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[Steam engines] can be said to have been the [moving force] behind the [Industrial Revolution] and saw [widespread commercial use] driving [machinery] in [factories], [mills] and [mines]; [powering] [pumping stations]; and [propelling] [transport appliances] such as [railway locomotives], [ships], [steamboats] and [road vehicles]. Their use in [agriculture] led to an [increase] in the [land] available for [cultivation]. There have at one time or another been [steam-powered farm tractors], [motorcycles] (without much [success]) and even [automobiles] as the [Stanley Steamer].

Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.

The [Book of Discipline] is the [guidebook] for [local churches] and [pastors] and describes in considerable detail the [organizational structure] of [local United Methodist churches]. All [UM churches] must have a [board of trustees] with at least [three members] and no more than [nine members] and it is recommended that no [gender] should hold more than a [2/3 majority]. All churches must also have a [nominations committee], a [finance committee] and a [church council] or [administrative council]. Other committees are [suggested] but not [required] such as a [missions committee], or [evangelism] or [worship committee]. [Term limits] are set for some committees but not for all. The [church conference] is an [annual meeting] of all the [officers] of the church and any [interested members]. This committee has the exclusive power to set [pastors' salaries] ([compensation packages] for tax purposes) and to elect officers to the committees.

The Book of Discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local United Methodist churches. All UM churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority. All churches must also have a nominations committee, a finance committee and a church council or administrative council. Other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee, or evangelism or worship committee. Term limits are set for some committees but not for all. The church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members. This committee has the exclusive power to set pastors' salaries (compensation packages for tax purposes) and to elect officers to the committees.

Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include [abortion], [broadcasting policy], [civil service], [common markets] for UK goods and services, [constitution], [electricity], [coal], [oil], [gas], [nuclear energy], [defence] and [national security], [drug policy], [employment], [foreign policy] and [relations with Europe], [most aspects] of [transport safety] and [regulation], [National Lottery], [protection] of [borders], [social security] and [stability] of UK's [fiscal], [economic] and [monetary system].

Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.

Luther's [1524 creedal hymn] "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God") is a [three-stanza confession of faith] prefiguring Luther's [1529 three-part explanation] of the [Apostles' Creed] in the [Small Catechism]. Luther's hymn, [adapted] and [expanded] from an [earlier German creedal hymn], gained [widespread use] in [vernacular Lutheran liturgies] as [early as 1525]. [Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals] also included "Wir glauben all" among the [catechetical hymns], although [18th-century hymnals] tended to label the hymn as [Trinitarian] rather than [catechetical], and [20th-century Lutherans] [rarely use] the hymn because of the [perceived difficulty] of its [tune].

Luther's 1524 creedal hymn "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God") is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism. Luther's hymn, adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn, gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525. Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included "Wir glauben all" among the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical, and 20th-century Lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.

In [2007], [BSkyB] and [Virgin Media] became involved in a [dispute] over the [carriage] of [Sky channels] on [cable TV]. The [failure] to [renew] the [existing carriage agreements] [negotiated] with [NTL] and [Telewest] resulted in [Virgin Media] removing the [basic channels] from the [network] on [1 March 2007]. [Virgin Media] claimed that [BSkyB] had [substantially increased] the [asking price] for the [channels], a claim which [BSkyB] [denied], on the [basis] that their [new deal] offered "[substantially more value]" by including [HD channels] and [Video On Demand content] which was [not previously carried] by [cable].

In 2007, BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with NTL and Telewest resulted in Virgin Media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels, a claim which BSkyB denied, on the basis that their new deal offered "substantially more value" by including HD channels and Video On Demand content which was not previously carried by cable.

While the Treaties and Regulations will have [direct effect] (if [clear, unconditional and immediate]), [Directives] do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the [member state]) [standing] to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because [TFEU article 288] says Directives are addressed to the [member states] and usually "leave to the [national authorities] the choice of form and methods" to implement. In part this reflects that directives often create [minimum standards], leaving [member states] to apply [higher standards]. For example, the [Working Time Directive] requires that every worker has at least [4 weeks paid holidays] each year, but most [member states] require more than [28 days] in [national law]. However, on the [current position] adopted by the [Court of Justice], citizens have [standing] to make claims based on [national laws] that implement [Directives], but not from [Directives] themselves. [Directives] do not have so called "[horizontal]" direct effect (i.e. between non-state parties). This view was instantly [controversial], and in the early 1990s three [Advocate Generals] persuasively argued that [Directives] should create [rights and duties] for all citizens. The [Court of Justice] refused, but there are [five large exceptions].

While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods" to implement. In part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards, leaving member states to apply higher standards. For example, the Working Time Directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year, but most member states require more than 28 days in national law. However, on the current position adopted by the Court of Justice, citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement Directives, but not from Directives themselves. Directives do not have so called "horizontal" direct effect (i.e. between non-state parties). This view was instantly controversial, and in the early 1990s three Advocate Generals persuasively argued that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens. The Court of Justice refused, but there are five large exceptions.

While [in-house production] had ceased, the [BBC] hoped to find an [independent production company] to [relaunch] the show. [Philip Segal], a [British expatriate] who worked for [Columbia Pictures]' [television arm] in the [United States], had approached the [BBC] about such a [venture] as [early] as [July 1989], while the [26th series] was still in [production]. [Segal]'s [negotiations] eventually led to a [Doctor Who television film], [broadcast] on the [Fox Network] in [1996] as a [co-production] between [Fox], [Universal Pictures], the [BBC] and [BBC Worldwide]. Although the [film] was [successful] in the [UK] (with [9.1 million viewers]), it was [less so] in the [United States] and did not lead to a [series].

While in-house production had ceased, the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show. Philip Segal, a British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States, had approached the BBC about such a venture as early as July 1989, while the 26th series was still in production. Segal's negotiations eventually led to a Doctor Who television film, broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC Worldwide. Although the film was successful in the UK (with 9.1 million viewers), it was less so in the United States and did not lead to a series.

[Victorian schools], [publicly] or [privately funded]. [Public schools], [state] or [government schools], [funded] and [run] directly by the [Victoria Department of Education]. Students do not pay [tuition fees], but some [extra costs] are [levied]. [Private fee-paying schools] include [parish schools] run by the [Roman Catholic Church] and [independent schools] similar to [British public schools]. [Independent schools] are usually affiliated with [Protestant churches]. [Victoria] also has several [private Jewish] and [Islamic primary] and [secondary schools]. [Private schools] also receive some [public funding]. All schools must [comply] with [government-set curriculum standards]. In addition, [Victoria] has four [government selective schools], [Melbourne High School] for [boys], [MacRobertson Girls' High School] for [girls], the [coeducational schools] [John Monash Science School], [Nossal High School] and [Suzanne Cory High School], and [The Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School]. Students at these schools are [exclusively admitted] on the [basis] of an [academic selective entry test].

Victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded. Public schools, also known as state or government schools, are funded and run directly by the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the Roman Catholic Church and independent schools similar to British public schools. Independent schools are usually affiliated with Protestant churches. Victoria also has several private Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools. Private schools also receive some public funding. All schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards. In addition, Victoria has four government selective schools, Melbourne High School for boys, MacRobertson Girls' High School for girls, the coeducational schools John Monash Science School, Nossal High School and Suzanne Cory High School, and The Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School. Students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test.

By [1620] the [Huguenots] were on the [defensive], and the [government] increasingly applied [pressure]. A [series] of [three small civil wars] known as the [Huguenot rebellions] broke out, mainly in [southwestern France], between [1621] and [1629]. [revolted] against [royal authority]. The [uprising] occurred a [decade] following the [death] of [Henry IV], a [Huguenot] before [converting] to [Catholicism], who had [protected] [Protestants] through the [Edict of Nantes]. His [successor] [Louis XIII], under the [regency] of his [Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici], became more [intolerant] of [Protestantism]. The [Huguenots] [respond] by [establishing] [independent political and military structures], [establishing diplomatic contacts] with [foreign powers], and [openly revolting] against [central power]. The [rebellions] were [implacably suppressed] by the [French Crown].[citation needed]

By 1620 the Huguenots were on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes. His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism. The Huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French Crown.citation needed

[Immigrants] arrived from [all over the world] to search for [gold], especially from [Ireland] and [China]. Many [Chinese miners] worked in [Victoria], and their [legacy] is particularly strong in [Bendigo] and its [environs]. Although there was some [racism] directed at them, there was not the level of [anti-Chinese violence] that was seen at the [Lambing Flat riots] in [New South Wales]. However, there was a [riot] at [Buckland Valley] near [Bright] in [1857]. [Conditions] on the [gold fields] were [cramped] and [unsanitary]; an [outbreak] of [typhoid] at [Buckland Valley] in [1854] killed over [1,000 miners].

Immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo and its environs. Although there was some racism directed at them, there was not the level of anti-Chinese violence that was seen at the Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales. However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley near Bright in 1857. Conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary; an outbreak of typhoid at Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners.

The [first] [Huguenots] to [leave France] sought [freedom] from [persecution] in [Switzerland] and the [Netherlands]. [A group] of [Huguenots] was part of the [French colonisers] who [arrived] in [Brazil] in [1555] to found [France Antarctique]. [A couple of ships] with around [500 people] [arrived] at the [Guanabara Bay], [present-day] [Rio de Janeiro], and [settled] in a [small island]. [A fort], named [Fort Coligny], was built to [protect] them from [attack] from the [Portuguese troops] and [Brazilian Native Americans]. It was an [attempt] to establish a [French colony] in [South America]. The fort was [destroyed] in [1560] by the [Portuguese], who [captured] part of the [Huguenots]. The [Portuguese] [threatened] the [prisoners] with [death] if they did not [convert] to [Catholicism]. The [Huguenots] of [Guanabara], as they are now known, produced a [declaration of faith] to express their [beliefs] to the [Portuguese]. This was their [death sentence]. This [document], the [Guanabara Confession of Faith], became the [first] [Protestant confession of faith] in the [whole] of the [Americas].

The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.citation needed A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured part of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese. This was their death sentence. This document, the Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas.citation needed

The [third assessment report] (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a [1999 paper] by [Michael E. Mann], [Raymond S. Bradley] and [Malcolm K. Hughes] (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in [Figure 3.20] from the [IPCC Second Assessment Report] of [1995], and differed from a schematic in the [first assessment report] that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past [1000 years], and higher temperatures during the [Medieval Warm Period] than the [mid 20th century]. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in [central England], with temperatures increased on the basis of [documentary evidence] of [Medieval vineyards] in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the [Medieval Warm Period] did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in [2007]. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by [Jones et al. 1998], [Pollack], [Huang] & [Shen 1998], [Crowley] & [Lowery 2000] and [Briffa 2000], using differing data and methods. The [Jones et al.] and [Briffa] reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in [Figure 2.21] of the IPCC report.

