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In [Mongolia] today, [Genghis Khan]'s name and [likeness] are endorsed on [products], [streets], [buildings], and [other places]. His face can be found on [everyday commodities], from [liquor bottles] to [candy products], and on the [largest denominations] of [500], [1,000], [5,000], [10,000], and [20,000] Mongolian [tögrög] (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named [Chinggis Khaan International Airport]. Major Genghis Khan [statues] have been [erected] before the [parliament] and [near] Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated [discussions] about [regulating] the use of his name and image to avoid [trivialization]. | In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization. |
At the same time he made attempts to help grow [ABC], [Goldenson] had been trying since mid-1953 to provide [content] for the [network] by contacting his old [acquaintances] in [Hollywood], with whom he had worked when [UPT] was a subsidiary of [Paramount Pictures]. ABC's [merger] with [UPT] led to the creation of [relationships] with Hollywood's [film production studios], breaking a [quarantine] that had existed at that time between [film] and [television], the latter of which had previously been more connected to [radio]. ABC's [flagship productions] at the time were [The Lone Ranger], based on the [radio program] of the same title, and [The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet], the latter of which (at 13 seasons, running from 1952 to 1965) held the [record] for the [longest-running] [prime time comedy] in U.S. television [history], until it was surpassed by [The Simpsons] in 2002. | At the same time he made attempts to help grow ABC, Goldenson had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in Hollywood, with whom he had worked when UPT was a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. ABC's merger with UPT led to the creation of relationships with Hollywood's film production studios, breaking a quarantine that had existed at that time between film and television, the latter of which had previously been more connected to radio. ABC's flagship productions at the time were The Lone Ranger, based on the radio program of the same title, and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the latter of which (at 13 seasons, running from 1952 to 1965) held the record for the longest-running prime time comedy in U.S. television history, until it was surpassed by The Simpsons in 2002. |
It is likely that a [multicomponent], [adaptive immune system] arose with the [first vertebrates], as [invertebrates] do not generate [lymphocytes] or an [antibody-based humoral response]. Many [species], however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be [precursors] of these aspects of [vertebrate immunity]. [Immune systems] appear even in the [structurally most simple forms] of [life], with [bacteria] using a unique defense mechanism, called the [restriction modification system] to protect themselves from [viral pathogens], called [bacteriophages]. [Prokaryotes] also possess [acquired immunity], through a system that uses [CRISPR sequences] to retain fragments of the [genomes] of [phage] that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block [virus replication] through a form of [RNA interference]. [Offensive elements] of the [immune systems] are also present in [unicellular eukaryotes], but studies of their roles in [defense] are few. | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few. |
[Tesla] gained experience in [telephony] and [electrical engineering] before [emigrating] to the [United States] in [1884] to work for [Thomas Edison] in [New York City]. He soon struck out on his own with [financial backers], setting up [laboratories] and [companies] to develop a range of [electrical devices]. His patented [AC induction motor] and [transformer] were licensed by [George Westinghouse], who also hired Tesla for a [short time] as a [consultant]. His work in the [formative years] of [electric power development] was involved in a corporate [alternating current]/[direct current] "War of Currents" as well as various [patent battles]. | Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant. His work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents" as well as various patent battles. |
But even after [NASA] reached [internal agreement], it was far from [smooth sailing]. [Kennedy]'s [science advisor] [Jerome Wiesner], who had expressed his [opposition] to [manned spaceflight] to [Kennedy] before the [President] took office, and had opposed the decision to [land men on the Moon], hired [Golovin], who had left [NASA], to chair his own ["Space Vehicle Panel"], [ostensibly] to [monitor], but actually to [second-guess] [NASA]'s decisions on the [Saturn V launch vehicle] and [LOR] by forcing [Shea], [Seamans], and even [Webb] to [defend themselves], [delaying] its [formal announcement] to the [press] on [July 11, 1962], and forcing [Webb] to still [hedge] the [decision] as "tentative". | But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's science advisor Jerome Wiesner, who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office, and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel", ostensibly to monitor, but actually to second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962, and forcing Webb to still hedge the decision as "tentative". |
The [definition] of [imperialism] has not been [finalized] for [centuries] and was [confusedly] seen to represent the [policies] of [major powers], or simply, [general-purpose aggressiveness]. [Further on], [some writers] used the term [imperialism], in slightly more [discriminating] [fashion], to mean all kinds of [domination] or [control] by a [group of people] over [another]. To clear out this [confusion] about the [definition] of [imperialism] one could speak of ["formal"] and ["informal"] [imperialism], the [first] meaning [physical control] or "full-fledged [colonial rule]" while the [second] implied [less direct rule] though still containing [perceivable] kinds of [dominance]. [Informal rule] is generally [less costly] than [taking over territories] [formally]. This is because, with [informal rule], the [control] is [spread] [more subtly] through [technological superiority], [enforcing] [land officials] into [large debts] that cannot be [repaid], [ownership] of [private industries] thus [expanding] the [controlled area], or having [countries] [agree] to [uneven trade agreements] [forcefully]. | The definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writerswho? used the term imperialism, in slightly more discriminating fashion, to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another. To clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of "formal" and "informal" imperialism, the first meaning physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule" while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance. Informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally. This is because, with informal rule, the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully. |
Highly [combustible materials] that leave [little residue], such as [wood] or [coal], were thought to be made mostly of [phlogiston]; whereas [non-combustible] substances that [corrode], such as [iron], contained [very little]. [Air] did not play a role in [phlogiston theory], nor were any [initial quantitative experiments] conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on [observations] of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become [lighter] and seem to [lose something] in the process. The fact that a substance like [wood] gains [overall weight] in burning was hidden by the [buoyancy] of the [gaseous combustion products]. Indeed, one of the [first clues] that the [phlogiston theory] was incorrect was that [metals], too, gain weight in [rusting] (when they were supposedly losing [phlogiston]). | Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process. The fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products. Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals, too, gain weight in rusting (when they were supposedly losing phlogiston). |
[The conquest] of [Cyprus] by the [Anglo-Norman forces] of the [Third Crusade] opened a [new chapter] in the [history] of the [island], which would be under [Western European domination] for the following [380 years]. Although not part of a [planned operation], the conquest had much more [permanent results] than initially expected. | The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years. Although not part of a planned operation, the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected. |
The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. [The present building] was [begun] in [the 12th Century] and [the last addition] to it, [apart from the vestries], was [the main porch] in [1726]. [It] is [quite possible] that there was [an earlier church] here dating from [Saxon times]. [This older church] would have been [one of several churches] along [the River Tyne] dedicated to [St Andrew], including [the Priory church] at [Hexham]. [The building] contains [more old stonework] than [any other church] in [Newcastle]. [It] is [surrounded] by [the last] of [the ancient churchyards] to [retain] [its original character]. [Many key names] associated with [Newcastle's history] [worshipped] and [were buried] here. [The church tower] received [a battering] during [the Siege of Newcastle] by [the Scots] who finally [breached] [the Town Wall] and [forced surrender]. [Three] of [the cannonballs] [remain] on site as [testament] to [the siege]. | The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege. |
[Geologists] use a number of [field], [laboratory], and [numerical modeling methods] to decipher [Earth history] and understand the [processes] that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical [geological investigations], [geologists] use [primary information] related to [petrology] (the study of [rocks]), [stratigraphy] (the study of [sedimentary layers]), and [structural geology] (the study of [positions] of [rock units] and their [deformation]). In many cases, [geologists] also study [modern soils], [rivers], [landscapes], and [glaciers]; [investigate] [past and current life] and [biogeochemical pathways], and use [geophysical methods] to [investigate] the [subsurface]. | Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their deformation). In many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface. |
The [Scotland Act 1998], which was passed by the [Parliament of the United Kingdom] and given [royal assent] by [Queen Elizabeth II] on 19 November 1998, governs the [functions] and [role] of the [Scottish Parliament] and [delimits] its [legislative competence]. The [Scotland Act 2012] extends the [devolved competencies]. For the purposes of [parliamentary sovereignty], the [Parliament of the United Kingdom] at [Westminster] continues to constitute the [supreme legislature] of Scotland. However, under the terms of the [Scotland Act], [Westminster] agreed to [devolve] some of its [responsibilities] over [Scottish domestic policy] to the [Scottish Parliament]. Such "[devolved matters]" include [education], [health], [agriculture] and [justice]. The [Scotland Act] enabled the [Scottish Parliament] to pass [primary legislation] on these issues. A [degree] of [domestic authority], and all [foreign policy], remain with the [UK Parliament] in [Westminster]. The [Scottish Parliament] has the [power] to pass [laws] and has [limited tax-varying capability]. Another of the [roles] of the [Parliament] is to hold the [Scottish Government] to [account]. | The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies. For the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty, the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland Act, Westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament. Such "devolved matters" include education, health, agriculture and justice. The Scotland Act enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remain with the UK Parliament in Westminster. The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account. |
New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after traveling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that built of stone. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The church was eventually replaced by a third, Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church "Eglise du St. Esperit" on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries. | New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after traveling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that built of stone. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The church was eventually replaced by a third, Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church "Eglise du St. Esperit" on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries. |
