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Contrary to [popular belief], [Genghis Khan] did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the [Mongol Empire]. At the time of his [death], the Mongol Empire stretched from the [Caspian Sea] to the [Sea of Japan]. The empire's [expansion] continued for a [generation] or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor [Ögedei Khan] the [speed] of expansion reached its [peak]. [Mongol armies] pushed into [Persia], finished off the [Western Xia] and the remnants of the [Khwarezmids], and came into [conflict] with the [imperial Song dynasty] of [China], starting a [war] that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining [control] of all of [China]. They also pushed [further] into [Russia] and eastern [Europe].

Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.

Although [lacking] [historical connections] to the [Middle East], [Japan] was the [country] [most dependent] on [Arab oil]. 71% of its [imported oil] came from the [Middle East] in 1970. On [November 7, 1973], the [Saudi] and [Kuwaiti governments] declared [Japan] a "nonfriendly" [country] to [encourage] it to [change] its [noninvolvement policy]. It received a [5% production cut] in [December], causing a [panic]. On [November 22], [Japan] issued a [statement] "asserting that [Israel] should [withdraw] from all of the [1967 territories], [advocating] [Palestinian self-determination], and [threatening] to [reconsider] its [policy] toward [Israel] if [Israel] refused to [accept] these [preconditions]". By [December 25], [Japan] was considered an [Arab-friendly state].

Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement "asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state.

The [Dalek race], which first appeared in the show's [second serial] in [1963], are [Doctor Who's oldest villains]. The Daleks are [Kaleds] from the planet [Skaro], [mutated] by the scientist [Davros] and housed in [mechanical armour shells] for [mobility]. The actual creatures resemble [octopi] with [large], [pronounced brains]. Their armour shells have a [single eye-stalk], a [sink-plunger-like device] that serves the purpose of a [hand], and a [directed-energy weapon]. Their [main weakness] is their [eyestalk]; [attacks] upon them using [various weapons] can [blind] a Dalek, making it go [mad]. Their [chief role] in the [series plot], as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable [metallic voices], is to ["exterminate"] all [non-Dalek beings]. They even attack the [Time Lords] in the [Time War], as shown during the [50th Anniversary] of the show. They continue to be a [recurring 'monster'] within the [Doctor Who franchise], their most recent appearances being in the [2015 episodes] "The Witch's Familiar" and "Hell Bent". [Davros] has also been a [recurring figure] since his debut in [Genesis of the Daleks], although played by several different actors.

The Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963, are Doctor Who's oldest villains. The Daleks are Kaleds from the planet Skaro, mutated by the scientist Davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility. The actual creatures resemble octopi with large, pronounced brains. Their armour shells have a single eye-stalk, a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a directed-energy weapon. Their main weakness is their eyestalk; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a Dalek, making it go mad. Their chief role in the series plot, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices, is to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings. They even attack the Time Lords in the Time War, as shown during the 50th Anniversary of the show. They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the Doctor Who franchise, their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes "The Witch's Familiar" and "Hell Bent". Davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in Genesis of the Daleks, although played by several different actors.

Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. [Victoria] is [Australia's most densely populated state] and its [second-most populous state overall]. Most of its population is concentrated in the [area surrounding Port Phillip Bay], which includes the [metropolitan area] of its [capital] and [largest city], [Melbourne], which is [Australia's second-largest city]. [Geographically] the [smallest state] on the [Australian mainland], [Victoria] is [bordered by Bass Strait] and [Tasmania] to the south,[note 1] [New South Wales] to the north, the [Tasman Sea] to the east, and [South Australia] to the west.

Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city. Geographically the smallest state on the Australian mainland, Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,note 1 New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west.

[Tesla]'s theories on the possibility of the [transmission] by [radio waves] go back as far as [lectures] and [demonstrations] in [1893] in [St. Louis], [Missouri], the [Franklin Institute] in [Philadelphia], [Pennsylvania], and the [National Electric Light Association]. [Tesla]'s [demonstrations] and [principles] were written about [widely] through [various] [media outlets]. Many [devices] such as the [Tesla Coil] were used in the further [development] of [radio].

Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back as far as lectures and demonstrations in 1893 in St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association. Tesla's demonstrations and principles were written about widely through various media outlets. Many devices such as the Tesla Coil were used in the further development of radio.

