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- Sustainable Construction Materials: Using renewable materials, clean supplies and super-low emissions processes and green-material innovations.
- Energy Positive: Creating more energy than used by such means as solar, wind, geo-thermal, rain-driven, hydro-electric or techniques yet to be developed.
- Carbon Negative: Using green roofs, walls and parking areas, carbon-absorbing ponds and designs to decrease greenhouse-gas emissions.
- Wildlife/Natural-Habitat-Friendly: Helping the industry promote and sustain the natural habitat of the surrounding environment.
- New Conveniences and Amenities: Improving the customer experience and adding design elements that help the customer and environment.
- Smart Functions: Creating and adding new technologies or tools to make using and managing storage properties easier and more efficient.
- Bottom-Line Results: Generating cost analyses and return-on-investment guidelines to demonstrate profit created by shifting to green building and design.
- Re-Used and Recycled Materials: Using old materials to do new things.
- Gray Water Solutions: Re-using waste water to everyone's benefit.
Interested parties should post their ideas and designs to their own website, and then send an e-mail indicating their intention to enter the Challenge to StorageMart Spokesperson Tron Jordheim at [email protected], putting “green building” in the subject field. The e-mail should include a well-written, 200- to 400-word proposal summary of the idea, including the web address where the submission can be viewed in its entirety.
If accepted, the submission will be forwarded to a panel of judges, with a notification sent to the participant. At that time, the contestant must post a note with his online design indicating it has been submitted to the StorageMart Build It Green Design Challenge, including a prominent link to promote the contest. He may also advertise the design’s inclusion through other avenues, subject to approval by StorageMart management. Logos and links will be provided by the company.
Design entries will be promoted through StorageMart websites and blogs, industry press releases and national media outlets. They will also be publicized at the Inside Self-Storage Las Vegas Expo, Feb. 5-8, 2008, the industry’s largest conference and tradeshow, as well as the Self Storage Association’s fall 2008 convention. StorageMart will announce up to three winners for each of the entry categories in October 2008.
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Validate comes from the Latin validus, meaning strong.
Verify comes from veritus, meaning true.
We often say that an argument founded on strong principles is valid. For instance:
"I cannot see the stars. I have no way of knowing if they're still there. For all I know, they might have disappeared, and scientists around the world are lying when they say they're there."
"Your argument is valid, but I'm pretty sure scientists have better things to do."
On the other hand, we could say,
Scientists today verified that the stars did in fact disappear during daylight, when astronauts aboard the shuttle "Scepticism" travelled above the atmosphere for the first time and found that no stars above the daylight side were visible.
The biggest difference is in the hypothesis. A valid hypothesis is one which appears to have supporting evidence, or which has not been disproven*. A verified hypothesis is one which has been proven (in this case, the anti-hypothesis).
Let's say that your hypothesis is that the user has entered their email address correctly. The address is valid if it's well-formed, or if you can send an email to it - it exists - but only verified as the user's address once the link sent in the email is clicked.
Or perhaps your hypothesis is that entries in a form are correct. It might be valid if all mandatory fields are filled, but only verified once the business rules associated with the different fields have been checked too.
Because verification necessarily involves validation, there may be some flexibility about what you define as valid. The purpose of validation is usually to provide quick feedback about what might be wrong, whereas the purpose of verification is to make sure it's right.
(*Can anyone verify that "disproven" is a word? Please validate my assumption.)
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| 0.969971 | 376 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Welcome to New Currency Theory and Sovereign Money
What is Sovereign Money?
Sovereign money is legal tender issued by a monetary authority, in Europe by a nation-state's independent central bank, or the ECB. The counterpart to sovereign money is commercial bankmoney, i.e. demand deposits on current bank account.
Bankmoney is created whenever a bank grants a loan, or overdraft, or buys stocks and bonds or real estate, and pays for this by crediting the customers' or sellers' accounts. These credits need to be backed by sovereign central-bank money, but just to a residual 2.5 per cent.
What would a sovereign money system look like?
If today's fractional reserve system cannot be said to be sovereign, what then would a sovereign money system look like?
An advanced modern sovereign-money system would be based upon all of the three components of a state's monetary prerogative:
1. Determining a country's standard currency unit
2. Issuing the money denominated in that unit
3. Realising for the public purse the profit which accrues from creating new money.
Currency and Banking Teachings
Currency versus banking teachings represent a frame of reference of lasting relevance to modern money systems.
The expression New Currency Theory (NCT) makes reference to the historical Currency School of the first half of the 19th century. It was opposed by the Banking School of the time.
Most economists seem to have forgotten about this controversy. At the same time, most monetary reform initiatives today in fact stand for new currency teachings...
How to deal with the euro?
Quite some people are wondering whether monetary reform can be implemented within the eurosystem, or whether the euro is an impediment to monetary reform; or whether individual countries could go it alone, or would have to leave the euro for being able to do so; or whether sovereign digital euros could be issued even within the eurosystem? As usual, the situation within the EU and the eurosystem is rather patchy.
Read more >
Neo-Austrians between Gold Standard, 100% Reserve, and Free Banking
The Neo-Austrian School and New Currency Theory share a similar criticism of fractional reserve banking. Strangely enough, Neo-Austrians blame the problem on government and central banks rather than the banking industry.
The Neo-Austrian idea of money and banking reform then is free banking, i.e. a system without legal-tender laws and central banks, on the basis of a return to a 100% gold reserve. This appears to be quixotic, but is a revelation to others.
Here are > Notes on the occasion of reading Huerta de Soto, a main proponent of the Neo-Austrian School.
Sovereign Money in Critical Context
As sovereign-money reform has been gaining attention, more economists from various schools of thought have felt called upon to comment on it - mainstream commentators, Neoaustrians, demand-side Keynesians, and others. This provides an opportunity for clearing up misrepresentations of sovereign money. Continue >
Why central banks perform worse than they could
Central banks are nowadays portrayed as the most mighty and powerful institutions, controlling the banking industry and exerting tremendous influence on financial markets and the economy beyond. Central banks themselves are keen to leave no doubt about their being in control of the situation. In actual fact, the decisive monetary power is with the banks. Here is an article that tries to sketch out what central banks actually can do and what they cannot.
> Read > download PDF
The Chicago Plan and a Single-Circuit Sovereign-Money System
In dealing with monetary reform, a recollection of older concepts is quite natural. Most prominent are approaches to a 100%-reserve of the 1930s, among them the original Chicago Plan. There is now a tendency to identify this plan with the up-to-date approach to plain sovereign money as championed by most contemporary reform initiatives. Is the Chicago Plan the same as plain sovereign money? Or is this about two different systems?
Continue > Download PDF >
Modern Money Theory and Circuitism in comparison to New Currency Theory
New Currency Theory NCT and Modern Money Theory MMT as well as Circuitism share a number of views on how the present regime of bank money (fractional reserve banking) actually works.
It turns out, however, that MMT - in spite of its claim to stand for a sovereign-currency system - is closer to representing new banking doctrine rather than currency teaching. > Continue
Something similar must be said on the monetary theory and circuit model of Circuitism, another offspring of Postkeynesianism, even though Circuitism is more critical about the 'power of banks'. > Continue
"For the government to permit banks to issue money, borrow that money, and pay interest on it is idiotic." - William F. Hixson
"Once a nation parts with the control of its currency and credit, it matters not who makes the nation's laws. ... Until the control of the issue of currency and credit is restored to government and recognized as its most sacred responsibility, all talk of the sovereignty of parliament and of democracy is idle and futile."
Mackenzie King, Canadian Prime Minister 1935-1948.
If you would like to be notified when there are new contributions on this website, please leave your e-mail address in the form on the right.
Greenspan's amazing testimony. Better late than never. The key passage starts at about min. 5.
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| 0.926369 | 1,137 | 2.765625 | 3 |
On May 25, 1998, the first of the four telescopes that would collectively be called the Very Large Telescope (or VLT) opened its eight-meter eye on the sky. Over the next fifteen years, their combined might would scan the heavens, providing incredible views of celestial objects.
To celebrate its 15th anniversary, the European Southern Observatory released this lovely picture of the Lambda Centaurus nebula, also called IC 2944. It’s a huge nebula, a gas cloud, located roughly 6000 light years away (the star after which it’s named is actually only about 200 light years from Earth, so their proximity in the sky is a coincidence).
Stars are forming inside the cloud, and some of them are very massive and hot. These stars blast out fierce ultraviolet radiation that heats and excites the hydrogen in the cloud. The gas responds by glowing in the red part of the spectrum—that’s the pink backdrop you see here, the color shifted a bit due to the way the picture combines light from different filters.
It’s common in nebulae like this to have thicker clumps of cooler molecular gas (predominantly molecules of hydrogen—H2—with a dash of things like carbon monoxide and other simple molecules). Cold and dense, they block the light coming from behind them, so we see them in silhouette. In the case of IC 2944 these are called Thackeray’s Globules, after A. David Thackeray, who first saw them.
Interestingly, the big clump in the picture is actually two separate clouds, superposed from our position. Each is about a light year across (10 trillion kilometers, or 6 trillion miles), and probably combined have a mass about 15 times that of the Sun. They may have once all been part of a single structure, a long thick tower like the “Pillars of Creation” made famous by Hubble. Over time, that giant structure in IC 2944 was destroyed by the intense UV light and stellar winds of the young massive stars around it. All that’s left now are these small clumps.
Sometimes these globules are the locations of star formation as well. However, in this case, they won’t get a chance. The processes that destroyed the pillar are still at work, slowly eating them away from the outside in. Eventually, they’ll evaporate totally. Poof. Gone.
Such is life. But that’s just a reminder that we should celebrate the things we care about while we can. So in that vein: Happy 15th Birthday, VLT! May you have many more, and may you bring us more gifts like this.
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A child's first visit to the dentist should be enjoyable and positive. The more you and your child know about the first visit, the better you will feel. Children are not born with a fear of the dentist, but they can fear the unknown. Our office makes a practice of using pleasant, non-frightening, simple words to describe your child's first dental visit and treatment. We want you to feel at ease from the moment your family arrives at our office.
According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), children should visit the dentist by their first birthday. It is important that your child's newly erupted teeth (erupting at 6-12 months of age) receive proper dental care and benefit from proper oral hygiene habits right from the beginning.
To prepare for your child's visit, we have created an activity kit to familiarize your child with their teeth and help them look forward to their dental visit.
» Getting to know your teeth is fun! Get comfortable with your teeth with our Dynamite Dental Fun Kit.
When New Teeth Arrive
Your child's first tooth erupts between ages 6-12 months and the remainder of their 20 primary or "baby" teeth typically erupt by age 3. During this time, gums may feel tender and sore, causing your child to feel irritable. To help alleviate this discomfort, we recommend that you soothe the gums by rubbing a clean finger or a cool, wet cloth across them. You may also choose to make use of a teething ring.
Your child's primary teeth are shed at various times throughout childhood, and their permanent teeth begin erupting at age 6 and continue until age 21. Adults have 28 permanent teeth, or 32 including wisdom teeth.
Adopting Healthy Oral Hygiene Habits
As new teeth erupt, examine them every two weeks for lines and discoloration caused by decay. Remember that sugary foods and liquids can attack a new tooth, so take care that your child brushes their teeth after feeding or eating. We recommend brushing four times a day for optimal oral hygiene: after breakfast, after lunch, after dinner, and at bedtime. Brushing can be fun, and your child should brush as soon as the first tooth arrives. When a baby's tooth erupts, parents should brush the tooth with a soft-bristled toothbrush and a pea-sized amount of toothpaste. For children younger than two, do not use fluoride toothpaste unless advised to do so by your dentist or other health professional. We suggest reviewing proper tooth brushing procedures with your child.
Flossing is also a part of good oral hygiene habits, and your doctor will discuss with you the right time to start flossing. If you notice signs of decay, contact your dentist immediately.
Brushing: Step 1
Place your toothbrush at a 45 degree angle to your gum.
Brushing: Step 2
Brush gently in a circular motion.
Brushing: Step 3
Brush the outer, inner, and chewing surfaces of each tooth.
Brushing: Step 4
Use the tip of your brush for the inner surface of your front teeth.
Flossing: Step 1
Wind about 18 inches of floss around your fingers as shown. Most of it should be wrapped around one finger, and as the floss is used, the other finger takes it up.
Flossing: Step 2
Use your thumbs and forefingers to guide about one inch of floss between your teeth.
Flossing: Step 3
Holding the floss tightly, gently saw the floss between your teeth. Then curve the floss into a C-shape against one tooth and gently slide it beneath your gums.
Flossing: Step 4
Slide the floss up and down, repeating for each tooth.
Preventing Tooth Decay
Tooth decay is preventable. Tooth decay is caused by sugars left in your mouth that turn into an acid which can break down your teeth. Children are at high risk for tooth decay for a simple reason — many children and adolescents tend to be lax in their oral hygiene habits. Proper brushing and flossing routines combined with regular dental visits help keep tooth decay away. A low-sugar diet also helps keep tooth decay at bay.
Your child should visit the dentist every 6 months for regular dental cleanings and checkups. We recommend fluoride treatments twice a year along with cleanings to keep teeth their strongest. Tooth sealants are also recommended because they "seal" the deep grooves in your child's teeth, preventing decay from forming in these hard-to-reach areas. Sealants last for several years, but will be monitored at your regular checkups.
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About the Project
Williamsburg's restoration to its eighteenth-century appearance is based on exhaustive documentary and field work by several generations of scholars. Over the years, the Foundation's architectural specialists, archaeologists, and historians have examined the town lot by lot and have produced volumes of reports to document their work. Today, as ongoing research work on the buildings and their surroundings continues, the archive of documentary reports grows larger. The problem we face is how best to manage this archive so that it can be preserved and accessed by researchers today and in the future.
Colonial Williamsburg already has excellent systems for creating and maintaining the formal catalog descriptions for our many physical collections. But like many large organizations, we face challenges in managing the body of associated materials related to our buildings and artifacts. Over the years, the Foundation's library has collected and bound some of the reports produced by the research departments. However, much information we knew remained out of view, stored in file boxes or file cabinets, not cataloged, and sometimes forgotten. To add to the problem we had to deal with the body of electronic material created over the past two decades created in myriad formats and stored on various hard drives and floppy disks. Our files were in every format from early versions of WordPerfect to recently created Adobe PDF. In 1998 we began converting some text files to XML for the purpose of delivering them through our digital library and maintaining them long-term in a format best suited to preservation of digital texts.
In 2003 we began a three-year project to improve our management of these materials and create a better means of accessing them. We had several goals in mind. First, we wanted to formalize our processes for handling the kinds of materials that researchers create, particularly documentary field reports. Because so much material remained dispersed in the offices and the hard drives of researchers throughout the Foundation, it was important for us to develop procedures for moving material into the library. Second, we wanted to convert this material--as well as a large body of older documents--to XML using a standard document type definition created by the Text Encoding Initiative, a set of tagging protocols produced and maintained by a consortium of leading universities. Tagging the files in XML allowed us to create structured documents that were independent of proprietary software used to create them initially and offered us flexibility in delivering the material to the web. Finally, we wanted to create a browser-based map tool to offer access to this digital library material.
Ultimately, we produced two tools. The first is a specialized program for Colonial Williamsburg's research departments built using geographic information systems (GIS) technology. GIS provides a way to link information to spaces on maps. We created a system that identified the specific area that a researcher was interested in, whether it was a lot, house, or a neighborhood. We then linked the project report to that location on a digital map of the town. A researcher can click on any location on this map and retrieve all reports written about that area. The reports, stored on the server as XML files, are transformed through a stylesheet and delivered to the screen. Researchers can also perform geographic queries, selecting specific buildings or lots and browsing through material related to those spaces in the database. This program has been developed using ESRI Inc.'s suite of GIS software, specifically ArcInfo, ArcSDE, and ArcIMS.
The version of eWilliamsburg presented here is a lighter version of the more specialized tool used at Colonial Williamsburg. The same maps and library of information are accessible, but the web version presents a more streamlined user interface built using Adobe Flash® technology and lacking the full search capability of the original program. Nevertheless, this web-based version of eWilliamsburg allows researchers to access the much of the same information available to our staff by clicking on site markers on a map of the town.
The creation of eWilliamsburg was funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Previous work was funded by the the L. J. and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation.
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|by Rachel Hauser
September 19, 2001
In orbit since December 1999 onboard NASA's Terra satellite,
the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), records
images of the globe every 24 to 48 hours, providing scientists with
information on a wide variety of the Earth's features, including
cloud cover and global vegetation. But scientists must be sure
MODIS' measurements are accurate. Characterizing the instrument's
performance involved an innovative and international collaboration of
"For each of the MODIS land data products we develop, we want
to have some field data, or ground reference, to ensure that what we
think we're seeing in the images is truly representative of ground
level processes," said Jeff Morisette, MODIS Land Team (MODLAND)
Validation Coordinator. "We required detailed information from a
global network of research sites to provide us with measurements
about aspects of land cover types, vegetation uptake and carbon
dioxide release, and atmospheric carbon exchange."
Funding for image validation studies began in 1998 with comparisons between surface and satellite sensor data from, for example, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), SPOT and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors, and with MODIS imagery when it became available during the 2000 summer growing season.
To ensure accurate comparisons between sensors, field measurements had to be 'scaled-up' so that data collected 100 meters above the ground by aircraft sensors, and data collected by satellite sensors hundreds of kilometers in the air matched the ground-based validation data. In other words, if the field data identified distinct clumps of deciduous trees amongst the surrounding coniferous forest, then the validation team needed to ensure that they could identify the same deciduous vegetation in the remotely sensed imagery.
"Typically, field measurements and/or low altitude aircraft data are collected and used to adjust high-resolution satellite data, such as ETM+ on Landsat 7 or ASTER on Terra, to observed ground parameters. We then take this suite of data to derive high-resolution satellite images that replicate parameters, such as land surface temperature or land cover type, comparable to the MODIS product," Morisette said. "Lastly, we apply an averaging technique to account for scale differences between the high-resolution and MODIS data products."
Using this adjustment process, field data are directly comparable to MODIS data.
The MODLAND team collected validation information domestically from a variety of sources including the Long Term Ecological Research sites and existing research networks, such as NASA's AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) program. Internationally, MODLAND garnered validation data from research projects such as Brazil's Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere program in Amazonia, the SAFARI 2000 research initiative in Southern Africa, work from Chiba University in Mongolia's grasslands, and data from Canada's boreal forests collected by the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Currently, these international land product validation activities are organized through a newly formed subcommittee, the Calibration and Validation Working Group, within NASA's Committee on Earth Observing Satellites.
"We've provided the MODIS land validation team with a wide variety of field measurements from nine different ecozones in Canada, and we'll provide information from three additional ecozones by the end of 2001," said Richard Fernandes, research scientist with CCRS' Environmental Monitoring Section. "For each biome, we've picked approximately 20 to 30 plots within 150 square kilometer regions, the area equivalent to a Landsat frame. We use these data to calculate leaf area index (LAI) over Canada for use in models that monitor Canada's carbon and hydrology budget."
Several benefits have resulted from collaborating with international research organizations: CCRS researchers had created algorithms to calculate LAI from satellite imagery, which they shared with members of the MODIS land validation team. CCRS' LAI history spans from 1992 to 2000, and CCRS plans to extend this record back another 10 years.
"We've applied our algorithms to identify LAI in MODIS imagery over Canada, and developed LAI algorithms for use with other sensors for ecozones throughout Canada. After running the data through our algorithms, we can compare MODIS images to imagery from more familiar sensors to get a better idea of what we're seeing in MODIS images," Fernandes said. "So, in addition to providing field data for validation, we plan to make estimates of LAI over Canada using our algorithms and MODIS data available to users via our Web site. We'll also provide our estimated errors using these methods. So other scientists, including MODIS science team members, will have our validation data for input into their algorithms and they can compare their results with ours using MODIS imagery."
MODIS Land products are generated in the Integerized Sinusoidal (ISIN) grid, a projection that allows for uninterrupted global projection, and therefore, an undistorted global view. MODIS land data users, however, have had difficulty reading the data into the unusual ISIN projection using available software. In answer, the EDC DAAC created a tool that reprojects MODIS data into a software-compatible format.
"We wanted to provide people with a way to read the data files, extract images from the file, reproject and sample information from a specific study region, and have the final output available in a software-friendly format," said John Dwyer, EDC DAAC Project Scientist.
"To create the reprojection tool we used, as a baseline, an ISIN version that integrated computer code from EDC's existing mapping transformation software (the Generalized Cartographic Transformation Package, or GCTP). At the same time we incorporated image resampling software code developed at EDC for use in the Landsat 7 land assessment project," Dwyer said.
Tool users may subset the data by region, which effectively reduces the amount of information downloaded, thereby facilitating data transfer. EDC also hoped to facilitate access to MODIS data for users of all skill levels by creating a graphical user interface that eased data access and navigation.
"The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) DAAC uses EDC's Reprojection Tool to provide MODIS products to the community of scientists compiling field measurements and performing product validation. Because of the reprojection tool, ORNL can provide MODIS products in an immediately useful format for science investigators that don't typically work with remote sensing data," said Dick Olson, staff scientist at ORNL.
"The science community has been a great help in developing the reprojection tool. We've created this tool on a shoestring and had our users provide on-the-fly testing because, outside of some initial tests, we don't have the resources for rigorous, pre-release software testing, said Dwyer. "With each incremental release, people have sent us problem reports so that we could verify and rectify any problems that they've encountered."
"Our group was one of the first to use the MODIS Reprojection Tool," Fernandes said. "We found it invaluable. It works quite well and the EDC people are always willing to help us with any problems encountered."
"Subsets of MODIS-derived products, which include surface temperature, vegetation index, LAI, photosynthesis, and surface reflectance, are produced by the MODIS Data Processing System for a select number of validation sites," said Olson. "After reformatting the products using the reprojection tool, ORNL posts the files online. Eventually, as more products become available, users will be able to quickly evaluate temporal patterns and compare to field measurements."
Active Data Archive
"The provider supplies prospective users with background metadata on his or her data. After specifying the type of data desired, the user goes directly to the data provider's Web site," said Morisette. "Mercury doesn't hold any data, it's a clearinghouse that provides data registration and points to where data reside. We're trying to help ORNL and the data providers by offering some user service function and data quality assessment so uninitiated users understand what parameters were collected from a particular site and how to use the data."
By creating improved sensors dedicated to environmental and climate research, providing the tools to use and understand the data, and encouraging cooperative research efforts, NASA's Earth Observing System facilitates global research efforts.
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(See my follow-up post, Kathy Sierra On Gamification In Education)
I know there has been a fair amount of online discussion going on about using “gamification” in schools, but I haven’t really been keeping on top of it. Today, though, I read an interesting article in the San Francisco Chronicle headlined Jury out on Zamzee, other forms of ‘gamification.’ Here’s an excerpt (but it’s definitely worth reading the entire article):
While gamification is a relatively new concept, the science of human motivation is not. And critics of the gamification concept – and even proponents who feel the concepts are misapplied – say many examples so far fundamentally misunderstand what drives behavior.
The most basic mistake is thinking that people play games for external rewards like points and badges, whereas in fact people play games because games are intrinsically fun or rewarding. The points are just a way of keeping score, an almost incidental add-on to the process. Sudoku has no points, for instance, but that hasn’t stopped millions from playing.
“Actual games and gamification are at complete opposite poles on the motivation continuum,” said Kathy Sierra, a writer and game developer.
This isn’t a big problem when rewards and points are applied to rote work, like chores or brushing your teeth. After all, there’s little worry of making those things less engaging.
But Dan Pink, the author of “Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us,” has pointed out that studies show that when the task rises to the level of even rudimentary cognitive skills – anything above mechanical tasks – incentives start to work in reverse. Greater rewards – including higher pay – lead to poorer performance with things like creative tasks.
This de-motivation flies in the face of economic theory, and yet the findings have been remarkably consistent, Pink and others say.
Another common misconception is that sparking competition – by using things like workplace leader boards to increase productivity – leads to long-term improvements. In fact, interest tends to trail off quickly, particularly for those who realize they’re not in the running to win, said Jane McGonigal, a renowned game designer and author of “Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World.”
In a subsequent Web search, I found another useful article titled 3 Reasons NOT to Gamify Education.
It seems to me that learning games certainly have a role in schools, but I’m not so sure about “gamification.” What do you think — are there ways to incorporate “gamification” without hurting intrinsic motivation?
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Full-scale test of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System to take place on 12 October
Almost seven years after the devastating tsunami of 2004, more than 20 nations* will participate on 12 October in a full-scale exercise to test the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System. This exercise, organized under the auspices of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, will also see responsibility for the issue of advisories handed over to the countries of the region through a new regional tsunami advisory service.
The scenario established for the "Exercise IOWAVE 11" re-enacts the events of 26 December 2004, with a 9.2 magnitude earthquake off the North West coast of Sumatra (Indonesia), followed by an ocean-wide tsunami. This simulated wave will cross the Indian Ocean in 12 hours to strike the coast of South Africa. Bulletins will be issued by the new Regional Tsunami Service Providers (RTSPs) in Australia, India and Indonesia**.
UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova will mark the transition of responsibility for the tsunami warning system with a video address to the authorities of the three countries on 12 October (8.30 a.m., Paris time).
The exercise aims to evaluate the system’s operational capacity, the efficiency of communications among the different actors, and the state of preparation of national emergency services. The test will also include the evacuation of coastal communities in several countries, notably India and Malaysia.
The Indian Ocean nations decided to establish an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWS) in the wake of the 2004 catastrophe. They requested that UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission establish an Intergovernmental Coordination Group to provide a governance mechanism for the new system, which became partially operational in 2005. Since then, bulletins have been issued to 28 Indian Ocean nations by the Japan Meteorological Agency and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. They will continue to provide this service until the end of 2012, at which time an evaluation of the new regional advisory service will be carried out.
*To date: Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France (La Réunion), India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor Leste, Yemen.
** as well as the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) and the Interim Advisory Service providers, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)
<- Back to: All news
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Stowe Book Aids
A century and a half ago New England writer Harriet Beecher Stowe stirred abolitionist sympathy with her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Now a Sam Houston State University professor, who also happens to be her great-great grandson, has his own cause.
Charles R. B. Stowe, left, presents a copy of his new book to Dean Ryc, Warsaw University School of Management.
Charles R. B. Stowe, professor of general business and finance, has authored his first commercial book - "The Implications of Foreign Financial Institutions on Poland's Emerging Entrepreneurial Economy." His book won't be performed on stage, as his ancestor's was, but it could be important in helping former Soviet Union countries establish free market economies.
"Harriet Beecher Stowe was a deeply religious woman who actively campaigned for an end to slavery," said Stowe. "She not only wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' but participated in the 'underground railroad' that helped black people escape slavery. She was clearly motivated by her Christian beliefs and her conviction that slavery was a morally offensive institution.
"I suppose the only parallel is that we are both people of conviction. Hopefully my first book will not result in stirring people to armed conflict, but in helping economists and public policy makers understand the role of foreign financial institutions in promoting economic development."
Professor Stowe's book is actually the dissertation he produced en route to becoming the first United States citizen to earn a doctor of philosophy degree from the Warsaw University School of Management. His research was the first comprehensive history of the entry and role of foreign banks and venture capital companies into Poland, and an analysis of the effect of foreign institutions on the development of Poland's entrepreneurial economy.
"The only thing propping up a failed economic system in Poland was military might," said Stowe. "When Ronald Reagan boldly denied the former USSR from continuing their bluff of military superiority, the breakup of the empire was inevitable.
"In terms of Poland's role, they were the first and maybe the catalyst for the yearning for independence. The real story of Poland's liberation involves the Pope, Lech Walesa, American labor unions, and a large group of very well-educated Polish professors who understood the basic principles of free market economy.
"Together, this group forged a solidarity - an effective political party with a plan. Even though the Poles have frequent changes of governments, they change personalities and not policies. Today, there is more consensus on military, political and economic policies in Poland than there is among the two major political parties in America."
A key point of Stowe's book, he said, is that intellectual and not financial capital is the foundation for a strong economy.
"Russia, for example, has received billions from the International Monetary Fund and big corporations," said Stowe. "But, their economy is in shambles. They simply lacked intellectual capital to make the system work. Unfortunately, too many at the highest levels of government equate capitalism with theft. Money is pouring out of Russia into secret foreign bank accounts. The country is being looted by its leadership."
Stowe's Polish connection goes back to 1994, when he was recalled to active duty as a captain in the United States Navy. His assignment was to serve as senior military adviser and team chief of the U. S. military contact team working for the Polish Ministry of Defense in coordinating U. S.-Polish military cooperation and exchanges.
When United States Ambassador to Poland Nicholas Rey learned that Stowe teaches entrepreneurship and business courses, he asked him to give lectures on business development at Polish universities, in addition to his military assignment.
Stowe's military work helped fashion military strategies and training programs leading to Poland's entry into NATO. His lectures led to research and participation in the program in the Warsaw University School of Management that led to his unique degree.
Charles R. B. Stowe, center, displays his diploma from Warsaw University. Congratulating him on becoming the first American to earn a Ph. D. from Warsaw University were United States Ambassador to Poland Dan Fried (left) and Stowe's sponsor, Prof. Dr. Hab. Stefan Kwiatkowski.
On Jan. 18 Stowe was among 25 others who received doctor of philosophy degrees in a solemn ceremony in the highly ornate university senate chambers. The university's rector, who is equivalent to a university president in the United States, presided at the ceremony and hosted the graduates for a champagne reception in his office.
Later that day Stowe also met with United States Ambassador Daniel Fried, and presented him with a copy of his book. The book is available from Bearkat Books in Huntsville for $35.
In his previous studies, Stowe earned a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from the University of Houston Law Center, a Master of Business Administration from the University of Dallas, and a Bachelor of Arts from Vanderbilt University. He has been on the SHSU College of Business Administration faculty since 1982, and also serves as director of the university's Office of International Programs.
He also holds the title of Professor, Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw.
His goal, he said, is to spread the word about democracy, as well as entrepreneurship and a free market economy, and their interrelationships.
"The way to peace and prosperity is for Western countries to share their ideas, knowledge and understanding of free markets," he said. "Economic freedom and the free market system is the key to democracy."
- END -
Contact:Dr. Charles R. B. Stowe; 409.294.1287
SHSU Media Contact:Frank Krystyniak
Jan. 31, 2000
Please send comments, corrections, news tips to [email protected]
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Thursday, December 08, 2005
Educational Experiences of American Indians and Alaska Natives
The NCES (National Center for Education Statistics) has issued two reports describing the early learning and educational experiences of American Indians and Alaska Natives. American Indian and Alaska Native Children: Findings From the Base Year of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) is an on-going survey of 10,000 children born in 2001. The report indicates that these children have similar skills at 9 months to the general population despite poverty and other barriers. Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives describes the academic achievement of American Indians and Alaska Natives over the past 20 years.
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(CNN) -- Bangladesh has a serious power problem. Nearly half of its 162-million population does not have access to electricity.
Light can change lives, which is why the residents of this small village are beaming about one project that is harnessing the power of the sun.
Grameen Shakti a non-profit company in Bangladesh is introducing solar power, borrowing power, and girl power to the villagers all at the same time.
The program trains village women to install and repair solar panels and electrical outlets on homes and businesses.
"This kind of job will help the women and they will be able to contribute financially to their family. It will be good if this kind of job opportunity expands," Trainee Monowara said after coming down from installing a solar panel on the roof of a villager's house.
While increasing her own family's income she says her work is also changing the lives of her neighbors.
For 40-year-old Fatima Begum it means she will have electricity in her home for the first time in her life.
"I used kerosene lamp for the light but it blackened my house with soot," she said.
Now Begum and her family can breathe easier and have appliances in their home.
But the panels don't come cheap. They cost about $300 dollars -- around half of what Bangladeshi's earn per year on average.
"You know the first barrier was high up on the cost of the solar system. We've overcome that problem by introducing micro-credit tools. The people, when they buy a solar home system they don't have to pay all the money at a time," Grameen Shakti Senior Manager Fazley Rabbi said.
And the solar power program is self-sustaining -- the cost of the panels pays for the training of the local technicians.
Solar power isn't just being used in homes here in fact nearly every single business along this street is using it and some are making much bigger profits because of it.
Tailor, Ekabaar Ali, says the solar light means more time to sew and sell his clothes.
"We could not work much before we got the solar power. We had to stop work before sun set. But now we can work until 10 in the night so it boosts my income. It's good," He said.
His boss, the shop owner, said his profits have nearly doubled since the solar panel was installed.
The solar power program has also sparked an entrepreneurial spirit in the village.
"They're using the energy in different ways so they can earn more money. One business is they're renting the light to others." Grameen Shakti's Fazley Rabbi said.
Another moneymaking venture is linked to the popularity and cheap cost of cell phones.
One solar powered shop in the village offers a charging station for a few cents per charge. After all what good is a cell-phone if the battery is dead?
Grameen Shakti technicians have installed 550,000 home solar systems in 40,000 villages since the program began in 1996.
Bangladesh's abundance of sunlight is being harnessed on a massive scale to try and improve the lives of its impoverished residents.
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| 0.973006 | 666 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Comets have inspired wonder, excitement and even fear ever since they were first observed. But they are important members of the solar system, that contain material from early in the life of the system, held in deep-freeze. This makes them key in our understanding of the formation and evolution of many Solar System bodies.Recent ground- and space-based observations have changed much in our understanding of comets. Comets, and How to Observe Them gives a summary of our current knowledge and describes how amateur astronomers can contribute to the body of scientific knowledge of comets. This book contains many practical examples of how to construct comet light-curves, measure how fast a comet s coma expands, and determine the rotation period of the nucleus. All these examples are illustrated with drawings and photographs.Because of their unpredictable nature comets are always interesting and sometime spectacular objects to observe and image. The second part of the book therefore takes the reader through the key observing techniques that can be used with commercially available modern observing equipment, from basic observations to more scientific measurements."
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Rent Comets and How to Observe Them 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Richard Schmude. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Springer.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our Astronomy tutors now.
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| 0.930648 | 293 | 3.625 | 4 |
Magnificently Mathematical Mussels
Despite the ease with which mussels can be cooked and eaten with chips, harvesting these tiny shelled bivalves from the seashore requires a certain amount of industrious prising.
That’s because mussels use multiple thin byssus threads to securely fasten themselves to different surfaces along the coastline. These threads have a sticky plug at one end, with the mussel’s body dangling off the other (shown below).
Scientists have found it difficult to explain how mussels tolerate the forces generated by constantly crashing waves and strong sea currents, since the calculated strength of the byssus threads alone is too low to withstand them.
So, how exactly do mussels manage to stay attached to a rocky coastline, or the hull of a fast-moving ship?
Researchers at MIT explored this question by collecting mussels from Boston harbour, and testing them under different conditions.
They found that byssus threads are not made up of the same material all the way through. Instead, the thread sports a mixture of soft and hard material that optimises its ability to resist impact forces.
The soft material nearer to the body of the mussel deforms as mechanical forces are applied, while the hard material closer to the sticky plug stays in a very relaxed state until substantial force is applied.
This geometric structure results in a 900% increase in the mussel’s ability to withstand repeated bashing by waves (dynamic strength) compared to its ability to resist constant pressure (static strength).
This arrangement also conspires to create the least amount of force at the junction between the mussel’s body and the byssus thread, minimising the likelihood of a horribly wrenching separation.
This research has wonderful implications for the bio-design of new materials that need to withstand significant push/pull forces, such as submarines, wind turbines and materials going into space.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has something to offer nearly any industry. Beyond the obvious uses, people continually come up new ways to utilize the technology. AM offers a level of innovative freedom that is only matched by its flexibility.
Grace Choi, a Harvard graduate, has decided to put AM to work for the beauty industry. By merging additive technology with digital design and the building blocks of beauty products, Choi was able to build a 3D printer that builds its own makeup. She calls it the Mink and plans to market the system to girls ages 12 to 21.
According to Choi, the makeup industry makes a large profit on mixing basic colors with easy-to-produce materials to manufacture makeup. The same colors used by the industry can be found in desktop printers and are FDA approved. Choi did some research and the end result was her Mink prototype, which she showed off at TechCrunch Disrupt.
To operate the Mink, a user first needs to find a color she (or he) likes. Most people have cameras in their pockets nowadays, making this part easy. The next step is to find the hex code for that color and program it into the Mink. The user will then decide on what type of makeup (lipstick, eyeshadow, etc.) to be mixed and the Mink will perform its additive manufacturing magic to produce an end-use product.
Choi says the Mink will not only be good for young women and girls who are just beginning to experiment with makeup, but also for minorities. Since makeup is mixed up in giant batches and sold in bulk, minority women sometimes have difficulty finding makeup that is appropriate for their skin tone, or that will complement the color of their skin. The Mink could solve this problem by producing makeup in any tone or color required.
Choi wants to work with printer companies to make the Mink a widespread reality, and claims it could be sold for $200-$300. With the price of quality makeup ranging from between $20-$60 for a single product, the Mink would be well worth investing in for women or makeup professionals who are choosy about their supplies. The Mink isn’t the most unusual use of AM we’ve seen lately, but it definitely makes the list.
Below you’ll find Choi’s TechCrunch Disrupt presentation.
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By now, many people have viewed the horrifying footage from Tyson Pork that Mercy for Animals released earlier this year. Or maybe they’ve seen the devastating abuse of pigs recorded at Christensen Family Farms, or at Hawkeye Sow Centers, or at Pipestone Systems, or at Iowa Select, or Smithfield Foods, or Hormel farms; the list goes on and on. But even though investigations into pig farms by numerous animal protection groups reveal the same unspeakable cruelties committed year after year, the unabashed bacon fetish continues, in large part because people manage to convince themselves that these are isolated incidents of abuse; the exception, and not the rule.
While it’s certainly the case that farms exist where pigs are not maliciously beaten, body-slammed, and burned, the truth is that virtually all bacon, pork, and ham come from pigs subjected to excruciating mutilations without anesthesia or pain relief. These torturous procedures are all legal and routine, part of the standard practice known as “processing” piglets a few days after birth. These abuses are commonly inflicted on small and so-called “humane” farms as well (see below).
Most baby pigs have their tails cut off without pain relief.
Although pigs are some of the smartest and most inquisitive animals on the planet — researchers rank them as more intelligent than three year-old children — more than 97% of pigs in the U.S. are raised indoors in barren warehouse-style factory farms. (1) Packed inside manure-laden sheds by the thousands, and unable to perform the most basic natural behaviors essential to their wellbeing, pigs suffer depression and anxiety and exhibit stereotypic stress behaviors including biting one anothers’ tails. In order to prevent tail-biting (which could result in infection and subsequent profit loss), farmers cut off one-half or more of piglets’ tails without anesthesia or pain relief.
Most baby pigs have their teeth broken off with pliers.
Newborn pigs have eight sharp “needle” teeth which can scratch their mothers’ udders, as well as other piglets. While these teeth serve an important purpose in nature, injuries caused by needle teeth can sometimes lead to infection or other damage that might result in profit loss to farmers. Pigs raised on industrial farms as well as many small farms have their needle teeth clipped in half with pliers, or even broken off at the gumline. See the 10 second video below.
Most baby pigs have chunks of flesh cut out of their ears.
Ear notching is the most common method of pig identification (2). With a tool called a V-notcher (similar to a hole-puncher), triangles of flesh are cut from a piglet’s ear as though it were a child’s paper snowflake, rather than a sensitive appendage filled with blood vessels and nerves. Notches in the pig’s right ear represent its litter number. Notches in the pig’s left ear are its individual number. Under this system, every pig in a litter has the same notch(es) in the right ear, while no two pigs from the same litter have the same notches in the left ear. Pigs may have as many as five notches cut into a single ear.
Virtually all male piglets have their testicles ripped out (most without anesthesia).
Nearly all male pigs in the U.S. are castrated in order to prevent “boar taint,” a strong odor associated with the flesh from intact males, and considered offensive. (Boar taint is prohibited by food quality regulations in many countries.) Pigs are almost always castrated without anesthesia or any prior painkiller, as such measures are deemed too costly. Generally, a scalpel is used to make an incision over each testicle, the testicles are squeezed out, and are then either fully ripped from the body or cut at the spermatic cord.