The [Rhine-Meuse Delta], the [most important natural region] of the [Netherlands] begins near [Millingen aan de Rijn], close to the [Dutch-German border] with the [division] of the [Rhine] into [Waal] and [Nederrijn]. Since the [Rhine] [contributes most] of the [water], the [shorter term] [Rhine Delta] is [commonly used]. However, this [name] is also used for the [river delta] where the [Rhine flows] into [Lake Constance], so it is [clearer] to call the [larger one] [Rhine-Meuse delta], or even [Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta], as the [Scheldt ends] in the [same delta]. | The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. |
[Federal safety standards], such as [NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215] (pertaining to [safety bumpers]), and [compacts] like the [1974 Mustang I] were a [prelude] to the [DOT "downsize" revision] of vehicle categories. By [1977], [GM's full-sized cars] reflected the [crisis]. By [1979], virtually all ["full-size" American cars] had [shrunk], featuring [smaller engines] and [smaller outside dimensions]. [Chrysler] ended production of their [full-sized luxury sedans] at the [end] of the [1981 model year], moving instead to a [full front-wheel drive lineup] for [1982] (except for the [M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury] and [Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans]). | Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 (pertaining to safety bumpers), and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT "downsize" revision of vehicle categories. By 1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979, virtually all "full-size" American cars had shrunk, featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions. Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans). |
[Luther] refused to recant his [writings]. He is sometimes also [quoted] as saying: "Here I stand. I can do no [other]". [Recent scholars] consider the [evidence] for these words to be [unreliable], since they were [inserted] before "May [God help me]" only in [later versions] of the [speech] and not [recorded] in [witness accounts] of the [proceedings]. However, [Mullett] suggests that given his [nature], "we are free to [believe] that Luther would tend to [select] the more [dramatic] [form of words]." | Luther refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as saying: "Here I stand. I can do no other". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings. However, Mullett suggests that given his nature, "we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words." |
The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has [seating arranged in a hemicycle], which reflects the [desire to encourage consensus] amongst elected members. There are [131 seats] in the debating chamber. Of the total [131 seats], [129 are occupied] by the Parliament's elected MSPs and [2 are seats] for the Scottish Law Officers – [the Lord Advocate] and [the Solicitor General for Scotland], who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may [attend and speak] in the [plenary meetings] of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to [sit anywhere] in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their [party groupings]. The [First Minister], Scottish [cabinet ministers] and [Law officers] sit in the [front row], in the [middle section] of the chamber. The [largest party] in the Parliament sits in the [middle of the semicircle], with [opposing parties] on either side. The [Presiding Officer], [parliamentary clerks] and [officials] sit [opposite members] at the [front] of the debating chamber. | The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers – the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote. Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings. The First Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and Law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side. The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber. |
Currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. [It requires] the pupil [to remain] in school [at a given time] in the school day (such as [lunch], [recess] or [after school]); or even [to attend school] on a [non-school day], [e.g.] "Saturday detention" [held] at some schools. [During detention], students normally have [to sit] in a [classroom] and [do work], [write lines] or a [punishment essay], or [sit quietly]. | Currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day, e.g. "Saturday detention" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay, or sit quietly. |
The [French population] numbered about [75,000] and was heavily concentrated along the [St. Lawrence River] valley, with some also in [Acadia] (present-day [New Brunswick] and parts of [Nova Scotia], including [Île Royale] (present-day [Cape Breton Island])). [Fewer] lived in [New Orleans], [Biloxi], [Mississippi], [Mobile], [Alabama] and [small settlements] in the [Illinois Country], hugging the [east side] of the [Mississippi River] and its tributaries. [French fur traders] and [trappers] traveled throughout the [St. Lawrence] and [Mississippi watersheds], did business with [local tribes], and often married [Indian women]. [Traders] married [daughters of chiefs], creating [high-ranking unions]. | The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions. |
In Ancient Greece, [Diocles] of [Carystus] (4th century BC) was one of several [men] studying the [medicinal properties] of [plants]. He wrote several [treatises] on the [topic]. The Greek [physician] [Pedanius Dioscorides] is [famous] for writing a [five volume book] in his [native Greek] [Περί ύλης ιατρικής] in the [1st century AD]. The [Latin translation] [De Materia Medica] ([Concerning medical substances]) was used [a basis] for many [medieval texts], and was built upon by many [middle eastern scientists] during the [Islamic Golden Age]. The [title] coined the term [materia medica]. | In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica. |
A [BBC] audience research survey conducted in [1972] found that, by their own definition of [violence] ("any acts which may cause [physical] and/or [psychological injury], [hurt] or [death] to [persons], [animals] or [property], whether [intentional] or [accidental]") [Doctor Who] was the most violent of the [drama programmes] the [corporation] produced at the time. The same [report] found that [3%] of the surveyed audience regarded the show as "very [unsuitable]" for [family viewing]. Responding to the findings of the survey in [The Times] newspaper, [journalist] [Philip Howard] maintained that, "to compare the violence of [Dr Who], sired by a [horse-laugh] out of a [nightmare], with the more realistic violence of other television series, where actors who look like human beings bleed [paint] that looks like [blood], is like comparing [Monopoly] with the [property market] in [London]: both are [fantasies], but one is meant to be taken [seriously]." | A BBC audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that, by their own definition of violence ("any acts which may cause physical and/or psychological injury, hurt or death to persons, animals or property, whether intentional or accidental") Doctor Who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time. The same report found that 3% of the surveyed audience regarded the show as "very unsuitable" for family viewing. Responding to the findings of the survey in The Times newspaper, journalist Philip Howard maintained that, "to compare the violence of Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare, with the more realistic violence of other television series, where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood, is like comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously." |
[There have been] subsequent claims [by Tesla biographers] that [Edison] and [Tesla] were the [original recipients] and that [neither] was given the [award] because of their [animosity] toward each other; that [each] sought to [minimize] the [other's achievements] and [right] to win the [award]; that [both] refused [ever] to accept the [award] if the [other] received it [first]; that [both] rejected [any possibility] of [sharing] it; and even that a [wealthy Edison] refused it to keep [Tesla] from getting the [$20,000 prize money]. | There have been subsequent claims by Tesla biographers that Edison and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award; that both refused ever to accept the award if the other received it first; that both rejected any possibility of sharing it; and even that a wealthy Edison refused it to keep Tesla from getting the $20,000 prize money.:245 |
The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. [Broadcaster] and [writer] Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late [German-born] [British scholar] of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from [Grey's Monument] towards the [valley] of the [River Tyne] and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of [BBC Radio 4 listeners]. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of [Grainger Town] was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the [Eldon Square Shopping Centre], including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. | The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. |
Exceptional examples of [bourgeois architecture], [later periods], [communist authorities], [war], [mentioned Kronenberg Palace], [Insurance Company Rosja building], [rebuilt], [socialist realism style], [Warsaw Philharmony edifice], [originally inspired], [Palais Garnier], [Warsaw University of Technology building], [late 19th-century architecture], [19th-century buildings], [Praga district], [Vistula's right bank], [restored], [poorly maintained], [Warsaw's municipal government authorities], [rebuild], [Saxon Palace], [Brühl Palace], [distinctive buildings], [prewar Warsaw]. | Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building (1899–1902) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula’s right bank) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained. Warsaw’s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw. |
[Professional sports teams] in [Southern California] include teams from the [NFL] ([Los Angeles Rams], [San Diego Chargers]); [NBA] ([Los Angeles Lakers], [Los Angeles Clippers]); [MLB] ([Los Angeles Dodgers], [Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim], [San Diego Padres]); [NHL] ([Los Angeles Kings], [Anaheim Ducks]); and [MLS] ([LA Galaxy]). | Professional sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy). |
[Reactive oxygen species], such as [superoxide ion] (O−
2) and [hydrogen peroxide] (H
2O
2), are [dangerous] [by-products] of [oxygen use] in [organisms]. [Parts] of the [immune system] of [higher organisms] create [peroxide], [superoxide], and [singlet oxygen] to [destroy] [invading microbes]. Reactive oxygen species also play an [important role] in the [hypersensitive response] of [plants] against [pathogen attack]. [Oxygen] is [toxic] to [obligately anaerobic organisms], which were the [dominant form] of [early life] on [Earth] until O
2 [began] to [accumulate] in the [atmosphere] about [2.5 billion years ago] during the [Great Oxygenation Event], about a [billion years] after the [first appearance] of these organisms. | Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O−
2) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O
2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms. |
The complexity class [P] is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the [Cobham–Edmonds thesis]. The complexity class [NP], on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the [Boolean satisfiability problem], the [Hamiltonian path problem] and the [vertex cover problem]. Since [deterministic Turing machines] are special [non-deterministic Turing machines], it is easily observed that each problem in [P] is also member of the class [NP]. | The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP. |
The [chloroplast double membrane] is also often compared to the [mitochondrial double membrane]. This is not a valid comparison—the [inner mitochondria membrane] is used to run [proton pumps] and carry out [oxidative phosphorylation] across to generate [ATP energy]. The only [chloroplast structure] that can considered analogous to it is the [internal thylakoid system]. Even so, in terms of ["in-out"], the direction of [chloroplast H+ ion flow] is in the [opposite direction] compared to [oxidative phosphorylation] in [mitochondria]. In addition, in terms of [function], the [inner chloroplast membrane], which [regulates metabolite passage] and [synthesizes some materials], has no [counterpart] in the [mitochondrion]. | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system. Even so, in terms of "in-out", the direction of chloroplast H+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. In addition, in terms of function, the inner chloroplast membrane, which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials, has no counterpart in the mitochondrion. |
