metadata
license: apache-2.0
language:
- zh
- en
- fr
- de
- ja
- kg
base_model:
- stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0
pipeline_tag: text-to-image
![FLUX.1 [schnell] Grid](/OPPOer/PEA-Diffusion/blob/main/PEA-Diffusion.png)
Text-to-image diffusion models are well-known for their ability to generate realistic images based on textual prompts. However, the existing works have predominantly focused on English, lacking support for non-English text-to-image models. The most commonly used translation methods cannot solve the generation problem related to language culture, while training from scratch on a specific language dataset is prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we are inspired to propose a simple plug-and-play language transfer method based on knowledge distillation. All we need to do is train a lightweight MLP-like parameter-efficient adapter (PEA) with only 6M parameters under teacher knowledge distillation along with a small parallel data corpus. We are surprised to find that freezing the parameters of UNet can still achieve remarkable performance on the language-specific prompt evaluation set, demonstrating that PEA can stimulate the potential generation ability of the original UNet. Additionally, it closely approaches the performance of the English text-to-image model on a general prompt evaluation set. Furthermore, our adapter can be used as a plugin to achieve significant results in downstream tasks in cross-lingual text-to-image generation.
Usage
We provide examples of adapters for models such as SDXL, Playground v2.5, and stable-cascade. For SD3, please refer directly to https://huggingface.co/OPPOer/MultilingualSD3-adapter, and for FLUX. 1, please refer to https://huggingface.co/OPPOer/MultilingualFLUX.1-adapter
SDXL
We used the multilingual encoder Mul-OpenCLIP. As mentioned in the article, you can replace the model here with any SDXL derived model, including sampling acceleration, which can also be directly adapted.
import os
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from PIL import Image
from diffusers import AutoencoderKL, StableDiffusionXLPipeline,DPMSolverMultistepScheduler
from diffusers.image_processor import VaeImageProcessor
from diffusers.models.attention_processor import (
AttnProcessor2_0,
LoRAAttnProcessor2_0,
LoRAXFormersAttnProcessor,
XFormersAttnProcessor,
)
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
import open_clip
def image_grid(imgs, rows, cols):
assert len(imgs) == rows*cols
w, h = imgs[0].size
grid = Image.new('RGB', size=(cols*w, rows*h))
grid_w, grid_h = grid.size
for i, img in enumerate(imgs):
grid.paste(img, box=(i%cols*w, i//cols*h))
return grid
class MLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_dim, out_dim, hidden_dim,out_dim1, use_residual=True):
super().__init__()
if use_residual:
assert in_dim == out_dim
self.layernorm = nn.LayerNorm(in_dim)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(in_dim, hidden_dim)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, out_dim)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(out_dim, out_dim1)
self.use_residual = use_residual
self.act_fn = nn.GELU()
def forward(self, x):
residual = x
x = self.layernorm(x)
x = self.fc1(x)
x = self.act_fn(x)
x = self.fc2(x)
x2 = self.act_fn(x)
x2 = self.fc3(x2)
if self.use_residual:
x = x + residual
x1 = torch.mean(x,1)
return x1,x2
class StableDiffusionTest():
def __init__(self, model_id,text_text_encoder_pathpath,proj_path):
super().__init__()
self.text_encoder, _, preprocess = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('xlm-roberta-large-ViT-H-14', pretrained=text_encoder_path)
self.tokenizer = open_clip.get_tokenizer('xlm-roberta-large-ViT-H-14')
self.text_encoder.text.output_tokens = True
self.text_encoder = self.text_encoder.to(device,dtype=dtype)
self.vae = AutoencoderKL.from_pretrained(model_id, subfolder="vae").to(device)
scheduler = DPMSolverMultistepScheduler.from_pretrained(model_id, subfolder="scheduler")
self.pipe = StableDiffusionXLPipeline.from_pretrained(model_id, scheduler=scheduler,torch_dtype=dtype).to(device)
self.image_processor = VaeImageProcessor(vae_scale_factor=self.pipe.vae_scale_factor)
