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Premiering the day after the [assassination] of [John F. Kennedy], the [first episode] of [Doctor Who] was repeated with the [second episode] the following week. Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the [BBC's mainstream BBC One channel], where it is regarded as a [family show], drawing audiences of many [millions of viewers]; [episodes] are now repeated on [BBC Three]. The programme's [popularity] has [waxed] and [waned] over the decades, with [three notable periods] of high [ratings]. The [first] of these was the ["Dalekmania" period] (circa [1964–1965]), when the popularity of the [Daleks] regularly brought Doctor Who ratings of between [9] and [14 million], even for stories which did not feature them. The [second] was the [late 1970s], when [Tom Baker] occasionally drew audiences of over [12 million]. | Premiering the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated with the second episode the following week. Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show, drawing audiences of many millions of viewers; episodes are now repeated on BBC Three. The programme's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the "Dalekmania" period (circa 1964–1965), when the popularity of the Daleks regularly brought Doctor Who ratings of between 9 and 14 million, even for stories which did not feature them. The second was the late 1970s, when Tom Baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million. |
These [chloroplasts], which can be traced back directly to a [cyanobacterial] ancestor, are known as [primary plastids] ("plastid" in this context means almost the same thing as [chloroplast]). All [primary chloroplasts] belong to one of three [chloroplast lineages]—the [glaucophyte chloroplast lineage], the [rhodophyte], or [red algal chloroplast lineage], or the [chloroplastidan], or [green chloroplast lineage]. The [second two] are the [largest], and the [green chloroplast lineage] is the one that contains the [land plants]. | These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids ("plastid" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. The second two are the largest, and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants. |
[What intractability means] in [practice] is [open to debate]. [Saying] that a [problem] is [not in P] does [not imply] that [all large cases] of the [problem] are [hard] or [even] that [most of them] are. [For example], the [decision problem] in [Presburger arithmetic] has been shown [not to be in P], [yet] [algorithms] have been [written] that [solve] the [problem] in [reasonable times] in [most cases]. [Similarly], [algorithms] can [solve] the [NP-complete knapsack problem] [over] a [wide range] of [sizes] in [less than quadratic time] and [SAT solvers] [routinely handle] [large instances] of the [NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem]. | What intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that a problem is not in P does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly, algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem. |
The project must adhere to [zoning] and [building code] [requirements]. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to [codes] does not benefit the [owner]. Some legal requirements come from [malum in se considerations], or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – [bridge collapses] or [explosions]. Other legal requirements come from [malum prohibitum considerations], or things that are a matter of [custom] or [expectation], such as isolating businesses to a [business district] and residences to a [residential district]. An [attorney] may seek changes or [exemptions] in the [law] that governs the [land] where the [building] will be built, either by arguing that a rule is [inapplicable] (the bridge design will not cause a [collapse]), or that the custom is [no longer needed] (acceptance of [live-work spaces] has grown in the community). | The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community). |
Some theories of civil disobedience hold that [civil disobedience] is only justified against [governmental entities]. [Brownlee] argues that [disobedience] in [opposition] to the [decisions] of [non-governmental agencies] such as [trade unions], [banks], and [private universities] can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken". The [same principle], she argues, applies to [breaches of law] in [protest] against [international organizations] and [foreign governments]. | Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments. |
The [mayor] of [Warsaw] is called [President]. Generally, in [Poland], the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have [over 100,000 people] or these, where already was president before [1990]. The first Warsaw President was [Jan Andrzej Menich] ([1695–1696]). Between [1975] and [1990] the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the [Warsaw Voivode]. Since [1990] the President of Warsaw had been [elected] by the [City council]. In the years of [1994–1999] the mayor of the district [Centrum] automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since [2002] the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw. | The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw. |
The [merger] between [ABC] and [Capital Cities] received [federal approval] on [September 5, 1985]. After the [ABC/Capital Cities merger] was [finalized] on [January 3, 1986], the [combined company] – which became known as [Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.] – added [four television stations] ([WPVI-TV/Philadelphia], [KTRK-TV/Houston], [KFSN-TV/Fresno] and [WTVD/Raleigh]) and [several radio stations] to [ABC's broadcasting portfolio], and also included [Fairchild Publications] and [four newspapers] (including [The Kansas City Star] and [Fort Worth Star-Telegram]). It also initiated [several changes] in its [management]: [Frederick S. Pierce] was named [president] of [ABC's broadcasting division]; [Michael P. Millardi] became [vice president] of [ABC Broadcasting], and [president] of [ABC Owned Stations] and [ABC Video Enterprises]; [John B. Sias] was appointed [president] of the [ABC Television Network]; [Brandon Stoddard] became [president] of [ABC Entertainment] (a position to which he had been appointed in [November 1985]); and [Roone Arledge] became [president] of [ABC News] and [ABC Sports]. In [February 1986], [Thomas S. Murphy], who had been serving as [CEO] of [Capital Cities] since [1964], was appointed [chairman] and [CEO emeritus] of [ABC]. [Jim Duffy] stepped down as [ABC Television president] for a [management position] at [ABC Communications], a [subsidiary] that specialized in [community service programming], including shows related to [literary education]. | The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company – which became known as Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. – added four television stations (WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno and WTVD/Raleigh) and several radio stations to ABC's broadcasting portfolio, and also included Fairchild Publications and four newspapers (including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram). It also initiated several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias was appointed president of the ABC Television Network; Brandon Stoddard became president of ABC Entertainment (a position to which he had been appointed in November 1985); and Roone Arledge became president of ABC News and ABC Sports. In February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964, was appointed chairman and CEO emeritus of ABC. Jim Duffy stepped down as ABC Television president for a management position at ABC Communications, a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming, including shows related to literary education. |
As of [2012], [quality private schools] in the [United States] charged [substantial] [tuition], close to [$40,000] [annually] for [day schools] in [New York City], and nearly [$50,000] for [boarding schools]. However, [tuition] did not cover [operating expenses], particularly at [boarding schools]. The [leading schools] such as the [Groton School] had [substantial endowments] running to [hundreds of millions of dollars] supplemented by [fundraising drives]. [Boarding schools] with a [reputation for quality] in the [United States] have a [student body] drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe, and a [list of applicants] which far exceeds their [capacity]. | As of 2012, quality private schools in the United States charged substantial tuition, close to $40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives. Boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the United States have a student body drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe, and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity. |
On [October 6], [2004], a [joint] [Japanese-Mongolian] [archaeological dig] uncovered what is believed to be [Genghis Khan]'s [palace] in [rural Mongolia], which raises the [possibility] of actually locating the ruler's [long-lost burial site]. [Folklore] says that a [river] was [diverted] over his [grave] to make it [impossible] to find (the same [manner] of [burial] as the [Sumerian King Gilgamesh] of [Uruk] and [Atilla the Hun]). Other [tales] state that his [grave] was [stampeded] over by many [horses], and that [trees] were then [planted] over the [site], and the [permafrost] also did its part in [hiding] the [burial site]. | On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site. Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, and that trees were then planted over the site, and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site. |
[Bolshevik leaders] had effectively reestablished a [polity] with roughly the [same extent] as [that empire] by [1921], however with an [internationalist ideology]: [Lenin] in particular asserted the [right] to [limited self-determination] for [national minorities] within the [new territory]. Beginning in [1923], the [policy] of "Indigenization" [korenizatsiia] was intended to support [non-Russians] develop their [national cultures] within a [socialist framework]. [Never] formally [revoked], it stopped being [implemented] after [1932]. After [World War II], the [Soviet Union] installed [socialist regimes] modeled on those it had installed in [1919–20] in the [old Tsarist Empire] in [areas] its [forces] [occupied] in [Eastern Europe]. The [Soviet Union] and the [People’s Republic of China] supported [post–World War II communist movements] in [foreign nations] and [colonies] to [advance] their own [interests], but were [not always successful]. | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization" korenizatsiia was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Never formally revoked, it stopped being implemented after 1932. After World War II, the Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China supported post–World War II communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests, but were not always successful. |
The heat required for [boiling the water] and supplying the [steam] can be derived from [various sources], most commonly from [burning combustible materials] with an [appropriate supply of air] in a [closed space] (called [variously combustion chamber], [firebox]). In some cases the heat source is a [nuclear reactor], [geothermal energy], [solar energy] or [waste heat] from an [internal combustion engine] or [industrial process]. In the case of [model] or [toy steam engines], the heat source can be an [electric heating element]. | The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element. |
[Doctor Who] has been [satirised] and [spoofed] on many occasions by [comedians] including [Spike Milligan] (a [Dalek] invades his bathroom — Milligan, [naked], hurls a [soap sponge] at it) and [Lenny Henry]. [Jon Culshaw] frequently impersonates the [Fourth Doctor] in the BBC [Dead Ringers] series. [Doctor Who fandom] has also been [lampooned] on programs such as [Saturday Night Live], [The Chaser's War on Everything], [Mystery Science Theater 3000], [Family Guy], [American Dad!], [Futurama], [South Park], [Community] as [Inspector Spacetime], [The Simpsons] and [The Big Bang Theory]. | Doctor Who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom — Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series. Doctor Who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory. |
Every May since [1987], the [University of Chicago] has held the [University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt], in which [large teams of students] compete to obtain notoriously [esoteric items] from a list. Since [1963], the [Festival of the Arts] ([FOTA]) takes over campus for [7–10 days] of [exhibitions] and [interactive artistic endeavors]. Every January, the university holds a [week-long winter festival], [Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko], which include [early morning exercise routines] and [fitness workshops]. The university also annually holds a [summer carnival] and [concert] called [Summer Breeze] that hosts [outside musicians], and is home to [Doc Films], a [student film society] founded in [1932] that screens films [nightly] at the university. Since [1946], the university has organized the [Latke-Hamantash Debate], which involves [humorous discussions] about the relative [merits] and [meanings] of [latkes] and [hamantashen]. | Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors. Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops. The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians, and is home to Doc Films, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since 1946, the university has organized the Latke-Hamantash Debate, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen. |