In [July 1968], [ABC Radio] launched a [special programming project] for its [FM stations], which was [spearheaded] by [Allen Shaw], a [former program manager] at [WCFL] in [Chicago] who was [approached] by [ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal] to develop a [format] to [compete] with the [new progressive rock] and [DJ-helmed stations]. The [new concept] called "[LOVE Radio]", which [featured] a [limited selection] of [music genres], was launched on [ABC's seven owned-and-operated FM stations] in [late November 1968]; the [concept] replaced [nearly all] of the [programming] provided by these stations; however, [several affiliates] (such as [KXYZ]) retained the [majority] of their [content]. In [August 1970], [Shaw] announced that [ABC FM's music choice policy] should be [reviewed] to [allow listeners access] to [many styles] of [music]. | In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and DJ-helmed stations. The new concept called "LOVE Radio", which featured a limited selection of music genres, was launched on ABC's seven owned-and-operated FM stations in late November 1968; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations; however, several affiliates (such as KXYZ) retained the majority of their content. In August 1970, Shaw announced that ABC FM's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music. |
[Fresno] is marked by a [semi-arid climate] ([Köppen BSh]), with [mild], [moist winters] and [hot and dry summers], thus displaying [Mediterranean characteristics]. [December] and [January] are the [coldest months], and average around [46.5 °F (8.1 °C)], and there are [14 nights] with [freezing lows] annually, with the [coldest night] of the year typically bottoming out below [30 °F (−1.1 °C)]. [July] is the [warmest month], averaging [83.0 °F (28.3 °C)]; normally, there are [32 days] of [100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs] and [106 days] of [90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs], and in July and August, there are only [three or four days] where the high does not reach [90 °F (32.2 °C)]. [Summers] provide considerable [sunshine], with July peaking at [97 percent] of the [total possible sunlight hours]; conversely, [January] is the lowest with only [46 percent] of the [daylight time] in [sunlight] because of [thick tule fog]. However, the [year averages] [81%] of [possible sunshine], for a [total] of [3550 hours]. [Average annual precipitation] is around [11.5 inches (292.1 mm)], which, by definition, would classify the area as a [semidesert]. Most of the [wind rose direction] occurrences derive from the [northwest], as winds are driven downward along the [axis] of the [California Central Valley]; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of [southeastern wind directions] in the [wind rose statistics]. [Fresno meteorology] was selected in a [national] [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study] for analysis of [equilibrium temperature] for use of [ten-year meteorological data] to represent a [warm, dry western United States locale]. | Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with mild, moist winters and hot and dry summers, thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics. December and January are the coldest months, and average around 46.5 °F (8.1 °C), and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °F (−1.1 °C). July is the warmest month, averaging 83.0 °F (28.3 °C); normally, there are 32 days of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs and 106 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs, and in July and August, there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °F (32.2 °C). Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, January is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours. Average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches (292.1 mm), which, by definition, would classify the area as a semidesert. Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics. Fresno meteorology was selected in a national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm, dry western United States locale. |
In [1926], [Tesla] commented on the [ills] of the [social subservience] of [women] and the [struggle] of women toward [gender equality], and indicated that [humanity's future] would be run by "[Queen Bees]". He believed that women would become the [dominant sex] in the future. | In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees." He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. |
The [1973 oil crisis] began in [October 1973] when the members of the [Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries] (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus [Egypt] and [Syria]) proclaimed an [oil embargo]. By the end of the embargo in [March 1974], the [price of oil] had risen from [US$3 per barrel] to nearly [$12 globally]; US prices were [significantly higher]. The embargo caused an [oil crisis], or "shock", with many [short- and long-term effects] on [global politics] and the [global economy]. It was later called the ["first oil shock"], followed by the [1979 oil crisis], termed the ["second oil shock"]. | The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) proclaimed an oil embargo. By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or "shock", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. It was later called the "first oil shock", followed by the 1979 oil crisis, termed the "second oil shock." |
In the early 13th century, the [Khwarazmian dynasty] was governed by [Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad]. [Genghis Khan] saw the [potential advantage] in [Khwarezmia] as a [commercial trading partner] using the [Silk Road], and he initially sent a [500-man caravan] to establish [official trade ties] with the [empire]. However, [Inalchuq], the [governor] of the [Khwarezmian city] of [Otrar], attacked the caravan that came from [Mongolia], claiming that the caravan contained [spies] and therefore was a [conspiracy] against [Khwarezmia]. The [situation] became [further complicated] because the governor later [refused] to make [repayments] for the [looting] of the [caravans] and [handing over] the [perpetrators]. [Genghis Khan] then sent again a [second group] of [three ambassadors] (two [Mongols] and a [Muslim]) to meet the [Shah himself] instead of the [governor Inalchuq]. The Shah had all the men [shaved] and the [Muslim] [beheaded] and sent his head back with the [two remaining ambassadors]. This was seen as an [affront] and [insult] to [Genghis Khan]. [Outraged], [Genghis Khan] planned one of his [largest invasion campaigns] by organizing together around [100,000 soldiers] (10 [tumens]), his most capable [generals] and some of his [sons]. He left a [commander] and [number of troops] in [China], [designated] his [successors] to be his [family members] and likely [appointed] [Ögedei] to be his [immediate successor] and then went out to [Khwarezmia]. | In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers (10 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed Ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia. |
[Chloroplasts] have their own [ribosomes], which they use to synthesize a [small fraction] of their [proteins]. [Chloroplast ribosomes] are about [two-thirds] the size of [cytoplasmic ribosomes] (around [17 nm] vs [25 nm]). They take [mRNAs] transcribed from the [chloroplast DNA] and [translate] them into [protein]. While [similar] to [bacterial ribosomes], [chloroplast translation] is [more complex] than in [bacteria], so [chloroplast ribosomes] include some [chloroplast-unique features]. [Small subunit ribosomal RNAs] in several [Chlorophyta] and [euglenid chloroplasts] [lack motifs] for [shine-dalgarno sequence recognition], which is considered [essential] for [translation initiation] in most [chloroplasts] and [prokaryotes]. Such [loss] is also [rarely observed] in [other plastids] and [prokaryotes]. | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial ribosomes, chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria, so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features. Small subunit ribosomal RNAs in several Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition, which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes. Such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes. |
According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that [Northern Europe] and the [Mid-Atlantic] [temperate climate] produced a [hard-working], [moral], and [upstanding] human being. Alternatively, [tropical climates] yielded [lazy attitudes], [sexual promiscuity], [exotic culture], and [moral degeneracy]. The people of these climates were believed to be in need of [guidance] and [intervention] from the [European empire] to aid in the [governing] of a [more evolved social structure]; they were seen as [incapable] of such a feat. Similarly, [orientalism] is a view of a people based on their geographical location. | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promiscuity, exotic culture, and moral degeneracy. The people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the European empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure; they were seen as incapable of such a feat. Similarly, orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location. |
In this [dioxygen], the two [oxygen atoms] are [chemically bonded] to each other. The bond can be variously described based on [level of theory], but is [reasonably and simply described] as a [covalent double bond] that results from the [filling of molecular orbitals] formed from the [atomic orbitals] of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a [bond order] of two. More specifically, the [double bond] is the result of [sequential, low-to-high energy] or [Aufbau] filling of [orbitals], and the resulting [cancellation of contributions] from the [2s electrons], after [sequential filling] of the [low σ and σ* orbitals]; σ [overlap] of the [two atomic 2p orbitals] that lie along the [O-O molecular axis] and π [overlap] of [two pairs] of atomic 2p orbitals [perpendicular] to the [O-O molecular axis], and then [cancellation of contributions] from the [remaining two] of the [six 2p electrons] after their [partial filling] of the [lowest π and π* orbitals]. | In this dioxygen, the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a bond order of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or Aufbau, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O-O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O-O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals. |
Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many [pharmacists] practicing in [hospitals] gain more [education] and [training] after [pharmacy school] through a [pharmacy practice residency] and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as [clinical pharmacists] and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in [hematology/oncology], [HIV/AIDS], [infectious disease], [critical care], [emergency medicine], [toxicology], [nuclear pharmacy], [pain management], [psychiatry], [anti-coagulation clinics], [herbal medicine], [neurology/epilepsy management], [pediatrics], [neonatal pharmacists] and more. | Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more. |
The [Presiding Officer] (or [Deputy Presiding Officer]) decides who speaks in [chamber debates] and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak. Normally, the [Presiding Officer] tries to achieve a balance between different [viewpoints] and political [parties] when selecting members to speak. Typically, [ministers] or [party leaders] open debates, with opening speakers given between [5 and 20 minutes], and succeeding speakers allocated [less time]. The [Presiding Officer] can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. [Debate] is more [informal] than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by [name], rather than by [constituency] or [cabinet position], and [hand clapping] is allowed. [Speeches] to the chamber are normally delivered in [English], but members may use [Scots], [Gaelic], or any other [language] with the agreement of the [Presiding Officer]. The [Scottish Parliament] has conducted debates in the [Gaelic language]. | The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak. Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak. Typically, ministers or party leaders open debates, with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes, and succeeding speakers allocated less time. The Presiding Officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by name, rather than by constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed. Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use Scots, Gaelic, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer. The Scottish Parliament has conducted debates in the Gaelic language. |
