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2989
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Who was Raphael's teacher?
|
[
{
"docid": "44525#6",
"text": "According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice \"despite the tears of his mother\". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495. Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: \"probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did\", according to Wölfflin. Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a \"master\", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.",
"title": "Raphael"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21453870#0",
"text": "Raphael Hillyer (April 10, 1914 – December 27, 2010) was an American viola soloist, teacher. Born Raphael Silverman in Ithaca, New York, his career included playing in the Boston Symphony Orchestra and co-founding the Juilliard String Quartet. Hillyer was still lecturing and teaching viola at Boston University during the final month of his life.",
"title": "Raphael Hillyer"
},
{
"docid": "1485079#0",
"text": "Raphael von Koeber (, January 15, 1848 in Nizhny Novgorod - June 14, 1923 in Yokohama) was a notable Russian-German teacher of philosophy at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan.",
"title": "Raphael von Koeber"
},
{
"docid": "51161865#4",
"text": "Growing up, education was of the utmost importance for Raphael. Her mother was one of the key driving factors for pushing an education because she saw that education was the key to advancing in life. Raphael’s path to climatology specifically was internally driven; however, she had people in her life that served as role models and mentors. Her high school teacher as well as her undergraduate adviser were both very encouraging of her pursuits into the geosciences. Professor Raphael’s interest in the Southern Hemisphere specifically came about when she was pursuing her PhD in Geography by her PhD adviser’s adviser.",
"title": "Marilyn Raphael"
},
{
"docid": "3535755#0",
"text": "Raphael of St. Joseph Kalinowski, O.C.D. (, ) (1 September 1835 – 15 November 1907) was a Polish Discalced Carmelite friar inside the Russian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the city of Vilnius (). He was a teacher, engineer, prisoner of war, royal tutor, and priest, who founded many Carmelite monasteries around Poland after their suppression by the Russians.",
"title": "Raphael Kalinowski"
},
{
"docid": "22669761#1",
"text": "Sylvia Raphael was born on 1 April 1937, near Cape Town, South Africa. Raphael, whose father was a Jewish atheist and mother was Christian, was raised in her mother's religion. Having witnessed an antisemitic incident in her native country as a child, however, she immigrated to Israel in 1963. She initially lived on a kibbutz, and later worked as a teacher before moving to Tel Aviv, where she was recruited by Mossad. After training she attained the rank of “combatant,” the highest rank for a Mossad agent. This ranking qualified Raphael to operate in foreign countries, and she was sent to Paris in the guise of a freelance journalist with a Canadian passport in the name of real-life Canadian photojournalist Patricia Roxborough. When the Israeli government decided to track down the Black September operatives who committed the Munich massacre in Munich, West Germany in 1972, Raphael provided valuable intelligence which led to the killing of three, before being assigned to an Operation Wrath of God team.",
"title": "Sylvia Raphael"
},
{
"docid": "3201527#1",
"text": "Raphael Rabello was born in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was the youngest child of his family, which included many musicians. His sister Luciana was a well-known cavaquinho player and his other sister, Amélia, became a singer. His first guitar teacher was an older brother, Ruy Fabiano, when Raphael Rabello was seven years old. However, the biggest influence on Rabello starting his music studies was his grandfather, José de Queiroz Baptista, who was a choro guitar player.",
"title": "Raphael Rabello"
},
{
"docid": "30326917#25",
"text": "Rabbi Raphael shepherded the congregation from strength to strength during a time of generational change in San Francisco and the American Jewish world. His lasting legacy includes creating a big tent for Judaism at Sherith Israel's Reform congregation, building community in a city of changing demographics and culture, and committing to the challenge of bringing the historic synagogue into compliance with the city’s seismic retrofit mandate. Rabbi Raphael is, was, and always will be a teacher. His plans after Sherith Israel include teaching at the Fromm Institute and at Lehraus Judaica. He also will work with faith leaders on important issues affecting the lives of San Francisco residents as a board member of the San Francisco Interfaith Council. Rabbi Raphael will also volunteer with the Bay Area Jewish Healing Center.",
"title": "Congregation Sherith Israel (San Francisco, California)"
},
{
"docid": "21096672#0",
"text": "Raphael Levi Hannover (1685 – May 17, 1779) was a German mathematician and astronomer. The son of Jacob Joseph, Hannover was born at Weikersheim, Franconia in 1685. He was educated at the Jewish school of Hanover and at the yeshivah of Frankfurt am Main, and became bookkeeper in the firm of Simon Wolf Oppenheimer in Hanover. Here he attracted the attention of Leibniz, and for a number of years was one of his most distinguished pupils (including last secretary), and afterward teacher of mathematics, astronomy, and natural philosophy. He also corresponded with Moses Mendelssohn.",
"title": "Raphael Levi Hannover"
},
{
"docid": "39465080#5",
"text": "\"Raphael’s Ephemeris\" was issued as a separate publication after Smith’s death, whilst others adopted and continued with the name ‘Raphael’. The second Raphael was John Palmer (1807–1837), a former student of Smith’s, who edited \"Raphael's Sanctuary of the Astral Art\" in 1834; the third was a Mr. Medhurst, the editor of the \"Prophetic Messenger\" between c. 1837–1847. Smith is sometimes confused with ‘Edwin Raphael’, who in fact was the pseudonym for the succeeding Raphael, (number four) a certain Mr. Wakeley (d. 1852). Number five was a Mr. Sparkes (1820–1875), editor of the \"Prophetic Messenger\" from 1852 to 1872, who even briefly edited \"Raphael’s Ephemeris\"’ main rival at the time, \"Zadkiel’s Almanac\". (‘Zadkiel’ was the pseudonym of Richard James Morrison, an astrologer/inventor whose almanac dates back to 1831.) Robert Thomas Cross (1850–1923) became the next Raphael, obtaining the copyright to the publication at some time in the 1870s.",
"title": "Raphael’s Ephemeris"
},
{
"docid": "44525#5",
"text": "His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been \"a great help to his father\". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello.",
"title": "Raphael"
}
] |
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] |
2990
|
Who is considered the founder of modern psychology?
|
[
{
"docid": "203499#16",
"text": "Fechner, along with Wilhelm Wundt and Hermann von Helmholtz, is recognized as one of the founders of modern experimental psychology. His clearest contribution was the demonstration that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as Immanuel Kant had long stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.",
"title": "Gustav Fechner"
},
{
"docid": "34128#0",
"text": "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (; ; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist. He is widely regarded as the \"father of experimental psychology\". In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study. By creating this laboratory he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other disciplines. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, \"Philosophische Studien\" (from 1881 to 1902), set up to publish the Institute's research.",
"title": "Wilhelm Wundt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1645#18",
"text": "Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of experimental psychology, for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions. Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the \"founder of psychophysics\", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology. Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed.",
"title": "Ibn al-Haytham"
},
{
"docid": "26277853#29",
"text": "Psychology of religion and spirituality is the psychological study of religious and spiritual experiences, beliefs, activities, and feelings. This subfield has existed since modern psychology's early days, and is the focus of Division 36 of the American Psychological Association. William James (1842–1910) is regarded by most psychologists of religion/spirituality as the founder of the field, and his \"Varieties of Religious Experience\" is considered to be a classic work in the field. Since 2008, the American Psychological Association has published a journal dedicated to this subfield, entitled the \"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality\". In recent decades, scholars have increasingly conceptualized religion as a way of living, rather than merely a belief system or institution. Religion and spirituality are commonly viewed as distinct but overlapping constructs. Surveys indicate that large majorities of US adults consider religion and/or spirituality to be very important in their lives. Scientific and psychological interest in the psychology of religion/spirituality has increased substantially in recent decades. The American Psychological Association now publishes many books on the topic of religion/spirituality.\nThe Association's publications include the recent (2013) two-volume \"Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality\", with Volume One focusing on theory, and Volume Two focusing on applications.",
"title": "Subfields of psychology"
},
{
"docid": "27092290#0",
"text": "Narendra Nath Sen Gupta (23 December 1889 – 13 June 1944) was a Harvard-educated Indian psychologist, philosopher, and professor, who is generally recognized as the founder of modern psychology in India along with Indian Scientist Gunamudian David Boaz. In 1940, he established the Second independent department of psychology in India–the Department of Experimental Psychology, at the University of Calcutta, the first Being in University of Madras by Dr.Gunamudian David Boaz.",
"title": "Narendra Nath Sen Gupta"
},
{
"docid": "748976#0",
"text": "Ernst Heinrich Weber (24 June 1795 – 26 January 1878) was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology. He was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, along with his emphasis on good experimental techniques gave way to new directions and areas of study for future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists.",
"title": "Ernst Heinrich Weber"
},
{
"docid": "15066399#0",
"text": "Eugene Galanter was one of the modern founders of cognitive psychology. He was an academic in the field of experimental psychology and an author. Dr. Galanter was Professor Emeritus of Psychology end Quondam Director of the Psychophysics Laboratory at Columbia University. He was also the co-founder, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Scientific Officer of Children’s Progress, an award-winning New York City-based company that specializes in the use of computer technology in early education. The company's assessments and reports have been used in 40 states and 9 countries.",
"title": "Eugene Galanter"
},
{
"docid": "3149338#0",
"text": "Paul Vidal de La Blache (Pézenas, Hérault, 22 January 1845 - Tamaris-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer. He is considered to be the founder of modern French geography and also the founder of the French School of Geopolitics. He conceived the idea of \"genre de vie\", which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.",
"title": "Paul Vidal de La Blache"
},
{
"docid": "33994346#15",
"text": "Sherif was a founder of modern social psychology, who developed several unique and powerful techniques for understanding social processes, particularly social norms and social conflict. Sherif's experimental study of autokinetic movement demonstrated how mental evaluation norms were created by human beings. Sherif is equally famous for the Robbers Cave Experiments. This series of experiments, begun in Connecticut and concluded in Oklahoma, took boys from intact middle-class families, who were carefully screened to be psychologically normal, delivered them to a summer camp setting (with researchers doubling as counselors) and created social groups that came into conflict with each other.",
"title": "Social experiment"
},
{
"docid": "32127#65",
"text": "Philosophers John Dewey who founded functional psychology, George H. Mead who is considered to be one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general, Leo Strauss, prominent philosopher and the founder of the Straussian School in philosophy, noted analyzer of power Hannah Arendt, and Nobel Prize in Literature winning thinker Bertrand Russell, as well as writers T.S. Eliot, Ralph Ellison and J.M. Coetzee have all served on the faculty.",
"title": "University of Chicago"
},
{
"docid": "364299#3",
"text": "Weber was a German physician who is credited with being one of the founders of experimental psychology. His main interests were the sense of touch and kinesthesis. His most memorable contribution is the suggestion that judgments of sensory differences are relative and not absolute. This relativity is expressed in \"Weber's Law,\" which suggests that the just-noticeable difference, or jnd is a constant proportion of the ongoing stimulus level. Weber's Law is stated as an equation: \nwhere formula_2 is the original intensity of stimulation, formula_3 is the addition to it required for the difference to be perceived (the jnd), and \"k\" is a constant. Thus, for k to remain constant, formula_3 must rise as I increases. Weber’s law is considered the first quantitative law in the history of psychology.",
"title": "Experimental psychology"
}
] |
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] |
2991
|
How did the Great Revolt end?
|
[
{
"docid": "429438#40",
"text": "The Great Revolt of Judea marked the beginning of the Jewish–Roman wars, which radically changed the Eastern Mediterranean and had a crucial impact on the development of the Roman Empire and the Jews. Despite the defeat of the Great Revolt, tensions continued to build in the region. With the Parthian threat from the East, major Jewish communities throughout the Eastern Mediterranean revolted in 117 CE. The revolt, known as the Kitos War, while poorly-organized, was extremely violent and took two years for the Roman armies to subdue. Although only the final chapter of the Kitos War was fought in Judea, the revolt is considered part of the Jewish–Roman Wars. The immense number of casualties during the Kitos War depopulated Cyrenaica and Cyprus and also reduced Jewish and Greco-Roman populations in the region. The final conflict in the Jewish–Roman Wars erupted in 132 CE in Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba. Although Bar Kokhba was initially successful against Roman forces and established a short-lived state, the eventual Roman effort defeated Bar Kokhba's rebels. The result was an almost complete genocide of the Jews, a ban on Judaism, and the renaming of the province from Judea to Syria Palaestina. Although Hadrian's death (in 137 CE) eased restrictions and persecution of the Jews, the survivors of his campaign were not many. Only a small Jewish community of several thousand survived in Galilee, with smaller communities in other parts of the Mediterranean.",
"title": "First Jewish–Roman War"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4162994#0",
"text": "The Great Syrian Revolt () or Great Druze Revolt (1925–1927) was a general uprising across Mandatory Syria and Lebanon aimed at getting rid of the French, who had been in control of the region since the end of World War I. The uprising was not centrally coordinated; rather, it was attempted by multiple factions – among them Sunni, Druze, Alawite, Christian, and Shia – with the common goal of ending French rule. The revolt was ultimately put down by French forces.",
"title": "Great Syrian Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "57172#0",
"text": "The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country. A wide spectrum of rural society, including many local artisans and village officials, rose up in protest, burning court records and opening the local gaols. The rebels sought a reduction in taxation, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom, and the removal of the King's senior officials and law courts.",
"title": "Peasants' Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "631757#10",
"text": "Comparing the peasant revolts of the Tard Avisés with the Great Fear of 1789 reveals some key similarities and differences. From 1593–1595, in Limousin and Périgord, groups of peasants rose up against the armed forces that occupied the countryside and raised funds by levying taxes and ransom. In a series of assemblies, the Croquants, as they were pejoratively called, worked on a military plan for action and successfully expelled the garrisons from their lands. The letters between these assemblies justified their armed resistance as opposition to unjust claims on their property. When the chaotic political situation was stabilized with the coronation of Henry IV, the revolts ended and the peasants were eventually accorded the tax rebate they had demanded earlier. The Tard-Avisés had specific goals and achieved them; the same cannot be said of the participants in the Great Fear.",
"title": "Great Fear"
},
{
"docid": "17815307#8",
"text": "Hermann's plan to gather an army on the banks of the Danube and march into Italy in support of the pope was dashed by the death of his main retainer, Otto of Nordheim. When Henry, now the crowned Holy Roman Emperor, returned north and came into Saxony with an army in 1085, Hermann fled to Denmark. He returned, however, in alliance with Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, and defeated the emperor at the Battle of Bleichfeld on the River Main, taking Würzburg. Soon after his victory, however, he tired of being a pawn in the hands of the grandees and retired to his familial estates. The Great Saxon Revolt civil war may have ended in 1088, for in 1089 Countess Matilda married Duke Welf II of Bavaria, but Duke Welf I only died in 1101.",
"title": "Great Saxon Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "631757#7",
"text": "Peasant revolt was clearly not a phenomenon new to late eighteenth-century France: the fourteenth century saw the Jacquerie in the Oise Valley, and the seventeenth century saw the Croquant rebellions. Yves-Marie Bercé, in History of the Peasant Revolts, concludes \"peasant revolts of the years 1789–92 had much in common with their seventeenth-century counterparts: unanimity of the rural community, rejection of new taxation to which they were unaccustomed, defiance of enemy townsmen and a belief that there would be a general remission in taxes, particularly when the king decided to convene the estates general. In spite of all that is suggested by the political history of the period, the peasant disturbances at the beginning of the French Revolution did not depart from the typical community revolt of the preceding century.\"",
"title": "Great Fear"
},
{
"docid": "909512#28",
"text": "According to Cohen, this process ended in 70 CE, after the great revolt, when various Jewish sects disappeared and Pharisaic Judaism evolved into Rabbinic Judaism, and Christianity emerged as a distinct religion.\nMany historians argue that the Gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s, and need to be understood in this context. They view Christians as much as Pharisees as being competing movements \"within\" Judaism that decisively broke only after the Bar Kokhba's revolt, when the successors of the Pharisees claimed hegemony over all Judaism, and – at least from the Jewish perspective – Christianity emerged as a new religion.",
"title": "Historical background of the New Testament"
},
{
"docid": "4162994#1",
"text": "In 1918, towards the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire's forces withdrew from Syria after being defeated by the Allied Powers (Great Britain and France) and their Hashemite Arab allies from the Hejaz. The British had promised the Hashemites control over a united Arab state consisting of the bulk of Arabic-speaking lands from which the Ottomans withdrew, even as the Allies made other plans for the region in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement.",
"title": "Great Syrian Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "12625919#1",
"text": "The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture the territory from the British during the American War of Independence. It began in June 1779 and was still ongoing at the time that Mozart wrote the piece; it did not end until February 1783. In September 1782, a large British fleet comprising 31 transport ships and 34 ships of the line brought vital supplies, food and ammunition as well as three regiments to Gibraltar to resupply and strengthen the garrison. It was opposed by a Franco-Spanish fleet but reached Gibraltar unopposed due to a storm which dispersed the French and Spanish ships. The fleet's commander, Admiral Richard Howe, then fought the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartel before returning to Britain. The success of the relief operation put an end to the besiegers' hopes of overcoming the British defenders, and the following January a peace agreement was reached to end the fighting.",
"title": "Bardengesang auf Gibraltar: O Calpe! Dir donnert's am Fuße"
},
{
"docid": "17815307#2",
"text": "After meeting with a penitent Henry IV in the fall of 1076, the pope had removed the first excommunication of the impetuous and hot-headed twenty-six-year-old monarch. However, during the same fall-winter season the organizers of the revolt by the nobility were arranging for all to meet in late winter to further their own ends against the interests of the young emperor-elect. With the delays of news and events imposed by High Middle Ages travel, communications heralding the rapprochement were delayed enough that the decision was made to just go ahead and meet anyway. The diverse council of Saxon, Bavarian, and Carinthian princes met in the March 1077, about as soon as early spring travel conditions allowed, in Forchheim (Oberfranken), and despite the reconciliation between the pope and Henry decided to press forward with their desires to expand their own powers.",
"title": "Great Saxon Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "17815307#0",
"text": "The Great Saxon Revolt was a civil war between 1077 and 1088 early in the history of the Holy Roman Empire led by a group of opportunistic German princes who elected as their figurehead the duke of Swabia and anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfeld, a two-way brother-in-law of the young Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (Henry was crowned at the age of six and took on his offices when aged sixteen). It followed the Saxon Rebellion of 1073–75.",
"title": "Great Saxon Revolt"
},
{
"docid": "429438#0",
"text": "The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), sometimes called the Great Revolt ( \"\"), was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire, fought in the Eastern Mediterranean. The First Jewish–Roman War took place mainly in the province of Judea (Iudaea); the second was the Kitos War in 115–117, which took place mainly in the diaspora (in Cyprus, Egypt, Mesopotamia and only marginally in Judea), and the third was Bar Kokhba's revolt of 132–136 CE, concentrating in Judea province.",
"title": "First Jewish–Roman War"
}
] |
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2992
|
Where is the Palatine Forest?