In [1523], [Luther] wrote that [Jesus Christ] was born a [Jew] which discouraged [mistreatment] of the [Jews] and advocated their [conversion] by proving that the [Old Testament] could be shown to speak of [Jesus Christ]. However, as the [Reformation] continued, [Luther] began to lose [hope] in [large-scale] Jewish conversion to [Christianity]. In his [later years], [Luther] grew more [hostile] toward the [Jews], writing against them with the kind of [venom] he had already unleashed on the [Anabaptists], [Zwinglianism], and the [papacy]. His [1543] [treatise] [Von den Juden und ihren Lügen] ([On the Jews and Their Lies]) took its place among other [anti-Jewish literature] of the times, although [historians] acknowledge that this [treatise] was particularly [extreme], even by the standards of [sixteenth century Europe]. In it, he takes a [hardline] against [Judaism], writing that [synagogues] and Jewish [homes] should be [destroyed], their [money] [confiscated], and [liberty] [curtailed]. These [statements] and their [influence] on [antisemitism] have contributed to his [controversial] [status]. | In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status. |
This combination of cancellations and [σ] and [π] overlaps results in [dioxygen]'s [double bond] character and [reactivity], and a [triplet] electronic [ground state]. An [electron configuration] with [two unpaired electrons] as found in dioxygen (see the filled [π* orbitals] in the diagram), orbitals that are of [equal energy]—i.e., [degenerate]—is a configuration termed a [spin triplet state]. Hence, the [ground state] of the O
2 [molecule] is referred to as [triplet oxygen].b The [highest energy], [partially filled orbitals] are [antibonding], and so their [filling] weakens the [bond order] from [three] to [two]. Because of its [unpaired electrons], triplet oxygen [reacts] only [slowly] with most [organic molecules], which have [paired electron spins]; this prevents [spontaneous combustion]. | This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O
2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.b The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion. |
In the [1840s] and [50s], there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various [patent valve gears] with a [separate], [variable cutoff expansion valve] riding on the back of the [main slide valve]; the latter usually had [fixed] or [limited cutoff]. The [combined setup] gave a [fair approximation] of the [ideal events], at the [expense] of [increased friction] and [wear], and the mechanism tended to be [complicated]. The usual [compromise solution] has been to provide [lap] by [lengthening rubbing surfaces] of the valve in such a way as to [overlap] the [port] on the [admission side], with the [effect] that the [exhaust side] remains [open] for a [longer period] after [cut-off] on the [admission side] has occurred. This [expedient] has since been generally considered [satisfactory] for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler [Stephenson], [Joy] and [Walschaerts motions]. [Corliss], and later, [poppet valve gears] had [separate admission] and [exhaust valves] driven by [trip mechanisms] or [cams] profiled so as to give [ideal events]; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the [stationary marketplace] due to various other issues including [leakage] and [more delicate mechanisms]. | In the 1840s and 50s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions. Corliss, and later, poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms. |
The "["West Side"]" of ["Fresno"], also often called "["Southwest Fresno"]", is one of the ["oldest"] neighborhoods in the ["city"]. The neighborhood lies ["southwest"] of the 99 freeway (which divides it from ["Downtown Fresno"]), ["west"] of the 41 freeway and ["south"] of ["Nielsen Ave"] (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and ["extends"] to the ["city limits"] to the ["west"] and ["south"]. The neighborhood is ["traditionally considered"] to be the ["center"] of ["Fresno's African-American community"]. It is ["culturally diverse"] and also includes ["significant"] ["Mexican-American"] and ["Asian-American"] (principally ["Hmong"] or ["Laotian"]) ["populations"]. | The "West Side" of Fresno, also often called "Southwest Fresno", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations. |
Warsaw was [occupied] by [Germany] from [4 August 1915] until [November 1918]. The [Allied Armistice] terms required in [Article 12] that Germany [withdraw] from [areas controlled] by [Russia] in [1914], which included Warsaw. Germany did so, and [underground leader] [Piłsudski] returned to Warsaw on [11 November] and set up what became the [Second Polish Republic], with Warsaw the [capital]. In the course of the [Polish-Bolshevik War] of [1920], the [huge Battle] of Warsaw was fought on the [eastern outskirts] of the city in which the capital was [successfully defended] and the [Red Army] [defeated]. Poland [stopped] by itself the [full brunt] of the Red Army and defeated an [idea] of the "export of the revolution". | Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw. Germany did so, and underground leader Piłsudski returned to Warsaw on 11 November and set up what became the Second Polish Republic, with Warsaw the capital. In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, the huge Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated. Poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the Red Army and defeated an idea of the "export of the revolution". |
The [network's flagship owned-and-operated station], [WJZ-TV] in [New York City] (later re-called [WABC-TV]), signed on the air on [August 10, 1948], with its first broadcast running for [two hours] that evening. [ABC]'s [other owned-and-operated stations] launched over the course of the next [13 months]: [WENR-TV] in [Chicago] signed on the air on [September 17], while [WXYZ-TV] in [Detroit] went on the air on [October 9, 1948]. In [October 1948], as a result of an [influx] of television station [license applications] that it had issued as well as a [study] it undertook on the use of the [VHF spectrum] for [broadcasting purposes], the [FCC] implemented a [freeze] on new station applications. However, [KGO-TV] in [San Francisco], which had received its [license] prior to the freeze, made its [debut] on [May 5, 1949]. On [May 7, 1949], [Billboard] revealed that [ABC] had proposed an [investment] of [$6.25 million], of which it would spend [$2.5 million] to convert [20 acres] ([80,937 m2]) of [land in Hollywood] into what would become [The Prospect Studios], and construct a [transmitter] on [Mount Wilson], in anticipation of the launch of [KECA-TV], which was scheduled to begin operations on [August 1] (but would not actually sign on until [September 16]). | The network's flagship owned-and-operated station, WJZ-TV in New York City (later re-called WABC-TV), signed on the air on August 10, 1948, with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening. ABC's other owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months: WENR-TV in Chicago signed on the air on September 17, while WXYZ-TV in Detroit went on the air on October 9, 1948. In October 1948, as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the VHF spectrum for broadcasting purposes, the FCC implemented a freeze on new station applications. However, KGO-TV in San Francisco, which had received its license prior to the freeze, made its debut on May 5, 1949. On May 7, 1949, Billboard revealed that ABC had proposed an investment of $6.25 million, of which it would spend $2.5 million to convert 20 acres (80,937 m2) of land in Hollywood into what would become The Prospect Studios, and construct a transmitter on Mount Wilson, in anticipation of the launch of KECA-TV, which was scheduled to begin operations on August 1 (but would not actually sign on until September 16). |
[Pharmacy informatics] is the combination of [pharmacy practice science] and [applied information science]. [Pharmacy informaticists] work in many [practice areas] of pharmacy, however, they may also work in [information technology departments] or for [healthcare information technology vendor companies]. As a [practice area] and [specialist domain], [pharmacy informatics] is growing quickly to meet the needs of [major national and international patient information projects] and [health system interoperability goals]. [Pharmacists] in this area are trained to participate in [medication management system development], [deployment] and [optimization]. | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization. |
It is tempting to think that the notion of [function problems] is much [richer] than the notion of [decision problems]. However, this is not really the case, since [function problems] can be [recast] as [decision problems]. For example, the [multiplication] of two [integers] can be [expressed] as the set of [triples] (a, b, c) such that the [relation] a × b = c [holds]. [Deciding] whether a given [triple] is a [member] of this set [corresponds] to [solving] the [problem] of [multiplying] two [numbers]. | It is tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems. For example, the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples (a, b, c) such that the relation a × b = c holds. Deciding whether a given triple is a member of this set corresponds to solving the problem of multiplying two numbers. |
In the [United States], each [state] determines the [requirements] for getting a [license] to [teach] in [public schools]. [Teaching certification] generally lasts [three years], but teachers can receive [certificates] that last as long as [ten years]. [Public school teachers] are required to have a [bachelor's degree] and the [majority] must be [certified] by the [state] in which they teach. Many [charter schools] do not require that their teachers be [certified], provided they meet the [standards] to be [highly qualified] as set by [No Child Left Behind]. Additionally, the [requirements] for [substitute/temporary teachers] are generally not as [rigorous] as those for [full-time professionals]. The [Bureau of Labor Statistics] estimates that there are [1.4 million] [elementary school teachers], [674,000] [middle school teachers], and [1 million] [secondary school teachers] employed in the [U.S.]. | In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S. |
Oxygen gas can also be produced through [electrolysis] of [water] into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. [DC electricity] must be used: if [AC] is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the [explosive ratio] [2:1]. Contrary to [popular belief], the [2:1 ratio] observed in the DC electrolysis of [acidified water] does not prove that the [empirical formula] of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are made about the [molecular formulae] of hydrogen and oxygen themselves. A similar method is the [electrocatalytic O2 evolution] from [oxides] and [oxoacids]. [Chemical catalysts] can be used as well, such as in [chemical oxygen generators] or [oxygen candles] that are used as part of the [life-support equipment] on [submarines], and are still part of [standard equipment] on [commercial airliners] in case of [depressurization emergencies]. Another [air separation technology] involves forcing air to dissolve through [ceramic membranes] based on [zirconium dioxide] by either [high pressure] or an [electric current], to produce nearly pure O2 gas. | Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. Contrary to popular belief, the 2:1 ratio observed in the DC electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves. A similar method is the electrocatalytic O
2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure O
2 gas. |
In [1981], the [Presidential Working Party] on the [Second University] was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a [second university] in [Kenya] as well as the [reforming] of the [entire education system]. The [committee] recommended that the [7–4–2–3 system] be changed to an [8–4–4 system] (eight years in [primary], four years in [secondary], and four years in [university education]). The [table] under [Present-day education] in [Kenya] below shows the [structure] of the [8–4–4 system]. Although the [7–4–2–3 system] theoretically ended with the [introduction] of the [new 8–4–4 system] in [1985], the [last batch] of [students] from the [former system] [graduated] from [Kenyan Universities] in [1992]. | In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system. The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education). The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system. Although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985, the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992. |