For many [native populations], the elimination of [French power] in [North America] meant the disappearance of a [strong ally] and [counterweight] to [British expansion], leading to their [ultimate dispossession]. The [Ohio Country] was particularly vulnerable to [legal and illegal settlement] due to the construction of [military roads] to the area by [Braddock] and [Forbes]. Although the [Spanish takeover] of the [Louisiana territory] (which was not completed until 1769) had [modest repercussions], the [British takeover] of [Spanish Florida] resulted in the [westward migration] of [tribes] that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in [tensions] between the [Choctaw] and the [Creek], [historic enemies] whose [divisions] the British at times exploited. The [change of control] in [Florida] also prompted most of its [Spanish Catholic population] to leave. Most went to [Cuba], including the entire [governmental records] from [St. Augustine], although some [Christianized Yamasee] were resettled to the coast of [Mexico]. | For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes. Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769) had modest repercussions, the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico. |
During the [ITV network strike] of [1979], [viewership] [peaked] at [16 million]. [citation needed] [Figures] [remained] [respectable] [into] the [1980s], but [fell] [noticeably] after the [programme's 23rd series] was [postponed] in [1985] and the [show] was [off the air] for [18 months]. [Its late 1980s performance] of [three to five million viewers] was [seen] as [poor] at the time and was, according to the [BBC Board of Control], a [leading cause] of the [programme's 1989 suspension]. Some [fans] considered this [disingenuous], since the programme was [scheduled] against the [soap opera Coronation Street], the [most popular show] at the time. After the [series' revival] in [2005] (the [third notable period] of [high ratings]), it has [consistently] had [high viewership levels] for the [evening] on which the [episode] is [broadcast]. | During the ITV network strike of 1979, viewership peaked at 16 million.citation needed Figures remained respectable into the 1980s, but fell noticeably after the programme's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months. Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989 suspension. Some fans considered this disingenuous, since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time. After the series' revival in 2005 (the third notable period of high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast. |
The [LOR method] had the advantage of allowing the [lander spacecraft] to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a [failure] of the [command ship]. Some [documents] prove this [theory] was [discussed] before and after the method was chosen. A [1964 MSC study] concluded, "The [LM as lifeboat] ... was finally dropped, because no [single reasonable CSM failure] could be identified that would [prohibit use] of the [SPS]." [Ironically], just such a [failure] happened on [Apollo 13] when an [oxygen tank explosion] left the [command ship] without [electrical power]. The [Lunar Module] provided [propulsion], [electrical power] and [life support] to get the [crew] [home safely]. | The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship. Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen. A 1964 MSC study concluded, "The LM as lifeboat ... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable CSM failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the SPS." Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely. |
This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. [In this arrangement], the [architect] or [engineer] acts as the [project coordinator]. [His or her] role is to [design] the works, [prepare] the specifications and produce [construction drawings], [administer] the contract, [tender] the works, and [manage] the works from [inception] to [completion]. There are [direct contractual links] between the [architect's client] and the [main contractor]. [Any subcontractor] has a [direct contractual relationship] with the [main contractor]. The [procedure] continues until the [building] is [ready to occupy]. | This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy. |
One of the first [Norman mercenaries] to serve as a [Byzantine general] was [Hervé] in the [1050s]. By then however, there were already [Norman mercenaries] serving as far away as [Trebizond] and [Georgia]. They were based at [Malatya] and [Edessa], under the [Byzantine duke] of [Antioch], [Isaac Komnenos]. In the [1060s], [Robert Crispin] led the [Normans] of [Edessa] against the [Turks]. [Roussel de Bailleul] even tried to carve out an [independent state] in [Asia Minor] with support from the [local population], but he was stopped by the [Byzantine general] [Alexius Komnenos]. | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos. |
The [French and Indian War] (1754–1763) was the [North American theater] of the worldwide [Seven Years' War]. The war was fought between the [colonies] of [British America] and [New France], with both sides supported by [military units] from their [parent countries] of [Great Britain] and [France], as well as [Native American allies]. At the [start] of the war, the [French North American colonies] had a population of roughly [60,000 European settlers], compared with [2 million] in the [British North American colonies]. The [outnumbered French] particularly depended on the [Indians]. [Long] in [conflict], the [metropole nations] declared war on each other in [1756], escalating the war from a [regional affair] into an [intercontinental conflict]. | The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict. |
The [chloroplasts] of [plant] and [algal] cells can [orient themselves] to [best suit] the [available light]. In [low-light conditions], they will [spread out] in a [sheet]—[maximizing] the [surface area] to [absorb light]. Under [intense light], they will [seek shelter] by [aligning] in [vertical columns] along the [plant cell's cell wall] or [turning sideways] so that light [strikes] them [edge-on]. This [reduces exposure] and [protects] them from [photooxidative damage]. This [ability] to [distribute chloroplasts] so that they can [take shelter] [behind each other] or [spread out] may be the [reason] why [land plants] [evolved] to have [many small chloroplasts] instead of a [few big ones]. [Chloroplast movement] is considered one of the most [closely regulated stimulus-response systems] that can be found in plants. [Mitochondria] have also been [observed] to [follow chloroplasts] as they move. | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move. |
[Within] the [Los Angeles Area] are the major [business districts] of [Downtown Burbank], [Downtown Santa Monica], [Downtown Glendale] and [Downtown Long Beach]. [Los Angeles] itself has many [business districts] including the [Downtown Los Angeles central business district] as well as those lining the [Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile] including [Century City], [Westwood] and [Warner Center] in the [San Fernando Valley]. | Within the Los Angeles Area are the major business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile including Century City, Westwood and Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley. |
Their local rivals, [Polonia Warsaw], have significantly fewer [supporters], yet they managed to win [Ekstraklasa Championship] in [2000]. They also won the country’s championship in [1946], and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at [Konwiktorska Street], a [ten-minute walk] [north] from the [Old Town]. Polonia was [relegated] from the country's top flight in [2013] because of their [disastrous financial situation]. They are now playing in the [4th league] (5th tier in Poland) -the bottom professional league in the [National] – [Polish Football Association] (PZPN) [structure]. | Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country’s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the Old Town. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the 4th league (5th tier in Poland) -the bottom professional league in the National – Polish Football Association (PZPN) structure. |
In the past, [teachers] have been paid relatively [low salaries]. However, [average teacher salaries] have improved rapidly in [recent years]. [US teachers] are generally paid on [graduated scales], with income depending on [experience]. Teachers with [more experience] and [higher education] earn more than those with a [standard bachelor's degree] and [certificate]. Salaries vary greatly depending on [state], [relative cost of living], and [grade taught]. Salaries also vary within states where [wealthy suburban school districts] generally have higher [salary schedules] than other districts. The [median salary] for all [primary and secondary teachers] was $46,000 in [2004], with the [average entry salary] for a teacher with a [bachelor's degree] being an estimated $32,000. [Median salaries] for [preschool teachers], however, were [less than half] the [national median] for secondary teachers, clock in at an estimated $21,000 in [2004]. For [high school teachers], [median salaries] in [2007] ranged from $35,000 in [South Dakota] to $71,000 in [New York], with a national median of $52,000. Some contracts may include [long-term disability insurance], [life insurance], [emergency/personal leave] and [investment options]. The [American Federation of Teachers]' [teacher salary survey] for the [2006-07 school year] found that the average teacher salary was $51,009. In a salary survey report for [K-12 teachers], [elementary school teachers] had the [lowest median salary] earning $39,259. [High school teachers] had the [highest median salary] earning $41,855. Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by [supervising after-school programs] and [other extracurricular activities]. In addition to [monetary compensation], [public school teachers] may also enjoy [greater benefits] (like [health insurance]) compared to other occupations. [Merit pay systems] are on the rise for teachers, paying teachers extra money based on [excellent classroom evaluations], [high test scores] and for [high success] at their [overall school]. Also, with the [advent of the internet], many teachers are now [selling their lesson plans] to other teachers through the web in order to earn [supplemental income], most notably on [TeachersPayTeachers.com]. | In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries. However, average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years. US teachers are generally paid on graduated scales, with income depending on experience. Teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor's degree and certificate. Salaries vary greatly depending on state, relative cost of living, and grade taught. Salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts. The median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $46,000 in 2004, with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor's degree being an estimated $32,000. Median salaries for preschool teachers, however, were less than half the national median for secondary teachers, clock in at an estimated $21,000 in 2004. For high school teachers, median salaries in 2007 ranged from $35,000 in South Dakota to $71,000 in New York, with a national median of $52,000. Some contracts may include long-term disability insurance, life insurance, emergency/personal leave and investment options. The American Federation of Teachers' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855. Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities. In addition to monetary compensation, public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits (like health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers, paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations, high test scores and for high success at their overall school. Also, with the advent of the internet, many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income, most notably on TeachersPayTeachers.com. |