|
[
{
"docid": "4209088#0",
"text": "The Palatinate Forest (, ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park () covering 1,771 km and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (673 m).",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "40891470#2",
"text": "In the southern Palatine Forest, the German part of the Wasgau, the Palatine Watershed begins on the French border in the area of the Erlenkopf hill (473 m above NHN), where it is a continuation of the watershed in the northern Vosges. Always generally running from southwest to northeast it initially heads eastwards past Eppenbrunn and Pirmasens over the Großer Schiffelskopf () and reaches the region of Gräfenstein Land. From there it runs up the Hortenkopf () in the central Frankenweide. Several kilometres it passes through the hamlet of Johanniskreuz (), one of the highest settlements in the Palatine Forest. The watershed then reaches the area west of Waldleiningen in the Lower Frankenweide.",
"title": "Palatine Watershed"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4209088#55",
"text": "In addition to beech, the oak is another characteristic tree of the Palatinate Forest, albeit botanically speaking they are mainly sessile oak rather than English oak. It is the main tree species of larger, sometimes centuries-old, stands in the regions around Johanniskreuz, Eschkopf and Weißenberg and may also be found further south between Fischbach and Eppenbrunn, where, as well as the plateaus of the central Palatinate Forest, it prefers sunnier slopes (west to south-east facing slopes). But in the rest of Palatinate Forest, it is on the increase and usually forms, together with beech, often very natural, primeval, mixed forest (natural forest), which enjoys special protection as a core zone of the Palatine Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve (see biosphere reserve). In addition, from a forestry point of view the oaks of the Palatinate Forest are a particularly high priority because the wood veneer produced from them is recognized worldwide as being of unique quality.\nDespite the decline in its share of the total tree population from 44 to 34 percent in 2008, the pine continues to be a dominant species of the low mountain range. This is due to the historical background, especially in the Haardt area, where they once heavily dominated the scene with 60 to 70 percent share of the forest. It is traditionally planted on dry, sunny, south-facing slopes. Like oak and beech it is an autochthonous member of the forest community, although for the purposes of reforesting devastated areas (see forest history) pine species from other regions have been introduced and mixed with indigenous species. In Waldleiningen in the mid-Palatinate Forest and on the peaty soils at Bitche in the French part of the biosphere reserve \"relict\" pine forests have survived, in which the character of the original pine forest can be vividly seen.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "41520924#0",
"text": "Walking routes in the Palatine Forest fall into two categories. The first are longer walking routes, most of which are maintained by the Palatine Forest Club (), or \"PWV\", and which are linked to the national and international network of long distance paths. The second category are those local circular walks and themed walking routes, some of which are of wider regional importance, and which are maintained by municipal authorities. The Palatine Forest, as part of the Palatine Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve, is an important conservation area. As a result, the Palatine Forest, the bunter sandstone landscape of the Palatine Forest Nature Park, the castles in the Dahner Felsenland and the cross-border paths into Alsace and the Vosges make the region particularly popular with ramblers and walkers.",
"title": "Walking routes in the Palatine Forest"
},
{
"docid": "4209088#7",
"text": "The Palatinate Forest can be divided into three areas.The Palatinate Forest is a major (3rd level) natural region within the Palatine-Saarland Scarplands (a 2nd order major region) and runs south as far as the Col de Saverne, i.e. far into French territory, where it continues as the Vosges ridge. This often goes unrecognized as a result of the French border; hence the French southern part of the natural region is often, wrongly, counted as part of the North Vosges.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "4209088#48",
"text": "The Palatine Watershed, the drainage divide between the Rhine (Upper Rhine) and Moselle (Middle Rhine) comes from the Sickingen Heights in the west and reaches the northern Palatine Forest immediately west and south of the city of Kaiserslautern where it turns southeast. From Johanniskreuz it runs initially southwards – passing the Eschkopf and Mosisberg to the west – and then bends southwest in the area of the Hortenkopf; in this direction it continues via Gräfenstein Castle, Lemberg and forester's lodge, \"Forsthaus Hohe List\", before finally leaving German soil at the \"Erlenkopf\" southeast of Eppenbrunn (see map). It follows various ridges that are interconnected and separate the river system of the Schwarzbach from all the other drainage systems mentioned here.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "26581162#0",
"text": "The Palatinate Forest Nature Park () lies in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany and borders on France. The nature park covers an area of and some 76% of its area is under the woods of the Palatinate Forest, the largest contiguous forest region in Germany. Together with a part of northern Alsace it forms the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve and has an impressive Bunter sandstone landscape.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest Nature Park"
},
{
"docid": "23323236#0",
"text": "The Palatine Forest Mountain Bike Park () in the Palatinate Forest is a mountain bike trail network in Germany, in the centre of the biosphere reserve of the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges. The network was opened in April 2005.",
"title": "Palatine Forest Mountain Bike Park"
},
{
"docid": "41093682#0",
"text": "The Palatine Forest Club () is a hiking club in the former Bavarian Palatinate, i.e. the southern part of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saarland county of Saarpfalz-Kreis. In 2011 it had 221 local branches with around 27,000 members.",
"title": "Palatine Forest Club"
},
{
"docid": "23978034#0",
"text": "The Upper Palatine-Bavarian Forest (), (no. D63 or 40) is a natural region in Germany in the northeast of Bavaria. It mainly comprises the low mountain ranges of the Bavarian Forest and Upper Palatine Forest which are up to 1456 m high and border on the Bohemian Massif immediately inside the Czech Republic's southwestern border with Germany.Neighbouring main unit groups are:",
"title": "Upper Palatine-Bavarian Forest"
},
{
"docid": "4209088#10",
"text": "The name \"Pfälzerwald\" was first used in 1843 - when the Palatinate was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria - by foresters in the centrally-located municipality of Johanniskreuz, who used it to refer to the woods of the bunter sandstone region of the Palatinate. Its use was extended when, in 1902, the Palatinate Forest Club (\"Pfälzerwald-Verein\" or PWV) was founded, Fritz Claus, one of the pioneers of the PWV, in particular, strove to promote the name. A more precise, scientifically-based definition of the Palatinate Forest as an independent natural region was introduced in 1911 by Daniel Häberle, a Palatine geographer and local historian.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "4209088#25",
"text": "On 20 July 1982 the Palatinate Forest Nature Park Association (\"Verein Naturpark Pfälzerwald\") was founded as a support organization. The members of the association are those counties and independent towns whose territories are covered by the nature park as well as the Palatinate regional association, various rambling and sports clubs and environmental organizations. Many social organisations are involved in the work of the nature park, ensuring the independence of academic and regional individual interests. The association's goal is to develop the nature park and its eponymous biosphere reserve equally and to maintain its uniqueness and beauty as well as its national recreational value. Since 1997, the head office of the association has been in Lambrecht.",
"title": "Palatinate Forest"
}
] |
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] |
2993
|
Do all female mammals menstruate?
|
[
{
"docid": "33100194#6",
"text": "Most female mammals have an estrous cycle, yet only ten primates species, four bats species, the elephant shrew, and the spiny mouse have a menstrual cycle. The relatedness of these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "38203#40",
"text": "Most female mammals have an estrous cycle, yet only ten primates species, four bats species, the elephant shrew, and the spiny mouse have a menstrual cycle. The relatedness of these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise.",
"title": "Menstruation"
},
{
"docid": "33100194#0",
"text": "Menstruation in mammals is the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium). It occurs on a regular basis in uninseminated sexually reproductive-age females of certain mammal species.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33100194#8",
"text": "All female placental mammals have a uterine lining that builds up when the animal is fertile, but is dismantled (menstruated) when the animal is infertile. Some anthropologists have questioned the energy cost of rebuilding the endometrium every fertility cycle. However, anthropologist Beverly Strassmann has proposed that the energy savings of not having to \"continuously\" maintain the uterine lining more than offsets energy cost of having to rebuild the lining in the next fertility cycle, even in species such as humans where much of the lining is lost through bleeding (overt menstruation) rather than reabsorbed (covert menstruation). However, even in humans, much of it is re-absorbed.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "33100194#3",
"text": "Females of most mammal species advertise fertility to males with visual behavioral cues, pheromones, or both. This period of advertised fertility is known as \"oestrus\", \"estrus\" or \"heat\". In species that experience estrus, females are generally only receptive to copulation while they are in heat (dolphins are an exception). In the estrous cycles of most placental mammals, if no fertilization takes place, the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium. This breakdown of the endometrium without vaginal discharge is sometimes called \"covert menstruation\". Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the vagina) occurs primarily in humans and close evolutionary relatives such as chimpanzees. Some species, such as domestic dogs, experience small amounts of vaginal bleeding while approaching heat; this discharge has a different physiologic cause than menstruation.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "33100194#9",
"text": "Many have questioned the evolution of overt menstruation in humans and related species, speculating on what advantage there could be to losing blood associated with dismantling the endometrium rather than absorbing it, as most mammals do.\nThe female will ovulate spontaneously and be receptive to the male to be bred (express estrus) at regular biologically defined intervals. The female is receptive to males only while experiencing estrus.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "33100194#2",
"text": "Females of other species of placental mammal undergo estrous cycles, in which the endometrium is completely reabsorbed by the animal (covert menstruation) at the end of its reproductive cycle. Many zoologists regard this as different from a \"true\" menstrual cycle. Female domestic animals used for breeding —for example dogs, pigs, cattle, or horses— are monitored for physical signs of an estrous cycle period, which indicates that the animal is ready for insemination.",
"title": "Menstruation (mammal)"
},
{
"docid": "38203#42",
"text": "Many have questioned the evolution of overt menstruation in humans and related species, speculating on what advantage there could be to losing blood associated with dismantling the endometrium, rather than absorbing it, as most mammals do. Humans do, in fact, reabsorb about two-thirds of the endometrium each cycle. Some work asserts that overt menstruation occurs not because it is beneficial in itself. Rather, the fetal development of these species requires a more developed endometrium, one which is too thick to reabsorb completely. There is a correlation between species that have overt menstruation to those that have a large uterus relative to the adult female body size.",
"title": "Menstruation"
},
{
"docid": "18838#80",
"text": "All higher mammals (excluding monotremes) share two major adaptations for care of the young: live birth and lactation. These imply a group-wide choice of a degree of parental care. They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in, or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time. Many mammals are K-selected, and invest more time and energy into their young than do r-selected animals. When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Mammalian females exhibit some degree of maternal aggression, another example of parental care, which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females; however, some mammals may \"aunt\" the infants of other females, and care for them. Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing, as with tenrecs, however this varies species to species, even within the same genus. For example, the males of the southern pig-tailed macaque (\"Macaca nemestrina\") do not participate in child care, whereas the males of the Japanese macaque (\"M. fuscata\") do.",
"title": "Mammal"
},
{
"docid": "36695798#6",
"text": "The ova, which are the female sex cells, are much larger than the sperm and are normally formed within the ovaries of the fetus before its birth. They are mostly fixed in location within the ovary until their transit to the uterus, and contain nutrients for the later zygote and embryo. Over a regular interval, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum which is released and sent down the Fallopian tube. If not fertilized, this egg is released through menstruation in humans and other great apes, and reabsorbed in other mammals in the estrus cycle.",
"title": "Mammalian reproduction"
},
{
"docid": "5778583#14",
"text": "In the Torah (Leviticus 15:19-30), a menstruating female is considered ritually unclean - \"anyone who touches her will be unclean until evening\" (New International Version). Touching a menstruating female, touching an object she had sat on or lain on, or having intercourse with her also makes a person ritually unclean. The extent to which these rules are observed in modern Judaism varies depending on the degree of conservatism/orthodoxy.\nMost Christian denominations do not follow any specific rituals or rules related to menstruation. Some denominations follow the rules laid out in the Holiness Code section of Leviticus, somewhat similar to the Jewish ritual of Niddah.",
"title": "Culture and menstruation"
}
] |
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] |
2994
|
What are the trinity in French cooking?
|
[
{
"docid": "249326#2",
"text": "Similar flavour bases include the Italian \"soffritto\", the Spanish \"sofrito\", \"refogado/sufrito\" (braised onions, garlic and tomato) from Portuguese-speaking nations, the German \"suppengrün\" (leeks, carrots and celeriac), the Polish \"włoszczyzna\" (leeks, carrots, celery root and parsley root), the US Cajun / Creole holy trinity (onions, celery and bell peppers), and possibly the French \"duxelles\" (mushrooms and often onion or shallot and herbs, reduced to a paste).",
"title": "Mirepoix (cuisine)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1731861#0",
"text": "The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish étouffée, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base.",
"title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)"
},
{
"docid": "6186#2",
"text": "The aromatic vegetables green bell pepper (), onion, and celery are called the holy trinity by Cajun chefs in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cuisines. Roughly diced and combined in cooking, the method is similar to the use of the \"mirepoix\" in traditional French cuisine which blends roughly diced carrot, onion, and celery. Characteristic aromatics for the Creole version may also include parsley, bay leaf, green onions, dried cayenne pepper, and dried black pepper.",
"title": "Cajun cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "6332982#10",
"text": "Buford's article \"Cooking with Daniel: Three French Classics,\" about his experience cooking with French chef Daniel Boulud, was published in the July 29, 2013, issue of \"The New Yorker\" magazine. In an interview posted on \"The New Yorker\"'s website to accompany the article, he discussed his time living in France and what he had learned about French cooking.",
"title": "Bill Buford"
},
{
"docid": "2133845#2",
"text": "In the early 1950s, Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle, French chefs who had trained at Le Cordon Bleu, sought to capitalize on the American market for French cookbooks and wrote and published a small recipe book for American audiences, \"What's Cooking in France\", in 1952\".\" By the late 1950s, Beck and Bertholle were interested in writing a comprehensive guide to French cuisine that would appeal to serious middle-class American home cooks. Beck and Bertholle wanted an English-speaking partner to help give them insight into American culture, translate their work into English, and bring it to American publishers, so they invited their friend Julia Child, who had also studied at Le Cordon Bleu, to collaborate with them on a book tentatively titled \"French Cooking for the American Kitchen\". The resulting cookbook, \"Mastering the Art of French Cooking\", proved groundbreaking and has since become a standard guide for the culinary community.",
"title": "Mastering the Art of French Cooking"
},
{
"docid": "1498627#2",
"text": "In French cooking, it is typically used in soup, ragout and pot-cooked dishes, vegetable preparations and charcuterie, such as pâté, sausages and terrines.",
"title": "Quatre épices"
},
{
"docid": "2133845#8",
"text": "Volume 1 covers the basics of French cooking, striking as much of a balance between the complexities of haute cuisine and the practicalities of the American home cook. Traditional favorites such as beef bourguignon, bouillabaisse, and cassoulet are featured. This volume has been through many printings and has been reissued twice with revisions: first in 1983 with updates for changes in kitchen practice (especially the food processor), and then in 2003 as a 40th anniversary edition with the history of the book in the introduction. The cookbook includes 524 recipes.",
"title": "Mastering the Art of French Cooking"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "94984#2",
"text": "The first non-Native Americans to ever set foot in what is now Cook County, Minnesota were French fur traders. Few of them remained permanently as year-round residents of the area and by the 1830s the French population of what is now Cook County numbered less than fifty.",
"title": "Cook County, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
}
] |
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] |
2995
|
What currency is used in Taiwan?