The [CYCLADES packet switching network] was a [French research network] designed and directed by [Louis Pouzin]. [First] [demonstrated] in [1973], it was [developed] to explore [alternatives] to the [early ARPANET design] and to [support network research generally]. It was the [first network] to make the [hosts] responsible for [reliable delivery] of [data], rather than the [network itself], using [unreliable datagrams] and associated [end-to-end protocol mechanisms]. [Concepts] of this network influenced [later ARPANET architecture]. | The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture. |
Many counties offer [alternative licensing programs] to attract people into [teaching], especially for [hard-to-fill positions]. [Excellent job opportunities] are expected as [retirements], especially among [secondary school teachers], outweigh [slowing enrollment growth]; [opportunities] will vary by [geographic area] and [subject taught].[citation needed] | Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.citation needed |
Kenya has a [warm] and [humid] [tropical climate] on its [Indian Ocean coastline]. The climate is [cooler] in the [savannah grasslands] around the [capital city], [Nairobi], and especially closer to [Mount Kenya], which has [snow] [permanently] on its [peaks]. Further [inland], in the [Nyanza region], there is a [hot] and [dry climate] which becomes [humid] around [Lake Victoria], the largest [tropical fresh-water lake] in the world. This gives way to [temperate] and [forested hilly areas] in the neighboring [western region]. The [north-eastern regions] along the border with [Somalia] and [Ethiopia] are [arid] and [semi-arid areas] with [near-desert landscapes]. Kenya is known for its [safaris], [diverse climate] and [geography], and [expansive wildlife reserves] and [national parks] such as the [East and West Tsavo National Park], the [Maasai Mara], [Lake Nakuru National Park], and [Aberdares National Park]. Kenya has several [world heritage sites] such as [Lamu] and numerous [beaches], including in [Diani], [Bamburi] and [Kilifi], where [international yachting competitions] are held every year. | Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya, which has snow permanently on its peaks. Further inland, in the Nyanza region, there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Kenya is known for its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park. Kenya has several world heritage sites such as Lamu and numerous beaches, including in Diani, Bamburi and Kilifi, where international yachting competitions are held every year. |
Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a [trade magazine] for the [construction industry]. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on [data] about the [size] of [design] and [construction companies]. They publish a [list] of the [largest companies] in the [United States] ([Top-40]) and also a list the [largest global firms] ([Top-250], [by amount of work] they are doing [outside their home country]). In [2014], ENR compiled the data in [nine market segments]. It was divided as [transportation], [petroleum], [buildings], [power], [industrial], [water], [manufacturing], [sewer/waste], [telecom], [hazardous waste] plus a [tenth category] for [other projects]. In their reporting on the [Top 400], they used data on [transportation], [sewer], [hazardous waste] and [water] to rank firms as [heavy contractors]. | Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors. |
With [the show's 2005 revival], [executive producer] [Russell T Davies] stated his [intention] to reintroduce [classic icons] of [Doctor Who] [one step at a time]: [the Autons] with [the Nestene Consciousness] and [Daleks] in [series 1], [Cybermen] in [series 2], [the Macra] and [the Master] in [series 3], [the Sontarans] and [Davros] in [series 4], and [the Time Lords] ([Rassilon]) in [the 2009–10 Specials]. [Davies' successor], [Steven Moffat], has continued the [trend] by reviving [the Silurians] in [series 5], [Cybermats] in [series 6], [the Great Intelligence] and [the Ice Warriors] in [Series 7], and [Zygons] in [the 50th Anniversary Special]. Since [its 2005 return], [the series] has also introduced new recurring aliens: [Slitheen] ([Raxacoricofallapatorian]), [Ood], [Judoon], [Weeping Angels] and [the Silence]. | With the show's 2005 revival, executive producer Russell T Davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of Doctor Who one step at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks in series 1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, the Sontarans and Davros in series 4, and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009–10 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5, Cybermats in series 6, the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors in Series 7, and Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special. Since its 2005 return, the series has also introduced new recurring aliens: Slitheen (Raxacoricofallapatorian), Ood, Judoon, Weeping Angels and the Silence. |
where is the relevant [cross-sectional area] for the [volume] for which the [stress-tensor] is being calculated. This [formalism] includes [pressure terms] associated with [forces] that act [normal] to the [cross-sectional area] (the [matrix diagonals] of the [tensor]) as well as [shear terms] associated with [forces] that act [parallel] to the [cross-sectional area] (the [off-diagonal elements]). The [stress tensor] accounts for [forces] that cause all [strains] (deformations) including also [tensile stresses] and [compressions].:133–134:38-1–38-11 | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11 |
[Diseases of poverty], [economic performance], [wealth distribution], [Kenyans], [poverty level], [Preventable diseases], [malaria], [HIV/AIDS], [pneumonia], [diarrhoea], [malnutrition], [biggest burden], [major child-killers], [morbidity], [weak policies], [corruption], [inadequate health workers], [weak management], [poor leadership], [public health sector], [2009 estimates], [HIV prevalence], [adult population], [2011 UNAIDS Report], [HIV epidemic], [Kenya], [declining among young people], [ages 15–24], [pregnant women], [15 million cases], [malaria], [2006]. | Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3% of the adult population. However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006. |
Uptake of [O2] from the air is the essential purpose of [respiration], so [oxygen supplementation] is used in [medicine]. [Treatment] not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the [secondary effect] of [decreasing resistance] to blood flow in many types of [diseased lungs], [easing work load] on the [heart]. [Oxygen therapy] is used to treat [emphysema], [pneumonia], [some heart disorders] ([congestive heart failure]), [some disorders] that cause [increased pulmonary artery pressure], and [any disease] that [impairs] the body's [ability] to [take up and use gaseous oxygen]. | Uptake of O
2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen. |
The [chloroplasts] of some [hornworts] and [algae] contain structures called [pyrenoids]. They are not found in [higher plants]. [Pyrenoids] are roughly [spherical] and [highly refractive] [bodies] which are a site of [starch accumulation] in [plants] that contain them. They consist of a [matrix] [opaque] to [electrons], surrounded by two [hemispherical] [starch plates]. The [starch] is accumulated as the [pyrenoids mature]. In [algae] with [carbon concentrating mechanisms], the [enzyme rubisco] is found in the [pyrenoids]. [Starch] can also accumulate around the [pyrenoids] when [CO2] is scarce. [Pyrenoids] can divide to form new [pyrenoids], or be produced "de novo". | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates. The starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature. In algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms, the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids. Starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce. Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo". |
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. [Established] on [classical streets] built by [Richard Grainger], a [builder] and [developer], between [1835] and [1842], [some] of Newcastle upon Tyne's [finest buildings] and [streets] lie within this area of the [city centre] including [Grainger Market], [Theatre Royal], [Grey Street], [Grainger Street] and [Clayton Street]. These buildings are [predominantly] [four stories high], with [vertical dormers], [domes], [turrets] and [spikes]. Richard Grainger was said to 'have [found Newcastle] of [bricks] and [timber] and [left] it in [stone]'. Of Grainger Town's [450 buildings], [244] are [listed], of which [29] are [grade I] and [49] are [grade II*]. | The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. |
When considering [computational problems], a [problem instance] is a [string] over an [alphabet]. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the [binary alphabet] (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are [bitstrings]. As in a [real-world computer], [mathematical objects] other than bitstrings must be [suitably encoded]. For example, [integers] can be [represented] in [binary notation], and [graphs] can be [encoded] [directly] via their [adjacency matrices], or by [encoding] their [adjacency lists] in binary. | When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded. For example, integers can be represented in binary notation, and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices, or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary. |
Luther dedicated himself to the [Augustinian order], devoting himself to [fasting], [long hours in prayer], [pilgrimage], and [frequent confession]. Luther described this period of his life as one of [deep spiritual despair]. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the [jailer] and [hangman] of my poor soul." [Johann von Staupitz], his [superior], pointed Luther's mind away from [continual reflection] upon his sins toward the [merits] of Christ. He taught that true [repentance] does not involve [self-inflicted penances] and [punishments] but rather a [change of heart]. | Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart. |
[Tesla] was raised an [Orthodox Christian]. [Later] in his life, he did not consider himself to be a "[believer in the orthodox sense]," and opposed [religious fanaticism]. Despite this, he had a [profound respect] for [both Buddhism] and [Christianity]. | Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a "believer in the orthodox sense," and opposed religious fanaticism. Despite this, he had a profound respect for both Buddhism and Christianity. |
During the [1970s] and [sometimes later], [Western] and [pro-Western governments] [often supported] [sometimes fledgling] [Islamists] and [Islamist groups] that [later came to be seen] as [dangerous enemies]. [Islamists] were [considered] by [Western governments] [bulwarks] [against]—what were [thought] to be [at the time]—more [dangerous] [leftist]/[communist]/[nationalist insurgents]/[opposition], which [Islamists] were [correctly seen] as [opposing]. The [US] spent [billions] of dollars to [aid] the [mujahideen] [Muslim Afghanistan enemies] of the [Soviet Union], and [non-Afghan veterans] of the [war] [returned home] with their [prestige], ["experience, ideology, and weapons"], and had [considerable impact]. | During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists were correctly seen as opposing. The US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact. |
To better illustrate this idea, [Bassett] focuses his analysis of the role of [nineteenth-century maps] during the "scramble for Africa". He states that maps "contributed to [empire] by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of [French] and [British] power into [West Africa]". During his analysis of [nineteenth-century cartographic techniques], he highlights the use of [blank space] to denote [unknown] or [unexplored territory]. This provided [incentives] for [imperial] and [colonial powers] to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on [contemporary maps]". | To better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the "scramble for Africa". He states that maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa". During his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques, he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps". |
[Southern California] contains a [Mediterranean climate], with [infrequent rain] and many [sunny days]. [Summers] are [hot] and [dry], while [winters] are a [bit warm] or [mild] and [wet]. [Serious rain] can occur [unusually]. In the [summers], [temperature ranges] are [90-60's] while as [winters] are [70-50's], usually all of [Southern California] have [Mediterranean climate]. But [snow] is [very rare] in the [Southwest] of the state, it occurs on the [Southeast] of the state. | Southern California contains a Mediterranean climate, with infrequent rain and many sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually. In the summers, temperature ranges are 90-60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate. But snow is very rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of the state. |