Mutilations without anesthetic are also common on small and humane label farms.
While pigs raised on pasture generally experience a better quality of life than pigs raised in confinement, they are also subjected to brutal mutilations; especially cruel is the practice of nose-ringing pigs. Pigs are highly curious animals, and in natural settings will spend nearly half their active time exploring the surrounding environment. Their most instinctive and preferred exploratory behavior is rooting with their noses; the ability to root is considered a basic welfare need of all pigs. However, many farmers of free-roaming pigs complain that rooting destroys pasture. To prevent this behavior, farmers commonly insert wires or metal rings into the nose discs of pigs, which makes it painful for them to root. Scientists have confirmed that a pig’s sensitive nose disc has as many sensory receptors as the palm of a human hand. In addition to causing tremendous physical pain, nose rings are a source of ongoing emotional frustration for pigs, constantly thwarting one of their most instinctive drives. The distressing video below shows what is considered a “humane” method of nose-ringing pigs, while this video shows an even crueler method practiced on some small farms.
Pigs on small farms, free-range farms, and many humane label farms are also subjected to ear notching and castration without anesthetic. Even the most rigorous humane certification label in the U.S., Animal Welfare Approved, permits castration and ear notching of piglets without anesthetic. Here’s Karma Glos of Kingbird Farm, an Animal Welfare Approved humane producer, demonstrating her “pull and rip” method of castrating baby pigs without pain relief. (You can also see her humanely mutilating piglet ears, here.)
There are some who will object to the cruel practices depicted here, while maintaining that it is possible, with careful research and personal visits, to find truly humane farms that do not inflict such abuses. But proponents of so-called humane farms overlook a crucial truth. The main reason that abuse and torture of farmed animals happens is not because factory farming is corrupt. It is not even because Big Ag execs are greedy, or because factory farm workers are often desensitized and sadistic, though all of these are factors.
But the most important reason that abuse and torture of farmed animals happens is that consumers, including consumers of “humanely raised” animal products, are sending the message that it is morally acceptable to exploit, harm and kill animals for pleasure — for flesh and secretions we have no biological need to consume. You cannot pay people to inflict unnecessary violence on animals, and then make the case that those animals should not experience unnecessary suffering. It is a morally inconsistent, and therefore ignorable, position, one that it is easy for producers and most consumers to dismiss. Because if animals’ lives don’t even matter enough for us to spare them when we have plentiful alternatives, then on what grounds could their suffering possibly be said to matter?
As long as we treat sentient individuals as units of production, we’re doing nothing more than reifying the basic precepts of factory farming: that animals’ lives have no intrinsic worth, and that it is ethical to exploit and kill them even when doing so is not necessary to our survival. If we can look at animals as intelligent, loving and playful as our own cats and dogs, and think: Yes — but my desire for a fleeting pleasure is worth more than that individual’s entire life — then we can not make any meaningful arguments about how those animals should be treated. For it is no more humane to inflict unnecessary death on animals who want to live, than it is to inflict unnecessary suffering on those who wish not to suffer. Peace on earth begins on our plates.
There are plentiful delicious plant-based versions of all your favorite holiday foods — even ham. From do it yourself recipes to frozen store bought options, compassionate choices abound. Check out Field Roast’s mouth-watering Celebration Roast, or get creative and make your own savory centerpiece, like The Gentle Chef’s Vegan Holiday Ham (pictured; recipe in The Gentle Chef Cookbook). And the news is even better for bacon lovers. Check out our feature, The Vegan Bacon That Meat-Loving Foodies Can’t Get Enough Of.
See also our Guide to Going Dairy Free for tips to easily eliminate dairy cruelty from your diet.
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The former Dutch colony is a mixture of peoples. The Amerindians
are found in the interior. Africans were brought as slaves and
some escaped and founded African villages in the forest country.
As in Guyana Indians from India were brought in to work the sugar
plantations. Chinese are also found in the town.
The post independence government was overthrown by a military
coup. The civil war which has grown out of this, as opponents
of the ruling army group tried to overthrow them has led to a
collapse of the economy and much destruction, especially of the
Africans in the bush.
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When the U.S. Supreme Court hears a challenge to the racial affirmative-action program at the University of Texas at Austin this fall, one of the big issues will be whether Texas’s two “race-neutral” alternative programs provided sufficient racial and ethnic diversity to make the use of race unnecessary—and therefore illegal. Did programs to provide affirmative action based on socioeconomic status, and to automatically admit students in the top-10 percent of every high school class, create an adequate level of racial and ethnic diversity by themselves?
Last week, the Chronicle reported on an interesting new study by two Princeton University sociologists, Angel L. Harris and Marta Tienda, on the impact of the Texas top-10-percent law on Hispanic students. The report, which was published in Race and Social Problems, analyzes Hispanic admissions to Texas’s two most selective institutions—UT Austin and Texas A&M—from 1993-2003. During this period, Texas employed three different systems of admissions. For the period 1993-96, Texas used race in admissions. After being banned from using racial affirmative action by a lower-court decision, Hopwood v. Texas, Texas employed no system of affirmative action in 1997. Then, from 1998-2003, Texas used the top-10-percent plan and a system of socioeconomic affirmative action. (Texas subsequently added race back into the mix, which led to the Supreme Court challenge, Fisher v. Texas.)
Critics of affirmative action suggest that the Texas 10-percent plan and the socioeconomic affirmative action program did a good job of creating diversity without resorting to race or ethnicity per se. They note that prior to the Hopwood decision, when race-based affirmative action was in place, UT Austin had a student population that was 4-percent black and 14-percent Hispanic, and that during the top-10-percent and socioeconomic affirmative-action regime, the freshman class was in one year actually slightly more diverse: 4.5-percent African Americans and 16.9-percent Hispanic.
Harris and Tienda point out, correctly, that this bottom-line analysis ignores the fact that part of the reason the top-10-percent and socioeconomic affirmative-action plans could produce so much diversity was that the number of Hispanic high-school graduates rose 78 percent from 1994 to 2004, During this period, the Hispanic share of Texas high-school diploma recipients increased from 29 percent to 35 percent. The authors argue, “Despite popular claims that the top-10-percent law has restored diversity to UT and TAMU, our results show that Hispanics are worse off relative to whites than they were under affirmative action.” The researchers conclude that “affirmative action is the most efficient policy to diversify college campuses.”
Each of these observations is true, but from a legal standpoint, it is doubtful that they will be persuasive to the U.S. Supreme Court. The legal standard is not which policy is more “efficient” in creating racial diversity. (By definition, if racial and ethnic diversity is the goal, there is no better way to achieve it than by using race and ethnicity.) Instead, the Court has suggested the harms of classifying individuals by race are such that it should only be used as a “last resort.”
Nor does the legal standard compare racial and ethnic representations of high-school graduates with representations at the university level as a relevant consideration. The standard set out in Grutter v. Bollinger is whether a university has a “critical mass” of minority students sufficient to produce the educational benefits that flow from having a diverse student body. The fact that the University of Michigan Law School’s use of race and ethnicity was thought to have achieved a “critical mass” with classes that averaged from between 13.5 and 20.1 percent minority may well mean that Texas’s use of socioeconomic status and the top-10-percent law will be deemed successful, making the additional use of race and ethnicity unconstitutional.
As a matter of sociology, then, the new Princeton University findings are important. As a matter of law, however, they are unlikely to be dispositive.Return to Top
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About This Course
Whatever your goals, a grasp of English grammar is important if you want to improve your speaking and writing skills. This course will help you gain confidence in your ability to produce clean, grammatically correct work. You'll explore the basics of English grammar—like sentence structure and punctuation—as well as more sophisticated concepts—like logic and clarity. A patient instructor, memorable lessons, vivid examples, and interactive exercises will give you ample opportunity to put what you learn into practice. Reacquaint yourself with old, forgotten rules, meet some new ones, and discover your own grammatical strengths.
Course is currently in revision. Revised version expected to be available July 2016.
Benefits of Instructor-Led Courses:
- Two lessons are released each week, so you never feel overwhelmed with your workload
- Access an expert instructor to reinforce your learning and get feedback
- Learn from your peers and engage in weekly discussion forums
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| 0.927792 | 190 | 3.484375 | 3 |
3. For the same reason the cooling of the agent must be carried to as low a degree as possible.
4. Matters must be so arranged that the passage of the elastic agent from the higher to the lower temperature must be due to an increase of volume, that is to say, the cooling of the agent must be caused by its rarefaction.
This last proposition indicates the defective information which Carnot possessed. He knew that expansion of the elastic agent was accompanied by a fall of temperature, but he did not know that that fall was due to the conversion of heat into work. We should state this clause more correctly by saying that “the cooling of the agent must be caused by the external work it performs.” In accordance with these propositions, it is immaterial what the heated gases or vapors in the furnace of a boiler may be, provided that they cool by doing external work and, in passing over the boiler surfaces, impart their heat energy to the water. The temperature of the furnace, it follows, must be kept as high as possible. The process of combustion is usually complex. First, in the case of coal, close to the fire-bars complete combustion of the red hot carbon takes place, and the heat so developed distills the volatile hydrocarbons and moisture in the upper layers of the fuel. The inflammable gases ignite on or near the surface of the fuel, if there be a sufficient supply of air, and burn with a bright flame for a considerable distance around the boiler. If the layer of fuel be thin, the carbonic acid formed in the first instance passes through the fuel and mixes with the other gases. If, however, the layer of fuel be thick, and the supply of air through the bars insufficient, the carbonic acid is decomposed by the red hot coke, and twice the volume of carbonic oxide is produced, and this, making its way through the fuel, burns with a pale blue flame on the surface, the result, as far as evolution of heat is concerned, being the same as if the intermediate decomposition of carbonic acid had not taken place. This property of coal has been taken advantage of by the late Sir W. Siemens in his gas producer, where the supply of air is purposely limited, in order that neither the hydrocarbons separated by distillation, nor the carbonic oxide formed in the thick layer of fuel, may be consumed in the producer, but remain in the form of crude gas, to be utilized in his regenerative furnaces.
[Illustration: THE GENERATION OF STEAM. Fig 3.]
[Illustration: THE GENERATION OF STEAM. Fig 4.]
[Illustration: THE GENERATION OF STEAM. Fig 5.]
[Illustration: THE GENERATION OF STEAM. Fig 6.]
[Illustration: THE GENERATION OF STEAM. Fig 7.]
(To be continued.)
* * * * *
[Continued from SUPPLEMENT No. 437, page 6970.]
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home > arthritis center > arthritis a-z list > understanding ankylosing spondylitis medications article > understanding ankylosing spondylitis medications topic guide
Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis Medications Topic Guide
Ankylosing Spondylitis Medications: Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis that affects the spine, sacroiliac joints and leg joints. Symptoms include:
Ankylosing Spondylitis FAQs MedicineNet doctors answer common frequently asked questions regarding Ankylosing Spondylitis Quiz.
Expert Views and News
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At college and university, Narendranath began to immerse himself seriously in his studies specializing in Philosophy and History. On top of the usual curriculum he avidly studied western philosophy and logic which included great academic texts such as; the abstruse philosophy of Herbert Spencer, the systems of Kant and Schopenhauer, the mystical and analytical speculation of the Aristotelian school, the positivist philosophy of Comte, and John Stuart Mill’s Three Essays on Religion. He also mastered the ancient and modern history of Europe and read English poets like Shelley and Wordsworth. He even took a course in physiology with a view to understanding the functioning of the nervous system, the brain, and the spinal cord.
However this contact with western thought, which lays particular emphasis on the supremacy of reason, brought about a severe internal conflict within Narendranath’s young mind. His inborn tendency towards spirituality based on his respect for the ancient traditions and beliefs of his religion which he had learned from his mother on the one side, and his argumentative nature coupled with his sharp intellect which hated superstition and questioned simple faith on the other were now at war with each other. Under a deep spiritual urge he was then found observing hard ascetic practices whilst staying at his grandmother’s house, away from his parents and other relatives. These included following a strict vegetarian diet, sleeping on the bare ground or on an ordinary quilt, and other such practices in accordance with the strict rules of brahmacharya.
From youth, two visions of life had presented themselves before him. In one, he found himself among the elite ones of the earth, possessing riches, power, honor, and glory, and in the other he felt himself capable of renouncing all worldly things, dressed in simple loin- cloth, living on alms, sleeping under a tree, and then he felt that he had the capacity to live thus like the Rishis of ancient India.
In his eagerness for spiritual illumination he went to Devendranath Tagore, the leader of an organization called the Brahmo Samaj, and asked him: “Sir, have you seen God?” The old man was embarrassed by the question, and replied, “My boy, you have to eyes of a Yogi. You should practice meditation.” The youth was disappointed, but he received no better answer from the leaders of other religious sects whom he approached with the same question.
At this critical juncture he remembered the words of his professor, William Hastie, who, while speaking of trances in the course of his lectures, had said, “Such an experience is the result of purity of mind and concentration on some particular object, and is rare indeed, particularly in these days. I have seen only one person who has experienced that blessed state of mind, and he is Ramakrishna Paramahamsa of Dakshineswar. You can understand if you go there and see for yourself.” … now in his trouble, the young seeker decided to have yet one more try to solve his problem.
At the first meeting:
Approaching him (Sri Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar), Narendranath asked him the question which he had asked others often before: “Sir, have you seen God?” “Yes, answered Sri Ramakrishna, “I see Him just as I see you here, only I see Him in a much intenser sense. God can be realised; one can see and talk to Him as I am doing with you. But who cares to do so? People shed torrents of tears for their wife and children for wealth and property, but who does so for the sake of God? If one weeps sincerely for Him. He surely manifests Himself.”
This startling reply impressed Narendranath at once. For the first time he had found a man who could say that he had seen God, and recognised that religion was a reality to be felt. As he listened, he could not but believe that Sri Ramakrishna spoke from the depths of his own realisations.
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I have endeavoured in this short grammar to give the student a clear notion
of the framework of the Roumanian language. Any elucidatory details which
may be considered not absolutely indispensable in a strictly philological
handbook will nevertheless prove useful to those who learn the language for
practical purposes (from the Introduction).
The grammar includes chapters on the alphabet and pronunciation, nominal
and verbal morphology, syntax. (Re-edition; originally published 1883 in
London; written in English)
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| 0.856086 | 103 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When I remembered that the first of February isn't just my birthday, but also the first day of Black History Month, I decided to give a friend of mine a call and see how she is celebrating with her homeschool family.
It turns out that this local African American mother uses teachable moments year-round to educate her son about Black History, and by no means restricts this training to the month of February. She makes a deliberate effort to teach her son, 12, about as many people as possible, and does not dwell on the main biographies that most children are taught about, such as MLK, Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson and Oprah. Although those are important figures with valuable lessons for our children to learn, history is full of others who shouldn't be neglected. She will send her son off with a question and he researches the answers, such as
- who invented sneakers?
- who is Vanessa Williams?
But when I asked her about support and fellowship here in the Austin area (she lives in Round Rock) she admitted there wasn't much. Hers is the only African-American family in a local group they participate in, and although they are also a part of Christian Minority Homeschool, (an Austin and surrounding areas group) it is comprised of people of any minority group, and is not purely an African-American homeschool group. She said that there is a lot more local support on the East Coast and in the D.C. area. I had googled around and found some internet groups but she doesn't utilize them.
Like most homeschoolers, she doesn't rely on a certain curriculum or book to teach Black History. She discusses the books her son reads with him and explains that the stereotypes that some books perpetuate, such as all white people are evil, are untrue; all people are not the same. Some people hurt and others help; she teaches that you can't lump entire groups of people together.
She also makes an effort with her son to trace his own family line and learn about the people in his ancestry. Alex Haley, author of the book, Roots, was able to trace his lineage to the port of Annapolis where Kunta Kinte disembarked from a slave ship. Although every family can't trace their lines as far as he was able to, they can still learn from their living relatives examples of how to live and what to value.
If you'd like to read more from Teresa Dear, check out her Black History book and DVD list at her blog.
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In anticipation of the release of Java 6, which will include a standard for integration of scripting languages with Java called ”JSR-223“, there is a heightened interest in the subject of combining scripting languages with Java. While a quasi-standard API (BSF) has existed for a while, it's also possible to use a scripting engine through its native API. While this approach eschews some of the benefits of both JSR-223 and BSF (e.g., the possibility to use scripts in any language, not just one particular one), it makes it possible to use advanced features of a scripting language that cannot be accessed through a standardized API.
Applications use script engines generally in one of two ways: embedding, which means external (e.g. user-defined) scripts are called by the application, or scripting, which means that an external script calls a Java application (or library) for its own purposes. Loosely speaking, in embedding mode, the script does something for the application, while in scripting mode, the application does something for the script. Rhino can be used for both purposes.
Examples 1 through 4 can be run from the command line by
java -classpath .:js-1.6R3.jar Example1
(replace Example1 by Example2 etc.), while Example5 is run by
Note the difference between cx.evaluateReader used in Example1, which interprets a complete script in one go, and cx.compileFunction and func.call used in Example2, which deal with one particular function.
In addition, the script uses the System.out object to invoke its println method, and thus cause output to be written to standard out. This works via the Java Reflection API, and can be used to invoke any method of any object accessible to a script.
It also introduces the ”importPackage(java.awt)“ notation, which is similar to the Java import statement, and allows us to write ”Button“ instead of ”Packages.java.awt.Button“.
In addition, it shows how event handlers (an ActionListener and a WindowListener) can be used.
The previous examples introduced some of the basic features of the Rhino scripting engine, but it has plenty of advanced capabilities, which at least merit a brief mention.
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http://www.javaranch.com/journal/200607/Scripting.html
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Taj Mahal is one of the world's seven wonders and pactically everyone has seen countless pictures of it. But, what very few people know is the story behind this unparalleled monument. The Taj Mahal is nothing less than an ode to love, representing the eloquence this feeling can have. For centuries, the Taj Mahal inspired poets, painters and musicians, that have tried to capture its magic and turn it into words, colours and music. Travellers have crossed entire continents to see its majestic beauty and very few of them were indifferent to it.
Like many other stories, this one also starts with a "once upon a time"... Once upon a time, there lived a prince called Kurram who fell in love with a princess when he was 15 years old. According to the story, their paths accidentally crossed and their destinies were forever bound together. After waiting for five years, during which they were never allowed to see each other, their marriage took place in 1612. During the wedding cerimony the emperor rebaptized her Mumtaz Mahal or "the palace's chosen one". The prince was crowned in 1628 with the name Shah Jahan, "King of the world" and reined in peace.
As destiny would have it, Mumtaz was not queen for long. After giving birth to Shah Jahan's 14th child, she died in 1631. She was 39 years old. The emperor was heartbroken and, according to history, the entire court mourned her death for the next 2 years. During this period, there was no music, parties or celebrations of any kind in the entire kingdom.
Shah Jahan ordered that a monument, the likes of which had never been seen before, should be built, so that the world would never forget her. The architect is not known, but the world's greatest riches were gathered in Agra: fine white marble, jade, crystal, turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate, saphire, amethyst, coral, quartzo and ambar.
Thus the Taj Mahal was built. Its name is a short variation of Mumtaz Mahal... The name of the woman whose memory it preserves. The name "Taj" has a Persian origin and means "crown". "Mahal" is Arabic and means "place". Duly framed in a simetrical garden, typically muslim, divided into squares and crossed by a canal ladden with cyprest, where its most imponent image is reflected. Inside, the mausoleum is also impressive. In the dusk, the chamber is surrounded by thin walls of marble, encrusted with precious stones that form a coat with thousands of colours. The sonority inside the chamber is sad and mysterious, like an echo that sounds and resounds unstoppably.
On top of the building, there's a splendorous dome, that is Taj Mahal's crown. It's surrounded by four smaller domes and in the platform's extremities, four towers were built with a slight tilt, so that, should they fall, the main building isn't at all affected.
Its Arabic exterior is decorated with Muslim drawings and semi-precious stones, encrusted into its white marble, following an Italian technique used by Hindu craftsmen. These encrustments were made with such precision that the joints are only noticeable using a magnifying glass. A seven-centimetre flower, for example, can have up to 60 distinct encrustations and the adornments in the windows were made from blocks of solid marble.
Some say that emperor Shah Jahan also wanted to build his own mausoleum on the other side of the river. It would've been even more gobsmacking and expensive, made from black marble, united with the Taj Mahal by a golden bridge. Such a project was never put into action, though. After being deposed by his son, the emperor was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort and, from there, he could watch his work until his death. After his death, he was buried in the Taj Mahal, which became Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's eternal resting place.
After nearly four centuries, Taj Mahal is still able to attract millions of visitors every year... It will forever be a lonely tear in time.
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en
| 0.985842 | 895 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Japanese tea ceremony, best known as the Way of Tea, is a Japanese cultural activity from the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea. The ceremony occurs within a space created and chosen for tea. It is known as the chashitsu. Usually this space is inside the tea house, located apart from the home, within the garden.
The teishu guides the hanto, the primary guest as well as three or more other people through the chumon which symbolizes door between the coarse physical world and the spiritual world of tea.
The Japanese tea ceremony was developed by Zen Buddhists in the 14th century with four ideas in mind: Wa - Harmony, Kei - Respect, Sei - Purity, and Jaku - Serenity.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.japaneseteapot.com/
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en
| 0.970627 | 159 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Free Proxy List, Web Proxy, Online Proxy Tools
The purpose of this website is to provide free proxy services as well as the information about using proxies for various purposes.
What is a Proxy Server?
A proxy server is an intermediate server that handles the exchange of data between the client and the target server. When a client is using a proxy, all of his requests are sent to a proxy server instead who then evaluates that request, downloads the requested resources on your behalf, and sends it back to you. The main benefit of using a proxy is the fact that it separates the client from the destination server therefore avoiding a direct communications between them. Due to a proxy server being in this middle position, it can be configured to perform a variety of functions based on the requests it receives.
What are the uses of Proxy Servers?
Proxy servers are commonly used within networks of large organizations and institutions in order to improve network performance and to conserve bandwidth usage by caching which prevents duplicate requests to the same Internet resource. When a webpage is requested through a proxy server, it is then stored in cache for future access, so if some other user requests that same resource again, its contents will be served directly from proxy's local cache thus avoiding many unecessary downloads.
This website focuses on another popular use of proxies and that is anonymous browsing. A special type of proxies that are configured to disguise user's real identity are named as Anonymous and Elite Proxies and they are very useful in cases of content censorship and geographic service restrictions as explained below.
Using Proxy to Unblock Websites - if your internet service provider is blocking some website, then using a proxy will "unblock it". It will work because you won't be making a direct connection to the website but instead instructing some proxy server to fetch the website for you and forward it back you. As far as your internet provider is considered, you have never visited that website.
Using Proxy to Bypass Country Restrictions - some websites are restricting their services to a particular list of countries. One good example is YouTube that blocks certain videos to visitors outside the United States. This restriction can be bypassed by using a proxy located in one of the countries that are allowed to use it. In the case of YouTube, a person living in the United Kingdom can use a proxy located in the United States in order to appear as if you are from United States thus bypassing such restriction.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.proxynova.com/
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en
| 0.945181 | 492 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Gossip is pervasive in our society, and our penchant for gossip can be found in most of our everyday conversations. Why are individuals interested in hearing gossip about others' achievements and failures? Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands studied the effect positive and negative gossip has on how the recipient evaluates him or herself. The study is published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
In spite of some positive consequences, gossip is typically seen as destructive and negative. However, hearing gossip may help individuals adapt to a social environment, illustrate how an individual can improve, or reveal potential threats.
Design of the study
The first study asked participants to recall an incident where they received either positive or negative gossip about another individual. Participants were then asked questions to measure the self-improvement, self-promotion, and self-protection value of the received gossip information. Individuals that received positive gossip had increased self-improvement value, whereas negative gossip had increased self-promotion value. Negative gossip also increased self-protection concerns.
"For example, hearing positive stories about others may be informative, because they suggest ways to improve oneself," lead researcher Elena Martinescu explains. "Hearing negative gossip may be flattering, because it suggests that others (the gossip target) may function less well than we do. However, negative gossip may also be threatening to the self, because it suggests a malign social environment in which one may easily fall victim to negative treatments."
Participants in the second study were assigned the role of a sales agent and asked to imagine they had written a job description that was presented to them. Participants received either negative or positive gossip about another's job performance. This scenario included an achievement goal manipulation with two conditions; a performance goal condition, and a mastery goal condition. People who have a salient performance goal strive to demonstrate superior competence by outperforming other people. People who have a salient mastery goal strive to develop competence by learning new knowledge, abilities, and skills.
Results of the study
Consistent with the first study, positive gossip had more self-improvement value, whereas negative gossip had self-promotion value and raised self-protection concerns. Negative gossip elicited pride due to its self-promotion value since it provides individuals with social comparison
information that justifies self-promotional judgments. Negative gossip also elicits fear and anxiety due to increased self-protection concerns, since individuals may worry that their reputation could be at risk if they become targets of negative gossip in the future.
The second study found that individuals with a mastery goal are more likely to learn from positive gossip than individuals with a performance goal, while the latter experience more concern for self-protection in response to positive gossip. Individuals who pursue performance goals feel threatened by positive gossip because rivals' success translates to their own failure.
The researchers expected that individuals would be more alert after receiving positive rather than negative gossip because they might find positive gossip provides a source of information they can learn from. However, the results were surprising, and alertness was high for both positive and negative gossip, presumably because both types of gossip are highly relevant for the receiver.
Gender differences between men and women were also observed. "Women who receive negative gossip experience higher self-protection concerns possibly because they believe they might experience a similar fate as the person being the target of the gossip, while men who receive positive gossip experience higher fear, perhaps because upward social comparisons with competitors are threatening," Elena Martinescu elaborates.
Gossip provides individuals with indirect social comparison information, which is in-turn valued highly by receivers because it provides an essential resource for self-evaluation. Instead of eliminating gossip, Elena Martinescu and her colleagues suggest that individuals should "accept gossip as a natural part of our lives and receive it with a critical attitude regarding the consequences it may have on ourselves and on others." Receiving gossip about other people is a valuable source of knowledge about ourselves, because we implicitly compare ourselves with the people we hear gossip about.
Please email [email protected] if you would like a copy of the original study in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Martinescu, E., Jansen, O., Nijstad, B.A. (2014). Tell Me the Gossip: The Self-Evaluative Function of Receiving Gossip About Others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(12).
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (PSPB), published monthly, is an official journal of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP). SPSP promotes scientific research that explores how people think, behave, feel, and interact. The Society is the largest organization of social and personality psychologists in the world. Follow us on Twitter, @SPSPnews and find us at facebook.com/SPSP.org
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| 0.95856 | 978 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Simple Definition of militarism
: the opinions or actions of people who believe that a country should use military methods, forces, etc., to gain power and to achieve its goals
Full Definition of militarism
1 a : predominance of the military class or its ideals b : exaltation of military virtues and ideals
2 : a policy of aggressive military preparedness
militaristplay \-rist\ noun or adjective
militaristicplay \ˌmi-lə-tə-ˈris-tik\ adjective
militaristicallyplay \-ti-k(ə-)lē\ adverb
Examples of militarism in a sentence
The administration has been criticized for the militarism of its foreign policy.
First Known Use of militarism
Rhymes with militarism
absenteeism, absolutism, abstractionism, adventurism, aestheticism, Afrocentrism, agnosticism, alcoholism, amateurism, anabaptism, anachronism, Anglicanism, animalism, antagonism, Arianism, astigmatism, athleticism, automatism, behaviorism, Big Brotherism, bilingualism, Bonapartism, cannibalism, capitalism, Cartesianism, Catholicism, charlatanism, collectivism, commercialism, communalism, Confucianism, conservatism, constructivism, consumerism, corporatism, creationism, determinism, do-nothingism, eclecticism, ecotourism, ecumenism, egocentrism, empiricism, epicurism, eroticism, essentialism, ethnocentrism, evangelism, exoticism, expansionism, expressionism, Fabianism, factionalism, fanaticism, favoritism, federalism, Fenianism, feuilletonism, Fourierism, fraternalism, Freudianism, funambulism, functionalism, hermeticism, Hispanicism, historicism, hooliganism, illiberalism, illusionism, impressionism, infantilism, inflationism, initialism, insularism, irredentism, Jacobinism, Keynesianism, know-nothingism, lesbianism, liberalism, libertinism, literalism, Lutheranism, Lysenkoism, magic realism, malapropism, mercantilism, messianism, metabolism, metamorphism, minimalism, monasticism, monotheism, mutualism, naturalism, Naziritism, negativism, neologism, neo-Nazism, neorealism, nominalism, nonconformism, objectivism, obscurantism, obstructionism, opportunism, pacificism, parallelism, pastoralism, paternalism, patriotism, Peeping Tomism, perfectionism, photo-realism, plebeianism, polytheism, positivism, postmodernism, primitivism, progressivism, protectionism, Protestantism, provincialism, puritanism, radicalism, rationalism, recidivism, reductionism, regionalism, relativism, revisionism, revivalism, ritualism, romanticism, salvationism, sansculottism, scholasticism, sectionalism, secularism, separatism, serialism, Slavophilism, somnambulism, Stakhanovism, structuralism, subjectivism, teetotalism, theocentrism, triumphalism, Uncle Tomism, ventriloquism, vigilantism, workaholism
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up militarism? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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| 0.764547 | 765 | 2.75 | 3 |
After fifteen years visiting favelas across Rio on a weekly basis, I still marvel at the creative adaptations of the built environment that favela residents have established over time. “Favelas” are often translated to English as “slums” (i.e. squalor), “shanty-towns” (i.e. precarious building materials), “squatter communities” (i.e. illegal) or “ghettos” (i.e. marginal), when in actuality today only a minority of Rio de Janeiro’s favela communities are characterized by any of these factors.
For one thing, let’s take the notion that favela homes are precarious shacks. According to a recent survey of 6 communities, 95% of favela homes are built of brick, concrete, and reinforced steel. 75% have tile floors. Residents put decades-worth of income and physical labor into the construction and consolidation of their homes. Peek inside and you’ll not only see the basics of electricity, running water and indoor plumbing, but a large-screen television and, in over 44% of cases, a computer.
Actually, what characterizes all favelas is pretty simple. Favelas are:
Imagine the incredible diversity of neighborhoods this recipe has produced over 115 years of informal urban settlement in Rio de Janeiro. Today there are over 600 favelas in Rio which range from newer or more challenged communities with slum-like conditions and a desire to resettle, to highly-functioning, vibrant neighborhoods determined to maintain their qualities and continue developing in their own extraordinary ways. Walk around in a favela and you will have an entirely unique experience from one day to the next, even more so in different communities. And this is why Rio’s favelas are incomparable cultural incubators with the potential for transforming Rio de Janeiro into a cultural mecca, should their legacy be appreciated and their future development fostered through empowerment, participatory planning, and provisions to guarantee affordability.
A number of qualities of the built environment in favelas have caught the attention of international planners, architects and sustainability practitioners in recent years. Favelas are places of:
There is an incredible efficiency created through favela-style development. Because neighborhoods are low-rise and high density, encouraging exchange rather than isolation through vertical units, and due to limited financial resources, residents historically have worked together to guarantee everything from daycare to housing. The non-financial investment in the form of exchange and mutual support among residents is as critical, if not more, as financial investment in the form of income, to safeguarding positive outcomes for communities. As Providência’s Maurício Hora says, “There are no beggars in the favela.”
In addition to the aforementioned characteristics, favelas developed through being located to areas of employment, residents’ knowledge of construction (many are construction workers with buillding expertise), numerous legal victories over the years recognizing adverse possession and squatters rights, and provision of public utility services such as electricity and water, which although often substandard is available to individual homes in most favelas today.
Though the favela qualities described are rarely recognized, let alone celebrated, from an urbanist perspective favelas are not only an enormous achievement but a source of inspiration, presenting solutions for sustainable urban development from which we can, and should, learn.
© 2015 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
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| 0.947003 | 736 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Melting and melt segregation in the aureole of the Glenmore Plug, Ardnamurchan
Version of Record online: 3 FEB 2005
Journal of Metamorphic Geology
Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 29–43, January 2005
How to Cite
HOLNESS, M. B., DANE, K., SIDES, R., RICHARDSON, C. and CADDICK, M. (2005), Melting and melt segregation in the aureole of the Glenmore Plug, Ardnamurchan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23: 29–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00560.x
- Issue online: 3 FEB 2005
- Version of Record online: 3 FEB 2005
- Received 4 August 2004; revision accepted 18 December 2004.
- contact metamorphism;
- melt segregation
Contact metamorphism caused by the Glenmore plug in Ardnamurchan, a magma conduit active for 1 month, resulted in partial melting, with melt now preserved as glass. The pristine nature of much of the aureole provides a natural laboratory in which to investigate the distribution of melt. A simple thermal model, based on the first appearance of melt on quartz–feldspar grain boundaries, the first appearance of quartz paramorphs after tridymite and a plausible magma intrusion temperature, provides a time-scale for melting. The onset of melting on quartz–feldspar grain boundaries was initially rapid, with an almost constant further increase in melt rim thickness at an average rate of 0.5–1.0 × 10−9 cm s−1. This rate was most probably controlled by the distribution of limited amounts of H2O on the grain boundaries and in the melt rims.
The melt in the inner parts of the aureole formed an interconnected grain-boundary scale network, and there is evidence for only limited melt movement and segregation. Layer-parallel segregations and cross-cutting veins occur within 0.6 m of the contact, where the melt volume exceeded 40%. The coincidence of the first appearance of these signs of the segregation of melt in parts of the aureole that attained the temperature at which melting in the Qtz–Ab–Or system could occur, suggests that internally generated overpressure consequent to fluid-absent melting was instrumental in the onset of melt movement.
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| 0.878397 | 502 | 2.671875 | 3 |
According to Kaji and his colleagues, RRF binds to different locations within the ribosomal complex at different times. It seems that, if the ribosome is the protein factory, the RRF is the foreman, moving from location to location to 'supervise' the end of the assembly line. When the new protein is completed, RRF works in conjunction with other proteins to disassemble the ribosomal complex so that the components of the machinery are ready for the next round of protein creation.
Kaji believes that, since RRF plays the key role only in bacteria and mitochondria, the bacterial protein also provides an interesting target for new types of anti-bacterial agents. His research has already shown in the laboratory that bacteria lacking RRF cannot exist because of their inability to create new proteins.
"As bacteria mutate to become resistant to antibiotics, we must keep targeting parts of bacteria that are integral for functioning so that bacteria can not out-evolve antibiotics," said Kaji. "We are considering RRF as the target of a new type of antibiotic, an inhibitor of RRF that we can easily alter as bacteria become resistant."
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en
| 0.956064 | 237 | 3.25 | 3 |
Preamble is an introductory statement, stating the aims and objectives of the constitution. Accordingly, the preamble to the Indian constitution spells out the basic philosophy contained in the body of the Indian Constitution. The preamble is as follows:
"We the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens JUSTICE; social, economic and political, LIBERTY; of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among all its citizens;
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.
In our Constituent Assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."
Reading through the Preamble, one can see the purpose that it serves, namely, the declaration of (1) the source of the constitution, (2) a statement of its objectives and (3) the date of its adoption.
The opening words of the preamble ('we the people of India') emphasise the ultimate authority of the people from whose will the constitution emerges. Since the Constituent Assembly enacted and adopted the constitution in the name of the people of India, the question has been asked whether the Assembly was really representative of the people of India. This question was raised both within and outside the Assembly. The circumstances under which the Constituent Assembly came into being shows that it was impracticable to constitute such a body in 1946 with adult suffrage as its basis. No part of the country had the experience of adult suffrage.
To prepare an electoral roll on the basis of adult suffrage for the country and to hold elections on that basis would have certainly taken a number of years. It was rightly thought unwise to postpone the task of constitution making until such an election was held. This was the main justification for accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan for constituting the Assembly through indirect election. Everyone will definitely agree with what Dr. Ambedkar said in the floor of the Constituent Assembly in 1949, "I say that the Preamble embodies what is the desire of every members of the House, that the constitution should have its root, its authority, its sovereignty from the people that it has".
The Preamble proclaims the solemn resolution of the people of India to constitute India into a 'Sovereign socialist, secular democratic republic'. The words 'socialist' and 'secular' were introduced into the preamble in 1976 by the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution.
India is 'Sovereign', in as much as it is free from any external control and having independent power and authority. Sovereignty of India does not come in the way of its remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Though the Queen of the UK is its symbolic head, it is a voluntary association and so does not violate India's sovereign status.
India is 'democratic', as it has chosen a representative and responsible system of government under which those who administer the affairs of the state are elected by the electorate and accountable to them. The term "republic' implies an elected head of the state. By declaring to become a republic, India has chosen the system of electing one of its citizens as its President- the head of the state at regular intervals.
Socialism in India has been accepted in the meaning of 'Democratic Socialism'. The main aim of the expression was to bring about a balance in the existing economic disparities. India is 'secular,' because it maintains perfect neutrality in religious matters. It does not have anything as state-religion and the people are free to accept or reject any religion of their choice.
The Preamble proceeds further to define the objectives of the Indian Republic. These objectives are four in number: 'Justice', 'Liberty', 'Equality' and 'Fraternity'. The essence of justice is the attainment of the common good. It embraces the entire social, economic and political spheres of human activity.
The term 'liberty' used in the Preamble is not merely a negative, but a positive concept. It signifies not only the absence of any arbitrary restraint on the freedom of individual action but also the creation of conditions which are essential for the development of the personality of the individual. 'Liberty' and 'Equality' are complementary. Equality does not mean that all human beings are equal mentally and physically. It signifies equality of status, the status of free individuals and availability of opportunity to everyone to develop his potential capacities.
Finally, it is the spirit of brotherhood, that is emphasised by the use of the term "fraternity" in the Preamble. India being a multilingual and multi-religious state, the unity and integrity of the nation can be preserved only through a spirit of brotherhood that pervades the entire country, among all its citizens, irrespective of their differences.
The Preamble of the Constitution of India is one of the best of its kind ever drafted. Both in ideas and expression it is an unique one. It embodies the spirit of the constitution to build up an independent nation which will ensure the triumph of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. One of the members of the Constituent Assembly (Pundit Thakur Das Bhargav) rose to poetic heights when he said, "The Preamble is the most precious part of the Constitution. It is the soul of the Constitution. It is a key to the Constitution. It is a jewel set in the Constitution."
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| 0.958718 | 1,149 | 3.734375 | 4 |
As part of the planning process you should have done a LITERATURE REVIEW, which is a survey of important articles, books and other sources pertaining to your research topic. Now, for the second main section of your research report you need to write a summary of the main studies and research related to your topic. This review of the professional literature relevant to your research question will help to contextualize, or frame, your research. It will also give readers the necessary background to understand your research.
Evaluating other studies:
|In a review of the literature, you do not merely summarize the research findings that others have reported. You must also evaluate and comment on each study's worth and validity. You may find that some published research is not valid. If it also runs counter to your hypothesis, you may want to critique it in your review. Don't just ignore it. Tell how your research will be better/overcome the flaws. Doing this can strengthen the rationale for conducting your research.|
Selecting the studies to include in the review:
|You do not need to report on every published study in the area of your research topic. Choose those studies which are most relevant and most important.|
Organizing the review:
|After you have decided which studies to review, you must decide how to order them. In making your selection, keep your research question in mind. It should be your most important guide in determining what other studies are revelant. Many people simple create a list of one-paragraph summaries in chronological order. This is not always the most effective way to organize your review. You should consider other ways, such as...|
Another approach is to organize your review by argument and counter argument. For example, You may write about those studies that disagree with your hypothesis, and then discuss those that agree with it. Yet another way to organize the studies in your review is to group them according to a particular variable, such as age level of the subjects (child studies, adult studies, etc.) or research method (case studies, experiments, etc.).