|
[
{
"docid": "309749#0",
"text": "New Taiwan dollar (; code: TWD; symbol: NT$, also abbreviated as NT) is the official currency of the Republic of China (ROC) used in Taiwan Area. Formally, one dollar () is divided into ten dimes (), and to 100 cents (), although cents are never used in practice. The New Taiwan dollars has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar, at a rate of 40,000 old dollars per one new dollar. There are a variety of alternative names to the units in Taiwan. The unit of dollar is usually written in simpler form as . Colloquially, the currency unit usually called (kuài, literally \"piece\") in Mandarin, (kho͘, literally \"hoop\") in Taiwanese Hokkien, and (ngiùn, literally \"silver\") in Hakka.",
"title": "New Taiwan dollar"
},
{
"docid": "2341370#49",
"text": "The official currency of Taiwan is the New Taiwan dollar (TWD). The motifs used are:",
"title": "List of motifs on banknotes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2279472#34",
"text": "In 1946, a new currency was introduced for circulation in Taiwan, replacing the Japanese issued Taiwan yen. Known as the Old Taiwan dollar. It was not directly related to the mainland yuan.",
"title": "Yuan (currency)"
},
{
"docid": "2279469#21",
"text": "After the retreat of the Kuomintang to Taiwan, the silver yuan remained the de jure legal currency of account of the Republic of China, although only Taiwan dollars issued by the Bank of Taiwan were circulating in areas controlled by the ROC. After a currency reform in 1949 created the New Taiwan dollar, the statutory exchange rate was set at 1 silver yuan = NT$3.",
"title": "History of Chinese currency"
},
{
"docid": "2279469#23",
"text": "The Bank of Taiwan was originally established by the Japanese in 1899 whilst Taiwan was under Japanese administration. The bank issued Taiwanese yen which were pegged to the Japanese yen. After the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China, the new Bank of Taiwan was allowed to continue issuing its own currency. Called the \"Taiwan dollar\", it replaced the Taiwanese yen at par. This was an attempt by the Kuomintang to prevent the hyperinflation affecting the mainland from affecting Taiwan.",
"title": "History of Chinese currency"
},
{
"docid": "1589070#2",
"text": "After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the ROC government (led by the Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT) took over the Bank of Taiwan and began issuing \"Taiwan dollars\", also known as \"Taiwan Nationalist Yuan\", through the Bank of Taiwan. This currency is now referred to as the \"old Taiwan dollar.\" Severe inflation of this currency during the Chinese Civil War led the Bank of Taiwan to issue the \"New Taiwan Dollar\" in 1949. After the loss of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War by the KMT and its subsequent retreat to Taiwan, the Bank of Taiwan took on a more central role as the central bank of the ROC until the Central Bank of China was reestablished in 1961. The Bank of Taiwan was governed under the Taiwan Provincial Government until 1998 when governance was transferred to the ROC Finance Ministry. In 2001 the Central Bank of China took over the task of issuing the New Taiwan Dollar.",
"title": "Bank of Taiwan"
},
{
"docid": "4370145#1",
"text": "After a period of hyperinflation in the late 1940s when the Kuomintang (KMT) military regime of Chen Yi overprinted the new Taiwan Yuan against the previous Japan Taiwan Yen, it became clear that a new and stable currency was needed. Along with the $4 billion in financial aid and soft credit provided by the US (as well as the indirect economic stimulus of US food and military aid) over the 1945–1965 period, Taiwan had the necessary capital to restart its economy. Further, the KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China.",
"title": "Taiwan Miracle"
},
{
"docid": "1601237#1",
"text": "In 1895, as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing China ceded Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Japanese yen then became the currency of Taiwan, with distinct banknotes denominated in yen issued by the Bank of Taiwan from 1898. Only banknotes and stamp currency were issued.",
"title": "Taiwanese yen"
},
{
"docid": "2279472#35",
"text": "In 1949, a second yuan was introduced in Taiwan, replacing the first at a rate of 40,000 to 1. Known as the New Taiwan dollar, it remains the currency of Taiwan.",
"title": "Yuan (currency)"
},
{
"docid": "39751516#0",
"text": "Fen (), is a unit of currency used in Greater China, including People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan), One fen is equal to one-hundredth of a yuan or tenth of a Chinese jiao.",
"title": "Fen (currency)"
}
] |
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2996
|
When was Arlington National Cemetery first created?
|
[
{
"docid": "2251133#12",
"text": "By early 1864, the military cemeteries of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, were rapidly filling with war dead. Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C. Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery. United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15, 1864, creating Arlington National Cemetery. Meigs believed that since Lee had committed treason in deciding to fight against the Union, denying Lee use of the mansion after the war was a rough form of justice. Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable. Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house, and the first burial occurred here on May 17. Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June. When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped, Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month.",
"title": "Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial"
},
{
"docid": "31186817#4",
"text": "With local cemeteries in Alexandria County and Alexandria filling rapidly with war dead, Quartermaster General of the United States Army Montgomery C. Meigs proposed using of the Arlington estate as a cemetery. The first burial there was made on May 13, 1864. United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15, 1864, creating Arlington National Cemetery. By the end of the war in April 1865, more than 16,000 people had been buried at Arlington. In September 1866, a memorial and a burial vault (containing the remains of 2,111 U.S. and Confederate soldiers who died at the First Battle of Bull Run, Second Battle of Bull Run, and along the Rappahannock River) were buried in Lee's former wildflower garden on the mansion's east side beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument, a memorial to honor unknown soldiers who had died during the American Civil War.",
"title": "United States v. Lee (1882)"
},
{
"docid": "41028471#2",
"text": "Arlington National Cemetery was established in June 1864 as a cemetery for Union (United States of America) Civil War dead. The first military burial at Arlington (a white soldier, William Henry Christman) was made on May 13, 1864, close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27. However, formal authorization for burials was not given by Major General Montgomery C. Meigs (Quartermaster General of the United States Army) until June 15, 1864.",
"title": "Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "479938#0",
"text": "The United States National Cemetery System is a system of 147 nationally important cemeteries in the United States. The authority to create military burial places came during the American Civil War, in an act passed by the U.S. Congress on July 17, 1862. By the end of 1862, 14 national cemeteries had been established (see text of photo). A national cemetery is generally a military cemetery containing the graves of U.S. military personnel, veterans and their spouses, but not exclusively so. The best known national cemetery is Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C.. Some national cemeteries, especially Arlington, contain the graves of important civilian leaders and other important national figures. Some national cemeteries also contain sections for Confederate soldiers. In addition to national cemeteries, there are also state veteran cemeteries.",
"title": "United States National Cemetery System"
},
{
"docid": "39699972#26",
"text": "The book stand was given to Arlington National Cemetery in 1904. Although designed to stand on the earth in the cellar of Arlington House, cemetery officials placed it on one of the wooden floors above. The book stand was so heavy that the floor sagged and required reinforcement. At the time, the building was not a house museum but rather contained the living quarters of the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery and office space for him and his staff. In 1929, the Record Book was transferred from Arlington House to Arlington Memorial Amphitheater when the main floor of the amphitheater became a Memorial Exhibit Hall displaying honors received by the unknown soldiers lying beneath the Tomb of the Unknowns. (It is not clear if it was put on display, or housed in the second-floor offices.) The cemetery offices moved into what is now the Old Administration Building in 1932, and the book stand was misplaced. Its whereabouts are not known as of 2013.",
"title": "Spanish–American War Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)"
},
{
"docid": "12872833#4",
"text": "The first graves in Arlington National Cemetery were dug by James Parks, a former Arlington Estate slave. Parks was freed in 1862 under the terms of the will of his former owner, George Washington Parke Custis. He still lived on Arlington Estate when Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton signed the orders designating Arlington as a military burial ground. Parks served in the U.S. Army from 1861 to 1929 by working as a grave digger and maintenance man for the cemetery.",
"title": "James Parks"
},
{
"docid": "27670888#1",
"text": "Arlington National Cemetery is a military cemetery in the United States established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House. Veterans and military casualties from each of the nation's wars are interred in the cemetery, ranging from the Civil War through to the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. More than 300,000 people are buried at Arlington National Cemetery, including veterans, their dependents, other casualties of war, two American presidents, famous sports legends, and various other dignitaries. About 125 burials occurred at Arlington each week in 2010.",
"title": "Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy"
},
{
"docid": "83390#1",
"text": "The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, which had been the estate of Confederate general Robert E Lee's wife Mary Anna Custis Lee (a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington). The Cemetery, along with Arlington House, Memorial Drive, the Hemicycle, and the Arlington Memorial Bridge, form the Arlington National Cemetery Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2014.",
"title": "Arlington National Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "83390#76",
"text": "On May 11, 2016, the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would, among other things, prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery (Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative's gravesite or columbarium niche. After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery (including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions), the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26, 2016, that implemented the proposed rule, effective October 26, 2016.",
"title": "Arlington National Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "36435691#4",
"text": "On July 16, 1862, the United States Congress passed legislation authorizing the purchase of land for national cemeteries for military dead. In May 1864, large numbers of Union forces died in the Battle of the Wilderness, requiring a large new cemetery to be built near the District of Columbia. A study quickly determined that the Arlington Estate was the most suitable property for this purpose. Although the first military burial at Arlington occurred on May 13, 1864, formal authorization for burials did not occur until June 15, 1864.",
"title": "List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "83390#2",
"text": "George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington and adopted son of George Washington, acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802, and began construction of Arlington House, which was ultimately named after the village of Arlington, Gloucestershire, England, where his family was originally from. The estate passed to Custis' daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis' will gave a \"life inheritance\" to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it. Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee.",
"title": "Arlington National Cemetery"
}
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] |
2997
|
What is the worlds largest prison?
|
[
{
"docid": "706914#0",
"text": "Rikers Island () is New York City's main jail complex, as well as the name of the island on which it sits, in the East River between Queens and the mainland Bronx, adjacent to the runways of LaGuardia Airport. Supposedly named after Abraham Rycken who bought the island in 1664, the island is home to one of the world's largest correctional institutions and mental institutions and has been described as New York's most famous jail. The island was originally under in size, but has since grown over four times to more than . Much of the first stages of expansion was accomplished by convict labor hauling in ashes for landfill. The island itself is politically part of the Bronx, though it is included as part of Queens Community Board 1 and has a Queens ZIP Code of 11370.",
"title": "Rikers Island"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10739281#2",
"text": "The original name of what is today \"Haus 1\" was \"Strafgefängnis Plötzensee\", which also translates to Plötzensee Prison. Up to 1,400 inmates lived on premises of including a church and a Jewish prayer area, then the largest prison of the German Empire. After World War II, the buildings demolished by the bombing of Berlin were rebuilt and housed a youth detention center (\"Jugendstrafanstalt Berlin\") for offenders between the ages of 14 and 21. When it in 1987 moved to a newly built annex on Friedrich-Olbricht-Damm in the west, \"Haus 1\" of Plötzensee Prison again became a men's prison with capacity for 577 inmates. Upon the end of the Cold War and German reunification, the last communist East German leader Egon Krenz, convicted for manslaughter by \"Schießbefehl\" order at the Berlin Wall, from 2000 until 2003 served his sentence there. Today about one third of the inmates are incarcerated for repeated fare evasion.",
"title": "Plötzensee Prison"
},
{
"docid": "40354300#1",
"text": "Palmasola is Bolivia's largest prison and holds about 3,500 prisoners. Like many prisons in Latin America, guards exert minimal control over what happens within the prison, leading to it being described as a \"prison town\". Guards instead concentrate only on securing the perimeter of the facility. According to former inmates, almost anything can be obtained in the prison. Businesses operate inside the prison to supply weapons and drugs. Under Bolivian law, children under the age of six may live in a prison with one of their parents. Four out of five prisoners in Palmasola are awaiting trial.",
"title": "2013 Palmasola prison riot"
},
{
"docid": "9830331#0",
"text": "Centro de Rehabilitación Santa Cruz \"Palmasola\" is a maximum security prison in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It is Bolivia's largest prison and holds about 3,500 prisoners. Like many prisons in Latin America, guards exhibit minimal control over what happens within the prison, leading it to being described as a \"prison town\". Guards instead concentrate only on securing the perimeter of the facility. According to former inmates, almost anything can be obtained in the prison, and businesses operate inside the prison to supply weapons and drugs. Prisoners of Palmasola have created an organization called the Disciplina Interna to oversee some affairs.",
"title": "Palmasola"
},
{
"docid": "36801294#8",
"text": "Brooks said that \"one night, after visiting Mulero, I was sitting in my car on a freezing Chicago evening and I decided this [exonerating innocent people] is what I want to do for the rest of my life. I quit my job. California has the largest prison system in the world, so I thought this would be a great place to start. The California Western School of Law had a small criminal defense institute that had a little bit of budget for what I wanted to do. They hired me on as director and I turned it into the California Innocence Project.\"",
"title": "Justin Brooks"
},
{
"docid": "51303183#1",
"text": "Egeler houses a maximum of 1382 inmates at a mix of security levels, for the assessment, screening, and classification of all male state prisoners. Egeler is adjacent to portions of the former Michigan State Prison, described as the largest walled prison in the world as late as 1981, when it was rocked by extensive, damaging riots. The prison was divided in 1988 into smaller institutions. As of 2016, Parnell and three other local components remain open as prisons:",
"title": "Charles Egeler Reception and Guidance Center"
},
{
"docid": "14576025#6",
"text": "Cell Block 7 is the only prison exhibit within the wall of an operating penitentiary. Cell Block 7 was a part of the newly renovated prison completed in 1934. The prison was the largest walled institution in the world, housing over 5,000 inmates, with five floors of prison bars and a total of 515 cells. Cell Block 7 was a part of the operation until its closure in 2007. Today Cell Block Seven serves to educate the community of past historical events as well as serving a crime prevention tool.",
"title": "Michigan State Prison"
},
{
"docid": "41776401#1",
"text": "The complex is operated by the GEO Group. With a combined capacity of 3,763 prisoners in its three sub-complexes, it has been called the largest private prison in the world. The GEO Group houses prisoners at this facility under contract with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons and the Arizona Department of Corrections. Most prisoners at the complex are low-security criminal aliens, serving sentences of one to five years for drug offenses or immigration violations. They face deportation when released.",
"title": "Reeves County Detention Complex"
},
{
"docid": "39543043#0",
"text": "Horsens Statsfængsel (Horsens State Prison), formerly called Horsens Straffeanstalt (Horsens Correctional Institution), is a former prison in Horsens, Denmark. Today it is a crime and prison museum under the name Horsens Prison Museum (Fængselsmuseet), a conference and business facility, and a concert venue where bands such as Metallica have played. Following expansions in 2016, it is the largest prison museum in the world. It won the 2015 \"InAVation\" award as best visitors attraction and the 2016 \"Museums + Heritage\" award as best foreign (non-British) museum.",
"title": "Horsens Statsfængsel"
},
{
"docid": "14576025#1",
"text": "The first permanent structure was constructed in Jackson in 1842. In 1926, the prison was relocated to a new building, and soon became the largest walled prison in the world with nearly 6,000 inmates. The prison was renamed the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. Beginning in 1988, the prison was carved up into several correctional facilities. The Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF), which contained the heart of the 1926 prison structure, was finally closed on November 17, 2007. After JMF was closed, much of the prison remains open however, 7 Block, which used to be quarantine, has been closed and changed into a prison museum and is now open to the public for tours. The original 1842 site was used as a Michigan National Guard armory for some time, and now houses residential apartments as well as several art galleries and a bicycle cooperative.",
"title": "Michigan State Prison"
},
{
"docid": "35669035#0",
"text": "Åna Prison (Norwegian: \"Åna fengsel\") is a prison in Hå municipality in Rogaland, Norway. It is one of the largest prisons and has capacity for 219 inmates, 140 in a closed prison and 24 in a department with an open prison. The prison is for male inmates. There is no wall around the prison, but there are still very few escapes. The prison is located approximately an hour's drive south of Stavanger. There is no bus service to the prison. Åna is the largest correctional institution in the Southwestern Region of the Norwegian Correctional Services.\nÅna prison is also one of the largest Norwegian governmental owned farms.",
"title": "Åna Prison"
}
] |
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] |
2998
|
When was the law of conservation of energy introduced?
