manufacturing consideration...the bend in the staves (the wood pieces) puts the hoops in tension and the cooper (barrel guy or girl) hammers the hoops over the staves until the wood is crushed together hard and the hoop is basically locked in place. The opposing tension/compression keep the barrel tight and stop the hoop from moving. A cylindrical barrel doesn't have that...there's nothing pushing the staves outwards against the hoop (unless you cut recurved staves, which is theoretically possible but a giant pain-in-the-a...). You don't take any advantage of the wood's springiness to strengthen the barrel.",
"Makes it possible to turn the barrels while it is rolling, you can spin it on the bulge even when full",
"It decreases the surface area of the ground that the barrel touches while you're rolling it on its side. Less surface area -- > less friction, which makes it easier to roll, which makes it easier to transport. The decrease in packing efficiency is a relatively small factor when barrels were rarely stored in an arrangement that packing efficiency would affect in the first place."
],
"score": [
117,
70,
22,
8,
5,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvhvbm
|
How do they manage to measure the audience rating on television when the signal was analog?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giye9g7",
"giyejyn"
],
"text": [
"They would give a little machine to a cross-section of the population that would record which channel was being watched. The viewers themselves would have to set how many people were in the room at the time.",
"Nielsen Media Research (Nielsen ratings) had two ways to track TV viewership. They would recruit households to keep a \"TV Diary\" where they would write down what they watched and at what time. They also had set meters that would be connected to TVs in participants' homes that would track what channels were being watched at what times, and would send that data via telephone line back to the office."
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvi21d
|
Why Do Bootleg Electronics/Toys (Usually) Look Awful?
|
Not many good explanations on this topic so I'd love to have some insight!
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyft0e"
],
"text": [
"A bootleg product basically has to be cheaper to make or there's no point in doing it, because electronics and toys (outside premium name brands like Apple or Lego) are pretty commodity products with thin margins and nobody would buy a bootleg if it was the same price as the real thing, otherwise you'd just buy the real thing. So it has to be cheaper, and the margin was really thin to start with, so a profitable bootleg basically \\*must\\* be cheaper to build. So how do you build cheaper? Less expensive raw materials, less expensive tooling (molds) & processes, less expensive labor. Except the real manufacturer had exactly the same drivers and they already figured out the cheapest possible raw materials/tooling/labor to do the job to what they considered an acceptable level of product...since you have to be cheaper than that, you have to go relax the requirements of what's \"acceptable\". And now it looks awful."
],
"score": [
11
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvigei
|
Why does doing the exact same thing multiple times on a computer sometimes have different results?
|
Like when you run an application and sometimes it immediately crashes and sometimes it doesn't... what changes? Why does it not execute the action the same exact way every time?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyihrl",
"giyjnib"
],
"text": [
"the conditions you run the program may differ every time. ideally, the program should be consistent, but changes in CPU load, memory/cache, or the program itself can change the output of the program. your program might be able to run well in an environment where it is the only process running, but doesn’t do so well when there are tons of heavy processes running side by side.",
"The computer is never in the same exact state as it was before when you launch the application. Everything you do, from opening and closing programs to the timing of your mouse movements and typing will affect the state of the computer. Keeping this in mind, and going with your example of an application crashing, it's easy to imagine that on one occasion your application was loaded into a certain block of memory and the next time it was loaded into another. If a critical bit of the application ended up being stored in a section of memory that's experiencing intermittent failures, that could easily cause the application to crash. And then there are all sorts of more involved scenarios, with errors in the code itself that only cause problems under certain circumstances, conflicts between applications, drivers, or the OS. And the list goes on. The main point being that the universe never allows your computer to be in the exact same condition twice, so you have to abandon that notion when trying to make sense of this."
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
kvijy0
|
How do TV shows track how many people have pirated it? Couldn’t they stop them if they were able to see that?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyn24o"
],
"text": [
"BitTorrent trackers publish those kinds of statistics, it's matter of pride for them. As for stopping it, it's a distributed network across multiple countries so there isn't any one thing you can kill to make it go away. If you stop one torrent site 3 more will pop up to take it's place within 24 hours. The Industry learned its lesson with the Pirate Bay. After years of investigations and millions spent, 2 people ended up in jail and the website had already changed hands so it stayed online regardless. You don't fight piracy with the police, you fight it by providing quality content at a reasonable price and in a convenient and accessible format. Right now that's streaming."