The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.

Between [May] and [September] [2005], rumors circulated that [Disney–ABC] was considering a [sale] of [ABC Radio], with [Clear Channel Communications] and [Westwood One] (which had earlier purchased [NBC's radio division], as well as the [distribution rights] to [CBS's], and the [Mutual Broadcasting System] during the [1990s]) as [potential buyers]. On [October 19, 2005], [ABC] announced the [restructuring] of the group into [six divisions]: [Entertainment Communications], [Communications Resources], [Kids Communications], [News Communications], [Corporate Communications], and [International Communications].

Between May and September 2005, rumors circulated that Disney–ABC was considering a sale of ABC Radio, with Clear Channel Communications and Westwood One (which had earlier purchased NBC's radio division, as well as the distribution rights to CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) as potential buyers. On October 19, 2005, ABC announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions: Entertainment Communications, Communications Resources, Kids Communications, News Communications, Corporate Communications, and International Communications.

In addition to [chlorophylls], another group of [yellow-orange pigments] called [carotenoids] are also found in the [photosystems]. There are about [thirty] [photosynthetic carotenoids]. They help transfer and dissipate [excess energy], and their [bright colors] sometimes override the [chlorophyll green], like during the [fall], when the [leaves] of some [land plants] change color. [β-carotene] is a [bright red-orange carotenoid] found in nearly all [chloroplasts], like [chlorophyll a]. [Xanthophylls], especially the [orange-red zeaxanthin], are also common. Many other forms of [carotenoids] exist that are only found in certain groups of [chloroplasts].

In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the leaves of some land plants change color. β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a. Xanthophylls, especially the orange-red zeaxanthin, are also common. Many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts.

[At] [Saint Evroul], a [tradition] of [singing] had developed and the [choir] achieved [fame] in [Normandy]. Under the [Norman] [abbot] [Robert de Grantmesnil], several [monks] of [Saint-Evroul] fled to [southern Italy], where they were [patronised] by [Robert Guiscard] and established a [Latin monastery] at [Sant'Eufemia]. There they continued the [tradition] of [singing].

At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tradition of singing.

Some [elements] of the [Brotherhood], though perhaps against [orders], did engage in [violence] against the [government], and its [founder] [Al-Banna] was [assassinated] in [1949] in retaliation for the [assassination] of [Egypt's premier] [Mahmud Fami Naqrashi] [three months earlier]. The [Brotherhood] has suffered [periodic repression] in [Egypt] and has been [banned] several times, in [1948] and [several years later] following [confrontations] with [Egyptian president] [Gamal Abdul Nasser], who [jailed] [thousands of members] for [several years].

Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

While acknowledging the central role [economic growth] can potentially play in [human development], [poverty reduction] and the achievement of the [Millennium Development Goals], it is becoming widely understood amongst the [development community] that [special efforts] must be made to ensure [poorer sections of society] are able to participate in [economic growth]. The effect of [economic growth] on [poverty reduction] – the [growth elasticity of poverty] – can depend on the [existing level of inequality]. For instance, with [low inequality] a country with a [growth rate] of 2% per head and [40% of its population] living in [poverty], can [halve poverty] in ten years, but a country with [high inequality] would take [nearly 60 years] to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the [Secretary General] of the [United Nations] [Ban Ki-Moon]: "While [economic growth] is necessary, it is not sufficient for [progress] on reducing [poverty]".

While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty."

The [fundamental theorem of arithmetic] continues to hold in [unique factorization domains]. An [example] of such a domain is the [Gaussian integers] [Zi], that is, the [set] of [complex numbers] of the form [a + bi] where [i] denotes the [imaginary unit] and [a] and [b] are [arbitrary integers]. Its [prime elements] are known as [Gaussian primes]. [Not every] [prime] (in [Z]) is a [Gaussian prime]: in the [bigger ring] [Zi], [2] [factors into] the [product] of the two [Gaussian primes] ([1 + i]) and ([1 − i]). [Rational primes] (i.e. [prime elements] in [Z]) of the form [4k + 3] are [Gaussian primes], whereas [rational primes] of the form [4k + 1] are not.

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Zi, that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers. Its prime elements are known as Gaussian primes. Not every prime (in Z) is a Gaussian prime: in the bigger ring Zi, 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1 − i). Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not.

The [Royal Geographical Society] of [London] and [other geographical societies in Europe] had great influence and were able to fund [travelers] who would come back with [tales of their discoveries]. These societies also served as a [space] for [travellers] to share these [stories]. [Political geographers] such as [Friedrich Ratzel] of [Germany] and [Halford Mackinder] of [Britain] also supported [imperialism]. [Ratzel] believed [expansion] was necessary for a [state's survival] while [Mackinder] supported [Britain's imperial expansion]; these two [arguments] dominated the [discipline] for [decades].

The Royal Geographical Society of London and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism. Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state’s survival while Mackinder supported Britain’s imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades.

Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their [stroma] except the [sulfur-containing ones] like [cysteine] and [methionine]. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the [proplastid] too) but it is also synthesized in the [cytosol] and [mitochondria], probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast is known to make the [precursors] to methionine but it is unclear whether the [organelle] carries out the [last leg] of the pathway or if it happens in the [cytosol].

Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.

Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. [The city] is also home to [the Newcastle Eagles basketball team] who play their home games at [the new Sport Central complex] at [Northumbria University]. [The Eagles] are [the most successful team] in [the history] of [the British Basketball League] (BBL). [The city's speedway team] [Newcastle Diamonds] are based at [Brough Park] in [Byker], a venue that is also home to [greyhound racing]. [Newcastle] also hosts [the start] of [the annual Great North Run], [the world's largest half-marathon] in which participants race over [the Tyne Bridge] into [Gateshead] and then towards [the finish line] 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on [the coast] at [South Shields]. Another famous athletic event is [the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race] (a road race from [Newcastle] to [Blaydon]), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate [the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing].

Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields. Another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.

Ludwig Krapf [recorded] the name as both Kenia and Kegnia [believed] by most to be [a corruption] of the Kamba version. [Others] say that this was—[on the contrary]—a very [precise notation] of a [correct African pronunciation] /ˈkɛnjə/. [An 1882 map] drawn by Joseph Thompsons, [a Scottish geologist] and naturalist, indicated [Mt. Kenya] as [Mt. Kenia], 1862. [Controversy] [over] the [actual meaning] of the [word Kenya] notwithstanding, it is clear that the mountain's name became [widely accepted], [pars pro toto], as the name of the [country].

Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/. An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 1862. Controversy over the actual meaning of the word Kenya notwithstanding, it is clear that the mountain's name became widely accepted, pars pro toto, as the name of the country.

Manning finished the game [13 of 23] for [141 yards] with [one interception] and [zero touchdowns]. [Sanders] was his top receiver with [six receptions] for [83 yards]. [Anderson] was the game's leading rusher with [90 yards] and [a touchdown], along with [four receptions] for [10 yards]. [Miller] had [six total tackles] ([five solo]), [2½ sacks], and [two forced fumbles]. [Ware] had [five total tackles] and [two sacks]. [Ward] had [seven total tackles], [a fumble recovery], and [an interception]. [McManus] made [all four of his field goals], making him perfect on all [11 attempts] during the post-season. [Newton] completed [18 of 41 passes] for [265 yards], with [one interception]. He was also the team's leading rusher with [45 yards] on [six carries]. [Brown] caught [four passes] for [80 yards], while [Ginn] had [four receptions] for [74]. [Ealy] was the top defensive performer for [Carolina] with [four total tackles], [three sacks], [a forced fumble], [a fumble recovery], and [an interception]. [Defensive End Charles Johnson] had [four total tackles], [a sack], and [a forced fumble]. [Linebacker Luke Kuechly] had [11 total tackles], while [Thomas Davis] had [seven], despite playing just [two weeks] after breaking his right arm in the [NFC title game].

Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller had six total tackles (five solo), 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles. Ware had five total tackles and two sacks. Ward had seven total tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus made all four of his field goals, making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season. Newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception. He was also the team's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries. Brown caught four passes for 80 yards, while Ginn had four receptions for 74. Ealy was the top defensive performer for Carolina with four total tackles, three sacks, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and an interception. Defensive End Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble. Linebacker Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis had seven, despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the NFC title game.

An [early] [important] [political response] to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the [Albany Congress] in [June] and [July], [1754]. The [goal] of the congress was to [formalize] a [unified front] in [trade] and [negotiations] with [various Indians], since [allegiance] of the various [tribes] and [nations] was seen to be [pivotal] in the [success] in the [war] that was [unfolding]. The [plan] that the [delegates] agreed to was never [ratified] by the [colonial legislatures] nor [approved] of by the [crown]. Nevertheless, the [format] of the congress and many [specifics] of the plan became the [prototype] for [confederation] during the [War of Independence].

An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence.

The [first direct elections] for [native Kenyans] to the [Legislative Council] took place in [1957]. Despite [British hopes] of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the [Kenya African National Union] ([KANU]) of [Jomo Kenyatta] that formed a government. The [Colony of Kenya] and the [Protectorate of Kenya] each came to an end on [12 December 1963] with [independence] being conferred on all of [Kenya]. The [United Kingdom] ceded [sovereignty] over the [Colony of Kenya] and, under an [agreement] dated [8 October 1963], the [Sultan of Zanzibar] agreed that simultaneous with [independence] for the [Colony of Kenya], the [Sultan] would cease to have [sovereignty] over the [Protectorate of Kenya] so that all of [Kenya] would be one [sovereign], [independent] [state]. In this way, [Kenya] became an [independent country] under the [Kenya Independence Act 1963] of the [United Kingdom]. Exactly [12 months] later on [12 December 1964], [Kenya] became a [republic] under the name "[Republic of Kenya]".

The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".

[Two Block I CSMs] were launched from [LC-34] on [suborbital flights] in [1966] with the [Saturn IB]. The first, [AS-201] launched on [February 26], reached an [altitude] of [265.7 nautical miles] (492.1 km) and [splashed down] [4,577 nautical miles] (8,477 km) [downrange] in the [Atlantic ocean]. The second, [AS-202] on [August 25], reached [617.1 nautical miles] (1,142.9 km) [altitude] and was [recovered] [13,900 nautical miles] (25,700 km) [downrange] in the [Pacific ocean]. These flights validated the [Service Module engine] and the [Command Module heat shield].

Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.