|
[
{
"docid": "67088#27",
"text": "In 1850, William Rankine first used the phrase \"the law of the conservation of energy\" for the principle.",
"title": "Conservation of energy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "67088#42",
"text": "The conservation of energy is a common feature in many physical theories. From a mathematical point of view it is understood as a consequence of Noether's theorem, developed by Emmy Noether in 1915 and first published in 1918. The theorem states every continuous symmetry of a physical theory has an associated conserved quantity; if the theory's symmetry is time invariance then the conserved quantity is called \"energy\". The energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time; energy conservation is implied by the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself. Philosophically this can be stated as \"nothing depends on time per se\".\nIn other words, if the physical system is invariant under the continuous symmetry of time translation then its energy (which is canonical conjugate quantity to time) is conserved. Conversely, systems which are not invariant under shifts in time (an example, systems with time dependent potential energy) do not exhibit conservation of energy – unless we consider them to exchange energy with another, external system so that the theory of the enlarged system becomes time invariant again. Conservation of energy for finite systems is valid in such physical theories as special relativity and quantum theory (including QED) in the flat space-time.",
"title": "Conservation of energy"
},
{
"docid": "1419#71",
"text": "In the eighteenth century, the law of conservation of energy was yet to be fully formulated or established, and the nature of heat was debated. One approach to these problems was to regard heat, measured by calorimetry, as a primary substance that is conserved in quantity. By the middle of the nineteenth century, it was recognized as a form of energy, and the law of conservation of energy was thereby also recognized. The view that eventually established itself, and is currently regarded as right, is that the law of conservation of energy is a primary axiom, and that heat is to be analyzed as consequential. In this light, heat cannot be a component of the total energy of a single body because it is not a state variable, but, rather, is a variable that describes a process of transfer between two bodies. The adiabatic process is important because it is a logical ingredient of this current view.",
"title": "Adiabatic process"
},
{
"docid": "9649#9",
"text": "These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.",
"title": "Energy"
},
{
"docid": "150159#13",
"text": "The earliest constants of motion discovered were momentum and energy, which were proposed in the 17th century by René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz on the basis of collision experiments, and refined by subsequent researchers. Isaac Newton was the first to enunciate the conservation of momentum in its modern form, and showed that it was a consequence of Newton's third law. According to general relativity, the conservation laws of linear momentum, energy and angular momentum are only exactly true globally when expressed in terms of the sum of the stress–energy tensor (non-gravitational stress–energy) and the Landau–Lifshitz stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor (gravitational stress–energy). The local conservation of non-gravitational linear momentum and energy in a free-falling reference frame is expressed by the vanishing of the covariant divergence of the stress–energy tensor. Another important conserved quantity, discovered in studies of the celestial mechanics of astronomical bodies, is the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector.",
"title": "Noether's theorem"
},
{
"docid": "11470059#8",
"text": "In 1918 it was proved that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's theorem).",
"title": "History of energy"
},
{
"docid": "6542979#10",
"text": "Following a meeting between McCarthy and Professor Sir Eric Ash in July 2007, Ash reported that \"the \"Orbo\" is a mechanical device which uses powerful magnets on the rim of a rotor and further magnets on an outer shell.\" During this meeting, McCarthy referred to the law of conservation of energy as scientific dogma. However, conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of physics, more specifically a consequence of the unchanging nature of physical laws with time by Noether's Theorem. Ash said that there was no comparison with religious dogma since there is no flexibility in choosing to accept that energy is always conserved. Rejecting conservation of energy would undermine all science and technology. Ash also formed the opinion that McCarthy was truly convinced in the validity of his invention but that this conviction was a case of \"prolonged self-deception.\"",
"title": "Steorn"
},
{
"docid": "23982079#3",
"text": "The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 amended the Energy Policy and Conservation Act and was introduced and supported by democratic Senator Bennett Johnston, Jr. from Louisiana in January 1987. The new amendments to the act established minimum efficiency standards for many household appliances, including:",
"title": "National Appliance Energy Conservation Act"
},
{
"docid": "27349291#1",
"text": "Introduced by Ed Miliband MP, the then-Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, the Energy Bill had its first reading on 19 November 2009. On 7 December of the same year, the Bill received its second reading and first debate, during which the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats agreed on the continuation of the Energy Bill to become law, while facing opposition from the Conservative Party. While Miliband received questions over grid access, gas storage, and the Government's support of the European \"super-grid,\" the Bill was passed to the committee stage.",
"title": "Energy Act 2010"
},
{
"docid": "422481#13",
"text": "Mass and energy can be seen as two names (and two measurement units) for the same underlying, conserved physical quantity. Thus, the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of (total) mass are equivalent and both hold true. Einstein elaborated in a 1946 essay that \"the principle of the conservation of mass [...] proved inadequate in the face of the special theory of relativity. It was therefore merged with the energy conservation principle—just as, about 60 years before, the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy had been combined with the principle of the conservation of heat [thermal energy]. We might say that the principle of the conservation of energy, having previously swallowed up that of the conservation of heat, now proceeded to swallow that of the conservation of mass—and holds the field alone.\"",
"title": "Mass–energy equivalence"
},
{
"docid": "1406138#0",
"text": "The National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA78) was a legislative response by the U.S. Congress to the 1973 energy crisis. It includes the following statutes:The legislative initiative was introduced by President Carter. The package was a major step in the legislation of the energy field, both the supply and the demand side. The package has soon been followed by Energy Security Act, 8 acts signed by president Carter in 1980. This sequel package addressed energy conservation and development of renewable energy sources.",
"title": "National Energy Act"
},
{
"docid": "67088#14",
"text": "Engineers such as John Smeaton, Peter Ewart, , Gustave-Adolphe Hirn and Marc Seguin recognized that conservation of momentum alone was not adequate for practical calculation and made use of Leibniz's principle. The principle was also championed by some chemists such as William Hyde Wollaston. Academics such as John Playfair were quick to point out that kinetic energy is clearly not conserved. This is obvious to a modern analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics, but in the 18th and 19th centuries the fate of the lost energy was still unknown.",
"title": "Conservation of energy"
}
] |
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] |
2999
|
What city is the capitol of Utah?
|
[
{
"docid": "3414703#0",
"text": "The Utah State Capitol is the house of government for the U.S. state of Utah. The building houses the chambers and offices of the Utah State Legislature, the offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, the State Auditor and their staffs. The capitol is the main building of the Utah State Capitol Complex, which is located on Capitol Hill, overlooking downtown Salt Lake City.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#4",
"text": "As time passed, those smaller buildings became inadequate, so several local leaders and businessmen began to call for a new permanent capitol building. Several of these people requested that Salt Lake City donate about of land, specifically an area known as Arsenal Hill, just north of the intersection of State and Second North Streets. The City Council of Salt Lake responded by approving a resolution on March 1, 1888, donating the property to the territorial government. A \"Capitol Commission\" was created to review the design and construction process for the new building. The commission selected Elijah E. Myers, who also designed the Michigan, Texas, and Colorado State Capitols, to design Utah's building. The plans were finished by 1891, but were ultimately rejected because of the $1 million (equivalent to $ in ) cost estimated. Plans for a capitol building were then delayed after the approval of an Enabling Act allowing Utahns to begin plans for statehood. On January 4, 1896 Utah was granted statehood, and the Salt Lake City and County Building was used as a capitol building for the new state.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#3",
"text": "One of the first official acts of the assembly was to designate a capital city for the territory. On October 4, 1851, Millard County and its capital of Fillmore were created in the empty Pavant Valley for this purpose. The area was named for then current president Millard Fillmore. Its centralized location in the territory made it seem an ideal place for Utah's capital city. Construction started on Utah's first capitol building, known as the Utah Territorial Statehouse, the next year. The building was designed by LDS Church Architect Truman O. Angell, and was funded with $20,000 (equivalent to $ in ) appropriated by the United States Congress. The $20,000 was insufficient to pay for the capitol as designed, and so only the south wing was completed. In December 1855, the fifth Utah Territorial Legislature met in the building (it would be the first and only complete session in Fillmore). The next year the sixth Utah Territorial Legislature once again met in the statehouse, but the session was relocated to Salt Lake City after legislators complained about the lack of housing and adequate facilities in Fillmore. As a result, in December 1856 Salt Lake City was designated Utah's capital, and the statehouse in Fillmore was abandoned. Several buildings in Salt Lake City then served as temporary homes for the state legislature and offices for state officers, including the previously used Council House, and beginning in 1866, the Salt Lake City Council Hall.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "31716#126",
"text": "Utah's capitol Salt Lake City is the final location in the video game The Last of Us.",
"title": "Utah"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21956059#1",
"text": "The district was originally roughly bounded by Beck, Main and Wall Streets, 300 North, Victory Road, and Capitol Boulevard and includes the Utah State Capitol. The district was increased in 2002 to include an area roughly bounded by 300 North, 400 West, 800 North, Wall Street, and 200 West.",
"title": "Capitol Hill Historic District (Salt Lake City, Utah)"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#31",
"text": "The capitol building is the centerpiece of a plot which also includes a Vietnam War memorial, Utah Law Enforcement Memorial, and a monument dedicated to the Mormon Battalion. The renovations added a new plaza, a reflecting pool, and two office buildings, as well as underground parking. The grounds feature plants, shrubs, and trees native to Utah, as well as good views of Salt Lake City, the Salt Lake Valley and the Wasatch Front.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#2",
"text": "The first Euro-American settlers arrived in what would become Utah on July 24, 1847, which is now commemorated as Pioneer Day in the state. These settlers, Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young, appealed to the United States Congress for statehood in 1849, asking to become the State of Deseret. Their proposal was denied, but they received some recognition in September 1850 when the U.S. Government created the Territory of Utah as part of the compromise of 1850. A territorial assembly, known as the Utah Territorial Legislature, was created to be the governing body for the territory. The assembly met in various buildings including the Council House, which had originally been constructed to serve as capitol of the provisional State of Deseret, until the first capitol building was constructed.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#6",
"text": "After funding was secured, the commission began the design process for the building and grounds. The Olmsted Brothers of Massachusetts were chosen to provide the landscaping design and site plan. As options for the site on Capitol Hill were researched several members of various committees expressed concerns with the proposed site, due mainly to the cost of grading the steep hillside. In December 1911, a three-person committee was organized to consider other locations for a capitol building. One of the more popular sites considered was located on Fort Douglas property, near the present University of Utah, while others proposed locating the building in downtown Salt Lake City near the City and County Building. In the end, it was decided to construct on the original site known as Capitol Hill, and attempt to acquire surrounding property for the capitol campus. Aware of the demand for their properties, several owners charged the state exorbitant prices for the property needed to complete the site.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#10",
"text": "By the end of summer 1914 the basement, second floor, and exterior walls were nearing completion. The columns were being installed, and work progressed on the dome, including covering it in Utah copper. The capitol commission urged the work forward, hoping the eleventh session of the Legislature would be able to meet in the building the following year. But, as 1914 ended, work had not progressed enough and when the legislature met the next year, it did so in the Salt Lake City and County Building, until February 11, 1915, when the session was moved into the new capitol. Even though the legislature was meeting in the capitol, it took more than a year to finish the remainder of the building sufficiently for the executive and judicial officers to occupy the building. After work was finished the capitol was publicly dedicated on October 9, 1916. The original construction cost was $2,739,538.00 (equivalent to $ in ) and replacement cost is estimated at $310,000,000 (equivalent to $ in ). The capitol was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is included in the Capitol Hill Historic District, a historic district also listed on the National Register.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#28",
"text": "The Senate chamber, which houses the Utah State Senate, is located in the northern part of the center wing. The Senate is composed of 29 members, who serve for terms of four-years. Senators sit facing north, towards the speaker. The chamber was expanded during the renovation, removing the walls on each side, opening what were hallways to the floor of the chamber. Like the House's chamber, the Senate Chamber was restored with original paint colors and period furniture. Included within the chamber are three murals, the first is original to the building, and was painted across the entire, upper-part, of the front wall. The mural, known as a polyptych, is a landscape by A.B. Wright and Lee Greene Richards showing Utah Lake, located a 45-minute drive south of the capitol, in Utah County. During the restoration, two new paintings, by Logan artist Keith Bond were painted. The eastern mural, entitled \"Orchards along the Foothills\", shows the Wasatch Mountains of Northern Utah. The western mural, entitled \"Ancestral Home\" shows an Anasazi ruin amongst the red-rock hills of Southern Utah.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
},
{
"docid": "3414703#5",
"text": "By 1909 no capitol had yet been constructed and Governor William Spry, recognizing that Utah was one of only a few states without a capitol building, sent a proposal to the state legislature asking for the creation of a new commission to oversee the construction of a capitol. During that year's legislative session the commission was created and efforts made to gain funding for construction. An appropriation bill, which would use a one mill property tax, was produced but failed in a required popular vote that June. Funding options in the form of bonds and loans were also researched. In 1910 the state constitution was amended to allow bonding for the capitol building, and by 1911 a bill authorizing $1,305,000 (equivalent to $ in ) in bonds was presented to the state legislature. The bill passed both houses after the amount was reduced to $1 million (equivalent to $ in )and was signed into law by the governor in Spring 1911. Funds were also boosted when Union Pacific Railroad president, Edward Henry Harriman, died in 1909, and his widow was required to pay a five-percent inheritance tax to the state of Utah. Union Pacific had helped to construct the Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in Utah, and Harriman had invested $3.5 million in Salt Lake City's electric trolley system. Because of these investments within the state, Mrs. Harriman paid the state treasurer $798,546 (equivalent to $ in ) on March 1, 1911, as required by law.",
"title": "Utah State Capitol"
}
] |
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3000
|
How long did Reginald Aubrey Fessenden live?