The [USSR]'s invasion of [Afghanistan] was only one sign of [insecurity] in the region, also marked by increased [American weapons sales], [technology], and outright [military presence]. [Saudi Arabia] and [Iran] became increasingly dependent on [American security assurances] to manage both [external] and [internal threats], including increased military competition between them over [increased oil revenues]. Both states were competing for [preeminence] in the [Persian Gulf] and using increased revenues to fund [expanded militaries]. By [1979], Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded [five times] Israel's. Another motive for the [large scale purchase of arms] from the US by Saudi Arabia was the failure of the [Shah] during January 1979 to maintain control of Iran, a [non-Arabic] but largely [Shiite Muslim] nation, which fell to a [theocratic Islamist government] under the [Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini] in the wake of the [1979 Iranian Revolution]. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, is an [Arab], largely [Sunni Muslim] nation headed by a [near absolutist monarchy]. In the wake of the Iranian revolution the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of [internal destabilization] via the [radicalism] of [Islamism], a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the [Grand Mosque] in [Mecca] by [Wahhabi extremists] during November 1979 and a [Shiite revolt] in the [oil rich Al-Hasa region] of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year. In November 2010, [Wikileaks] leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the [United States] and its allies which revealed that the late [Saudi King Abdullah] urged the [United States] to attack [Iran] in order to destroy its potential [nuclear weapons program], describing Iran as "a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination."

The USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for preeminence in the Persian Gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries. By 1979, Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel's. Another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the US by Saudi Arabia was the failure of the Shah during January 1979 to maintain control of Iran, a non-Arabic but largely Shiite Muslim nation, which fell to a theocratic Islamist government under the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, is an Arab, largely Sunni Muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy. In the wake of the Iranian revolution the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of Islamism, a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 and a Shiite revolt in the oil rich Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year. In November 2010, Wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the United States and its allies which revealed that the late Saudi King Abdullah urged the United States to attack Iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program, describing Iran as "a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination."

Other green spaces in the city include the [Botanic Garden] and the [University Library garden]. They have extensive [botanical collection] of [rare domestic and foreign plants], while a [palm house] in the [New Orangery] displays plants of [subtropics] from all over the world. Besides, within the city borders, there are also: [Pole Mokotowskie] (a big park in the northern [Mokotów], where was the first [horse racetrack] and then the [airport]), [Park Ujazdowski] (close to the [Sejm] and [John Lennon street]), [Park of Culture and Rest] in [Powsin], by the southern city border, [Park Skaryszewski] by the right [Vistula bank], in [Praga]. The oldest park in [Praga], the [Praga Park], was established in [1865–1871] and designed by [Jan Dobrowolski]. In [1927] a [zoological garden] ([Ogród Zoologiczny]) was established on the park grounds, and in [1952] a [bear run], still open today.

Other green spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm house in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world. Besides, within the city borders, there are also: Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mokotów, where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park Ujazdowski (close to the Sejm and John Lennon street), Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin, by the southern city border, Park Skaryszewski by the right Vistula bank, in Praga. The oldest park in Praga, the Praga Park, was established in 1865–1871 and designed by Jan Dobrowolski. In 1927 a zoological garden (Ogród Zoologiczny) was established on the park grounds, and in 1952 a bear run, still open today.

In the 19th century, [shipbuilding] and [heavy engineering] were central to the city's [prosperity]; and the city was a powerhouse of the [Industrial Revolution]. This revolution resulted in the [urbanization] of the city. In 1817 the [Maling company], at one time the largest [pottery company] in the world, moved to the city. The [Victorian industrial revolution] brought [industrial structures] that included the 2 1⁄2-mile (4.0 km) [Victoria Tunnelling], built in 1842, which provided [underground wagon ways] to the [staithes]. On 3 February 1879, [Mosley Street] in the city, was the [first public road] in the world to be lit up by the [incandescent lightbulb]. [Newcastle] was one of the [first cities] in the world to be lit up by [electric lighting]. Innovations in [Newcastle] and [surrounding areas] included the development of [safety lamps], [Stephenson's Rocket], [Lord Armstrong's artillery], [Be-Ro flour], [Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs], and [Charles Parsons' invention] of the [steam turbine], which led to the [revolution of marine propulsion] and the production of [cheap electricity]. In 1882, [Newcastle] became the [seat of an Anglican diocese], with [St. Nicholas' Church] becoming its [cathedral].

In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile (4.0 km) Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb. Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting. Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.

At the outbreak of [World War I] in [August 1914], the governors of [British East Africa] (as the [Protectorate] was generally known) and [German East Africa] agreed a [truce] in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of [direct hostilities]. [Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck] took command of the [German military forces], determined to tie down as many [British resources] as possible. Completely cut off from [Germany], von Lettow conducted an effective [guerrilla warfare] campaign, [living off the land], [capturing British supplies], and [remaining undefeated]. He eventually [surrendered] in [Northern Rhodesia] (today [Zambia]) [fourteen days] after the [Armistice] was signed in [1918].