The [history] of the [steam engine] stretches back as far as the [first century AD]; the [first recorded rudimentary steam engine] being the [aeolipile] described by [Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria]. In the following centuries, the [few steam-powered "engines"] known were, like the aeolipile, essentially [experimental devices] used by [inventors] to demonstrate the properties of steam. A [rudimentary steam turbine device] was described by [Taqi al-Din] in [1551] and by [Giovanni Branca] in [1629]. [Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont] received patents in [1606] for [fifty steam powered inventions], including a [water pump] for [draining inundated mines]. [Denis Papin], a [Huguenot refugee], did some [useful work] on the [steam digester] in [1679], and [first used a piston] to raise [weights] in [1690].

The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered "engines" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Denis Papin, a Huguenot refugee, did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of [Japan], [Korea], the [Assyrian Empire], the [Chinese Empire], the [Roman Empire], [Greece], the [Byzantine Empire], the [Persian Empire], the [Ottoman Empire], [Ancient Egypt], the [British Empire], [India], and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of [Genghis Khan] during the [Mongol Empire], and of other [war-lords]. Historically recognized [Muslim empires] number in the dozens. [Sub-Saharan Africa] has also featured dozens of empires that predate the [European colonial era], for example the [Ethiopian Empire], [Oyo Empire], [Asante Union], [Luba Empire], [Lunda Empire], and [Mutapa Empire]. The [Americas] during the [pre-Columbian era] also had large empires such as the [Aztec Empire] and the [Incan Empire].

Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords. Historically recognized Muslim empires number in the dozens. Sub-Saharan Africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire. The Americas during the pre-Columbian era also had large empires such as the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire.

Major events also play a big part in [tourism] in [Victoria], particularly [cultural tourism] and [sports tourism]. Most of these events are centred on [Melbourne], but others occur in [regional cities], such as the [V8 Supercars] and [Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix] at [Phillip Island], the [Grand Annual Steeplechase] at [Warrnambool] and the [Australian International Airshow] at [Geelong] and numerous [local festivals] such as the popular [Port Fairy Folk Festival], [Queenscliff Music Festival], [Bells Beach SurfClassic] and the [Bright Autumn Festival].

Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival.

[Richard Allen] and [Absalom Jones] became the first [African Americans] ordained by the [Methodist Church]. They were licensed by [St. George's Church] in [1784]. Three years later, protesting [racial segregation] in the [worship services], Allen led most of the [black members] out of St. George's; eventually they founded the [Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church] and the [African Methodist Episcopal denomination]. Absalom Jones became an [Episcopal priest]. In [1836], the church's [basement] was excavated to make room for a [Sunday School]. In the [1920s] a [court case] saved the church from being demolished to make way for the [Benjamin Franklin Bridge]. The case resulted in the bridge being relocated. [Historic St Georges] welcomes visitors and is home to [archives] and a [museum] on [Methodism].

Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most of the black members out of St. George's; eventually they founded the Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church and the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. Absalom Jones became an Episcopal priest. In 1836, the church's basement was excavated to make room for a Sunday School. In the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. The case resulted in the bridge being relocated. Historic St Georges welcomes visitors and is home to archives and a museum on Methodism.

On [1 February 2007], the [eve] of the [publication] of [IPCC]'s [major report] on [climate], a [study] was [published] suggesting that [temperatures] and [sea levels] have been [rising] at or [above] the [maximum rates] proposed during the [last IPCC report] in [2001]. The [study] compared [IPCC 2001 projections] on [temperature] and [sea level change] with [observations]. Over the [six years] [studied], the [actual temperature rise] was [near] the [top end] of the [range] given by [IPCC's 2001 projection], and the [actual sea level rise] was [above] the [top] of the [range] of the [IPCC projection].

On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations. Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.

A [teacher]'s role may vary among [cultures]. [Teachers] may provide [instruction] in [literacy] and [numeracy], [craftsmanship] or [vocational training], the [arts], [religion], [civics], [community roles], or [life skills].

A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.

[Börte] had [three more sons], [Chagatai] (1187—1241), [Ögedei] (1189—1241), and [Tolui] (1190–1232). [Genghis Khan] also had [many other children] with his [other wives], but they were [excluded] from the [succession]. While the [names] of [sons] were [documented], [daughters] were not. The [names] of at least [six daughters] are [known], and while they played [significant roles] [behind the scenes] during his [lifetime], no [documents] have [survived] that [definitively provide] the [number] or [names] of [daughters] [born] to the [consorts] of [Genghis Khan].

Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.

During 2003–04, the [gross value] of [Victorian agricultural production] increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented [24%] of [national agricultural production] [total gross value]. As of [2004], an estimated [32,463 farms] occupied around [136,000 square kilometres] ([52,500 sq mi]) of [Victorian land]. This comprises [more than 60%] of the state's [total land surface]. [Victorian farms] range from [small horticultural outfits] to [large-scale livestock] and [grain productions]. A [quarter] of [farmland] is used to grow [consumable crops].

During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value. As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface. Victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions. A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.

Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). [In 1932] the [German encyclopedia] [Knaurs Lexikon] stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), [presumably] a [typographical error]. [After] this [number] was placed into the [authoritative] [Brockhaus Enzyklopädie], it became [generally accepted] and found its way into [numerous] [textbooks] and [official publications]. The [error] was [discovered] in 2010, and the [Dutch Rijkswaterstaat] [confirms] the length at 1,232 kilometres (766 miles).[note 1]

Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), presumably a typographical error. After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications. The error was discovered in 2010, and the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres (766 miles).note 1

Planetary geologists [measured] different [abundances] of [oxygen isotopes] in [samples] from the [Earth], the [Moon], [Mars], and [meteorites], but were [long unable] to obtain [reference values] for the [isotope ratios] in the [Sun], believed to be the same as those of the [primordial solar nebula]. [Analysis] of a [silicon wafer] [exposed] to the [solar wind] in [space] and [returned] by the [crashed Genesis spacecraft] has shown that the [Sun] has a [higher proportion] of [oxygen-16] than does the [Earth]. The [measurement] implies that an [unknown process] [depleted] [oxygen-16] from the [Sun's disk] of [protoplanetary material] [prior to] the [coalescence] of [dust grains] that formed the [Earth].

Planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorites, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula. Analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth.

Other prominent alumni include [anthropologists] [David Graeber] and [Donald Johanson], who is best known for discovering the fossil of a [female hominid australopithecine] known as "Lucy" in the [Afar Triangle] region, [psychologist] [John B. Watson], [American psychologist] who established the psychological school of [behaviorism], [communication theorist] [Harold Innis], [chess grandmaster] [Samuel Reshevsky], and [conservative international relations scholar] and [White House Coordinator of Security Planning] for the [National Security Council] [Samuel P. Huntington].

Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.

The two symbols most commonly associated with [pharmacy] in [English-speaking countries] are the [mortar] and [pestle] and the [℞ (recipere)] character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The [show globe] was also used until the early [20th century]. [Pharmacy organizations] often use other symbols, such as the [Bowl of Hygieia] which is often used in [the Netherlands], [conical measures], and [caduceuses] in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the [green Greek cross] in [France], [Argentina], [the United Kingdom], [Belgium], [Ireland], [Italy], [Spain], and [India], the [increasingly rare Gaper] in [the Netherlands], and a [red stylized letter A] in [Germany] and [Austria] (from [Apotheke], the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').

The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia which is often used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').

Along with giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving [crime control] via [incapacitation] and [deterrence] is a major goal of [criminal punishment]. [Brownlee] argues, "Bringing in [deterrence] at the level of [justification] detracts from the law’s [engagement] in a [moral dialogue] with the offender as a [rational person] because it focuses attention on the [threat] of punishment and not the [moral reasons] to follow this law." [Leonard Hubert Hoffmann] writes, "In deciding whether or not to impose punishment, the most important [consideration] would be whether it would do [more harm than good]. This means that the [objector] has no [right] not to be punished. It is a [matter] for the [state] (including the [judges]) to decide on [utilitarian grounds] whether to do so or not."

Along with giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, "Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law’s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law." Leonard Hubert Hoffmann writes, "In deciding whether or not to impose punishment, the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good. This means that the objector has no right not to be punished. It is a matter for the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not."

Sanctifying [Grace] is that grace of God which sustains the [believers] in the journey toward [Christian Perfection]: a genuine [love of God] with [heart], [soul], [mind], and [strength], and a genuine [love of our neighbors] as [ourselves]. Sanctifying grace enables us to [respond] to God by leading a [Spirit-filled] and [Christ-like life] aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this [state of perfection] for himself but instead insisted the [attainment] of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the [English Reformer] parted company with both [Luther] and [Calvin], who denied that a [man] would ever reach a [state in this life] in which he could not [fall into sin]. Such a man can [lose] all [inclination to evil] and can [gain perfection] in this life.

Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.

On [11 July 1934], the [New York Herald Tribune] published an article on [Tesla], in which he recalled an [event] that would occasionally take place while [experimenting] with his [single-electrode vacuum tubes]; a [minute particle] would break off the [cathode], pass out of the tube, and [physically strike] him. "Tesla said he could feel a [sharp stinging pain] where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out." In comparing these particles with the [bits of metal] projected by his ["electric gun"], Tesla said, "The particles in the [beam of force] ... will travel [much faster] than such particles ... and they will travel in [concentrations]."

On 11 July 1934, the New York Herald Tribune published an article on Tesla, in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him. "Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out." In comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his "electric gun," Tesla said, "The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations."

In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. [The place of pharmacists in society] was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in [the pre-Heian Imperial court] were established; and this [organizational structure] remained largely intact until [the Meiji Restoration] (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, [the pharmacists]—and even [pharmacist assistants]—were assigned status [superior to all others] in health-related fields such as [physicians] and [acupuncturists]. In [the Imperial household], [the pharmacist] was even ranked [above] [the two personal physicians] of [the Emperor].

In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.

The [evolutionary strategy] used by [cicadas] of the genus [Magicicada] make use of [prime numbers]. These [insects] spend most of their lives as [grubs] underground. They only [pupate] and then [emerge] from their [burrows] after [7, 13 or 17 years], at which point they [fly] about, [breed], and then [die] after a [few weeks] at most. The [logic] for this is believed to be that the [prime number intervals] between [emergences] make it very [difficult] for [predators] to [evolve] that could [specialize] as [predators] on [Magicicadas]. If [Magicicadas] appeared at a [non-prime number intervals], say every [12 years], then [predators] appearing every [2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years] would be sure to meet them. Over a [200-year period], [average predator populations] during [hypothetical outbreaks] of [14- and 15-year cicadas] would be up to [2% higher] than during [outbreaks] of [13- and 17-year cicadas]. Though [small], this [advantage] appears to have been enough to drive [natural selection] in [favour] of a [prime-numbered life-cycle] for these [insects].