The [French Wars of Religion] in the [16th century] and [French Revolution] in the [18th] successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the [architectural] and [artistic remnant] of this [Norman creativity]. The [former], with their [violence], caused the [wanton destruction] of many [Norman edifices]; the [latter], with its [assault] on [religion], caused the [purposeful destruction] of [religious objects] of [any type], and its [destabilisation] of [society] resulted in [rampant pillaging]. | The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latter, with its assault on religion, caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type, and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging. |
The contracted batch of 15 [Saturn Vs] were enough for [lunar landing missions] through [Apollo 20]. [NASA] publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned [landing sites], with plans to increase the [mass] of the [CSM] and [LM] for the last five missions, along with the [payload capacity] of the [Saturn V]. These final missions would combine the [I and J types] in the [1967 list], allowing the [CMP] to operate a package of [lunar orbital sensors] and [cameras] while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the [Moon] for over three days. These missions would also carry the [Lunar Roving Vehicle] (LRV) increasing the [exploration area] and allowing [televised liftoff] of the LM. Also, the [Block II spacesuit] was revised for the extended missions to allow greater [flexibility] and [visibility] for driving the LRV. | The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites, with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days. These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV. |
An increase in [imported cars] into [North America] forced [General Motors], [Ford] and [Chrysler] to introduce [smaller] and [fuel-efficient] [models] for [domestic sales]. The [Dodge Omni] / [Plymouth Horizon] from [Chrysler], the [Ford Fiesta] and the [Chevrolet Chevette] all had [four-cylinder engines] and [room for at least four passengers] by the [late 1970s]. By [1985], the [average American vehicle] moved [17.4 miles per gallon], compared to [13.5] in [1970]. The improvements stayed even though the [price of a barrel of oil] remained [constant] at [$12] from [1974] to [1979]. [Sales] of [large sedans] for most makes (except [Chrysler products]) recovered within [two model years] of the [1973 crisis]. The [Cadillac DeVille] and [Fleetwood], [Buick Electra], [Oldsmobile 98], [Lincoln Continental], [Mercury Marquis], and [various other luxury oriented sedans] became [popular] again in the [mid-1970s]. The only [full-size models] that did not recover were [lower price models] such as the [Chevrolet Bel Air], and [Ford Galaxie 500]. [Slightly smaller], [mid-size models] such as the [Oldsmobile Cutlass], [Chevrolet Monte Carlo], [Ford Thunderbird] and [various other models] sold well. | An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales. The Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler, the Ford Fiesta and the Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985, the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13.5 in 1970. The improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $12 from 1974 to 1979. Sales of large sedans for most makes (except Chrysler products) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis. The Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s. The only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500. Slightly smaller, mid-size models such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Ford Thunderbird and various other models sold well. |
The [normal force] is due to [repulsive forces] of [interaction] between [atoms] at [close contact]. When their [electron clouds] [overlap], [Pauli repulsion] (due to [fermionic nature] of [electrons]) follows resulting in the [force] that acts in a [direction normal] to the [surface interface] between two [objects].[:93] The [normal force], for example, is responsible for the [structural integrity] of [tables] and [floors] as well as being the [force] that [responds] whenever an [external force] [pushes] on a [solid object]. An example of the [normal force] in [action] is the [impact force] on an [object] [crashing] into an [immobile surface]. | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface. |
[DECnet] is a suite of [network protocols] created by [Digital Equipment Corporation], originally released in [1975] in order to connect two [PDP-11 minicomputers]. It evolved into one of the [first peer-to-peer network architectures], thus transforming [DEC] into a [networking powerhouse] in the [1980s]. Initially built with [three layers], it later ([1982]) evolved into a [seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol]. The [DECnet protocols] were designed entirely by [Digital Equipment Corporation]. However, [DECnet Phase II] (and later) were [open standards] with [published specifications], and several implementations were developed outside [DEC], including one for [Linux]. | DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux. |
Somewhere around [a billion years ago], a [free-living cyanobacterium] entered an [early eukaryotic cell], either as [food] or as an [internal parasite], but managed to escape the [phagocytic vacuole] it was contained in. The two [innermost lipid-bilayer membranes] that surround all [chloroplasts] correspond to the [outer] and [inner membranes] of the [ancestral cyanobacterium]'s [gram negative cell wall], and not the [phagosomal membrane] from the [host], which was probably [lost]. The [new cellular resident] quickly became an [advantage], providing [food] for the [eukaryotic host], which allowed it to [live within it]. Over [time], the [cyanobacterium] was [assimilated], and many of its [genes] were [lost] or [transferred] to the [nucleus] of the [host]. Some of its [proteins] were then [synthesized] in the [cytoplasm] of the [host cell], and [imported] back into the [chloroplast] (formerly the [cyanobacterium]). | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium's gram negative cell wall, and not the phagosomal membrane from the host, which was probably lost. The new cellular resident quickly became an advantage, providing food for the eukaryotic host, which allowed it to live within it. Over time, the cyanobacterium was assimilated, and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host. Some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast (formerly the cyanobacterium). |
During his [second year] of [study] at [Graz], [Tesla] developed a [passion] for (and became very [proficient]) at) [billiards], [chess] and [card-playing], sometimes spending [more than] [48 hours] in a [stretch] at a [gaming table].:43, 301 On [one occasion] at his [laboratory], Tesla worked for a [period] of [84 hours] without [sleep] or [rest].:208 [Kenneth Swezey], a [journalist] whom Tesla had [befriended], confirmed that Tesla [rarely slept]. Swezey recalled [one morning] when Tesla called him at [3 a.m.]: "I was [sleeping] in my [room] like [one dead] ... [Suddenly], the [telephone ring] awakened me ... Tesla spoke [animatedly], with [pauses], as he ... worked out a [problem], [comparing] one [theory] to another, [commenting]; and when he felt he had arrived at the [solution], he suddenly closed the telephone." | During his second year of study at Graz, Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.:208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that Tesla rarely slept. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: "I was sleeping in my room like one dead ... Suddenly, the telephone ring awakened me ... Tesla spoke animatedly, with pauses, as he ... worked out a problem, comparing one theory to another, commenting; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly closed the telephone." |
The [University of Chicago] also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's [Booth School of Business] maintains campuses in [Singapore], [London], and the downtown [Streeterville neighborhood] of Chicago. The [Center in Paris], a campus located on the left bank of the [Seine] in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs. In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in [Beijing], near [Renmin University's campus] in [Haidian District]. The most recent additions are a center in [New Delhi], [India], which opened in 2014, and a center in [Hong Kong] which opened in 2015. | The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs. In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015. |
As of [2010], there were [366,273] households out of which [11.8%] were vacant. [23.9%] of households had [children] under the age of [18] living with them, [43.8%] were [married couples], [15.2%] had a [female householder] with [no husband] present, and [36.4%] were [non-families]. [29.7%] of all households were made up of [individuals] and [7.9%] had someone living alone who was [65 years] of age or older. The [average household size] was [2.55] and the [average family size] was [3.21]. In the [city], the [population] was spread out with [23.9%] under the age of [18], [10.5%] from [18 to 24], [28.5%] from [25 to 44], [26.2%] from [45 to 64], and [10.9%] who were [65 years] of age or older. The [median age] was [35.5 years]. For every [100 females] there were [94.1 males]. For every [100 females] age [18 and over], there were [91.3 males]. | As of 2010update, there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males. |
The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of [494,665]. The [population density] was [4,404.5] people per [square mile] [(1,700.6/km²)]. The [racial makeup] of Fresno was [245,306] (49.6%) [White], [40,960] (8.3%) [African American], [8,525] (1.7%) [Native American], [62,528] (12.6%) [Asian] [(3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean)], [849] (0.2%) [Pacific Islander], [111,984] (22.6%) from [other races], and [24,513] (5.0%) from [two or more races]. [Hispanic] or [Latino] of [any race] were [232,055] persons (46.9%). Among the [Hispanic] population, [42.7%] of the total population are [Mexican], [0.4%] [Salvadoran], and [0.4%] [Puerto Rican]. [Non-Hispanic Whites] were [30.0%] of the population in [2010], [down] from [72.6%] in [1970]. | The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970. |
In [2004], [declassified documents] revealed that the [U.S.] was so [distraught] by the [rise in oil prices] and being [challenged] by [under-developed countries] that they briefly considered [military action] to forcibly seize [Middle Eastern oilfields] in late [1973]. Although no [explicit plan] was mentioned, a [conversation] between [U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger] and [British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer] revealed Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the [U.S.] could not use force." [British Prime Minister Edward Heath] was so [worried] by this [prospect] that he ordered a [British intelligence estimate] of [U.S. intentions], which concluded [America] "might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the [U.S.] and its [allies] were at the [mercy] of a [small group] of [unreasonable countries]," and that they would prefer a [rapid operation] to seize [oilfields] in [Saudi Arabia] and [Kuwait], and possibly [Abu Dhabi] in [military action] was decided upon. Although the [Soviet response] to such an act would likely not involve force, [intelligence] warned "the [American occupation] would need to last [10 years] as the [West developed alternative energy sources], and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the [Arabs] and much of the rest of the [Third World]." | In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force." British Prime Minister Edward Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions, which concluded America "might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the U.S. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries," and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and possibly Abu Dhabi in military action was decided upon. Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force, intelligence warned "the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World." |