The end of the review:
|The purpose of your review of the literature was to set the stage for your own research. Therefore, you should conclude the review with a statement of your hypothesis, or focused research question. When this is done, you are ready to proceed with part three of your research report, in which you explain the methods you used.|
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http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/researchmethods/RM_3_03.html
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| 0.948896 | 498 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is CognoPedia
CognoPedia is a free encyclopedia of the brain and neuroscience built collaboratively using wiki software.
Why does CognoPedia exist
The objective of this project is to be a hub for the knowledge, scientific research and articles in the amazing world of the human brain and neuroscience. The CognoPedia project aims at achieving a strong collaboration from the scientific community and enthusiasts on the topics related to brain and cognition, but it is at the same time a space for everyone who is interested in the topic to participate, either by learning from the content or by contributing to enrich it.
What are the sources of the content
CognoPedia is first of all based on publicly available content. The intention however is to create over time an increasing level of original content, to the benefit of all.
CognoPedia is a project supported by CogniFit, a leading brain training software company.
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| 0.895913 | 193 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Technology Planning/Implementation Plan
According to the wiki Directing Technology "Technology implementation starts at the inception of the planning development strategy. There are two distinct types of technology implementation: implementing developed technology and implementing developing technology projects. They are very similar in that the projects need a plan that has a schedule with clear GO/NO-GO decision points and a project team that has well laid out responsibilities. The technology department will be implementing developed technology(2006)".
Implementation of your technology plan will be the most complicated and time consuming part of the process. It is important to allow yourself at least one year before the actual implementation starting day to make all the necessary arrangements. Your plans will depend on many things including the size of your district, status of your existing technology program, skill set of your teachers and administrators and size of your technology staff. Your plan may need to be implemented all at once or over the course of several years, phasing in different stages.
Your technology plan has been accepted by the district. Its time to plan the implementation. At least six months to a year prior to beginning the implementation, several elements of the plan will be carried out simultaneously by several different groups.
The progress of the project should be documented in writing and communicated to all persons involved. A good checklist should be developed to organize the associated details.
A sample checklist:
- Describe goals & objectives (as outlined in the Technology Plan)
- Identify participant’s roles and responsibilities
- Identify impacts
- Design methods to deal with impacts
- Identify resources needed and available
- Identify the completion date desired
- Identify the constraints
- Break the implementation into steps
- Identify milestones / decision points
- Design project paths
- Design tracking methods
- Schedule team meetings
- Design communication methods
- Design technical support
- Design professional development
The technical staff implementing developed technology must not only manage the deployment of the hardware and software, but they must also cope with the daily activities of the school district while they prepare for the transition to the new technology. Project management skills are necessary to provide as smooth a job as possible for all involved. Further information on project management: Sample list of project management organizational tools; Project Management Template
At the same time, the administrative team will have researched and decided exactly which laptops will be purchased and from which vendor. They will have determined necessary units and submitted purchase orders. They will include in their orders sufficient quantities of peripheral items like graphic tablets, mouses, headphones with mics, tables, chairs and extension cords.
Laptops for Students
The implementation is so important that students will be asked to return to school two days early to be introduced to the laptops. During these two days, students will be involved in induction classes that will take them through the essential concerns of using the new laptops in school. The students will complete two days of formal training with technology specialists and their presence is mandatory. At the end of the induction session, a test will be taken to identify students that can possibly receive further assistance during the start of the year.
The students will be assigned their laptops at before the start of the school year and will be asked to sign an acceptable user policy agreement form and encouraged to personalize their new laptops in case they get assigned laptops for the year. The administrative and professional development teams will assist teachers in introducing the students in understanding how the program will be run and what their responsibilities for using laptops will be.
In addition, parents will also be sent an policy agreement that covers all the necessary information about the consequences of mistreatment of the equipment. This document will also have insurance information. Parents are required to sign this docuemtn and send it back to school.
The schools will provide specific features for the school bags that students will use for carrying computer equipment. Those students in the elementary and middle school will be required to use smaller backpacks in comparison to the students in high school. The laptops that students will be using in high school are fully-equipped laptops that need more care that the other robust models used in the lower sections of the school.
In addition, staff and administrators will reinforce the rules of laptop carrying around campus. No computers in high school will be moved without the use of a suitable laptop bag that can safely strap the equipment inside the bag.
Teachers and administrators will be the first ones to have a chance to get familiarized with the equipment that will be introduced in their classrooms. It will be necessary to prepare comprehensive tutorials or manuals to allow a quick switch into using the new technology. The professional development group will have finalized their plans for training sessions and will have begun designing the instruction. This instruction will include specific information about the change of school structure as a well as content and grade specific methods for conducting student-centered classes. Teacher responsibilities and technology integration strategies for student-centered project-based units of study will be included.
The administrative team and the professional development team will be carrying out intensive, paid, summer training sessions to prepare teachers for the changes to come in the fall. Teachers will then be given time to restructure their lessons and will have support available when they have problems.
Numerous schools have found ways to adjust schedules and provide one hour of planning and inservice for teachers while maintaining state requirements for students contact time. In some schools teachers have agreed to start earlier and end later each day as well as give up some recess or duty time in order to develop a one-hour block of time per week for inservice and planning. A key is to make sure that at least one early-out per month is devoted to a technology inservice activity.
It is crucial that consideration be given to teacher learning well in advance of the arrival of computers in the classroom. The list that follows is a brief synopsis of beneficial staff development suggestions:
- Formulate detailed plans for staff development and implementation.
- Decide who will lead staff development programs and evaluate each stage of implementation.
- Develop a working schedule for the staff development program.
- Determine appropriate staff development activities for special services and support staff.
- Identify who will lead and evaluate staff development for auxiliary staff members.
- Identify in-house technical consultants who will help teachers deal quickly with problems that might arise.
Maintaining and servicing networked equipment continues to be a challenge for schools' effective use of technology. More states are now requiring that districts and schools have a technology specialist or coordinator who supports teachers in integrating instruction and technology before that district can receive state funding. Schools could also have in-house technical support to deal with all the technical problems that could arise. You should foresee a great number of incident reports that deal with student damaging display screen or damaging equipment because of negligence in carrying them.
The summer before the implementation, the same groups will be working to get things ready for the students in the fall. The goals are to have the technology in place to facilitate as smooth a transition as possible. The technology team will receive the laptops, inventory them and load them with the chosen operating systems and software. They will also check connectivity at each school and important points around the district to ensure that the laptops can work from the first day of school. Finally, they will create a yearly maintenance plan for cleaning and preventative care.
If staff or students need to use equipment like projectors, digital cameras or even cables, they can request the media center to facilitate the equipment and provide operational guidance.
They will also conduct public relations meetings for members of the community to inform them about the specifics of the program, including the change from a seven period isolated subject schedule to a more integrated block schedule that includes math-science-art blocks, history-literature-reading-writing-music blocks, world language-history-art music blocks and physical education-art-music-history blocks. They will explain the benefits of changing the school structure to a more constructivist, student- centered one by explaining the theory of how students learn best and demonstrating some proposed class exercises.
Flexible scheduling provides quality time either in the lounge or in the classroom for specific staff members to get together and share ideas about technology. A bonding often occurs between the mentor-teacher and the staff member needing encouragement. This new-found relationship helps solve technical problems and misunderstandings and opens the way for future inservice opportunities.
Data intranets are becoming commonplace in schools. Intranets give schools an unprecedented ability to manage their budgets, buy supplies, and analyze student data. For example, districts are using the data intranet to provide information on student records, test scores, attendance, and health information, to create student profiles.
Additional Key Points
The key to success with technology is allowing teachers to develop a sense of ownership of the school's technology. Once teachers develop a sense of ownership, they will be ready to move on to higher levels of technology use. When all is said and done, it will be teachers who determine the success or failure of a technology plan. They are the people who connect technology with curricular practice in a way that will enhance student achievement. In every class, teachers must contend with a variety of learners, such as the fast-paced learner, the less-motivated learner, students with learning difficulties, and the list could go on. With computers in the classroom, teachers have access to tools that have potential for providing learning experiences relevant to each of these unique learners.
When speaking of infrastructure, one is generally referring to the basic facilities and mechanical and electrical installations found in a school. These facilities and installations form the foundation for proposed technology upgrades. The following points provide a brief outline of things to consider when reviewing infrastructure:
- Decide how existing equipment and infrastructure can be integrated into the project.
- Visit other schools to evaluate successful programs for structural adaptations that could be copied and, in particular, look for unique ideas to solve local problems.
- Make sure that the network wiring satisfies the needs of the teachers.
- Make sure to count with the necessary expertise to ready the infrastructure for implementation.
- Make sure professionals are brought in order to handle remodeling and other infrastructure needs.
- The technology staff will run diagnostics on the district to check for adequate connectivity and electrical resources and take action to fix any inadequacies or to bolster the already existing systems.
Teaching and Learning
When considering how technology will be brought into the classroom, both teaching and learning should be considered. Several points to remember when considering the effects of technology on teaching and learning are:
- Evaluate hardware purchases and coordinate them to student needs. Consider features like user-friendliness, dependability, and speed.
- Evaluate projected software purchases to determine which programs will best complement, support, and expand classroom teaching and learning.
- Evaluate planned software purchases for comprehensiveness and user-friendliness. Comprehensiveness is important because ease of use flattens the learning curve and helps ensure that the programs will be used. When checking the software programs, all updates to versions and site licenses will also be completed.
- Determine the simplest approach that will effectively bring computers into the teaching and learning environment. Simplicity aids understanding and allows stakeholders to support the process more readily.
- Establish dialogues with teachers to evaluate classroom space and decide on computer locations withing each classroom.
- Determine the amount of use teachers will make of the new technology.
- Regardless of the size of the technology project, standardizing hardware and software are essential to maintaining control of the technology. Having a single configuration for all computers helps simplify maintenance. More time can be spent using the technology.
Quality leadership must prevail at all stages of the project. Below is a list of important factors to consider when a technology project is being led:
- Keep students' and teachers' needs at the forefront during the various stages of the technology planning process.
- Consider how students and staff members will be affected by the technology changes and develop appropriate support structures like training, changes in classroom layout, and inclusion into curricula.
- Review school programs to determine how course subjects may be adjusted to make use of technologies in the classroom.
- Consider the possibility of having to modify school practices or upgrade regulations.
- Envision what the completed project will look like and what it will do for teaching and learning.
Most determinations about finance, generally dealt with at middle and upper management positions, will have a critical impact to the success of the larger groups. Several points are listed below to provide a general overview of the financial management process:
- Itemize equipment resources owned by the school. The goal is to look to reduce unnecessary duplication in new purchases. Create an inventory of all technology related items including desktops, laptops, printers and other peripherals, accessories such as mice, power cords, keyboards, all software programs and furniture used for tech purposes.
- Determine if the proposed equipment will be purchased locally or from a national distribution company. Decide who will be responsible for handling the recommended purchases.
- Review all costs to make sure the technology project is affordable in all its phases.
Community Awareness and Support
Community support is necessary during the planning stages of the technology initiative. It is also true that many parents want to be informed about the development of the project in their children's education. Take into account the following factors in order to provide general information to the parents:
- Consider how you will be able to show community members how teachers are adopting this technological direction onto their curriculum.
- Address parents' and community members' concerns over how technology in the classroom will enhance student learning and achievement.
- Show parents and members of the community how they and their children can benefit from the process of networking technologies in district classrooms.
- Develop guidelines for presenting information to the public. Be sure all news releases are verified with the public relations director before they go public.
Please see the calendar below for specifics.
|September||Determine initial commitment to project; Form technology advisory committee; Form project steering committee|
|October||Develop project philosophy and mission statement; Create calendars for specific committee work; Develop project benchmarks and indicators|
|November||Finalize goals and targets for project; Carry out needs assessment|
|December||Review relevant literature|
|January||Analyze needs assessment data; Disseminate information from literature review;
Consider possible options available to planners; (Look for such elements as hardware, software programs, implementation strategies, financing, staff development strategies, student needs)
|February||Determine course of action based on available options and needs assessment data;
List needed materials and resources; Confirm and formalize school board commitment; Establish leadership roles for implementation phase; Fix calendar for implementation phase; Plan public relations program
|March||Meet with committees to discuss implementation strategies;Purchase hardware, software, and supplementary materials|
|April||Initiate staff development programs; Continue public relations program|
|May||Network installation begins|
|Summer (June to August)||Begin program; Complete installation and troubleshooting of system; Carry out as much teacher in service as possible before classes begin.|
|September||Continue with staff development activities; Use of new technology in instructional program begins; Administrative monitoring of equipment and program begins.|
|October and November||Public relations program continues; Ongoing help to teachers provided in various forms.|
|December||Continue administrative monitoring of equipment and programs|
|January||Begin formal project evaluation, which should include: Reports from administrative monitoring from September to December; Continuing administrative monitoring; Feedback to teachers; Feedback to students; Feedback from in-house technology experts|
|February||Continue monitoring and gathering information|
|March through May||Complete formal evaluations; Make revisions according to information gathered during
Whitehead, B. et al (2003), Planning for Technology : A guide for school administrators, technology coordinators, and curriculum leaders, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
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The Easy Bloom Plant Sensor incorporates smart design, the Internet, and sophisticated sensors to help you figure out why your plants are dying.
There are so many gadgets that either fail to fill a need or, just the opposite -- fill too many needs. For example, the car GPS unit that also plays back MP3's. What's up with that?
The Easy Bloom does just one thing: it helps you plant.
Simply take the device (which looks like a large plastic flower) and stick it in the ground in a garden. It measures sunlight and soil moisture over the course of a period of time. Then just pull the device apart in the middle and plug the now exposed USB port into a computer.
The sensor communicates back to Easy Bloom headquarters with your particular data where a huge database created by botanists gives you recommendations based on your particular situation.
There are three ways to use the Easy Bloom. The best way is to put the plant sensor where you want to plant in the future. The device and the database will tell you what will grow best in your particular spot. You know, petunias in the backyard, roses in the front yard -- something like that.
If you're already trying to grow something and failing, you can use the sensor to tell you what's going wrong. Plant the sensor next to your failing impatiens and the $60 device will figure out why your flowers are so unhappy by letting you know whether the plant has too much sunlight, not enough water or not enough sunlight, for example.
You can also take the sensor around the house and stick it in various houseplants and it will tell you right away whether they need to be watered.
The Easy Bloom will not measure soil acidity or fertilizer levels.
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In which Scrabble dictionary does ZINNIA exist?
Definitions of ZINNIA in dictionaries:
- noun -
any of various plants of the genus Zinnia cultivated for their variously and brightly colored flower heads
Also called old maidRegional.
There are 6 letters in ZINNIA:
A I I N N Z
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to ZINNIA
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word ZINNIA plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word ZINNIA
6 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for ZINNIALoading...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Bill and Melinda Gates think that empathetic optimism is at the root of the most important innovations.
In mid-June, the Gates gave the commencement address for Stanford University, and the over-arching theme of the speech was the power of optimism.
"Even in dire situations, optimism can fuel innovation and lead to new tools to eliminate suffering," Bill says.
Both Gates shared stories about times when they witnessed heart-breaking circumstances. Bill described visiting an over-crowded tuberculosis hospital in South Africa that felt like "hell with a waiting list." The people there had MDR-TB — multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis — which has a cure rate of under 50 percent. The hospital was extremely depressing, but Gates didn't let that reduce his optimism: Instead he left with an even fiercer determination to figure out a solution to this crushing problem. Now, several years later, there's a new TB drug regime in its third phase of testing that could boost patients' cure rates to between 80 and 90%.
"Optimism is often dismissed as false hope," Gates says. "But there is also false hopelessness. That's the attitude that says we can't defeat poverty and disease. We absolutely can."
Melinda shared a story about meeting sex workers in India who were regarded so poorly in their society that had no hope of restitution even if they were raped, robbed, or beaten. They were made to feel worthless. Over the last ten years, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has helped those women and others like them build support groups to empower each other and help educate others about safe sex. The community that formed through those support groups became a platform for the women to improve their lives in other ways, like setting up speed-dial networks to respond to violent attacks and helping each other build savings.
" Optimism for me isn't a passive expectation that things will get better," she says. "It's a conviction that we can make things better – that whatever suffering we see, no matter how bad it is, we can help people if we don't lose hope and we don't look away."
The Gates believe that having your heart break at someone else's situation is a necessary step towards propelling innovation. Combining empathy with optimism is powerful.
Don't turn away from suffering, Melinda says, turn toward it. "That is the moment when change is born."
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What’s your next move when things don’t make sense?
By Randall Noon, P.E.
Failure is fundamentally a cause-and-effect relationship. This is represented by the following logic expression, where “A” is the cause and “B” is the failure—or effect:
In a simple failure, “A” can be a single factor, “A1”, acting alone that causes “B”. For example, if a bearing has been in service too long, but all other design and environmental conditions are good, the bearing will eventually fail due to age. In this case, “A1” is a simple causative factor related to service time.
In a slightly more complicated failure, “A” can be a group of factors, labeled “A1, A2, A3,” etc., acting in a linear sequence, one after another like falling dominoes, that eventually cause “B” to occur. Beginning with “A1”, removal of any one of the “Ai” factors can interrupt the chain of events that lead to “B”. There are several root cause methodologies based upon this “domino” theory of failure. The following expression represents this:
For example, if a bearing is in service too long and fails due to age, the machine in which the bearing is used may also cease operating, which in turn causes the production line to stop. Using expression (ii), the service time is “A1”, the bearing is “A2”, the machine is “A3”, and the failure of the production line is “B”.
Alternately, “A” can be a group of factors acting in parallel with one another like the famous fire triangle of oxygen, fuel and an ignition source. All three factors must be present at the same time for a fire to occur. Expression (iii) represents this:
As the complexity of failure increases, “A” can be composed of a combination of both linear and parallel factors acting at various times. When such a failure is diagrammed, it resembles a logic switching circuit—similar to the example illustrated in Fig. 1.
Figure 1 depicts a nondescript failure, “B”, which has four causative factors: “A1”, “A2”, “A3”, and “A4”. Starting at the bottom and working up through the logic diagram, there are three failure scenarios that can result in “B”. They are as follows:
First Failure Scenario: First, causal factor “A1” and “A2” both occur. With both factors present, the event path proceeds through gate 1, the green AND gate, to the next stage, gate 2, the yellow OR gate. Because gate 2 indicates that the event path can proceed if either “A3” occurs or both “A1” and “A2” occur, the event path continues through gate 2 to “A4”. This then causes “A4” to occur. When condition “A4” occurs, the event path continues again and causes “B”.
In shorthand notation, this failure pathway is represented as follows:
Second Failure Scenario: Causal factor “A3” occurs first. With this factor present, the event path proceeds through gate 2 to “A4”. (Either “A1” or “A2” may be present. It doesn’t matter.) The preceding event, “A3”, then causes condition “A4” to occur, which in turn then causes “B”.
In similar fashion, the shorthand notation for this failure pathway is as follows:
Third Failure Scenario: This one is simple. For whatever reason, condition “A4” occurs first without any precedents. The occurrence of “A4” then causes “B”.
The simple shorthand for this failure pathway is as follows:
Preventing failure via typical root cause analysis
Having laid out the failure scenarios for “B”, how can the failure be prevented using the usual type of root cause analysis? Consider the following possibilities.
- The simplest way is to remove factor “A4”. Removal of this single factor, which is common to all the failure scenarios, definitely stops “B” from occurring. The other three causal factors can be allowed to occur or not occur. It makes no difference as long as “A4” is removed from the event path. But what if removing “A4” is a prohibitively expensive or risky option?
- Removing either “A1” or “A2” could also prevent the failure if factor “A3” does not occur. Perhaps “A3” occurs so infrequently that it can be left in place and just “A1” or “A2” needs to be removed to prevent failure. Perhaps the chance is worth taking, especially if the removal of either “A1” or “A2” is relatively cheap and easy.
- Likewise, removing “A3” alone could prevent failure “B” if there were assurances that “A1” and “A2” occurring at the same time is sufficiently infrequent. Since both “A1” and “A2” have to be present for “B” to occur without “A3”, the occurrence of one of the two factors can be tolerated without harm. Perhaps if “A1” were to occur, for example, there is sufficient time to fix it before “A2” can occur.
- Removing all four identified causative factors, sometimes known as the shotgun approach to problem solving, can prevent “B” from occurring. However, this would likely be the most expensive approach.
You have options
As the preceding example demonstrates, the prevention of failure “B” can be accomplished completely by two options: 1 and 4. On the other hand, perhaps failure “B” could also be reasonably prevented by assuming a small amount of risk with either option 2 or 3. So, which of the four options is best?
If you’re involved in a capital project, the standard approach is to perform a feasibility assessment and weigh the various costs and risks. Does your root cause process include a similar assessment to determine which corrective action strategy is the most cost-effective, or does it assume that elimination of the “root cause” is always the solution?
Such questions bring us to a significant issue that fuels much discussion and unnecessary consternation in root cause analysis: Which causal factor is the “root cause” of failure “B”?
- Some methods suggest that the causative factor or factors that first set in motion the failure scenario reflect the real root cause. By this definition, “A1” and “A2” could be the root causes. Then again, “A3” could also be the root cause if “A3” occurs first and “A1” and “A2” do not occur.
- Some methods indicate that there should be one, and only one, “root cause,” and that it is the one causative factor that when removed, completely stops the failure sce-nario. This would make the root cause in this case “A4”.
- Some methods indicate that the real “root cause” is the one factor or factors over which you have control that precludes the failure. This might mean that all the identified causative factors are root causes or perhaps just one of the four.
Depending upon which definition of “root cause” is used, any one of the four options in the preceding list could be considered a “root cause.” Now comes an additional dilemma.
Many, if not most, root cause methods require a person to preclude failure from recurring by eliminating the root cause. In fact, the term “root cause analysis” itself suggests that the focus of the investigation is to find and eliminate the “root cause.” In shorthand notation, the solution strategy being assumed is this:
As demonstrated, however, in our simple example, finding and eliminating the “root cause,” as defined by whichever method is being applied, may not be the most cost-effective way to address the problem, especially if the failure can be caused by various combinations of the same factors. Removing the “root cause” that caused “B” this time may preclude one failure scenario yet leave others in place.
Further, the term “root cause analysis” itself is suggestive: It floats the idea that the goal of an investigation is to find and eliminate a “root cause” so that a specific failure will not recur. Unfortunately, this approach ignores two other potentially useful strategies.
If the goal is to preclude recurrence of the failure rather than just find the “root cause,” there are three strategies that can be employed.
— Prevent “B” from occurring by eliminating “A”. This, of course, is the essence of many, if not most, of the root cause analysis methods in use.
— Change the consequences of “B” so that when “A” occurs, “B” may still occur but the consequences are tolerable. In other words, instead of eliminating the cause, eliminate the result. Note that if the deleterious effects of “B” are eliminated, it is not even necessary to know what the root cause is.
— Eliminate the link between “A” and “B”. Break the link, perhaps by an intervention strategy, between the two events so that they are independent events. Thus, if “A” occurs, “B” does not automatically occur.
How it all works
With respect to item 2 above, here is an example of how things can work. A nuclear station had regularly performed a required safety test of steam test stop valves in the middle of each run. During one such test, one of the re-heat test stop valves failed to operate. This occurred at the same time as a high-level alarm in the steam moisture separator. Because both the moisture high-level alarm and the stuck valve occurred at the same time (parallel events), the plant was required to SCRAM, that is, the reactor had to be shut down.
A subsequent investigation found that the particular test steam stop valve had jammed because of manufacturing debris in the valve. A small machining chip had caused the piston-type valve to bind. The valve was a commercial-grade item, but was unique in design. Various plans were studied to prevent machining chips from being present in the valve and various replacement valves were considered. However, all these measures were costly and still did not provide the kind of assurance needed to prevent a SCRAM.
A closer look at the required safety test found that while it had to be performed at least once every 18 months, and had always been done at mid-cycle, it could be conducted any time in the cycle. Thus, the most cost-effective fix was to move this testing to the end of the cycle—which cost nothing.
When the test was performed at the end of the run, if the valve jammed and there was a moisture alarm at the same time, the reactor would still be SCRAMed. But the reactor would be deliberately SCRAMed within minutes anyway for a planned maintenance outage. In other words, both the cause and effect were left in place, but the timing of the test was changed so that the consequence was no longer an issue.
With respect to item 3, de-linking cause and effect, consider this nationally famous example. In 1949, there were about 42,000 cases of debilitating and sometimes deadly polio. Many of you reading this are too young to recall the iron lungs, the leg braces and crutches associated with polio. In the early 1950s and continuing, there was a national program to vaccinate children against polio. First, it was the Salk vaccine, and later the oral Sabin vaccine. Eventually, the number of polio cases in the U.S. dropped to zero.
Vaccination didn’t get rid of polio germs—the root cause. The germs are still there. Vaccination didn’t cure the disease. Although treatment is better, there’s still no cure for polio. The consequence is still there. The vaccine did, though, break the link between cause and consequence, and polio no longer causes grief to 42,000 families a year. MT
Randy Noon is a Root Cause Team Leader at Nebraska’s Cooper Nuclear Station. A noted author and frequent contributor to MT, he has been investigating failures for more three decades. Email: [email protected].
FYI: Noon will speak at MARTS 2013 on the troubling topic of why some root cause investigations fail. Be there. Register now at www.MARTSConference.com.
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The book cover of “Farragut, America’s First Admiral” by Naval Historical Center historian Robert J. Schneller, Jr. Adm. Farragut was appointed the U.S. Navy’s first four
-star Admiral in 1866, but is most famous for his cry at the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 1864: “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” U.S. Navy photo.
The Navy will commission the newest Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer, Farragut (DDG 99), June 10, during a ceremony in Mayport, Fla.
Sen. Mel Martinez will deliver the ceremony's principal address. Sen. Susan Collins will serve as the ship’s sponsor. In a time-honored Navy tradition, she will give the first order
to "man our ship and bring her to life!"
The ship’s name honors Adm. David Glasgow Farragut (1801-1870). One of the Union's great heroes, Farragut gained fame for his exploits while in command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron during the Civil War. In 1862, his ships fought past confederate forts to capture New Orleans. In 1863, at Port Hudson, his forces gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy. In 1864, Farragut rallied his men to victory, shouting: "Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!” and led all but one of his 18 ships safely through the channel to win the Battle of Mobile Bay, one of the most celebrated victories in American naval history
Four previous ships have been named Farragut: a torpedo boat, TB 11 (1899-1919); a destroyer, DD 300 (1920-1930); a second destroyer, DD 348 (1934-1945) that earned fourteen battle stars in World War II (including Pearl Harbor, Coral Sea, Eastern Solomons, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa); and a guided-missile destroyer, DDG 37 (1960-1989) that took part in contingency operations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean and earned a Navy Unit Commendation.
Designated DDG 99, Farragut is the 49th ship of 62 Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. This highly capable multimission ship can conduct a variety of operations in support of the National Military Strategy, from peacetime presence and crisis management to sea control and power projection. Farragut will be capable of fighting air, surface, and subsurface battles simultaneously. The ship contains numerous offensive and defensive weapons designed to support maritime defense needs well into the 21st century.
Cmdr. Deidre L. McLay of Boulder City, Nev., will become the first commanding officer of the ship. The 9,200-ton Farragut is being built by Bath Iron Works, a company of General Dynamics. Farragut is 509.5 feet in length, has a waterline beam of 59 feet, a navigational draft of 32 feet and a crew of 290 officers and enlisted personnel.
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Periodicals: An Invaluable Resource on the History of Women
by Julie Roy
Despite some 30 years of work by historians of both sexes and from all disciplines, the history of women has many unexplored facets, particularly in regard to the period preceding the 20th century. Periodicals from the 18th and 19th centuries represent an untapped mine of rich material that enables us to discover the history of women and that of their writings in the public arena. By providing access to periodicals, Canadiana contributes greatly to the dissemination of these sources, which are the very foundation of women’s public writing. These sources offer a renewed perspective from which to approach the literary history of women, and to discover some of the writings and views that challenge the established canon of work.
The entry of women into public life was a lengthy process that began to take root well before the appearance of women who were writers or journalists by profession. Here we will examine a few representative sections from this vast body of work, seen from the perspective of the history of women, and of the literary history of women in particular.1
Women and the Reading of Periodicals
Books and periodicals imported from Europe formed the core of what was read by Canadians of the St. Lawrence Valley up until the arrival of the first printing press in Quebec in 1764. In their prospectus, the publishers of The Quebec Gazette / La Gazette de Québec attempted to attract female readership by presenting stories of extraordinary women, biographies of famous women, texts on marriage and etiquette with a moral dimension, or articles on education. Indeed, reading—and reading by women in particular—proved to be a popular and important topic in many newspapers throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
Certain publishers went so far as to provide explicit assurances about the morality of the texts presented and their suitability for women who would wish to read them. The appearance in L’Abeille canadienne, 1818-19, of an excerpt from a novel by Mme. de Genlis published in January 1819, prompted this remark by the editor-in-chief, Henri-Antoine Mézière: “The novels of Mme de Genlis have the rare advantage of being readable, without objection, by people of all ages and sexes, inasmuch as the author demonstrates respect for religion, proper morals, and propriety.”2 When “Les douleurs d’une femme heureuse” began appearing in serial form in Le Fantasque, 1837-49 Napoléon Aubin included a note stating that: “A mother can allow her daughter to read this.”3 Texts intended implicitly or explicitly for women were published alongside news from Europe, political and economic debates, opinion pieces, poems, stories, and classified ads. They appeared in a regular or sporadic fashion, depending on the periodical, right up until the massive production of family-oriented magazines and women’s magazines that appeared in the last quarter of the 19th century.
Among these periodicals explicitly geared toward Canadian women was the pioneering L’Almanach des dames, published in 1806 by Louis Plamondon.4 It would entail an almost 30-year wait, and the appearance of Mary Graddon Gosselin’s Montreal Museum, published in Montreal from 1832 to 1834, before there was another periodical whose target audience would be women. Mme Gosselin was interested in not only entertaining her female readership, but also encouraged readers to submit their own writing for publication. Although the majority of contributors were anglophones, women readers unquestionably inhabited two linguistic communities, as attested to in this ad published in Le Canadien:
The fifthissue of Montreal Museum that has recently come out is a pleasant literary and arts newspaper published in this city in the English language by a woman who has devoted all her spare hours to it. The publication is a testament to the talent and taste of its editor, and it has been received with the acclaim it deserves. We recommend the reading of it to those among our kind compatriots who, with a facility for English, have the leisure time to devote to the improvement of their hearts and spirits, and to the betterment of the art of writing...5
Mary Graddon Gosselin not only devoted her “spare hours” to managing the publication of the Museum, but she wrote articles of a moral flavour for it, as well as translating texts from French to English. Notably, she denounced the frivolous female characters of certain popular novels, and entreated her readers to avoid this type of reading. A study of the articles, poems, and serials taken from the foreign press and, more specifically, of women writers represented in the press of this period, has yet to be done. With the exception of a few classics, the majority of women authors whose works were published in magazines have long since been forgotten. Canadian women sometimes found in the pages of their favourite weeklies both prose and poetry that they could imitate. Many serials of the time featured young girls and women who were intended as role models. A study of the texts of foreign woman authors reprinted in periodicals can also contribute to our understanding of the writing models and the example of women authors who were able to influence the practice of public writing by Canadian women.
Although writings about reading allow us to draw a portrait of the ideal female reader, a portrait of the actual female reader is, however, difficult to pin down. Few subscriber lists are available today. One exception is the Canada Musical, 1866-81, which in each of its issues listed the names of its subscribers, almost a third of whom were women. And yet, in a social milieu where periodicals passed easily from hand to hand and were often kept in families for many years, such lists would only imperfectly represent the true nature of female readership. We should also be wary of generalising in associating women’s reading with the reading specifically targeted towards them, or in confining ourselves to the perspective of types of texts potentially readable by women, considering the prejudices of the era or our own frames of reference. The rare accounts we find in the correspondence of this period suggest greater emphasis on the reading of news and political debates than of texts generally associated with feminine reading.6 Yet the texts intended for female reader-ship are all we have to go on in drawing a portrait of the ideal female reader and in perceiving, if only in the shadows, the moral, social as well as literary expectations with regard to women.
The involvement of women in the publishing industry is an interesting path to explore. Our first hypothesis leads us to believe that the more women were involved in the conception of a periodical, the more room they devoted to feminine views. Aside from its being an Anglophone newspaper that could draw on the talents of women authors often previously published in England and in the United States, the Montreal Museum was managed, for the first time in Canada, by a woman. This fact undoubtedly had a major impact on the content of the periodical and the prominence that female authors enjoyed there. For the publication of at least its first two issues, Mary Graddon Gosselin collaborated with Elizabeth Ann Tracey,1 sister of Daniel Tracey, a physician and journalist who founded the Vindicator in 1828.
The role of the wives of printers, publishers, and contributors is an equally important avenue to explore. We are familiar with the involvement of Marie Mirabeau in the production of the Gazette littéraire, 1778–79.8 She took charge of the printing house managed by her husband, Fleury Mesplet, during his incarceration in 1776 and over the time period from June 1779 to September 1782. Notably, Marie Mirabeau would oversee the publication of an Almanach curieux et intéressant, a calendar, a collection of psalms, and an Anglo-Mohawk textbook.9 Her involvement no doubt extended well beyond these particular publications, since the Gazette littéraire was the periodical most open to contributions from women throughout the 18th century in Canada, with some thirty texts penned under feminine pseudonyms during the newspaper’s two-year existence.
That is also the case with the Gazette des Trois-Rivières, published by Ludger Duvernay between 1817 and 1819. His sister, Julie,10 had joined him at the end of July 1817 in order to help him with his new publishing venture, which was set to launch in the month of August of that year. Julie Duvernay would remain at his side until the closing of the newspaper in 1819. Even though her role there nominally was as “domestic help,” she undoubtedly had a certain influence on the content of the newspaper, and was perhaps even the author of a poem entitled “L’erreur”, which was published in the newspaper on October 12, 1819 and signed by “Mlle D....” This “Mlle D…” shows the consequences of male double-dealing when women put themselves under the sway of men, believing that it is love alone that motivates them. In the poem she expresses the disillusionment of young women, and the shattering of illusions that comes with real-world experience.
In Montreal, the contribution of Ann Lewis in the production of Samuel Hull Wilcocke’s The Scribbler, 1821-27 is well documented. In the dedication of the first issue, Wilcocke describes Ann Lewis as an “amanuensis,” thus acknowledging the important role she held in the preparation of the journal: “But you not only encouraged me, and rewarded me as I went on, in my literary employment; you also furnished me with topics, provided me with matter, served me as an amanuensis…; what have you not been to me, and to this work? To you, therefore I dedicate both myself and it…”11 This contribution by Lewis is also declared in the very pen name of the editor-in-chief, “Lewis Luke MacCulloh,” which not only forms an anagram out of Wilcocke’s full name, but also contains the surname of Ann Lewis.12
The contribution of classified ads as a source of information on the activities of women may seem banal, but they are without a doubt one of the fundamental sources for understanding the lives of women in their most varied aspects. In these ads some Canadian women would offer room and board, while others tendered their services as domestic help, teachers, cooks, or even as shopkeepers. These classified ads allow us to discover Canadian society, and to catch a glimpse of the often unexpected involvement of women in diverse spheres of activities. They open a door on the universe of women’s private lives, and indeed of their domestic lives, and allow us to understand the mindset of the era and the hardships they often experienced. An extravagant woman could be denied credit by her husband, while another woman might complain about her spendthrift husband’s wastefulness. People could post a missing person notice (e.g., a runaway female servant) or a notice regarding lost or stolen objects (small key, valuable document, etc.), each of which, in their way, bear witness to the daily life and standards of behaviour of that Canadian society to which women belonged.
These classified ads and public notices also allow us to perceive the involvement of women in educational and cultural life. The announcements and notices regarding activities taking place in schools and the subjects taught, as well as the invitations to participate in charitable or cultural events, may be incomparable sources for understanding the involvement of women in society. Indeed, the first text signed by Canadian women whom we can positively identify is that of a tribute presented to Governor Carleton and his wife during their official visit in 1774 which was published in the Gazette de Québec by the young ladies boarding at the Hôpital général de Québec and their teachers. Certain periodicals offered exceedingly detailed summaries of year-end festivities, where music, theatre, and literature held centre stage. For convent-educated girls and their teachers, these festivities represented the climax of their endeavours in the artistic and literary realms. Obituaries, too, are where women had a place. For most of them, it was the first and only time they would cross the threshold into public recognition. For the researcher, the obituaries are often the single most important source for information about those women who disappeared into the ranks of history’s forgotten.
Women’s Authorship in Periodicals
Canadian women quickly grasped the impact of the printed word on public opinion and the possibilities that it offered them for making their voices heard. Although the pages of the periodicals were filled predominantly with texts signed by either men or anonymous authors, as well as reprints of foreign texts, beginning in the 18th century they also included a variety of texts written under female pseudonyms. The fashion of writing under pseudonyms, however, renders it difficult to identify, with few exceptions, the actual authors of texts up until the late 19th century. If one cannot help but suspect a certain amount of literary cross-dressing in this practice, these texts nonetheless bring to centre stage a feminine language that sheds new light on the expectations of contemporaries with regard to women.
The texts written under feminine pseudonyms appear most often in the form of newspaper correspondence and put in the spotlight women who are preoccupied with what to do in certain social situations or with coming to the defence of their “sex.” Thanks to the “letters to the editor” column, they were able to make the most of a mode of writing where their competence would be recognised, in a forum that allowed them to carve out a corner for themselves in that particular public space. We also find poems, songs, and short stories—some of which evolved into novels in the second half of the 19th century. Though it is true that these texts are generally the fruit of a one-time effort, and that we cannot generally think of any of them as the work of budding professional writers before the second half of the 19th century, some “contributors” nevertheless kept forging ahead beyond their initial effort.
Starting in the middle of the 19th century, periodicals proliferated and gradually began to specialise. Some of them promoted Canadian literature and called for the contributions of neophytes; and sometimes, as was the case with the Populaire, 1837-38, they solicited women directly. This keen interest in feminine writing would engender “Marie Louise,” the pseudonym of Joseph-Guillaume Barthe, who to this day retains his grip on the laurel crown among the pantheon of Canadian authors. Following in the footsteps of her pseudonymous predecessor, young Odile Cherrier, alias “Anaïs,” also became an important contributor to the Populaire.13 From October 1837 to February 1838, she authored two translations of stories that had appeared in American newspapers, an original story entitled “Adolphe et Eugène” and several poems.14 For L’Aurore des Canadas, the young “Améla,” whose true identity we do not know, took up the torch again in October 1839 by penning several prose poems and a love story.15
While Montreal, Quebec, and Trois-Rivières continued to reign as important hubs of magazine publishing, regional presses soon began to be established. Although the proliferation of periodicals amplified the opportunities for a public forum, the percentage of space therein occupied by women remained relatively limited. The analysis of the contents of periodicals from the period 1840–1880 has yet to be completed; but we can report that, while certain periodicals still had little room for women’s writing, others were gradually opening their pages to new voices. Whether making known their opinions on current events, formally thanking someone for his or her invaluable assistance, or eulogising a close lady friend who has died, these texts published by women in the press, whether letters, poems, chronicles, or stories, all reflect some aspect of the social life of the era. Increasingly well-read, these young women who had learned the art of writing in the convents set out to conquer the Muses by offering a few of their own creative pieces to local newspapers and journals. La ruche littéraire et politique, 1853-59 featured, for example, a travel story entitled, “De Québec à la chute Montmorency” by Malvina D****.16 The Montreal newspaper La Guêpe contains several poems by Clara Chagnon during the year 1866-67.17 Several of these would also be published in Le Feuilleton, 1865-67, L’Union nationale, Le Journal de Lévis, and La Minerve. A certain Mlle Chagnon (the same aforementioned Clara Chagnon, no doubt) also published a novel entitled “Les Fiancés d’outre-tombe” in the Revue Canadienne in 1869. This historical novel, though long forgotten, preceded by a dozen years the publication of Laure Conan’s novel, Angéline de Montbrun.18
Despite the publication of numerous texts in the no less numerous periodicals of the second half of the 19th century, “Amélie Deschamps” penned a “Chronique des dames” in L’Opinion publique in June 1876 wherein she bemoans the lack of topics in Canadian periodicals that might be of interest to female readers:
Every timeI open one of our newspapers and run my eyes across the columns, I never close it again without experiencing a painful sensation, a sense of disappointment. What is there, I say to myself, in all these articles, that might interest us women, something that is written from our point of view and that addresses us in particular… Everything is written by men, for men, from the point of view of men.19
This account illustrates the difficulties women faced in finding their place in the press. This type of critical commentary should not, however, lead us to conclude that women were absent from the scene, but simply that they were not as present as one would wish. Yet the examples of feminine contributions were becoming increasingly numerous and diversified. In the last quarter of the 19th century, periodicals began to specialise, thereby further breaching the public space and opening it to women. One need only think of such literary and “feminine” magazines as Le Journal du Dimanche, 1883-85 and Le Monde illustré, 1884-1902; family-oriented periodicals like La Gazette des familles, 1878; and even scholarly periodicals like Le Couvent, 1886-99, which allowed young schoolgirls to publish texts in a newspaper distributed to Canadian families.