The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada make use of prime numbers. These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most. The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals, say every 12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year period, average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2% higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas. Though small, this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects.

The two most prominent [Norman families] to arrive in the [Mediterranean] were descendants of [Tancred of Hauteville] and the [Drengot family], of whom [Rainulf Drengot] received the county of [Aversa], the first Norman toehold in the south, from [Duke Sergius IV of Naples] in 1030. The [Hauteville family] achieved [princely rank] by proclaiming prince [Guaimar IV of Salerno] "Duke of Apulia and Calabria". He promptly awarded their elected leader, [William Iron Arm], with the title of count in his capital of [Melfi]. The [Drengot family] thereafter attained the [principality of Capua], and [emperor Henry III] legally ennobled the [Hauteville leader], [Drogo], as "dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae" ("Duke and Master of Italy and Count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria") in 1047.

The two most prominent Norman families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county of Aversa, the first Norman toehold in the south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno "Duke of Apulia and Calabria". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi. The Drengot family thereafter attained the principality of Capua, and emperor Henry III legally ennobled the Hauteville leader, Drogo, as "dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae" ("Duke and Master of Italy and Count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria") in 1047.

In [southern Europe], the stage was set in the [Triassic Period] of the [Mesozoic Era], with the opening of the [Tethys Ocean], between the [Eurasian] and [African] [tectonic plates], between about [240 MBP] and [220 MBP] (million years before present). The [present Mediterranean Sea] descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about [180 MBP], in the [Jurassic Period], the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be [subducted] under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the [Alpine Orogeny] of the [Oligocene] and [Miocene Periods]. Several [microplates] were caught in the squeeze and [rotated] or were pushed [laterally], generating the [individual features] of Mediterranean geography: [Iberia] pushed up the [Pyrenees]; [Italy], the [Alps], and [Anatolia], moving west, the [mountains] of [Greece] and the [islands]. The compression and orogeny [continue] today, as shown by the ongoing [raising] of the [mountains] a [small amount] each year and the [active volcanoes].

In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes.

Another [cause] is the [rate] at which [income] is [taxed] coupled with the [progressivity] of the [tax system]. A [progressive tax] is a tax by which the [tax rate] increases as the [taxable base amount] increases. In a [progressive tax system], the [level] of the [top tax rate] will often have a [direct impact] on the [level] of [inequality] within a [society], either [increasing] it or [decreasing] it, provided that [income] does not [change] as a result of the [change] in [tax regime]. Additionally, [steeper tax progressivity] applied to [social spending] can result in a [more equal distribution] of [income] across the [board]. The [difference] between the [Gini index] for an [income distribution] before [taxation] and the [Gini index] after [taxation] is an [indicator] for the [effects] of such [taxation].

Another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.

In the [1970s], the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by [Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken] and recorded by [Bob Gallion] of the [world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show] in [Wheeling, West Virginia]. [Aken], adopted by [Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga], grew up in the neighboring town of [Madera] and his song chronicled the [hardships] faced by the [migrant farm workers] he saw as a child. [Aken] also made his [first TV appearance] playing guitar on the [old country-western show] at [The Fresno Barn].

In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in [San Jose, CA] that utilized [virtual call packet switched technology] and used [X.25], [SNA/SDLC], [BSC] and [ASCII interfaces] to connect [host computers] (servers)at [thousands] of [large companies], [educational institutions], and [government agencies]. Users typically connected via [dial-up connections] or [dedicated async connections]. The business consisted of a large [public network] that supported [dial-up users] and a [private network business] that allowed [government agencies] and [large companies] (mostly [banks] and [airlines]) to build their own [dedicated networks]. The [private networks] were often connected via [gateways] to the [public network] to reach locations not on the [private network]. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other [public networks] in the [U.S.] and [internationally] via [X.25/X.75 gateways]. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)

Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)

[Since the election riots], the [government] and [civil society organisations] started [programmes] to avoid [similar disasters] in the [future], said [Agnes R. M. Aboum] – [executive director] of [TAABCO Research and Development Consultants] in [Nairobi] – in the magazine [D+C Development and Cooperation]. For [example], the [Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission] initiated [community dialogues], the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya] started [peace meetings] and the [Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process] was started.

Since the election riots, the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, said Agnes R. M. Aboum – executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi – in the magazine D+C Development and Cooperation. For example, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission initiated community dialogues, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya started peace meetings and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.

In the [helical thylakoid model], [grana] consist of a [stack] of [flattened circular granal thylakoids] that resemble [pancakes]. Each [granum] can contain anywhere from [two to a hundred thylakoids], though grana with [10–20 thylakoids] are most common. Wrapped around the grana are [helicoid stromal thylakoids], also known as [frets] or [lamellar thylakoids]. The [helices] ascend at an angle of [20–25°], connecting to each granal thylakoid at a [bridge-like slit junction]. The [helicoids] may extend as [large sheets] that link [multiple grana], or [narrow] to [tube-like bridges] between grana. While [different parts] of the [thylakoid system] contain [different membrane proteins], the [thylakoid membranes] are [continuous] and the [thylakoid space] they enclose form a [single continuous labyrinth].

In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20–25°, connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction. The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana, or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana. While different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins, the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth.

The first four [Saturn I] test flights were launched from [LC-34], with only [live first stages], carrying [dummy upper stages] filled with [water]. The first flight with a live [S-IV] was launched from [LC-37]. This was followed by five launches of [boilerplate CSMs] (designated [AS-101] through [AS-105]) into [orbit] in [1964] and [1965]. The last three of these further supported the [Apollo program] by also carrying [Pegasus satellites], which verified the [safety] of the [translunar environment] by measuring the [frequency] and [severity] of [micrometeorite impacts].

The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.

A term used originally in derision, [Huguenot] has [unclear origins]. Various [hypotheses] have been [promoted]. The [nickname] may have been a [combined reference] to the [Swiss politician] [Besançon Hugues] (died 1532) and the [religiously conflicted nature] of [Swiss republicanism] in his time, using a [clever derogatory pun] on the name [Hugues] by way of the [Dutch word] [Huisgenoten] (literally housemates), referring to the [connotations] of a [somewhat related word] in [German Eidgenosse] (Confederates as in "a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy"). [Geneva] was [John Calvin]'s [adopted home] and the [centre] of the [Calvinist movement]. In [Geneva], [Hugues], though [Catholic], was a [leader] of the ["Confederate Party"], so called because it [favoured independence] from the [Duke of Savoy] through an [alliance] between the [city-state] of [Geneva] and the [Swiss Confederation]. The [label Huguenot] was purportedly [first applied] in [France] to those [conspirators] (all of them [aristocratic members] of the [Reformed Church]) involved in the [Amboise plot] of 1560: a [foiled attempt] to [wrest power] in [France] from the [influential House of Guise]. The [move] would have had the [side effect] of [fostering relations] with the [Swiss]. Thus, [Hugues] plus [Eidgenosse] by way of [Huisgenoten] [supposedly became] [Huguenot], a [nickname] [associating] the [Protestant cause] with [politics unpopular] in [France].[citation needed]

A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The nickname may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besançon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time, using a clever derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally housemates), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse (Confederates as in "a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy"). Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy through an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a nickname associating the Protestant cause with politics unpopular in France.citation needed

[Environmentalists] are concerned about [loss of biodiversity] that will result from [destruction of the forest], and also about the [release] of the [carbon] contained within the [vegetation], which could [accelerate global warming]. [Amazonian evergreen forests] account for about [10%] of the [world's terrestrial primary productivity] and [10%] of the [carbon stores] in [ecosystems]—of the order of [1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes] of [carbon]. [Amazonian forests] are estimated to have accumulated [0.62 ± 0.37 tons] of [carbon] per [hectare] per [year] between [1975] and [1996].

Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.

There have also been many references to [Doctor Who] in [popular culture] and [other science fiction], including [Star Trek: The Next Generation] ("The Neutral Zone") and [Leverage]. In the [Channel 4 series Queer as Folk] (created by later [Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies]), the character of Vince was portrayed as an [avid Doctor Who fan], with [references] appearing many times throughout in the form of [clips] from the programme. In a similar manner, the character of Oliver on [Coupling] (created and written by current show runner [Steven Moffat]) is portrayed as a [Doctor Who collector] and [enthusiast]. References to [Doctor Who] have also appeared in the [young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry], the [video game Rock Band], the [soap opera EastEnders], the [Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken], the [Family Guy episodes "Blue Harvest" and "420"], and the game [RuneScape]. It has also be referenced in [Destroy All Humans! 2], by [civilians] in the game's variation of England, and in [Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney].

There have also been many references to Doctor Who in popular culture and other science fiction, including Star Trek: The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage. In the Channel 4 series Queer as Folk (created by later Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies), the character of Vince was portrayed as an avid Doctor Who fan, with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme. In a similar manner, the character of Oliver on Coupling (created and written by current show runner Steven Moffat) is portrayed as a Doctor Who collector and enthusiast. References to Doctor Who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry, the video game Rock Band, the soap opera EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes "Blue Harvest" and "420", and the game RuneScape. It has also be referenced in Destroy All Humans! 2, by civilians in the game's variation of England, and in Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney.

Other than [the curriculum led learning], there are also [National and Public Library Services] led by [the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS)]. [KNLS] is [the body] mandated to [establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries] in [the country]. In addition, some of [the counties] within [the country] have either [established] or [taken over libraries] within their [regions]. [Nairobi County] operates [four libraries] within their [network], which included [the McMillan Memorial Library] located at [the central business district] of [Nairobi]. [A public library] is seen as [a peoples university] since it is [open to all] irrespective of [age], [literacy level] and has [materials relevant] to [people] of [all walks of life].

Other than the curriculum led learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS). KNLS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country. In addition, some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions. Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.