|
[
{
"docid": "96883#0",
"text": "Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born inventor, who did a majority of his work in the United States and also claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father. During his life he received hundreds of patents in various fields, most notably ones related to radio and sonar.",
"title": "Reginald Fessenden"
},
{
"docid": "2582750#0",
"text": "The Reginald A. Fessenden House is a historic house at 45 Waban Hill Road in the village of Chestnut Hill in Newton, Massachusetts. It was the residence from 1919 to his death in 1932 of the inventor Reginald A. Fessenden (1866–1932), called \"the father of radio broadcasting,\" because he was the first to broadcast the human voice and music by radio. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 in recognition of Fessenden's accomplishments.",
"title": "Reginald A. Fessenden House"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12157938#1",
"text": "She was named in honor of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, born in Brome County, Quebec, Canada, 6 October 1866. He served as head chemist with Thomas Edison's East Orange, New Jersey, laboratories. In 1890 he began concentrating on electrical engineering, and through the next years made many important inventions and improvements in existing devices. His great contributions in the field of radio (particularly the invention of radio-telephony were of marked benefit not only to the Navy but to all seamen. He died 22 July 1932, at his home on Bermuda.",
"title": "USS Fessenden (DE-142)"
},
{
"docid": "7306042#2",
"text": "On December 23, 1900, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden sent and received the first intelligible speech by electromagnetic waves on a pair of masts high and apart on Cobb Island.\nFessenden was using a spark transmitter with the Kintner-Brashear interrupter.",
"title": "Cobb Island (Maryland)"
},
{
"docid": "29802358#1",
"text": "In 1901 Reginald Aubrey Fessenden made a significant step toward the possibility of broadcasting when he succeeded in superimposing a human voice onto a continuous Hertzian wave. Success in this experiment created a need for more advanced equipment, including an alternating-current generator large enough to produce the necessary power to carry his transmissions. Fessenden received the backing of T.H. Given and Hay Walker Jr. who contributed money to purchase a powerful generator from General Electric. He had it installed at Brant Rock, MA, and at 9pm local time on December 24, 1906, he began a broadcast that could be heard by several United Fruit Company ships at sea. After an introduction, the program consisted of the following:\nThe broadcast with Christmas greetings and a request for listeners to write him and report on the broadcast wherever they were. Fessenden received letters from many of his listeners who heard him from as far away as the West Indies.",
"title": "Broadcasting in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2582750#2",
"text": "Reginald A. Fessenden was born Quebec in 1866, and entered Bishop's University as a precocious young mathematical prodigy, but left in 1884 without graduating. In 1886, he took a position at the Edison Machine Works, working for inventor Thomas Edison. During an academic period teaching at Purdue University and at the University of Pittsburgh, Fessenden engaged in research on the nascent subject of wireless telegraphy. Much of the rest of his life he was employed in industry, either directly or as a consultant, but was often living near poverty, and produced a stream of inventions. In 1904 he invented the rotary spark-gap transmitter, and in 1906 he built a large transmitter in Massachusetts from which he successfully made a voice transmission. He also discovered the means to recombine separate frequencies to form a coherent audible sound. At his death he was described by inventor and businessman Elihu Thomson as \"the greatest wireless inventor of the age, greater than Marconi.\"",
"title": "Reginald A. Fessenden House"
},
{
"docid": "96883#32",
"text": "In 1925, \"Radio News\", saluting Fessenden as \"one of the greatest American radio inventors\", began a monthly autobiographical series titled \"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden\", with the intention of publishing the completed installments as a book. However, instead of reviewing his radio work, Fessenden immediately went on a series of tangents, including discussions of which races he believed were the most capable of producing inventions, and the proper approach that government institutions should be taking in order to support inventors. (At the close of the seventh installment, \"Radio News\" included a disclaimer that it was \"not responsible for any opinions expressed in Dr. Fessenden's article\".) After eleven installments Fessenden had only covered his life up to 1893, having discussed virtually nothing about radio, and the series was quietly terminated at this point.",
"title": "Reginald Fessenden"
},
{
"docid": "96883#2",
"text": "Reginald Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in East-Bolton, Quebec, the eldest of the Reverend Elisha Joseph Fessenden and Clementina Trenholme's four children. Elisha Fessenden was a Church of England in Canada minister, and the family moved to a number of postings throughout the province of Ontario.",
"title": "Reginald Fessenden"
},
{
"docid": "3854276#4",
"text": "Reginald Aubrey Fessenden built a radio transmitting station with a high mast here in 1905 to transmit Wireless Telegraphy to a similar station at Brant Rock in Massachusetts, United States. An exchange of messages took place on 1 January 1906 but the mast blew down in a gale on 5 December 1906 and was never rebuilt.",
"title": "Machrihanish"
},
{
"docid": "96883#3",
"text": "While growing up, Fessenden attended a number of educational institutions. At the age of nine, he was enrolled in the DeVeaux Military school for a year. He next attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, from 1877 until the summer of 1879. He also spent a year working for the Imperial Bank at Woodstock, because he had not yet reached the age of 16 needed to enroll in college. At the age of fourteen, Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, which was a feeder school for Bishop's College and shared the same campus and buildings, granted him a mathematics mastership. Thus, while Fessenden was still a teenager, he taught mathematics to the younger students (some older than himself) at the School, while simultaneously studying with older students at the College. At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, although he had \"done substantially all the work necessary\", in order to accept a position at the Whitney Institute in Bermuda, where for the next two years he worked as the principal and sole teacher. (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities. When McGill University in Montreal established an electrical engineering department, his application to become its chairman was turned down.) While in Bermuda, he became engaged to Helen Trott. They married in September 1890 and later had a son, Reginald Kennelly Fessenden.",
"title": "Reginald Fessenden"
}
] |
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3001
|
What is Galați known for?
|
[
{
"docid": "256639#0",
"text": "Galați (; also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the Danube River. In 2011, the Romanian census recorded 249,432 residents, making it the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați and the naval shipyard.",
"title": "Galați"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "256639#1",
"text": "The name \"Galați\" is derived from the Cuman word \"galat\". This word is borrowed from the Arabic word قَلْعَةٌ \"qalʿat\", \"fortress\". Other etymologies have been suggested, such as the Serbian \"galac\". However, the \"galat\" root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake, which has the typical Cuman -\"ui\" suffix for \"water\". Another toponym in the region is Galicia, with its town of Halych, locally associated with the jackdaw (Kawka, Halka). Before the Mongol invasion of Rus, Galați was known as Malyi Halych (Little Halych) as part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Other similar place names are Galich, Russia and Galatia in Turkey. \nGalați has several exonyms: (Galatsi); ; ; ; ; (Galats); (Halats) and (Galats).",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "256639#21",
"text": "Galați is located in southeastern Romania. Its coordinates are latitude 45 ° 27 'north and longitude 28 ° 02' east. Its area is . Galați lies in the southern part of the Moldavian Plateau on the left (west) bank of the Danube river at the junction of the Siret River (west) and the Prut River (east), near Lake Brates. It is from the Black Sea. The nearest town is Brăila, to the south. Galați is built on three geological terraces. One lies beneath \"Valley City\", with elevations between . The other two, which make a fan shape, have elevations of (the site of the old town, now the city centre) and (the site of the modern city) respectively.\nThe Danube river is considered the \"life-blood\" of Galați. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe ), with an average flow of per second in the Galați section. After the Siret River, the largest tributary in Romania, joins the Danube, the flow is . After the Prut River joins the Danube, the flow becomes . The Danube river flows have significant seasonal variation. The maximum flows occur in May; . The minimum flows occur during the summer; .",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "11418641#0",
"text": "The Galați Skating Rink or the Galați Artificial Skating Rink, is a multi-purpose hall in Galaţi, Romania. It is frequently used for concerts, indoor sports such as ice hockey, exhibitions and shows. The hall has a seating capacity of 5,000 people. It is home to the CSM Dunărea Galaţi ice hockey team.",
"title": "Galați Skating Rink"
},
{
"docid": "256639#31",
"text": "This is the oldest building in Galați. It was consecrated as a place of worship in September 1647 during the reign of Vasile Lupu. The church was dedicated to the Vatopedi Monastery on Mount Athos. It was built from local materials including stone, forest wood, brick and lime, sand from the beaches of the Danube and so on. As well as its typical Romanian church architecture, the monastery has some specific elements of interest such as a bell tower with battlements for observation of the Danube valley and for defense. The tower has two levels and a room to hide assets. There are two ramparts and a door to a balcony. The second floor is fitted with windows and battlements. Another of the church's defences is a reinforced bridge consisting of two parts, one above the nave and one above the altar. The bridge has 28 battlements. The church survived the turbulent periods of Galați's history and was rebuilt and restored in 1829 and again in 1859. From 1953 to 1957, the church was used as a museum. It was restored in the period 1991–1994. There may be a tunnel from the church beneath the Danube.",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "7247666#0",
"text": "The Galatz Roller\" or Galați Roller\"' is a domesticated pigeon breed originating in Galați County, Romania. Because these pigeons perform air acrobatics when they fly, they became very popular among pigeon fanciers in both the country of origin and the rest of Europe, especially in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. The air acrobatics that these Galați Roller birds perform are comparable to those of the Oriental Roller and Birmingham Roller pigeons.",
"title": "Galatz Roller"
},
{
"docid": "256639#52",
"text": "This is a private beach with clean sand situated on the left bank of Lake Brates. Nearby is the Galați–Bereștiul Barlad railway line.\nThis theatre was opened in 1955. It is named after the actress Fani Tardini (1823–1908). The theatre supports a yearly comedy festival, \"Festingal\".",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "25538200#0",
"text": "CSU Galați is a Romanian women's volleyball club based in Galaţi. The club plays in the Divizia A1, the highest Romanian league. The club won the Divizia A1 in four occasions, the Romanian Cup three times and has also played in European competitions before it was dissolved in 2010. The club was refounded later and promoted back to Divizia A1 at the end of the 2017–18 Divizia A2 season.",
"title": "CSU Galați"
},
{
"docid": "34808606#5",
"text": "Galați is the largest naval shipyard on the Danube, its output ranging from large tankers to small coast guard patrol boats. The company also represents a significant element of the local economy. Since 1990, all of its products have gone to export. Following Damen's takeover, an investment plan focusing on improving efficiency and working conditions was introduced. For example, at the time of the takeover, spoons and coffee cups were listed in the inventory; afterwards, all items worth under $100 were considered disposable goods and no longer placed on the record books. The yard builds offshore vessels, naval vessels, special vessels (such as buoy laying vessels, patrol vessels and research vessels), tugs, workboats and mega yachts, and has also produced oil tankers, container carriers, cargo barges and drilling rig platforms—over 250 vessels since 1999. There were some 1550 employees at the end of 2010, as well as 1150 subcontracted employees handling support functions including electricity, HVAC, carpentry, blasting and painting. This was down from 10,000 total employees in 2006, of whom 3100 worked for Damen. Engineering services are mainly supplied by a Galați firm established in 2004 in which Damen is the major shareholder. Production takes place on four lines: for vessels up to 10,000 dwt, for vessels up to 26,000 dwt, for vessels up to 50,000 dwt and for tugs and workboats. There is also a workshop for piping and galvanizing and a blasting and painting hall.",
"title": "Galați shipyard"
},
{
"docid": "51207017#0",
"text": "Asociația Suporter Club Oțelul Galați (; \"Galați Steel\"), commonly known as Oțelul Galați, or simply as Oțelul, is a Romanian football club based in the city of Galați, Galați County, currently playing in the Liga III.",
"title": "ASC Oțelul Galați"
}
] |
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] |
3003
|
Did Rubén Darío have a wife?
|
[
{
"docid": "467504#18",
"text": "In 1899, Rubén Darío, who was still legally married to Rosario Murillo, met Francisca Sánchez del Pozo in the Casa de Campo of Madrid. Francisca was from Navalsauz in the province of Ávila and would be his companion through the last years of his life. In April 1900, Darío visited Paris for a second time, commissioned by \"La Nación\" to cover the Exposition Universelle that took place that year in the French capital city. His chronicles about this topic would later be compiled in the book \"Peregrinaciones\".",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#11",
"text": "The newly attained fame allowed Darío to obtain the position of newspaper correspondent for \"La Nación\" of Buenos Aires, which was at the time the most heavily circulated periodical in Hispanic America. A little after sending his first article to \"La Nacion\", he set off on a trip back to Nicaragua. During a brief stop in Lima he met the writer Ricardo Palma. He arrived at the port in Corinto on March 7, 1889. In León, he was received as a guest of honor, but his stay in Nicaragua was brief, and he moved to San Salvador where he was named director of the periodical \"La Unión\" which was in favor of creating a unified Central American state. In San Salvador, he was married by law to Rafaela Contreras, daughter of a famous Honduran orator, Álvaro Contreras, on June 21, 1890. One day after the wedding there was a coup d'état against president (and general) Menéndez. The coup was mainly engineered by general Carlos Ezeta, who had been a guest at Darío's wedding, which ended with the death of his wife, which led him to remarry for a brief period, only for him to separate very shortly thereafter.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "467504#3",
"text": "Darío spent his childhood in the city of León. He was brought up by his mother's aunt and uncle, Félix and Bernarda, whom Darío considered, in his infancy, to be his real parents. (He reportedly, during his first years in school, signed his assignments as Félix Rubén Ramírez.) He rarely spoke with his mother, who lived in Honduras, or with his father, who he referred to as \"Uncle Manuel\". Although little is known about his first years, it is documented that after the death of Félix Ramírez, in 1871, the family went through rough economic times and they considered sending young Rubén as a tailor's apprentice. According to his biographer Edelmiro Torres, he attended several schools in León before going on, during 1879 and 1880, to be educated by the Jesuits.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#25",
"text": "With the outbreak of World War I, Darío departed for the United States, leaving his wife Francisca and their two surviving sons behind. In January 1915, he started reading his poems at Columbia University in New York. By the end of 1915 he returned to Nicaragua. He later resigned his diplomatic post and moved to Paris where he devoted himself to preparing new books, such as \"Canto a la Argentina\". At this point, his alcoholism caused him frequent health problems and psychological crises. His health began deteriorating enormously in the last few years of his life. He reportedly suffered frequent hallucinations and became obsessed with the idea of death.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "38536995#2",
"text": "The couple emigrated to the United States in 1960 and settled in Florida. Since that time, she has exhibited widely in Florida and Spain. October 1963: Works by Dulce Beatriz are exhibited at the \"Loft on the Mile\" Gallery of Art, Coral Gables, Florida. In 1971: Dulce inaugurated her gallery of paintings for the first time in Managua, Nicaragua at the Rubén Darío National Theatre (Spanish: Teatro Nacional Rubén Darío)Rubén Darío National Theatre#History. In 1972: Jean Tiroche, internationally known art dealer, collector and curator, hosts an exhibition of works by Dulce Beatriz at the 'Gallerie Jean Tiroche', Palm Beach, Florida;. On the exhibition program Mr. Tiroche wrote: \"For the first time this gallery has made an exception in presenting a painter from the Spanish School since we have always been known for representing the most noteworthy Impressionists and Post-Impressionists of the Paris School.",
"title": "Dulce Beatriz"
},
{
"docid": "467504#5",
"text": "Around December 1881 he moved to the capital, Managua, at the request of some liberal politicians that had conceived the idea that, given his gift for poetry, he should be educated in Europe at the expense of the public treasury. However, the anti-clerical tone of his verses did not convince the president of congress, the conservative Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, and it was resolved that he would study in the Nicaraguan city of Granada, but Rubén opted to stay in Managua, where he continued his journalistic endeavour collaborating with the newspapers \"El Ferrocarril\" and \"El Porvenir de Nicaragua\". In the capital, he fell in love with an eleven-year-old girl, Rosario Emelina Murillo, whom he wanted to marry. He traveled to El Salvador in August 1882, at the petition of his friends who wanted to delay his marriage plans.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#20",
"text": "In 1906 he participated as secretary of the Nicaraguan delegation to the Third Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro where he was inspired to write his poem \"Salutación del águila\", which offers a view of the United States very different from that offered in prior poems:\nThis poem was criticized by several writers who did not understand Ruben's sudden change of opinion with respect to the United States' influence in Latin America. In Rio de Janeiro, the poet was involved in an obscure romance with an aristocrat, believed to be the daughter of the Russian ambassador in Brazil. It seems that he then conceived the idea of divorcing Rosario Murillo, from whom he had been separated for years. On his way back to Europe, he made a brief stop in Buenos Aires. In Paris, he reunited with Francisca and together they spent the winter of 1907 on the island of Mallorca, which he later frequented the company of Gabriel Alomar, a futurist poet, and painter Santiago Rusiñol. He began writing a novel, \"La Isla de Oro\", which he never finished, although some of its chapters were published in \"La Nación\". His tranquility was interrupted by the arrival of his wife, Rosario Murillo, in Paris. She would not grant him a divorce unless she was guaranteed sufficient compensation, which Darío felt was disproportionate. By March 1907, when he was leaving for Paris, his alcoholism was very advanced and he fell gravely ill. On recuperating, he returned to Paris, but he was unable to reach an agreement with his wife, so he decided to return to Nicaragua to present his case in court.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#19",
"text": "During the first years of the 20th century, Darío lived in Paris, where in 1901 published the second edition of \"Prosas profanas\". That same year Francisca and Rubén had a daughter. After giving birth she traveled to Paris to reunite with him, leaving the baby girl in the care of her grandparents. The girl died of smallpox during this period, without her father ever meeting her. In March 1903 he was appointed as consul by Nicaragua. His second child by Francisca was born in April 1903, but also died at a very young age. During those years, Darío traveled through Europe, visiting, among other countries, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. In 1905, he went to Spain as a member of a committee named by the Nicaraguan government whose task was to resolve a territorial dispute with Honduras. That year he published, in Madrid, the third of his most important poetry books, \"Cantos de vida y esperanza, los cisnes y otros poemas\", edited by Juan Ramón Jiménez. Some of his most memorable poems came to light in 1905, like \"Salutación del optimista\" and \"A Roosevelt\", in which he extols Hispanic traits in the face of the threat of United States imperialism. The second poem (below) was directed at then president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt:",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#14",
"text": "At the onset of 1893, Ruben remained in Managua, where he renewed his affairs with Rosario Murillo, whose family forced Darío to marry her.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
},
{
"docid": "467504#12",
"text": "He decided to leave El Salvador despite job offers from the new president. He moved to Guatemala at the end of June, while his bride remained in El Salvador. Guatemalan president Manuel Lisandro Barillas was making preparations for a war against El Salvador. Darío published, in the Guatemalan newspaper \"El Imparcial\", an article titled \"Historia Negra\" in which he denounced Ezeta's betrayal of Menéndez. In December 1890 he was tasked with directing a newly created newspaper, \"El Correo de la Tarde\". That same year the second edition of his successful book \"Azul...\", substantially expanded, and using Valera's letters, which catapulted him to literary fame, as prologue (it is now customary that these letters appear in every edition of this book), was published in Guatemala. In January 1891 his wife reunited with him in Guatemala and they were married by the church on February 11, 1891. Three months later, the periodical which Darío was editing, \"El Correo de la Tarde\", ceased receiving government subsidies, which forced it to close. He moved to Costa Rica and installed himself in the country's capital, San Jose, in August 1891. While in Costa Rica, he was haunted by debt despite being employed and was barely able to support his family. His first son, Rubén Darío Contreras, was born on November 12, 1891.",
"title": "Rubén Darío"
}
] |
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] |
3005
|
How long did Georgios Papadopoulos lead Greece?