Periodicals make up a body of documents whose evolution is intimately linked to the evolution of Canadian society. The history of women, which seems to be lamentably bereft of sources for the period prior to the turn of the 20th century, can be elucidated for us by travelling down the numerous avenues available here toward a better understanding of what was at stake for the societies these women inhabited. In addition, in these periodicals, we can discover their take on their own lives, their sometimes disconcerting traditionalism—but also be surprised by their lucidity and sense of humour. We even see sprouting up there, where we would least expect it, the elements of a feminist language in the making—in a turn of phrase, in a classified ad, in a fictional character created from scratch, or in a love poem.
For those interested in the history of women, periodicals are an inexhaustible source of information. They also present difficulties, especially by virtue of their impressive quantity, their heterogeneous nature, and their varied content. And yet, the biggest obstacle arises, without question, from the fact that the presence of the “feminine,” and of women per se, is often concealed within a jumble of information.
One must also take into account the fact that more often than not women speak anonymously, all the more so when they are draped behind the mysterious aura of a pseudonym. It is necessary, therefore, not only to read carefully and between the lines, but above all to learn to read differently. The digitization of these sources, their gathering into one unique collection, and the democratisation of their accessibility via the Web, along with the availability of full-text search tools, pave the way for a better use of these documents and a groundbreaking opening of this largely unknown corpus. The examples presented here are but a few samples of what these sources conceal. Thanks to the broader accessibility of these Canadian periodicals, the research on this body of work currently in progress—and that which is yet to come—cannot help but contribute to bettering our knowledge of the history of women, and of their literary history in particular.
1. Until now, my research has been based on francophone periodicals published in Quebec between the publication of the Quebec Gazette in 1764 and the appearance of the first women journalists at the turn of the 20th century. This research began within the framework of my dissertation, Stratégies épistolaires et écritures féminines: Les Canadiennes à la Conquête des lettres, 1639–1839, Dép. d’études littéraires, UQAM (2003).
2. L’Abeille canadienne, janvier 1819, p. 21.
3. Le Fantasque, 7 avril 1842
4. Dedicated to Rosalie Amiot, who was to become Plamondon’s wife, this almanac is primarily a compilation of European texts, with the exception of a poem by Joseph Quesnel.
5. Le Canadien, 13 mai 1833.
6. For example, Julie Bruneau-Papineau and Marie-Marguerite Lacorne-Viger take more of an interest in the subject of political debate than in any other. Julie Cerré even takes an interest in international politics, and Victoire Papineau draws on current events taken from the press of the day to entertain her correspondents.
7. Elizabeth Ann Tracey, born in Ireland around 1806, accompanied her brothers to Canada in 1825 and settled in Montreal. She married Charles Wilson, a businessman and senator, on May 19, 1835. She died in Montreal on February 11, 1879.
8. Fleury Mesplet was accused of siding with the Americans in the War of Independence.
9. See R.W. McLachlan, “Fleury Mesplet, the first printer at Montreal,” in Mémoires et comptes rendus de la société royale du Canada—1906, Ottawa, James Hope & Sons, 1906, p. 197–309; and Jean-Paul Delagrave, Fleury Mesplet (1734–1794): Diffuseur des Lumières au Québec, Montreal: Patenaude, 1985. The work of Daniel Claus, A Primer for the use of Mohawk children, is available at Canadiana.org in the version published in London by C. Buckton in 1786.
10. Marie-Anne Julie Duvernay, daughter of Joseph Duvernay and Marie- Anne Julie Rocbert de la Morandière, married Pierre Fortin, a carpenter and native of Verchères, in 1822.
11. The Scribbler, June 28, 1821, p. 1.
12. Carl F. Klinck, “Wilcocke, Samuel Hill”, in Dictionnaire biographique du Canada, v. 6, 1987, p. 899–901.
13. Odile Cherrier was the sister of André-Romuald, a contributor to the Populaire, under the pseudonym of “Pierre- André,” and of Georges-Hippolyte, future publisher of Charles Guérin (1853), by P.J.O. Chauveau, and of the magazine La Ruche littéraire.
14. “Rosalie Berton,” 25 octobre 1837, [trans.]; “Horrible tragédie. Une scène à Saint-Domingue,” 17 janvier
1838, [trans.]; “Adolphe et Eugène,” 24 novembre 1837; “À Élise,” 31 janvier 1838; “Une promenade avec André dans le cimetière,” 2 février 1838; “L’amitié,” 12 février 1838.
15. “Romance. Fleurs funéraires d’une jeune Canadienne aux mannes de sa mère chérie,” 4 octobre 1839; “Stances sur la mort de Pierre G. Damour, médecin,” 11 octobre 1839; “Promenade champêtre,” 12 novembre 1839; “Qui s’intéresse à ma mélancholie?” 6 décembre 1839; “Mes souvenirs ou Améla sur la tombe de sa mère,” 23 octobre 1840.
16. La ruche littéraire et politique, mai 1854, p. 220–226.
17. In La Guêpe we find: “Aux Messieurs,” 18 mars 1867; “Qui ne pleure pas le soir,” 30 mars 1867; “Laissez-moi mes rêves,” 30 novembre 1867.
18. Julie Roy, “Laure Conan et ‘Les fiancés d’outre-tombe’ de Mlle Chagnon. Une filiation littéraire inédite,” in Sens commun: Expérience et transmission dans la littérature québécoise, H. Jacques, K. Larose, and S. Santini (dir. publ.), coll.: “Convergence,” Nota Bene, 2007, p. 259–272.
19. L’Opinion publique, 8 juin 1876, p. 266.
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Apparently even people vaccinated with the flu-shot are getting the flu. William Wan and David Brown of The Washington Post report:Wait! You mean the vaunted flu shot is not the miracle fix it’s marketed to be—nope.
The stubborn virus has spread across the country, gripping several areas in the Washington region.Not all that surprising. Last week we learned that our flu-shots are pretty much outmatched. David Brown of The Washington Post was on that too. Here’s a bit:
But the estimate doesn't mean people should not get inoculated this season, experts said. A flu shot provides some measure of protection, because even the strains not in the current vaccine are descended from ones that are.
"This season, we are seeing more disease out there, and probably higher rates of hospitalization and death than we have seen in the last couple of years," said Joseph S. Bresee, an epidemiologist in the CDC's influenza division. But compared with rates in the past two decades, he said, "it is not an atypical season."
Still, there are signs that the flu's reach may be extending.
Health officials in 44 states, including Maryland and Virginia, are reporting "widespread" flu activity, the CDC said, up from 31 states reported last week. Cases have also been reported in the District, but not at widespread levels.
"Most years, the prediction is very good," said Joseph S. Bresee, an influenza epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "In 16 of the last 19 years, we have had a well-matched vaccine."We need to stop blindly beating the flu shot drum. Dr. Fuhrman will tell you. Eat healthfully. Bolster your body’s natural defenses. Besides the flu shot does not come without a price—mercury. More from Dr. Fuhrman:
But probably not this time…
…The viruses in the vaccine are either dead or, in the case of the nasal-spray flu vaccine developed four years ago, crippled so they cannot cause illness. What they can do is stimulate the body's immune system to mount a defense, sometimes a lifesaving one, should the virus be encountered.
Flu vaccines have benefits and risks too. If you read about the flu vaccine in the information supplied by the manufacturer you will learn it contains formaldehyde and 25 micrograms of thimersol (mercury) per dose, used as a preservative. The injection of even this small amount of mercury repeatedly year after year from multiple vaccines can cause neurotoxicity (brain damage). The American Academy of Pediatrics and the US Public Health Service have issued a joint statement calling for the removal of mercury from vaccines. Chronic low dose mercury exposures may cause subtle neurological abnormalities that rear their head later in life.Now, the “flu issue” is indeed a big one, and, I’m just a dingy blogger. So, if you want the lowdown on the flu and the flu shot, check out this post by Dr. Fuhrman: Flu and Nutrition. Actually the whole cold and flu category is worth a look.
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Council's legislation mandates Holocaust educational programming throughout the country in both religious and secular contexts. Because the religious community has a special interest in the Holocaust, a Committee on Ethics, Religion and the Holocaust was established to engage the various Christian organizations in the United States to fulfill that mandate.
Comprised of clergy and lay people from major church bodies and academic institutions, the Committee serves as a resource for individuals and groups grappling with the ethical and philosophical issues raised by the Holocaust and contemporary manifestations of antisemitism. The Committee provides information, feedback, and guidance to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council based on its experience working with the concerns of religious groups. The Committee takes special interest in how Christianity, Christian institutions, and the non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust are presented in the exhibitions and educational programs of the Museum.
Visit their website at: http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/church/
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In a comment to the Illusions post, Pascal gets Quantum on our asses:
“God does not play dice” - Einstein
To which Louis de Broglie replied: “And who are YOU to tell God what He can do?”
The quantum uncertainty principle is just as much a fundamental fact of Science as the light spectrum of atomic Elements.
Basically, it states that if God doesn't play dice, only He can ever know it.
Or, more matter-of-factly, that if you imagine quantum particles in the Universe as ants in a colony, there is nothing smaller than an ant that you can send in to gather information, but your added robot-ant will disturb the information by its presence. "Oi! Move on, buddy, I've got corn grains to carry here! Make yourself useful, go guard the Queen's Chamber with those big choppers of yours. And watch where you put your feet, will ya? Sheesh..."
Here's a simple example of the uncertainty principle:
A spectral line represents a given wavelength of light (or other energy emission). But a spectral line always has a certain width, amounting to a frequency range. Why is that? Because the laws of physics show this: if there was only one, mathematical photon wavelength, one exact frequency instead of a narrow range at best, its energy would be infinite. It would amount to dividing a given intensity by a width of zero. Even with one single photon, this still applies. There's no escaping it, just like death and taxes. ;-)
As soon as you get a little far above a beach, it appears as a continuous surface. But at a small scale it'll always be made of grains, and its physical properties will differ from those of a true fluid or a normal solid. Which will be noticeable even at a scale far bigger than grains.
Inversely, under a moderately powerful microscope, sand will appear as a heap of tiny rough rocks. It may appear in very different fashions, none of which is truly representative of what we can only understand with mathematical tools, namely "the big picture". Sand is a peculiar solid (a "grainy matter") that sometimes behaves like a liquid. When you stroll on a beach, you have the illusion that this can't happen... until a sandstorm rises, Allah forbid!
Mud is even more complicated in behaviour, because it's grains closely mixed with liquid, at a scale where tiny surface forces have a tremendous cumulated effect.
Did you know that tar is actually a liquid? Hit it with a hammer, and it shatters. Leave it in a pierced barrel, and it'll run. Veeeeerrrrry slooooowwwwwly. It is viscosity at a very unusual scale. Glass is similar, in reality. It is an incredibly viscous amorphous solid. A window could theoretically become a puddle on the floor at ordinary temperature. The thing is, it would take millions of years, provided erosion doesen't get it first! Its stability is purely an illusion created by our own time scale. Compared to minerals, we live very fast dog years...
Our senses are sophisticated measure instruments, which give us a reprepsentation of the world, in a certain fashion which is USUALLY the most efficient. For who and what we are. But they have their limits, all of them put together still have their limits. Only with our intelligence can we get past that illusion... one slow step at a time.
Given enough speed and kinetic energy, a water-filled balloon can go right through the armor of a battle tank like a red-hot knife through butter. Unless the air friction evaporates it first in a cloud of steam. A feather in the void of space could possibly kill an astronaut, because no air slows it down. We're just not used to such things happening. We live in the illusion of our habits.
An infant could move an aircraft carrier with one hand. In the wieghtlessness of space, or even in a very calm water harbour. All it takes is the patience to overcome the inertia of a great mass and wait till you see a visible result, so keep pushing!
The fragile silk sheet of a parachute can hold a man in the air. A spider's silk is way tronger than steel or Kevlar, and would make great (and lightweight) bullet-proof vests. It would seem that an unarmed frail cleric could halt the Scourge of God with mere words.
So, always beware of what you take for absolutely and universally certain. Keep an open mind. We only know as much as we have already learned or discovered, and yet not always.
"It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble. It's what you know for sure that just ain't so." — Mark Twain
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Three-dimensional (latitude, longitude, altitude) global inventories of civil and military aircraft fuel burned and emissions have been developed for the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the years 1976, 1984, and 1992, and by the European Abatement of Nuisances Caused by Air Transport (ANCAT)/European Commission (EC) Working Group and the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) for 1991/92. For 1992, the results of the inventory calculations are in good agreement, with total fuel used by aviation calculated to be 129.3 Tg (DLR), 131.2 Tg (ANCAT), and 139.4 Tg (NASA). Total emissions of NOx (as NO2) in 1992 were calculated to range from 1.7 Tg (NASA) to 1.8 Tg (ANCAT and DLR).
Forecasts of air travel demand and technology developed by NASA and ANCAT for 2015 have been used to create three-dimensional (3-D) data sets of fuel burn and NOx emissions for purposes of modeling the near-term effects of aircraft. The NASA 2015 forecast results in a global fuel burn of 309 Tg, with a NOx emission of 4.1 Tg (as NO2); the global emission index, EI(NOx) (g NOx/kg fuel), is 13.4. In contrast, the ANCAT 2015 forecast results in lower values-a global fuel burn of 287 Tg, an emission of 3.5 Tg of NOx, and a global emission index of 12.3. The differences arise from the distribution of air travel demand and technology assumptions.
Long-term emission scenarios for CO2 and NOx from subsonic aviation in 2050 have been constructed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Forecasting and Economic Support Group (FESG); the United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); and the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), whose projections extend to 2100. The FESG and EDF scenarios used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IS92 scenarios for economic growth to project future air traffic demand, though with different approaches to the relative importance of gross domestic product (GDP) and population. Each group also makes different assumptions about projected improvements in fleet fuel efficiency and NOx reduction technology. In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has projected emissions from a "high speed" sector that includes aviation, and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has published a projection of aviation emissions for the year 2041.
All future scenarios were constructed by assuming that the necessary infrastructure (e.g., airports, air traffic control) will be developed as needed and that fuel supplies will be available. System capacity constraints, if any, have not been evaluated.
Future scenarios predict fuel use and NOx emissions that vary over a wide range, depending on the economic growth scenario and model used for the calculations. Although none of the scenarios are considered impossible as outcomes for 2050, some of the EDF high-growth scenarios are believed to be less plausible. The FESG low-growth scenarios, though plausible in terms of achievability, use traffic estimates that are very likely to be exceeded given the present state of the industry and planned developments.
The 3-D gridded outputs from all of the FESG 2050 scenarios and from the DTI 2050 scenario are suitable for use as input to chemical transport models and may also be used to calculate the effect of aviation CO2 emissions. The FESG scenarios project aviation fuel use in 2050 to be in the range of 471-488 Tg, with corresponding NOx emissions of 7.2 and 5.5 Tg (as NO2) for IS92a, depending on the technology scenario; 268-277 Tg fuel and NOx of 4.0 and 3.1 Tg for IS92c; and 744-772 Tg fuel and NOx of 11.4 and 8.8 Tg for IS92e. (For all of the individual FESG IS92-based scenarios, higher fuel usage-thus CO2 emissions-were a result of the more aggressive NOx reduction technology assumed). The DTI scenario projects aviation fuel use in 2050 to be 633 Tg, with NOx emissions at 4.5 Tg.
As a result of higher projected fuel usage, EDF projections of CO2 emissions are all higher than those of FESG by factors of approximately 2.4 to 4.3 for IS92a, 3.1 to 5.7 for IS92c, and 1.7 to 3.1 for IS92e. Results from EDF scenarios based on IS92a and IS92d are suitable for use in calculating the effect of CO2 emissions as sensitivity analyses; the latter scenario projects CO2 emissions levels from aviation 2.2 times greater in 2050 than the highest of the FESG scenarios.
The effects of a fleet of high-speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft on fuel burned and NOx emissions in the year 2050 were calculated using the FESG year 2050 subsonic inventories as a base. A fleet of 1,000 HSCTs operating with a program goal EI(NOx) of 5 in 2050 was calculated to increase global fuel burned by 12-18% and reduce global NOx by 1-2% (depending on the scenario chosen), assuming that low-NOx HSCTs displace traffic from the higher NOx subsonic fleet. A fleet of 1,000 HSCT aircraft was chosen to evaluate the effect of a large fleet; it does not constitute a forecast of the size of an HSCT fleet in 2050.
The simplifying assumptions used in calculating all of the historical and present-day 3-D inventories (1976 through 1992)-great circle routing, no winds, standard temperatures, no cargo payload-cause a systematic underestimate of fuel burned (therefore emissions produced) by aviation on the order of 15%, so calculated values were scaled up accordingly. By 2015, we assume that the introduction of advanced air traffic management systems will reduce this underestimate to approximately 5%. Full implementation of these systems by 2050 should reduce the error somewhat further, but given the wide range of year 2050 scenario projections, adjustments to calculated fuel values in 2050 were not considered to be necessary.
Other reports in this collection
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| 0.916026 | 1,334 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Panendoscopy for throat cancer
Other parts of your nose, mouth and throat, including the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus, are also examined during this procedure. The doctor performing the procedure will look for any visible signs of a tumor. Doctors may use a special instrument through the scope to biopsy pieces of tissue that look potentially cancerous.
What is a panendoscopy?
Panendoscopy is a diagnostic test used to examine the upper digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine. In this exam, an individual is given general anesthesia in an operating room so that the entire region of the body can be closely inspected for cancer. Endoscopes are used to look at the throat, larynx, esophagus and possibly the windpipe (trachea) and bronchi.
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hippopotamus, herbivorous, river-living mammal of tropical Africa. The large hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius, has a short-legged, broad body with a tough gray or brown hide. The male stands about 5 ft (160 cm) high at the shoulder and weighs about 5 tons (4,500 kg); the female is slightly smaller. The mouth is wide, and the incisors and lower canines are large ivory tusks that grow throughout life. The eyes are near the top of the head, so the animal can see when nearly submerged. Hippopotamuses usually live in herds of about 15 animals. Much of their time is spent standing or swimming underwater, where they feed on aquatic plants; they must rise to breathe every 5 minutes or so. At night groups of animals feed on the shore. The hippopotamus is hunted for meat, and Africans have used the hide for shields and whips. Once widespread in Africa, the animal is now rare except in unsettled areas and reserves. The pygmy hippopotamus, Choeropsis liberiensis, is found in W Africa. It is about 30 in. (75 cm) tall at the shoulder and weighs about 400 lb (180 kg). It tends to be solitary and spends much of its time on the shore, sleeping by day in thickets. Recent DNA studies indicate that whales are most closely related to hippopotamuses. Hippopotamuses are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Artiodactyla, family Hippopotamidae.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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“perhaps the greatest intellectual stride that it has ever been granted to any man to make”— Einstein on Newton’s Principia
NEWTON, ISAAC. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
London: for the Royal Society by Joseph Streater, 1687
4to. Folding plate. 215 woodcut diagrams. William B. Todd’s “Bibliography of the ‘Principia’” (Cambridge, 1972) identifies a number of textual variants occurring in the press. These appear to occur with equal frequency between the two issues and thus do not constitute a point of issue. In this copy all but two of Todd’s variants (267 and 481) are in the corrected state. Original or contemporary Cambridge paneled calf, with double blind rule at edges of boards and four small cornerpieces, morocco title label “NEWTON / PHILOS,” edges sprinkled red. Joints cracked but secure, minor loss of leather, old coloring to exposed areas. Minimal dampstain to blank corners of last few leaves, wear to lower margin of some leaves, several quires browned as usual, some foxing and spotting as usual, a few small stains. Old manuscript shelf number 1074 on front free endpaper. An exceptionally wide-margined copy, with a number of leaves untrimmed.
First edition of Isaac Newton’s Principia, “generally described as the greatest work in the history of science” (PMM). This is an excellent, entirely unrestored copy of the first state with the preferred two-line imprint.
“Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler had certainly shown the way; but where they described the phenomena they observed, Newton ex- plained the underlying universal laws. The Principia provided the great synthesis of the cosmos, proving finally its physical unity” (PMM).
“For the first time a single mathematical law could explain the motion of objects on earth as well as the phenomena of the heavens. … It was this grand conception that produced a general revolution in human thought, equaled perhaps only by that following Darwin’s Origin of Species” (PMM). This treatise on dynamics and gravitation is undoubtedly “the most influential scientific publication of the 17th century” (Horblit).
Newton presents his three laws of motion, discusses the movement of bodies through gases and liquids, defines mass and force, presents the corpuscular theory of light, and sets forth the principal of universal gravitation. No work was more seminal in the development of modern physics and astronomy than Newton’s Principia. Its conclusion that the force retaining the planets in their orbits is one in kind with terrestrial gravity ended forever the view dating back at least to Aristotle that the celestial realm calls for one science and the sublunar realm, another. Just as the Preface to its first edition had proposed, the ultimate success of Newton’s theory of gravity made the identification of the fundamental forces of nature and their characterization in laws the primary pursuit of physics” (Stanford Philosophy).
Neither the Royal Society nor Newton was willing or able to finance the publication of the Principia. Newton’s friend, astronomer Edmund Halley, underwrote the edition and supervised publication; about 300-400 copies were printed.
There are two variant title pages. This is the first state, the so-called English issue, with the title conjugate and the two-line imprint; the name of the bookseller Samuel Smith, was added to the cancel title-page for copies presumably bound for export. We have always preferred the English issue of this epochal book, particularly when found in a contemporary English calf binding.
Printing and the Mind of Man 161.
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| 0.927114 | 795 | 2.734375 | 3 |
August 3, 2008
Teachers See Firsthand the Effects of Poverty on Children
By Autumn Grooms, La Crosse Tribune, Wis.
Aug. 3--Walking through the school doors each morning, children from low-income families have more on their minds than homework, quizzes and extra-curricular activities.Some have spent the night in cars, at campgrounds or with relatives and friends. They're trying to figure out where they'll sleep that night and who will pick them up from school. "When it's ongoing and kids come to school worried about Mom and Dad or brothers and sisters, it's hard to concentrate," said Susan Schumann, retired supervisor of literacy, assessment and Title I for the La Crosse School District, who also oversaw its homeless program. "A lot of learning gets lost in class."
The proportion of students receiving free or reduced-cost lunch topped 35 percent in many Coulee Region school districts during the 2007-08 school year and was above 50 percent in others, according to the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction.
In La Crosse, Monroe, Crawford and Vernon counties, 17.5 percent of children live below federal poverty guidelines, according to U.S. Census Bureau estimates.
Some attribute the high numbers to newcomers moving into the area from larger metropolitan areas, but local officials say many of the area's poor are residents who have chosen to stay and raise their family in the same community they grew up in.
Many factors contribute to the high level of children living in poverty, but low wages and lack of opportunity are a major contributor, said Shelly Teadt, director of planning for CouleeCap, a nonprofit organization that fights poverty and promotes self-sufficiency for people in the Coulee Region.
Area school administrators anticipate the numbers of students qualifying for the subsidized meals will increase this school year as gas prices, food costs and unemployment rates continue to climb.
"The economy has to turn around. Jobs are a part of it and the cost of living," said Kristi Moyer, director of student services for the La Crosse School District. "As a society we overextend, and I think many people are being impacted, but kids bear the brunt of it."
The diverse needs of these children have been identified in school districts throughout the region, and many are working to help these kids before it's too late. "The risk is the greatest for kids who experience poverty young or who experience long-term poverty," Teadt said.
West Salem School District Superintendent Nancy Burns said student achievement and free and reduced-cost lunch typically have a direct link.
"The greater number of students receiving free and reduced (cost) lunch, the lower student achievement," Burns said. That is why more federal funds and other grants are available.
Burns worked in Rockford, Ill., and Green Bay school districts, where the free and reduced-cost lunch count was much higher than West Salem, before coming to the school district three years ago.
She said the parent involvement and number of students needing support is significantly different.
The Cashton School District is working to "close the achievement gap" that can be found when there is a high percentage of students receiving free and reduced-cost lunch, said Superintendent Brad Saron. Cashton's figures for the 2007-08 school year were 44 percent, according to the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction.
Through field trips, enrichment activities, after-school tutoring and technology, Saron said the school district "provides a rich environment with high expectations."
Cashton schools have been working to educate its families about the benefits of free and reduced-cost lunch and the positive effects it has districtwide by bringing in additional Student Achievement Guarantee in Education and Title I funds that help to keep class sizes small. There is also the guarantee of a complete breakfast and lunch each day.
Staff members have kept a confidential system and "outright show caring" to those applying for the subsidized meals.
The efforts, he said, have helped to facilitate an atmosphere of understanding in the Monroe County community, Saron said. "It is a delicate situation."
The McKinney-Vinto Act, part of the federal No Child Left Behind program, outlines school districts' responsibilities to students who are or become homeless during the school year. The act mandates districts supply students with transportation and no-cost lunches without the paperwork.
Students are considered homeless when their family is without a home, living with another family, staying at a shelter or several other situations. La Crosse schools had 96 homeless students during the 2007-08 school year.
"I've found that kids who are in situations where housing is often a big question mark do not do as well," Schumann said. "They are often bouncing from school to school. McKinney-Vinto recognizes that."
School provides some stability in student's lives when their world is falling apart, Schumann said.
"School doesn't change," she said. "They are still with their friends and their teacher or teachers."
By the numbers
Where La Crosse School District homeless students lived during the 2007-08 school year:
--24: At a shelter
--61: With friends or family
--2: Unsheltered in cars, parks or campgrounds
--9: Hotels and motels
Source: La Crosse School District
Autumn Grooms can be reached at (608) 791-8424 or [email protected]
To see more of the La Crosse Tribune or to subscribe to the newspaper, go to http://www.lacrossetribune.com/.
Copyright (c) 2008, La Crosse Tribune, Wis.
Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.
For reprints, email [email protected], call 800-374-7985 or 847-635-6550, send a fax to 847-635-6968, or write to The Permissions Group Inc., 1247 Milwaukee Ave., Suite 303, Glenview, IL 60025, USA.
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by Staff Writers
Hilo HI (SPX) Feb 05, 2013
Global warming from greenhouse gases affects rainfall patterns in the world differently than that from solar heating, according to a study by an international team of scientists in the January 31 issue of Nature.
Using computer model simulations, the scientists, led by Jian Liu (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Bin Wang (International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa), showed that global rainfall has increased less over the present-day warming period than during the Medieval Warm Period, even though temperatures are higher today than they were then.
The team examined global precipitation changes over the last millennium and future projection to the end of 21st century, comparing natural changes from solar heating and volcanism with changes from man-made greenhouse gas emissions.
Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled climate model that simulates realistically both past and present-day climate conditions, the scientists found that for every degree rise in global temperature, the global rainfall rate since the Industrial Revolution has increased less by about 40% than during past warming phases of the earth.
Why does warming from solar heating and from greenhouse gases have such different effects on global precipitation?
"Our climate model simulations show that this difference results from different sea surface temperature patterns. When warming is due to increased greenhouse gases, the gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific weakens, but when it is due to increased solar radiation, the gradient increases. For the same average global surface temperature increase, the weaker SST gradient produces less rainfall, especially over tropical land," says co-author Bin Wang, professor of meteorology.
But why does warming from greenhouse gases and from solar heating affect the tropical Pacific SST gradient differently?
"Adding long-wave absorbers, that is heat-trapping greenhouse gases, to the atmosphere decreases the usual temperature difference between the surface and the top of the atmosphere, making the atmosphere more stable," explains lead-author Jian Liu. "The increased atmospheric stability weakens the trade winds, resulting in stronger warming in the eastern than the western Pacific, thus reducing the usual SST gradient-a situation similar to El Nino."
Solar radiation, on the other hand, heats the earth's surface, increasing the usual temperature difference between the surface and the top of the atmosphere without weakening the trade winds. The result is that heating warms the western Pacific, while the eastern Pacific remains cool from the usual ocean upwelling.
"While during past global warming from solar heating the steeper tropical east-west SST pattern has won out, we suggest that with future warming from greenhouse gases, the weaker gradient and smaller increase in yearly rainfall rate will win out," concludes Wang.
Jian Liu, Bin Wang, Mark A. Cane, So-Young Yim, and June-Yi Lee: Divergent global precipitation changes induced by natural versus anthropogenic forcing. Nature, 493 (7434), 656-659; DOI: 10.1038/nature11784.
University of Hawaii
Climate Science News - Modeling, Mitigation Adaptation
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|
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| 0.905951 | 753 | 3.234375 | 3 |
› View Now
GLAST Prelaunch Webcast
GEORGE DILLER: Gamma-ray bursts...
Neutron stars and supernova remnants...
Clues to these mysteries of the universe and more will soon be investigated by a new intergalactic detective.
The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope -- known as GLAST -- is poised for launch aboard a Delta II rocket.
GLAST will be the first observatory of its kind to daily survey the entire sky using its highly sensitive instruments.
Join us now from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida as we learn more about the exciting mission of GLAST.
TIFFANY NAIL: Hello and welcome to NASA's special coverage of the GLAST mission.
I'm your host, Tiffany Nail.
In addition to taking a closer look at this exciting mission, we're going to visit a location that NASA viewers only glimpse during launch coverage.
It's the Mission Director's Center where the launch team conducts the countdown.
We'll also hear from a member of the GLAST team who stopped by the studio earlier to answer some questions about the goals of the mission.
But before that, our mission manager here at Kennedy -- Bruce Reid -- is going to introduce us to the spacecraft and rocket.
BRUCE REID: Hi, I'm Bruce Reid -- mission manager for the Launch Services Program here at Kennedy Space Center.
It's my job to act as the primary coordinator between the spacecraft and the rocket that will carry it to space.
The GLAST spacecraft was built and tested for NASA by General Dynamics in Arizona.
The spacecraft was transported across country, where it received additional testing at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington.
In early March, GLAST arrived by truck at Astrotech's processing facility in Titusville, Florida -- located just across the Indian River from the Kennedy Space Center.
Over the last two months, final pre-launch preparations of the spacecraft were completed in the facility's clean room.
Engineers and technicians have been busy checking all the spacecraft's communications -- command and data handling -- and propulsion systems.
In addition to a complete checkout of the craft's scientific instruments, the flight battery was installed -- along with a communications antenna -- and two sets of solar arrays.
Meanwhile -- just miles away at Launch Pad 17-B -- the Delta II rocket has been under going its own preparations by its builder, United Launch Alliance.
The Delta II has proven to be a workhorse launch vehicle.
For the GLAST launch, the rocket will use nine strap-on solid rocket boosters for additional lift capacity.
With the first and second stages in place, the rocket was topped off by the spacecraft tucked inside a protective fairing.
The stage is now set -- the rocket and spacecraft are ready -- and soon the familiar 3 -- 2--1 -- liftoff will send GLAST spaceward to fulfill its mission.
TIFFANY NAIL: I'm here in Mission Director's Center with NASA launch director Omar Baez.
Omar, thanks for joining us.
OMAR BAEZ: Thank you, Tiffany.
TIFFANY NAIL: This is where the launch team works during the countdown.
This place is full of activity in the moments leading up to launch.
Can you show us your console and tell us what you do during the countdown?
OMAR BAEZ: Sure, Tiffany.
This is my console -- it's my communications station.
I also have video in here and closed circuit TV of what's going on.
And this is where I perform my polls at different phases of the launch.
TIFFANY NAIL: A question our viewers always ask us is: Do you actually push a button to launch the rocket?
OMAR BAEZ: No, I actually don't push a button.
But three miles down the road, there's gentleman called the first stage controller, who actually clicks a mouse at T-3 seconds and enables the engines to start on the rocket.
TIFFANY NAIL: Can you explain to me what some other key members of the launch team do on launch day?
OMAR BAEZ: Sure. If I start at the back of the room, we have our safety and mission assurance personnel.
We also have our public affairs officer doing the live commentary.
We have our spacecraft customer, we have the Air Force landlord of Complex 17, we have the launch service provider, the mission integration team, and behind me I have my management.
TIFFANY NAIL: Thanks Omar, and good luck on launch day!
OMAR BAEZ: Thank you.
TIFFANY NAIL: Once GLAST is in orbit, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center takes over as the spacecraft gets set to help unlock the mysteries of the universe.
The mission is a cooperative effort between NASA -- the U.S. Department of Energy -- international partners from France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Sweden -- plus a number of academic institutions from the U.S. and abroad.
Here's GLAST's Project Scientist, Dr. Steven Ritz, to answer some questions about the purpose and goals of the GLAST mission.
STEVE RITZ: Among the many areas of scientific investigation that we'll be doing with GLAST is a phenomenon called gamma ray bursts.
Gamma ray bursts have been well studied before, but we don't know very well at all about their highest energy emission.
And that's very important to understand so that we can understand what's under the hood of these incredibly powerful engines.
Together the two instruments -- the GLAST Burst Monitor, or GBM, and the Large Area Telescope, LAT -- cover for some phenomenon, such as gamma ray bursts, seven decades of energy.
That means if GLAST were an instrument like a piano, it would cover 23 octaves.
And so that's an incredibly huge breakthrough all by itself.
The LAT will provide for us those breakthrough energy range measurements and we'll be able to do that with exquisite time detail as well, and that's an incredibly important advance.
However, we really need to know burst to burst, and they happen about once a day, what the lower energy behavior is as well.
As our colleagues say, "When you've seen one gamma ray burst, you've seen one gamma ray burst."
They're all different.
So it's important to match the lower energy measurements of gamma ray bursts with the higher energy measurements that the LAT will provide, and that is an important role that the GLAST Burst Monitor, or GBM, plays.
GLAST is a multi-agency, multi-cultural, and multi-national mission.
That's one of the things that's really great about it.
NASA is working together with the Department of Energy in the United States, that represents the cooperation of different communities, in particular the high energy astrophysics high energy particle physics communities.
These communities have come together to make something very special which is GLAST.
That's the multi- agency and multi-cultural aspects.
It's also multi-national -- there have been essential contributions from Italy, Japan, France Germany and Sweden.
And together, these combined talents have made GLAST a reality.
GLAST is designed to operate for five years, and we have a goal to operate for 10 years.
Since there are no consumables onboard, which means there's no gas or other things that get used up, we think we can do that.
TIFFANY NAIL: I hope you've enjoyed the program.
I want to thank all our guests for giving us this inside look at what goes into a successful launch and mission.
Join us live for the GLAST liftoff -- on NASA TV -- or on your computer at nasa.gov/GLAST.
Thanks for joining us -- I'm Tiffany Nail.
› View Now
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| 0.945169 | 1,636 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Purpose: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Although smoking remains the predominant cause of lung cancer, lung cancer in never smokers is an increasingly prominent public health issue. However, data on this topic, particularly lung cancer incidence rates in never smokers, are limited.
Methods: We reviewed the existing literature on lung cancer incidence and mortality rates among never smokers and present new data regarding rates in never smokers from the following large, prospective cohorts: Nurses' Health Study; Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; California Teachers Study; Multiethnic Cohort Study; Swedish Lung Cancer Register in the Uppsala/Orebro region; and First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study.
Results: Truncated age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer among never smokers age 40 to 79 years in these six cohorts ranged from 14.4 to 20.8 per 100,000 person-years in women and 4.8 to 13.7 per 100,000 person-years in men, supporting earlier observations that women are more likely than men to have non-smoking-associated lung cancer. The distinct biology of lung cancer in never smokers is apparent in differential responses to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and an increased prevalence of adenocarcinoma histology in never smokers.
Conclusion: Lung cancer in never smokers is an important public health issue, and further exploration of its incidence patterns, etiology, and biology is needed.
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| 0.92694 | 298 | 2.71875 | 3 |
by Diane L. Richard | Mar 19, 2010
Our ancestors moved - A LOT! Though there were families who remained in the same town or nearby for generations, there were also a lot of people who moved. And, many of those people might have made a few stops along the way to their ultimate destination, only staying a few years here and there.
This article will talk briefly about those ancestors - discussing some of the reasons why they moved, exploring some typical "patterns" of movement, and examining some of the records that might help you track them through their travels.
Reasons why families moved, whether from another country or to another state are endless and there are some circumstances to look for that might help explain why your ancestor moved along with an example or two.
These are just "some" of the reasons why an ancestor might have moved. Some resources where you can learn more about our mobile ancestors and their reasons for moving, check out these web-sites, Immigration: The Living Mosaic of People, Culture & Hope, How Human Migration Works (from How Stuff Works), and Timelines of Historic Disasters & Epidemics (About.com).
Okay, so now we know that they moved, let's talk about how this might add to the challenge of finding and documenting them.
Moving was typically very challenging for our ancestor - think about how many moved from one country to another whose language they did not speak. And, much of the documentation about our ancestors was NOT written in their own hand, it was written by clerks with shipping companies and railways, who often "heard" the information or if handed a document from another country, were not proficient in Chinese or Russian or Arabic or Finnish (in the case of my great grandparents, their forenames and surnames were reversed on the passenger list - instead of Bazyli Barna and Kladyga Barna, they were listed as Barna Bazyli and Barna Kladyga -- never mind that they traveled from Europe via different routes in different years!).
Then as our ancestors moved to their new homes, with many of them illiterate, again, a series of clerks would fill out paperwork for them. Read about the challenges associated with tracking an ancestor whose name may never be spelled the same way through time as well as other reasons or circumstances that make us wonder "where did they go or where did they come from?"
Lets now talk about a small proportion of the research challenges I have experienced tracking mobile ancestors:
Name Changes - most name changes did not occur at Ellis Island, as the myth is perpetuated, as ancestors did have documentation that they carried and the information on passenger lists was written/typed at the port of embarkation, not debarkation as Ellis Island was. And, name changes did occur as our ancestors moved to their future homes - sometimes they decided to Anglicize their forenames and surnames.
I was researching a French Canadian family who first went to Vermont and then into up-state NY, the parish records in New York had the surname as Green while the Vermont records had them as Vert. Vert is the French word for Green. If I did not have some familiarity with French, I might not have made this connection.
The aforementioned Barna family, retained their surname though changed their forenames to Wasil and Claudia.
Or, my ancestors changed a very Finnish name Kujanp�� to Acey - this is not an Anglicization. Upon checking with native Finnish speakers and others, "A-see" also does not "sound like" any Finnish word. The best we could guess is that maybe they were honoring Esaias, the older brother of the emigrant, who until he drowned, was previously married to the younger brother's wife. And, the daughters, born Lempi and Hedvig, became Lillian and Helen.
The above has just scratched the surface of the challenges we might face as we research our mobile ancestors. I know it can seem a bleak prospect to find these mobile and often poorly documented ancestors and there are many types of records that provide us clues and sometimes a "trail of breadcrumbs" that we can follow. We'll now talk about a few of these.