While the [Commission] has a [monopoly] on [initiating legislation], the [European Parliament] and the [Council of the European Union] have [powers] of [amendment] and [veto] during the [legislative process]. According to the [Treaty on European Union] articles [9] and [10], the [EU] observes "the [principle] of [equality] of its [citizens]" and is meant to be [founded] on "representative [democracy]". In [practice], [equality] and [democracy] are [deficient] because the [elected representatives] in the [Parliament] cannot [initiate legislation] against the [Commission]'s wishes, [citizens] of [smallest countries] have [ten times] the [voting weight] in [Parliament] as [citizens] of the [largest countries], and "qualified [majorities]" or [consensus] of the [Council] are [required] to [legislate]. The [justification] for this "democratic [deficit]" under the [Treaties] is usually thought to be that [completion integration] of the [European economy] and [political institutions] required the [technical coordination] of [experts], while [popular understanding] of the [EU] developed and [nationalist sentiments] declined [post-war]. Over [time], this has meant the [Parliament] gradually [assumed] more [voice]: from being an [unelected assembly], to its [first direct elections] in [1979], to having increasingly more rights in the [legislative process]. [Citizens]' rights are therefore [limited] compared to the [democratic polities] within all [European member states]: under [TEU article 11] [citizens] and [associations] have the rights such as [publicising their views] and [submit an initiative] that must be [considered] by the [Commission] with [one million signatures]. [TFEU article 227] contains a further right for [citizens] to [petition the Parliament] on [issues] which [affect] them. [Parliament elections], take place every [five years], and [votes] for [Members of the European Parliament] in [member states] must be [organised] by [proportional representation] or a [single transferable vote]. There are [750 MEPs] and their numbers are "degressively [proportional]" according to [member state size]. This means - although the [Council] is meant to be the [body representing member states] - in the [Parliament] [citizens] of [smaller member states] have more [voice] than [citizens] in [larger member states]. [MEPs] divide, as they do in [national Parliaments], along [political party] lines: the [conservative European People's Party] is currently the [largest], and the [Party of European Socialists] leads the [opposition]. [Parties] do not receive [public funds] from the [EU], as the [Court of Justice] held in [Parti écologiste "Les Verts" v Parliament] that this was entirely an [issue] to be [regulated] by the [member states]. The [Parliament]'s powers include calling [inquiries] into [maladministration] or appoint an [Ombudsman] pending any [court proceedings]. It can require the [Commission] respond to [questions] and by a [two-thirds majority] can [censure] the whole [Commission] (as happened to the [Santer Commission] in [1999]). In some cases, the [Parliament] has explicit [consultation rights], which the [Commission] must genuinely [follow]. However its [role] [participation] in the [legislative process] still remains [limited] because no member can [actually] or [pass legislation] without the [Commission] and [Council], meaning [power] ("[kratia]") is not in the [hands] of [directly elected representatives] of the [people] ("[demos]"): in the [EU] it is not yet true that "the [administration] is in the [hands] of the [many] and not of the [few]."

While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is meant to be founded on "representative democracy". In practice, equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes, citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries, and "qualified majorities" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate. The justification for this "democratic deficit" under the Treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the European economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts, while popular understanding of the EU developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war. Over time, this has meant the Parliament gradually assumed more voice: from being an unelected assembly, to its first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process. Citizens' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them. Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote. There are 750 MEPs and their numbers are "degressively proportional" according to member state size. This means - although the Council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the Parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states. MEPs divide, as they do in national Parliaments, along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the Court of Justice held in Parti écologiste "Les Verts" v Parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states. The Parliament's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an Ombudsman pending any court proceedings. It can require the Commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole Commission (as happened to the Santer Commission in 1999). In some cases, the Parliament has explicit consultation rights, which the Commission must genuinely follow. However its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council, meaning power ("kratia") is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ("demos"): in the EU it is not yet true that "the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few."

[Chloroplasts] have their own [DNA], often abbreviated as [ctDNA], or [cpDNA]. It is also known as the [plastome]. Its existence was first proved in [1962], and first sequenced in [1986]—when two [Japanese research teams] sequenced the chloroplast DNA of [liverwort] and [tobacco]. Since then, [hundreds] of [chloroplast DNAs] from various [species] have been sequenced, but they're mostly those of [land plants] and [green algae]—[glaucophytes], [red algae], and other [algal groups] are extremely [underrepresented], potentially introducing some [bias] in views of "typical" chloroplast DNA structure and content.

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as ctDNA, or cpDNA. It is also known as the plastome. Its existence was first proved in 1962, and first sequenced in 1986—when two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced, but they're mostly those of land plants and green algae—glaucophytes, red algae, and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented, potentially introducing some bias in views of "typical" chloroplast DNA structure and content.

The [first recorded settlement] in what is now Newcastle was [Pons Aelius], a [Roman fort] and [bridge] across the [River Tyne]. It was given the [family name] of the [Roman Emperor Hadrian], who [founded] it in the [2nd century AD]. This [rare honour] suggests that [Hadrian] may have [visited] the [site] and [instituted] the [bridge] on his [tour] of [Britain]. The [population] of [Pons Aelius] at this [period] was [estimated] at [2,000]. [Fragments] of [Hadrian's Wall] are still [visible] in parts of [Newcastle], particularly along the [West Road]. The [course] of the "Roman Wall" can be [traced] [eastwards] to the [Segedunum Roman fort] in [Wallsend]—the "wall's end"—and to the [supply fort] [Arbeia] in [South Shields]. The [extent] of [Hadrian's Wall] was [73 miles] ([117 km]), [spanning] the [width] of [Britain]; the [Wall] [incorporated] the [Vallum], a [large rearward ditch] with [parallel mounds], and was [constructed] [primarily] for [defence], to [prevent] [unwanted immigration] and the [incursion] of [Pictish tribes] from the [north], not as a [fighting line] for a [major invasion].

The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was constructed primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.

The [English name] "Normans" comes from the [French words] [Normans/Normanz], [plural] of [Normant], [modern French] [normand], which is itself [borrowed] from [Old Low Franconian] [Nortmann] "[Northman]" or [directly] from [Old Norse] [Norðmaðr], [Latinized] variously as [Nortmannus], [Normannus], or [Nordmannus] (recorded in [Medieval Latin], [9th century]) to mean "[Norseman], [Viking]".

The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking".

Basic formal education starts at [age six years] and lasts [12 years] comprising [eight years] in [primary school] and [four years] in [high school] or [secondary school]. [Primary school] is [free] in [public schools] and those who exit at this level can join a [vocational youth/village polytechnic] or make their own arrangements for an [apprenticeship program] and learn a trade such as [tailoring], [carpentry], [motor vehicle repair], [brick-laying], and [masonry] for about [two years]. Those who complete [high school] can join a [polytechnic] or other [technical college] and study for [three years] or proceed directly to the [university] and study for [four years]. Graduates from the [polytechnics] and [colleges] can then join the [workforce] and later obtain a specialised higher [diploma qualification] after a further [one to two years] of training, or join the [university] – usually in the [second or third year] of their respective course. The higher [diploma] is accepted by many employers in place of a [bachelor's degree] and direct or accelerated admission to [post-graduate studies] is possible in some universities.

Basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school. Primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry for about two years. Those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years. Graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course. The higher diploma is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities.

[An example] of [a decision problem] is [the following]. [The input] is [an arbitrary graph]. [The problem] consists [in deciding] whether [the given graph] is [connected], or [not]. [The formal language] associated [with this decision problem] is [then] [the set] of [all connected graphs]—[of course], [to obtain] [a precise definition] of [this language], [one has] to [decide] [how graphs] are [encoded] as [binary strings].

An example of a decision problem is the following. The input is an arbitrary graph. The problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.

[Sudbury model democratic schools] claim that [popularly based authority] can maintain order more effectively than [dictatorial authority] for [governments] and [schools] alike. They also claim that in these schools the [preservation of public order] is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because [rules] and [regulations] are made by the [community] as a whole, thence the [school atmosphere] is one of [persuasion] and [negotiation], rather than [confrontation] since there is [no one] to confront. [Sudbury model democratic schools'] [proponents] argue that a school that has [good, clear laws], [fairly and democratically passed] by the [entire school community], and a [good judicial system] for enforcing these laws, is a school in which [community discipline] prevails, and in which an [increasingly sophisticated concept] of [law and order] develops, against [other schools] today, where [rules] are [arbitrary], [authority] is [absolute], [punishment] is [capricious], and [due process of law] is [unknown].

Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops, against other schools today, where rules are arbitrary, authority is absolute, punishment is capricious, and due process of law is unknown.

[Oxygen] is the most [abundant chemical element] by [mass] in the [Earth's biosphere], [air], [sea] and [land]. Oxygen is the [third most abundant chemical element] in the [universe], after [hydrogen] and [helium]. About [0.9%] of the [Sun's mass] is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes [49.2%] of the [Earth's crust] by mass and is the [major component] of the [world's oceans] ([88.8%] by mass). Oxygen gas is the [second most common component] of the [Earth's atmosphere], taking up [20.8%] of its [volume] and [23.1%] of its [mass] (some [1015 tonnes]).d [Earth] is [unusual] among the [planets] of the [Solar System] in having such a high concentration of [oxygen gas] in its [atmosphere]: [Mars] (with [0.1%] O2 by volume) and [Venus] have far lower concentrations. The O2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by [ultraviolet radiation] impacting [oxygen-containing molecules] such as [carbon dioxide].

Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass and is the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass). Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes).d Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% O 2 by volume) and Venus have far lower concentrations. The O 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.

The [Broncos] defeated the [Pittsburgh Steelers] in the [divisional round], [23–16], by scoring [11 points] in the [final three minutes] of the game. They then beat the [defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots] in the [AFC Championship Game], [20–18], by [intercepting] a [pass] on [New England's 2-point conversion attempt] with [17 seconds] left on the [clock]. Despite [Manning]'s problems with [interceptions] during the [season], he didn't throw any in their two [playoff games].

The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23–16, by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20–18, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any in their two playoff games.

In regard to [companies], the [Court of Justice] held in [R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury] that [member states] could [restrict] a [company moving] its [seat of business], without infringing [TFEU article 49]. This meant the [Daily Mail newspaper's parent company] could not [evade tax] by [shifting its residence] to the [Netherlands] without first [settling] its [tax bills] in the [UK]. The [UK] did not need to [justify] its [action], as [rules on company seats] were not yet [harmonised]. By contrast, in [Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen] the [Court of Justice] found that a [UK limited company] operating in [Denmark] could not be [required] to [comply] with [Denmark's minimum share capital rules]. [UK law] only required £1 of [capital] to [start] a [company], while [Denmark's legislature] took the view [companies] should only be [started up] if they had [200,000 Danish krone] (around €27,000) to [protect creditors] if the [company failed] and went [insolvent]. The [Court of Justice] held that [Denmark's minimum capital law] infringed [Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment] and could not be [justified], because a [company in the UK] could admittedly [provide services] in [Denmark] without being [established] there, and there were [less restrictive means] of achieving the [aim of creditor protection]. This approach was [criticised] as potentially opening the [EU] to [unjustified regulatory competition], and a [race to the bottom] in [standards], like in the [US] where the [state Delaware] attracts most [companies] and is often argued to have the [worst standards] of [accountability] of [boards], and [low corporate taxes] as a result. Similarly in [Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH] the [Court of Justice] held that a [German court] could not [deny] a [Dutch building company] the right to [enforce a contract] in [Germany] on the [basis] that it was not [validly incorporated] in [Germany]. Although [restrictions] on [freedom of establishment] could be [justified] by [creditor protection], [labour rights] to [participate in work], or the [public interest] in [collecting taxes], [denial of capacity] went too far: it was an ["outright negation"] of the [right of establishment]. However, in [Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt] the [Court of Justice] affirmed again that because [corporations] are [created by law], they are in [principle subject] to any [rules for formation] that a [state of incorporation] wishes to [impose]. This meant that the [Hungarian authorities] could prevent a [company] from [shifting its central administration] to [Italy] while it still [operated] and was [incorporated] in [Hungary]. Thus, the [court] draws a [distinction] between the [right of establishment] for [foreign companies] (where [restrictions] must be [justified]), and the [right of the state] to [determine conditions] for [companies incorporated] in its [territory], although it is not entirely clear why.