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia) fourteen days after the Armistice was signed in 1918.

[Luther] had been suffering from [ill health] for years, including [Ménière's disease], [vertigo], [fainting], [tinnitus], and a [cataract] in one eye. From [1531] to [1546], his health deteriorated further. The years of [struggle with Rome], the [antagonisms] with and among his [fellow reformers], and the [scandal] which ensued from the [bigamy] of the [Philip of Hesse incident], in which [Luther] had played a [leading role], all may have contributed. In [1536], he began to suffer from [kidney] and [bladder stones], and [arthritis], and an [ear infection] ruptured an [ear drum]. In [December 1544], he began to feel the effects of [angina].

Luther had been suffering from ill health for years, including Ménière's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role, all may have contributed. In 1536, he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum. In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina.

The [first] fortified settlements on the site of [today's Warsaw] were located in [Bródno] ([9th/10th century]) and [Jazdów] ([12th/13th century]). After [Jazdów] was raided by [nearby clans] and [dukes], a [new similar settlement] was established on the site of a [small fishing village] called [Warszowa]. The [Prince of Płock], [Bolesław II of Masovia], established this settlement, the [modern-day Warsaw], in about [1300]. In the [beginning] of the [14th century] it became one of the seats of the [Dukes of Masovia], becoming the [official capital] of [Masovian Duchy] in [1413]. [14th-century Warsaw]'s [economy] rested on mostly [crafts] and [trade]. Upon the [extinction] of the [local ducal line], the [duchy] was reincorporated into the [Polish Crown] in [1526].

The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413. 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.

After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union. [The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life]. [Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches] were restored to their original form. [In 1980], Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.

After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.

Unlike [animals], [plants] lack [phagocytic cells], but many [plant immune responses] involve [systemic chemical signals] that are sent through a plant. [Individual plant cells] respond to [molecules] associated with [pathogens] known as [Pathogen-associated molecular patterns] or [PAMPs]. When a part of a plant becomes [infected], the plant produces a [localized hypersensitive response], whereby cells at the [site of infection] undergo [rapid apoptosis] to prevent the spread of the disease to [other parts of the plant]. [Systemic acquired resistance] ([SAR]) is a type of [defensive response] used by plants that renders the [entire plant] resistant to a particular [infectious agent]. [RNA silencing mechanisms] are particularly important in this [systemic response] as they can [block virus replication].

Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.

[Subject Committees] are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the [members] on each committee reflect the [balance of parties] across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or more) of the [departments] (or [ministries]) of the [Scottish Government]. The [current] [Subject Committees] in the [fourth Session] are: [Economy], [Energy] and [Tourism]; [Education] and [Culture]; [Health] and [Sport]; [Justice]; [Local Government] and [Regeneration]; [Rural Affairs], [Climate Change] and [Environment]; [Welfare Reform]; and [Infrastructure] and [Capital Investment].

Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.

In the spring of 1753, [Paul Marin de la Malgue] was given [command] of a [2,000-man force] of [Troupes de la Marine] and [Indians]. His [orders] were to [protect] the [King's land] in the [Ohio Valley] from the [British]. Marin followed the [route] that [Céloron] had [mapped out] [four years earlier], but where Céloron had limited the [record] of [French claims] to the [burial] of [lead plates], Marin [constructed] and [garrisoned forts]. He first [constructed] [Fort Presque Isle] (near present-day [Erie, Pennsylvania]) on [Lake Erie]'s [south shore]. He had a [road built] to the [headwaters] of [LeBoeuf Creek]. Marin constructed a [second fort] at [Fort Le Boeuf] (present-day [Waterford, Pennsylvania]), [designed] to [guard] the [headwaters] of [LeBoeuf Creek]. As he moved south, he [drove off] or [captured] [British traders], [alarming] both the [British] and the [Iroquois]. [Tanaghrisson], a [chief] of the [Mingo], who were [remnants] of [Iroquois] and other [tribes] who had been [driven west] by [colonial expansion]. He [intensely disliked] the [French] (whom he [accused] of [killing] and [eating] his [father]). [Traveling] to [Fort Le Boeuf], he [threatened] the [French] with [military action], which Marin [contemptuously dismissed].

In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier, but where Céloron had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore. He had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. Marin constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. Tanaghrisson, a chief of the Mingo, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French (whom he accused of killing and eating his father). Traveling to Fort Le Boeuf, he threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.