First, there are clues particular to your family in some of the documents that hopefully you are researching into and collecting, e.g. Census Records, Immigration Records, Land Records, Vital Records (Birth, Marriage, Death), Obituaries, Local Histories, etc. Let's look at a few of these document types and talk about how they might help you find your mobile ancestor.
Census Records - these can tell you a lot about a family's movements in at least two ways:
Starting in 1850, the census lists "where" each person was born (and sometimes, for this census, I have found that the enumerator didn't just list state or country and sometimes they listed the "county") and starting in 1880, the nativity of the parents is also listed. Also look for those with the same surname and birthplace who live nearby - might be extended family.
When you look at a family, really look at their birth places. Do you find that the father was born in NC, yet his children were born in TN and IL? Or, that his wife was born in TN? Use these clues to learn about your ancestor where he lived after he left his birth state - can you find a marriage in the state where the oldest child was born? If he was age, did he serve in the military? (since so many records are held and organized at the county level, you want to check state-level records first)
Family or Local Histories - Like an obituary, a lot can be learned by books created in years past documenting family history, location history, church history, etc. Again, don't just look for your ancestor - look for any extended family members. It might be that your ancestor was a relatively poor farmer and it might be that his brother was a Presbyterian minister and whom much was written about.
Second, in addition to clues from documents that are directly about your ancestor or his/her extended family, there are clues that you can take away by learning more about the minutiae of your ancestors lives and/or something about where your ancestors ended up or where they started - both in terms of what the conditions were in these locales and then also about "how" people "typically" migrated from one place to another. So, let's briefly talk about Timelines and Migration Paths.
These are a great tool to "show you" some of the gaps in your ancestor's life. If your ancestor, in 1850, is living in MS and yet was born in NC circa 1800, this is too much of a gap to try and bridge (you typically don't want to go "fishing" for your ancestors in another state or country without having a fairly narrow idea of where they might have come from and/or moved to). You need to first focus on trying to find him in the 1840, 1830 and possibly 1820 censuses. If you cannot do that, you need to look at local records, working backwards from 1850 - can you determine when he first appears in the county? Timelines show you where there are gaps in information to be filled, what information you have so you can determine if it's true (was the son really born in GA? Or was it more likely TN like his siblings?), and they can also help you separate out other candidates for your ancestors. It is not unusual to do some research and learn that there is more than one person who "could" be your ancestor - timelines can sometimes help solve this problem by making it very apparent where there are conflicts. No, I don't think John Jones was 120 when he died? I don't think Jeff Smith's father was Abner Smith when Jeff was born in 1845 and Abner died in 1842. Or, was Kate Bell really 60 when she had her son Timothy?
A timeline provides a linear method (or matrix if you have several parallel family members or families to track) to help make sure that the known facts "fit" together and make logical sense.
To learn more about timelines, check out these resources:
Another tool when you just don't know where someone came from or where they went to is an understanding of migration routes. We'll briefly talk about both US land-trails and overseas emigration routes favored by some of our ancestors.
Since it is rare that an individual traveled by themselves (though, it did happen), understanding some of the popular routes taken by ancestors can help you either with determining where they came from or where they might have gone. It's not unusual to find, with some research, that the ancestors who ended up in MS from NC, came with a bunch of neighbors or church members living in the same community. And, the odds are, that they would have traveled over established routes (many based on the travels of Native Americans or wild animals). This write-up explores a group leaving NC, The Jordan Migration from North Carolina to Alabama. Similar articles can be found on groups who emigrated from one country to another, such as The Migration of the Scots-Irish to Southwestern NC and The Finnish Pioneers of Minnesota.
To learn more about Migration Routes, check out these resources:
Though our ancestors may have been mobile, that doesn't mean that we cannot find them! It does often mean that we have to look a bit harder into their lives. The silver lining is that this extra research can both help us learn where they came from or went to, while it also enriches the portrait we eventually paint of their lives. Though please do not mix fact and fiction willy-nilly. We don't always know what happened, but if we carefully document what we know and clearly state what we "theorize" it is fine to write a narrative that includes a lot of facts along with some "color commentary". This will help us weave a story of what we "think" was the experience of our ancestors as they migrated.
Start your free trial today to learn more about your ancestors using our powerful and intuitive search. Cancel any time, no strings attached.
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Digital camera self-timer
When the camera is mounted on a tripod or other camera support, using the self-timer correctly prevents camera movement. The self-timer can be used when taking photos of a group or scene, a self-portrait or close-up shots. It is also very useful when taking photos in low light without a flash, for long exposures and for taking panoramic shots.
Press the shutter button correctly when using the self-timer
You must press the shutter-release button in two steps even when using the timer. First depress the shutter button halfway to lock focus and exposure. Check the scene or subject in the viewfinder or the LCD, then fully depress the shutter-release button to trigger the timer. As you move your hands away, don’t nudge the camera from its set position.
Many digital cameras let you select the time it takes for the self-timer to release the shutter, usually between two and 10 seconds. Some models have a custom self-timer, which lets you set the countdown time and the number of shots to be taken.
Digital cameras with Self-Portrait Timers use Face Detection technology to recognize when your face when it enters the frame. Afer a couple of seconds, it then snaps the shutter. Some self-portrait timers can be set to detect a specified number of faces.
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| 0.893313 | 278 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Icon of St. Edmund Campion
by T. Renee Kozinski
[click to enlarge]
English Martyr, 1 December 1581
St. Edmund Campion is probably the most well-known of the English Martyrs; but his fame does not stand out alone; rather it draws attention to the many other Catholic martyrs of those years at Tyburn. The blood of the torn bodies of these lovers of Our Lord soaked the English soil upon which the darkness of heresy was growing. The dead tree of Tyburn, paralleling the dead wood of the cross at Calvary, became a tree of life for England; it is a true daughter of the Cross.
England is now a secular, neo-pagan land. The dead kings and queens who lie in Westminster, especially the mortal remains of Elizabeth I and Mary Tudor in their twin chapels, would never have imagined what would have become of their once fervently religious nation. Perhaps St. Thomas More would not be so surprised, and neither would St. Edmund Campion. Both brilliant scholars, they would have been far-seeing enough to know that the advent of "Cranmer's Lord's Table" signaled, not the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, but a deeper and greater downfall for the life of England. Where there is no Sacrifice, there is no life; but there is still hope because of the martyrs of Tyburn.
In the middle of a traffic island, near Hyde Park and the Marble Arch, today's Catholic stands, forlornly staring at a small plaque set unceremoniously in the cement: "The Site of Tyburn Tree" is all it says, with a small cross the only, and perhaps best, indication of what Tyburn Tree was to England. With cars whizzing by on all sides, it is truly an island in the middle of a world self-shorn of its true purpose: to love and serve the Lord, to become Little Christs. Yet this is what the martyrs of Tyburn Tree did; they gave their hearts, quite literally, and their blood (probably most of the blood in their bodies) rained quietly down into the dirt below the gallows as the darkness of death slowly clouded their eyes. The shouting, the cursing, the cries and the many Catholic eyes that glimmered in both rapture and grief faded, and the shabby curtain on this world tore in two.
They gave everything, except what they could not give, and that was returned to God. But I can't believe that St. Edmund and the other martyrs have forgotten their earthly patria. The evidence of this is the existence of a convent dedicated to them, and its dedication to being a light in England. More evidence is the miraculous conversions of the likes of Cardinal Newman, Chesterton, Tolkien (through his mother's conversion), and many others, famous and anonymous alike, who joyously faced opposition and ostracization, persecution and ridicule, all for the love of Our Lord.
The general artistic theme of the work is inspired by the amazing and prayerful work of the monks who created the Book of Kells. The intricacies and apparently labyrinthine designs belie a wondrously ordered web of connections. Picturing the faithful monks of early Catholic Ireland, painstakingly painting the knots and various illuminations of faith, is to understand the work of prayer, especially intercessory prayer. Celtic design is, to me, symbolic of the prayer of a martyred saint for his earthly patria.
In the center, St. Edmund Campion is pictured with the tools of martyrdom, the noose and the blade. He was drawn by hurdle through the dirty streets of London. At Tyburn, he was hung until partially dead, then brought down and sliced open. His beating heart was torn from his body, and his entrails drawn out. He died. His body was then chopped into pieces, and scattered to different places all over the city. One could say his blood watered all of that sad city. The martyr directly after him, St. Ralph Sherwin, kissed St. Edmund's blood still on the hands of the executioner and then went to his own torture.
The play on darkness and light behind and in front of St. Edmund are symbolic of his being a light in the darkness which was oppressed Catholic England at that time. St. Edmund is surrounded by the planks of Tyburn tree. Upon the planks are the words in Latin: "Jesu, Jesu, be to me a Jesus"; "Jesus, convert England"; and "Mary, pray for our country." Some of these sentiments are taken from quotes of the different Tyburn martyrs.
Out from the ends of the beams come rings, dressed in the purple of kingship (Christ our King), and the red of blood (martyrdom). The topmost ring surrounds the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The martyrs had their hearts ripped from their bodies, and the "best blood," that is, the blood of the heart, was given to the glory of God. Providentially, the nuns of the Tyburn Convent are the "Adorers of the Sacred Heart." The quote, "Hearken to those who would spend the best blood in their bodies for your salvation" is taken from Campion's Brag (see below), the speech so derisively named by his enemies; the speech which was given to the Queen's Council, the members of which condemned him at the farcical trial.
The second ring on the lower left surrounds a painting of Montmartre, crowned by the magnificent Sacre Coeur, or Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Paris, France. Here is another strange twist of Providence. Montmartre was the place where St. Ignatius and his small band of followers took their first vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Montmartre is the birthplace of the Jesuits, of which St. Edmund was a golden flower. Montmartre was also the birthplace of The Benedictine Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Montmartre, or the nuns of Tyburn Convent. Also, during St. Edmund's time, many of the young English Catholic men who wished to give their lives to succor the suffering Catholics in England found themselves succor, education, and holy orders in France. In the sky behind Montmartre are more of the words from Campion's Brag, pertaining to those young men and to the Adorers of the Sacred Heart (some of their posterity). The ring around this picture portrays two grey wolves, rampant, and a fleur de lis. The fleur de lis is for France, and the wolves rampant (in heraldic terms) is from the family crest of Loyola, in honor of Loyola's glorious fruit, St. Ignatius.
The third and last ring is of sadness, hope, and conflict. Pictured within the confines of the ring is Tyburn Tree. There are the nooses and the garland of red roses. In some accounts, it is described that the martyr's tree would be adorned as for a wedding feast, a celebration of the martyr's impending meeting with the Bridegroom of Souls. The English people watch and wait in expectation, while the sky is black, symbolic of the darkness of heresy and injustice covering the land. St. Edmund's coat of arms is as the sun in the sky. The coat of arms is a sun with the IHS, the name of Jesus as witnessed to by the martyrs as the only hope for England to escape the darkness. The lion in the ring surrounding the picture is the great lion of England, part of the heraldry of English kings for centuries. During the time of Elizabeth, the royal coat of arms had a lion and a dragon, instead of the more familiar unicorn of later days. The dragon probably referred to the Welsh dragon, as Henry VI was related to the Lancasters from the Welsh side of the family. The dragons in this icon, facing inward upon themselves and tied in knots, are symbolic of heresy, as dragons are traditionally deceitful and bloodthirsty (the great dragon in the early Saxon Beowulf comes to mind). The lion, symbolic of real, Catholic England, Isle of Saints, and the Lion of Judah (Christ) is extending his claws, rampant, ready to strike down the dragons.
But he is only onethey have two. Will he win? Again, in our Christian faith we know that God gives strength to the lonely, the humble, the bruised, and to the victim; but for a time, He allows the enemy to seem to have the upper hand. Who now would have hope for a Catholic England? But we are a people of hope, and so the blue cinque-foils represent loyalty and truth; and the flower symbolizes hope. The wheat sheaves symbolize that the harvest of one's hopes has been secured. The gold of the wheat is for generosity. All of these relate to the gifts given us by the Martyrs of Tyburn Tree.
The icon of St. Edmund Campion is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, to the Tyburn Convent (the Benedictine Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Montmartre) and its foundress, Mother Mary of St. Peter, in the hope of the conversion of England back to her Catholic roots, and to the restoration of the Jesuits.
St. Edmund Campion, pray for us!
To the Right Honourable, the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council:
Whereas I have come out of Germany and Bohemia, being sent by my superiors, and adventured myself into this noble realm, my dear country, for the glory of God and benefit of souls, I thought it like enough that, in this busy, watchful, and suspicious world, I should either sooner or later be intercepted and stopped of my course.
Wherefore, providing for all events, and uncertain what may become of me, when God shall haply deliver my body into durance, I supposed it needful to put this in writing in a readiness, desiring your good lordships to give it your reading, for to know my cause. This doing, I trust I shall ease you of some labour. For that which otherwise you must have sought for by practice of wit, I do now lay into your hands by plain confession. And to the intent that the whole matter may be conceived in order, and so the better both understood and remembered, I make thereof these nine points or articles, directly, truly and resolutely opening my full enterprise and purpose.
i. I confess that I am (albeit unworthy) a priest of the Catholic Church, and through the great mercy of God vowed now these eight years into the religion [religious order] of the Society of Jesus. Hereby I have taken upon me a special kind of warfare under the banner of obedience, and also resigned all my interest or possibility of wealth, honour, pleasure, and other worldly felicity.
ii. At the voice of our General, which is to me a warrant from heaven and oracle of Christ, I took my voyage from Prague to Rome (where our General Father is always resident) and from Rome to England, as I might and would have done joyously into any part of Christendom or Heatheness, had I been thereto assigned.
iii. My charge is, of free cost to preach the Gospel, to minister the Sacraments, to instruct the simple, to reform sinners, to confute errors-in brief, to cry alarm spiritual against foul vice and proud ignorance, wherewith many of my dear countrymen are abused.
iv. I never had mind, and am strictly forbidden by our Father that sent me, to deal in any respect with matter of state or policy of this realm, as things which appertain not to my vocation, and from which I gladly restrain and sequester my thoughts.
v. I do ask, to the glory of God, with all humility, and under your correction, three sorts of indifferent and quiet audiences: the first, before your Honours, wherein I will discourse of religion, so far as it toucheth the common weal and your nobilities: the second, whereof I make more account, before the Doctors and Masters and chosen men of both universities, wherein I undertake to avow the faith of our Catholic Church by proofs innumerable-Scriptures, councils, Fathers, history, natural and moral reasons: the third, before the lawyers, spiritual and temporal, wherein I will justify the said faith by the common wisdom of the laws standing yet in force and practice.
vi. I would be loath to speak anything that might sound of any insolent brag or challenge, especially being now as a dead man to this world and willing to put my head under every man's foot, and to kiss the ground they tread upon. Yet I have such courage in avouching the majesty of Jesus my King, and such affiance in his gracious favour, and such assurance in my quarrel, and my evidence so impregnable, and because I know perfectly that no one Protestant, nor all the Protestants living, nor any sect of our adversaries (howsoever they face men down in pulpits, and overrule us in their kingdom of grammarians and unlearned ears) can maintain their doctrine in disputation. I am to sue most humbly and instantly for combat with all and every of them, and the most principal that may be found: protesting that in this trial the better furnished they come, the better welcome they shall be.
vii. And because it hath pleased God to enrich the Queen my Sovereign Lady with notable gifts of nature, learning, and princely education, I do verily trust that if her Highness would vouchsafe her royal person and good attention to such a conference as, in the second part of my fifth article I have motioned, or to a few sermons, which in her or your hearing I am to utter such manifest and fair light by good method and plain dealing may be cast upon these controversies, that possibly her zeal of truth and love of her people shall incline her noble Grace to disfavour some proceedings hurtful to the realm, and procure towards us oppressed more equity.
viii. Moreover I doubt not but you, her Highness' Council, being of such wisdom and discreet in cases most important, when you shall have heard these questions of religion opened faithfully, which many times by our adversaries are huddled up and confounded, will see upon what substantial grounds our Catholic Faith is builded, how feeble that side is which by sway of the time prevaileth against us, and so at last for your own souls, and for many thousand souls that depend upon your government, will discountenance error when it is bewrayed [revealed], and hearken to those who would spend the best blood in their bodies for your salvation. Many innocent hands are lifted up to heaven for you daily by those English students, whose posterity shall never die, which beyond seas, gathering virtue and sufficient knowledge for the purpose, are determined never to give you over, but either to win you heaven, or to die upon your pikes. And touching our Society, be it known to you that we have made a league-all the Jesuits in the world, whose succession and multitude must overreach all the practice of England-cheerfully to carry the cross you shall lay upon us, and never to despair your recovery, while we have a man left to enjoy your Tyburn, or to be racked with your torments, or consumed with your prisons. The expense is reckoned, the enterprise is begun; it is of God; it cannot be withstood. So the faith was planted: So it must be restored.
ix. If these my offers be refused, and my endeavours can take no place, and I, having run thousands of miles to do you good, shall be rewarded with rigour. I have no more to say but to recommend your case and mine to Almighty God, the Searcher of Hearts, who send us his grace, and see us at accord before the day of payment, to the end we may at last be friends in heaven, when all injuries shall be forgotten.
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The State of Equal Opportunity
April 8, 2009 - Posted by The Leadership Conference
Equal opportunity initiatives ensure equal access to educational and professional opportunities for qualified minorities, women, and members of other underrepresented communities. In the 2003 Supreme Court case Grutter v. Bollinger, the Court reaffirmed the importance of these policies and stated that race could be used as one of many factors in college admissions.
California, Washington, and Michigan passed ballot initiatives that banned equal opportunity initiatives in public hiring, contracting, and admissions to public colleges and universities.
The leading proponent of these anti-equal opportunity initiatives is Ward Connerly, a California businessman and former University of California regent. Following his success in those three states, Connerly tried to pass similar ballot initiatives in five states in 2008 – Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.
However, local and national supporters of equal opportunity were successful in exposing Connerly's deceptive practices and tactics, ensuring his initiatives only qualified for the ballots in Colorado and Nebraska.
In November 2008, voters in Colorado rejected Amendment 46 (49 percent - 51 percent), becoming the first state to vote down a Connerly anti-equal opportunity ballot initiative. However, Nebraska voters passed Initiative 424 (58 percent - 42 percent), making Nebraska the fourth state to ban equal opportunity.
Preceding the election, Nebraskans United, a coalition of civil rights and civic organizations and equal opportunity supporters, filed a lawsuit challenging the validity of many of the petition signatures submitted to qualify the initiative for the ballot. However, in January 2009, a Nebraska judge ruled against the coalition and upheld the state's ban on equal opportunity.
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Physical, Personal and Social Learning
The Information and Communications Technology domain uses an eleven level structure to both reflect the design of the Australian Curriculum and to provide a consistent structure across all the AusVELS domains (for more details, please see Overview).
Each level includes a learning focus statement and where applicable, a set of standards organised by dimension. A glossary is included which provides definitions of underlined terms.
Learning focus statements are written for each level. These outline the learning that students need to focus on if they are to progress in the domain and achieve the standards at the levels where they apply. They suggest appropriate learning experiences from which teachers can draw to develop relevant teaching and learning activities.
Standards define what students should know and be able to do at different levels and are written for each dimension. In Information and Communications Technology standards for assessing and reporting on student achievement apply from Level 2. Standards are organised by dimensions from Level 4.
Standards in the Information and Communications Technology domain are organised in three dimensions.
In the ICT for visualising thinking dimension students use ICT tools to assist their thinking processes and reflect on the thinking strategies they use to develop understanding.
ICT provides a rich and flexible learner-centred environment in which students can experiment and take risks when developing new understanding. Its extensive capabilities allow students, by visually coding and representing their thinking, to clarify thoughts, and to identify patterns and form relationships between new and existing knowledge.
ICT tools that facilitate visual thinking are ones that allow ideas and information in all areas of the curriculum to be easily and quickly drafted, filtered, reorganised, refined and systematically assessed in order to make meaning for students.
Students use linguistic and non-linguistic representations, such as graphic organisers, ICT-generated simulations and models and ICT-controlled models to help structure their thinking processes and assist in constructing knowledge.
Using ICT, students record their decisions and actions when solving problems and clarifying thoughts. They monitor the changes in their thinking and evaluate their own and others’ thinking strategies. Students review these records to assess their suitability for new situations.
The ICT for creating dimension focuses on students using ICT tools for creating solutions to problems and for creating information products. Through the selection and application of appropriate equipment, techniques and procedures, students learn to:
Students learn to use ICT efficiently to capture, validate and manipulate data for required purposes. In order to improve the appearance and functionality of information products and solutions, they apply commonly accepted conventions. They examine the ethical and legal implications of using ICT in a range of settings such as the home, school and the workplace. Students evaluate the usefulness of ICT for solving different types of problems and reflect on the effectiveness of their own use of ICT.
The ICT for communicating dimension focuses on students using ICT to:
Students use ICT to support oral presentations to live local audiences and to present ideas and understandings to unknown, remote audiences. They use ICT to communicate with others, both known and unknown, with the purpose of seeking and discussing alternative views, acquiring expert opinions, sharing knowledge and expressing ideas. Students also locate information from a range of online and multimedia resources to support their own learning.
ICT supports knowledge-building among teams and enables team members to collaborate, enquire, interact and integrate prior knowledge with new understanding.
Protocols for receiving, transferring and publishing ideas and information are needed to promote communication that respects intended audiences.
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Teachers at Work
A column about teaching
Children Will Listen: Choosing Words Carefully in the Classroom
Do you remember the anti-red pen mania of a few years ago? If you worked in education, you probably do. This movement, arising from who knows where (I suspect the Chair of a Department of Education at a major university), stipulated that teachers should abandon the dreaded red pen for correcting students' work. Too much red pen was debilitating, apparently, leaving students far too despondent to even consider making the suggested corrections. As I recall, we were encouraged, instead, to use green or purple pen, which carried less stigma.
This movement annoyed me to no end, especially since I had just purchased a 12-pack of red pens shortly before it reached my school in Queens. I continued to use red pen, as no one dictated not to, and so far as I know, none of my students were traumatized greatly. When I think back on this little blip in teacherdom, however, I don't really think about the red pens, but about how it shows how hard we try to be good caretakers of our students' feelings and trust. And yet we are often so misguided.
Lately I've been thinking that rather than worrying about the psychological effect our ink color might have, we might instead think about our words. Every aspect of teaching has been thoroughly analyzed and evaluated, from how we structure our lesson plans to the way our room is set up... and then we pay so little attention to the words that come out of our mouths.
It seems to me that we adults who work with youth – whether as teachers, parents, administrators or any other role – mean well, but often make mistakes in how we talk with or to them. I'm not casting stones, mind you; I make these errors on an all-too-regular basis myself. What do we do?
- We do not listen. Because we are usually the most knowledgeable people about the given subject in the room, we stop listening to the kids' observations and thoughts. I do this, apparently assuming that my vast knowledge of Shakespeare encompasses every single possible thought one could have about Macbeth.
- We make assumptions. It's logical to do so – after 7 years of teaching The Miracle Worker, I should feel some competency with the material. However, since I've never taught a given class that material before, I shouldn't assume how they'll respond to it. You'd think that after having a 9th grade class ask to read more Charlotte Bronte after falling in love with Jane Eyre, I'd know that.
- We use teacher-speak. Teacher-speak is saying or writing things like "Your paper could be better organized." Great feedback, unless your student doesn't know what organization means when it comes to writing. Another great example is my habit of writing "Very astute logic" on essays, until a student asked me what "As-tootie" meant. (I did not answer "a dance from the 1960's," by the way). By the way, teacher-speak has a close relation: Report Card Syndrome. The way report cards work at my school, the comments section allows me to plug in any one of about 200 phrases. Even 200 phrases, though, is not enough, and the phrases that are there must be baffling for some students. "Works to completion" comes to mind. "Inconsistent response to grade-level tasks" also.
- We are vague, saying things like "good" or "excellent" frequently. There was a movement against this recently, as well, and while I'm by nature against fads, any one of my students will tell you that I say "good" too often. I believe I said it once to a student who asked to go to the bathroom in the midst of a class discussion.
- We don't think before we speak, and once it comes out of our mouths, it's really, really difficult to take it back. As I write this, I am thinking about an incident that recently happened in my school; I'll change the details to protect the innocent. At the top of one of my classes, several students came in, clearly disgruntled. When I asked what was wrong, they explained that in their previous class, the teacher had asked for volunteers to read a short skit, and when one boy volunteered, the teacher said, "No, I'm looking for someone more manly." Horrifying, no? I spoke to the boy in question and tried to reassure him. He said he wasn't that upset, but I was devastated on his behalf. Such a clueless, thoughtless thing to say. And I've seen this happen multiple times. I'm sure another teacher has cleaned up the mess I've made with a graceless comment, for that matter.
That's quite a list, and I'm sure there are more mistakes we make. Here's what I think I'll try to do to combat these.
What Might Work
- Listen. Well, we could try listening, and to do so, we need to think about why we don't listen. For me, it's easy to see that I don't listen when I think I know what's going to be said, or when I'm tired, or when I'm self-involved, or when we have a lot of ground to cover in class, without much time. So, clearly, I need to sleep more, be less self-involved, and let my class be more chill, letting go of those pesky standards and learning goals. Right.
Alternately, I could spend a moment thinking about why I listen to adults (well, most of 'em) more than kids: It's because I value each adult as an individual, and do not think of them as a collective whole. With my classes, this is more difficult. One of my classes has 32 kids in it. Even if I only spent 30 seconds on each one individually, that's 15 minutes of the 45 minute class gone. Still, that's the key: valuing each of my students as an individual, with unique thoughts and responses. I could try that. After all, a major portion of my work is to help kids grow. If I assume that I know what they're going to say, based on an understanding of who they were in the past, how I am encouraging their growth?
- Assume less. Why do any of us assume anything, ever? We all know that assumptions get us into hot water, revealing our hidden stereotypes and foibles. For as many years as I've been teaching, you'd think I'd learn to stop assuming. For example, in my first month at my current post I had to let go of the following assumptions: that my students could read cursive writing; that I could expect to have a quiet classroom without much struggle; that the MTA would run enough buses for all 4,000 of us to get to school on time.
Of course, some assumptions must be made. I'd better assume that we can learn something new every day, and assuming that when kids whisper and talk at the back of the classroom that they are not discussing my haircut is probably best for my sanity. Overall, however, I'm going to work on assuming less when I talk to and with my students. To repeat, I'm going to try to listen more, and ask when I'm not sure (and then listen to the answer).
- Eliminate teacher-speak. When I started teaching preschool, I quickly learned that "program" was a verb in the Pre-K world. When one wanted to prepare, say, a worksheet for the class, one "programmed the top of the page with the letter B." I remember using this phrase to my mother and receiving a blank expression in return. Without realizing it, I had standardized a demographic-specific expression. It's really easy to do so.
While I do want my students to be able to use catch-phrase expressions – to say "my individual goal for the quarter was to see an increase in my standard grammar ability" and know what it means – perhaps the time has come to dial down the Teacher Speak. Instead of coding in "Does not work to completion" on a report card, I'll try saying, "You know, I notice that you often don't finish your work. You get about 20 minutes in and then your mind wanders. What could we work on to improve that habit?" After all, when I go to the doctor, I want her to use plain language with me, something that I can grab onto and understand. My students deserve the same.
- Use good more sparingly. I'm fond of good. It's a nice word. It's difficult to misunderstand. I also think it has significance for students. At the beginning of this year, one of mine wrote an essay at in which she explained that seeing that I had written "This is well-written. You did a good job," written on the top of one of her essays had great meaning to her, since it was the very first essay she had ever tried writing. Good was more than sufficient for her.
At the same time, take a moment to search good in the Visual Thesaurus. Cool, right? So many meanings, so many related words. I think I'll try using adept as well as good. Skillful, too, and sound. This might mean having to teach the kids these words as part of a vocabulary lesson, but there are worst things. In fact, maybe I'll do a whole unit on words that have similar meaning to good. I'd like to be the teacher that empowers my students to use bully and cracking.
- And the big one: think before speaking. Oh, people. What can I say? We all need to think before we speak. And if you work with children or teenagers, if kids are taking in your words, please think doubly hard before you speak. Remember the lyrics from "Children Will Listen" from Stephen Sondheim's musical Into the Woods:
Careful the things you say
Children will listen
Careful the things you do
Children will see and learn
Children may not obey, but children will listen
Children will look to you for which way to turn.
It so often seems that they are not taking in what we say – I personally feel that my voice must be inaudible whenever I say a page number aloud – but they do, over and over and over. You remember things that teachers said to you when you were in school, both the good and the bad. I certainly do. I can't recollect what exactly I had for breakfast yesterday, but I can recall that my first-grade teacher told me a woman should watch her figure, and my sixth-grade teacher told me that I was whip-smart, and my high school history teacher told me I'd need to be careful with a sense of humor as lacerating as mine. (I went home and looked up lacerating, and felt vaguely complimented). A college professor told me I seemed to have a chip on my shoulder, and another one told me I used humor too much. Not in writing, mind you. Just in life, in general.
These statements were, as I can see now, a reflection more of the person who said them than of me. Just note: these things have stayed with me for a very long time, for over 25 years in some cases. More than anything else, that's what I want you (and me) to take away from this column: Let's choose our words carefully, because words stick.
Let me remember that when I have a misbehaving student out in the hallway for a cooling off period. Let me remember that when a child has his head down on his desk again. And when a parent calls to find out how her son is doing. And when a student asks me for a letter of recommendation by tomorrow. And when no one seems to be listening. And when I'm told I'm a bad teacher. And when I am tired. And when a student isn't staring on her essay. And in all 30 million other possibilities of what I, or you, or we, might face in the classroom today.Let's stop, listen, think and then, carefully, speak. Children will listen.
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Subject Guide — Holocaust Studies
- Atlas of the Holocaust Ref G1797.21.E29 G58 1988.
Volume contains an index and bibliography.
- Atlas of Medieval Jewish History Ref Atlas G1034.B413 1992.
The Atlas has over 100 maps with text, covering events from the 5th to 17th centuries.
- Historical atlas of the Holocaust / United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Ref G1797.21.E29 H5 1996
Includes over 200 color maps and text covering events from 1933 to 1950.
- Encyclopaedia Judaica second edition / Ref DS102.8 .E496 2007.
Includes more than 21,000 entries on Jewish life, culture, history, and religion, written by Israeli, American and European subject specialists. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references and index. Web version included in the Gale Virtual Reference Library.
- The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Ref D804.25 .E53 2000
Combining essays with encyclopedia entries, this reference work offers student and adult researchers a comprehensive look at the Holocaust. The encyclopedia contains more than 650 alphabetical entries covering famous, infamous, and unfamiliar people; places, events, and concepts. The volume includes 300 captioned black-and-white photographs, a day-by-day chronology from 1933 to 1945, a bibliography arranged by subject, and an index.
- Anthology on armed Jewish resistance, 1939-1945 / compiled and edited by Isaac Kowalski; introduction written by Yitzhak Arad Larousse Ref D819.J4 A6297 1984
Four volume set of factual accounts of Jewish Resistance by Partisans, Underground activists, and Jewish service men and women.
- The encyclopedia of the Third Reich / edited by Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig; English translation edited by Amy Hackett DD256.5 .G76313 1991
Translation of: Das Grosse Lexikon des Dritten Reiches, advertised as the most extensive reference work now available in English on the National Socialist movement. Includes indexes and bibliographical references.
- A Dictionary of Twentieth Century History: 1914-1990 Ref D419 .T44 1992
This reference work provides in-depth coverage of the major historical figures and events of the last century. Over 2,500 entries span political, diplomatic, and military history offering both fact and analysis of these areas.
CALL NO. D804.3 .F755 2004. AUTHOR Friedman, Saul S., 1937-
TITLE A history of the Holocaust
LOCATIONS Stacks and Archives (5th Floor). Table of contents
CALL NO. D804.3 .H6475 1993.
TITLE Holocaust literature: a handbook of critical, historical, and literary writings / edited by Saul S. Friedman; foreword by Dennis Klein.
LOCATIONS Stacks and Archives (5th Floor)
CALL NO. D804.3 .B773 2004. AUTHOR Browning, Christopher R.
TITLE The origins of the Final Solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy,Sept 1939-March 1942.
NOTE Includes bibliographical references (p. 549-578) and index.
CALL NO. D804.3 .B464 1993. AUTHOR United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
TITLE The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum / Michael Berenbaum; Arnold Kramer, editor of photographs. Oversize Collection
LOCATION Oversize Collection, 3RD level
|Suggested Library of Congress Subject Headings for Books
|Maag Library Research Databases Materials for your research can be found in the
Electronic Journal Center
Oral History Digital Collection
H-net is an international interdisciplinary organization of scholars and teachers.
Holocaust Denial on Trial: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt
This site provides transcripts of the trial: testimony, evidence and verdict. Also has a collection of news
This site provides information on material held by the National Archives dealing with assets looted
0 NEW 2011: A digital archive contains some 250,000 articles covering Jewish news around the world, 1923-present. JTA closely tracked antisemitism and played an especially important role in documenting the Holocaust as it was taking place. Here are links to an article or video on the new resource.
The Nuremberg war crimes trial
Part of the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School, the site contains important texts and documents relating to the trials.
Remember.org (A Cybrary of the Holocaust)
An excellent general site with art, photography, painting, audio/video, and memorials.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Site contains links to maps, online exhibitions, scholarly publications, survivors’ registry, and related archival material. In 2011, the USHMM and Ancestry.com launched the World Memory Project to” allow anyone, anywhere to help build the largest free online resource for information about victims and survivors of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution.”
0 NEW 2010: A work in progress at the University of Charleston, of particular interest for Holocaust studies is Rabbi Rosenthall’s images of synagogues around the globe, including European synagogues which were either destroyed or converted to stables and warehouses by the Nazis.
Robert D. Ault, MLS
Microforms Information Services Librarian
Maag Library Level Three Tel: 330-941-1719
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Kansas Cemetery Records
Two national cemeteries were established in Kansas: Leavenworth National Cemeteries, P.O. Box 1694, Leavenworth, KS 66048, and Fort Scott National Cemetery, P.O. Box 917, Fort Scott, KS 66701. There is no central registry of cemetery locations in Kansas. The Woman’s Kansas Day Club completed a project to identify and locate many Kansas cemeteries. The project’s results are at the Kansas State Historical Society, which has additional collections of published cemetery inscriptions, though not comprehensive, listed in their card catalog.
The Register of Deeds in each county is often able to assist in locating cemeteries. Certain maps distributed by the Kansas Department of Transportation show the location of known cemeteries in relation to county roads.
Online there are several sources for locating ancestors’ burial sites in Kansas. For example, Cemeteries in Kansas, 1906 includes cemeteries published in the Transactions of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, vol. 28 (1906): 317-83. This list was part of a report authorized by the 1903 legislature that contains the text of the report as well as the listing of cemeteries. While no names of people buried are included, the information identifies specific cemeteries by county, township, or city if known, and the size of the cemetery in acres. See also Kansas GenWeb at http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb for cemetery listings by county.
Many online cemetery transcriptions can be located here: Kansas Cemetery Records
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A shortened cervix, also known as cervical insufficiency, is a condition where the canal between the uterus and vagina measures less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) at 24 weeks of pregnancy. The cervix usually maintains its thickness and stretches out during the third trimester to prepare for dilation and birth. This condition can lead to gestational complications, preterm birth and possibly miscarriage. Treatments for a shortened cervix depend on the severity of the insufficiency.
During pregnancy, the cervix typically measures 1.2 to 1.4 inches (3 to 3.5 cm) at 24 weeks of pregnancy and stretches thinner as the women approaches the end of gestation. A shortened cervix can become stressed under the load of the baby and amniotic fluid, and it might become dilated prematurely. This is a common cause of miscarriage during the second trimester and might lead to preterm labor in the third trimester.
Doctors are unsure what causes cervical insufficiency, but some research points to cervical infection or improper nourishment as a possible culprit. The cervix might be shortened by procedures such as a loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) or damage caused by terminating previous pregnancies. Women who have had previous miscarriages or preterm deliveries should undergo testing to determine whether they have this condition.
For many years, it was difficult to determine whether a woman suffered from a shortened cervix, but this condition can be detected with a transuterine ultrasound. Women who have been diagnosed with cervical insufficiency should consult with obstetricians who specialize in high-risk pregnancy. A shortened cervix should be treated as an indicator of possible preterm birth, not a guarantee of early labor.
Doctors determine the best course of action depending on the severity of cervical shortness at a particular point in gestation. If a woman presents with a cervix slightly shorter than typical, a doctor might recommend that she continue her normal activities with a reduction in load-bearing. Moderate shortness usually is treated with bed rest and further observation. In the most severe cases, a shortened cervix might be treated with a procedure called cerclage to add support to the cervix.
A cervical cerclage is an outpatient procedure in which the obstetrician stitches the cervix closed to prevent preterm labor. The procedure is usually done after 12 weeks of pregnancy, and the stitches remain in place until 37 weeks of gestation or until the woman's water breaks and labor begins. The cerclage procedure is risky and typically is done only in extreme cases of a shortened cervix. There is a chance that this treatment could cause infection, contractions or rupture in cervical membranes.
@pleonasm - I think it's the sort of thing that brings on squeamishness but isn't actually that bad in practice (I mean in terms of pain, obviously it's a dangerous procedure).
When you compare it to the actual childbirth it's not going to be that bad. People make a lot of jokes around childbirth these days, but it is a really painful thing to go through and if you're pregnant in the first place, you've obviously signed up for it.
What would frustrate me more is that having a short cervix generally means the doctor is going to want you to try and stay bed bound as much as possible and I'd rather keep active.
I didn't realize the cervix was supposed to be that thick. I guess it has to be, since it's one of the things supporting the baby when a woman is pregnant.
I'm really shuddering at the thought of someone having to have cervical stitches though. I guess if you really want a child and you have a shortened cervix during pregnancy you don't have a choice, but the idea of it completely freaks me out. Probably because that doesn't seem like the kind of area that you want to be injured for any reason.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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PLC Splitters are installed in each optical network between the PON Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) that the OLT serves. Networks implementing BPON, GPON, EPON, 10G EPON, and 10G GPON technologies all use these simple optical splitters. In place of an optical splitter, a WDM PONnetwork will use an Arrayed WaveGuide (AWG).
A PON network may be designed with a single optical splitter, or it can have two or more splitters cascaded together. Since each optical connection adds attenuation, a single splitter is superior to multiple cascaded splitters. One net additional coupling (and source of attenuation) is introduced in connecting two splitters together.
A single splitter is shown in the GPON network diagram below. Note that the splitter can be deployed in the Central Office (CO) alongside the OLT, or it may be deployed in an OutSide Plant (OSP) cabinet closer to the subscribers. A splitter can also be deployed in the basement of a building for a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) installation (not shown).
Splitter in GPON Network
An interesting (and strange) fact is that attenuation of light through an optical splitter is symmetrical. It is identical in both directions. Whether a splitter is combining light in the upstream direction or dividing light in the downstream direction, it still introduces the same attenuation to an optical input signal (a little more than 3 dB for each 1:2 split).
There are two basic technologies for building passive optical network splitters: Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) and Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC). Fused Biconical Taper is the older technology and generally introduces more loss than the newer PLC splitters, though both PLC splitter and FBT splitters are used in PON networks.
A Fused Biconical Taper 1:2 optical splitter is diagrammed below. A Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) splitter is made by wrapping two fiber cores together, putting tension on the optical fibers, and then heating the junction until the two fibers are tapered from the tension and fused together. FBT attenuation tends to be a bit higher than attenuation from PLC splitters.
Fused Biconical Taper Optical Splitter
A 1:8 Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) splitter is diagrammed in the figure below. A PLC splitter is made with techniques much like those to manufacture semiconductors, and these optical splitters are very compact, efficient, and reliable. A single 1:32 PLC splitter may be no larger than 1cm x 2 cm.
Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Optical Splitter
The loss to be expected from a 1:8 splitter like the one diagrammed above is less than one dB greater than what would be expected from a perfect splitter, which has exactly 9 dB of loss (3dB for each 1:2 split). A good 1:32 PLC splitter has an attenuation in both directions of less than 17 dB or even 16 dB (a perfect 1:32 splitter would introduce 15 dB of loss).