In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen the Court of Justice found that a UK limited company operating in Denmark could not be required to comply with Denmark's minimum share capital rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 Danish krone (around €27,000) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified regulatory competition, and a race to the bottom in standards, like in the US where the state Delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes, denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. However, in Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt the Court of Justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law, they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant that the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to Italy while it still operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why.

[Oxygen] is more [soluble] in [water] than [nitrogen] is. [Water] in [equilibrium] with [air] contains approximately 1 [molecule] of [dissolved O2] for every 2 [molecules] of [N2], compared to an [atmospheric ratio] of approximately 1:4. The [solubility] of [oxygen] in [water] is [temperature-dependent], and about [twice as much] (14.6 mg·L−1) [dissolves] at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1). At 25 °C and 1 [standard atmosphere] (101.3 kPa) of [air], [freshwater] contains about 6.04 [milliliters] (mL) of [oxygen] per [liter], whereas [seawater] contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the [solubility] [increases] to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per [liter] for [water] and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for [seawater].

Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O 2 for every 2 molecules of N 2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1). At 25 °C and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, whereas seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.

From [1510] to [1520], Luther lectured on the [Psalms], the books of [Hebrews], [Romans], and [Galatians]. As he studied these portions of the [Bible], he came to view the use of terms such as [penance] and [righteousness] by the [Catholic Church] in new ways. He became convinced that the church was [corrupt] in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of [Christianity]. The most important for Luther was the [doctrine of justification] – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by [faith alone] through [God's grace]. He began to teach that [salvation] or [redemption] is a gift of [God's grace], attainable only through faith in [Jesus] as the [Messiah]. "This one and firm rock, which we call the [doctrine of justification]," he wrote, "is the [chief article] of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."

From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."

The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. [ban] [95 Theses] [secular authorities] On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms. [18 April 1521] [Luther] [ordered] [Diet of Worms] This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine. [general assembly] [estates] [Holy Roman Empire] [Worms] [town] [Rhine] It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. [28 January to 25 May 1521] [Emperor Charles V] [presiding] Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting. [Prince Frederick III] [Elector of Saxony] [safe conduct] [Luther] [meeting]

The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms. This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting.

Prime numbers [influenced] [artists] and [writers]. The [French composer] Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create [ametrical music] through "natural phenomena". In works such as La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre études de rythme (1949–50), he [simultaneously] [employs] [motifs] with [lengths] given by [different prime numbers] to create [unpredictable rhythms]: the primes [41], [43], [47] and [53] [appear] in the third étude, "Neumes rythmiques". According to Messiaen this way of composing was "inspired by the [movements] of nature, [movements] of [free and unequal durations]".

Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through "natural phenomena". In works such as La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre études de rythme (1949–50), he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms: the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third étude, "Neumes rythmiques". According to Messiaen this way of composing was "inspired by the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations".

When [Céloron]'s [expedition] arrived at [Logstown], the [Native Americans] in the area informed Céloron that they owned the [Ohio Country] and that they would trade with the [British] regardless of the [French]. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the [confluence] of the [Ohio] and the [Miami] [rivers], which lay just south of the [village] of [Pickawillany], the home of the [Miami] [chief] known as "Old Briton". Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with [severe consequences] if he continued to trade with the [British]. "Old Briton" ignored the [warning]. [Disappointed], Céloron returned to [Montreal] in [November] [1749].

When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton". Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. "Old Briton" ignored the warning. Disappointed, Céloron returned to Montreal in November 1749.

[Robert Guiscard], an [other] [Norman adventurer] previously elevated to the dignity of [count] of [Apulia] as the result of his [military successes], ultimately drove the [Byzantines] out of [southern Italy]. Having obtained the consent of [pope Gregory VII] and acting as his [vassal], Robert continued his campaign conquering the [Balkan peninsula] as a [foothold] for [western feudal lords] and the [Catholic Church]. After allying himself with [Croatia] and the [Catholic cities] of [Dalmatia], in [1081] he led an army of [30,000 men] in [300 ships] landing on the southern shores of [Albania], capturing [Valona], [Kanina], [Jericho] ([Orikumi]), and reaching [Butrint] after numerous [pillages]. They joined the [fleet] that had previously conquered [Corfu] and attacked [Dyrrachium] from [land and sea], devastating everything along the way. Under these [harsh circumstances], the [locals] accepted the call of [emperor Alexius I Comnenus] to join forces with the [Byzantines] against the Normans. The Albanian forces could not take part in the [ensuing battle] because it had started before their arrival. Immediately before the battle, the [Venetian fleet] had secured a victory in the [coast surrounding] the city. Forced to retreat, Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named [Comiscortes] in the service of [Byzantium]. The city's [garrison] resisted until [February 1082], when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the [Venetian] and [Amalfitan merchants] who had settled there. The Normans were now free to penetrate into the [hinterland]; they took [Ioannina] and some [minor cities] in [southwestern Macedonia] and [Thessaly] before appearing at the gates of [Thessalonica]. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to [Italy]. They lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and Butrint in [1085], after the death of Robert.

Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the Catholic Church. After allying himself with Croatia and the Catholic cities of Dalmatia, in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of Albania, capturing Valona, Kanina, Jericho (Orikumi), and reaching Butrint after numerous pillages. They joined the fleet that had previously conquered Corfu and attacked Dyrrachium from land and sea, devastating everything along the way. Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted the call of emperor Alexius I Comnenus to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans. The Albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival. Immediately before the battle, the Venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city. Forced to retreat, Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named Comiscortes in the service of Byzantium. The city's garrison resisted until February 1082, when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and Amalfitan merchants who had settled there. The Normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland; they took Ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern Macedonia and Thessaly before appearing at the gates of Thessalonica. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to Italy. They lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and Butrint in 1085, after the death of Robert.

[Gothic architecture] is represented in the [majestic churches] but also at the [burgher houses] and [fortifications]. The most [significant buildings] are [St. John's Cathedral] (14th century), the temple is a [typical example] of the so-called [Masovian gothic style], [St. Mary's Church] (1411), a [town house] of [Burbach family] (14th century), [Gunpowder Tower] (after 1379) and the [Royal Castle Curia Maior] (1407–1410). The most [notable examples] of [Renaissance architecture] in the city are the [house] of [Baryczko merchant family] (1562), [building] called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and [Salwator tenement] (1632). The most [interesting examples] of [mannerist architecture] are the [Royal Castle] (1596–1619) and the [Jesuit Church] (1609–1626) at [Old Town]. Among the [first structures] of the [early baroque] the most [important] are [St. Hyacinth's Church] (1603–1639) and [Sigismund's Column] (1644).

Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).

Connection-oriented transmission [requires a setup phase] in [each involved node] before [any packet] is transferred to [establish the parameters of communication]. The packets include [a connection identifier] rather than [address information] and are [negotiated between endpoints] so that they are [delivered in order] and [with error checking]. [Address information] is [only transferred] to [each node] during the [connection set-up phase], when the [route to the destination] is discovered and [an entry] is [added] to the [switching table] in [each network node] [through which the connection passes]. The [signaling protocols] used allow the [application] to [specify its requirements] and [discover link parameters]. [Acceptable values] for [service parameters] may be [negotiated]. [Routing a packet] [requires the node] to [look up] the [connection id] in [a table]. The [packet header] can be [small], as it [only needs to contain] this [code] and [any information], such as [length], [timestamp], or [sequence number], which is [different for different packets].

Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication. The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking. Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes. The signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table. The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets.

In [1993], the [FCC] repealed the [Financial Interest and Syndication Rules], once again allowing [networks] to hold [interests] in [television production studios]. That same year, [Capital Cities/ABC] purchased the [French animation studio DIC Entertainment]; it also signed an [agreement] with [Time Warner Cable] to carry its [owned-and-operated television stations] on the provider's systems in [ABC O&O markets]. By that year, ABC had a [total viewership share] of [23.63%] of [American households], just below the [limit] of [25%] imposed by the FCC.

In 1993, the FCC repealed the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC Entertainment; it also signed an agreement with Time Warner Cable to carry its owned-and-operated television stations on the provider's systems in ABC O&O markets. By that year, ABC had a total viewership share of 23.63% of American households, just below the limit of 25% imposed by the FCC.

Luther's [Small Catechism] proved [especially effective] in helping [parents] teach their [children]; likewise the [Larger Catechism] was effective for [pastors]. Using the [German vernacular], they expressed the [Apostles' Creed] in [simpler], [more personal], [Trinitarian language]. He [rewrote] each [article] of the [Creed] to express the [character] of the [Father], the [Son], or the [Holy Spirit]. Luther's [goal] was to enable the [catechumens] to see themselves as a [personal object] of the [work] of the [three persons] of the [Trinity], each of which [works] in the [catechumen's life]. That is, Luther depicted the [Trinity] not as a [doctrine] to be [learned], but as [persons] to be [known]. The [Father creates], the [Son redeems], and the [Spirit sanctifies], a [divine unity] with [separate personalities]. [Salvation] originates with the [Father] and draws the [believer] to the [Father]. Luther's treatment of the [Apostles' Creed] must be understood in the context of the [Decalogue] (the [Ten Commandments]) and the [Lord's Prayer], which are also part of the [Lutheran catechical teaching].

Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children; likewise the Larger Catechism was effective for pastors. Using the German vernacular, they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit. Luther's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known. The Father creates, the Son redeems, and the Spirit sanctifies, a divine unity with separate personalities. Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father. Luther's treatment of the Apostles' Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue (the Ten Commandments) and the Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechical teaching.