To fix [carbon dioxide] into [sugar molecules] in the process of [photosynthesis], [chloroplasts] use an [enzyme] called [rubisco]. Rubisco has a problem—it has [trouble] distinguishing between [carbon dioxide] and [oxygen], so at [high oxygen concentrations], rubisco starts [accidentally] adding [oxygen] to [sugar precursors]. This has the [end result] of [ATP energy] being wasted and [CO2] being released, all with [no sugar] being produced. This is a [big problem], since [O2] is produced by the [initial light reactions] of [photosynthesis], causing [issues] down the [line] in the [Calvin cycle] which uses [rubisco].

To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced. This is a big problem, since O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle which uses rubisco.

Warsaw's name in the Polish language is [Warszawa], approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled [Warszewa] and [Warszowa]), meaning "belonging to [Warsz]", [Warsz] being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin [Warcisław]; see also etymology of [Wrocław]. [Folk etymology] attributes the city name to a fisherman, [Wars], and his wife, [Sawa]. According to [legend], [Sawa] was a [mermaid] living in the [Vistula River] with whom [Wars] fell in love. In actuality, [Warsz] was a 12th/13th-century [nobleman] who owned a [village] located at the modern-day site of [Mariensztat neighbourhood]. See also the [Vršovci family] which had escaped to Poland. The [official city name] in full is [miasto stołeczne Warszawa] (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a [Varsovian] – in Polish [warszawiak] (male), [warszawianka] (female), [warszawiacy] (plural).

Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural).

From [2005] to [2014], there were [two] [Major League Soccer] teams in [Los Angeles] — the [LA Galaxy] and [Chivas USA] — that both played at the [StubHub Center] and were [local rivals]. However, [Chivas] were [suspended] following the [2014 MLS season], with a [second] [MLS] team [scheduled] to return in [2018].

From 2005 to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles — the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA — that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals. However, Chivas were suspended following the 2014 MLS season, with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018.

[Newton] came to realize that the effects of [gravity] might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, [Newton] determined that the [acceleration] of the [Moon] around the [Earth] could be ascribed to the same force of [gravity] if the [acceleration] due to [gravity] decreased as an [inverse square law]. Further, [Newton] realized that the [acceleration] due to [gravity] is proportional to the [mass] of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a [formula] that relates the [mass] () and the [radius] () of the [Earth] to the [gravitational acceleration].

Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:

Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, [exclusivity of the rights] to be against the interests of [competition] and [the consumer], [BSkyB]'s [monopoly] came to an end from the [2007–08 season]. In May 2006, the [Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports] was awarded [two] of the [six Premier League packages] that the [English FA] offered to broadcasters. [Sky] picked up the [remaining four] for £1.3bn. In February 2015, [Sky bid £4.2bn] for a package of [120 premier league games] across the [three seasons] from [2016]. This represented an [increase of 70%] on the [previous contract] and was said to be [£1bn more] than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by [staff cuts], [increased subscription prices] (including [9%] in [Sky's family package]) and the [dropping of the 3D channel].

Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel.

The [flagship stations] of each station in the [markets] of each team will carry their [local play-by-play calls]. In [Denver], [KOA] (850 AM) and [KRFX] (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with [Dave Logan] on [play-by-play] and [Ed McCaffrey] on [color commentary]. In [North Carolina], [WBT] (1110 AM) will carry the game, with [Mick Mixon] on [play-by-play] and [Eugene Robinson] and [Jim Szoke] on [color commentary]. [WBT] will also [simulcast] the game on its [sister station] [WBT-FM] (99.3 FM), which is based in [Chester], [South Carolina]. As [KOA] and [WBT] are both [clear-channel stations], the [local broadcasts] will be [audible] over much of the [western United States] after [sunset] (for [Denver]) and the [eastern United States] throughout the game (for [Carolina]). In accordance with [contractual rules], the rest of the stations in the [Broncos] and [Panthers] radio networks will either carry the [Westwood One feed] or not carry the game at all.

The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson and Jim Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast the game on its sister station WBT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina. As KOA and WBT are both clear-channel stations, the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western United States after sunset (for Denver) and the eastern United States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will either carry the Westwood One feed or not carry the game at all.

It also became clear that [Apollo] would outgrow the [Canaveral launch facilities] in [Florida]. The two newest [launch complexes] were already being built for the [Saturn I] and [IB rockets] at the northernmost end: [LC-34] and [LC-37]. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the [mammoth rocket] required for the [manned lunar mission], so [land acquisition] was started in [July 1961] for a [Launch Operations Center (LOC)] immediately north of [Canaveral] at [Merritt Island]. The [design], [development] and [construction] of the center was conducted by [Kurt H. Debus], a member of Dr. [Wernher von Braun]'s original [V-2 rocket engineering team]. [Debus] was named the LOC's first [Director]. [Construction] began in [November 1962]. Upon [Kennedy]'s death, [President Johnson] issued an [executive order] on [November 29, 1963], to rename the [LOC] and [Cape Canaveral] in honor of [Kennedy].