However, a [problem] emerged regarding the [directions] taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, [Noble] appointed [Robert Kintner] to be ABC's [president] while he himself served as its [CEO], a [position] he would hold until his [death] in 1958. Despite the [promise] of [non-interference] between ABC and UPT, [Goldenson] had to [intervene] in ABC's [decisions] because of [financial problems] and the [FCC]'s [long period] of [indecision]. Goldenson added to the [confusion] when, in October 1954, he [proposed] a [merger] between UPT and the [DuMont Television Network], which was also [mired] in [financial trouble]. As part of this merger, the [network] would have been [renamed] "ABC-DuMont" for five years, and DuMont would have received $5 million in [cash], [room] on the [schedule] for existing DuMont programming, and [guaranteed] [advertising time] for DuMont Laboratories receivers. In addition, to [comply] with FCC [ownership restrictions], it would have been required to [sell] either WABC-TV or DuMont [owned-and-operated station] WABD in the [New York City market], as well as [two other stations]. The merged ABC-DuMont would have had the [resources] to [compete] with CBS and NBC. | However, a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, Noble appointed Robert Kintner to be ABC's president while he himself served as its CEO, a position he would hold until his death in 1958. Despite the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson had to intervene in ABC's decisions because of financial problems and the FCC's long period of indecision. Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954, he proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired in financial trouble. As part of this merger, the network would have been renamed "ABC-DuMont" for five years, and DuMont would have received $5 million in cash, room on the schedule for existing DuMont programming, and guaranteed advertising time for DuMont Laboratories receivers. In addition, to comply with FCC ownership restrictions, it would have been required to sell either WABC-TV or DuMont owned-and-operated station WABD in the New York City market, as well as two other stations. The merged ABC-DuMont would have had the resources to compete with CBS and NBC. |
The [secondary level] includes [schools] offering [years 7 through 12] (year twelve is known as [lower sixth]) and [year 13] (upper sixth). This category includes [university-preparatory schools] or ["prep schools"], [boarding schools] and [day schools]. [Tuition] at [private secondary schools] varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the [location] of the school, the [willingness] of [parents] to pay, [peer tuitions] and the [school's financial endowment]. [High tuition], schools claim, is used to pay [higher salaries] for the [best teachers] and also used to provide [enriched learning environments], including a [low student to teacher ratio], [small class sizes] and [services], such as [libraries], [science laboratories] and [computers]. Some [private schools] are [boarding schools] and many [military academies] are [privately owned] or [operated] as well. | The secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth) and year 13 (upper sixth). This category includes university-preparatory schools or "prep schools", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions and the school's financial endowment. High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well. |
Manning finished the year with a [career-low] [67.9 passer rating], throwing for [2,249 yards] and [nine touchdowns], with [17 interceptions]. In contrast, Osweiler threw for [1,967 yards], [10 touchdowns] and [six interceptions] for a rating of [86.4]. [Veteran receiver] [Demaryius Thomas] led the team with [105 receptions] for [1,304 yards] and [six touchdowns], while [Emmanuel Sanders] caught [76 passes] for [1,135 yards] and [six scores], while adding another [106 yards] returning punts. [Tight end] [Owen Daniels] was also a [big element] of the [passing game] with [46 receptions] for [517 yards]. [Running back] [C. J. Anderson] was the team's [leading rusher] [863 yards] and [seven touchdowns], while also catching [25 passes] for [183 yards]. [Running back] [Ronnie Hillman] also made a [big impact] with [720 yards], [five touchdowns], [24 receptions], and a [4.7 yards per carry average]. Overall, the offense ranked [19th in scoring] with [355 points] and did not have any [Pro Bowl selections]. | Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores, while adding another 106 yards returning punts. Tight end Owen Daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards. Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average. Overall, the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any Pro Bowl selections. |
Another [important role] of the [immune system] is to identify and eliminate [tumors]. This is called [immune surveillance]. The [transformed cells] of tumors express [antigens] that are not found on [normal cells]. To the immune system, these antigens appear [foreign], and their [presence] causes [immune cells] to attack the [transformed tumor cells]. The antigens expressed by tumors have several [sources]; some are derived from [oncogenic viruses] like [human papillomavirus], which causes [cervical cancer], while others are the [organism's own proteins] that occur at [low levels] in normal cells but reach [high levels] in tumor cells. One example is an [enzyme] called [tyrosinase] that, when expressed at [high levels], transforms certain [skin cells] (e.g. [melanocytes]) into [tumors] called [melanomas]. A [third possible source] of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for [regulating cell growth and survival], that commonly mutate into [cancer inducing molecules] called [oncogenes]. | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells. The antigens expressed by tumors have several sources; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer, while others are the organism's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells. One example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells (e.g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas. A third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival, that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes. |
By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination. Given current trends in the UMC—with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.
[opening]
[2008]
[General Conference]
[total]
[UMC membership]
[estimated]
[11.4 million]
[7.9 million]
[U.S.]
[3.5 million]
[overseas]
[conference delegates]
[Africa]
[Filipinos]
[Europeans]
[Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast]
[denomination]
[current trends]
[UMC]
[overseas churches]
[Africa]
[U.S. churches]
[collectively]
[losing]
[1,000 members]
[week]
[estimated]
[Africans]
[30%]
[delegates]
[2012 General Conference]
[possible]
[40%]
[delegates]
[outside the U.S.]
[Congolese bishop]
[typical Sunday attendance]
[UMC]
[his country]
[entire United States] | By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination. Given current trends in the UMC—with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States. |
Concentrated [O2] will allow [combustion] to proceed [rapidly] and [energetically]. [Steel pipes] and [storage vessels] used to store and transmit both [gaseous] and [liquid oxygen] will act as a [fuel]; and therefore the [design] and [manufacture] of [O2 systems] requires [special training] to ensure that [ignition sources] are [minimized]. The [fire] that killed the [Apollo 1 crew] in a [launch pad test] spread so [rapidly] because the [capsule] was [pressurized] with [pure O2] but at [slightly more than atmospheric pressure], instead of the [1/3 normal pressure] that would be used in a [mission]. | Concentrated O
2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of O
2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O
2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.k |
Some disagree with such [double] or [triple] [non-French] [linguistic origins], arguing that for the [word] to have [spread] into [common use] in [France], it must have [originated] in the [French language]. The "Hugues [hypothesis]" argues that the [name] was [derived] by [association] with [Hugues Capet], [king] of France, who [reigned] [long before] the [Reformation]. He was [regarded] by the [Gallicans] and [Protestants] as a [noble] [man] who [respected] [people's dignity] and [lives]. [Janet Gray] and [other supporters] of the [hypothesis] suggest that the [name] [huguenote] would be [roughly equivalent] to [little Hugos], or those who [want Hugo]. | Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo. |
The shortcomings of [Aristotelian physics] would not be fully corrected until the [17th century] work of [Galileo Galilei], who was influenced by the late [Medieval idea] that [objects] in [forced motion] carried an [innate force of impetus]. [Galileo] constructed an [experiment] in which [stones] and [cannonballs] were both [rolled down] an [incline] to disprove the [Aristotelian theory of motion] [early in the 17th century]. He showed that the [bodies] were [accelerated] by [gravity] to an extent that was [independent] of their [mass] and argued that [objects] [retain their velocity] unless acted on by a [force], for example [friction]. | The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction. |
The common pattern comes from [John Wesley], who wrote that "there is no [Liturgy] in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a [solid], [scriptural], [rational] [piety], than the [Common Prayer] of the [Church of England]." When the [Methodists] in [America] were separated from the [Church of England], [John Wesley] himself provided a [revised version] of [The Book of Common Prayer] called the [Sunday Service] of the [Methodists] in [North America]. [Wesley]'s [Sunday Service] has shaped the [official liturgies] of the [Methodists] ever since. | The common pattern comes from John Wesley, who wrote that "there is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural, rational piety, than the Common Prayer of the Church of England." When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England, John Wesley himself provided a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America. Wesley's Sunday Service has shaped the official liturgies of the Methodists ever since. |
Almost all ctenophores are [predators] – there are [no vegetarians] and [only one genus] that is [partly parasitic]. If [food] is [plentiful], they can eat [10 times their own weight] per day. While [Beroe] preys mainly on [other ctenophores], [other surface-water species] prey on [zooplankton] ([planktonic animals]) ranging in size from the [microscopic], including [mollusc] and [fish larvae], to [small adult crustaceans] such as [copepods], [amphipods], and even [krill]. Members of the genus [Haeckelia] prey on [jellyfish] and incorporate their prey's [nematocysts] ([stinging cells]) into their own tentacles instead of [colloblasts]. [Ctenophores] have been compared to [spiders] in their [wide range] of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as "webs", some are [ambush predators] like [Salticid jumping spiders], and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread, as [bolas spiders] do. This [variety] explains the [wide range] of body forms in a [phylum] with rather [few species]. The [two-tentacled] "cydippid" [Lampea] feeds exclusively on [salps], close relatives of [sea-squirts] that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like [parasites] to salps that are too large for them to swallow. Members of the cydippid genus [Pleurobrachia] and the [lobate] [Bolinopsis] often reach [high population densities] at the [same place and time] because they specialize in different types of prey: Pleurobrachia's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods, while Bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller, weaker swimmers such as [rotifers] and [mollusc] and [crustacean larvae]. | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the microscopic, including mollusc and fish larvae, to small adult crustaceans such as copepods, amphipods, and even krill. Members of the genus Haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts. Ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as "webs", some are ambush predators like Salticid jumping spiders, and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread, as bolas spiders do. This variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species. The two-tentacled "cydippid" Lampea feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow. Members of the cydippid genus Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey: Pleurobrachia's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods, while Bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae. |
Luther [devised] the catechism as a [method] of [imparting] the [basics] of [Christianity] to the [congregations]. In [1529], he wrote the [Large Catechism], a [manual] for [pastors] and [teachers], as well as a [synopsis], the [Small Catechism], to be [memorised] by the [people] themselves. The catechisms provided [easy-to-understand] [instructional] and [devotional] [material] on the [Ten Commandments], the [Apostles' Creed], the [Lord's Prayer], [baptism], and the [Lord's Supper]. Luther [incorporated] [questions] and [answers] in the catechism so that the basics of [Christian faith] would not just be [learned] by [rote], "the way [monkeys] do it", but [understood]. | Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood. |