|
[
{
"docid": "406327#0",
"text": "Georgios Papadopoulos (; ; 5 May 1919 – 27 June 1999) was the head of the military coup d'état that took place in Greece on 21 April 1967, and leader of the junta that ruled the country from 1967 to 1974. He held his dictatorial power until 1973, when he was himself overthrown by his co-conspirator Dimitrios Ioannidis.",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "406327#7",
"text": "Papadopoulos married his first wife, Niki Vasileiadi, in 1941. They had two children, a son and a daughter. The marriage, however, ran into difficulty later and they eventually separated. The separation, however lengthy, could not lead to divorce at first because, under Greece's restrictive divorce laws of that era, spousal consent was required. To remedy this, in 1970, as Prime Minister of the dictatorship he decreed a custom-made divorce law with a strict time limit (and a built-in sunset clause) that enabled him to get the divorce. After having served its purpose, the law eventually expired automatically. After the divorce, Papadopoulos married his long-time paramour Despina Gaspari in 1970, with whom he had a daughter.",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
},
{
"docid": "5421387#3",
"text": "In September 1973, Georgios Papadopoulos, the head of the military junta that took power in 1967, initiated an attempt at \"metapolitefsi\" or process of liberalisation, aiming to legitimize his government and rehabilitate its image as an international, and especially European, pariah after six years of dictatorship during which he appointed himself to a multitude of high-echelon government positions including Regent, Prime Minister, Minister for Defence, and Minister for the Interior. These excesses had the effect of further undermining his credibility and the seriousness of his regime both at home and abroad. Feeling confident of his grasp on power he requested the resignation of the 13 military men in his cabinet and appointed Spyros Markezinis as Prime Minister of Greece, entrusting him with the task of leading Greece to parliamentary rule. Papadopoulos however proposed a constitution that accorded far greater powers to the President of Greece (a position Papadopoulos also held) than those of the Parliament.",
"title": "Metapolitefsi"
},
{
"docid": "406327#12",
"text": "That same year, on 21 April, a month before the general elections, Papadopoulos, along with fellow middle-ranking Army officers, led a successful coup, taking advantage of the volatile political situation that had arisen from a conflict between King Constantine II and the aging former prime minister, Georgios Papandreou. Papadopoulos used his power gained from the coup to try to re-engineer the Greek political landscape. Papadopoulos as well as the other junta members are known in Greece by the term \"Aprilianoi\" (Aprilians), denoting the month of the coup. The term \"Aprilianoi\" has become synonymous with the term \"dictators of 1967 - 1974\".",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
},
{
"docid": "11651144#1",
"text": "The military junta had ruled Greece since a group of middle-ranking officers, under the leadership of Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, staged a coup on 21 April 1967. King Constantine II reluctantly endorsed the coup, but started preparing for a counter-coup by elements of the armed forces loyal to him. This counter-coup was launched on 13 December 1967 and failed, forcing the King and most of the Royal Family to flee to Italy. Greece remained a Kingdom, and the King's functions were exercised by a Regent, a post held until 1972 by General Georgios Zoitakis, and then assumed by an increasingly dominant Papadopoulos, who also held the position of Prime Minister and several ministerial posts.",
"title": "1973 Greek republic referendum"
},
{
"docid": "406327#13",
"text": "Constantine appointed a new government nominally headed by Konstantinos Kollias. However, from the early stages, Papadopoulos was the strongman of the new regime. He was appointed Minister of National Defense and Minister of the Presidency in the Kollias government, and his position was further enhanced after the king's abortive counter-coup on 13 December, when he replaced Kollias as Prime Minister. Not content with that, on 21 March 1972, he nominated himself Regent of Greece, succeeding Georgios Zoitakis.",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
},
{
"docid": "11662072#1",
"text": "A military junta, presided over by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, had ruled Greece since a group of middle-ranking officers staged a coup on 21 April 1967. King Constantine II reluctantly endorsed the coup, but started preparing for a counter-coup by elements of the armed forces loyal to him. The counter-coup, launched on 13 December 1967, failed, and the King and the royal family fled to Italy. In the aftermath of the royal coup attempt, the King was replaced by a regent, General Georgios Zoitakis, and Papadopoulos assumed the post of Prime Minister.",
"title": "1968 Greek constitutional referendum"
},
{
"docid": "406327#17",
"text": "Throughout his tenure as the junta strongman, Papadopoulos often employed what have been described by the BBC as gory surgical metaphors, where he or the junta assumed the role of the \"medical doctor\". The \"patient\" was Greece. Typically Papadopoulos or the junta portrayed themselves as the \"doctor\" who operated on the \"patient\" by putting the patient's \"foot\" in an orthopedic cast and applying restraints on the \"patient\", tying him on a surgical bed and putting him under anesthesia to perform the \"operation\" so that the life of the \"patient\" would not be \"endangered\" during the operation. In one of his famous speeches Papadopoulos mentioned: Translated as:\nIn the same speech Papadopoulos continued: \nwhich translates as follows:",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
},
{
"docid": "406327#23",
"text": "After the events of the student uprising of 17 November at the National Technical University of Athens (see Athens Polytechnic uprising), the dictatorship was overthrown on 25 November 1973 by hardline elements in the Army. The outcry over Papadopoulos's extensive reliance on the army to quell the student uprising gave Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis a pretext to oust him and replace him as the new strongman of the regime. Papadopoulos was put under house arrest at his villa, while Greece returned to an \"orthodox\" military dictatorship.",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
},
{
"docid": "406327#10",
"text": "In 1956, Papadopoulos took part in a failed coup attempt against King Paul of Greece. In 1958, he helped create the Office of Military Studies, a surveillance authority, under General Gogousis. It was from this same office that the subsequently successful coup of 21 April 1967 emanated.",
"title": "Georgios Papadopoulos"
}
] |
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] |
3006
|
How does Counter-IED work?
|
[
{
"docid": "39925889#0",
"text": "Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military and law enforcement (led by intelligence efforts) with the assistance of the diplomatic and financial communities. It involves a comprehensive approach of countering the threat networks that employ improvised explosive devices (IEDs), defeating the devices themselves, and training others. Counter-IED, or C-IED, is usually part of a broader counter-terrorism, counter-insurgency, or law enforcement effort. Because IEDs are a subset of a number of forms of asymmetric warfare used by insurgents and terrorists, C-IED activities are principally against adversaries and not only against IEDs. C-IED treats the IED as a systemic problem and aims to defeat the IED System.",
"title": "Counter-IED efforts"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "39925889#37",
"text": "Combat Hunter Training teaches how to track the emplacer by combined hunter and tracker skills and with determining group dynamics - as an example - using the \"street smarts\" developed by law enforcement who work in the cities.",
"title": "Counter-IED efforts"
},
{
"docid": "39925889#27",
"text": "Equipment used in Counter-IED efforts consists of robots, soldier worn protection, specialized counter-IED vehicles, electronic and other countermeasures, detection systems, and unmanned systems intended for counter-IED.",
"title": "Counter-IED efforts"
},
{
"docid": "41273531#0",
"text": "Counter-IED equipment are created primarily for military and law enforcement. They are used for standoff detection of explosives and explosive precursor components and defeating the Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) devices themselves as part of a broader counter-terrorism, counter-insurgency, or law enforcement effort.",
"title": "Counter-IED equipment"
},
{
"docid": "39925889#31",
"text": "Military working dogs (MWD) are C-IED enablers and are often integral to search activities. The MWD, with its enhanced sense of smell, is a superior sensor capable of detecting a wide range of munitions and Home Made Explosives (HME) used to construct IEDs.",
"title": "Counter-IED efforts"
},
{
"docid": "39925889#14",
"text": "Financial efforts involve seizure of assets and anti-money laundering efforts, for example. The means and methods used to underwrite the costs associated with the IED System may come from charitable organizations, donations, fundraising, illicit activities like extortion, and money laundering, or may be concealed within the payment of religious tithes or local taxes or foreign government support. Money transfer may be occurring through recognized international channels or an alternative system like hawala brokers. Irregular activity can be inexpensive relative to the costs of countering it. Work must be done comprehensively to identify the physical and virtual networks for raising, moving and hiding money, identify the physical links and break them, and attack the links between illicit activity that generates revenue and adversaries that use it.",
"title": "Counter-IED efforts"
},
{
"docid": "13987698#4",
"text": "Koether’s 2009 show entitled \"Lux Exterior\" at Reena Spaulings further explored a common thematic in her work, the relation of painting with other aspects of theoretical and counter culture. Koether’s 2009 show was discussed in David Joselit’s essay entitled \"Painting Beside Itself\". The exhibition, which included a painting entitled \"Hot Rod (after Poussin) (2009)\" along with sculptural found objects and a series of three performances, was noted by Joselit as a “sophisticated response to the question which I began [this essay]: How does a painting belong to a network?”",
"title": "Jutta Koether"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
}
] |
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] |
3008
|
Who developed the transistor?
|
[
{
"docid": "33949149#11",
"text": "The development of transistors in 1948 by Bell Laboratories led to major improvements to the hearing aid. The transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. Transistors were created to replace vacuum tubes; they were small, required less battery power and had less distortion and heat than their predecessor. These vacuum tubes were typically hot and fragile, so the transistor was the ideal replacement.The 1952 Sonotone 1010 used a transistor stage along with vacuum tubes, to extend battery life. The size of these transistors led to developments in miniature, carbon microphones. These microphones could be mounted on various items, even eyeglasses. In 1951, Raytheon manufactured the transistor and was one of the first companies to mass-produce transistors to throughout America. Raytheon realized that their hearing aid only lasted short-term and began to sell the vacuum-tube hearing aids again along with transistor hearing aids.",
"title": "History of hearing aids"
},
{
"docid": "30011#1",
"text": "The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.",
"title": "Transistor"
},
{
"docid": "30011#4",
"text": "From November 17, 1947, to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey of the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term \"transistor\" was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term \"transresistance\". According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a \"grid\" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\".",
"title": "Transistor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12289129#20",
"text": "Prototypes of all-transistor AM radio receivers were demonstrated, but were really only laboratory curiosities. However, in 1950 Shockley developed a radically different type of solid-state amplifier which became known as the bipolar junction \"transistor\". Although it works on a completely different principle to the point-contact \"transistor\", this is the device which is most commonly referred to as simply a \"transistor\" today. Morgan Sparks made the bipolar junction transistor into a practical device. These were also licensed to a number of other electronics companies, including Texas Instruments, who produced a limited run of transistor radios as a sales tool. Early transistors were chemically unstable and only suitable for low-power, low-frequency applications, but as transistor design developed, these problems were slowly overcome.",
"title": "History of the transistor"
},
{
"docid": "562803#10",
"text": "Fairchild's strategy for competing in the transistor market was to be fast and flexible. Rather than tying their research and development to lengthy 1-3 year military contracts, they financed development through Fairchild Camera. This enabled them to focus on promising ideas and develop them quickly. IBM was interested in obtaining transistors for a navigation computer for the B-70 bomber. Fairchild contracted to provide transistors to meet the specifications for IBM's core-memory driver. They developed complementary NPN and PNP transistors which could be used as a matched pair in a variety of circuit applications. Gordon Moore and David Allison worked on the NPN transistor, while Jean Hoerni developed the PNP transistor using boron diffusion. Scaling up to production of components in quantity presented major technological challenges, and Moore's NPN transistor was ready for production before Hoerni's PNP transistor. By August 1958, within 8 months of the company's creation, Fairchild was delivering Mesa transistors to IBM. Once it became available, the mesa transistor was desired for a wide variety of military applications. The speed with which it had been developed gave Fairchild a virtual monopoly on the fast-growing market for the next year. The most significant contract came from Autonetics, which was developing the navigation and control computer for the Minuteman ICBM.",
"title": "Jay Last"
},
{
"docid": "12289129#29",
"text": "The world’s first transistor computer was built at the University of Manchester in November 1953. The computer was built by Richard Grimsdale, then a research student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and later a Professor of Electronic Engineering at Sussex University. The machine used point-contact transistors, made in small quantities by STC and Mullard. These consisted of a single crystal of germanium with two fine wires, resembling the crystal and cat’s whisker of the 1920s. These transistors had the useful property that a single transistor could possess two stable states. ... The development of the machine was severely hampered by the unreliability of the transistors, which consumed 150 watts.",
"title": "History of the transistor"
},
{
"docid": "16171518#2",
"text": "Turner was involved with creating the 1N34A germanium diode at Sylvania in the 1940s. He began experimenting with germanium transistors soon after their invention in 1947. In 1949, before transistors were commercially available, he published the popular article \"Build a Transistor\", considered a \"benchmark publication\" in amateur radio. In January 1950, after commercial units were released, he published \"A Crystal Receiver with Transistor Amplifier\" in \"Radio and Television News\", along with plans for a three-transistor radio circuit. These plans – printed four years before the Regency TR-1 (the first commercial transistor radio) – were the first time most amateur radio operators were introduced to transistors as viable radio components. He continued development of his pocket-size radios as superior transistors became available, culminating in the 'widely read' \"Transistor Portable with a \"Punch\"\", an 'ambitious' four-transistor non-superheterodyne AM radio published in \"Popular Electronics\" in 1956.",
"title": "Rufus P. Turner"
},
{
"docid": "2326994#16",
"text": "Philco had developed and produced a miniature transistorized computer brain for the Navy's jet fighter planes in 1955, which was called the \"Transac\" (C-1000, C-1100) and which stood for \"Transistor Automatic Computer\". It used Philco's high-frequency surface-barriers transistors in its circuitry design.\nChrysler and Philco announced that they had developed and produced the world's first all-transistor car radio and it was announced in the April 28, 1955, edition of the \"Wall Street Journal\". Chrysler made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available in Fall 1955 for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars, as a $150 option. Philco's radio manufacturing plant in Sandusky, Ohio, had produced the all-transistor car radio unit for the Chrysler Corporation, which also used Philco's surface-barrier transistors in its circuitry design.\nIn 1955, Philco developed and produced the world's first all-transistor phonograph models TPA-1 and TPA-2. This was originally announced in the June 28, 1955, edition of the \"Wall Street Journal\". Philco had begun selling these all-transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955 for $59.95. The October 1955 issue of \"Radio & Television News\" magazine (page 41) printed a full-page, detailed article, on Philco's new consumer product all-transistor phonograph. The Philco all-transistor portable phonograph TPA-1 and TPA-2 models played only 45rpm records and used four 1.5v \"D\" batteries for its power supply. \"TPA\" stands for \"Transistor Phonograph Amplifier\". Its circuitry used three Philco germanium PNP alloy-fused junction audio frequency transistors. After the 1956 season ended, Philco decided to discontinue the all-transistor portable 45rpm phonograph models, for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes.",
"title": "Philco"
},
{
"docid": "1601998#2",
"text": "The field-effect transistor (FET) was first proposed by J.E. Lilienfeld, who received a patent for his idea in 1930. He proposed that a field-effect transistor behaves as a capacitor with a conducting channel between a source and a drain electrode. Applied voltage on the gate electrode controls the amount of charge carriers flowing through the system.\nThe first field-effect transistor was designed and prepared in 1960 by Kahng and Atalla using a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOSFET). However, rising costs of materials and manufacturing, as well as public interest in more environmentally friendly electronics materials have supported development of organic based electronics in more recent years. In 1987, Koezuka and co-workers reported the first organic field-effect transistor based on a polymer of thiophene molecules. The thiophene polymer is a type of conjugated polymer that is able to conduct charge, eliminating the need to use expensive metal oxide semiconductors. Additionally, other conjugated polymers have been shown to have semiconducting properties. OFET design has also improved in the past few decades. Many OFETs are now designed based on the thin-film transistor (TFT) model, which allows the devices to use less conductive materials in their design. Improvement on these models in the past few years have been made to field-effect mobility and on–off current ratios.",
"title": "Organic field-effect transistor"
},
{
"docid": "10169528#2",
"text": "In 1951, just four years after the invention of the transistor by Bell Laboratories, the Allentown Plant was opened to manufacture the first transistors. Jack Morton was assigned to develop transistors for manufacture. He had been responsible for inventing and providing the military with microwave components during WWII and knew how to get an idea from the lab, into production, and into the field. He established a system of branch labs at several Western Electric plants, consisting of teams of Bell Labs scientists and engineers focused on production engineering and acting as liaison with their colleagues back in Murray Hill. Morton fine-tuned this approach at the new Western Electric plant in Allentown, Pa., which produced electronic devices and components for the Bell System. He set up a Bell Labs semiconductor development group there and put Eugene Anderson in charge.",
"title": "Reading Works"
},
{
"docid": "297066#5",
"text": "Two companies working together, Texas Instruments of Dallas, Texas and Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indianapolis, Indiana, were behind the unveiling of the Regency TR-1, the world's first commercially produced transistor radio. Previously, Texas Instruments was producing instrumentation for the oil industry and locating devices for the U.S. Navy and I.D.E.A. built home television antenna boosters. The two companies worked together on the TR-1, looking to grow revenues for their respective companies by breaking into this new product area. In May 1954, Texas Instruments had designed and built a prototype and was looking for an established radio manufacturer to develop and market a radio using their transistors. (The Chief Project Engineer for the radio design at Texas Instruments' headquarters in Dallas, Texas was Paul D. Davis, Jr., who had a degree in Electrical Engineering from Southern Methodist University. He was assigned the project due to his experience with radio engineering in World War II.) None of the major radio makers including RCA, Philco, and Emerson were interested. The President of I.D.E.A. at the time, Ed Tudor, jumped at the opportunity to manufacture the TR-1, predicting sales of the transistor radios at \"20 million radios in three years\". The Regency TR-1 was announced on October 18, 1954 by the Regency Division of I.D.E.A., was put on sale in November 1954, and was the first practical transistor radio made in any significant numbers. \"Billboard\" reported in 1954 that \"the radio has only four transistors. One acts as a combination mixer-oscillator, one as an audio amplifier, and two as intermediate-frequency amplifiers.\" One year after the release of the TR-1 sales approached the 100,000 mark. The look and size of the TR-1 was well received, but the reviews of the TR-1's performance were typically adverse. The Regency TR-1 is patented by Richard C. Koch, , former Project Engineer of I.D.E.A.",
"title": "Transistor radio"
},
{
"docid": "8315798#3",
"text": "While at the Westinghouse subsidiary in Paris, Welker and German physicist Herbert F. Mataré developed a point contact semiconductor amplifier, demonstrated in June 1948. This coincided with the announcement by Bell laboratory scientists of the demonstration of a point contact transistor on June 30, 1948. The French Westinghouse subsidiary applied for a patent on the same type of device on August 13, 1948. On 18 May 1949, this European invention coined as the \"Le Transistron\" or the \"French transistor\" was presented to the public, while a first batch of 1,000 devices was manufactured for the French telecommunications. This development was an outgrowth of work done by the two independently in Germany in programs to develop German radar. The French patent was granted in 1952.",
"title": "Heinrich Welker"
}
] |
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] |
3009
|
When was the Arabic numeral system introduced in Europe?