self.proj = MLP(1024, 1280, 1024,2048, use_residual=False).to(device,dtype=dtype)
self.proj.load_state_dict(torch.load(proj_path, map_location="cpu"))
def encode_prompt(self, prompt, device, num_images_per_prompt, do_classifier_free_guidance, negative_prompt):
batch_size = len(prompt) if isinstance(prompt, list) else 1
text_input_ids = self.tokenizer(prompt).to(device)
_,text_embeddings = self.text_encoder.encode_text(text_input_ids)
add_text_embeds,text_embeddings_2048 = self.proj(text_embeddings)
# duplicate text embeddings for each generation per prompt, using mps friendly method
bs_embed, seq_len, _ = text_embeddings.shape
text_embeddings = text_embeddings.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
text_embeddings = text_embeddings.view(bs_embed * num_images_per_prompt, seq_len, -1)
# get unconditional embeddings for classifier free guidance
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
uncond_tokens: List[str]
if negative_prompt is None:
uncond_tokens = [""] * batch_size
elif type(prompt) is not type(negative_prompt):
raise TypeError(
f"`negative_prompt` should be the same type to `prompt`, but got {type(negative_prompt)} !="
f" {type(prompt)}."
)
elif isinstance(negative_prompt, str):
uncond_tokens = [negative_prompt]
elif batch_size != len(negative_prompt):
raise ValueError(
f"`negative_prompt`: {negative_prompt} has batch size {len(negative_prompt)}, but `prompt`:"
f" {prompt} has batch size {batch_size}. Please make sure that passed `negative_prompt` matches"
" the batch size of `prompt`."
)
else:
uncond_tokens = negative_prompt
max_length = text_input_ids.shape[-1]
uncond_input_ids = self.tokenizer(uncond_tokens).to(device)
_,uncond_embeddings = self.text_encoder.encode_text(uncond_input_ids)
add_text_embeds_uncond,uncond_embeddings_2048 = self.proj(uncond_embeddings)
# duplicate unconditional embeddings for each generation per prompt, using mps friendly method
seq_len = uncond_embeddings_2048.shape[1]
uncond_embeddings_2048 = uncond_embeddings_2048.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
uncond_embeddings_2048 = uncond_embeddings_2048.view(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, seq_len, -1)
text_embeddings_2048 = torch.cat([uncond_embeddings_2048, text_embeddings_2048])
add_text_embeds = torch.cat([add_text_embeds_uncond, add_text_embeds])
return text_embeddings_2048,add_text_embeds
def _get_add_time_ids(self, original_size, crops_coords_top_left, target_size, dtype):
add_time_ids = list(original_size + crops_coords_top_left + target_size)
add_time_ids = torch.tensor([add_time_ids], dtype=dtype)
return add_time_ids
@torch.no_grad()
def __call__(
self,
prompt: Union[str, List[str]],
height: Optional[int] = 1024,
width: Optional[int] = 1024,
num_inference_steps: int = 30,
guidance_scale: float = 7.5,
original_size: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
crops_coords_top_left: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 0),
target_size: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
cross_attention_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
guidance_rescale: float = 0,
negative_prompt: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
num_images_per_prompt: Optional[int] = 1,
eta: float = 0.0,
generator: Optional[torch.Generator] = None,
latents: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
negative_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
pooled_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
negative_pooled_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
output_type: Optional[str] = "pil",
return_dict: bool = True,
callback: Optional[Callable[[int, int, torch.FloatTensor], None]] = None,
callback_steps: Optional[int] = 1,
**kwargs,
):
# 0. Default height and width to unet
height = height or self.pipe.unet.config.sample_size * self.pipe.vae_scale_factor
width = width or self.pipe.unet.config.sample_size * self.pipe.vae_scale_factor
original_size = original_size or (height, width)
target_size = target_size or (height, width)
# 1. Check inputs. Raise error if not correct
# self.pipe.check_inputs(prompt, height, width, callback_steps)
# 2. Define call parameters
batch_size = 1 if isinstance(prompt, str) else len(prompt)