[Southern California] is home to many [major business districts]. [Central business districts (CBD)] include [Downtown Los Angeles], [Downtown San Diego], [Downtown San Bernardino], [Downtown Bakersfield], [South Coast Metro] and [Downtown Riverside]. | Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside. |
The [BBC drama department]'s [serials division] produced the [programme] for [26 seasons], broadcast on [BBC 1]. [Falling viewing numbers], a [decline] in the [public perception] of the show and a [less-prominent transmission slot] saw [production suspended] in [1989] by [Jonathan Powell], [controller] of [BBC 1]. Although (as [series co-star Sophie Aldred] reported in the [documentary] [Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS]) it was [effectively], if not [formally], [cancelled] with the [decision not to commission] a [planned 27th series] of the show for [transmission] in [1990], the [BBC] repeatedly [affirmed] that the series would return. | The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1. Falling viewing numbers, a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred reported in the documentary Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS) it was effectively, if not formally, cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990, the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return. |
[The Pilgrim Street building] was [refurbished] between [November 2006] and [May 2008]; during the [refurbishment works], the [cinema] [relocated] to the [Old Town Hall], [Gateshead]. In [May 2008] the [Tyneside Cinema] [reopened] in the [restored] and [refurbished] [original building]. The [site] currently [houses] [three cinemas], including the [restored Classic] —the [United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema] [still] [in full-time operation]—alongside [two new screens], [a roof extension] [containing] the [Tyneside Bar], and [dedicated education and teaching suites]. | The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building. The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, a roof extension containing the Tyneside Bar, and dedicated education and teaching suites. |
The [capabilities approach] – sometimes called the [human development approach] – looks at [income inequality] and [poverty] as form of “capability deprivation”. Unlike [neoliberalism], which “defines well-being as [utility maximization]”, [economic growth] and [income] are considered a [means to an end] rather than the [end itself]. Its [goal] is to “widen people’s [choices] and the [level] of their achieved well-being” through increasing [functionings] (the things a person [values doing]), [capabilities] (the [freedom] to enjoy functionings) and [agency] (the [ability] to pursue valued goals). | The capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “capability deprivation”. Unlike neoliberalism, which “defines well-being as utility maximization”, economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to “widen people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals). |
In [India], [private schools] are called [independent schools], but since some private schools receive [financial aid] from the [government], it can be an [aided] or an [unaided school]. So, in a [strict sense], a [private school] is an [unaided independent school]. For the purpose of this definition, only [receipt of financial aid] is considered, not [land purchased] from the [government] at a [subsidized rate]. It is within the power of both the [union government] and the [state governments] to govern schools since [Education] appears in the [Concurrent list] of [legislative subjects] in the [constitution]. The practice has been for the [union government] to provide the [broad policy directions] while the [states] create their own [rules and regulations] for the [administration] of the [sector]. Among other things, this has also resulted in [30 different Examination Boards] or [academic authorities] that conduct [examinations] for [school leaving certificates]. [Prominent Examination Boards] that are present in [multiple states] are the [CBSE] and the [CISCE], [NENBSE]. | In India, private schools are called independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private school is an unaided independent school. For the purpose of this definition, only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate. It is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since Education appears in the Concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution. The practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector. Among other things, this has also resulted in 30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates. Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE |
[Petrologists] can also use [fluid inclusion data] and perform [high temperature] and [pressure physical experiments] to understand the [temperatures] and [pressures] at which different [mineral phases] appear, and how they change through [igneous] and [metamorphic processes]. This research can be [extrapolated] to the [field] to understand [metamorphic processes] and the [conditions] of [crystallization] of [igneous rocks]. This work can also help to explain [processes] that occur within the [Earth], such as [subduction] and [magma chamber evolution]. | Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution. |
On [April 23], [1968], the [United Methodist Church] was created when the [Evangelical United Brethren Church] (represented by [Bishop Reuben H. Mueller]) and [The Methodist Church] (represented by [Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke]) joined hands at the constituting [General Conference] in [Dallas], [Texas]. With the words, "[Lord of the Church], we are united in [Thee], in [Thy Church] and now in [The United Methodist Church]" the new denomination was given [birth] by the two churches that had [distinguished histories] and [influential ministries] in [various parts] of the world. | On April 23, 1968, the United Methodist Church was created when the Evangelical United Brethren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller) and The Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke) joined hands at the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas. With the words, "Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee, in Thy Church and now in The United Methodist Church" the new denomination was given birth by the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world. |
In [2013], the Peabody Awards honoured [Doctor Who] with an Institutional Peabody "for [evolving with technology] and the times like [nothing else] in the known television universe." The programme is listed in [Guinness World Records] as the [longest-running science fiction television show] in the world, the "[most successful]" [science fiction series] of [all time]—based on its [over-all broadcast ratings], [DVD] and [book sales], and [iTunes traffic]— and for the [largest ever simulcast] of a TV drama with its [50th anniversary special]. During its [original run], it was recognised for its [imaginative stories], [creative low-budget special effects], and [pioneering use] of [electronic music] (originally produced by the [BBC Radiophonic Workshop]). | In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody "for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe." The programme is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the "most successful" science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special. During its original run, it was recognised for its imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop). |
The [neighborhood] features [restaurants], [live theater] and [nightclubs], as well as several [independent shops] and [bookstores], currently operating on or near [Olive Avenue], and all within a few [hundred feet] of each other. Since [renewal], the [Tower District] has become an [attractive area] for [restaurant] and other [local businesses]. Today, the [Tower District] is also known as the center of [Fresno's LGBT] and [hipster Communities]. Additionally, [Tower District] is also known as the center of [Fresno's local] [punk]/[goth]/[deathrock] and [heavy metal community]. [citation needed] | The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet of each other. Since renewal, the Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. Today, the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community.citation needed |
The working fluid in a [Rankine cycle] can operate as a [closed loop system], where the working fluid is [recycled] [continuously], or may be an ["open loop" system], where the [exhaust steam] is [directly released] to the [atmosphere], and a [separate source] of [water] [feeding] the [boiler] is [supplied]. Normally [water] is the [fluid] of [choice] due to its [favourable properties], such as [non-toxic] and [unreactive chemistry], [abundance], [low cost], and its [thermodynamic properties]. [Mercury] is the [working fluid] in the [mercury vapor turbine]. [Low boiling hydrocarbons] can be used in a [binary cycle]. | The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle. |
Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. [The most authoritative account] at the time came from [the medical faculty] in [Paris] in a report to [the king of France] that blamed [the heavens], in the form of [a conjunction] of [three planets] in [1345] that caused [a "great pestilence in the air"]. This report became [the first] and [the most widely circulated] of [a series of plague tracts] that sought to give [advice] to [sufferers]. That [the plague] was caused by [bad air] became [the most widely accepted theory]. Today, this is known as [the Miasma theory]. [The word 'plague'] had [no special significance] at this time, and only [the recurrence of outbreaks] during [the Middle Ages] gave it [the name] that has become [the medical term]. | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term. |
Before [Rollo]'s arrival, its populations did not differ from [Picardy] or the [Île-de-France], which were considered "Frankish". Earlier [Viking] settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east ([Roumois] and [Pays de Caux]) around the low [Seine] valley and in the west in the [Cotentin Peninsula], and were separated by traditional [pagii], where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers. [Rollo]'s contingents who raided and ultimately settled [Normandy] and parts of the [Atlantic coast] included [Danes], [Norwegians], [Norse–Gaels], [Orkney Vikings], possibly [Swedes], and [Anglo-Danes] from the English [Danelaw] under Norse control. | Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsula, and were separated by traditional pagii, where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers. Rollo's contingents who raided and ultimately settled Normandy and parts of the Atlantic coast included Danes, Norwegians, Norse–Gaels, Orkney Vikings, possibly Swedes, and Anglo-Danes from the English Danelaw under Norse control. |
In [recent years] the [characteristic] that has [strongly correlated] with [health] in [developed countries] is [income inequality]. Creating an [index] of "Health and Social Problems" from [nine factors], [authors] [Richard Wilkinson] and [Kate Pickett] found [health] and [social problems] "more common in [countries] with [bigger income inequalities]", and more common among [states] in the [US] with [larger income inequalities]. [Other studies] have confirmed this [relationship]. The [UNICEF index] of "child well-being in rich countries", studying [40 indicators] in [22 countries], [correlates] with [greater equality] but not [per capita income]. | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalities", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of "child well-being in rich countries", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income. |
[CBS] set the base rate for a [30-second advertisement] at [$5,000,000], a [record high price] for a [Super Bowl ad]. As of [January 26], the advertisements had [not yet sold out]. [CBS] mandated that all advertisers purchase a [package] covering [time] on [both the television and digital broadcasts] of the game, meaning that for the [first time], [digital streams] of the game would carry all [national advertising] in [pattern] with the [television broadcast]. This would be the [final year] in a [multi-year contract] with [Anheuser-Busch InBev] that allowed the [beer manufacturer] to air [multiple advertisements] during the game at a [steep discount]. It was also the [final year] that [Doritos], a [longtime sponsor] of the game, held its "[Crash the Super Bowl]" contest that allowed viewers to create their own [Doritos ads] for a [chance] to have it aired during the game. [Nintendo] and [The Pokémon Company] also made their [Super Bowl debut], promoting the [20th anniversary] of the [Pokémon video game] and [media franchise]. | CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game, meaning that for the first time, digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast. This would be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount. It was also the final year that Doritos, a longtime sponsor of the game, held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo and The Pokémon Company also made their Super Bowl debut, promoting the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon video game and media franchise. |