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Is it a good thing to bring young children, even newborns, to fireworks displays? A Baystate Medical Center release offers some advice from area doctors.
“While the decibels are great as fireworks explode in the night skies, the noise level shouldn’t be enough to damage your baby’s hearing. The best thing is to be as far away as possible from where the fireworks are actually being launched. And, if parents think that the sound is too loud, it probably is too loud for their child as well,” said Dr. Jerry Schreibstein of Ear, Nose &Throat Surgeons of Western New England, and a member of the Baystate Medical Center medical staff.
Dr. Patrick Brown, a pediatrician in the division of Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics at Baystate Children’s Hospital, cautions some "young children may find the loud noise of fireworks, more frightening than exciting."
"This, combined with a disrupted sleep schedule from staying up late to watch the fireworks display, may lead to some cranky behaviors the next day," Brown said.
In addition, Brown noted some children with special needs, such as Williams Syndrome or Autistic Spectrum Disorder, can be especially bothered by loud noises and might be overwhelmed by fireworks.
“If you know that your child is sensitive to loud noises, consider allowing them to muffle the sound or watch the fireworks from a distance to make the noise and bright lights less intense. It may also be helpful to talk to them about what to expect at a fireworks display, and even show examples on the computer where they can better manage the intensity of the experience before viewing the real thing,” he said.
As for the general safety of fireworks, physician advice is to leave fireworks in the hands of properly-trained professionals.
“Fireworks involve explosions, accelerants and projectiles, and they can result in serious burns and other devastating injuries, lifelong disabilities, and even death. What is so upsetting is that all of this is completely preventable,” said Dr. Ronald Gross, chief, Trauma, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care at Baystate Medical Center.
If for any reason a fireworks accident occurs, seek medical attention immediately, regardless of the severity of the injury. Do not rub or rinse out the eyes which can cause further damage. Pressure should be applied to control bleeding, but should be avoided on the area around the eye. Do not use any kind of aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause blood thinning and potentially increase any bleeding that is present. Using
ointments and medications are not recommended, as they can make the area around the eye slippery and interfere with the doctor’s examination, according to the release.
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Contrary to popular myth, it wasn't Thomas Jefferson, who bequeathed to us the image of a "wall of separation"
between church and state. More than a century before Jefferson, a Puritan deviant named Roger Williams (1603-
1683) used the phrase to argue for religious freedom in New England. Professor Davis will introduce this outcast
champion of religious liberty, show how Williams turned his Calvinist convictions into a defense of free conscience,
and make the case for Williams's importance to thinking about religious freedom in the United States today.
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Flowers are such a lovely part of spring and summer. We’ve planted, pressed, dissected, drawn, and studied these beautiful blossoms and are ready, soon, to move onto pollinators.
To enrich our knowledge base of flower types, we borrowed some alphabet books featuring flowers.
Flower Alphabet Picture Books
The Flower Alphabet Book (Jerry Pallotta’s Alphabet Books): We own a number of Pallotta’s alphabet books and this one does not disappoint. The marginalia illustrate interesting facts about each bloom and an appendix fills-in the details, making this a picture book that children of any age will enjoy and find educational.
Alison’s Zinnia: This book has the added benefit of alliteratively linking the flower with a girl and a verb: “Alison acquired an Amaryllis for Beryl”. The illustrations are lush and beautiful.
Flower Fairies Alphabet: For my fairy-obsessed little girl, this book combines three of her favorite things: fairies, flowers, and poetry. The sweet, Victorian-style illustrations continue capture the imaginations of young children.
This post is part of the Smart Summer Challenge–we’re encouraging you to beat the summer vacation slide with fun, everyday learning activities! You can take just 10 minutes a day to find the educational opportunities all around us or get as elaborate as you like! Whatever you do, we invite you to share your experiences each week in our linky, which goes up every Friday during the challenge and stays open through Thursday.
Find out more about the Smart Summer Challenge and grab our free calendar of summer learning ideas, and “like” the Smart Summer Challenge page on Facebook.
Find more great ideas from your hostesses, Candace of Naturally Educational (that’s me!), Amy of TeachMama.com, and MaryLea of Pink and Green Mama!
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The natural history tour will be led by a naturalist who will showcase the natural resources contained within the 370-acre historic site, including its limestone glades and native wildflower species. The non-strenuous hike will cover approximately one mile. Participants are encouraged to bring drinking water, sturdy shoes and sun hats.
Nathan Boone Homestead State Historic Site preserves the last home and grave of Missouri frontiersman Nathan Boone. The site is also home to some of the unique flora and fauna of southwest Missouri, including the threatened Missouri Bladderpod wildflower.
This nature walk is also a great opportunity to log miles as a part of the Governor’s 100 Missouri Miles challenge.
To celebrate Missouri’s distinction as the “Best Trails State” by American Trails and to encourage Missourians to enjoy the outdoors, Governor Jay Nixon and First Lady Georganne Nixon are inviting Missourians to join them in completing 100 Missouri Miles of outdoor physical activity by the end of the year.
For more information and to take the Challenge, visit 100MissouriMiles.com. Participants can also share adventures, post photos and learn about upcoming events by connecting with 100 Missouri Miles on Facebook and Twitter.
The historic site is located 1.5 miles north of Ash Grove on State Highway V. For information on the event, call the site directly at 417-751-3266. For information about state parks and historic sites, visit mostateparks.com. Missouri State Parks is a division of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.
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How is BEC made? The Introduction
It looks like a pretty simple piece of equipment for such an important
experiment. Is that really all there was?
Not exactly. There is a table full of equipment associated with the lasers,
and they needed to produce exactly the right color of light. Also there is a
computer and a bunch of other electronic equipment for controlling everything
and making measurements. Still, it was a pretty simple and inexpensive
apparatus compared to many physics experiments today. It only cost about
$50,000-100,000 for the equipment, but that does not include a lot of hard
work that went into putting it all together!
So how cold do the atoms have to be to reach BEC?
Less than one millionth of a degree above Absolute Zero, which is millions of
times colder than the lowest temperature found in the depths of outer space.
(Click here for more information about
That sounds pretty cold. How do they do it?
Well it takes two stages. Sort of like taking a pan out of a hot oven and
letting it cool off in air first, and then dunking it in ice water. Except
the first step here is to shine laser light on the atoms to cool them to about
1/10,000 of a degree above Absolute zero, and the second step is to
evaporatively cool them further.
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A public meeting last week kicked off an extensive county study of the 22-mile-long Watts Branch and the 65 smaller watersheds that feed into it.
The quality of the water in Watts Branch is of central importance to WSSC in providing drinking water to more than 1 million customers.
Watts Branch crosses North Potomac, cuts through Potomac about four miles west of Potomac Village, entering the Potomac River immediately above the intake pipe for the water filtration plant on River Road.
Watts Branch watershed is environmentally sensitive, with high quality compared to most streams in Montgomery County.
“I live right in it and am aware of how much sediment comes down, but I also concerned with ways we go about restoration in stream valleys,” said Ginny Barnes, Potomac environmentalist who attended the meeting. “There's a lot of sensitive habitat. …It's a very narrow stream valley as you well know.”
About 30 people attended the Thursday, June 20 meeting at Robert Frost Middle School, which was hosted by The Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection.
County officials acknowledge that stream restoration is a complicated business.
“Stream restoration is half engineering, half art. It's still evolving, we're still learning a lot,” said Cameron Wiegand, chief of the Watershed Management Division of the Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection.
The study, which will take more than a year, will include an extensive evaluation of the health of the stream, including trees and buffer, erosion, how stormwater flows into the stream, and sediment, among other things. The study will give environmental engineers the ability to identify areas in the watershed in need of stormwater management or stream restoration measures.
Current environmental planners have learned that some stream restoration practices in the 1970s and 1980s actually did some harm to the health of watersheds.
“It's going to be a long job developing an inventory. It took 30-50 years to mess up the watershed, it's going to take some time to bring it back,” said Daniel Harper, senior engineer with the Watershed Management Division of the Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection.
After the study is complete, the county will undertake a variety of restoration efforts, with opportunity for volunteer projects and public input.
Contact Scott Randall, watershed planner with MCDEP, at [email protected] or 240-777-7712.
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Tyrosine is found in small amounts in most proteins. The hormone insulin and the enzyme papain (found in papaya fruit) are particularly rich in it, containing about 13 percent by weight. Tyrosine was first isolated, from casein, in 1849.
Tyrosine is the biochemical precursor of many important catecholamines, including adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine, the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and the pigment melanin found in skin and hair.
Related category• BIOCHEMISTRY
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact
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The United States may have freedom of religion enshrined into our Constitution, but a new report from the Pew Research Center shows that we may not be doing the best job of protecting those freedoms.
According to the Pew Research Center's Religion and Public Life Project, the United States places a "moderate" level of restrictions on religious practice compared to the other countries in the world.
The study scores 198 countries based on their tolerance for religious freedom. Countries either get a "high", "moderate" or "low" ranking depending on how friendly they are to religious diversity. According to the study, hostility towards religion in the US shot up in 2009 and remains at an elevated level.
Those restrictions include both at the governmental level and "social attitudes", which encompass negative or violent attitudes towards religion. Globally, religious hostilities have reached a six-year high with the sharpest increases in North Africa and the Middle East. In Asia, China claimed a spot in the "high" category for the first time.
How exactly is 'religious hostility' calculated? Is the United States doing enough to protect religious freedoms? Do you feel your religion is being encroached or repressed here in California?
Brian Grim, senior researcher in religion and world affairs at the Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
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Corporate governance: Context and ‘inside-out’ practices
By Petros Florides
Around the world, two systems of corporate governance have developed in response to different contexts.
The “Outsider System” is mostly found in Anglo-Saxon countries that have embraced capitalism and prefer risk capital to fund commerce and industry. Some characteristics of this system are: dispersed shareholders, an institutional investor base, focus on maximizing shareholder returns, separation of ownership and management, board composition determined by knowledge and experience, moderate control by a large range of shareholders, opportunity for shareholder democracy, hostile takeovers considered an effective market discipline, shareholder dissatisfaction often registered by selling shares, and strong minority shareholder protection.
The “Insider System” can be found in Rhineland countries and Asia, for example. These have traditionally utilized bank loans as the main source of funding. Companies throughout the value chain also work in mutual cooperation. Some characteristics of this system are: concentrated shareholders, family or cross-company shareholder base, focus on meeting debt obligations and other wider stakeholder concerns, little separation of ownership and management, board composition determined by stakeholder representation, dominant control by a small group of shareholders, limited shareholder democracy, transfer of wealth from minority to majority shareholders, hostile takeovers considered disruptive, shareholder dissatisfaction often registered by voicing concerns, and weak minority shareholder protection.
Germany developed an Insider System to unite the country after the declaration of its empire in 1871. This provided for “Mitbestimmung” (Co-Determination) between business owners, providers of capital and workers and supports Germany’s social democratic values. Japan’s Insider System is referred to as “Keiretsu”, with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings. South Korea’s equivalent is known as “Chaebol”, dominated by large family-owned conglomerates. Both reflect the culture in much of Asia that may be described as more consensus-orientated, introverted and tribal compared to Anglo-Saxon cultures. Business tends to be conducted between parties within a ‘circle of trust’, and loyalty is nurtured throughout the value chain with relatively long term interests of stakeholders taken into consideration. This can be contrasted with the Anglo-Saxon business culture that depends to some extent on hostile takeovers to secure growth and market dominance, with an emphasis on increased shareholder returns in the relative short term. Business relationships in Outsider Systems are dominated by contractual agreements rather than a sense of interdependency more common in Insider Systems.
Neither system is “better” than the other. The US and UK provide examples of success with an Outsider System, whilst Germany and Japan do the same for the Insider System. What is important is whether the system applied is appropriate to the context, and whether the underlying principles of good governance are being upheld.
Upon reflection, it can be seen that Cyprus has many characteristics that sit comfortably within an Insider System including, inter alia: big business dominated by a few large companies with concentrated ownership, limited protection or concern for minority shareholders, the tendency to support friends and family through business arrangements, limited alternatives to bank funding, a general consensus to maintain social cohesion, and powerful unions exerting influence in business and politics.
Part of the reason for Cyprus’ catastrophic failure of corporate governance may be the adoption of practices applicable to an Outsider System. This was influenced by our tendency to follow the lead of the United Kingdom in such areas, but with too little consideration of context. Whilst Outsider System governance practices are appropriate for the United Kingdom with decades of experience as a major financial center with international corporations and institutional investors, Cyprus’ profile and experience is somewhat different. The result is that although Cyprus appears to have implemented generally accepted governance practices, they may never have been suited to our context. If this is true, a failure of governance was always more likely than not.
In any case, two things are beyond doubt. Firstly, the existing system of governance was no match for the culture within the public sector and banking that proved to be the antithesis of transparency, accountability, probity and sustainability. Secondly, to have any hope for the future, ‘the way we do things around here’ must change.
Since nobody is able to defend the status quo, we now have the opportunity for root and branch reform of governance in Cyprus. To this end, a wide cross section of professional bodies, academia, civil society and individuals are collaborating on a new “New Governance for a New Cyprus” initiative. This will include promoting the concept of a “Governance Charter” of ethics, values and principles reinforced by new laws if necessary. A holistic approach to good governance is also being advocated, with each stakeholder group exercising their rights and responsibilities to contribute to the overall governance process.
Any organization, institution or individuals interested in joining the initiative for a better Cyprus through better governance are invited to contact Petros Florides ([email protected] ).
The views in this article represent those of the author and not any other individual or organization.
Petros Florides is Regional Governance Advisor for World Vision International, and Executive Officer of World Vision Cyprus. Petros is also on the board of Institute of Directors (Cyprus), co-founder of the Cyprus National Advisory Council for the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investments, co-founder of the Institute of Risk Management Cyprus Regional Group, and a Chartered Management Accountant.
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- Initially a painter, Bourgeois turned to sculpture after World War II. Using the roof of her apartment building as a work space, she constructed a series of stark, upright, abstract figures known as Personages. Their titles, such as Persistent Antagonism, reveal the artist's angst. — “Louise Bourgeois | LANDMARKS”, landmarks.utexas.edu
- Listen to At Bat with Audio. Buy At Bat with Audio. Astros Video Highlights. View MLB.TV Jason Bourgeois. Born: in , Bats/Throws: / HT: ''' WT: Bio > Debut:. — “Jason Bourgeois Stats, Bio, Photos, Highlights | : Team”,
- Bourgeois definition, a member of the middle class. See more. — “Bourgeois | Define Bourgeois at ”,
- >THROUGH THE EYE OF A NEEDLE by Frédérique Joseph-Lowery. Louise Bourgeois: her life threaded. — “Louise Bourgeois - artnet Magazine”,
- Art in the Twenty-First Century is a PBS documentary series about contemporary visual art in the United States and the artists who make it. Louise Bourgeois was born in Paris in 1911. — “Art21 . Louise Bourgeois . Biography . Documentary Film | PBS”,
- Definition of Bourgeois in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of Bourgeois. Pronunciation of Bourgeois. Translations of Bourgeois. Bourgeois synonyms, Bourgeois antonyms. Information about Bourgeois in the free online English dictionary and. — “Bourgeois - definition of Bourgeois by the Free Online”,
- Born in France in 1911 and residing in New York since 1938, Louise Bourgeois is one of the major artists of the second half of the 20th and early 21st Centuries. Her work, which has traversed Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism,. — “Louise Bourgeois”, centrepompidou.fr
- originally refers to the middle class people in a capitalist society, however now used to refer to posh people. The bourgeois Board of Trustees at the College of St. Benedict are trying to make us live on campus all four years, what a violation of freedom!. — “Urban Dictionary: bourgeois”,
- For most of the history of capitalism it has been assumed, naturally, that the bourgeois represents the ruling class under capitalism. With the Industrial Revolution, the bourgeois were identified with the parvenus who controlled all of the mechanized factories. Because of their relentless obsession. — “Bourgeois - Hobson's Choice”,
- bourgeois ( ) n. , pl. , bourgeois . A person belonging to the middle class. A person whose attitudes and behavior are marked by conformity to the. — “bourgeois: Definition from ”,
- Definition of word from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. Or is Sartre's existentialism to be understood as only a way station in his transit from a bourgeois intellectual to a Marxist ideologue?. — “Bourgeois - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster”, merriam-
- A member of the bourgeoisie is a bourgeois or capitalist (plural: bourgeois; capitalists) He also used it to describe the ideology of this class; for example, he called its conception of freedom "bourgeois freedom" and opposed it to what he considered more substantive forms of freedom. — “Bourgeoisie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”,
- We found 40 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word bourgeois: bourgeois: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [home, info] bourgeois, bourgeois: Macmillan. — “Definitions of bourgeois - OneLook Dictionary Search”,
- Louise Bourgeois Louis Bourgeois was born in Paris and trained there under Leger. In 1938, she married American art historian Rover Goldwater and moved to New York. There, she began her artistic career as a painter and printmaker but eventually. — “Louise Bourgeois (1911 - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews”,
- In sociology and political science, bourgeoisie (adjective: bourgeois) describes a range of groups across history. Success of bourgeois parliamentary institutions, and pro-bourgeois fascism, decline as proportion of population. — “Bourgeoisie - Reference”,
- View the Bourgeois family crest and history. Discover the Bourgeois family history for the Bourgeois Origin. What is the origin of the name Bourgeois. — “Bourgeois Family Crest”,
- Buy bourgeois, Books items on eBay. Find great deals on Music, Art items and get what you want now!. — “bourgeois items - Get great deals on Books, Music items on”,
- The Bourgeois Pig. Amorous winows we are. From Alsace to Province, from the traditional to the innovative, we venerate the wines of France; so much so we couldn't help but introduce them to the New York ***tail world. Thus, for the Bourgeois. — “The Bourgeois Pig”,
- Borrowed from French bourgeois < Anglo-Norman burgeis ("town dweller") < Old French borjois, from borc ("town") < Proto-Germanic *burgs ("fortress") < Proto-Indo-European *bʰrgʰ- ("fortified elevation"). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. — “bourgeois - Wiktionary”,
- Definition of bourgeois from Webster's New World College Dictionary. Meaning of bourgeois. Pronunciation of bourgeois. Definition of the word bourgeois. Origin of the word bourgeois. — “bourgeois - Definition of bourgeois at ”,
- Ronald D Bourgeois | Real Estate and Field Services covering Bristol and Plymouth Counties Massachusetts. — “Ron Bourgeois | Real Estate & Field Services”,
related videos for bourgeois
- Le Bourgeois gentilhomme Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs Piece from the movie: Le Roi Danse (The King is Dancing) Some Info: Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) Italian-born composer (French nationality from 1681). Entered service of Louis XIV 1653, composed instrumental music for the court ballets. From 1664 collaborated with Molière in series of comedy-ballets which were forerunners of French opera, the last and most famous being Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, in which Lully danced role of the Mufti. Having assimilated both Italian and French styles and tastes, from 1673 he turned to opera composition and obtained from the King exclusive rights to arrange operatic performances in Paris. His death was caused by a gangrenous abscess which formed in his foot after he struck it with the long staff he used for beating time on the floor while conducting a Te Deum to celebrate Louis XIV's recovery from illness.
- Dana Bourgeois Vintage OM: Handmade Tone. . . It's In There! What's quickest path to a man's heart? Painstakingly building a handcrafted, all solid wood flat-top steel string acoustic, apparently. Watch as Tim and Tony get all "Tiger Beat" over this Dana Bourgeois Vintage OM, a beautiful instrument, to say the least. See more on .
- Louise Bourgeois (Tate Modern) "Art is a guarantee of sanity. That is the most important thing I have said." (Louise Bourgeois)
- Amandine Bourgeois - L'Homme De La Situation Music video by Amandine Bourgeois performing L'Homme De La Situation. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 810732 (C) 2009 SME (France) SAS
- Taj Mahal - Bourgeois Blues From the DVD "A Vision Shared: A Tribute To Woody Guthrie & Leadbelly" (1991) Narrated by Robbie Robertson. Songs include: Do Re Mi-John Mellencamp, Sylvie-Sweet Honey in The Rock, Alabama Bound-Pete Seeger & Arlo Guthrie, Vigilante Man-Bruce Springs***, Deportee-Emmylou Harris & Arlo Guthrie, The Bourgeois Blues-Taj Mahal, Rock Island Line-Little Richard, I Ain't Got No Home-Bruce Springs***, Jesus Christ-U2, Grand Coulee Dam-Arlo Guthrie, Union Made-Arlo Guthrie & Pete Seeger, Midnight Special-Taj Mahal, I've Got To Know-Sweet Honey in The Rock, Put Your Finger In The Air/Ha, Ha This Away-Pete Seeger (Children's songs), Goodnight Irene-Willie Nelson, Song to Woody-Bob Dylan, Hobo's Lullaby-Emmylou Harris, This Land Is Your Land-Arlo Guthrie, Bruce Springs***, Taj Mahal, Emmylou Harris, Little Richard, Bono, John Mellencamp
- Closing the School of Assassins (School of the Americas) Interview with Father Roy Bourgeois founder of the School of the Americas Watch (). The SOA is also known as the School of Assassins as it has been linked in training many of the worst torturers and human rights violators in Central and South America.
- Louise Bourgeois: Pandora's Box We remember Pandora most vividly because it is she who released human suffering from the box the god's entrusted her with, only to leave hope at the bottom. According to Jean-Pierre Vernant11 the mythological figure of Pandora represents the answers to the questions: What is man? Why are there men and women? Why is there good and evil? Why is there image versus reality? It is in this figure of mythos and duality, a figure that embodies the tension between hope and fear, that the main themes of Louise Bourgeois' work may be found. Louise Bourgeois, who was born in Paris in 1911 worked more than half a century in New York. In fact her creative work reflects the century, with its revolutions and world wars, Utopian hopes and crippling disillusionments. Never one to blindly follow fashion in art, she has been compared with such masters of the 20th century as Constantin Brancusi and Vladimir Tatlin, Hans Arp and Alberto Giacometti, and even Joseph Beuys and Bruce Nauman. Her work is abstract and figurative, realistic and phantasmagorical, and is made from all manner of material such as wood, marble, bronze, plaster, latex and fabric. Probing themes of universal import, it is also highly autobiographical. In fact the personal and traumatic is Bourgeois' most vital material. Throughout the 20th century one might say Louise Bourgeois has created an idiosyncratic symbolic dictionary in which certain personal experiences and fantasies are concretized into expressive images. In the ...
- Atheist's Lament on Bourgeois Guitar Another go at my Atheist's Lament song at the Claremont open mike. Used my Bourgeois OM-V. Love that thing. Think they got a good recording of it this time.
- Art:21 | Louise Bourgeois Though her beginnings were as an engraver and painter, by the 1940s Louise Bourgeois had turned her attention to sculptural work for which she is now recognized as a twentieth-century leader. By the 1960s she began to execute her work in rubber, bronze, and stone, and the pieces themselves became more referential to themes of family, home and childhood. Louise Bourgeois is featured in the Season 1 episode "Identity" of the Art21 series "Art:21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century". Learn more about Louise Bourgeois: www.art21.org © 2001-2008 Art21, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- Bourgeois Tagg - I Don't Mind At All Music video by Bourgeois Tagg performing I Don't Mind At All. (C) 1988 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- Danny Pino stars in Havana Bourgeois-Artstreet Miami Havana Bourgeois features Danny Pino, star of TV's Cold Case. It's a new play at Actor's Playhouse in Miami about the Cuban Revolution and is by turns hilarious and moving.
- Miss Li - Bourgeois Shangri-La Yes, it's another ipod commercial song. This song is featured in Apple's newest commercial for their brand new iPod nano 5g.
- BOURGEOIS CYBORGS-"Cranky Banditz" A music video for Bourgeois Cyborgs' "Cranky Banditz" The Bourgeois Cyborgs are Noah 23 and Baracuda. Production by Guerilla Force Films and Bleeding Apple 2008 Directed by Angus McLellan & Philip Carrer Edited by Philip Carrer Production Team: Grayden Laing Dave McLeod Ken Mertes
- The Fall - Bourgeois Town The Fall Mark E Smith Bourgeois Town from the album Are You Are Missing Winner
- Dana Bourgeois Custom OO Deluxe for Sale at Fazio's Frets and Friends Bryan Rankins of Fazio's Frets and Friends, doing a quick demo of the new re-creation from Dana Bourgeois...the OO Deluxe. This Custom Model features a Bearclaw Sitka Spruce top, beautiful Figured "Plum Pudding" Mahogany back and sides, a 25" scale, Ziricote bridge, fingerboard, and peghead overlay, and Waverly tuners with Snakewood buttons. This is an amazingly rich and open small body guitar with a sound usually reserved for instruments many years (and dollars) it's senior. Check out this guitar and all the great Bourgeois guitars we have to offer @ .
- Louise Bourgeois sings Paul Simon - How Terribly Strange to be 70 A woman at home with her books. Uptown, an actress friend had told me,"When I vacuum, the furniture breaks." That made Louise laugh. Now, Women's Lib might be a bunch of old photos if it weren't for her sculpture. Still laughing.
- Daily Pronunciation 103 - English Lesson - 発音練習 MORE FREE VIDEOS Today's word is "bourgeois". This is both a noun and an adjective. As an adjective, it means characteristic of the middle class, or materialistic. For example, you can say, "Bourgeois beliefs generally do not benefit the lower and working classes."
- Louise Bourgeois: The Spider, The Mistress and The Tangerine Watch the trailer for the feature-length documentary opening at Film Forum in New York City on June 25, 2008. Written and directed by Amei Wallach and Marion Cajori. Edited by Ken Kobland. Fore more infomation about the film, visit
- Odetta Live in concert 2005, "Bourgeois Blues" We were lucky enough to record Odetta on one of her most energetic and powerful nights in a long time. DVD on sale soon.
- LEADBELLY "Bourgeois Blues" Library of Congress Recordings Vinyl Recording Leadbelly "Bourgeois Blues" Recorded By John & Alan Lomax
- Deirdre McCloskey on "Bourgeois Dignity" Deirdre McCloskey, distinguished Professor of Economics, History, English, and Communication at the University of Illinois, Chicago delivers a lecture on the second volume of her six part series on the bourgeoisie, "Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World."
- Bourgeois Shangri-La By Miss Li and Amanda Jenssen ( Full Version) Bourgeois Shangri-La by Miss Li and Amanda Jenssen A very catchy song featured in the Ipod Nano commercial. Lyrics: Vacation and barbecue Smart talking and nothing to do Keep you locked in a shopping cart A Bourgeois Shangri-La Got a feeling that I dont belong Got a feeling that I shouldnt be here Cant stand another single day I gotta get away Ohhh. Talking *** about the neighbor wife But when she comes you put on a big smile Like a throw up in a Gucci Bag Shes coming in to brag Got a feeling that I dont belong Got a feeling that I shouldnt be here Cant stand another single day Gotta get away Ohhh. Hows it all go in a gray shiny car Things just you prove you go far So the streamer watching TV cute little dog Perfect in your shallow Bourgeois Shangri-La Got a feeling that I dont belong I got a feeling that I shouldnt be here Cant stand another single day I gotta get away Ohhh. Ohhh yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah.. I, I, I gotta get away. Gotta get away. I gotta I gotta I get away. Oooo oooo oooo.. Mmmm mmm mmm.. Yeah yeah yeah. La la la. Away way way.. Ahhh. La la la. Ahhh. Gotta get away.
- Brent Bourgeois - Dare To Fall In Love 1990
- Artist Louise Bourgeois dies in New York French-American contemporary artist Louise Bourgeois, known for her series of giant metal spiders, died Monday in New York at the age of 98. Duration: 00:41.
- New trombone collective jouant derek bourgeois .
- Bourgeois Shangri-La - Miss Li & Amanda Jenssen Amazing song from Miss Li's "Dancing the whole way home"-CD.
- Ben Bourgeois Surfing Segment in "Back to the Front" Segment from the film "Back to the Front," by StubTown Media. Featuring WCT stars Kelly Slater, CJ and Damien Hobgood, Cory and Shea Lopez, Dean Morrison, Gabe Kling, Ben Bourgeois, Bruce Irons. Also featuring Ozzie Wright, Jamie O'brien, Jesse Hines, Noah Snyder, Asher Nolan and many others. Shot on location in Australia, Indo, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Hawaii, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the East Coast, and California. This will get you amped to surf with it's unique soundtrack and style. Directed by J. Patrick Stublen and Brian Townsend. Go to wwwdotboardsportsvideosdotcom for more information.
- Ben Bourgeois Home between 'CT events, Ben Bourgeois headed off the beaten path in Costa Rica searching for waves. The payoff: Overhead, empty, warm, beach break lineups. For more with Benny B, check out . Footage by Travis Dietz.
- Louise Bourgeois A video art piece on Louise Bourgeois.
- Louise Bourgeois Home-made video showing some artworks created by the contemporary artist Louise Bourgeois. Soundtrack: Diamanda Galas playing "Supplica a mia madre", poem written by Pier Paolo Pasolini.
- Bourgeois, trombone concerto Op. 114a Trombone concerto, Joseph Alessi
- Les Bourgeois , Marcin Krajewski It's me dancing here on the Gala at Deutsche Oper Berlin my favorite solo "Les Bourgeois" ch. B.van Cauwenbergh
- Bourgeois Tagg / Mutual Surrender Bourgeois Tagg / Mutual Surrender 1986
- Bourgeois & Maurice - Can't Dance Neo-cabaret sensations Bourgeois and Maurice make their debut in the Lilian Baylis Studio with their brand new show Can't Dance. A musical duo with style as sharp as their wit, Bourgeois and Maurice have racked up an impressive host of performances at the Royal Opera House, Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Royal Academy of Arts, the Edinburgh Fringe and a sell-out run at Soho Theatre. READ MORE BOOK TICKETS
- Louise Bourgeois at the GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM Part II James Kalm battles Manhattan's morning rush hour, peddling twelve miles, to pay homage to the Grand Dame of the New York Art World, Louise Bourgeois. This remarkable retrospective gathers the most extensive selection of Bourgeois works to date, and features her major sculpture, installations, paintings, drawings and graphics. Viewers will see the arc of stylistic development form the early Surrealist to the Biomorphic, assemblage and the installations with ***ually charged images that makes Bourgeois an essential Feminist artist. Part II traces the artist's developments from the mid sixties to the present. This exhibition is organized in association with the Tate Modern, London, and Center Pompidou, Paris.
- Miss Li - Bourgeois Shangri-La - Official Video !NEW! Miss Li's Latest Official Music Video Director/Creative Director: Ann Chen Artist: Miss Li Song:Bourgeois Shangri-La
- Louise Bourgeois at the GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM Part I James Kalm battles Manhattan's morning rush hour, peddling twelve miles, to pay homage to the Grand Dame of the New York Art World, Louise Bourgeois. This remarkable retrospective gathers the most extensive selection of Bourgeois works to date, and features her major sculpture, installations, paintings, drawings and graphics. Viewers will see the arc of stylistic development form the early Surrealist to the Biomorphic, assemblage and the installations with ***ually charged images that makes Bourgeois an essential Feminist artist. Part I presents works from the early 1940's till the mid 1960's. This exhibition is organized in association with the Tate Modern, London, and Center Pompidou, Paris.
- Bourgeois Tagg - Waiting For The Worm To Turn Music video by Bourgeois Tagg performing Waiting For The Worm To Turn. (C) 1987 UMG Recordings, Inc.
- McCarthy - we are all bourgeois now Arguably the best song to come out of the C86 movement.
- Louise Bourgeois
- Louise Bourgeois' art by Tracey Emin, Antony Gormley, Stella Vine and Alan Yentob. Famous British artists Tracey Emin, Stella Vine and Antony Gormley discuss the art works of Louise Bourgeois, interviewed by Alan Yentob for BBC in 2007.
- Ballet - Les Bourgeois danced by Daniil Simkin www.daniilsimk.in http Please check out my other videos :-D! I danced this contemporary solo in 2005 at the Helsinki International Ballet Competition. Ballet Ballet Ballet Ballet Ballet
Blogs & Forum
blogs and forums about bourgeois
“Luciole Press Blog: Artist Louise Bourgeois dies in NYC at 98; "her sculptures explored women's deepest A retrospective of Bourgeois' work is currently being shown at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York”
— Luciole Press Blog: Artist Louise Bourgeois dies in NYC at 98,
“Raphael Bourgeois' Blog. By Raphael Bourgeois Last updated: Sat Jul 24, Lactose free diet foods. By Raphael Bourgeois, on Sat Jul 24, 2010 11:01am PDT. Welcome to”
— Raphael Bourgeois' Blog on Shine,
“Home of the photographic adventures of Teddy Bourgeois That's my random rant as I blog in traffic (which is safer than those guys on bikes in the rain mind you)”
— Teddy Bourgeois' Blog,
“#1 Source For Finding Real Estate Agents Alex Bourgeois Verify Your Free Profile Here. My Blog & News. Alex Bourgeois can add blog and news for the Huntington area. Alex Bourgeois blog and news will be about Huntington real estate and local area activities and events”
— My Blog & News - Alex Bourgeois - Huntington, West Virginia,
“A few clicks later, I was on a blog discussing yet another suicide by a young gay male. Writer, professor, performer, culture junkie, adventurer, professional Brooklynite, and serious bourgeois dork”
— Notes of a Bourgeois Dork,
“Welcome to M. Bourgeois' Blog for Grade 2. BULLETIN BOARD. UPDATED Dec. 29. Here is my email Continue reading "Welcome to M. Bourgeois' Blog for Grade 2"”
— Grade 2 - M. Bourgeois, blog.scs.sk.ca
“Eco hotel is a term which is describing clearly about a hotel's important environmental improvement in its structure. These hotels are required to be”
— | HotelMavens "Eco Tourism & Bohemian Bourgeois" Blog,
“The Tate blog: A space a to keep up to date with what we're working on and to discuss art and culture”
— Louise Bourgeois: Maman Work of the Week, 1 June 2010 | Tate Blog,
“Louise Bourgeois. Art in the Twenty-First Century, production still, 2001. Season 1, Episode: Identity. © Art21, Inc. 2001. A work of art doesn't”
— In Memoriam: Louise Bourgeois, 1911–2010 | Art21 Blog, blog.art21.org
“Hint Fashion Magazine's fashion blog The rebellious pioneer of confessional art, Bourgeois utilized, and continues to utilize, art as a vehicle to examine her anxiety over not only the human condition—womanhood, motherhood,”
— Hint Fashion Magazine -- Hint Blog,
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Regular exercise helps obese youths reduce, reverse risk for heart disease, study shows
Regular exercise can help obese children shrink more than just their waistlines, new research shows. The activity also can help them to reduce – and even reverse – their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including hardening of the arteries.
The research, conducted at the University of Rostock in Germany, appears in the Nov. 7, 2006 edition of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
"We think the most important message is that atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries – starts during childhood in the presence of such risk factors as obesity and sedentary lifestyle," said lead researcher Andreas Alexander Meyer, MD, a pediatrician and pediatric cardiologist at the University of Rostock Children's Hospital. "Regular exercise is one of the most important activities we can do on our own to reduce the risk and reverse the early development of atherosclerosis."
This information is vital, Dr. Meyer said, as the need continues to grow to help children protect their health without becoming dependent upon prescription medications. According to the World Health Organization, childhood obesity already is "epidemic in some areas and on the rise in others." Worldwide, an estimated 22 million children under age 5 are overweight. In some countries, including the United States, more than 30 percent of all children are considered obese.
For their study, Dr. Meyer and his colleagues defined obesity as having a body mass index (BMI) in excess of the 97th percentile for German children. BMI is determined by a mathematical formula that uses height and weight to calculate body fat.
In adults, a BMI between 18 and 24.9 is considered normal, a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. Specific ranges don't exist for children, but most of the teen-agers in the University of Rostock study had BMIs ranging from 24 to 35.
Compared with normal children, the obese youths also already were showing signs of early hardening of the arteries as well as thickening of the arterial lining where atherosclerosis originates.
For the study, the researchers randomly assigned 67 obese teens to one of two groups. The first group exercised three times per week for six months. The youths participated in an hour of swimming and aqua aerobics on Mondays, 90 minutes of team sports on Wednesdays, and 60 minutes of walking on Fridays. The other teens added no exercise to their normal routines.
After six months, the researchers found that the youths who were exercising regularly had significantly improved the flexibility of their arteries, allowing the arteries to carry more oxygen-rich blood to the body when needed. The teens also had shrunk the expanded inner layer of their arteries and reduced several other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including lowering their BMIs, cutting triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and lowering blood pressure.
Previous research has indicated that the heart-healthy benefits of exercise wear off if regular activity is discontinued, Dr. Meyer said, so encouraging all children to maintain an exercise routine is important.
"We think that 90 minutes of exercise, three times per week is the minimum children need to reduce their cardiovascular risk," Dr. Meyer said. "And it's important that children enjoy exercise, so we recommend games like soccer, football, basketball and swimming – especially for obese children.
"Low perseverance and motivation seem to be distinctive for overweight children," he said, noting his concern over the number of teens who dropped out of the six-month study. "We have intensive talks with children and their parents about their medical status and vascular changes. We let them know that it is their own decision to change their prognosis."
To help children to monitor their success, Dr. Meyer recommends regular visits to the pediatrician combined with continuous support and encouragement from parents.
Albert P. Rocchini, MD, did not participate in the research, but is a pediatric cardiologist at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan. Dr. Rocchini said he, too, is concerned about motivating overweight children, especially teen-agers, to lead healthier lives.
"That's a very difficult problem," Dr. Rocchini said. "Sometimes education helps to let them know that they aren't invincible and they do have factors that will affect them very adversely as they grow older. We want young people to understand that now is the time to start dealing with health issues before they become permanent. But it takes time to get through to them."
Studies like this help with the education process, Dr. Rocchini said, because they show how and why carrying extra weight can lead to cardiovascular disease. Not all previous studies have documented vascular changes in obese children.
"I would take this as good and bad news," Dr Rocchini said of the study. "The bad news is, (early evidence of disease) is there, but the good news is it's not fixed and permanent. There's something you can do to make it better. That's the important message to share with people."
Dr. Meyer reports no disclosures with this research. Funding comes from a University of Rostock Medical Faculty research program grant.
The American College of Cardiology is leading the way to optimal cardiovascular care and disease prevention. The College is a 34,000-member nonprofit medical society and bestows the credential Fellow of the American College of Cardiology upon physicians who meet its stringent qualifications. The College is a leader in the formulation of health policy, standards and guidelines, and is a staunch supporter of cardiovascular research. The ACC provides professional education and operates national registries for the measurement and improvement of quality care. More information about the association is available online at www.acc.org.
The American College of Cardiology (ACC) provides these news reports of clinical studies published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology as a service to physicians, the media, the public and other interested parties. However, statements or opinions expressed in these reports reflect the view of the author(s) and do not represent official policy of the ACC unless stated so.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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| 0.964611 | 1,278 | 3.125 | 3 |
Mockingbird arrives, is it climate change?
One can hardly pick up a newspaper or read a Web site without hearing screaming voices expounding on the imminent threat of global climate change and possible future scenarios thereof. I will point out that, in learned halls, similar debates regarding birds are taking place. Are birds in trouble or are they not? Are they expanding their ranges or contracting them?
I highlight this only because of a recent discovery in West Fargo's Rendezvous Park. It appears a pair of northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) successfully nested and are in the process of rearing at least one juvenile bird. It's likely the first confirmed nesting in Cass County and only the second in the state.
The northern mockingbird was first discovered nearly 300 years ago by an Englishman, Mark Catesby. As the colonies were settled, this bird quickly became a well-known favorite of folks everywhere. It's the subject of many books and popular songs and even represents the state bird of five states.
Its scientific name is a mix of Latin and Greek and means "many-tongued mimic." Thirty-one species represent the family Mimidae, all in the Western Hemisphere. The group includes birds more familiar locally such as brown thrasher and gray catbird. But it's the northern mockingbird that is the quintessential representative.