device = self.pipe._execution_device
# here `guidance_scale` is defined analog to the guidance weight `w` of equation (2)
# of the Imagen paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.11487.pdf . `guidance_scale = 1`
# corresponds to doing no classifier free guidance.
do_classifier_free_guidance = guidance_scale > 1.0
# 3. Encode input prompt
prompt_embeds,add_text_embeds = self.encode_prompt(prompt, device, num_images_per_prompt, do_classifier_free_guidance, negative_prompt)
prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds
add_text_embeds = add_text_embeds
# 4. Prepare timesteps
self.pipe.scheduler.set_timesteps(num_inference_steps, device=device)
timesteps = self.pipe.scheduler.timesteps
# 5. Prepare latent variables
num_channels_latents = self.pipe.unet.in_channels
latents = self.pipe.prepare_latents(
batch_size * num_images_per_prompt,
num_channels_latents,
height,
width,
prompt_embeds.dtype,
device,
generator,
latents,
)
# 6. Prepare extra step kwargs. TODO: Logic should ideally just be moved out of the pipeline
extra_step_kwargs = self.pipe.prepare_extra_step_kwargs(generator, eta)
add_time_ids = self._get_add_time_ids(original_size, crops_coords_top_left, target_size, dtype=prompt_embeds.dtype)
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
add_time_ids = torch.cat([add_time_ids, add_time_ids], dim=0)
add_time_ids = add_time_ids.to(device).repeat(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, 1)
added_cond_kwargs = {"text_embeds": add_text_embeds, "time_ids": add_time_ids}
# 7. Denoising loop
for i, t in enumerate(self.pipe.progress_bar(timesteps)):
# expand the latents if we are doing classifier free guidance
latent_model_input = torch.cat([latents] * 2) if do_classifier_free_guidance else latents
latent_model_input = self.pipe.scheduler.scale_model_input(latent_model_input, t)
# predict the noise residual
noise_pred = self.pipe.unet(
latent_model_input,
t,
encoder_hidden_states=prompt_embeds,
cross_attention_kwargs=cross_attention_kwargs,
added_cond_kwargs=added_cond_kwargs,
return_dict=False,
)[0]
# noise_pred = self.pipe.unet(latent_model_input, t, encoder_hidden_states=text_embeddings).sample
# perform guidance
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
noise_pred_uncond, noise_pred_text = noise_pred.chunk(2)
noise_pred = noise_pred_uncond + guidance_scale * (noise_pred_text - noise_pred_uncond)
# compute the previous noisy sample x_t -> x_t-1
# latents = self.pipe.scheduler.step(noise_pred, t, latents, **extra_step_kwargs).prev_sample
latents = self.pipe.scheduler.step(noise_pred, t, latents, **extra_step_kwargs, return_dict=False)[0]
# call the callback, if provided
if callback is not None and i % callback_steps == 0:
callback(i, t, latents)
self.vae.to(dtype=torch.float32)
use_torch_2_0_or_xformers = self.vae.decoder.mid_block.attentions[0].processor in [
AttnProcessor2_0,
XFormersAttnProcessor,
LoRAXFormersAttnProcessor,
LoRAAttnProcessor2_0,
]
# if xformers or torch_2_0 is used attention block does not need
# to be in float32 which can save lots of memory
if not use_torch_2_0_or_xformers:
self.vae.post_quant_conv.to(latents.dtype)
self.vae.decoder.conv_in.to(latents.dtype)
self.vae.decoder.mid_block.to(latents.dtype)
else:
latents = latents.float()
# 8. Post-processing
image = self.vae.decode(latents / self.vae.config.scaling_factor, return_dict=False)[0]
image = self.image_processor.postprocess(image, output_type="np")
# 10. Convert to PIL
if output_type == "pil":
image = self.pipe.numpy_to_pil(image)
return image
if __name__ == '__main__':
device = "cuda"
dtype = torch.float16
text_encoder_path = 'laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-frozen-xlm-roberta-large-laion5B-s13B-b90k/open_clip_pytorch_model.bin'
model_id = "stablediffusionapi/protovision-xl-v6.6"
proj_path = "OPPOer/PEA-Diffusion/pytorch_model.bin"
sdt = StableDiffusionTest(model_id,text_encoder_path,proj_path)
batch=2
height = 1024
width = 1024
while True:
raw_text = input("\nPlease Input Query (stop to exit) >>> ")
if not raw_text:
print('Query should not be empty!')