The [city of Bukhara] was not [heavily fortified], with a [moat] and a [single wall], and the [citadel] typical of [Khwarezmi cities]. The [city leaders] opened the [gates] to the [Mongols], though a [unit] of [Turkish defenders] held the [city's citadel] for another [twelve days]. [Survivors] from the [citadel] were [executed], [artisans] and [craftsmen] were sent back to [Mongolia], [young men] who had not fought were [drafted] into the [Mongolian army] and the [rest] of the [population] was sent into [slavery]. As the [Mongol soldiers] [looted] the [city], a [fire] broke out, [razing] [most] of the [city] to the [ground]. [Genghis Khan] had the [city's surviving population] [assemble] in the [main mosque] of the [town], where he declared that he was the [flail] of [God], [sent] to [punish] them for their [sins]. | The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins. |
[Chris Keates], the [general secretary] of [National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers], said that [teachers] who have [sex] with [pupils] [over the age of consent] should not be placed on the [sex offenders register] and that [prosecution] for [statutory rape] "is a [real anomaly] in the [law] that we are [concerned] about." This has led to [outrage] from [child protection] and [parental rights groups]. [Fears] of being labelled a [pedophile] or [hebephile] has led to [several men] who enjoy teaching avoiding the [profession]. This has in some [jurisdictions] reportedly led to a [shortage] of [male teachers]. | Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about." This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession. This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers. |
As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to [unite] or [subdue] the [Merkits], [Naimans], [Mongols], [Keraites], [Tatars], [Uyghurs], and [other] [disparate] [smaller] [tribes] under his [rule]. It was a [monumental] [feat] for the "Mongols" (as they became known [collectively]). At a [Khuruldai], a [council] of [Mongol] [chiefs], Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the [consolidated] tribes and took the [new] [title] "Genghis Khan". The [title] [Khagan] was not conferred on Genghis until [after] his [death], when his [son] and [successor], Ögedei, took the [title] for himself and [extended] it [posthumously] to his [father] (as he was also to be [posthumously] declared the [founder] of the [Yuan dynasty]). This [unification] of all [confederations] by Genghis Khan [established] [peace] between [previously] [warring] [tribes] and a [single] [political] and [military] [force] under Genghis Khan. | As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan. |
The [San Bernardino-Riverside area] maintains the [business districts] of [Downtown San Bernardino], [Hospitality Business/Financial Centre], [University Town] which are in [San Bernardino] and [Downtown Riverside]. | The San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown Riverside. |
What we now call [gravity] was not identified as a [universal force] until the work of [Isaac Newton]. Before [Newton], the [tendency] for [objects] to [fall] towards the [Earth] was not understood to be related to the [motions] of [celestial objects]. [Galileo] was [instrumental] in [describing] the [characteristics] of [falling objects] by [determining] that the [acceleration] of [every object] in [free-fall] was [constant] and [independent] of the [mass] of the object. Today, this [acceleration] due to gravity towards the [surface] of the [Earth] is usually [designated] as [and] has a [magnitude] of about [9.81 meters per second squared] (this [measurement] is [taken] from [sea level] and may [vary] depending on [location]), and [points] toward the [center] of the [Earth]. This [observation] means that the [force] of gravity on an object at the [Earth's surface] is [directly proportional] to the object's [mass]. Thus an object that has a [mass] of [will experience a force]. | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force: |
Some [Normans] joined [Turkish forces] to aid in the destruction of the [Armenians] vassal-states of [Sassoun] and [Taron] in far eastern [Anatolia]. Later, many took up service with the [Armenian state] further south in [Cilicia] and the [Taurus Mountains]. A [Norman named Oursel] led a force of ["Franks"] into the upper [Euphrates valley] in northern [Syria]. From [1073] to [1074], [8,000] of the [20,000 troops] of the [Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius] were [Normans]—formerly of [Oursel]—led by [Raimbaud]. They even lent their [ethnicity] to the name of their [castle]: [Afranji], meaning "Franks." The [known trade] between [Amalfi] and [Antioch] and between [Bari] and [Tarsus] may be related to the presence of [Italo-Normans] in those cities while [Amalfi] and [Bari] were under [Norman rule] in [Italy]. | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans—formerly of Oursel—led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks." The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between Bari and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy. |
As [the designated home team] in [the annual rotation] between [AFC] and [NFC teams], [the Broncos] elected to wear [their road white jerseys] with [matching white pants]. [Elway] stated, "We've had [Super Bowl success] in our white uniforms." [The Broncos] last wore [matching white jerseys] and [pants] in [the Super Bowl] in [Super Bowl XXXIII], [Elway's] last game as [Denver QB], when they defeated [the Atlanta Falcons] 34–19. In their [only other Super Bowl win] in [Super Bowl XXXII], [Denver] wore [blue jerseys], which was their [primary color] at the time. They also [lost] [Super Bowl XXI] when they wore [white jerseys], but they are [0-4] in [Super Bowls] when wearing [orange jerseys], [losing] in [Super Bowl XII], [XXII], [XXIV], and [XLVIII]. The [only other AFC champion team] to have worn [white as the designated home team] in [the Super Bowl] was [the Pittsburgh Steelers]; they [defeated] [the Seattle Seahawks] 21–10 in [Super Bowl XL] [10 seasons prior]. [The Broncos'] decision to wear [white] meant [the Panthers] would wear their [standard home uniform]: [black jerseys] with [silver pants]. | As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, "We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms." The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–19. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII, Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time. They also lost Super Bowl XXI when they wore white jerseys, but they are 0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII. The only other AFC champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to wear white meant the Panthers would wear their standard home uniform: black jerseys with silver pants. |
[Non-revolutionary civil disobedience], [disobedience of laws], [grounds], [judged "wrong"], [individual conscience], [effort], [render certain laws ineffective], [cause their repeal], [exert pressure], [get one's political wishes], [issue]
[Revolutionary civil disobedience], [active attempt], [overthrow a government], [change cultural traditions], [social customs], [religious beliefs], ["cultural revolution"], [sweeping], [widespread change], [section of the social fabric]
[Gandhi's acts], [described as revolutionary civil disobedience]
[Hungarians], [Ferenc Deák], [directed revolutionary civil disobedience], [Austrian government]
[Thoreau], [wrote of civil disobedience], ["peaceable revolution"]
[Howard Zinn], [Harvey Wheeler], [others], [identified], [right espoused], [The Declaration of Independence], ["alter or abolish"], [unjust government], [principle of civil disobedience] | Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc...revolution doesn't have to be political, i.e. "cultural revolution", it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric). Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing "peaceable revolution." Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration of Independence to "alter or abolish" an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience. |
Several [public-key cryptography algorithms], such as [RSA] and the [Diffie–Hellman key exchange], are based on [large prime numbers] (for example, [512-bit primes] are frequently used for RSA and [1024-bit primes] are typical for Diffie–Hellman.). RSA relies on the [assumption] that it is much [easier] (i.e., more [efficient]) to perform the [multiplication] of two (large) numbers x and y than to [calculate] x and y (assumed [coprime]) if only the [product] xy is known. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange relies on the [fact] that there are [efficient algorithms] for [modular exponentiation], while the [reverse operation] the [discrete logarithm] is thought to be a [hard problem]. | Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie–Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem. |
Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the [temperance movement]. [John Wesley] warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his [letter] to an [alcoholic]. At one time, Methodist [ministers] had to take a [pledge] not to drink and encouraged their [congregations] to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it "affirms our [long-standing support] of [abstinence] from [alcohol] as a [faithful witness] to God's [liberating] and [redeeming love] for [persons]." In fact, the United Methodist Church uses [unfermented grape juice] in the [sacrament] of [Holy Communion], thus "expressing [pastoral concern] for [recovering alcoholics], [enabling] the participation of [children] and [youth], and [supporting] the church's witness of [abstinence]." Moreover, in [2011] and [2012], The United Methodist Church's [General Board] of [Church and Society] called on all United Methodists to [abstain] from [alcohol] for [Lent]. | Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it "affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons." In fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus "expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics, enabling the participation of children and youth, and supporting the church's witness of abstinence." Moreover, in 2011 and 2012, The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society called on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent. |
Another [important library] – the [University Library], [founded] in [1816], is [home] to [over two million items]. The building was [designed] by [architects] [Marek Budzyński] and [Zbigniew Badowski] and [opened] on [15 December 1999]. It is [surrounded] by [green]. The [University Library garden], [designed] by [Irena Bajerska], was [opened] on [12 June 2002]. It is [one] of the [largest] and [most beautiful roof gardens] in [Europe] with an [area] of [more than 10,000 m2] ([107,639.10 sq ft]), and [plants] covering [5,111 m2] ([55,014.35 sq ft]). As the [university garden] it is [open] to the [public] [every day]. | Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816, is home to over two million items. The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999. It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft). As the university garden it is open to the public every day. |
In [World War II], [Charles de Gaulle] and the [Free French] used the [overseas colonies] as bases from which they fought to [liberate France]. However after [1945] [anti-colonial movements] began to challenge the [Empire]. France fought and lost a bitter war in [Vietnam] in the [1950s]. Whereas they won the war in [Algeria], the French leader at the time, [Charles de Gaulle], decided to grant [Algeria independence] anyway in [1962]. Its [settlers] and many [local supporters] [relocated] to France. Nearly all of France's [colonies] gained [independence] by [1960], but France retained [great financial and diplomatic influence]. It has repeatedly [sent troops] to assist its former colonies in Africa in [suppressing insurrections and coups d’état]. | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French leader at the time, Charles de Gaulle, decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962. Its settlers and many local supporters relocated to France. Nearly all of France's colonies gained independence by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence. It has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in Africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d’état. |