|
[
{
"docid": "280582#33",
"text": "From India, the thriving trade between Islamic sultans and Africa carried the concept to Cairo. Arabic mathematicians extended the system to include decimal fractions, and Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī wrote an important work about it in the 9th century. The modern Arabic numerals were introduced to Europe with the translation of this work in the 12th century in Spain and Leonardo of Pisa's \"Liber Abaci\" of 1201. In Europe, the complete Indian system with the zero was derived from the Arabs in the 12th century.",
"title": "Numerical digit"
},
{
"docid": "85563#0",
"text": "Adelard of Bath (; 1080 1152 AD) was a 12th-century English natural philosopher. He is known both for his original works and for translating many important Arabic and Greek scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin from Arabic versions, which were then introduced to Western Europe. He is known as one of the first to introduce the Arabic numeral system to Europe. He stands at the convergence of three intellectual schools: the traditional learning of French schools, the Greek culture of Southern Italy, and the Arabic science of the East.",
"title": "Adelard of Bath"
},
{
"docid": "1786#11",
"text": "The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the \"Codex Vigilanus\" of 976.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1786#16",
"text": "The reason the digits are more commonly known as \"Arabic numerals\" in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic-speakers of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco. Arabs, on the other hand, call the base-10 system (not just these digits) \"Hindu numerals\", referring to their origin in India. This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the \"Hindi numerals\", namely the Eastern Arabic numerals ( - - - - - - - - - ) used in the Middle East, or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages (e.g. Devanagari: ).",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "36549055#2",
"text": "Pickover states, “The Latin translation [of Al-Khuwarizmi's Algebra] introduced the decimal positional number system to Europe” (84). Later, Pickover writes that Fibonacci's Liber Abaci \"introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals and decimal system to Western Europe\" (100).",
"title": "The Math Book"
},
{
"docid": "14220#35",
"text": "In the 7th century, Brahmagupta identified the Brahmagupta theorem, Brahmagupta's identity and Brahmagupta's formula, and for the first time, in \"Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta\", he lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and decimal digit, and explained the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. It was from a translation of this Indian text on mathematics (c. 770) that Islamic mathematicians were introduced to this numeral system, which they adapted as Arabic numerals. Islamic scholars carried knowledge of this number system to Europe by the 12th century, and it has now displaced all older number systems throughout the world. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, all of which evolved from the Brahmi numerals. Each of the roughly dozen major scripts of India has its own numeral glyphs. In the 10th century, Halayudha's commentary on Pingala's work contains a study of the Fibonacci sequence and Pascal's triangle, and describes the formation of a matrix.",
"title": "History of mathematics"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#4",
"text": "The Hindu-Arabic numerals were invented by mathematicians in India. Perso-Arabic mathematicians called them \"Hindu numerals\" (where \"Hindu\" meant Indian). Later they came to be called \"Arabic numerals\" in Europe, because they were introduced to the West by Arab merchants.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "31743909#7",
"text": "During the early medieval era, Roman numerals were used in Europe to represent numbers, but the Arabs represented numbers using the Hindu numeral system, a positional notation that used ten symbols. In about 1202, Fibonacci published his book \"Liber Abaci\" (Book of Calculation) which introduced the concept of positional notation into Europe. These symbols evolved into the numerals \"0\", \"1\", \"2\" etc. At that time there was dispute regarding the difference between rational numbers and irrational numbers and there was no consistency in the way in which decimal fractions were represented.",
"title": "History of the metric system"
},
{
"docid": "14220#50",
"text": "Leonardo of Pisa, now known as Fibonacci, serendipitously learned about the Hindu–Arabic numerals on a trip to what is now Béjaïa, Algeria with his merchant father. (Europe was still using Roman numerals.) There, he observed a system of arithmetic (specifically algorism) which due to the positional notation of Hindu–Arabic numerals was much more efficient and greatly facilitated commerce. Leonardo wrote \"Liber Abaci\" in 1202 (updated in 1254) introducing the technique to Europe and beginning a long period of popularizing it. The book also brought to Europe what is now known as the Fibonacci sequence (known to Indian mathematicians for hundreds of years before that) which was used as an unremarkable example within the text.",
"title": "History of mathematics"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#19",
"text": "The familiar shape of the Western Arabic glyphs as now used with the Latin alphabet (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are the product of the late 15th to early 16th century, when they enter early typesetting.\nMuslim scientists used the Babylonian numeral system, and merchants used the Abjad numerals, a system similar to the Greek numeral system and the Hebrew numeral system. Similarly, 's introduction of the system to Europe was restricted to learned circles.\nThe credit for first establishing widespread understanding and usage of the decimal positional notation among the general population goes to , an author of the German Renaissance, whose 1522 \" was targeted at the apprentices of businessmen and craftsmen.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#18",
"text": "In Christian Europe, the first mention and representation of Hindu-Arabic numerals (from one to nine, without zero), is in the \", an illuminated compilation of various historical documents from the Visigothic period in Spain, written in the year 976 by three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda.\nBetween 967 and 969, Gerbert of Aurillac discovered and studied Arab science in the Catalan abbeys. Later he obtained from these places the book \" (\"On multiplication and division\"). After becoming Pope Sylvester II in the year 999, he introduced a new model of abacus, the so-called Abacus of Gerbert, by adopting tokens representing Hindu-Arab numerals, from one to nine.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
}
] |
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] |
3010
|
Is The Thick of It on-going?
|
[
{
"docid": "1965531#0",
"text": "The Thick of It is a British comedy television series that satirises the inner workings of modern British government. It was first broadcast for two short series on BBC Four in 2005, initially with a small cast focusing on a government minister, his advisers and their party's spin-doctor. The cast was significantly expanded for two hour-long specials to coincide with Christmas and Gordon Brown's appointment as prime minister in 2007, which saw new characters forming the opposition party added to the cast. These characters continued when the show switched channels to BBC Two for its third series in 2009. A fourth series about a coalition government was broadcast in 2012, with the last episode transmitted on 27 October 2012. In a 2012 interview, series creator Armando Iannucci said the fourth series of the programme would probably be its last.",
"title": "The Thick of It"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2997846#10",
"text": "For the most expensive clamshell and slate Go stones, stone thickness is carefully controlled and ranked according to size. Typical stone sizes are size 25 (7.0 mm thick) to size 37 (10.4 mm), and even thicker stones are available for a correspondingly much higher price. Commonly used shell and slate Go stone thicknesses are size 32 (8.8 mm) and size 33 (9.2 mm) for most individuals and size 36 (10.1 mm) for professionals. Stones thicker than 10.1 mm are difficult to place on the board, while many Go players prefer stones that are 8.8 and 9.2 mm thick, considering these the optimum thickness for aesthetic and practical reasons.",
"title": "Go equipment"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "34559818#0",
"text": "The Ŭnsan Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Ŭnsan on the P'yŏngra Line to Taegŏn.",
"title": "Ŭnsan Line"
},
{
"docid": "19012029#0",
"text": "The letter Ƭ (minuscule: ƭ), called T with hook, is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on the letter t. It is used some alphabets of African languages such as Serer and (in Burkina) Tamasheq.",
"title": "Ƭ"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "16471277#0",
"text": "Ǝ ǝ or Turned E is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet used in African languages using the Pan-Nigerian alphabet or the African reference alphabet. The minuscule is based on a rotated e and the capital form majuscule Ǝ, based on a rotated majuscule E.",
"title": "Ǝ"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#0",
"text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.",
"title": "S͎"
}
] |
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] |
3011
|
When was Anzac Avenue first constructed?
|
[
{
"docid": "19901954#26",
"text": "Anzac Memorial Avenue was officially opened for traffic on 5 December 1925 by the acting Premier William Forgan Smith. A floral arch was erected in Petrie for the occasion, with the Mayor of Redcliffe, J.B. Dunn and Pine Shire Chairman, W Bradley, providing welcome speeches and thanking the government for its assistance. The party, in a long procession of cars, continued on to Redcliffe which was \"en fete\" for the occasion. The avenue was proclaimed as the best road to a tourist resort yet conducted in Queensland.\nIn the week the road was opened, Rothwell wrote to the Brisbane Courier to draw attention to the tree-planting aspect of the memorial avenue. Rothwell noted the road was already utilised by hundreds of motorists on Sundays and public holidays. He called on the public to assist financially in making the road an avenue from Kedron Brook in Brisbane to Redcliffe, \"a glorious asset to the State of Queensland\". The first plantings were to be concentrated on the Anzac Memorial Avenue section between Redcliffe and Petrie.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#1",
"text": "Opened in 1925, Anzac Memorial Avenue (as it was originally named) is the longest World War I memorial avenue in Queensland and was the first bitumen motor road connecting Brisbane to the popular holiday resort of Redcliffe, and reflects the growth in car usage in the early 1920s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2009.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19901954#17",
"text": "On 21 June 1922, the RACQ presented the case for the road to Harry Coyne, the Queensland Minister for Lands. Coyne agreed the road would likely be gazetted as a main road on the undertaking that non-government capital would be raised to begin its initial construction, while also suggesting the name of \"Anzac Memorial Avenue\". The Anzac Avenue Memorial Committee was established with Rothwell as chairman. A fundraising figure of was set. This amount would provide for the wages of ex-servicemen employed on the road, while the Main Roads Board would bear the cost of construction materials.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#50",
"text": "Gazetted in 1922 and opened in 1925, following an earlier route established in the 1860s, Anzac Memorial Avenue was one of the earliest roads in Queensland constructed by the Main Roads Board. The Board was established in 1920 to respond to the greater demands on the road network posed by increased motor vehicle usage in the interwar period. Anzac Memorial Avenue is important in illustrating the early stages of this phase in the development of Queensland's road network.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#41",
"text": "Despite the construction of the Hornibrook Bridge in 1935 providing an alternative route by car to the Redcliffe peninsula, traffic volumes along Anzac Avenue steadily increased as the years went by, necessitating duplication of some sections of the road in the 1980s and the 1990s. This widening, although required in order to manage traffic congestion, resulted in the need to remove or relocate some of the tree plantings along the route, a move that was not without controversy at the time.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#21",
"text": "The route was officially gazetted as the \"Redcliffe Road\" on 21 October 1922. Anzac Memorial Avenue was one of the earliest examples of Main Roads Boards' involvement in facilitating car-driven tourism in Queensland. The Board promoted Anzac Memorial Avenue for its dual purpose, as a road to a seaside resort that offered health benefits from a change of climate and scenic beauty, while providing developmental opportunities for the area. Until improvements to the South Coast and North Coast roads, Anzac Memorial Avenue was the premier road to a tourist resort from Brisbane.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#51",
"text": "As the first bitumen motor road from a major urban centre to a seaside resort, Anzac Memorial Avenue is important in demonstrating the growth of car based tourism in Queensland in the 1920s and illustrates the growing importance of car access to the development of tourist resorts. Anzac Memorial Avenue catalysed the growth of Redcliffe as a major seaside resort for south-east Queensland during the interwar period.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "47297088#10",
"text": "Some time after 24 May 1920 and before the end of July 1920 the main street of Beerburrum was metalled on its southern side to the width of to match the metal roadway on the north side of the street, forming a divided road. In the middle, a wide strip was ploughed and planted with trees in memory of the fallen soldiers of World War I. The Week newspaper reported on 21 May 1920 that the first tree (a camphor laurel) had been planted by General William Birdwood, who also named the street Anzac Avenue. The Brisbane Courier stated on 5 August that the Beerburrum State School pupils had completed the planting of Anzac Avenue with 17 weeping figs, 16 Washingtonia palms and 4 pine trees. However, early photographs show the avenue plantings to be weeping figs, palms and presumably camphor laurels. This project was completed in time for the visit of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) to Beerburrum on 3 August 1920.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue Memorial Trees"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#37",
"text": "Over time, Anzac Memorial Avenue has been widened to accommodate increased car usage. During the 1980s and 1990s, sections of the avenue were duplicated to form a dual carriageway. Some trees were removed during this time. In Pine Rivers Shire, the council and the Department of Transport adopted a design to preserve the Avenue during roadworks; however a number of trees were removed. In March 1993, Anzac Memorial Avenue was officially reopened by Queensland RSL President SW Kay and Pine Rivers Shire Chairman R Akers. Following the removal of a number of trees in 2006 for a transit lane, Queensland Transport and the Redcliffe RSL planted a memorial grove in Henry Pieper Park on the avenue at Kippa-Ring, with trees propagated from the slash pines. While originally named Anzac Memorial Avenue, the road is more widely known and signed as Anzac Avenue.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
},
{
"docid": "19901954#34",
"text": "Thomas Rothwell died on 28 January 1928 and his involvement with the Avenue was honoured on Sunday 9 April 1933 with the unveiling of the Rothwell monument by the Queensland governor, Sir Leslie Wilson. This stone obelisk was placed on a small triangular piece of land at the intersection of Anzac Memorial Avenue and the Deception Bay Road, later moving to a nearby park () when a roundabout was placed on the site. Rothwell bequeathed the substantial sum of to the tree planting committee, which was acknowledged at the unveiling as having maintained the project.",
"title": "Anzac Avenue"
}
] |
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] |
3012
|
When was the Caraga Administrative Region established?