continue
if raw_text == "stop":
break
images = sdt([raw_text]*batch,height=height,width=width)
grid = image_grid(images, rows=1, cols=batch)
grid.save("SDXL.png")
Playground v2.5
We used the multilingual encoder Mul-OpenCLIP
import os,sys
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
import sys
import random
from tqdm import tqdm
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import numpy as np
import argparse
from PIL import Image
import json
from diffusers import AutoencoderKL, DiffusionPipeline
from diffusers.image_processor import VaeImageProcessor
from diffusers.models.attention_processor import (
AttnProcessor2_0,
LoRAAttnProcessor2_0,
LoRAXFormersAttnProcessor,
XFormersAttnProcessor,
)
import open_clip
def image_grid(imgs, rows, cols):
assert len(imgs) == rows*cols
w, h = imgs[0].size
grid = Image.new('RGB', size=(cols*w, rows*h))
grid_w, grid_h = grid.size
for i, img in enumerate(imgs):
grid.paste(img, box=(i%cols*w, i//cols*h))
return grid
class MLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_dim=1024, out_dim=1280, hidden_dim=2048, out_dim1=2048, use_residual=True):
super().__init__()
if use_residual:
assert in_dim == out_dim
self.layernorm = nn.LayerNorm(in_dim)
self.projector = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(in_dim, hidden_dim, bias=False),
nn.GELU(),
nn.Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, bias=False),
nn.GELU(),
nn.Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, bias=False),
nn.GELU(),
nn.Linear(hidden_dim, out_dim, bias=False),
)
self.fc = nn.Linear(out_dim, out_dim1)
self.use_residual = use_residual
def forward(self, x):
residual = x
x = self.layernorm(x)
x = self.projector(x)
x2 = nn.GELU()(x)
x2 = self.fc(x2)
if self.use_residual:
x = x + residual
x1 = torch.mean(x,1)
return x1,x2
class StableDiffusionTest():
def __init__(self, model_id,text_encoder_path,proj_path):
super().__init__()
self.text_encoder, _, preprocess = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('xlm-roberta-large-ViT-H-14', pretrained=text_encoder_path)
self.tokenizer = open_clip.get_tokenizer('xlm-roberta-large-ViT-H-14')
self.text_encoder.text.output_tokens = True
self.text_encoder = self.text_encoder.to(device,dtype=dtype)
self.vae = AutoencoderKL.from_pretrained(model_id, subfolder="vae").to(device)
self.pipe = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(model_id, subfolder="scheduler", torch_dtype=dtype, variant="fp16").to(device)
self.image_processor = VaeImageProcessor(vae_scale_factor=self.pipe.vae_scale_factor)
self.proj = MLP(1024, 1280, 2048, 2048, use_residual=False).to(device,dtype=dtype)
self.proj.load_state_dict(torch.load(proj_path, map_location="cpu"))
def encode_prompt(self, prompt, device, num_images_per_prompt, do_classifier_free_guidance, negative_prompt):
batch_size = len(prompt) if isinstance(prompt, list) else 1
text_input_ids = self.tokenizer(prompt).to(device)
_,text_embeddings = self.text_encoder.encode_text(text_input_ids)
add_text_embeds,text_embeddings_2048 = self.proj(text_embeddings)
bs_embed, seq_len, _ = text_embeddings.shape
text_embeddings = text_embeddings.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
text_embeddings = text_embeddings.view(bs_embed * num_images_per_prompt, seq_len, -1)
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
uncond_tokens: List[str]
if negative_prompt is None:
uncond_tokens = [""] * batch_size
elif type(prompt) is not type(negative_prompt):
raise TypeError(
f"`negative_prompt` should be the same type to `prompt`, but got {type(negative_prompt)} !="
f" {type(prompt)}."