Its appeal is obvious: A ceaseless and highly varied repertoire of songs can and does erupt from this creature. In addition to mimicking songs of other birds, the mockingbird can skillfully copy virtually any sound such as those of frogs, insects, dogs, and mechanical devices; even to the point of being indistinguishable from the original. Along with the variety comes volume. This bird is capable of very loud vocalizations, often into the night.
Northern mockingbirds are about the size of robins but much slimmer with a longer tail. Overall, it's mostly gray, light below and darker above. Its legs and beak are black. Two white wing bars can be evident but are often concealed. In flight, this bird stands out like a beacon - a bold flashes of white wing patches and white outer tail feathers are very evident.
Another interesting aspect of its voice is the ability to add to its stock of songs. Research is still figuring a lot of this out, but it appears a great majority of birds learn their songs in their immediate environment and during their first few months of life. Not so with northern mockingbirds. It is a lifelong learner of new vocalizations, adding to it constantly.
Mockingbirds, traditionally, occupy more southerly latitudes; predominantly the Gulf Coast. But today they are not all that rare even in North Dakota (a few reports every year) and into southern Canada. Global warming? Well, a highly regarded ornithological journal wrote of mockingbird range expansion...in 1963.
Therein lays the fallacy inherent in some of the bird guides. Most will give the reader an expected range to view certain bird species. But what time frame are we talking about? It is easy to view our world as a static, harmonious place where life goes on as it has been and will be to come. This is somewhat myopic. Once a person wraps their arms around the fact that our lives represent the tiniest of points on the great time line, a larger understanding can begin.
The earth, even the universe, is in a constant state of turmoil and disruption from influences far outside our ability to affect. Climate is but a small part of this. Yes, it's been colder and yes, it's been warmer. It will likely be both again. The perspective that is missing in all of this climate talk is that the world has been around for a very, very long time. In those billions of years, only one thing is constant, change. And birds will continue to alter their habits in lockstep with it.
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Photo: justaslice (Flickr)
Can you bend your thumb backwards until it touches your wrist? If you join your hands behind your back, can you lift them over your head without letting go?
If you can, you might be what some people call “double-jointed.” But, A Moment of Science wonders, how could anyone have double joints?
Range Of Motion
Double-jointed people don’t really have two joints. Any joint, such as the thumb joint or the shoulder, can be called “double-jointed” if the tendons and ligaments surrounding the joint allow a wider range of motion than is usual.
Joints are created whenever 2 adjacent bones meet. They have fibrous bands of connective tissue called ligaments that stabilize the joint. Connective tissues also form the tendons that join the bones to the muscles.
Ligaments and tendons usually restrict the movement of the joint, but in some people, these normally restrictive tissues can be quite flexible and allow the extra movement we call “double-jointed.” Practice can increase a joint’s natural flexibility just the way stretching can increase your muscles’ flexibility.
While flexible joints are very useful to contortionists, some joints can become so loose that they are unstable. This allows the bones of the joint to slip out of their sockets and can be very damaging.
Strengthening the muscles around the joint can stabilize it and still allow you to show off your trick joint at parties.
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Who made it? For whom did they make it? And Why did they make it? These are some of the longstanding questions that have framed and structured the discipline of art history. But over the last 30 years art history has changed dramatically destabilizing the status of even these most fundamental of the discipline’s questions. Many art historians focus on an entirely different set of questions, such as: How was the image or sculpture understood? How was it displayed? Who saw it? In what way does a work’s style reinforce a specific cultural ideology? In this course, which will serve as an introduction to the study of art and art history, students will learn a variety of ways of looking at and understanding visual culture. The course will begin by setting up a chronological framework for the study of world art, it will then leapfrog through time stopping to examine works of art in various periods and the ways in which art historians have written about them. The focus of the course will be on paintings, sculptures and various forms of art objects although there will be some discussion of architecture as well.
Course meeting times - Mondays and Wednesdays 11:30 to 1250
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| 0.964976 | 235 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Thiamin, or vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a role in energy production (through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) and nerve conduction. (ATP is the major source of energy that the human body utilizes to do work.) Thiamin is found in abundance in foods such as lean pork, legumes, and yeast. In contrast, polished (white) rice, white flour, refined sugars, fats, and oils are foods lacking this vitamin. People at risk for thiamin deficiency include those who consume large quantities of alcohol and those who live in impoverished conditions, for such people are deficient in substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals.
Beriberi is a clinical manifestation of thiamin deficiency. Symptoms include nervous system abnormalities (e.g., leg cramps, muscle weakness), limb swelling, elevated pulse, and heart failure. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a related condition (with symptoms such as a jerky gait, disorientation, and impaired short-term memory) that occurs among alcoholics.
Morgan, Sarah L., and Weinsier, Roland L. (1998). Fundamentals of Clinical Nutrition, 2nd edition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Kane, Agnes B., and Kumar, Vinay (1999). "Environmental and Nutritional Pathology." In Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
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| 0.916317 | 309 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Ancient Egyptian scrolls document natural herbs and holistic medicine that saved lives and cured disease
by S. D. Wells
(NaturalNews) Herbs played a huge role in Egyptian medicine. Proof comes from burial sites, tombs and underground temples where archeologists have found extensive sets of medical documents and scrolls, including the Ebers Papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the Hearst Papyrus, and the London Medical Papyrus, which contained the earliest documented awareness of tumors. The most famous plant – medicine “encyclopedia” is the Ebers Papyrus, a 110 page scroll which rolls out to be about 20 meters long.
Egyptians consumed raw garlic and onions for endurance and to heal asthma and bronchial-pulmonary issues. Many of their herbs were steeped in wine and used as oral medicine. These were natural herbs, untainted by pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, or fluoridated water. The Egyptians documented use of myrrh, frankincense, fennel, cassia, thyme, juniper, and even aloe. Fresh garlic cloves were peeled, mashed and macerated in a mixture of vinegar and water and used as a rinse for sore throats and toothaches.
The god of sweetness
Egyptians knew about the healing powers of honey. In fact, the first official recognition of the importance of honey dates back to the first Egyptian Dynasty and the “Sealer of the Honey.” In Niuserre’s Sun temple, bee-keepers are shown in hieroglyphics blowing smoke into hives as they are removing honey-combs. The honey was immediately jarred and sealed and could therefore be kept for years, and it was used for the production of medicines and ointments. They even used it as a natural antibiotic.
The main land for bee-keeping was in Lower Egypt where there was extensive irrigation feeding thousands of flowering plants. The Bee was chosen as a symbol for the country and the gods were associated with the bee. One pharaoh’s title was Bee King and his Royal archers protected the bees like they were his holy temple. The temples were actually homes for the bees, in order to satisfy the desire of the gods. Canaan was called the “Land of Milk and Honey” in the Hebrew tradition.
Egyptian medicine is some of the oldest ever documented. From the 33rd century BC until the Persian invasion in 525 BC, Egyptian medical practice remained consistent in its highly advanced methods for the time. Homer even wrote in the Odyssey: “In Egypt, the men are more skilled in medicine than any of human kind,” and “The Egyptians were skilled in medicine more than any other art.”
The Edwin Smith papyrus is still benefiting modern medicine, and is viewed as a learning manual. Treatments consisted of ailments made from animal, vegetable, fruits and minerals. But the Ebers Papyrus is the most voluminous record of ancient Egyptian medicine known. The scroll contains some 700 remedies including empirical practice and observation. The papyrus actually contains a “treatise on the heart,” which recognizes the heart as the center of the blood supply, with vessels attached.
Even mental disorders, depression and dementia were detailed in one of the chapters. The Egyptians were treating intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, and even abscesses and tumors.
Read the rest of the article here: Natural News
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My husband came home from work today and asked me in which grade students start studying probability. I thought, "Where did that question come from? I didn't even think he knew what probability was."
It seems that the secretary of their department was babysitting her grandchildren last night. She offered to help them with their math homework. The question they needed help with was "What is the probability of rolling snake eyes on a pair of dice?" Her grandchildren are in fourth grade.
She brought the question to work with her today, wanting to know the correct answer. As a group, they came up with 1/36. My husband wanted to know if they had done it right. The secretary wanted to know why students are learning probability in fourth grade.
So, I'll answer those questions. Yes, you worked the problem correctly. There are 36 possible combinations that can be rolled with a pair of dice. Only one of them can be snake eyes. That means that there is one possible combination out of 36, or 1/36. Another way to calculate this is that there is one "1" on the first die out of six numbers. There is also one"1" on the second die out of six numbers. In probability, you multiply these together. 1/6 times 1/6 is 1/36.
As for the secretary's question as to why 4th graders are learning probability, there are several answers.
First, there are several major industries that are big users of probability (and statistics). The first of those is the gambling, sports, and games industry. All gambling, sports, and many other games rely heavily on the use of probabilities to predict winning combinations and numbers of winners. Poker players know the odds of any particular hand winning over any other hand. Probabilities are used to determine how much and how often a slot machine pays out. Stats are calculated on every sport and sports figure. Even the odds of me having to put my left foot on red in a game of Twister is 1 out of 16.
The second major industry using probabilities is the insurance industry. All insurance rates are determined by the probability that a certain person of a certain age doing a certain activity will have an accident or a heart attack or get diabetes or die at a certain age.
The third big user of probability is meteorology and weather forecasting. Every time the weather person says there's an 80% chance of snow, he or she has studied the weather patterns, applied the mathematics and science and formulas, and made the prediction.
A fourth area where probabilities are used, but may not be widely known, is in the area of research. Research is done in almost every field of study from agriculture to business trends to education to psychology to medicine. Even fashion and food follow trends that can be studied. The data is gathered and analyzed and predictions are made using probability and statistics.
A second reason 4th graders study probability is so that they learn the basics they will need as they move on to more advanced courses in high school. The mathematics will get harder, as will the probability, so they need to learn the fundamentals at an early age.
A third reason 4th graders study probability is that it gives them practice with fractions and multiplication of those fractions. Students need to practice these concepts, and studying probabilities gives them another opportunity. Students also get to see how what they're studying can be applied to real-life situations.
And a final reason for all students studying probability and statistics is that it is one of the major standards that must be met in all mathematics educational programs. As far as I know, all state standards for mathematics include a statistics and probability component at every grade level. Students are tested in these different components (numbers and number sense, computation, algebra, geometry, and data) and are expected to be proficient.
No Child Left Behind states that all children must be proficient in mathematics by the year 2014. If schools do not make adequate yearly progress, then staff may be replaced or the school may be closed and turned into a charter school.
So, yes, probability study is very important and the earlier a student starts studying it, the better for everyone.
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| 0.973993 | 852 | 3.375 | 3 |
Conga and Djembe have become well-known instruments. More and more people use percussions to find acces to new and different areas of life. Jürgen Hentze learned the percussions from numerous travels to Africa by native musicians and put his experiences into this school. After a short introduction about the instruments (origin, construction) follows a chapter about the handling of the instruments. Numerous pictures help to visualise the instructions. After that the general principles of the practices is described. The theoretic part closes with a conclusion of the notation. In the following exercises straight and odd rythms are practised. The third part of this issue eventually presents 10 different styles of dances, split in base and solo tunes. At the same time new forms are considered, which interestingly combine tradition and modern jazz. There is play-along CD put in this edition, which offers multiple ways of practicing. Due to the stereo recording individual tunes can be tuned on and off, solo and base tunes can be heard seperately and the arrangements can be played in various combination.
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| 0.948312 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
CALIFORNIA | LOCAL
July 31, 1989 |
A radical new finding that genes passed on by fathers may be different from those passed on by mothers may explain many puzzling cancers and inherited diseases, researchers announced last week. The finding contradicts one of the principles of modern genetics. Dr.
September 5, 1992 |
A conference exploring possible links between genetics and crime was postponed Friday because federal money was withheld amid criticism from black leaders. The decision by the National Institutes of Health to freeze $78,000 earmarked for the meeting at the University of Maryland in College Park amounts to an assault on academic freedom, a university official said. The institutes decided in July to withdraw funds for the conference, scheduled for Oct. 9-11.
December 3, 2005 |
Canadian researchers have identified a mutant gene that impairs the body's ability to handle vitamin B12, producing diseases that are accompanied by an increased risk of heart disease, stroke and dementia. The team reported this week in the journal Nature Genetics that a defective form of a gene called MMACHC interferes with the vitamin's ability to help synthesize red blood cells and maintain the nervous system.
November 23, 2002 |
Scientists have identified a gene that plays a central role in the development of obesity and diabetes and could pave the way for new drugs to treat the diseases. Researchers at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston discovered that mice genetically prone to obesity or those fed a high-fat diet had higher activity in a gene called JNK than normal mice.
June 28, 1987 |
Researchers at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles and the USC School of Medicine say they can now identify many people who have inherited a defective gene known to be responsible for retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the eye. The report in the current issue of Science is the latest from scientists who have isolated the gene. The Childrens Hospital team said its study provided the first proof that the gene that was isolated is indeed the gene responsible for the cancer. Dr.
December 27, 2004 |
Lung cancer appears to run in families, researchers have found, though exposure to tobacco smoke is still the dominant cause of the disease even for those who may be genetically predisposed. The strongest family link was found in the relatives of patients who developed the disease at age 60 or younger. The parents of such people had nearly a 3 1/2 times higher risk of also developing the disease compared to the general population, the study said.
June 11, 1998 |
Scientists have pulled off the equivalent of stealing an enemy fort's blueprints: They've deciphered all the genetic material of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. That should help researchers develop new drugs and vaccines by exposing potential targets within the germ. The accomplishment is reported in today's issue of the journal Nature by scientists in the United States, England, France and Denmark. The scientists found about 4,000 genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
November 11, 1991 |
If a Nobel Prize is ever awarded for research on the genetics of cancer, the most likely recipient, many scientists agree, is Bert Vogelstein of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. His research on the development of colorectal cancer has provided the first clear understanding of the complex pathway by which a tumor develops. "Dr.
May 15, 2000 |
Like many scientists who work in the often-frustrating world of cancer research, Dr. Jeff Trent has learned not to show his optimism in public. There have just been too many disappointments. But Trent, who heads a genetics laboratory at the National Institutes of Health, is excited now--and willing to say so. At a major cancer meeting this week in New Orleans, researchers will unveil the latest results of human experiments that have the field buzzing.
February 10, 2001 |
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission asked a court, for the first time, to stop a company from testing its employees for genetic defects, setting up an unprecedented legal battle over medical privacy in the workplace. In a petition filed in U.S.
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By Gary Gibbs
"When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) Then let them which be in Judea flee into the mountains. . . For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be" (Matthew 24: 15, 16, 21).
What is this prophecy all about, and does it really affect Christians in today's world?
One of the most interesting prophecies in the Bible concerns the abomination of desolation. The element that makes this prophecy especially intriguing is that Jesus identifies it as a specific sign that the end is near.
It was in answer to the disciples' question, "When shall these things be and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world?" that Jesus spoke of the abomination of desolation. He said, "When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (Whoso readeth, let him understand:) then let them which be in Judea flee into the mountains... for then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be" (Matthew 24:3,15-21).
Christians of many persuasions recognize this text as a definite and peculiar sign concerning the last days. Yet even though the majority of them can agree that the abomination of desolation is an important sign, they can't seem to agree on its specific nature. Even preachers are thrown into a quagmire of confusion - looking for something that no one is very sure about. It is a perfect example of the blind leading the blind.
Of course, some believe they know the identity of the abomination of desolation. Some teach that this prophecy was fulfilled when Antiochus Epiphanes interrupted the temple sacrifices between 168 and 165 B.C. The abomination they point to is the pig Antiochus had offered on the altar in the temple complex. Others believe the abomination of desolation refers to a future time when an atheistic anti-christ will overthrow the temple in Jerusalem and use it as his throne. Then there are those who believe the abomination of desolation is the Roman standards which were worshiped in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. at the time of its destruction by Titus.
Just what exactly is the abomination of desolation? Is it any one of these alternatives? Is it all of them at the same time? Or could it be possible that not any of these interpretations are correct? The answer to these questions is vitally important. Jesus clearly implies that our very lives could be at stake over this matter.
Jesus tells us that our study of the abomination of desolation should focus on the book of Daniel (Matthew 24:15). When one makes a careful study of this book, he discovers that the abomination of desolation can be divided into three parts. These parts are: the abomination of desolation in Daniel's day (involving the first temple); the abomination of desolation in Jesus' day (involving the second temple); and finally the abomination of desolation in the time of the end (involving the whole Christian church). The issues that come into play in the abomination of desolation as treated in the book of Daniel remain consistent in each of its three phases. Therefore they are types, or examples, of each other.
The First Abomination
The key that unlocks the mystery of this prophetic event is found in the first two verses of Daniel. "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and beseiged it. And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god" (Daniel 1:1,2). In these two short sentences Daniel provides a concise historical background to the remainder of the book which follows.
Further study of Daniel's prologue reveals the abomination of desolation was existent in his time and led to Jerusalem's captivity. The Chronicler reveals the reason the Jewish kings fell to Babylon. "Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign... and he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord his God." It was because of Jehoiakim's iniquitous life that God allowed him to be taken captive.
The significant feature of this is that Jehoiakim's evil deeds are described this way: "Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations which he did, and that which was found in him, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah: and Jehoiachin his son reigned in his stead" (2 Chronicles 36:5-8). It was specifically the abominations of Jehoiakim that led him and his city to forfeit God's protection and thus fall to Nebuchadnezzar.
Unfortunately Jehoiachin, his son, didn't do much better. Scripture tells us he also did "that which was evil in the sight of the Lord." Consequently he too was taken captive to Babylon, and "Zedekiah his brother" was placed as king over Judah and Jerusalem (v. 9-11).
The Bible goes on to record that not only did Zedekiah turn out to be just as evil as his two predecessors, but "moreover all the chief of the priests, and the people, transgressed very much after all the abominations of the heathen" (v. 12-14). God's political and religious leaders, as well as the people, adopted heathen ways as their own. They did this at the expense of God's revealed truth. Notice where these abominations were committed: the people "transgressed very much after all the abominations of the heathen; and polluted the house of the Lord which he had hallowed in Jerusalem" (v. 14). These abominations were standing in God's consecrated holy place, the "house of the Lord." The religious leaders of the day had purposefully led the people to adopt heathen worship practices and incorporated them into their worship of God. In substituting for God's commandments the vain notions of men, the leaders of God's heritage provoked his wrath. The people rejected God's calls to repentance and reformation and were left to reap the consequences. "Therefore, he brought upon them the king of the Chaldees, who slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary" (v. 17).
This judgment was felt not only in the spilling of the blood, but in the complete destruction of the city and sanctuary (v. 19). This all was done "To fulfill the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths: for as long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath to fulfill threescore and ten years" (v. 21). The result of God's people practicing the religious abominations of the heathen was the desolation of their land, city and sanctuary.
Breaking The Sabbath Brought Desolation
Just what were these abominations that resulted in such desolation? Since this was all done "To fulfill the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah," then Jeremiah should be able to tell us what substitutions in worship had been made. In Jeremiah 17 the prophet is told to stand in the gate of the people and prophesy. Under a divine mandate, Jeremiah told the people that if they would honor God's seventh-day Sabbath their city would remain forever, and that this faithful obedience would lead them into such a relationship with Himself that they would be used to convert the surrounding heathen nations (ch. 17:19-26).
On the other hand, if they would not keep the Sabbath day holy God would allow their city to be desolated. "But if ye will not hearken unto me to hallow the Sabbath day, and not to bear a burden, even entering in at the gates of Jerusalem on the Sabbath day; then I will kindle a fire in the gates thereof, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem, and it shall not be quenched" (v. 27).
Sadly, the Jews chose to continue breaking God's Sabbath and thus inaugurated their own destruction and captivity. The abomination that led to their desolation was breaking the Sabbath. Thus, we see the significance of 2 Chronicles 36:21: "To fulfill the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her Sabbaths: for as long as she lay desolate she kept Sabbath."
Ezekiel, who lived during the same time, also tells us about the abominations God's people were practicing in the holy place. In Ezekiel 8, the prophet was brought by vision to the door of the inner gate. God proceeded to show his servant the progressively greater outrages His people were committing. In verses 5 and 6 He speaks of an image that provoked Him to jealousy. In an escalation of outrage, unclean beasts had been brought into the house of God, women were weeping for Tammuz and the greatest abomination of all was twenty-five men standing in God's holy place "with their backs toward the temple of the Lord, and their faces toward the east; and they worshipped the sun toward the east" (Ezekiel 8:16).
God had instructed the Jews to erect the temple in a manner that would discourage the imitation of their heathen neighbors in sun worship. The ark of the covenant, the very focal point of the Jews' worship, was placed at the western end of the tabernacle. Thus the children of Israel would face the west, their backs to the rising sun, when they worshipped the true God. Yet the entrance of paganism among God's people had grown to such proportions that Judah's leading men were actually turning their backs on the temple of God. This was a significant act of apostasy.
Both Ezekiel and Jeremiah list the heathen practices that had been incorporated into the worship of God. Whether it was breaking the second commandment by idol worship, adoring unclean beasts, worshipping Tammuz, the mythological god of the pagans, or breaking God's holy Sabbath and worshiping the sun on the day consecrated to it, these practices all were classed by God as abominations. It was because the Jews persisted in justifying their own course and continued in these heathen customs that God permitted the desolation of their city.
Daniel himself agrees that it was the sins committed by God's people that caused their desolation. "O Lord, according to all thy righteousness, I beseech thee, let thine anger and thy fury be turned away from thy city Jerusalem, thy holy mountain: because for our sins, and the iniquities of our fathers.... cause thy face to shine upon thy sanctuary that is desolate.... open thy eyes, and behold our desolations..." (Daniel 9:16-18). It is important to note that the abominations were done by the apostate people of God. This in turn resulted in their forfeiture of God's protection and called down His judgments and chastisement in their desolation. This scenario of the abomination of desolation in Daniel's day, involving the first Jewish temple period, prefigures the two other abominations of desolation prophesied in Daniel. The next one we shall consider is the one that concerns the second Jewish temple period.
The Second Temple Desolated
After their release from Babylonian captivity and rebuilding the city and temple, the Jewish leaders erected a mountain of rules and regulations designed to protect them from repeating the sins that had led to their bondage. The fourth commandment's seventh-day Sabbath became a special object of amendment. The Jews reasoned that since it was transgression of the Sabbath that led to their captivity, they needed to define in minute detail how the Sabbath should be kept.
Over 500 rules concerning Sabbathkeeping eventually resulted. Some of these Sabbath laws were as ridiculous as this: one could not leave an egg in the sun on the Sabbath because the sun might cook it, and cooking on the Sabbath was a violation of the fourth commandment. Of course, this only resulted in a system of pure legalism. At last the people began to believe that favor with God depended on how well they obeyed the traditions of their elders.
Ultimately the people were led full circle to disobedience again. Jesus comments that in spite of their apparent religiosity they were still breaking God's law even as their forefathers had during Isaiah's and Daniel's day. "Well hath Isaiah prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men... full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition... making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered" (Mark 7:6-13). Once again the people found themselves immersed in vain and rebellious worship.
Even though their apostasy expressed itself in legalism instead of laxness, it was still based on the same principle upon which all pagan religions are based - that man can save himself by his own works. Jesus, like Jeremiah of old, rebuked this religious system and called it an abomination. "Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God" (Luke 16:15).
Jesus expressed His displeasure for their abominations on numerous occasions. Most notable were the two times He cleansed the temple. On these times He expressed His anger at the desecration of His holy place. The controversy between Jesus and the Jews steamed, boiled and spewed over religion. The religious leaders hated Him because He didn't look like the Messiah, He didn't respect their traditions and most notably He didn't keep the Sabbath in the manner they thought it should be kept. This latter issue infuriated the Jews and led them to seek Jesus' death (See John 5:10-16; Matthew 12:1-4; Mark 3:1-6).
In spite of the religious leaders' resistance, Jesus sought time and again to bring them to repentance and reformation. Often He reproved them for their erroneous ways and pointed the way to true and undefiled religion that is of great price in the sight of God. Yet they hardened their hearts and beat back the waves of God's mercy.
As Jesus entered Jerusalem for the last time, His prophetic eye saw the consequences of their constant rebellion. With a grief-stricken heart and tears coursing down His cheeks, He prophesied the coming doom of the city: "For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side and shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation" (Luke 19:41-44).
After teaching in the temple for several days, Jesus left its precincts for the last time. Again He was choked with anguish as He saw the ultimate result of His people's apostasy. He exclaimed, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings and ye would not! Behold your house is left unto you desolate" (Matthew 23:37,38).
On both these occasions Jesus placed the guilt upon the people by stating, "they knew not the time of their visitation" and "ye would not." As a result of not responding to God's call to turn from their abominations, their temple was to be desolated. This prophecy was fulfilled in 70 A.D. when the Roman armies of Titus burned the temple to the ground. This second desolation of the temple perfectly paralleled its first destruction. On both occasions the abominations were done by the apostate people of God and the desolation was an act of judgment performed by a heathen army.
This desolation of Jerusalem was prophesied by Daniel to come as a result of the people rejecting Messiah the prince. A careful study of Daniel 9:25-27 will show this to be the case. In verse 25 Messiah is promised to Israel and the city's restoration is also predicted. But then, ominously, all is prophesied for doom again. Verse 26 speaks of Messiah being killed by His own people and of how this act would cause their city and sanctuary to be desolated once again.
As Daniel heard Gabriel relay this prophecy, it was to his mind a replay of what he had seen happen to the Jerusalem of his day. The prophecy indicated that history would repeat itself, and this is exactly what happened. The abominations that God's people committed resulted, in both 586 B.C. and 70 A.D., in the destruction of their sanctuary and city -- first by Nebuchadnezzar, then by Titus.
Because Israel rejected the Messiah they lost their place as God's favored people. Jesus predicted this would take place by saying, "The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof" (Matthew 21:43). Israel forfeited their franchise of the gospel by their own obstinate sin.
Who would be the new nation to receive the kingdom of God and bring forth the fruits thereof? The Bible provides a clear and concise answer in the apostle Peter's letter to the Gentile converts who "In time past were not a people, but are now the people of God." Of the converts to Christianity, the new people of God, he further says, "But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvelous light" (1 Peter 2:9,10).
In the new dispensation God bestows upon the converted Christians all the privileges and promises that had been made to the literal seed of Abraham (see Galatians 3:26-29). Now converted Christians assume the role of Israel, and the Christian church absorbs the status of the temple or sanctuary of God. The Scriptures make this abundantly clear in such texts as Romans 2;28,29; Ephesians 2:11-13; 19-22; and 1 Peter 2:5.
The Final Desolation
It is in the light of this New Testament principle of spiritual Israel that Daniel speaks of the abomination of desolation the third and final time. These references can be found in Daniel 8:13; 11:31; and 12:11. Discerning students of prophetic history realize that these verses predict the formation and ascension of power by the Papacy. It is an indisputable fact of history that the Papacy brought into the Christian church the very same practices of paganism for which ancient Jerusalem was destroyed. One has to do only a little study to see how image worship, Tammuz worship, and sun worship were introduced to Christianity during the Dark Ages. Many of these abominations are still with us in the form of statues, candles for the saints, rosary beads, Easter sunrise services and Sunday worship. [For more information on this subject, see Amazing Facts' booklet Baptized Paganism.]
By no means does the papal apostasy exonerate Protestantism. Most Protestant churches accede to the apostasy by continuing the practice of abominations that have their roots firmly fixed in ancient pagan religions, which were established to destroy God's truth. Both Catholicism and Protestantism have fostered abominations in God's holy place, His church. The Christian church is mirroring literal Israel. We are repeating many of the same sins and will consequently reap the same punishment of desolation, unless we are willing to read the handwriting on the wall and flee from Babylon.
It is clear that the three occasions of abomination of desolation found in Daniel result from apostasy on the part of God's people, but what is the sign that will tell us when the desolation is nigh?
In Luke 21:20 Jesus told His disciples what would be the last sign of the imminent destruction of Jerusalem. He said, "And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh." This text does not indicate that the armies are the abomination, but rather that the armies were the instrument to cause desolation. Through the Roman armies God would execute "the days of vengeance" for Israel's abominations.
When the Roman armies surrounded Jerusalem, it was a sign that most of the city's leaders and inhabitants had passed the boundaries of grace and had filled their cup of iniquity. To the Christians living in the city, this was to be a sign that Jerusalem would soon suffer God's judgment. As soon as the first opportunity arose, these Christians were to "flee to the mountains" (v. 21). In 66 A.D. when Cestius, the Roman general, surrounded the city the Christians knew the promised sign had arrived and the time had come to flee. At their first opportunity to escape they did so, and not one Christian died in the horrible destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.
Just as God gave the early Christians a sign of when to flee Jerusalem, so He has given us a sign. He has made it possible for every Christian to know when this world's probationary hour is nearing its close.
In Revelation 13 and 14 John records a list of omens that will tell us just how close we are to the end. The sign that will show this nation has filled its cup of iniquity will be when it makes an image to the Papacy by uniting church and state. How much more neatly could this be effected than by the passage of a national Sunday law commanding everyone to honor a pagan day of worship? Such an event will be a direct fulfillment of Revelation 13:15-17, and provide assurance that the end of this earth's time is quickly approaching.
One author describes coming events this way: "As the approach of Roman armies was a sign to the disciples of the impending destruction of Jerusalem, so may this apostasy be a sign to us that the limit of God's forbearance is reached, that the measure of our nation's iniquity is full, and that the angel of mercy is about to take her flight." When the churches have apostasized in their abominations to such a degree that they enact legislation of a religious law which displaces God's holy Sabbath with a pagan holiday, we may leave our cities, knowing that a time of trouble will be forthcoming.
The abomination of desolation is an important subject in these last days. If we study this prophecy carefully, we will find that in each of its three fulfillments refers to a national apostasy by God's people that ends in their tragic destruction. We are now living in the time of the Christian church's final apostasy, which makes of none effect the commandments of God. We need to see that we are in the midst of fulfilling prophecy and keep our eyes open for the culmination of all things.
Our only sure protection against the abomination of desolation is to give our lives unreservedly to Jesus, loving others as He loves them and worshiping Him in the way that His word teaches. The greatest commandment is simply to love God with all our heart and soul and strength. If we have such love, it will be natural for us to do all things to please and honor Him. In return, He will see us safely through the desolation that will close this earth's history just before He comes again.
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Holy Self Esteem
In this week's Torah portion, God instructs us to realize that we're holy. But what does it mean to be holy? It means having strong enough self-esteem to be able to say 'no' and not doing things that go against our values or cheapen us.
God knows each of us is special and holy deep down, and He wants us to know it too.
In our story, a kid chooses to act with 'holy' self-esteem.
"TAKING NO FOR AN ANSWER"
Ruth Stone was sitting on the lunchroom bench, reading her novel like she did every day. She didn't like eating alone but being a studious, quiet type of kid who didn't have many friends, she was used to it.
"It's really nice out today, isn't it?"
Ruth didn't look up from her book since she assumed the voice was speaking to someone else. Then she felt a tap her on the shoulder.
"Mind if we join you today, Ruth?"
She looked up to see the bright, pretty faces of Jill and Paula, two of the coolest, most popular girls in the class. Ruth was confused. Usually these kids didn't even answer back if she tried to say hello to them and now they were going out of their way to sit next to her? She would never dream of getting these kids' attention.
"Sure, sit down," she said. Happy but flustered, Ruth quickly slipped a bookmark into her novel and stuffed it into her knapsack. Jill and Paula put down their lunch trays next to hers and started up a friendly conversation with her as if the three of them were best friends. A little while later, the bell rang, signaling the end of the break.
"Ruth, it was so nice having lunch with you today. Let's do it again tomorrow, too!" said Jill. "And hey, if you're not busy, maybe the three of us can get together after school today at the library to work together on the open book algebra exam that's due tomorrow?" she added with a big, friendly smile.
"Sure!" Ruth answered. Jill and Paula flashed each other a smile and skipped off as Ruth pinched herself to make sure she wasn't dreaming.
The rest of the school day flew by and Ruth had trouble paying attention to the rest of her classes because she was so excited that these popular kids wanted to be her friends.
When she got to the library, she was thrilled to see Jill and Paula were already there waiting for her.
"Great to see you, Ruth," Paula smiled, as they all flipped their math books open to the right page. "Okay, so tell us the first answer?"
Ruth thought it was a little funny that they just wanted her to give them the answer just like that. She assumed they would all work it out together. But she figured maybe they wanted everyone to take turns, so she put her pencil to the paper and worked it out. Meanwhile Jill and Paula quietly chatted with each other and flipped through a fashion magazine.
"Um, the answer is 26X over 11Y," said Ruth. The two girls looked up from the magazine, gave each other a strange nod and quickly wrote in the answer.
"Wow, that's great!" smiled Jill. "And what's the next one?"
So much for taking turns, Ruth thought to herself. This isn't called studying together - even though it's an open book exam and even though kids are allowed to work on it together - that means actually working together. Just having one kid do all the work and giving out the answers isn't right.
"Um, maybe we should all do it together?" Ruth suggested shyly.
Jill and Paula gave each other a funny look and whispered something to each other. Then Jill said, "I'll tell you Ruth, that's not really what we had in mind. You're such a good student… why not just help us out with our tests? You do want us to all be friends after all, don't you?"
Now it all made sense to Ruth. That was why these girls were suddenly willing to be her friend, so she would help them get out of doing their schoolwork. Her head was spinning. She knew as clear as day, if she said 'no' the 'friendship' would be over as quickly as it started, and she so much wanted to be their friend.
"Um, sure I want us to be friends. I see, okay," Ruth said as she began to work out the second math problem and the other girls went back to their magazine. The numbers were spinning in front of Ruth's eyes and she could hardly concentrate. It wasn't right - these kids were just using her. They would do her the 'favor' of being her friend as long as she gave them what they wanted. She so much wanted these kids to like her, but she just couldn't sell herself like this - it made her feel so cheap. She might not be as pretty or as popular as they were, but she was still a good person and worth more than being treated like this.
"Ahem." Ruth cleared her throat.
"Wow, you got it already?" asked Jill with the same pasted-on smile.
Ruth sat up straight. "I sure do get it," she said. "I'm happy to work together on the schoolwork and even help you learn how to do it, but I'm sorry, I can't just keep giving you the answers like this. It isn't right and it isn't fair to me."
"Oh, if that's how you feel, no problem," Jill said awkwardly. Then she looked at her watch. "Oh, Paula, we forgot. We have that tennis lesson right now, don't we?"
"Oh, yeah that's right," Paula said, winking at her friend. "Sorry Ruth, we've got to go. Good luck on your test."
Before Ruth could even answer, they were gone.
The next day, as Ruth expected, Jill and Paula didn't join her for lunch or even bother to look at her. But Ruth didn't care. In fact, even though the way they treated her hurt, she felt great that she had enough self-respect do what was right and not to sell herself out.
Q. How did Ruth feel at first when Jill and Paula asked her to be their friend?
A. She felt happy that such popular kids seemed to like her.
Q. How did she feel in the end?
A. She felt they didn't really like her but were just using her to do their work for them and she wasn't willing to let them treat her like that.
Q. What life lesson did Ruth learn from what happened?
A. Even though she had dreamed of being friends with kids like Jill and Paula, when it came down to it, she realized that she respected herself too much to cheapen herself by doing things she thought weren't right just so they would like her.
Q. Do you think Ruth would have been happy if she kept doing schoolwork for Jill and Paula so they would treat her like their friend? Why or why not?
A. While she might have seemed cool to others by hanging around with such popular kids, Ruth would not have felt happy. She would always know inside that they really didn't like her for who she was but only for what she could do for them and she was just selling herself so they would pay attention to her. These types of relationship only make a person feel bad about herself and are never worth the price.
Ages 10 and Up
Q. What is the difference between feeling holy and feeling conceited?
A. Feeling holy means that we feel close to God and know that He values every one of His creations and wants us to value ourselves. It is a positive trait that leads us to healthy self-esteem and prevents us from selling ourselves or our values for people's attention or approval. Conceitedness is a feeling of superiority and a negative trait that makes a person feel he has the right to put others down.
Q. What can a person do if he wants to feel holy and to like himself but doesn't?
A. People often mistakenly think that feelings lead to actions but it is really the other way around. If we act as if we like and respect ourselves and make the choices and decisions that we feel someone who did like themselves would make, we will be surprised to see that before long we will feel much better about ourselves and how we truly are holy.
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Like finally seeing all the gears of a watch and how they work together, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) have, for the first time ever, solved the puzzle of how the various components of an entire telomerase enzyme complex fit together and function in a 3D structure.
The creation of the first complete visual map of the telomerase enzyme, which is known to play a significant role in aging and most cancers, represents a breakthrough that could open up a host of new approaches to fighting disease, the researchers say.
"Everyone in the field wants to know what telomerase looks like, and there it was. I was so excited, I could hardly breathe," says Juli Feigon, a UCLA professor of chemistry and biochemistry and a senior author of the study. "We were the first to see it."
The scientists report the positions of each component of the enzyme relative to one another and the complete organization of the enzyme's active site. In addition, they demonstrate how the different components contribute to the enzyme's activity, uniquely correlating structure with biochemical function.
The research appears in Nature.
"We combined every single possible method we could get our hands on to solve this structure and used cutting-edge technological advances," says co-first author Jiansen Jiang, a researcher who works with Feigon and the study's co-senior author, Z. Hong Zhou, director of the Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines at the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA and a professor of microbiology, immunology, and molecular genetics. "This breakthrough would not have been possible five years ago."
"We really had to figure out how everything fit together, like a puzzle," says co-first author Edward Miracco, a National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellow in Feigon's laboratory. "When we started fitting in the high-resolution structures to the blob that emerged from electron microscopy, we realized that everything was fitting in and made sense with decades of past biochemistry research. The project just blossomed, and the blob became a masterpiece."
The telomerase enzyme is a mixture of components that unite inside our cells to maintain the protective regions at the ends of our chromosomes, which are called telomeres. Telomeres act like the plastic tips at the end of shoelaces, safeguarding important genetic information. But each time a cell divides, these telomeres shorten, like the slow-burning fuse of a time bomb. Eventually, the telomeres erode to a point that is no longer tolerable for cells, triggering the cell death that is a normal part of the aging process.
While most cells have relatively low levels of telomerase, 80 to 90% of cancer cells have abnormally high telomerase activity. This prevents telomeres from shortening and extends the life of these tumorigenic cells—a significant contributor to cancer progression.
The new discovery creates tremendous potential for pharmaceutical development that takes into account the way a drug and target molecule might interact, given the shape and chemistry of each component. Until now, designing a cancer-fighting drug that targeted telomerase was much like shooting an arrow to hit a bulls-eye while wearing a blindfold. With this complete visual map, the researchers are starting to remove that blindfold.
"Inhibiting telomerase won't hurt most healthy cells but is predicted to slow down the progression of a broad range of cancers," says Miracco. "Our structure can be used to guide targeted drug development to inhibit telomerase, and the model system we used may also be useful to screen candidate drugs for cancer therapy."
The researchers solved the structure of telomerase in Tetrahymena thermophila, the single-celled eukaryotic organism in which scientists first identified telomerase and telomeres, leading to the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. Research on Tetrahymena telomerase in the laboratory of co-senior author Kathleen Collins, a professor of molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley, laid the genetic and biochemical groundwork for the structure to be solved.
"The success of this project was absolutely dependent on the collaboration among our research groups," says Feigon.
"At every step of this project, there were difficulties," she adds. "We had so many technical hurdles to overcome, both in the electron microscopy and the biochemistry. Pretty much every problem we could have, we had, and yet at each stage these hurdles were overcome in an innovative way."
One of the biggest surprises, the researchers said, was the role of the protein p50, which acts as a hinge in Tetrahymena telomerase to allow dynamic movement within the complex; p50 was found to be an essential player in the enzyme's activity and in the recruitment of other proteins to join the complex.