Oxygen gas [Oxygen gas] (O 2) can be toxic at [toxic] elevated [elevated] partial pressures, leading to [convulsions] convulsions and other [health problems] health problems. j Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at [partial pressures] partial pressures more than [50 kilopascals] 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about [50% oxygen composition] 50% oxygen composition at [standard pressure] standard pressure or [2.5 times] 2.5 times the [normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure] normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure of about [21 kPa] 21 kPa. This is [not a problem] not a problem except for [patients] patients on [mechanical ventilators] mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through [oxygen masks] oxygen masks in [medical applications] medical applications is typically composed of only [30%–50% O 2 by volume] 30%–50% O 2 by volume (about [30 kPa] 30 kPa at standard pressure). ([although this figure] although this figure also is [subject to wide variation] subject to wide variation, depending on [type of mask] type of mask). | Oxygen gas (O
2) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems.j Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O
2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30%–50% O
2 by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure). (although this figure also is subject to wide variation, depending on type of mask). |
On [18 November 2015], [Sky] announced [Sky Q], a range of products and services to be available in [2016]. The [Sky Q range] consists of [three set top boxes] ([Sky Q], [Sky Q Silver] and [Sky Q Mini]), a [broadband router] ([Sky Q Hub]) and [mobile applications]. The [Sky Q set top boxes] introduce a [new user interface], [Wi-Fi hotspot functionality], [Power-line] and [Bluetooth connectivity] and a [new touch-sensitive remote control]. The [Sky Q Mini set top boxes] connect to the [Sky Q Silver set top boxes] with a [Wi-Fi] or [Power-line connection] rather than receive their own [satellite feeds]. This allows all set top boxes in a household to [share recordings] and [other media]. The [Sky Q Silver set top box] is capable of [receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts], which [Sky] will introduce later in [2016]. | On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control. The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media. The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016. |
There were many [religions] practiced during the [Yuan dynasty], such as [Buddhism], [Islam], and [Christianity]. The establishment of the [Yuan dynasty] had dramatically increased the number of [Muslims] in [China]. However, unlike the western khanates, the [Yuan dynasty] never converted to [Islam]. Instead, [Kublai Khan], the founder of the [Yuan dynasty], favored [Buddhism], especially the [Tibetan variants]. As a result, [Tibetan Buddhism] was established as the [de facto state religion]. The top-level department and government agency known as the [Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs] ([Xuanzheng Yuan]) was set up in [Khanbaliq] (modern [Beijing]) to supervise [Buddhist monks] throughout the empire. Since [Kublai Khan] only esteemed the [Sakya sect] of [Tibetan Buddhism], other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a [Sakya Imperial Preceptor] ([Dishi]) at court. Before the end of the [Yuan dynasty], 14 leaders of the [Sakya sect] had held the post of [Imperial Preceptor], thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, [Mongol] patronage of [Buddhism] resulted in a number of monuments of [Buddhist art]. [Mongolian Buddhist translations], almost all from [Tibetan originals], began on a large scale after 1300. Many [Mongols] of the upper class such as the [Jalayir] and the [Oronar] nobles as well as the [emperors] also patronized [Confucian scholars] and [institutions]. A considerable number of [Confucian] and [Chinese historical works] were translated into the [Mongolian language]. | There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the Jalayir and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized Confucian scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the Mongolian language. |
About [the time] of [the first landing] in 1969, it was decided to use an existing [Saturn V] to launch [the Skylab orbital laboratory] [pre-built] on the ground, replacing [the original plan] to construct it in orbit from several [Saturn IB launches]; this eliminated [Apollo 20]. [NASA]'s [yearly budget] also began to shrink in light of [the successful landing], and [NASA] also had to make [funds] available for [the development] of [the upcoming Space Shuttle]. By 1971, [the decision] was made to also cancel [missions 18 and 19]. [The two unused Saturn Vs] became [museum exhibits] at [the John F. Kennedy Space Center] on [Merritt Island], [Florida], [George C. Marshall Space Center] in [Huntsville], [Alabama], [Michoud Assembly Facility] in [New Orleans], [Louisiana], and [Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center] in [Houston], [Texas]. | About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19. The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. |
Though there is no official definition for the [northern boundary] of [southern California], such a [division] has existed from the time when [Mexico] ruled California, and [political disputes] raged between the [Californios] of [Monterey] in the [upper part] and [Los Angeles] in the [lower part] of [Alta California]. Following the [acquisition] of California by the [United States], the [division] continued as part of the attempt by several [pro-slavery politicians] to arrange the [division] of [Alta California] at [36 degrees, 30 minutes], the line of the [Missouri Compromise]. Instead, the passing of the [Compromise of 1850] enabled [California] to be admitted to the [Union] as a [free state], preventing [southern California] from becoming its own separate [slave state]. | Though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged between the Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States, the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of Alta California at 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state. |
The [concept] of [inertia] can be further [generalized] to explain the [tendency] of [objects] to [continue] in many [different forms] of [constant motion], even those that are not [strictly constant velocity]. The [rotational inertia] of [planet Earth] is what [fixes] the [constancy] of the [length] of a [day] and the [length] of a [year]. [Albert Einstein] extended the [principle] of [inertia] further when he [explained] that [reference frames] subject to [constant acceleration], such as those [free-falling] toward a [gravitating object], were [physically equivalent] to [inertial reference frames]. This is why, for example, [astronauts] experience [weightlessness] when in [free-fall orbit] around the [Earth], and why [Newton's Laws of Motion] are more easily [discernible] in such [environments]. If an [astronaut] places an [object] with [mass] in [mid-air] next to [himself], it will [remain] [stationary] with [respect] to the [astronaut] due to its [inertia]. This is the [same thing] that would occur if the [astronaut] and the [object] were in [intergalactic space] with no [net force] of [gravity] acting on their [shared reference frame]. This [principle] of [equivalence] was one of the [foundational underpinnings] for the [development] of the [general theory of relativity]. | The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity. |
As [northwest Europe] slowly began to [warm up] from [22,000 years ago] onward, [frozen subsoil] and [expanded alpine glaciers] began to [thaw] and [fall-winter snow covers] [melted] in [spring]. Much of the [discharge] was [routed] to the [Rhine] and its [downstream extension]. [Rapid warming] and [changes of vegetation], to [open forest], began about [13,000 BP]. By [9000 BP], [Europe] was [fully forested]. With [globally shrinking ice-cover], [ocean water levels] [rose] and the [English Channel] and [North Sea] [re-inundated]. [Meltwater], [adding] to the [ocean] and [land subsidence], [drowned] the [former coasts] of [Europe] [transgressionally]. | As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. With globally shrinking ice-cover, ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence, drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally. |
The [Rhine-Meuse Delta] is a [tidal delta], shaped not only by the [sedimentation] of the [rivers], but also by [tidal currents]. This meant that [high tide] formed a serious [risk] because [strong tidal currents] could tear [huge areas] of [land] into the [sea]. Before the [construction] of the [Delta Works], [tidal influence] was palpable up to [Nijmegen], and even today, after the [regulatory action] of the [Delta Works], the [tide] acts far [inland]. At the [Waal], for example, the [most landward tidal influence] can be detected between [Brakel] and [Zaltbommel]. | The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen, and even today, after the regulatory action of the Delta Works, the tide acts far inland. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel. |
Eventually, the [Normans] merged with the [natives], combining [languages] and [traditions]. In the course of the [Hundred Years' War], the [Norman aristocracy] often identified themselves as [English]. The [Anglo-Norman language] became distinct from the [Latin language], something that was the subject of some [humour] by [Geoffrey Chaucer]. The [Anglo-Norman language] was eventually absorbed into the [Anglo-Saxon language] of their [subjects] (see [Old English]) and influenced it, helping (along with the [Norse language] of the earlier [Anglo-Norse settlers] and the [Latin] used by the [church]) in the development of [Middle English]. It in turn evolved into [Modern English]. | Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language, something that was the subject of some humour by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglo-Norman language was eventually absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects (see Old English) and influenced it, helping (along with the Norse language of the earlier Anglo-Norse settlers and the Latin used by the church) in the development of Middle English. It in turn evolved into Modern English. |
Britain gained control of [French Canada] and [Acadia], colonies containing approximately [80,000] primarily [French-speaking] [Roman Catholic] residents. The [deportation] of [Acadians] beginning in [1755] resulted in [land made available] to [migrants] from [Europe] and the colonies further south. The British resettled many [Acadians] throughout its [North American provinces], but many went to [France], and some went to [New Orleans], which they had expected to remain [French]. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as [French Guiana] and the [Falkland Islands]; these latter efforts were unsuccessful. Others migrated to places like [Saint-Domingue], and fled to [New Orleans] after the [Haitian Revolution]. The [Louisiana population] contributed to the founding of the modern [Cajun population]. (The [French word] "Acadien" evolved to "Cadien", then to "Cajun".) | Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from Europe and the colonies further south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces, but many went to France, and some went to New Orleans, which they had expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands; these latter efforts were unsuccessful. Others migrated to places like Saint-Domingue, and fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution. The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population. (The French word "Acadien" evolved to "Cadien", then to "Cajun".) |
Meanwhile, [ABC News], which formed as a [newly separate division], sought to become a [global leader] in [television news]. In [1977], [Roone Arledge] was named [president] of the [new ABC News] in addition to being president of [ABC Sports]. That same year, ABC launched a [major expansion] of its [office facilities] in [New York City]. The company first constructed a new [10-story building] on land previously occupied by an [abandoned warehouse] on the [corner] of [Columbus Avenue] and [West 66th Street]; the [facility] that was built in its place is nicknamed "7 Lincoln Square" (although it is actually located at [149 Columbus Avenue]). Meanwhile, a [former parking lot], located at [30 West 67th Street], was transformed into an [impressive 15-story building]. Both buildings were completed in [June 1979]. [WABC-TV] moved its operations from offices at [77 West 66th Street] to [149 Columbus Avenue], freeing up space for the [ABC network] to house some of its operations. | Meanwhile, ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division, sought to become a global leader in television news. In 1977, Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports. That same year, ABC launched a major expansion of its office facilities in New York City. The company first constructed a new 10-story building on land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street; the facility that was built in its place is nicknamed "7 Lincoln Square" (although it is actually located at 149 Columbus Avenue). Meanwhile, a former parking lot, located at 30 West 67th Street, was transformed into an impressive 15-story building. Both buildings were completed in June 1979. WABC-TV moved its operations from offices at 77 West 66th Street to 149 Columbus Avenue, freeing up space for the ABC network to house some of its operations. |