)
elif isinstance(negative_prompt, str):
uncond_tokens = [negative_prompt]
elif batch_size != len(negative_prompt):
raise ValueError(
f"`negative_prompt`: {negative_prompt} has batch size {len(negative_prompt)}, but `prompt`:"
f" {prompt} has batch size {batch_size}. Please make sure that passed `negative_prompt` matches"
" the batch size of `prompt`."
)
else:
uncond_tokens = negative_prompt
max_length = text_input_ids.shape[-1]
uncond_input_ids = self.tokenizer(uncond_tokens).to(device)
_,uncond_embeddings = self.text_encoder.encode_text(uncond_input_ids)
add_text_embeds_uncond,uncond_embeddings_2048 = self.proj(uncond_embeddings)
seq_len = uncond_embeddings_2048.shape[1]
uncond_embeddings_2048 = uncond_embeddings_2048.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
uncond_embeddings_2048 = uncond_embeddings_2048.view(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, seq_len, -1)
text_embeddings_2048 = torch.cat([uncond_embeddings_2048, text_embeddings_2048])
add_text_embeds = torch.cat([add_text_embeds_uncond, add_text_embeds])
return text_embeddings_2048,add_text_embeds
def _get_add_time_ids(self, original_size, crops_coords_top_left, target_size, dtype):
add_time_ids = list(original_size + crops_coords_top_left + target_size)
add_time_ids = torch.tensor([add_time_ids], dtype=dtype)
return add_time_ids
@torch.no_grad()
def __call__(
self,
prompt: Union[str, List[str]],
height: Optional[int] = 1024,
width: Optional[int] = 1024,
num_inference_steps: int = 50,
guidance_scale: float = 3,
original_size: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
crops_coords_top_left: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 0),
target_size: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
cross_attention_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
guidance_rescale: float = 0,
negative_prompt: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
num_images_per_prompt: Optional[int] = 1,
eta: float = 0.0,
generator: Optional[torch.Generator] = None,
latents: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
negative_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
pooled_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
negative_pooled_prompt_embeds: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None,
output_type: Optional[str] = "pil",
return_dict: bool = True,
callback: Optional[Callable[[int, int, torch.FloatTensor], None]] = None,
callback_steps: Optional[int] = 1,
**kwargs,
):
height = height or self.pipe.unet.config.sample_size * self.pipe.vae_scale_factor
width = width or self.pipe.unet.config.sample_size * self.pipe.vae_scale_factor
original_size = original_size or (height, width)
target_size = target_size or (height, width)
batch_size = 1 if isinstance(prompt, str) else len(prompt)
device = self.pipe._execution_device
do_classifier_free_guidance = guidance_scale > 1.0
prompt_embeds,add_text_embeds = self.encode_prompt(prompt, device, num_images_per_prompt, do_classifier_free_guidance, negative_prompt)
self.pipe.scheduler.set_timesteps(num_inference_steps, device=device)
timesteps = self.pipe.scheduler.timesteps
num_channels_latents = self.pipe.unet.in_channels
latents = self.pipe.prepare_latents(
batch_size * num_images_per_prompt,
num_channels_latents,
height,
width,
prompt_embeds.dtype,
device,
generator,
latents,
)
extra_step_kwargs = self.pipe.prepare_extra_step_kwargs(generator, eta)
add_time_ids = self._get_add_time_ids(original_size, crops_coords_top_left, target_size, dtype=prompt_embeds.dtype)