"The beauty of this structure is that it opens up a whole new world of questions for us to answer," Feigon says. "The exact mechanism of how this complex interacts with the telomere is an active area of future research."
"The atmosphere and collaboration at UCLA really amazes me, and that is combined with some of the most advanced facilities around," Zhou says. "We have a highly advanced electron microscopy facility here at UCLA that even researchers without a strong background in electron microscopy can learn how to use and benefit from. This will be really useful as we move forward."
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- Peace X Peace - http://www.peacexpeace.org -
Pillars of Peace
Posted By admin On February 12, 2010 @ 6:27 am In | Comments Disabled
Peace X Peace and its members have identified eight requirements for thriving communities. We call them the Pillars of Peace.
Each of the Pillars is an essential component of a culture that embodies values, attitudes, choices, modes of behavior, and ways of life that will ultimately lead to sustainable peace.
The Pillars of Peace are:
Peace X Peace believes that shared effort to strengthen all the Pillars, with women’s leadership and active engagement, is vital to achieve sustainable peace.
Conflict Transformation: Conflict Transformation addresses the root causes of conflicts — including inequality and social injustice — by changing perceptions, reforming societal structures, and improving communication. We can build peace by going beyond the resolution of specific issues and promoting constructive change.
Cross-cultural Understanding: Even within a single culture, each of us has a unique perspective on the world, our place in it, and our relationships with others. By taking the time to understand other people and cultures, we gain appreciation of our differences, our similarities, and our potential to build peace together.
Economic Empowerment: Economic empowerment is among the most important tools to prevent victimization of women around the world. Women who are financially independent can act as positive agents for change.
Education: Access to education is the right of every nation’s citizens. And it is only when these rights are fully realized that individuals can fulfill their responsibilities as active citizens. Peace education incorporates the principles of affirmation, clear communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution into its teaching.
Environmental Sustainability: Caring for the earth and all living things through the wise use of natural resources is the way to environmental sustainability. In building peace, environmental issues are a natural platform for enhancing dialogue, building confidence, highlighting shared interests and broadening cooperation between divided groups.
Health and Well-being: Health is a human right. It supports a culture of peace because healthy women and men can be active in society, rebuild communities devastated by conflict, and create structures that ensure the well-being of all.
Interfaith Dialogue: Interfaith dialogue promotes positive interactions between people of different religious traditions and spiritual beliefs with the aim of understanding and respecting differing values, beliefs, and behaviors. When we look at the intersections between faiths, we can explore what divides us and discover what unites us.
Justice and Good Governance: Good governance ensures that societal structures provide services to citizens equitably and efficiently to promote political and social stability as well as the realization of rights and justice.
Article printed from Peace X Peace: http://www.peacexpeace.org
URL to article: http://www.peacexpeace.org/about/pillars-of-peace/
Copyright © 2010 Peace X Peace. All rights reserved.
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- FamilySearch.org Research Wiki
- FamilySearch.org Family Tree
- Ancestry.com Wiki
Most, if not all, of the wiki websites are based on a free open source software program from MediaWiki.org. The program is written in PHP, a popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development.
The most outstanding feature of the wiki website is its ability to handle huge amounts of data in an efficient and user-based environment. A wiki allows people to add, modify or delete content in collaboration with other users. Quoting from the Wikipedia article on the Wiki, " [A Wiki] differs from a blog or most other such systems in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users."
Here is a further description of the websites from the Wikipedia article:
A wiki enables communities to write documents collaboratively, using a simple markup language and a web browser. A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well interconnected by hyperlinks, is "the wiki". A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, argument and interaction.Almost inevitably when I talk about wikis, I get the same question, "Why doesn't the information in a wiki devolve into a pile of garbage?" You may well ask the same question about any complex human organization. Why don't countries and cities collapse of their own weight. I guess the answer is that sometimes they do, but you might note that there are cities that have survived for thousands of years. The reason this is a complex issue is because wikis survive and thrive because of basic human nature. People are more inclined to build than they are to tear down. It is that simple.
A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review before modifications are accepted. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring registration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online. This can facilitate abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them.
The other reasons why wikis work are really very complex. If we focus on genealogy wikis, we see two distinct functions represented. On one hand, we have informational wikis that focus on providing resource material such as the FamilySearch.org Research Wiki. On the other hand, we have wikis that are designed to host family tree information such as WeRelate.org. Both applications seem to be very successful in their functions and ability to absorb mountains of information. Wikis work primarily because they fill a very needed function, that is, gathering huge amounts of information in an efficient way with a much reduced expense.
Wikis are not just left out there to live or die, all successful wikis are tightly moderated either by the developer of the wiki, in the case of FamilySearch.org, or by the wiki community. Most wikis have rules about the kind of content allowed and violations of the content rule are quickly eliminated and in some instances users who violate the rules are excluded from further contact with the wiki.
In actual practice, the wiki format can be so dramatically altered by having a custom designed front-end, that the website is almost unrecognizable as a wiki except for its function. This is the case with the FamilySearch.org Family Tree program.
If you haven't done so, I would invite you to review the above wiki websites and consider participating in one or more of the wiki communities.
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Division of Mathematics and Informatics
Faculty of Human Development
Kobe 657, Japan
Susan's commentaryProf. Takahashi's students are using computer algebra systems (Mathematica in particular) to create descriptions of 3-dimensional objects in VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language, a language like HTML that can be used to convey 3D information over the World Wide Web). These are then made available at an ftp site (IPR:126.96.36.199) so that users all over the world can view the objects.
Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help
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Who was Raoul Wallenberg? Few people recognize his name, which is the whole point of His Name Was Raoul Wallenberg. In 2005, the author Louise Borden wrote a fabulous biography about the creators of Curious George and their escape from Nazi-occupied France. Now seven years later, Borden’s writing is mesmerizing, as she creates outrage over Hitler’s crimes towards the Jews. When the world hesitated, Sweden sent Wallenberg to Budapest. His brilliant invention of a Schutz-Pass, or passport, placed Jews under the protection of the Swedish government. Wallenberg’s biography is chock full of photographs, but none more powerful than the opening page with a simple classroom photograph, each child numbered. Borden asks us to look closely at number 19. “Read it aloud. Let it echo. Raoul Wallenberg.” Then she takes us on a journey about a man who Society has forgotten, but never by the thousands he saved.
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NEW YORK: In a new study of more than 1,200 Asian women, those who took aspirin at least a couple of times a week had a much lower risk of developing lung cancer — whether or not they had ever smoked.
The findings, which link regularly taking aspirin to a risk reduction of 50 percent or more, do not prove that aspirin directly protects against lung cancer. There may be other explanations for the connection.
But the study backs up a number of previous ones linking regular aspirin use to lower risks of certain cancers, including colon, prostate and esophageal cancers.
Still, experts say it’s too early to recommend widespread aspirin use for cutting cancer risk.
Even low-dose aspirin carries risks, like stomach irritation and ulcers.
“The question about whether aspirin use protects against lung cancer is still open to considerable debate at this point, and the published evidence to date is not conclusive,” Dr Wei-Yen Lim, who led the new study, said in an email.
Avoiding tobacco smoke remains the best way to protect yourself, said Lim, of the National University of Singapore.
Published in the journal Lung Cancer, the study included 398 Chinese women diagnosed with lung cancer and 814 cancer-free women.
Lim’s team found that women who had used aspirin regularly — at least twice a week for one month or longer — were less likely to have lung cancer.
Among women who’d never smoked, the odds were 50 percent lower for aspirin users versus non-users. And among smokers, aspirin use was tied to a 62 percent lower risk of lung cancer.
The researchers were able to account for some other factors, like the women’s age, education and fruit and vegetable intake. But there could still be other differences that would help explain why aspirin users had a lower lung cancer risk, according to Lim.
This type of study, the researcher said, is not designed to show whether taking aspirin cuts cancer risk. That takes a clinical trial, where people are randomly assigned to take aspirin or not.
And the findings do not give an idea of how much risk-reduction there might be.
There was a fairly large relative difference in cancer risk between aspirin users and non-users in the study. But the absolute reduction in any one person’s risk, if there is one, might be small.
Other studies have linked regular aspirin use to lower risks of several types of cancer. Most recently, an analysis of past clinical trials found that people given daily low-dose aspirin were less likely to develop cancer after three years of use.
Aspirin appeared to prevent about three cases of cancer per 1,000 aspirin users per year.
There are also biological reasons that aspirin might offer protection: it blocks an enzyme called cyclooxygenase-2, or COX-2, which promotes inflammation and cell division and is found in high levels in tumors.
Dr Andrew T. Chan of Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the study, said that the evidence on aspirin and lung cancer has been “mixed.”
“The number-one thing a person can do to minimize the risk of lung cancer is to not smoke,” he said in an interview.
On the other hand, there is stronger evidence that aspirin may be protective against colon cancer, according to Chan, a gastroenterologist who researches colon cancer prevention.
“I don’t think the evidence is definitive,” Chan said. And it’s too soon to recommend that all middle-aged and older adults take a daily aspirin.
But it may be reasonable for people to discuss the pros and cons of low-dose aspirin with their doctors, according to Chan.
“People are usually interested in more than preventing one particular cancer,” he noted. “So it’s important to view this in the context of a person’s overall health.”
That includes understanding the risks of aspirin. For many people, gastrointestinal side effects may be “minor,” Chan said.
But some people can develop bleeding ulcers. Aspirin is also linked to an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke — bleeding in or around the brain.
Many middle-aged and older adults already take daily aspirin for their cardiovascular health.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that men age 45 to 79 take aspirin to prevent heart attacks, as long as their personal benefit is likely to outweigh the risk of bleeding. For women age 55 to 79, aspirin is recommended to prevent ischemic strokes (strokes caused by a blood clot), with the same caveat.
Lim said that if your doctor has recommended aspirin to you, stick with that advice.
“For people who are currently well,” the researcher said, “we do not recommend taking aspirin to reduce their risk of lung cancer, as the effect of aspirin on lung cancer is still being evaluated.”
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Estimates of the U.S. feral cat population range from a few million to 125 million, and they are a natural enemy of birds
Marc Selinger travels often to Washington, D.C., to feed and check on some of the thousands of cats living outdoors in the city's alleys and neighborhoods.
Sometimes the writer from Maryland traps feral cats to be neutered, spayed or treated for disease -- then returned to the streets.
Selinger practices "TNR," which stands for "trap, neuter, return." The controversial practice is aimed at gradually reducing feral cat populations while avoiding what TNR advocates call "trap and kill" policies in many communities and animal shelters.
"TNR averts the birth of kittens, prevents the feral population from getting out of control and reduces the number of cats who end up in overloaded, high-kill shelters," says a statement on Selinger's website, rockcreekcats.org.
But opponents say TNR means "trap, neuter, re-abandon," and that it condemns feral cats to outdoor lives of disease and danger, where they become deadly threats to birds and other animals. Opponents say euthanasia is sometimes the only solution for cats that are too wild to adopt and are living in bad conditions.
Estimates of the U.S. feral cat population range from a few million to 125 million, with the Humane Society saying 50 million. The disparity is part of a
n emotional issue that often comes before city councils and wildlife commissions.
"This argument is as controversial as the abortion argument," says Peter Marra, a bird expert at the Smithsonian Institution's Conservation Biology Institute. "It is about life vs. death."
Both sides cite scientific studies; both claim humane motivations. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) opposes TNR. The Humane Society, which uses the term "community cats," supports it and has TNR instructions its website.
Like Washington, Philadelphia is among major cities practicing TNR. Sue Cosby, executive director of the city's Animal Care and Control Team, says both sides want to reduce the feral cat population. She says most Philly feral cats are "living and eating well," fed by humans or adept at Dumpster-diving.
Linda Cherkassky, a volunteer wildlife rehabilitator in Voorhees, N.J., argues that most ecologists and conservationists oppose TNR.
"Cats are an invasive species," says Cherkassky, who monitors TNR activity around the country. "They aren't native, and they kill not just to eat, they kill for sport."
Smithsonian scientist Marra says feral cats are "a major threat to birds," responsible for the extinction of 30-35 island bird species around the globe. The American Bird Conservancy says cats rival window strikes as the top killer of birds.
The Interior Department's 2009 "State of the Birds" report concluded that domestic and feral cats annually kill "hundreds of millions of birds," one reason why a third of the 800 bird species in the USA are endangered, threatened or in significant decline.
But feral cats have active national and local protection networks, some supported by grants from pet-food companies.
Becky Robinson, president and co-founder of Alley Cat Allies, which calls itself cats' "biggest advocate" nationally, says roughly 200 cities and counties have instituted TNR policies. Feral cats "have a place; they are misunderstood, and they need to be understood," she says.
TNR advocate Nathan Winograd, founder of the No-Kill Advocacy Center in Oakland, estimates that 4 million animals are killed in U.S. shelters each year and that cats are euthanized at twice the rate of dogs.
But bird advocates say that feral cats, brought here centuries ago from Africa and the Middle East, are prolific multipliers and ferocious hunters and that TNR has not reduced the threat to birds.
"I detest the killing of cats and dogs or anything else," says George Fenwick, president of the American Bird Conservancy. "But this is out of control, and there may be no other answer."
He says that "people unwilling to euthanize cats are turning them loose with the idea that they will be cared for," but that "the facts are that a great, great majority" are not.
Teresa Chagrin, PETA's animal care and control specialist, says that "it is mystifying that anybody would say that a painless, quick end is cruelty when the other option is slow, lingering, painful, horrible deaths by cruelty from people, from attacks by dogs, or being hit by a car, or dying slowly of disease or ... gangrene in a ditch somewhere."
"There is a reason why shelters use euthanasia and it is to prevent suffering, which is what happens when they are homeless or living outside when nobody is taking care of them," she says.
Those opposing TNR got boosts from two recent scientific studies, one concluding that even house cats let outdoors were prolific killers, the other calling feral cats a public health threat and more likely than dogs to carry rabies.
But Robinson says human destruction of habitat and use of herbicides and pesticides are far bigger threats to birds. She says TNR opponents falsely believe reducing one species will save another.
"We are a nation of animal lovers," Robinson says. "We are not a nation of cat people or bird people."
Fenwick says he worries his side is "out-emotioned" and out-organized.
"Birders are quiet people who generally just want to take a walk and look at birds," he says.
Follow Chuck Raasch at @craasch
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What's going around this month.....
Mono and Sinusitis
Welcome to the November 2011 issue of the Health Matters Newsletter. The Health Matters Newsletter is published on a monthly basis on the Health Center home page, and is linked to the weekly Campus Report. The purpose of this newsletter is to share information, regarding pertinent medical issues and health and wellness suggestions with the students, faculty, and staff here at SUNY Fredonia. This month's topic will be on Mono and Sinusitis.
Infectious Mononucleosis is a relatively contagious infection caused by the Epstein Barr Virus. This virus is transmitted by saliva via sharing food, eating utensils, kissing, sneezing or coughing.
Signs and Symptoms
-Swollen Glands in neck, armpits or groin
-A rash, enlarged spleen or yellowing of the skin may also be seen
-Usually a diagnosis can be confirmed 4-7 days after the onset of illness by doing a blood test. Occasionally, the time interval may be longer or shorter.
-The incubation period may be 4-6 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms.
-The virus can remain in the saliva for approximately six months after acute symptoms are gone.
-Eat well, (small frequent meals) with adequate fluid intake is of primary importance.
-Get plenty of rest
-Lozenges or cough drops may soothe a sore or dry throat.
-Gargle with warm salt water to soothe a sore or dry throat.
-Concurrent throat infections are usually treated with antibiotics and at times steroids to decrease swelling.
-The health care provider will advise each individual of their limitations. Mild cases may allow a student to attend classes with extra rest periods throughout the day. More severe cases may require full time bed rest and/or rarely hospitalization.
- No Alcohol for six weeks from the time of diagnosis due to the possibility of affecting the liver.
-No contact sports or strenuous exercise for six weeks from the time of diagnosis due to the possibility of an enlarged spleen. A release from the Health Center will be necessary to resume physical activity.
In nearly all cases, a life- long immunity develops. A long lasting antibody shows up in the blood stream 6 – 8 weeks after infection. This will persist for the rest of your life usually giving you immunity from reinfection.
Sinusitis is an infection of the lining of one or more of the sinus cavities. The infection can be bacterial, viral or fungal. A common cold or allergies are frequent causes. When your sinus cavity is infected, the membranes of your nose swell and cause a nasal obstruction. Swelling of the membranes of your nose often obstruct the opening of your sinus and, therefore, prevents the draining of pus or mucous. Pain in your sinus area may result from inflammation itself or from the pressure as secretions build up in your sinuses.
Signs and Symptoms
-Pain and pressure around your eyes or cheeks which sometimes worsens with bending over, coughing or sneezing.
-Headache, toothache, bad breath.
-Thick colored (dark yellow, green, tan, blood tinged) nasal drainage.
-Difficulty breathing through your nose.
-Try to maintain an even temperature indoors.
-Refrain from bending over with your head down.
-Try applying warm facial packs or cautiously inhale steam from a basin of steaming water.
-Increase fluid intake to help dilute secretions
-Gently and regularly blow your nose.
-Cover your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, and wash your hands often with soap and water in order to prevent spreading germs to others.
-It is important to not share eating utensils, drinking glasses, water bottles or toothbrushes with others in order to prevent spreading germs to others.
-Take pain relievers such as Tylenol or Ibuprofen for discomfort.
-Use decongestants such as pseudophedrine or Mucinex D or a short term decongestant spray (no more then 72 hours)
-Try over the counter salt water (saline) nose drops or nasal sprays
-In most instances, a sinus infection is caused by a virus, and does not necessarily require an antibiotic for treatment. If an antibiotic is prescribed, you should see some improvement in 4 days. You must complete the entire course of antibiotics in order to treat the infection adequately. DO NOT share antibiotics with other people or save them for later.
- If symptoms continue to worsen, or no improvement is seen, you should be re-evaluated by a health care provider.
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Edible forest gardening is the art and science of putting plants together in woodlandlike patterns that forge mutually beneficial relationships, creating a garden ecosystem that is more than the sum of its parts. You can grow fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, other useful plants, and animals in a way that mimics natural ecosystems. You can create a beautiful, diverse, high-yield garden. If designed with care and deep understanding of ecosystemfunction, you can also design a garden that is largely self-maintaining. In many of the world's temperate-climate regions, your garden would soon start reverting to forest if you were to stop managing it.
We humans work hard to hold back succession—mowing, weeding, plowing, and spraying. If the successional process were the wind, we would be constantly motoring against it. Why not put up a sail and glide along with the land's natural tendency to grow trees? By mimicking the structure and function of forest ecosystems we can gain a number of benefits.
Why Grow an Edible Forest Garden?
While each forest gardener will have unique design goals, forest gardening in general has three primary practical intentions:
- High yields of diverse products such as food, fuel, fiber, fodder, fertilizer, 'farmaceuticals' and fun;
- A largely self-maintaining garden and;
- A healthy ecosystem.
As Masanobu Fukuoka once said, "The ultimate goal of farming is not the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of human beings." How we garden reflects our worldview. The ultimate goal of forest gardening is not only the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of new ways of seeing, of thinking, and of acting in the world.
Forest gardening gives us a visceral experience of ecology in action, teaching us how the planet works and changing our self-perceptions. Forest gardening helps us take our rightful place as part of nature doing nature's work, rather than as separate entities intervening in and dominating the natural world.
Where Can You Grow an Edible Forest Garden?
Anyone with a patch of land can grow a forest garden. They've been created in small urban yards and large parks, on suburban lots, and in small plots of rural farms. The smallest we have seen was a 30 by 50 foot (9 by 15 m) embankment behind an urban housing project, and smaller versions are definitely possible. The largest we have seen spanned 2 acres in a rural research garden.
Forest gardeners are doing their thing at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of elevation in the Rocky Mountains, on the coastal plain of the mid-Atlantic, and in chilly New Hampshire and Vermont. Forest gardening has a long history in the tropics, where there is evidence of the practice extending over 1,500 years. While you can grow a forest garden in almost any climate, it is easiest if you do it in a regions where the native vegetation is forest, especially deciduous forest.
Edible forest gardening is not necessarily gardening in the forest, it is gardening like the forest. You don't need to have an existing woodland if you want to forest garden, though you can certainly work with one. Forest gardeners use the forest as a design metaphor, a model of structure and function, while adapting the design to focus on meeting human needs in a small space.
While you can forest garden if you have a shady site, it is best if your garden site has good sun if you want the highest yields of fruits, nuts, berries, and most other products. Edible forest gardening is about expanding the horizons of our food gardening across the full range of the successional sequence, from field to forest, and everything in between.
Read more about the Architecture, Social Structure, Succession, Design, and Practice of Edible Forest Gardening HERE....
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Ground cherries are in the genus Physalis in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. This family also includes tomatoes, petunias, peppers, eggplant, Irish potato, tobacco, Jimson weed, horse nettles, belladona, and many other plants. All members of this family contain poisonous chemicals grouped as solanine glycoalkloids. Although the foliage and the green fruits of ground cherries contain these alkaloids, the mature fruits of all the known species are considered edible. The immature fruits of some species are used to make sauces in Mexican cooking and it is thought that all the alkaloids are destroyed by cooking. Green foliage or immature fruits of tomatoes, tobacco, potato, as well as most members of this family (except peppers and eggplant) contain alkaloids concentrated enough to make them so bitter and “foul-tasting” that they are not of much danger of being eaten except perhaps by young children. Physalis has been suspected but not confirmed in the poisoning of various livestock. Deer regularly browse P. angulata in Louisiana.
Physalis has its berry enclosed in a papery inflated calyx that looks somewhat like a Chinese lantern. One species (P. alkekengi) is cultivated for its large orange to red lantern-like calyces. It is a beautiful perennial for a flower bed and it makes and excellent plant for cut dried arrangements. Ground cherries are delicious raw or made into pies or preserves. Elias and Dykeman (Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide, 1990) describe the fruits as excellent for a trail snack or a desert. They suggest harvesting the fruits in mid to late summer and ripening them in their husks for a few weeks until yellow and sweet. Connie and Arnold Krochmal (A Naturalist’s Guide to Cooking with Wild Plants, 1974) give recipes for pickled ground cherries, ground cherry desert sauce, ground cherry pie, and ground cherry preserves. Tomatillos, P. philadelphica, previously called P. ixocarpa, are a necessary part of Mexican cuisine. It grows well in Louisiana and can be cultivated like peppers. The fruits are used in making green sauces used on eggs, meat, or rice and are an essential part of enchiladas verde. According to Heiser, (Of Plants and People, 1985), the sauce is made by mashing the fruits and adding onion or garlic, chili pepper, usually serano, but milder kinds can be used, coriander, salt, and pepper, and then cooking the mixture. The sauce is available commercially usually under the name of green taco sauce(as opposed to the tomato based red sauce). The taste of a raw tomatillo has been described as “mawkish” or like that of a really green tomato.
Ground cherries have also been used in medicine. The Chinese Lantern Plant’s fruits are also known as bladder cherry. Old time herbalists, because of the doctrine of signatures, reasoned that since the fruit was bladder-like, it had to be useful to treat bladder diseases. It was used to treat kidney and bladder stones. The genus name comes from a Greek word that means bladder. The herbals of the 16th and 17th centuries praised the fruit’s virtues as a diuretic, both to expel bladder stones and promote urine flow. Angier (Field Guide to Medicinal Wild Plants, 1993) calls P. pruniosa the strawberry tomato and says its fruit is pleasantly rich in vitamins A and C and in sodium, phosphorous, calcium, iron, potassium, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin when raw. He says a tea made from the simmered root was used by the Indians and pioneers for stomach trouble, and in stronger potions, used in efforts to treat and heal open wounds. Foster and Duke (Peterson Field Guides, Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, 1990) report that the American Indians made a tea of the leaves and roots of Clammy Ground Cherry, P. heterophylla, for headaches, wash for burns, scalds; in herbal compounds to induce vomiting for bad stomach aches; root and leaves poulticed for wounds. Seeds of this and other species were considered useful for difficult urination, fevers, inflammation, and various urinary disorders.
Since the seeds of ground cherry are long-lasting, they usually will continue to come up for years in the same area. I would suggest collecting mature fruit of the hairy annual species most common in Louisiana, P. pubescens, and planting it in the edge of a flower bed or on a lawn border. If one does not want to have the plant around the house then all “outdoor-types” should learn to identify this genus so that he or she can partake of the delicious fruits at a time of the yard when all the blueberries and blackberries are no longer available. Encourage the survival of our wild food plants. Illus. on this page and p.3 from Intermountain Flora Arthur Cronquist, etal.,Vol. 4., NY Botanical Garden. 1984.
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With the alarming trends in a growing STD problem at all levels of our society it is important that an integrated, well-staffed and effective public health effort be deployed against this threat to our citizens. The STD clinic at the City of Lubbock Health Department is a mainstay of clinical services in our community. With the threat of reductions in funding from the state it is important that funding be maintained so that Lubbock’s current 187% of state averages in STD rates does not skyrocket even further.
A problem identified in news articles and clinical journals involves the attitudes and behavior of health care professionals who stigmatize those seeking STD services. Inaccurate statements combined with political rhetoric lacking in empathy work against the effort of public health to deal with this problem.
This lack of professionalism among doctors and others in health care regarding STDs is not new. Dr. Laura J. McGough, Ph.D., in an article on the American Medical Association web site (http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2005/10/mhum1-0510.html) described the historical perspectives on this unfortunate attitude:
“In 1728, the impoverished Flora Price applied to her local parish churchwardens in London for assistance. Charitable support was provided at local parishes to carefully screened applicants. During her interview, she admitted that she suffered from the "pox," the common term for sexually transmitted diseases before physicians clinically distinguished between syphilis and gonorrhea. Instead of entering a hospital, she was sent to a workhouse, an institution created to correct "idleness," which at the time was widely regarded as the root cause of poverty. At the workhouse, she received mercury treatments for her illness. Her male contemporaries, however, were far more likely than indigent females to be admitted to hospitals, which provided bed rest in addition to mercury treatment. Female patients suffering from this "foul disease" did not win the sympathy of churchwardens as easily as male patients did. All poor patients, male and female, had to suffer the indignity of publicly admitting their diagnosis. Meanwhile, wealthy patients could afford private, confidential treatment with minimal, if any, loss to their reputations .
Historical cases about the "pox," such as the above example, provide useful insights about how stigma is perpetuated for present-day clinicians who treat acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The pox was regarded as a curable disease after the mid-16th century . Stigma nonetheless persisted and was reinforced in a variety of ways. As the case of Flora Price shows, the health care and social services systems themselves can contribute to stigma by offering different levels of care with varying standards of privacy, confidentiality, and comfort to patients. Since the wealthy can more successfully shield their disease while the poor rely on public resources, the association between disease and poverty becomes more closely linked. It is, in fact, a vicious, self-reinforcing circle, since poverty can also make people more vulnerable to disease. Stigma is embedded in these wider social processes of power and domination, inequality, and poverty .”
Elizabeth Boskey, Ph.D. (http://std.about.com/b/2011/01/08/when-doctors-stigmatize-std-patients.htm ) noted that when STDs are so thoroughly stigmatized-particularly herpes, that this can “lead to feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness that are entirely out of proportion to the severity of the disease.” She goes on to offer that “although education about safe sex and risk reduction measures is an appropriate professional response to an individual who has recently been diagnosed with an STD, judgment and derision are not in the least because they may stop patients from coming in for help when they need it again.”
It is essential that such inappropriate behavior not be tolerated among those who provide care to our community. Allowing such mischaracterizations and insults to go unchecked is to only deepen the loss experienced by those afflicted. It is particularly troubling when a member of the local Board of Health harbors such views.
As a health-care professional we are directed by our ethics to provide care and, in the case of my physician colleagues, to “do no harm”. The person is not the disease they suffer from and they deserve to be treated with compassion and understanding.
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Leave it to a sweet-faced Holstein to remind us of the ugly work of bringing beef to the dinner table. When the nation's first confirmed case of mad cow disease cropped up in December, Americans received a crash course on the nastier aspects of the cattle business. We learned, for instance, that cows walking up the slaughterhouse line are often killed with a blow to the head, which can spew bits of brain into the muscle. That there's a process called "advanced meat recovery" in which the meat—later ground into tasty sausages or ballpark hotdogs—is sheared so close to the bone that there's a decent chance the meat contains spinal cord tissue. And that newborn dairy calves often survive on a formula fortified with protein from the blood of their brethren.
With the mad cow scare, many of these practices are on their way out, and the industrial farming industry has made strides in recent years toward improving animal welfare. Yet there's still plenty about the way meat is raised in the United States that can turn the stomach of even the heartiest carnivore. So, it's no surprise some companies have decided there may be a market for meat raised in less grisly conditions. Burgerville, a Northwestern chain, announced this week that it would buy beef solely from "a cooperative of 40 sustainable family ranches dedicated to raising cattle in harmony with nature, without the use of hormones, antibiotics, genetically modified grain or any animal by-products." All of this sounds very lovely to the consumer, but how much difference does it make to the cow? And just how bad do the animals that end up in the grocery store really have it?
To answer these questions, Slate presents this guide to what likely happened to your meat—whether it's beef, pork, or poultry—on its way to the table.
Industrial Beef: Life starts out serenely for most beef calves, who spend their first six months alongside their mothers, nibbling grass in open pastures, as described by Michael Pollan, who wrote an excellent New York Times Magazine piece, titled "Power Steer," on the cattle industry. But soon after that six-month mark, the stock is moved onto the feedlot and the factory farming begins.
Life on the feedlot is dismal: Several thousand head are crammed into the facility, where cattle spend days standing cheek to jowl, in mud and manure. At about 14 months, when cattle reach 1,200 pounds, they're ready for slaughter. (Listen to Pollan discussing this process with Terry Gross on Fresh Air.)
To get cattle to balloon in a span of months, ranchers stuff the feedlot cattle with a high-fat (and cheap) corn diet and administer growth hormones for an additional boost. Until recently, cattle also ate protein supplements made from ground-up chicken parts, "poultry litter" (feces and other debris swept off the chicken factory floor, including potentially cow parts that been ground up into chicken feed), and other mammalian byproducts. (Cattle also were fed cow and sheep bits, until the United States banned the practice in 1997 in an effort to keep mad cow disease out of American herds.)
As the Web site FactoryFarming.com points out, cattle's digestive systems are designed to process a grass-based diet, high in fiber and low in fat; the high-calorie corn diet creates potentially fatal digestive problems that must be treated with antibiotics. Drugs also keep down diseases that can thrive in such tight quarters. Animal rights activists warn, however, that the rampant use of these drugs in food production reduces their effectiveness in fighting human illness.
The Alternatives: To be certified "organic," cattle must be raised without hormones or antibiotics of any kind and must eat only pesticide-free vegetarian feed. Beef labeled "grass-fed" is the favorite of many animal rights activists. "Grass-fed" cattle likely spent months ambling in pastures before meeting the knife. (This beef is sometimes labeled "natural" rather than organic, since in order to meet that organic bar ranchers would have to certify that thousands of acres of rangeland, much of which may be federal property, is free of pesticides.) However, cattle raised in these fashions usually don't escape the factory farm experience entirely—they often spend a finishing period on feedlots before being slaughtered (a 90-day stay is typical). To avoid this, keep an eye out for labels that read "never confined to a feedlot." Ask butchers for specifics on how the animal was raised or check out producers' Web sites. Two for grass-fed beef are www.meadowraisedmeats.com and www.eatwild.com. Expect to pay for this peace of mind, though; organic beef can cost 50 percent more than the standard fare; grass-fed New York strip steak sells for $9.99 a pound at a local Whole Foods; the conventional version at Safeway is a dollar cheaper.
Industrial Pork: If you pity burgers-to-be, you'll pity pending pork chops. Raised in huge warehouses lined with pens—called CAFOs or confined animal feeding operations—hogs live a grim existence. Pregnant sows live in narrow "gestation crates"—about 2 by 7 feet, too small to turn around in—with slanted floors that allow waste to drop through. As animal rights Food Animal Concerns Trust describes, sows are impregnated again and again, until they're sent to the slaughterhouse at around age 3 (in more natural conditions a pig can live into its teens). Each time a sow gives birth, she is briefly moved to a larger farrowing stall.
But after 15 days or so, the sow returns to the gestation crate to be inseminated again, and her piglets head to crowded pens. Once they reach 50 pounds, some are culled for breeding stock; the others are sent to a "finishing facility"—another set of crowded pens—until they reach typical slaughter-weight of 250 pounds, at six months. In these tight confines, cannibalism is common and the hogs often nonchalantly chew off their neighbors' tails. To prevent this from happening, hog producers clip the tails off.
The Alternatives: As with organic beef, organic pork is vegetarian, and antibiotic- and hormone-free, but may have spent months in cramped CAFOs. Some producers also sell what they call free-range or meadow-raised pork, meaning pigs that are pastured for much of the year. (These pigs certainly look happier.) But there are no restrictions on the use of these terms, so be sure to ask for the details. Also, in some states, there are efforts to ban the use of gestation crates in hog farming; for instance, Florida voters approved a ballot measure outlawing the practice.
Industrial Turkey: Turkeys live many to a pen, with about 3 square feet per bird. Farmers trim their beaks and toes to prevent the turkeys from attacking each other. The American love of white meat has pushed farmers to selectively breed their flocks for massive, bulging breasts and the ability to gain weight quickly. Commercial poults, or baby turkeys, go from 3-ounce newborns to 30-pound platter prizes in about 18 weeks, according to the industry group National Turkey Federation. This rapid weight may be behind many health problems, such as lameness and heart and lung trouble.
Modern turkeys are so breast-heavy they walk clumsily and cannot fly. Wild turkeys, admired by Benjamin Franklin for their athleticism, have a slim appearance, can run as fast as 18 mph, and bolt into the skies at highway speeds. Commercial toms, on the other hand, also have trouble raising their bodies high enough to have sex at all. Toms stay in one pen, hens in another, with farm workers ferrying the turkey sperm in between.
Industrial Chicken: Broilers (eatin' birds) live in similarly cramped pens. The eye-searing scent of urine on poultry CAFOs can wreak havoc on the birds' respiratory systems and can even cause blindness. Broilers are bred to pack on the pounds fast, too. The average broiler chicken weighs approximately 5 pounds when it heads to market at about 7-weeks-old. * The U.S. Department of Agriculture has sponsered studies that examine skeletal problems associated with rapid growth; an abstract of one mentions: "Approximately 30% of commercially raised broilers have leg disorders severe enough to impair their mobility."
Industrial Eggs: Chickens destined for egg production fare worse than the birds we eat. They often undergo beak- and toe-trimming and are kept in "battery cages" (as small as 16 by 18 inches) with five or six other birds, then the cages are stacked floor to ceiling in a warehouse-type facility. Animal rights groups charge that chicks born male are tossed alive into a meat grinder to be processed for cattle feed, gassed, or just dumped in trash bags to suffocate. (They're a different breed than what's used for broilers, so they can't be raised for meat.) The females live out their 2-year lives in sloped-bottomed cages that allow the eggs to roll down into troughs and be carried off on conveyor belts. When the hens reach a little over a year, producers withhold food to force molting, or feather loss. This process gives the hens a second wind, adding another 40 weeks to their egg-laying lives. The group Compassion Over Killing contends that nearly 10 percent of a typical flock die from disease or hang themselves on the cage bars. When the hens reach 2, they're sometimes slaughtered for pet food or processed food, such as chicken hot dogs.
The Alternatives: Fast-food giant McDonald's announced in 2000 that all producers who supply its eggs must give hens 72 square inches each (more than three times what they typically get), cannot use forced-molting, and should move toward stopping de-beaking chicks altogether.
But what about free-range poultry? According to activists, turkeys and chickens labeled "free range" didn't necessarily enjoy much more mobility than their CAFO-raised peers. In the United States, poultry can be labeled free-range as long as there's some access to the outdoors, for some of the birds in a flock. Free-range chicks may be de-beaked, and free-range egg-laying hens still spend their days in battery cages—they just have a bit more room to move about. One term to keep an eye out for is "cage free"—fowl raised in open spaces are likely a bit better off.
Correction, Feb. 27. 2004: This piece originally stated broiler chickens are routinely de-beaked and toe trimmed; they typically do not undergo these procedures. Some broiler-breeder chickens may be de-beaked. Broilers also are about 7-weeks-old, not 5, when slaughtered. Return to the corrected item.
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Keyboard shortcuts are essential for being productive on any device with a keyboard, whether it’s a Windows PC or a Mac. Use these keyboard shortcuts to get around your Mac more quickly.
Many Mac keyboard shortcuts work just like the Windows ones but use the Command and Option keys. Other keyboard shortcuts are entirely different.
Launching and Quitting Applications
Spotlight Search: Press Command + Space to open the Spotlight search field. You can quickly start typing to search and press Enter to launch an application or open a file. Think of this like pressing the Windows key and typing to search and launch applications on Windows.
Force Quit Applications: Press Command + Option + Escape to open the Force Quit Applications dialog, where you can forcibly close if they’re frozen. This is the Mac equivalent to pressing Ctrl + Alt + Escape to open the Task Manager on Windows.
Force Quit The Current Application: Press Command + Shift + Option + Escape and hold down the keys for three seconds. Your Mac will force-close the front-most application, which is useful if it isn’t responding and you can’t even open the Force Quit Applications window. Note that this can cause applications to lose your work. Like the Task Manager on Windows, you should only use this feature when necessary.
Different web browsers share standard keyboard shortcuts that work similarly on all operating systems, including Mac OS X. On a Mac, the big difference is that you’ll usually be pressing the Command key instead of the Ctrl or Alt keys you’d press on Windows.
- Command + F – Start searching the current page. This also works in other applications.
- Command + Left Arrow – Go back a page.
- Command + Right Arrow – Go forward a page.
- Command + T – Open a new tab.
- Command + W – Close the current tab.
- Command + L – Focus the browser’s location bar so you can start typing a search or web address immediately.
- Ctrl + Tab – Switch between open tabs.
- Ctrl + Shift + Tab – Switch between open tabs in reverse.
Check out our guide to web browser keyboard shortcuts for a more exhaustive list.
Text-editing keyboard shortcuts also function similarly between Mac and Windows. One again, you’ll mostly just be pressing the Command key instead of the Ctrl key. This is a bigger difference than it seems at first glance. The Command key is directly adjacent to the Space bar on Mac keyboards, while the Ctrl key is in the bottom-left corner on Windows keyboards. The way you have to position your fingers is different, so your muscle memory can interfere with these shortcuts.
- Command + A – Select All
- Command + X – Cut
- Command + C – Copy
- Command + V – Paste
- Command + Z – Undo
- Command + Shift + Z – Redo
- Command + Left Arrow – Go to the beginning of the current line.
- Command + Right Arrow – Go to the end of the current line.
- Option + Left Arrow – Move the cursor left one word.
- Option + Right Arrow – Move the cursor right one word.
- Option + Delete – Delete the word to the left of the cursor. Bear in mind that the Delete button on a Mac functions like Backspace on Windows.
As on Windows, you can press Shift to select text while using these shortcuts. For example, hold down Shift and Option and tap the left arrow repeatedly to select entire previous words.
Managing Open Applications
Macs offer an application switcher that works just like Alt + Tab does on Windows, but there are many more keyboard shortcuts that tie into the Mission Control feature. Read our our guide to using Mission Control for more keyboard shortcuts and tricks.
- Command + Tab – Move through a list of open applications. This is like Alt + Tab on Windows.
- Command + Shift + Tab – Move through the list in reverse.
- Command + Q – Quit the current application. This is like Alt + F4 on Windows.
- F3 – Open Mission Control to view all open application windows and desktops.
- Ctrl + Left Arrow – Move one desktop to the left.
- Ctrl + Right Arrow – Move one desktop to the right.
If you’d like to take a screenshot of your Mac’s entire screen, just press Command + Shift + 3. You can also press Command + Shift + 4 to take a picture of part of the screen. The screenshot will be saved to your Mac’s desktop.
Image Credit: Ian Dick on Flickr
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