According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. [The ozone case] communicated to [lay persons] "with [easy-to-understand bridging metaphors] derived from [the popular culture]" and related to "[immediate risks] with [everyday relevance]", while [the public opinion] on [climate change] sees no [imminent danger]. The [stepwise mitigation] of [the ozone layer challenge] was based as well on [successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts]. In case of the [IPCC conclusions] and the [failure of the Kyoto Protocol], [varying regional cost-benefit analysis] and [burden-sharing conflicts] with regard to [the distribution of emission reductions] remain [an unsolved problem]. In [the UK], a [report] for [a House of Lords committee] asked to [urge the IPCC] to involve [better assessments] of [costs] and [benefits] of [climate change] but [the Stern Review] ordered by [the UK government] made [a stronger argument] in [favor] to combat [human-made climate change]. | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate risks with everyday relevance", while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change. |
If [angiosperm shoots] are not exposed to the required [light] for [chloroplast formation], [proplastids] may develop into an [etioplast stage] before becoming [chloroplasts]. An [etioplast] is a [plastid] that lacks [chlorophyll], and has [inner membrane invaginations] that form a [lattice of tubes] in their [stroma], called a [prolamellar body]. While [etioplasts] lack [chlorophyll], they have a [yellow chlorophyll precursor] stocked. Within a [few minutes] of [light exposure], the [prolamellar body] begins to [reorganize] into [stacks of thylakoids], and [chlorophyll] starts to be [produced]. This process, where the [etioplast] becomes a [chloroplast], takes [several hours]. [Gymnosperms] do not require [light] to form [chloroplasts]. | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts. |
[Tesla] wrote a number of [books] and [articles] for [magazines] and [journals]. Among his books are [My Inventions]: The [Autobiography] of [Nikola Tesla], [compiled] and [edited] by [Ben Johnston]; [The Fantastic Inventions] of [Nikola Tesla], [compiled] and [edited] by [David Hatcher Childress]; and [The Tesla Papers]. | Tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by David Hatcher Childress; and The Tesla Papers. |
One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. [Rankine cycle], [compression stage], [work], [pump], [working fluid], [liquid phase]
By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. [condensing the fluid], [work required], [pump], [1% to 3%], [turbine power], [higher efficiency], [real cycle]
The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. [benefit], [lower heat addition temperature]
Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. [Gas turbines], [turbine entry temperatures], [1500 °C]
Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched. [efficiencies], [actual large steam cycles], [large modern gas turbines] | One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched.citation needed |
In [many poor and developing countries] [much land] and [housing] is held [outside] the [formal] or [legal property ownership registration system]. [Much unregistered property] is held in [informal form] through [various associations] and [other arrangements]. [Reasons] for [extra-legal ownership] include [excessive bureaucratic red tape] in [buying property] and [building], In [some countries] it can take [over 200 steps] and [up to 14 years] to build on [government land]. [Other causes] of [extra-legal property] are [failures] to [notarize transaction documents] or having documents notarized but [failing] to have them [recorded] with the [official agency]. | In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building, In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency. |
In [England], in the absence of [census figures], historians propose a range of [preincident population figures] from as high as [7 million] to as low as [4 million] in [1300], and a [postincident population figure] as low as [2 million]. By the end of [1350], the [Black Death] [subsided], but it never really [died out] in England. Over the [next few hundred years], [further outbreaks] occurred in [1361–62], [1369], [1379–83], [1389–93], and throughout the [first half] of the [15th century]. An [outbreak] in [1471] took as much as [10–15%] of the [population], while the [death rate] of the [plague] of [1479–80] could have been as high as [20%]. The most [general outbreaks] in [Tudor] and [Stuart England] seem to have [begun] in [1498], [1535], [1543], [1563], [1589], [1603], [1625], and [1636], and [ended] with the [Great Plague of London] in [1665]. | In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665. |
[Tesla] was offered the task of completely redesigning the [Edison Company]'s [direct current generators]. In [1885], he said that he could redesign [Edison]'s inefficient [motor] and [generators], making an [improvement] in both [service] and [economy]. According to [Tesla], [Edison] remarked, "There's [fifty thousand dollars] in it for you—if you can do it.":54–57 :64 This has been noted as an [odd statement] from an [Edison] whose [company] was [stingy] with [pay] and who did not have that sort of [cash] on [hand]. After [months] of [work], [Tesla] fulfilled the [task] and [inquired] about [payment]. [Edison], saying that he was only [joking], replied, "Tesla, you don't understand our [American humor].":64 Instead, [Edison] offered a US$10 a week [raise] over [Tesla]'s US$18 per week [salary]; [Tesla] refused the [offer] and immediately [resigned]. | Tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators, making an improvement in both service and economy. According to Tesla, Edison remarked, "There's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it.":54–57 :64 This has been noted as an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand. After months of work, Tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment. Edison, saying that he was only joking, replied, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.":64 Instead, Edison offered a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned. |
After the revocation of the [Edict of Nantes], the [Dutch Republic] received the largest group of [Huguenot refugees], an estimated total of [75,000 to 100,000 people]. Amongst them were [200 clergy]. Many came from the region of the [Cévennes], for instance, the village of [Fraissinet-de-Lozère]. This was a [huge influx] as the [entire population] of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. [2 million] at that time. Around [1700], it is estimated that nearly [25%] of the [Amsterdam population] was [Huguenot]. [citation needed] In [1705], [Amsterdam] and the area of [West Frisia] were the first areas to provide [full citizens rights] to [Huguenot immigrants], followed by the [Dutch Republic] in [1715]. [Huguenots] [intermarried] with [Dutch] from the [outset]. | After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the Cévennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Lozère. This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.citation needed In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset. |
The [exodus] of [Huguenots] from [France] created a [brain drain], as many [Huguenots] had occupied [important places] in [society]. The [kingdom] did not fully recover for [years]. The [French crown]'s [refusal] to allow [non-Catholics] to [settle] in [New France] may help to explain that [colony]'s [slow rate] of [population growth] compared to that of the [neighbouring British colonies], which opened [settlement] to [religious dissenters]. By the time of the [French and Indian War] (the [North American front] of the [Seven Years' War]), a [sizeable population] of [Huguenot descent] lived in the [British colonies], and many participated in the [British defeat] of [New France] in [1759-60]. | The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 1759-60. |
[Cryptophytes], or [cryptomonads] are a group of [algae] that contain a [red-algal derived chloroplast]. [Cryptophyte] chloroplasts contain a [nucleomorph] that superficially resembles that of the [chlorarachniophytes]. [Cryptophyte] chloroplasts have [four membranes], the [outermost] of which is continuous with the [rough endoplasmic reticulum]. They synthesize [ordinary starch], which is stored in [granules] found in the [periplastid space]—outside the [original double membrane], in the [place] that corresponds to the [red alga's cytoplasm]. Inside [cryptophyte] chloroplasts is a [pyrenoid] and [thylakoids] in [stacks of two]. | Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They synthesize ordinary starch, which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm. Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two. |
He produced [artificial lightning], with [discharges] consisting of [millions of volts] and up to [135 feet long]. [Thunder] from the [released energy] was heard [15 miles away] in [Cripple Creek, Colorado]. [People] walking along the street observed [sparks] jumping between their [feet] and the [ground]. [Sparks] sprang from [water line taps] when touched. [Light bulbs] within [100 feet] of the [lab] [glowed] even when turned off. [Horses] in a [livery stable] [bolted] from their [stalls] after receiving [shocks] through their [metal shoes]. [Butterflies] were [electrified], [swirling] in [circles] with [blue halos] of [St. Elmo's fire] around their [wings]. | He produced artificial lightning, with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek, Colorado. People walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground. Sparks sprang from water line taps when touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off. Horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes. Butterflies were electrified, swirling in circles with blue halos of St. Elmo's fire around their wings. |
On [April 14], [2011], [ABC] canceled the [long-running] [soap operas] [All My Children] and [One Life to Live] after [41] and [43] years on the air, respectively (following [backlash] from [fans], ABC sold the [rights] to both shows to [Prospect Park], which eventually revived the soaps on [Hulu] for [one additional season] in [2013] and with both [companies] suing one another for [allegations] of [interference] with the [process] of [reviving] the shows, [failure] to pay [licensing fees] and [issues] over ABC's use of [certain characters] from [One Live to Live] on [General Hospital] during the [transition]). The [talk/lifestyle show] that replaced [One Life to Live], [The Revolution], failed to generate [satisfactory ratings] and was in turn canceled after only [seven months]. The [2011–12 season] saw ABC drop to [fourth place] in the [18–49 demographic] despite renewing a [handful] of new shows (including [freshmen dramas] [Scandal], [Revenge] and [Once Upon a Time]) for [second seasons]. | On April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park, which eventually revived the soaps on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Live to Live on General Hospital during the transition). The talk/lifestyle show that replaced One Life to Live, The Revolution, failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months. The 2011–12 season saw ABC drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows (including freshmen dramas Scandal, Revenge and Once Upon a Time) for second seasons. |
Since [September 2004], the [official home] of the [Scottish Parliament] has been a new [Scottish Parliament Building], in the [Holyrood area] of [Edinburgh]. The [Scottish Parliament building] was designed by [Spanish architect Enric Miralles] in partnership with local [Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM] which was led by [Design Principal Tony Kettle]. Some of the [principal features] of the [complex] include [leaf-shaped buildings], a [grass-roofed branch] merging into [adjacent parkland] and [gabion walls] formed from the [stones of previous buildings]. Throughout the [building] there are many [repeated motifs], such as [shapes based on Raeburn's Skating Minister]. [Crow-stepped gables] and the [upturned boat skylights] of the [Garden Lobby], complete the [unique architecture]. [Queen Elizabeth II] opened the [new building] on [9 October 2004]. | Since September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle. Some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings, a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as shapes based on Raeburn's Skating Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, complete the unique architecture. Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004. |