To further highlight the difference between a [problem] and an [instance], consider the following [instance] of the [decision version] of the [traveling salesman problem]: Is there a [route] of at most [2000 kilometres] passing through all of [Germany]'s [15 largest cities]? The [quantitative answer] to this [particular problem instance] is of [little use] for solving other [instances] of the [problem], such as asking for a [round trip] through all [sites] in [Milan] whose [total length] is at most [10 km]. For this [reason], [complexity theory] addresses [computational problems] and not [particular problem instances]. | To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany's 15 largest cities? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem, such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km. For this reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances. |
Many types of [Turing machines] are used to define [complexity classes], such as [deterministic Turing machines], [probabilistic Turing machines], [non-deterministic Turing machines], [quantum Turing machines], [symmetric Turing machines] and [alternating Turing machines]. They are all [equally powerful] in principle, but when [resources] (such as [time] or [space]) are [bounded], some of these may be more powerful than others. | Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes, such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle, but when resources (such as time or space) are bounded, some of these may be more powerful than others. |
[For many years], [Sudan] had an [Islamist regime] under the [leadership] of [Hassan al-Turabi]. [His National Islamic Front] first gained [influence] when [strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry] invited [members] to serve in his [government] in [1979]. [Turabi] built a [powerful economic base] with [money] from [foreign Islamist banking systems], especially those linked with [Saudi Arabia]. He also [recruited] and built a [cadre] of influential [loyalists] by placing [sympathetic students] in the [university] and [military academy] while serving as [minister of education]. | For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education. |
[Tesla] could be [harsh] at times and openly expressed [disgust] for [overweight people], such as when he [fired] a [secretary] because of her [weight].:110 He was quick to [criticize] [clothing]; on several occasions, Tesla directed a [subordinate] to go home and change her [dress].:33 | Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33 |
Luther's translation used [the variant] of [German spoken] at [the Saxon chancellery], [intelligible] to [both northern] and [southern Germans]. [He intended] his [vigorous], [direct language] to make [the Bible accessible] to [everyday Germans], "for [we are removing] [impediments] and [difficulties] so that [other people] may read it without [hindrance]." | Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans. He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance." |
[Construction] is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. [Construction] differs from [manufacturing] in that [manufacturing] typically involves [mass production] of similar items without a [designated purchaser], while [construction] typically takes place on [location] for a [known client]. [Construction] as an [industry] comprises [six to nine percent] of the [gross domestic product] of [developed countries]. [Construction] starts with [planning],citation needed [design], and [financing] and continues until the [project] is [built] and [ready for use]. | Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning,citation needed design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use. |
In addition to those actors who have headlined the series, [others] have portrayed versions of the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in [2013], [John Hurt] guest-starred as a [hitherto unknown incarnation] of the Doctor known as the [War Doctor] in the run-up to the show's [50th anniversary special] "The Day of the Doctor". He is shown in [mini-episode] "The Night of the Doctor" to have been [retroactively inserted] into the show's [fictional chronology] between [McGann] and [Eccleston]'s Doctors, although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the [established numerical naming] of the Doctors. Another example is from the [1986 serial] [The Trial of a Time Lord], where [Michael Jayston] portrayed the [Valeyard], who is described as an [amalgamation] of the [darker sides] of the Doctor's nature, somewhere between his [twelfth] and [final incarnation]. | In addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have portrayed versions of the Doctor in guest roles. Notably, in 2013, John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor". He is shown in mini-episode "The Night of the Doctor" to have been retroactively inserted into the show's fictional chronology between McGann and Eccleston's Doctors, although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the Doctors. Another example is from the 1986 serial The Trial of a Time Lord, where Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard, who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the Doctor's nature, somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation. |
The functions of the [teacher's colleges] may include setting out clear [standards] of [practice], providing for the ongoing [education] of [teachers], investigating [complaints] involving [members], conducting [hearings] into [allegations] of [professional misconduct] and taking appropriate [disciplinary action] and [accrediting] [teacher education programs]. In many situations [teachers] in [publicly funded schools] must be [members] in good standing with the [college], and [private schools] may also require their [teachers] to be [college peoples]. In other areas these roles may belong to the [State Board of Education], the [Superintendent] of [Public Instruction], the [State Education Agency] or other [governmental bodies]. In still other areas [Teaching Unions] may be responsible for some or all of these duties. | The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties. |
Luther wrote ["Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"] ("From depths of woe I cry to you") in [1523] as a [hymnic version] of [Psalm 130] and sent it as a [sample] to encourage [evangelical colleagues] to write [psalm-hymns] for use in [German worship]. In a [collaboration] with [Paul Speratus], this and [seven other hymns] were published in the [Achtliederbuch], the [first Lutheran hymnal]. In [1524] Luther developed his [original four-stanza psalm paraphrase] into a [five-stanza Reformation hymn] that developed the theme of ["grace alone"] more fully. Because it expressed [essential Reformation doctrine], this expanded version of ["Aus tiefer Not"] was [designated] as a [regular component] of several [regional Lutheran liturgies] and was [widely used] at [funerals], including [Luther's own]. Along with [Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version] of [Psalm 51], Luther's [expanded hymn] was also [adopted] for use with the [fifth part] of [Luther's catechism], concerning [confession]. | Luther wrote "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of "grace alone" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version of Psalm 51, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession. |
By the late 19th century [scientists] realized that [air] could be [liquefied], and its [components] [isolated], by [compressing] and [cooling] it. Using a [cascade method], [Swiss] [chemist] and [physicist] [Raoul Pierre Pictet] [evaporated] [liquid sulfur dioxide] in order to [liquefy] [carbon dioxide], which in turn was [evaporated] to [cool] [oxygen gas] enough to [liquefy] it. He sent a [telegram] on [December 22, 1877] to the [French Academy of Sciences] in [Paris] announcing his [discovery] of [liquid oxygen]. Just [two days later], [French physicist] [Louis Paul Cailletet] announced his own method of [liquefying] [molecular oxygen]. Only a [few drops] of the [liquid] were [produced] in either [case] so no [meaningful analysis] could be conducted. [Oxygen] was [liquified] in [stable state] for the [first time] on [March 29, 1883] by [Polish scientists] from [Jagiellonian University], [Zygmunt Wróblewski] and [Karol Olszewski]. | By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it. Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877 to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen. Just two days later, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883 by Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski. |
The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the [Bank of America Tower], constructed in 1990 as the [Barnett Center]. It has a [height] of 617 ft (188 m) and includes [42 floors]. Other notable structures include the [37-story Wells Fargo Center] (with its [distinctive flared base] making it the [defining building] in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in [1972-74] by the [Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company], and the [28 floor Riverplace Tower] which, when completed in [1967], was the [tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure] in the [world]. | The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world. |
The [University of Warsaw] was established in [1816], when the [partitions of Poland] separated [Warsaw] from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in [Kraków]. [Warsaw University of Technology] is the [second academic school of technology] in the country, and one of the [largest] in [East-Central Europe], employing [2,000 professors]. Other institutions for higher education include the [Medical University of Warsaw], the [largest medical school] in Poland and one of the [most prestigious], the [National Defence University], [highest military academic institution] in Poland, the [Fryderyk Chopin University of Music] the [oldest and largest music school] in Poland, and one of the [largest] in [Europe], the [Warsaw School of Economics], the [oldest and most renowned economic university] in the country, and the [Warsaw University of Life Sciences] the [largest agricultural university] founded in [1818]. | The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland, the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818. |
[Newton's Second Law] asserts the direct proportionality of [acceleration] to [force] and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to [mass]. [Accelerations] can be defined through [kinematic measurements]. However, while [kinematics] are well-described through [reference frame analysis] in [advanced physics], there are still deep [questions] that remain as to what is the proper definition of [mass]. [General relativity] offers an equivalence between [space-time] and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of [quantum gravity], it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on [microscales]. With some [justification], Newton's second law can be taken as a [quantitative definition] of mass by writing the law as an [equality]; the [relative units] of [force] and [mass] then are fixed. | Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed. |
On [May 1], [1953], ABC's New York City flagship stations – [WJZ], [WJZ-FM] and [WJZ-TV] – changed their respective [callsigns] to [WABC], [WABC-FM] and [WABC-TV], and moved their operations to facilities at [7 West 66th Street], [one block] away from [Central Park]. The [WABC] call letters were previously used by the flagship station of [CBS Radio] (now [WCBS (AM)]) until [1946]. The [WJZ] calls would later be [reassigned] to the then-[ABC affiliate] in [Baltimore] in [1959], in an [historical nod] to the fact that [WJZ] was originally [established] by the [Baltimore station]'s [owner] at the time, [Westinghouse]. | On May 1, 1953, ABC's New York City flagship stations – WJZ, WJZ-FM and WJZ-TV – changed their respective callsigns to WABC, WABC-FM and WABC-TV, and moved their operations to facilities at 7 West 66th Street, one block away from Central Park. The WABC call letters were previously used by the flagship station of CBS Radio (now WCBS (AM)) until 1946. The WJZ calls would later be reassigned to the then-ABC affiliate in Baltimore in 1959, in an historical nod to the fact that WJZ was originally established by the Baltimore station's owner at the time, Westinghouse. |