In [1939] Chinese [Nationalist soldiers] took the [mausoleum] from its position at the '[Lord's Enclosure]' (Mongolian: [Edsen Khoroo]) in [Mongolia] to protect it from [Japanese troops]. It was taken through [Communist-held territory] in [Yan'an] some [900 km] on [carts] to safety at a [Buddhist monastery], the [Dongshan Dafo Dian], where it remained for [ten years]. In [1949], as [Communist troops] advanced, the [Nationalist soldiers] moved it another [200 km] farther west to the famous [Tibetan monastery] of [Kumbum Monastery] or [Ta'er Shi] near [Xining], which soon fell under [Communist control]. In early [1954], [Genghis Khan]'s [bier] and [relics] were returned to the [Lord's Enclosure] in [Mongolia]. By [1956] a new [temple] was erected there to house them. In [1968] during the [Cultural Revolution], [Red Guards] destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the [1970s] and a great [marble statue] of [Genghis] was completed in [1989].

In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.

When finally [Edward the Confessor] returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother [Harthacnut], he brought with him a [Norman-educated mind]. He also brought many [Norman counsellors] and [fighters], some of whom established an [English cavalry force]. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of [Edward]. He appointed [Robert of Jumièges] [archbishop of Canterbury] and made [Ralph the Timid] [earl of Hereford]. He invited his [brother-in-law] [Eustace II], [Count of Boulogne] to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between [Saxon] and [Norman] and ultimately resulted in the exile of [Earl Godwin] of [Wessex].

When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of Edward. He appointed Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex.

Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. [Chloroplasts] may be converted to [chromoplasts], which are [pigment-filled plastids] responsible for the [bright colors] seen in [flowers] and [ripe fruit]. [Starch storing amyloplasts] can also be converted to [chromoplasts], and it is possible for [proplastids] to develop straight into [chromoplasts]. [Chromoplasts] and [amyloplasts] can also become [chloroplasts], like what happens when a [carrot] or a [potato] is [illuminated]. If a [plant] is [injured], or something else causes a [plant cell] to revert to a [meristematic state], [chloroplasts] and other plastids can turn back into [proplastids]. [Chloroplast], [amyloplast], [chromoplast], [proplast], etc., are not [absolute states]—[intermediate forms] are common.

Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated. If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, proplast, etc., are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common.

As a result, [ABC] was relegated to [secondary status] on [existing stations], usually via [off-hours clearances] (a notable exception during this time was [WKST-TV] in [Youngstown, Ohio], now [WYTV], despite the [small size] of the [surrounding market] and its close proximity to [Cleveland] and [Pittsburgh] even decades before the city's [economic collapse]). According to [Goldenson], this meant that an [hour] of [ABC programming] reported [five times lower viewership] than its [competitors]. However, the network's [intake of money] at the time would allow it to accelerate its [content production]. Still, [ABC's limited reach] would continue to hobble it for the [next two decades]; several [smaller markets] would not grow large enough to support a [full-time ABC affiliate] until the [1960s], with some [very small markets] having to wait as late as the [1980s] or even the advent of [digital television] in the [2000s], which allowed [stations] like [WTRF-TV] in [Wheeling, West Virginia] to begin airing [ABC programming] on a [digital subchannel] after airing the network's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before.

As a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations, usually via off-hours clearances (a notable exception during this time was WKST-TV in Youngstown, Ohio, now WYTV, despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to Cleveland and Pittsburgh even decades before the city's economic collapse). According to Goldenson, this meant that an hour of ABC programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors. However, the network's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production. Still, ABC's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time ABC affiliate until the 1960s, with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s, which allowed stations like WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia to begin airing ABC programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before.

[The Hoppings], reputedly [the largest travelling fair in Europe], takes place on [Newcastle Town Moor] every June. The event has its origins in [the Temperance Movement] during the early 1880s and coincides with [the annual race week] at [High Gosforth Park]. [Newcastle Community Green Festival], which claims to be [the UK's biggest free community environmental festival], also takes place every June, in [Leazes Park]. [The Northern Rock Cyclone], [a cycling festival], takes place within, or starting from, [Newcastle] in June. [The Northern Pride Festival] and [Parade] is held in [Leazes Park] and in [the city's Gay Community] in mid July. [The Ouseburn Festival], [a family oriented weekend festival] near [the city centre], incorporating [a "Family Fun Day"] and ["Carnival Day"], is held in late July.

The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.

The new [British command] was not in place until [July]. When he arrived in [Albany], [Abercrombie] refused to take any [significant actions] until [Loudoun] approved them. [Montcalm] took [bold action] against his [inertia]. Building on [Vaudreuil]'s work [harassing] the [Oswego garrison], [Montcalm] executed a [strategic feint] by moving his [headquarters] to [Ticonderoga], as if to [presage] another [attack] along [Lake George]. With [Abercrombie] pinned down at [Albany], [Montcalm] slipped away and led the [successful attack] on [Oswego] in [August]. In the [aftermath], [Montcalm] and the [Indians] under his command disagreed about the [disposition] of [prisoners]' [personal effects]. The [Europeans] did not consider them [prizes] and prevented the [Indians] from [stripping] the [prisoners] of their [valuables], which angered the [Indians].

The new British command was not in place until July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.

[Emperor Gegeen Khan], [Ayurbarwada's son], and [successor], ruled for [only two years], from [1321] to [1323]. He continued his father's [policies] to reform the [government] based on the [Confucian principles], with the help of his newly appointed [grand chancellor Baiju]. During his reign, the [Da Yuan Tong Zhi] (Chinese: [大元通制], "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a [huge collection] of [codes] and [regulations] of the [Yuan dynasty] begun by his father, was [formally promulgated]. [Gegeen] was [assassinated] in a [coup] involving [five princes] from a [rival faction], perhaps [steppe elite] opposed to [Confucian reforms]. They placed [Yesün Temür] (or [Taidingdi]) on the [throne], and, after an [unsuccessful attempt] to calm the princes, he also succumbed to [regicide].

Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.

Since its invention in [1269], the '[Phags-pa script], a unified script for spelling [Mongolian], [Tibetan], and [Chinese] languages, was preserved in the [court] until the end of the [dynasty]. Most of the [Emperors] could not master written [Chinese], but they could generally [converse] well in the language. The [Mongol custom] of [long standing] [quda/marriage alliance] with [Mongol clans], the [Onggirat], and the [Ikeres], kept the [imperial blood] [purely Mongol] until the reign of [Tugh Temur], whose mother was a [Tangut concubine]. The [Mongol Emperors] had built [large palaces] and [pavilions], but some still continued to live as [nomads] at times. Nevertheless, a few other [Yuan emperors] actively sponsored [cultural activities]; an example is [Tugh Temur] (Emperor [Wenzong]), who [wrote poetry], [painted], [read Chinese classical texts], and ordered the [compilation of books].

Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Nevertheless, a few other Yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities; an example is Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books.

The [church] also holds that they "are equally bound to respect the [sacredness] of the [life] and [well-being] of the [mother], for whom [devastating damage] may result from an [unacceptable pregnancy]. In [continuity] with [past Christian teaching], we recognize [tragic conflicts] of [life] with [life] that may [justify abortion], and in such cases we support the [legal option] of [abortion] under [proper medical procedures]." As such, two [official bodies] of the [United Methodist Church] are part of the [Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice]'s [governing coalition], The [General Board of Church and Society], and the [United Methodist Women]. The [church] cautions that "Governmental [laws] and [regulations] do not provide all the [guidance] required by the [informed Christian conscience]." The [Church] emphasizes the need to be in [supportive ministry] with all [women], regardless of their [choice].

The church also holds that they "are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother, for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy. In continuity with past Christian teaching, we recognize tragic conflicts of life with life that may justify abortion, and in such cases we support the legal option of abortion under proper medical procedures." As such, two official bodies of the United Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's governing coalition, The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women. The church cautions that "Governmental laws and regulations do not provide all the guidance required by the informed Christian conscience." The Church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with all women, regardless of their choice.

A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that [Scottish MPs] sitting in the [UK House of Commons] are able to vote on [domestic legislation] that applies only to [England], [Wales] and [Northern Ireland] – whilst [English], [Scottish], [Welsh] and [Northern Irish] [Westminster MPs] are unable to vote on the [domestic legislation] of the [Scottish Parliament]. This phenomenon is known as the [West Lothian question] and has led to [criticism]. Following the [Conservative victory] in the [2015 UK election], [standing orders] of the [House of Commons] were changed to give [MPs representing English constituencies] a new "veto" over [laws] only affecting [England].

A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism. Following the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.

On [8 February 2007], [BSkyB] announced its intention to replace its [three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels] with [four subscription channels]. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of [content] from the [BSkyB portfolio] including [sport] (including [English Premier League Football]), [films], [entertainment] and [news]. The announcement came a day after [Setanta Sports] confirmed that it would launch in [March] as a [subscription service] on the [digital terrestrial platform], and on the same day that [NTL's services] [re-branded] as [Virgin Media]. However, [industry sources] believe [BSkyB] will be forced to [shelve plans] to withdraw its channels from [Freeview] and replace them with [subscription channels], due to [possible lost advertising revenue].

On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.

In [October 2010], the [open-access scientific journal] [PLoS Pathogens] published a [paper] by a [multinational team] who undertook a [new investigation] into the role of [Yersinia pestis] in the [Black Death] following the [disputed identification] by [Drancourt] and [Raoult] in [1998]. They assessed the presence of [DNA/RNA] with [Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques] for [Y. pestis] from the [tooth sockets] in [human skeletons] from [mass graves] in [northern], [central] and [southern Europe] that were associated [archaeologically] with the [Black Death] and [subsequent resurgences]. The [authors] concluded that this [new research], together with [prior analyses] from the [south of France] and [Germany], ". . . ends the [debate] about the [etiology] of the [Black Death], and [unambiguously demonstrates] that [Y. pestis] was the [causative agent] of the [epidemic plague] that [devastated Europe] during the [Middle Ages]".

In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".

Not only are [all] the [major] British architects of the [last four hundred years] represented, but [many] [European] (especially [Italian]) and [American] architects' [drawings] are held in the [collection]. The RIBA's [holdings] of [over 330 drawings] by [Andrea Palladio] are the [largest] in the [world], [other Europeans] [well represented] are [Jacques Gentilhatre] and [Antonio Visentini]. [British architects] whose [drawings], and in some cases [models] of their [buildings], in the [collection], [include]: [Inigo Jones], [Sir Christopher Wren], [Sir John Vanbrugh], [Nicholas Hawksmoor], [William Kent], [James Gibbs], [Robert Adam], [Sir William Chambers], [James Wyatt], [Henry Holland], [John Nash], [Sir John Soane], [Sir Charles Barry], [Charles Robert Cockerell], [Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin], [Sir George Gilbert Scott], [John Loughborough Pearson], [George Edmund Street], [Richard Norman Shaw], [Alfred Waterhouse], [Sir Edwin Lutyens], [Charles Rennie Mackintosh], [Charles Holden], [Frank Hoar], [Lord Richard Rogers], [Lord Norman Foster], [Sir Nicholas Grimshaw], [Zaha Hadid] and [Alick Horsnell].