It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.

The [Panthers] seemed primed to score on their [opening drive] of the [second half] when [Newton] completed a [45-yard pass] to [Ted Ginn Jr.] on the [Denver 35-yard line] on their [second offensive play]. But the [Broncos defense] halted the drive on the [26-yard line], and it ended with [no points] when [Graham Gano] hit the [uprights] on a [44-yard field goal attempt]. After the miss, [Manning] completed a [pair of passes] to [Emmanuel Sanders] for gains of [25 and 22 yards], setting up [McManus]' [33-yard field goal] that gave the [Broncos] a [16–7 lead]. [Carolina] got off to another [strong start] after the [kickoff], with [Newton] completing a [42-yard pass] to [Corey Brown]. But once again they came up [empty], this time as a result of a [Newton pass] that bounced off the [hands] of [Ginn] and was [intercepted] by [safety T. J. Ward]. [Ward] [fumbled] the ball during the [return], but [Trevathan] [recovered] it to enable [Denver] to keep [possession].

The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line, and it ended with no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead. Carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn and was intercepted by safety T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession.

The next major step occurred when [James Watt] developed (1763–1775) an improved version of [Newcomen's engine], with a separate [condenser]. [Boulton] and [Watt]'s early engines used [half] as much [coal] as [John Smeaton]'s improved version of [Newcomen's]. [Newcomen]'s and [Watt]'s early engines were ["atmospheric"]. They were powered by [air pressure] pushing a [piston] into the [partial vacuum] generated by [condensing steam], instead of the pressure of [expanding steam]. The engine [cylinders] had to be [large] because the only usable force acting on them was due to [atmospheric pressure].

The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser. Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam, instead of the pressure of expanding steam. The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure.

In addition to the negative consequences of [sleep deprivation], sleep and the intertwined [circadian system] have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on [immunological functions] affecting both the [innate] and the [adaptive immunity]. First, during the early [slow-wave-sleep stage], a sudden drop in blood levels of [cortisol], [epinephrine], and [norepinephrine] induce increased blood levels of the hormones [leptin], [pituitary growth hormone], and [prolactin]. These signals induce a [pro-inflammatory state] through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1], [interleukin-12], [TNF-alpha] and [IFN-gamma]. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as [immune cells activation], [proliferation], and [differentiation]. It is during this time that [undifferentiated], or [less differentiated], like [naïve] and [central memory T cells], [peak] (i.e. during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response). In addition to these effects, the [milieu] of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between [APCs] and [T-cells], a [shift] of the [Th1/Th2 cytokine balance] towards one that supports [Th1], an increase in overall [Th cell proliferation], and [naïve T cell migration] to [lymph nodes]. This milieu is also thought to support the formation of [long-lasting immune memory] through the initiation of [Th1 immune responses].

In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin. These signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation, proliferation, and differentiation. It is during this time that undifferentiated, or less differentiated, like naïve and central memory T cells, peak (i.e. during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response). In addition to these effects, the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an increase in overall Th cell proliferation, and naïve T cell migration to lymph nodes. This milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses.

"The Islamic State", [formerly known] as the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and [before that] as the "Islamic State of Iraq", (and [called] the [acronym] Daesh [by its many detractors]), is a [Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group] which is [led by] and [mainly composed] of [Sunni Arabs] from Iraq and Syria. In [2014], the group [proclaimed] itself a [caliphate], with [religious], [political] and [military authority] over all [Muslims] worldwide. [As of March 2015update], it had [control] over [territory] [occupied] by [ten million] [people] in Iraq and Syria, and has [nominal control] over [small areas] of [Libya], [Nigeria] and [Afghanistan]. ([While] a [self-described state], it [lacks] [international recognition].) The group also [operates] or has [affiliates] in [other parts] of the [world], including [North Africa] and [South Asia].

"The Islamic State", formerly known as the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and before that as the "Islamic State of Iraq", (and called the acronym Daesh by its many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March 2015update, it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria, and has nominal control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan. (While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.) The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including North Africa and South Asia.