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
add_time_ids = torch.cat([add_time_ids, add_time_ids], dim=0)
add_time_ids = add_time_ids.to(device).repeat(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, 1)
added_cond_kwargs = {"text_embeds": add_text_embeds, "time_ids": add_time_ids}
for i, t in enumerate(self.pipe.progress_bar(timesteps)):
latent_model_input = torch.cat([latents] * 2) if do_classifier_free_guidance else latents
latent_model_input = self.pipe.scheduler.scale_model_input(latent_model_input, t)
noise_pred = self.pipe.unet(
latent_model_input,
t,
encoder_hidden_states=prompt_embeds,
cross_attention_kwargs=cross_attention_kwargs,
added_cond_kwargs=added_cond_kwargs,
return_dict=False,
)[0]
if do_classifier_free_guidance:
noise_pred_uncond, noise_pred_text = noise_pred.chunk(2)
noise_pred = noise_pred_uncond + guidance_scale * (noise_pred_text - noise_pred_uncond)
latents = self.pipe.scheduler.step(noise_pred, t, latents, **extra_step_kwargs, return_dict=False)[0]
if callback is not None and i % callback_steps == 0:
callback(i, t, latents)
self.vae.to(dtype=torch.float32)
use_torch_2_0_or_xformers = self.vae.decoder.mid_block.attentions[0].processor in [
AttnProcessor2_0,
XFormersAttnProcessor,
LoRAXFormersAttnProcessor,
LoRAAttnProcessor2_0,
]
if not use_torch_2_0_or_xformers:
self.vae.post_quant_conv.to(latents.dtype)
self.vae.decoder.conv_in.to(latents.dtype)
self.vae.decoder.mid_block.to(latents.dtype)
else:
latents = latents.float()
has_latents_mean = hasattr(self.vae.config, "latents_mean") and self.vae.config.latents_mean is not None
has_latents_std = hasattr(self.vae.config, "latents_std") and self.vae.config.latents_std is not None
if has_latents_mean and has_latents_std:
latents_mean = (
torch.tensor(self.vae.config.latents_mean).view(1, 4, 1, 1).to(latents.device, latents.dtype)
)
latents_std = (
torch.tensor(self.vae.config.latents_std).view(1, 4, 1, 1).to(latents.device, latents.dtype)
)
latents = latents * latents_std / self.vae.config.scaling_factor + latents_mean
else:
latents = latents / self.vae.config.scaling_factor
image = self.vae.decode(latents, return_dict=False)[0]
image = self.image_processor.postprocess(image, output_type="np")
if output_type == "pil":
image = self.pipe.numpy_to_pil(image)
return image
if __name__ == '__main__':
device = "cuda"
dtype = torch.float16
model_id = "playgroundai/playground-v2.5-1024px-aesthetic"
text_encoder_path = 'laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-frozen-xlm-roberta-large-laion5B-s13B-b90k/open_clip_pytorch_model.bin'
proj_path = "OPPOer/PEA-Diffusion/pytorch_model_pg.bin"
sdt = StableDiffusionTest(model_id,text_encoder_path,proj_path)
batch=2
height = 1024
width = 1024
while True:
raw_text = input("\nPlease Input Query (stop to exit) >>> ")
if not raw_text:
print('Query should not be empty!')
continue
if raw_text == "stop":
break
images = sdt([raw_text]*batch,height=height,width=width)
grid = image_grid(images, rows=1, cols=batch)
grid.save("PG.png")
To learn more check out the diffusers documentation
stable-cascade
comig soon
License
The adapter itself is Apache License 2.0, but it must follow the license of the main model.
Citation
@misc{ma2023peadiffusion,
title={PEA-Diffusion: Parameter-Efficient Adapter with Knowledge Distillation in non-English Text-to-Image Generation},
author={Jian Ma and Chen Chen and Qingsong Xie and Haonan Lu},
year={2023},
eprint={2311.17086},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}