Not only are all the major British architects of the last four hundred years represented, but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection. The RIBA's holdings of over 330 drawings by Andrea Palladio are the largest in the world, other Europeans well represented are Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini. British architects whose drawings, and in some cases models of their buildings, in the collection, include: Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, Henry Holland, John Nash, Sir John Soane, Sir Charles Barry, Charles Robert Cockerell, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Charles Holden, Frank Hoar, Lord Richard Rogers, Lord Norman Foster, Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha Hadid and Alick Horsnell.

It was not until [January 1518] that [friends of Luther] translated the [95 Theses] from [Latin] into [German] and [printed] and [widely copied] them, making the [controversy] one of the [first] in [history] to be aided by the [printing press]. Within [two weeks], [copies] of the [theses] had spread throughout [Germany]; within [two months], they had spread throughout [Europe].

It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe.

Many of [Tesla]'s [writings] are freely available on the [web], including the [article] "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy," [published] in [The Century Magazine] in [1900], and the [article] "Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency," [published] in his [book] [Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla].

Many of Tesla's writings are freely available on the web, including the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy," published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article "Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency," published in his book Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.

Luther [published] his [German translation] of the [New Testament] in 1522, and he and his [collaborators] completed the translation of the [Old Testament] in 1534, when the [whole Bible] was published. He [continued] to work on [refining] the translation until the [end] of his [life]. [Others] had [translated] the [Bible] into [German], but Luther [tailored] his translation to his own [doctrine]. When he was [criticised] for [inserting] the word "alone" after "faith" in [Romans 3:28], he [replied] in part: "The [text itself] and the [meaning] of [St. Paul] [urgently require] and [demand] it. For in that very [passage] he is [dealing] with the [main point] of [Christian doctrine], namely, that we are [justified] by [faith] in [Christ] without any [works] of the [Law]. ... But when [works] are so [completely cut away] – and that must mean that [faith alone justifies] – [whoever] would [speak plainly] and [clearly] about this [cutting away] of [works] will have to say, 'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'".

Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534, when the whole Bible was published. He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life. Others had translated the Bible into German, but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine. When he was criticised for inserting the word "alone" after "faith" in Romans 3:28, he replied in part: "The text itself and the meaning of St. Paul urgently require and demand it. For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine, namely, that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law. ... But when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say, 'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'."

[Tesla] was the [fourth] of [five] [children]. He had an [older brother] named [Dane] and [three sisters], [Milka], [Angelina] and [Marica]. [Dane] was killed in a [horse-riding accident] when [Nikola] was [five]. In [1861], [Tesla] attended the ["Lower" or "Primary" School] in [Smiljan] where he studied [German], [arithmetic], and [religion]. In [1862], the [Tesla family] moved to [Gospić], [Austrian Empire], where [Tesla's father] worked as a [pastor]. [Nikola] completed "Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the ["Lower Real Gymnasium"] or "Normal School".

Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the "Lower" or "Primary" School in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion. In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Tesla's father worked as a pastor. Nikola completed "Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School."

The [UChicago Arts program] joins academic [departments] and [programs] in the [Division of the Humanities] and the [College], as well as [professional organizations] including the [Court Theatre], the [Oriental Institute], the [Smart Museum of Art], the [Renaissance Society], [University of Chicago Presents], and [student arts organizations]. The university has an [artist-in-residence program] and [scholars] in [performance studies], [contemporary art criticism], and [film history]. It has offered a [doctorate] in [music composition] since [1933] and in [Cinema & Media studies] since [2000], a [master of fine arts] in [visual arts] ([early 1970s]), and a [master of arts] in the [humanities] with a [creative writing track] ([2000]). It has [bachelor's degree programs] in [visual arts], [music], and [art history], and, more recently, [Cinema & Media studies] ([1996]) and [theater & performance studies] ([2002]). The [College's general education core] includes a [“dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement], requiring students to study the [history of the arts], [stage desire], or [begin working with sculpture]. Several thousand [major] and [non-major undergraduates] enroll annually in [creative and performing arts classes]. [UChicago] is often considered the [birthplace] of [improvisational comedy] as the [Compass Players] [student comedy troupe] evolved into [The Second City improv theater troupe] in [1959]. The [Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts] opened in [October 2012], [five years] after a [$35 million gift] from [alumnus David Logan] and his [wife Reva]. The center includes spaces for [exhibitions], [performances], [classes], and [media production]. The Logan Center was designed by [Tod Williams] and [Billie Tsien]. This [building] is actually [entirely glass]. The [brick] is a [facade] designed to keep the [glass] safe from the [wind]. The [architects] later removed sections of the [bricks] when [pressure] arose in the form of [complaints] that the [views] of the [city] were [blocked].

The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.

In the [United Kingdom] and several other [Commonwealth countries] including [Australia] and [Canada], the use of the term is generally restricted to [primary] and [secondary educational levels]; it is almost never used of [universities] and other [tertiary institutions]. [Private education] in [North America] covers the whole gamut of [educational activity], ranging from [pre-school] to [tertiary level institutions]. [Annual tuition fees] at [K-12 schools] range from [nothing] at so called ['tuition-free' schools] to more than [$45,000] at several [New England preparatory schools].

In the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education in North America covers the whole gamut of educational activity, ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions. Annual tuition fees at K-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000 at several New England preparatory schools.

[Tesla]'s [demonstration] of his [induction motor] and [Westinghouse]'s subsequent [licensing] of the [patent], both in [1888], put [Tesla] firmly on the ["AC"] side of the so-called ["War of Currents"], an [electrical distribution battle] being waged between [Thomas Edison] and [George Westinghouse] that had been [simmering] since [Westinghouse]'s first [AC system] in [1886] and had reached the [point] of [all-out warfare] by [1888]. This started out as a [competition] between [rival lighting systems] with [Edison] holding all the [patents] for [DC] and the [incandescent light] and [Westinghouse] using his own patented [AC system] to [power arc lights] as well as [incandescent lamps] of a [slightly different design] to get around the [Edison patent]. The [acquisition] of a [feasible AC motor] gave [Westinghouse] a [key patent] in building a [completely integrated AC system], but the [financial strain] of [buying up patents] and [hiring the engineers] needed to build it meant [development] of [Tesla]'s motor had to be [put on hold] for a [while]. The [competition] resulted in [Edison Machine Works] pursuing AC [development] in [1890] and by [1892] [Thomas Edison] was no longer in [control] of his own [company], which was [consolidated] into the [conglomerate General Electric] and [converting] to an [AC delivery system] at that [point].

Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888, put Tesla firmly on the "AC" side of the so-called "War of Currents," an electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888. This started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with Edison holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the Edison patent. The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated AC system, but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for a while. The competition resulted in Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system at that point.

In an interview with newspaper editor [Arthur Brisbane], [Tesla] said that he did not believe in [telepathy], stating, "Suppose I made up my mind to murder you," he said, "In a second you would know it. Now, isn't that wonderful? By what process does the mind get at all this?" In the same interview, [Tesla] said that he believed that all [fundamental laws] could be reduced to one.

In an interview with newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, Tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy, stating, "Suppose I made up my mind to murder you," he said, "In a second you would know it. Now, isn't that wonderful? By what process does the mind get at all this?" In the same interview, Tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one.

The [chloroplast] membranes sometimes protrude out into the [cytoplasm], forming a [stromule], or [stroma-containing tubule]. [Stromules] are very rare in [chloroplasts], and are much more common in other [plastids] like [chromoplasts] and [amyloplasts] in [petals] and [roots], respectively. They may exist to increase the [chloroplast's surface area] for [cross-membrane transport], because they are often [branched] and [tangled] with the [endoplasmic reticulum]. When they were first observed in 1962, some [plant biologists] dismissed the structures as [artifactual], claiming that [stromules] were just oddly shaped [chloroplasts] with [constricted regions] or [dividing chloroplasts]. However, there is a [growing body of evidence] that [stromules] are [functional], [integral features] of [plant cell plastids], not merely [artifacts].

The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.

Islamists [have asked] the [question], "If [Islam] is a [way of life], how can we say that those who want to [live] by its [principles] in [legal], [social], [political], [economic], and [political] spheres of life are not [Muslims], but [Islamists] and believe in [Islamism], not just [Islam]?" Similarly, a [writer] for the [International Crisis Group] maintains that "the [conception] of '[political Islam]'" is a [creation] of [Americans] to explain the [Iranian Islamic Revolution] and [apolitical Islam] was a [historical fluke] of the "short-lived [era] of the [heyday] of [secular Arab nationalism] between [1945] and [1970]", and it is [quietist]/[non-political Islam], not [Islamism], that requires [explanation].

Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not just Islam?" Similarly, a writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", and it is quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation.

In [1928], Tesla received his last [patent], [U.S. Patent 1,655,114], for a [biplane] capable of taking off [vertically] ([VTOL aircraft]) and then be "gradually tilted through manipulation of the [elevator devices]" in [flight] until it was flying like a [conventional plane]. Tesla thought the [plane] would sell for [less than $1,000].:251 Although the [aircraft] was probably [impractical], it may be the [earliest known design] for what became the [tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept] as well as the [earliest proposal] for the use of [turbine engines] in [rotor aircraft]. [improper synthesis?]

In 1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S. Patent 1,655,114, for a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) and then be "gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices" in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane. Tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $1,000.:251 Although the aircraft was probably impractical, it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft.improper synthesis?

[One] of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by [Egyptians] against the [British occupation] in the [1919 Revolution]. [Civil disobedience] is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be [unfair laws]. It has been used in many [nonviolent resistance movements] in [India] ([Gandhi's campaigns] for [independence] from the [British Empire]), in [Czechoslovakia]'s [Velvet Revolution] and in [East Germany] to oust their [communist governments], In [South Africa] in the fight against [apartheid], in the [American Civil Rights Movement], in the [Singing Revolution] to bring [independence] to the [Baltic countries] from the [Soviet Union], recently with the [2003 Rose Revolution] in [Georgia] and the [2004 Orange Revolution] in [Ukraine], among [other various movements] worldwide.

One of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British Empire), in Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and in East Germany to oust their communist governments, In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, among other various movements worldwide.