],
"score": [
12
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvimfd
|
Why is the doctor always show up late to my appointment, sometimes by half an hour, but will cancel it if I come 5 minutes late?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyjmlt",
"giyk2st",
"giykfdm",
"giyjqvf"
],
"text": [
"doctors offices expect people to cancel or appointments to run long. There no way to know exactly how long every appointment will take. Some run long. However they can’t afford everyone to be 5 minutes late because that delays people even more. So while your waiting is unfortunate, it’s the nature of the beast. Also you’d hate it if the doctor rushed you through. Well everyone feels the same way.",
"Doctors allocate a set amount of time per patient. Let’s say for argument sake that they expect the average visit to be 15 minutes. If the three patients before you take 20 minutes each, your appointment will now be 15 min late. If you’re late and don’t call in, the Dr. can take your vacated slot to catch back up. There are other times where the exam rooms may be full and that creates a delay. For example a patient comes in and needs some labs or X-rays. Those take time to get back, but that patient still takes up an exam room.",
"Because the doctor (in many cases) is the bottleneck resource. When you arrive, you are put in a queue and usually the nurse prepares you for the doctor and takes preliminary information. This is a key part to not wasting the doctor's time. No doctor can predict exactly how much time each patient takes so their schedule sometimes (usually!) backs up over the day. Since it is likely the doctor runs out of time at the end of the day, they may not allow late arrivals to join the queue. (although, in my experience, they are rarely that strict) This is why it is preferable to make early in the day doctor appointments.",
"He can't leave someone else in the middle of their appointment. Also, they are in the position of power. You need them, they have enough patients waiting for their turn. If they didn't have enough patients, they wouldn't really be late."
],
"score": [
8,
5,
5,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvj0tp
|
Why aren't we able to yawn through our noses?
|
Other
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyq4yo"
],
"text": [
"I can. Maybe there’s something wrong with you?"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvj3r5
|
What it means to “short a stock”?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giynb3b",
"giymjve",
"giynxcn"
],
"text": [
"Let's talk about actual physical gold bars instead of stocks. So there's 'long' and there's 'short'. LONG is the usual stuff. You predict that gold bar prices will rise, you go to your bank/smith, buy some gold bars, hide in under your pillow, wait for a bit, the price goes up, you sell it, profit. SHORT is similar. You predict that gold bar price will fall. If you ALREADY have same gold under your pillow, you can just sell it now while the price is high, hold on to the cash, wait for price to fall, and use the same amount of money to buy even more gold, coz gold is cheap now. Profit. But what if you DO NOT ALREADY have some gold lying around, you know, like most people. But you still want to make profit. Well you go to your friend, and instead of buying their gold, you borrow their gold. You say: \"Hey can I borrow your gold now, I'll return it next week, promise.\" Now you have some gold, and you do the exact same thing. You sell the gold now, get some cash, hold on to it for few days, wait for the price to fall, now use the same cash to buy even more gold while it is cheap. Now you just have to return the gold to your friend who was kind enough to lend you some in the first place, and maybe share some of your profit. Just replace gold with stock, and usually this happens in few minutes / hours, instead of days and weeks, and you have to pay huge interests since you are borrowing gold etc.",
"A short position is opened by borrowing shares of a stock and immediately selling them. This leaves you with the obligation to return the shares at some point, which can be profitable if the share price drops after you open the position.",
"Imagine that your friend owns a vintage car that's currently worth 100,000 dollars. But you suspect that bad news is going to come out soon and the car will decline in value and will only be worth 50,000 dollars soon. So, you ask your friend if you can borrow his car for a little while. He says that's fine. So, you take it and immediately sell it for what it's currently worth ($100,000). You've made a lot of money by selling that car. But it's not your car. Eventually your friend is going to want his car back, so you're going to need to buy it back again soon to give it back to him. You're just hoping that your hunch was right, and that the value of the car will drop soon. If you're right, then you can buy back the car for $50,000 just like you hoped, and then you can give the car back to your friend with the difference between 100,000 and 50,000 as your profit."
],
"score": [
19,
10,
8
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvj6d4
|
How do social media companies block a specific person from using their platform when said person could use a different account and/or different device?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giynyie",
"giynls7"
],
"text": [
"Well, they often *do*, but such bans typically aren't high-stakes or high-profile. Many randos on here will come back bragging about ban evasion. However, if someone is sufficiently problematic, an IP ban or cookie/fingerprint ban may be used. IP bans recognize your computer's address and block anybody coming from it. These are a *bit* harder to circumvent but VPN's are a common workaround. Cookie/fingerprint bans recognize your computer based on data it shares with the site, such as cookies or screen shape or even the way you move your mouse - just any data they can get their hands on. These may also be used to flag accounts for manual inspection by a moderator. Lastly, if f the account is run by a major figure, then the new accounts can be found by following their fanbase. Ex: if Trump makes a new twitter account, we'll probably hear about it pretty fast because all of his subscribers will flock to it and generally be vocal about it, making it easy to ban the new account before it causes too much damage.",
"We can't, not really. They can make it very hard but never impossible But as soon as said person is blocked and makes a new account really one of two things happens: They stop doing whatever got them blocked in the first place, so kinda sorta problem solved. They keep doing what got them blocked or identify themselves and then get removed again. For example, if you are a famous person that gets blocked. What are you supposed to do, make a new account? How would anyone know it's the real one? You announce it somewhere else? Great, your new account just got removed again."