A B cell identifies pathogens when [antibodies] on its surface bind to a specific [foreign antigen]. This [antigen/antibody complex] is taken up by the B cell and processed by [proteolysis] into [peptides]. The B cell then displays these [antigenic peptides] on its surface [MHC class II molecules]. This combination of [MHC and antigen] attracts a matching [helper T cell], which releases [lymphokines] and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring ([plasma cells]) secrete millions of copies of the [antibody] that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in [blood plasma] and [lymph], bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for [destruction] by [complement activation] or for [uptake and destruction] by [phagocytes]. [Antibodies] can also [neutralize] challenges directly, by binding to [bacterial toxins] or by interfering with the [receptors] that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells. | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells. |
During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the [drainage basin] of the [Amazon] was split along the middle of the continent by the [Purus Arch]. [Water] on the [eastern side] flowed toward the [Atlantic], while to the [west] water flowed toward the [Pacific] across the [Amazonas Basin]. As the [Andes Mountains] rose, however, a [large basin] was created that enclosed a [lake]; now known as the [Solimões Basin]. Within the last [5–10 million years], this accumulating [water] broke through the [Purus Arch], joining the [easterly flow] toward the [Atlantic]. | During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic. |
The [French Protestant Church of London] was established by [Royal Charter] in [1550]. It is now located at [Soho Square]. [Huguenot refugees] flocked to [Shoreditch], London. They established a major [weaving industry] in and around [Spitalfields] (see [Petticoat Lane] and the [Tenterground]) in [East London]. In [Wandsworth], their [gardening skills] benefited the [Battersea market gardens]. The [Old Truman Brewery], then known as the [Black Eagle Brewery], was founded in [1724]. The flight of [Huguenot refugees] from [Tours, France] drew off most of the workers of its great [silk mills] which they had built. [citation needed] Some of these immigrants moved to [Norwich], which had accommodated an earlier settlement of [Walloon weavers]. The [French] added to the existing [immigrant population], then comprising about a third of the population of the city. | The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square. Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground) in East London. In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. The Old Truman Brewery, then known as the Black Eagle Brewery, was founded in 1724. The flight of Huguenot refugees from Tours, France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built.citation needed Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich, which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city. |
Before the [return] of the [collections] after the [war], the [Britain Can Make It exhibition] was held between [September] and [November] [1946], attracting nearly a [million and a half visitors]. This was organised by the [Council of Industrial Design] established by the [British government] in [1944] "to [promote] by all [practicable means] the [improvement] of [design] in the [products] of [British industry]". The [success] of this exhibition led to the [planning] of the [Festival of Britain] ([1951]). By [1948] most of the [collections] had been [returned] to the [museum]. | Before the return of the collections after the war, the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established by the British government in 1944 "to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry". The success of this exhibition led to the planning of the Festival of Britain (1951). By 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum. |
After each team punted, [Panthers] [quarterback] [Cam Newton] appeared to complete a [24-yard pass] [Jerricho Cotchery], but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. [CBS analyst] and [retired referee] [Mike Carey] stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete. A few plays later, on [3rd-and-10] from the [15-yard line], [linebacker] [Von Miller] knocked the ball out of [Newton]'s hands while sacking him, and [Malik Jackson] recovered it in the [end zone] for a [Broncos] [touchdown], giving the team a [10–0 lead]. This was the [first] [fumble return touchdown] in a [Super Bowl] since [Super Bowl XXVIII] at the end of the [1993 season]. | After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete. A few plays later, on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line, linebacker Von Miller knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while sacking him, and Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10–0 lead. This was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season. |
With such a [small force], the invading [Mongols] were forced to change [strategies] and resort to [inciting internal revolt] among [Kuchlug's supporters], leaving the [Qara Khitai] more [vulnerable] to [Mongol conquest]. As a result, [Kuchlug's army] was defeated [west] of [Kashgar]. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon [hunted down] by [Jebe's army] and [executed]. By [1218], as a result of [defeat] of [Qara Khitai], the [Mongol Empire] and its [control] extended as far [west] as [Lake Balkhash], which bordered the [Khwarezmia] ([Khwarezmid Empire]), a [Muslim state] that reached the [Caspian Sea] to the [west] and [Persian Gulf] and the [Arabian Sea] to the [south]. | With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south. |
For a long time, it was thought that the [Amazon rainforest] was only ever [sparsely populated], as it was [impossible] to sustain a [large population] through [agriculture] given the [poor soil]. [Archeologist Betty Meggers] was a [prominent proponent] of this idea, as described in her book [Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise]. She claimed that a [population density] of 0.2 [inhabitants] per [square kilometre] (0.52/sq mi) is the [maximum] that can be sustained in the rainforest through [hunting], with agriculture needed to host a [larger population]. However, [recent anthropological findings] have suggested that the [region] was actually [densely populated]. Some [5 million people] may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between [dense coastal settlements], such as that at [Marajó], and [inland dwellers]. By 1900 the [population] had fallen to [1 million] and by the early 1980s it was less than [200,000]. | For a long time, it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to host a larger population. However, recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Marajó, and inland dwellers. By 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000. |
[The embargo] had a negative influence on [the US economy] by causing [immediate demands] to address [the threats] to [U.S. energy security]. On [an international level], [the price increases] changed [competitive positions] in many industries, such as [automobiles]. [Macroeconomic problems] consisted of [both inflationary] and [deflationary impacts]. [The embargo] left [oil companies] searching for [new ways] to increase [oil supplies], even in [rugged terrain] such as [the Arctic]. [Finding oil] and [developing new fields] usually required [five to ten years] before [significant production]. | The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production. |
[Paleoclimatologists] measure [the ratio] of [oxygen-18] and [oxygen-16] in [the shells] and [skeletons] of [marine organisms] to [determine] what [the climate] was like [millions of years ago] (see [oxygen isotope ratio cycle]). [Seawater molecules] that contain [the lighter isotope], [oxygen-16], [evaporate] at [a slightly faster rate] than [water molecules] containing [the 12% heavier oxygen-18]; this [disparity] [increases] at [lower temperatures]. During [periods] of [lower global temperatures], [snow] and [rain] from [that evaporated water] tends to be [higher] in [oxygen-16], and [the seawater] left behind tends to be [higher] in [oxygen-18]. [Marine organisms] then [incorporate] [more oxygen-18] into [their skeletons] and [shells] than they would in [a warmer climate]. [Paleoclimatologists] also [directly measure] this [ratio] in [the water molecules] of [ice core samples] that are up to [several hundreds of thousands of years old]. | Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old. |
The [main façade], built from [red brick] and [Portland stone], stretches [720 feet (220 m)] along [Cromwell Gardens] and was designed by [Aston Webb] after winning a [competition] in [1891] to extend the [museum]. [Construction] took place between [1899] and [1909]. Stylistically it is a [strange hybrid], although much of the [detail] belongs to the [Renaissance] there are [medieval influences] at work. The [main entrance] consisting of a series of [shallow arches] supported by [slender columns] and [niches] with [twin doors] separated by [pier] is [Romanesque] in form but [Classical] in detail. Likewise the [tower] above the [main entrance] has an [open work crown] surmounted by a [statue of fame], a feature of [late Gothic architecture] and a feature common in [Scotland], but the [detail] is [Classical]. The [main windows] to the [galleries] are also [mullioned and transomed], again a [Gothic feature], the [top row] of [windows] are interspersed with [statues] of many of the [British artists] whose [work] is displayed in the [museum]. | The main façade, built from red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet (220 m) along Cromwell Gardens and was designed by Aston Webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a strange hybrid, although much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is Romanesque in form but Classical in detail. Likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame, a feature of late Gothic architecture and a feature common in Scotland, but the detail is Classical. The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature, the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum. |
The [revocation] forbade [Protestant services], [required education] of [children] as [Catholics], and [prohibited emigration]. It proved [disastrous] to the [Huguenots] and [costly] for [France]. It precipitated [civil bloodshed], [ruined commerce], and resulted in the [illegal flight] from the [country] of [hundreds of thousands] of [Protestants], many of whom became [intellectuals], [doctors], and [business leaders] in [Britain] as well as [Holland], [Prussia], and [South Africa]. [Four thousand] [emigrated] to the [North American colonies], where they settled in [New York] and [Virginia], especially. The [English] welcomed the [French refugees], providing [money] from both [government] and [private agencies] to aid their [relocation]. Those [Huguenots] who stayed in [France] became [Catholics] and were called "new converts". | The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business leaders in Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa. Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially. The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called "new converts". |
[CBSSports.com] provided digital streams of the game via [CBSSports.com], and the [CBS Sports apps] on [tablets], [Windows 10], [Xbox One] and other [digital media players] (such as [Chromecast] and [Roku]). Due to [Verizon Communications exclusivity], streaming on [smartphones] was only provided to [Verizon Wireless customers] via the [NFL Mobile service]. The [ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast] was made available through [WatchESPN]. | CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (such as Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN. |
[An apoplectic stroke] deprived him of [his speech], and he died [shortly afterwards] at [2:45 a.m.] on [18 February 1546], [aged 62], in [Eisleben], [the city of his birth]. He was [buried] in [the Castle Church] in [Wittenberg], [beneath the pulpit]. [The funeral] was held by [his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon]. [A year later], [troops] of [Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor] entered [the town], but were ordered by [Charles] not to disturb [the grave]. | An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit. The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon. A year later, troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave. |
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