Since [1974], [ABC] has generally aired [Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve] on [New Year's Eve] (hosted first by its creator [Dick Clark], and later by his successor [Ryan Seacrest]); the only exception was in [1999], when [ABC] put it on a [one-year hiatus] to provide coverage of the [international millennium festivities], though [Clark]'s traditional [countdown] from [Times Square] was still featured within the coverage. [ABC] has also aired the [Miss America pageant] from [1954] to [1956], [1997] to [2005] (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel [TLC] in [2006], when the pageant moved from its longtime [homebase] in [Atlantic City] to [Las Vegas], before returning to [Atlantic City] in [2013]) and since [2011]. Under its current contract with the [Miss America Organization], [ABC] will continue to broadcast the pageant through [2016].

Since 1974, ABC has generally aired Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on New Year's Eve (hosted first by its creator Dick Clark, and later by his successor Ryan Seacrest); the only exception was in 1999, when ABC put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities, though Clark's traditional countdown from Times Square was still featured within the coverage. ABC has also aired the Miss America pageant from 1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel TLC in 2006, when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in Atlantic City to Las Vegas, before returning to Atlantic City in 2013) and since 2011. Under its current contract with the Miss America Organization, ABC will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016.

In [1870], Tesla moved to [Karlovac], to attend school at the [Higher Real Gymnasium], where he was profoundly influenced by a [math teacher] [Martin Sekulić].:32 The [classes] were held in [German], as it was a school within the [Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier]. Tesla was able to perform [integral calculus] in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was [cheating]. He finished a [four-year term] in [three years], [graduating] in [1873].:33

In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekulić.:32 The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier. Tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating. He finished a four-year term in three years, graduating in 1873.:33

In [1755], [six colonial governors] in [North America] met with [General Edward Braddock], the newly arrived [British Army commander], and planned a [four-way attack] on the [French]. None [succeeded] and the [main effort] by [Braddock] was a [disaster]; he was [defeated] in the [Battle of the Monongahela] on [July 9, 1755] and [died] a [few days later]. [British operations] in [1755], [1756] and [1757] in the [frontier areas] of [Pennsylvania] and [New York] all [failed], due to a [combination] of [poor management], [internal divisions], and [effective Canadian scouts], [French regular forces], and [Indian warrior allies]. In [1755], the British [captured] [Fort Beauséjour] on the [border] separating [Nova Scotia] from [Acadia]; soon afterward they [ordered] the [expulsion] of the [Acadians]. [Orders] for the [deportation] were given by [William Shirley], [Commander-in-Chief], [North America], without [direction] from [Great Britain]. The [Acadians], both those [captured in arms] and those who had [sworn the loyalty oath] to [His Britannic Majesty], were [expelled]. [Native Americans] were likewise [driven off] their [land] to [make way] for [settlers] from [New England].

In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England.

are prime for [any natural number] [n]. Here represents the [floor function], i.e., [largest integer] [not greater than] [the number] [in question]. [The latter formula] can be shown using [Bertrand's postulate] (proven [first] by [Chebyshev]), which states that there always exists [at least one] [prime number] [p] with [n] < [p] < 2[n] − 2, [for any natural number] [n > 3]. However, [computing A or μ] requires [the knowledge] [of infinitely many primes] to begin with. [Another formula] is based on [Wilson's theorem] and generates [the number 2] [many times] and [all other primes] [exactly once].

are prime for any natural number n. Here represents the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question. The latter formula can be shown using Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev), which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2, for any natural number n > 3. However, computing A or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with. Another formula is based on Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once.

The [United Methodist Church] ([UMC]) practices [infant] and [adult baptism]. [Baptized Members] are those who have been baptized as an [infant] or [child], but who have not subsequently [professed] their own [faith]. These [Baptized Members] become [Professing Members] through [confirmation] and sometimes the [profession] of [faith]. [Individuals] who were not previously [baptized] are [baptized] as part of their [profession] of [faith] and thus become [Professing Members] in this [manner]. [Individuals] may also become a [Professing Member] through [transfer] from another [Christian denomination].

The United Methodist Church (UMC) practices infant and adult baptism. Baptized Members are those who have been baptized as an infant or child, but who have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing Members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith. Individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become Professing Members in this manner. Individuals may also become a Professing Member through transfer from another Christian denomination.

Individual [Huguenots] settled at the [Cape of Good Hope] from as early as [1671] with the arrival of [François Villion] ([Viljoen]). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however [Maria de la Queillerie], wife of commander [Jan van Riebeeck] (and daughter of a [Walloon church minister]), who arrived on [6 April 1652] to establish a settlement at what is today [Cape Town]. The couple left for the [Far East] ten years later. On [31 December 1687] the first [organised group] of Huguenots set sail from the [Netherlands] to the [Dutch East India Company post] at the [Cape of Good Hope]. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between [1688] and [1689] in [seven ships] as part of the [organised migration], but quite a few arrived as late as [1700]; thereafter, the numbers declined and only [small groups] arrived at a time.

Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of François Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.

The [United Methodist Church] upholds the [sanctity] of [human life] both of the [child] and the [mother]. As a result, the church is "reluctant to affirm [abortion] as an [acceptable practice]," and condemns the use of [late-term] or [partial birth abortion] except as a [medical necessity]. The denomination as a whole is committed to "assisting the [ministry] of [crisis pregnancy centers] and [pregnancy resource centers] that [compassionately] help women find [feasible alternatives] to [abortion]." Still, the denomination is [pro-choice] and also "was a [founding member] of the [Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice]...and [2008 General Conference] went on record in support of the work of the [Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice]".

The United Methodist Church upholds the sanctity of human life both of the child and the mother. As a result, the church is "reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice," and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity. The denomination as a whole is committed to "assisting the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource centers that compassionately help women find feasible alternatives to abortion." Still, the denomination is pro-choice and also "was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice...and 2008 General Conference went on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice".

In [September 1958], [Bank of America] launched a new product called [BankAmericard] in [Fresno]. After a [troubled gestation] during which its [creator] resigned, [BankAmericard] went on to become the [first successful credit card]; that is, a [financial instrument] that was [usable] across a [large number] of [merchants] and also allowed [cardholders] to [revolve a balance] (earlier financial products could do [one or the other] but [not both]). In [1976], [BankAmericard] was [renamed] and [spun off] into a separate company known today as [Visa Inc].

In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.

Through [stream capture], the [Rhine] extended its [watershed] southward. By the [Pliocene period], the Rhine had captured streams down to the [Vosges Mountains], including the [Mosel], the [Main] and the [Neckar]. The [northern Alps] were then drained by the [Rhone]. By the [early Pleistocene period], the Rhine had captured most of its current [Alpine watershed] from the Rhône, including the [Aar]. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above [Lake Constance] ([Vorderrhein], [Hinterrhein], [Alpenrhein]; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond [Schweinfurt] and the Vosges Mountains, captured from the [Meuse], to its watershed.

Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar. The northern Alps were then drained by the Rhone. By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rhône, including the Aar. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Vosges Mountains, captured from the Meuse, to its watershed.

Undergraduate [students] are required to take a [distribution] of [courses] to satisfy the [university]'s [core curriculum] known as the [Common Core]. In [2012-2013], the [Core classes] at [Chicago] were limited to [17 students], and are generally led by a [full-time professor] (as opposed to a [teaching assistant]). As of the [2013–2014] school year, [15 courses] and demonstrated [proficiency] in a [foreign language] are required under the [Core]. Undergraduate [courses] at the [University of Chicago] are known for their [demanding standards], [heavy workload] and [academic difficulty]; according to [Uni in the USA], "Among the [academic cream] of [American universities] – [Harvard], [Yale], [Princeton], [MIT], and the [University of Chicago] – it is [UChicago] that can most convincingly claim to provide the most [rigorous], [intense learning experience]."

Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university's core curriculum known as the Common Core. In 2012-2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students, and are generally led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a teaching assistant). As of the 2013–2014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core. Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."

After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. [In 1955], [Eero Saarinen] was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of [buildings] both [north and south] of the [Midway], including the [Laird Bell Law Quadrangle] (a complex designed by [Saarinen]); a series of [arts buildings]; a building designed by [Ludwig Mies van der Rohe] for the university's [School of Social Service Administration];, a building which is to become the home of the [Harris School of Public Policy Studies] by [Edward Durrell Stone], and the [Regenstein Library], the largest building on campus, a [brutalist structure] designed by [Walter Netsch] of the Chicago firm [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]. Another master plan, designed in [1999] and updated in [2004], produced the [Gerald Ratner Athletics Center] (2003), the [Max Palevsky Residential Commons] (2001), [South Campus Residence Hall] and [dining commons] (2009), a new [children's hospital], and [other construction], [expansions], and [restorations]. In [2011], the university completed the [glass dome-shaped] [Joe and Rika Mansueto Library], which provides a [grand reading room] for the university library and prevents the need for an [off-campus book depository].

After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts buildings; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;, a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Another master plan, designed in 1999 and updated in 2004, produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001), South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital, and other construction, expansions, and restorations. In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository.