],
"score": [
10,
5
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvja1q
|
What is "petty cash" in bookkeeping?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyo02l",
"giynxal",
"giyo2xl"
],
"text": [
"It's an account that you put money into for odds and ends, and you don't track the payments from it individually: you just periodically expense the money used to keep it funded.",
"It’s basically walking around money. Usually just a few hundred bucks that can be used for small purchases that don’t need to be directly accounted for.",
"Money you keep around to pay for small incidentals. Essentially cheap things you don’t budget for but are nice to haves. Like flowers for an office worker’s birthday or donuts on a random tuesday."
],
"score": [
9,
3,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvja2l
|
Why can we move freely when our body weighs 50kg while carrying an 8kg bag can be tiring?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyogvz",
"giyoe3c"
],
"text": [
"There's a few different things that go into how tiring a weight is to carry, other than the actual mass 1. How far away is it from your center of mass. The further away, the more difficult. 2. How much does the mass move around while you carry it. The more it shifts, the more difficult. 3. How much are you used to carrying. Obviously, the more you usually carry, the easier it is to carry more weight. All three of those combine very well in the case of your body. (You have your center of mass in you, so it's as close as possible. You only move when you actually move, so that's not an issue. You are used to carrying body weight, so it's easy to carry that weight.) When you add a bag, you are adding weight that is fairly far from your center of mass, that shifts more than you, and that you're usually not used to.",
"Your body likes things to stay the same. Anytime a big change happens it causes some level of imbalance that your body eventually tries to correct. While weight fluctuates throughout a life, it doesn't fluctuate by 8kg in a few seconds. This added weight means your muscles are requiring extra energy and oxygen to do the same job it's been doing."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvja6s
|
How many “[insert color here] collar work forces” are there and what do each of them do?
|
Economics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyo9ah"
],
"text": [
"There is just blue collar and white collar. White collar refers to office jobs, typically because the dress code for these jobs usually requires a collared shirt (typically white) and tie. Blue collar refers to manual labor jobs. The term comes from when labor workers would typically wear darker and heavier materials like denim to mask the dirt and other materials they would get covered in while working."
],
"score": [
10
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvjj9g
|
Is there a legitimate reason why printers cannot print in black and white when one of the other colors has run out or are they just trying to sell more ink?
|
Technology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giz11rd",
"giypd2a",
"giypkd5",
"gizk1oy",
"giywlqs"
],
"text": [
"Not really. The printer can certainly print a sharper black with the other colors, but it's not required. As a couple others have mentioned changing the properties to grey scale should get it to print with only the black cartridge. In almost all situations the best solution is to get a black and white laser printer. They are durable, print faster, use far more economical cartridges, and don't dry out if they aren't used for awhile. Really think about how often you honestly need color, for some it's important, but for most home office tasks a black and white laser is a much better investment. If you really want color, there are color lasers, but you are back to the toner costing as much as the printer.",
"Many printers will, by default, use the color cartridges in addition to the black cartridge to produce a deeper black color than usual black alone.",
"Pretty much any reason the ink cartridge fails or isn't working the best is because they want you to buy more ink. They may hide it under quality control or some b's like that but essentially that's it. Also printers are cheap the ink is where they make the actual money from the long term cost of it. So when a customer has to buy ink and it's a specialized ink with many different security things it stops them from going for another cheaper ink cartridge.",
"The usual reason behind this is, that a lot of people have no idea of the colour the source is in. If you print something that's CMYK and the only used channel is K (black), it should still print, since your printer has ink cartridges for CMYK and in this scenario, the black cartridge is still full. But the problem is, people mostly print stuff from the internet that's usually RGB. There is no separate channel for black, so to print it, it has to be converted into CMYK (RGB is only made for light/monitors, not for pigments/paint). And since there is no separate black channel, RGB black will always have CMY values in it after conversion, thus making it only printable with colours. I hope this gets the point across. tl;dr: digital pictures are usually made up of R (red) G (green) B (blue). Black needs to be a mix of those, so to print, you will always have to use colours to get that shade of black. Source: I work as a manager in prepress for a printing company.",
"Also, printers use colored ink, usually yellow, to print an almost invisible ID mark on pages so documents can be traced if they are related to a crime."
],
"score": [
24,
14,
14,
9,
4
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvjwj5
|
What is Asthma?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giys5ia"
],
"text": [
"Essentially my lungs are extra sensitive to shit your lungs wouldn't be, exercise, allergens, secondhand and especially firsthand smoking, humidity, pollutants, etc. I don't know the science but basically my airways can swell up and make it difficult to breath or in extreme cases, neigh impossible. This is usually relieved by an \"emergency\" steroid inhaler that will ease my airways. Sometimes it can be bad enough that I'd have to go to the hospital."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
|
kvk59c
|
How does obstructive sleep apnea cause anxiety (other than just being tired)?
|
Biology
|
explainlikeimfive
|
{
"a_id": [
"giyuk0b"
],
"text": [
"Sleep apnea prevents the deeper levels of sleep because when you relax those muscles for sleep, it blocks your airway, stopping breathing and making you wake up a little. Those deeper sleeps are very necessary for a healthy life, and anyone that doesn't get them will have lots of problems, including anxiety."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
}
|
[
"url"
] |
[
"url"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.