On [10 January 1943], [New York City] [mayor] [Fiorello La Guardia] read a [eulogy] written by [Slovene-American author] [Louis Adamic] live over the [WNYC radio] while [violin] pieces ["Ave Maria"] and ["Tamo daleko"] were played in the [background]. On [12 January], [two thousand people] attended a [state funeral] for [Tesla] at the [Cathedral of Saint John the Divine]. After the funeral, [Tesla's body] was taken to the [Ferncliff Cemetery] in [Ardsley, New York], where it was later [cremated]. The following day, a [second service] was conducted by [prominent priests] in the [Trinity Chapel] (today's [Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava]) in [New York City]. | On 10 January 1943, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces "Ave Maria" and "Tamo daleko" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. After the funeral, Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York, where it was later cremated. The following day, a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the Trinity Chapel (today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava) in New York City. |
[As of the census] of 2000, there were [427,652 people], [140,079 households], and [97,915 families] residing in the city. The [population density] was [4,097.9 people per square mile] ([1,582.2/km²]). There were [149,025 housing units] at an [average density] of [1,427.9 square miles] ([3,698 km2]). The [racial makeup] of the city was [50.2% White], [8.4% Black] or [African American], [1.6% Native American], [11.2% Asian] (about a third of which is [Hmong]), [0.1% Pacific Islander], [23.4% from other races], and [5.2% from two or more races]. [Hispanic] or [Latino] of [any race] were [39.9% of the population]. | As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population. |
Other: [Civil rights leader] W. E. B. Du Bois; [philosopher] Henry David Thoreau; [authors] Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; [educators] Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; [poets] Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; [conductor] Leonard Bernstein; [cellist] Yo Yo Ma; [pianist and composer] Charlie Albright; [composer] John Alden Carpenter; [comedian], [television show host] and [writer] Conan O'Brien; [actors] Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; [film directors] Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; [architect] Philip Johnson; [musicians] Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; [musician], [producer] and [composer] Ryan Leslie; [serial killer] Ted Kaczynski; [programmer] and [activist] Richard Stallman; [NFL quarterback] Ryan Fitzpatrick; [NFL center] Matt Birk; [NBA player] Jeremy Lin; [US Ski Team skier] Ryan Max Riley; [physician] Sachin H. Jain; [physicist] J. Robert Oppenheimer; [computer pioneer] and [inventor] An Wang; [Tibetologist] George de Roerich; and [Marshall Admiral] Isoroku Yamamoto. | Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. |
In [1934], [Mutual] filed a complaint with the [Federal Communications Commission (FCC)] regarding its difficulties in establishing [new stations], in a [radio market] that was already being [saturated] by [NBC] and [CBS]. In [1938], the [FCC] began a series of [investigations] into the [practices] of [radio networks] and published its [report] on the [broadcasting] of [network radio programs] in [1940]. The [report] recommended that [RCA] give up [control] of either [NBC Red] or [NBC Blue]. At that time, the [NBC Red Network] was the [principal radio network] in the [United States] and, according to the [FCC], [RCA] was using [NBC Blue] to [eliminate] any [hint] of [competition]. Having no [power] over the [networks] themselves, the [FCC] established a [regulation] forbidding [licenses] to be [issued] for [radio stations] if they were [affiliated] with a [network] which already [owned] [multiple networks] that [provided content] of [public interest]. | In 1934, Mutual filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio market that was already being saturated by NBC and CBS. In 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue. At that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Having no power over the networks themselves, the FCC established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest. |
In most countries, the [dispensary] is subject to [pharmacy legislation]; with [requirements] for [storage conditions], [compulsory texts], [equipment], etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that [pharmacists] stayed within the [dispensary] [compounding/dispensing medications], there has been an [increasing trend] towards the use of [trained pharmacy technicians] while the [pharmacist] spends [more time] [communicating with patients]. [Pharmacy technicians] are now more dependent upon [automation] to assist them in their new role dealing with [patients' prescriptions] and [patient safety issues]. | In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues. |
A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of [Prime Minister] and simultaneously reduce the powers of the [President]. A [referendum] to vote on the [proposed constitution] was held on [4 August 2010], and the new constitution passed by a [wide margin]. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to [local governments] and gives [Kenyans] a [bill of rights]. It was [promulgated] on [27 August 2010] at a [euphoric ceremony] in [Nairobi]'s [Uhuru Park], accompanied by a [21-gun salute]. The event was attended by various [African leaders] and praised by the [international community]. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the [Second Republic] came into [force]. | A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force. |
The [Apollo astronauts] were chosen from the [Project Mercury] and [Gemini veterans], plus from [two later astronaut groups]. All missions were commanded by [Gemini] or [Mercury veterans]. Crews on all [development flights] (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on [Apollo 11] and [Apollo 12], included at least [two] (sometimes [three]) [Gemini veterans]. Dr. [Harrison Schmitt], a [geologist], was the first [NASA scientist astronaut] to fly in space, and landed on the [Moon] on the last mission, [Apollo 17]. [Schmitt] participated in the [lunar geology training] of all of the [Apollo landing crews]. | The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, included at least two (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space, and landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17. Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews. |
[Pharmacists] provide [direct patient care services] that optimizes the use of [medication] and promotes [health], [wellness], and [disease prevention]. [Clinical pharmacists] care for patients in all [health care settings], but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside [hospitals] and [clinics]. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with [physicians] and other [healthcare professionals] to improve [pharmaceutical care]. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the [interdisciplinary approach] to [patient care]. They often participate in [patient care rounds] [drug product selection]. | Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection. |
[Passenger rail service] is provided by [Amtrak San Joaquins]. The main [passenger rail station] is the recently renovated historic [Santa Fe Railroad Depot] in [Downtown Fresno]. The [Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines] of the [Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway] and [Union Pacific Railroad] railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain [railyards] within the city; the [San Joaquin Valley Railroad] also operates former [Southern Pacific branchlines] heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future [California High Speed Rail]. | Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail. |
The [division process] starts when the proteins [FtsZ1] and [FtsZ2] assemble into [filaments], and with the help of a protein [ARC6], form a structure called a [Z-ring] within the [chloroplast's stroma]. The [Min system] manages the placement of the [Z-ring], ensuring that the chloroplast is [cleaved] more or less evenly. The protein [MinD] prevents [FtsZ] from [linking up] and forming [filaments]. Another protein [ARC3] may also be involved, but it is not very well understood. These proteins are active at the [poles] of the chloroplast, preventing [Z-ring formation] there, but near the [center] of the chloroplast, [MinE] inhibits them, allowing the [Z-ring] to form. | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein ARC3 may also be involved, but it is not very well understood. These proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast, preventing Z-ring formation there, but near the center of the chloroplast, MinE inhibits them, allowing the Z-ring to form. |
The [IPCC process] on [climate change] and its [efficiency] and [success] has been compared with dealings with [other environmental challenges] (compare [Ozone depletion] and [global warming]). In case of the [Ozone depletion] global regulation based on the [Montreal Protocol] has been [successful], in case of [Climate Change], the [Kyoto Protocol] [failed]. The [Ozone case] was used to assess the [efficiency] of the [IPCC process]. The [lockstep situation] of the [IPCC] is having built a [broad science consensus] while [states] and [governments] still follow [different], if not [opposing goals]. The [underlying linear model] of [policy-making] of [more knowledge] we have, the [better] the [political response] will be is being [doubted]. | The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed. The Ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals. The underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be is being doubted. |
[Edward John Noble], the owner of [Life Savers candy], [drugstore chain Rexall] and [New York City radio station WMCA], purchased the [network] for $8 million. Due to [FCC ownership rules], the [transaction], which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to [resell his station] with the [FCC's approval]. The [Commission] authorized the transaction on [October 12, 1943]. Soon afterward, the [Blue Network] was purchased by the [new company] Noble founded, the [American Broadcasting System]. Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from [George B. Storer] in [1944]; its [parent company] adopted the corporate name [American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.]. [Woods] retained his position as [president] and [CEO] of [ABC] until [December 1949], and was subsequently promoted to [vice-chairman] of the [board] before leaving ABC altogether on [June 30, 1951]. | Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCC's approval. The Commission authorized the transaction on October 12, 1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, the American Broadcasting System. Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from George B. Storer in 1944; its parent company adopted the corporate name American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Woods retained his position as president and CEO of ABC until December 1949, and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving ABC altogether on June 30, 1951. |
When a T-cell encounters a [foreign pathogen], it extends a [vitamin D receptor]. This is essentially a [signaling device] that allows the T-cell to bind to the [active form] of vitamin D, the [steroid hormone] calcitriol. T-cells have a [symbiotic relationship] with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a [vitamin D receptor], in essence asking to bind to the [steroid hormone] version of vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the [gene] [CYP27B1], which is the gene responsible for converting the [pre-hormone] version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the [steroid hormone] version, calcitriol. Only after binding to calcitriol can T-cells perform their [intended function]. Other [immune system cells] that are known to express [CYP27B1] and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol, are [dendritic cells], [keratinocytes] and [macrophages]. | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27B1, which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the steroid hormone version, calcitriol. Only after binding to calcitriol can T-cells perform their intended function. Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol, are dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages. |
One of the main functions of the [chloroplast] is its role in [photosynthesis], the process by which [light] is transformed into [chemical energy], to subsequently produce [food] in the form of [sugars]. [Water] ([H2O]) and [carbon dioxide] ([CO2]) are used in photosynthesis, and [sugar] and [oxygen] ([O2]) is made, using [light energy]. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the [light reactions], where water is split to produce oxygen, and the [dark reactions], or [Calvin cycle], which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers [adenosine triphosphate] ([ATP]) and [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate] ([NADP+]). | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). |