The [Broncos]' defense ranked first in the [NFL] [yards allowed] (4,530) for the first time in [franchise history], and fourth in [points allowed] (296). [Defensive ends] [Derek Wolfe] and [Malik Jackson] each had 5½ [sacks]. [Pro Bowl linebacker] [Von Miller] led the team with 11 [sacks], [forced four fumbles], and [recovered three]. [Linebacker] [DeMarcus Ware] was selected to play in the [Pro Bowl] for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7½ [sacks]. [Linebacker] [Brandon Marshall] led the team in [total tackles] with 109, while [Danny Trevathan] ranked second with 102. [Cornerbacks] [Aqib Talib] (three [interceptions]) and [Chris Harris, Jr.] (two [interceptions]) were the other two [Pro Bowl] selections from the defense.

The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in points allowed (296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5½ sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks. Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109, while Danny Trevathan ranked second with 102. Cornerbacks Aqib Talib (three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr. (two interceptions) were the other two Pro Bowl selections from the defense.

In [January 1880], two of [Tesla]'s [uncles] put together enough [money] to help him leave [Gospić] for [Prague] where he was to [study]. Unfortunately, he arrived [too late] to [enroll] at [Charles-Ferdinand University]; he never studied [Greek], a [required subject]; and he was [illiterate] in [Czech], another [required subject]. Tesla did, however, attend [lectures] at the [university], although, as an [auditor], he did not receive [grades] for the [courses].

In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospić for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech, another required subject. Tesla did, however, attend lectures at the university, although, as an auditor, he did not receive grades for the courses.

Administrator [Webb] realized that in order to keep [Apollo costs] under control, he had to develop [greater project management skills] in his organization, so he recruited Dr. [George E. Mueller] for a [high management job]. Mueller accepted, on the [condition] that he have a [say] in [NASA reorganization] necessary to [effectively administer Apollo]. Webb then worked with [Associate Administrator] (later [Deputy Administrator]) [Robert Seamans] to [reorganize] the [Office of Manned Space Flight] ([OMSF]). On [July 23, 1963], Webb announced Mueller's [appointment] as [Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight], to [replace] then Associate Administrator [D. Brainerd Holmes] on his retirement [effective] [September 1]. Under Webb's reorganization, the [directors] of the [Manned Spacecraft Center] ([Gilruth]) [Marshall Space Flight Center] ([von Braun]) and the [Launch Operations Center] ([Debus]) effectively [reported] to Mueller.

Administrator Webb realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Robert Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center (Gilruth) Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.

The [Standard Industrial Classification] and the newer [North American Industry Classification System] have a classification system for [companies] that perform or otherwise engage in [construction]. To recognize the [differences] of companies in this [sector], it is divided into three [subsectors]: [building construction], [heavy and civil engineering construction], and [specialty trade contractors]. There are also [categories] for [construction service firms] (e.g., [engineering], [architecture]) and [construction managers] (firms engaged in [managing construction projects] without assuming [direct financial responsibility] for [completion] of the [construction project]).

The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).

In [1965], at the instigation of [Warner Sinback], a data network based on this [voice-phone network] was designed to connect [GE's four computer sales and service centers] ([Schenectady], [Phoenix], [Chicago], and [Phoenix]) to facilitate a [computer time-sharing service], apparently the [world's first commercial online service]. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were [computer service bureaus], offering [batch processing services]. They lost money from the beginning, and [Sinback], a [high-level marketing manager], was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a [time-sharing system], based on [Kemney's work at Dartmouth]—which used a [computer] on loan from GE—could be profitable. [Warner] was right.)

In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.)

[Upper bounds] and [lower bounds] are usually stated using the [big O notation], which hides [constant factors] and [smaller terms]. This makes the bounds [independent] of the [specific details] of the [computational model] used. For instance, if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in [big O notation] one would write T(n) = O(n2).

Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model used. For instance, if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation one would write T(n) = O(n2).

These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image of the "philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television. [ABC's western series] (as well as [series such as the actioner Zorro]) went up against and defeated the [variety shows] aired by [NBC] and [CBS] in the fall of [1957], and its [detective shows] did the same in the fall of [1959]. To captivate the network's audiences, [short 66-minute series] were scheduled a [half-hour] before their [hour-long competition]. In [May 1961], [Life] criticized the [public enthusiasm] and [sponsorship] for these types of shows at the [expense] of [news programming] and denounced an [unofficial law] "replacing the [good programs] with the [bad ones]".

These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image of the "philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television. ABC's western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS in the fall of 1957, and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959. To captivate the network's audiences, short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition. In May 1961, Life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law "replacing the good programs with the bad ones".