|
[
{
"docid": "298874#0",
"text": "Caraga, officially known as the Caraga Administrative Region or simply Caraga Region and designated as Region XIII, is an administrative region in the Philippines occupying the northeastern section of the island of Mindanao. The Caraga Region was created through \"Republic Act No. 7901\" on February 23, 1995. The region comprises five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Dinagat Islands; six cities: Bayugan, Bislig, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao and Tandag; 67 municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan is the regional administrative center.",
"title": "Caraga"
},
{
"docid": "20878000#1",
"text": "The birth of the DepEd Caraga Administrative Region or Region XIII on February 23, 1995 by virtue of the Republic Act No. 7901, required the establishment of a Regional Science High School with a permanent site.",
"title": "Caraga Regional Science High School"
},
{
"docid": "298874#5",
"text": "On February 23, 1995, the Caraga region was created through the issue of Republic Act No. 7901 during the administration of President Fidel Ramos. The provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Norte (of the former Northern Mindanao region) and Surigao del Sur (of the former Southern Mindanao region) were annexed as part of the newly-created region.",
"title": "Caraga"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "267461#2",
"text": "The area of Surigao del Norte was once part of an ancient district referred to as \"Caraga\" during the Spanish colonial period named after its chief inhabitants, the Caraga tribe or Caragans who were largely concentrated in a settlement called Caraga. The ancient district of Caraga, which was established in 1609 comprised all of the present day provinces of Surigao del Norte, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Sur, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The seat of government was at Tandag until it was transferred to the town of Surigao in 1848. Six Spanish military districts were established in Mindanao in 1860 and the areas of present-day Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur (collectively called Agusan back then), including the territory lying between present day Butuan and Caraga bays, formed the third district called the \"East District\" which was changed in 1870 to \"Distrito de Surigao\". By the end of the Spanish rule in 1897, Agusan had been organized as a single politico-military comandancia named \"Butuan\", within the administrative jurisdiction of Distrito de Surigao.",
"title": "Surigao del Norte"
},
{
"docid": "26214046#3",
"text": "In June 22, 1963, Republic Act 3604 was passed, converting the school into the Northern Mindanao Agricultural College (NORMINAC). House Bill No. 25 was passed, converting NORMINAC to the Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology (NORMISIST). The House Bill became Batas Pambansa Blg. 241 when President Ferdinand Marcos signed it into law on November 11, 1982.\nRA9854, signed in January 5, 2010 by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, established the Caraga State University in the region by integrating the Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology (NORMISIST) of this city and the Northern Mindanao College of Science and Technology (NMCAST) in Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte with its main campus in Butuan City.",
"title": "Caraga State University"
},
{
"docid": "298874#1",
"text": "\"Caraga\" is said to have originated from the native word \"Kalaga\" which means \"spirit of soul\". Hence, the whole \"Provincia de Caraga\" of AD 1622 was called \"region de gente animosa\", that is \"region of spirited men\". Another fictional etymology of the name flows from a local legend as coming from the word \"Cagang\", a numerous small crabs matting the beach of Caraga, which is also known as \"katang\" to the native inhabitants. Legend goes that the town was named as such because the first Spanish missionaries who came in the early years of 1600 found numerous small crabs matting the beach.",
"title": "Caraga"
},
{
"docid": "296986#3",
"text": "The present territory of Davao Oriental was covered by the historical region of Caraga, which was under the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The Spaniards established a permanent settlement in the region in 1591, and in 1844, the area was ceded by the Sultanate to Spain. An expedition was sent by the colonial government in Manila in 1847 to control the region, led by the Spaniard Jose Oyanguren, who settled in the town of Davao and organized the surrounding areas into the province of Nueva Guipozcoa in 1849. The province existed until 1858, when the politico-military \"commandancia\"s of Davao and Bislig were created in its place. Bislig was incorporated into the District of Davao two years later.",
"title": "Davao Oriental"
},
{
"docid": "42653732#0",
"text": "The San Salvador del Mundo Church is the parish church of Caraga, Davao Oriental. The town was established in 1861 making it one of the oldest towns in the province of Davao Oriental. When the Jesuits took charge of the spiritual administration of the town in 1871 from the Augustinian Recollects, a stone and wooden church was built in 1877 to serve as mission station of Spanish Missionaries in propagating Christianity in the eastern side of Mindanao. When it was completed in 1884, the church was dedicated to San Salvador del Mundo (Christ, the Saviour of the World).",
"title": "San Salvador del Mundo Church"
},
{
"docid": "682665#6",
"text": "The etymology of the word \"Caraga\" is said to have originated from the native word \"\"Kalag\"\" which means \"spirit of soul\". Hence, the whole \"Provincia de Caraga\" of 1622 was called \"\"region de gente animosa\"\", that is \"region of spirited men\". This being \"spirited men and women\" is grounded on its cultural, religious and political background. With culture, Caragans were spirited in view of their closeness to nature and attitude towards the creation. With religiosity, Caragans were spirited as to their belief on the spirits of nature (like the trees \"balete tree\", the rivers and mountains, sun and moon); in fact, they have \"anito worship\" and \"ancestor worship\" led by the dancing priestess (\"balyan\") and the singing priestess (\"catalunan\"). With primitive politics, Caragans were spirited as they invited a \"bagani system\" of governance. A \"\"bagani\"\" is like a \"warrior\" kinglet or datu\" who ruled by banditry and by occupation.",
"title": "Caraga, Davao Oriental"
},
{
"docid": "30351170#2",
"text": "The hospital was expanded and the number of beds increased in 1958 to fifty beds. The hospital continued to grow to seventy-five beds and in 1970 it grew to 100 beds. The current number of beds, 150, was authorized in 1975. In 1993 the hospital was devolved by the Philippine government to the province of Surigao del Norte. On February 11, 1997, the hospital was renamed Caraga Regional Hospital.",
"title": "Caraga Regional Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "298874#63",
"text": "The region is serviced by commercial flights to and from Manila and Cebu through the airports of Butuan, Surigao and Siargao in Surigao del Norte and Tandag Airport in Surigao del Sur. The Bislig Airport used to service commercial flights before its operation were suspended. A proposed airports in Agusan del Sur and Dinagat are being studied if viable for commercial operations. There are six other private owned airports in the region among them is the PHILNICO airport located in Nonoc Is. in Surigao City. The ports and airports are supported by the road networks that connect the provinces within and outside the region.",
"title": "Caraga"
}
] |
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] |
3013
|
What is a fatty acid?
|
[
{
"docid": "14542228#16",
"text": "Fatty acids are key components of a cell, therefore, the regulation or inhibition of fatty acid synthesis hold severe consequences for cellular function. The malfunction of the fatty acid synthesis pathway can result in cancer and obesity. However, the significance of fatty acid synthesis also make the fatty acid synthesis pathway a potential target for the search and study of anticancer and antibiotic drugs. It has been found that in humans, fatty acid synthase, is overly expressed in cancer cells. Therefore, FAS, which has been associated only with energy production prior, is now associated with aggressive tumor growth and survival. Studies have also found that human fatty acid synthase is overly expressed in prostate cancer cells.",
"title": "Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase"
},
{
"docid": "10975#0",
"text": "In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually not found in organisms, but instead as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are important structural components for cells.",
"title": "Fatty acid"
},
{
"docid": "10975#14",
"text": "Malonyl-CoA is then involved in a repeating series of reactions that lengthens the growing fatty acid chain by two carbons at a time. Almost all natural fatty acids, therefore, have even numbers of carbon atoms. When synthesis is complete the free fatty acids are nearly always combined with glycerol (three fatty acids to one glycerol molecule) to form triglycerides, the main storage form of fatty acids, and thus of energy in animals. However, fatty acids are also important components of the phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayers out of which all the membranes of the cell are constructed (the cell wall, and the membranes that enclose all the organelles within the cells, such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus).",
"title": "Fatty acid"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10975#15",
"text": "The \"uncombined fatty acids\" or \"free fatty acids\" found in the circulation of animals come from the breakdown (or lipolysis) of stored triglycerides. Because they are insoluble in water, these fatty acids are transported bound to plasma albumin. The levels of \"free fatty acids\" in the blood are limited by the availability of albumin binding sites. They can be taken up from the blood by all cells that have mitochondria (with the exception of the cells of the central nervous system). Fatty acids can only be broken down in mitochondria, by means of beta-oxidation followed by further combustion in the citric acid cycle to CO and water. Cells in the central nervous system, which, although they possess mitochondria, cannot take free fatty acids up from the blood, as the blood-brain barrier is impervious to most free fatty acids, excluding short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids. These cells have to manufacture their own fatty acids from carbohydrates, as described above, in order to produce and maintain the phospholipids of their cell membranes, and those of their organelles.",
"title": "Fatty acid"
},
{
"docid": "17940#11",
"text": "Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight. Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The fatty amides include N-acyl ethanolamines, such as the cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide.",
"title": "Lipid"
},
{
"docid": "14542228#0",
"text": "Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase, or more commonly known as yeast fatty acid synthase (and not to be confused with Long Chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase), is an enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis, and is of Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis (FAS). Yeast fatty acid synthase plays a pivotal role in fatty acid synthesis. It is a 2.6 MDa barrel shaped complex and is composed of two, unique multi-functional subunits: alpha and beta. Together, the alpha and beta units are arranged in an αβstructure. The catalytic activities of this enzyme complex involves a coordination system of enzymatic reactions between the alpha and beta subunits. The enzyme complex therefore consists of six functional centers for fatty acid synthesis.",
"title": "Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase"
},
{
"docid": "22594#0",
"text": "Omega−3 fatty acids, also called ω−3 fatty acids or \"n\"−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by a double bond three atoms away from the terminal methyl group. They are widely distributed in nature, being important constituents of animal lipid metabolism, and they play an important role in the human diet and in human physiology. The three types of omega−3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA), found in plant oils, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both commonly found in marine oils. Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega−3 fatty acids. Common sources of plant oils containing ALA include walnut, edible seeds, clary sage seed oil, algal oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, \"Echium\" oil, and hemp oil, while sources of animal omega−3 fatty acids EPA and DHA include fish, fish oils, eggs from chickens fed EPA and DHA, squid oils, and krill oil.\nOmega−3 fatty acids are important for normal metabolism. Mammals are unable to synthesize omega−3 fatty acids, but can obtain the shorter-chain omega−3 fatty acid ALA (18 carbons and 3 double bonds) through diet and use it to form the more important long-chain omega−3 fatty acids, EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (22 carbons and 6 double bonds). The ability to make the longer-chain omega−3 fatty acids from ALA may be impaired in aging. In foods exposed to air, unsaturated fatty acids are vulnerable to oxidation and rancidity. Dietary supplementation with omega−3 fatty acids does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes or any vascular disease outcomes.\nThe terms \"ω–3 (\"omega–3\") fatty acid\" and \"n–\"3 \"fatty acid\" are derived from organic nomenclature. One way in which a fatty acid is named is determined by the location of the first double bond, counted from the methyl end, that is, the omega (ω-) or the \"n\"- end (see illustration). In general terminology using either \"n–x\" or ω–\"x\", the dash is a minus sign (although it is never read as such), and the number \"n–x\" (or ω–\"x\") refers to the locant of the double bond linking two carbon atoms. Thus, in omega\"–\"3 fatty acids in particular, there is a double bond located on the carbon numbered 3 lower than the highest carbon number. By example, α-linolenic acid (ALA; illustration) is an 18-carbon chain having three double bonds, the first being located at the third carbon from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain, known as the \"n\" end. Thus, α-linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated \"n−3\" (omega-3) fatty acid with lipid number, 18:3 (18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds).",
"title": "Omega-3 fatty acid"
},
{
"docid": "10975#18",
"text": "Fatty acids do not show a great variation in their acidities, as indicated by their respective p\"K\". Nonanoic acid, for example, has a p\"K\" of 4.96, being only slightly weaker than acetic acid (4.76). As the chain length increases, the solubility of the fatty acids in water decreases, so that the longer-chain fatty acids have minimal effect on the pH of an aqueous solution. Even those fatty acids that are insoluble in water will dissolve in warm ethanol, and can be titrated with sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. This analysis is used to determine the free fatty acid content of fats; i.e., the proportion of the triglycerides that have been hydrolyzed.",
"title": "Fatty acid"
},
{
"docid": "4683065#9",
"text": "Fatty acid synthesis is an anabolic process that starts from the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Malonyl CoA leads to fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and is involved in the elongation of fatty acids through Fatty acid synthase (FASN). Although aerobic glycolysis is the best documented metabolic phenotype of tumor cells, it is not a universal feature of all human cancers. Amino acids and fatty acids have been shown to function as fuels for tumor cells to proliferate. The carnitine palmitoyltransferase enzymes that regulate the β-oxidation of fatty acids may have a key role in determining some of these phenotypes. Enhanced fatty acid synthesis provides lipids for membrane biogenesis to tumor cells and hence, it gives advantage in both growth and survival of the cell.",
"title": "Tumor metabolome"
},
{
"docid": "14427686#4",
"text": "Fatty acids play an important role in normal brain development as well as maintaining proper neuronal function. It has been found that certain fatty acids that are in abundance in the brain may be linked with FFA1. These fatty acids likely activate FFA1, inducing an intracellular response. It has been found that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has a higher affinity than other fatty acids for FFA1. DHA makes up 30% and arachidonic acid, another fatty acid found in the brain, makes up 20% of the fatty acids in the brain. Both of these fatty acids must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot make them. A correct balance of these fatty acids is vital to normal brain function and structure. DHA is supplied to the brain via astrocytes, which release DHA so that it reaches a high enough concentration to act as an extracellular signal on FFA1.",
"title": "Free fatty acid receptor 1"
},
{
"docid": "10975#29",
"text": "Fatty acids that are required for good health but cannot be made in sufficient quantity from other substrates, and therefore must be obtained from food, are called essential fatty acids. There are two series of essential fatty acids: one has a double bond three carbon atoms away from the methyl end; the other has a double bond six carbon atoms away from the methyl end. Humans lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbons 9 and 10, as counted from the carboxylic acid side. Two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). These fatty acids are widely distributed in plant oils. The human body has a limited ability to convert ALA into the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids — eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can also be obtained from fish. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are biosynthetic precursors to endocannabinoids with antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and neurogenic properties.",
"title": "Fatty acid"
}
] |
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] |
3014
|
When was the first Bleach film released?
|
[
{
"docid": "660333#0",
"text": "\"Bleach\" was serialized in the Japanese manga magazine \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" from August 2001 to August 2016, with its chapters collected into 74 \"tankōbon\" volumes. The series has spawned a media franchise that includes an anime television series that was produced by Studio Pierrot from 2004 to 2012, two original video animation episodes, four animated feature films, ten stage musicals, and numerous video games, as well as many types of \"Bleach\"-related merchandise. A live-action film adaptation was released in 2018. English-language releases of \"Bleach\" are coordinated by Viz Media, which has released several volumes of the manga each year since 2004, and published chapters of \"Bleach\" in its \"Shonen Jump\" magazine since November 2007. Viz Media secured foreign television and home video distribution rights to the \"Bleach\" anime in 2006. Cartoon Network's Adult Swim began airing dubbed episodes of \"Bleach\" in the United States that Fall, and Hulu later began to stream subtitled versions of the anime a week after each episode aired in Japan. Viz Media has also released each of the \"Bleach\" feature films in English.",
"title": "Bleach (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "1397721#29",
"text": "All four feature films based on the \"Bleach\" series were directed by Noriyuki Abe, director of the \"Bleach\" anime series. Each movie features an original plotline along with original characters designed by Tite Kubo, which is contrary to the normal practice for anime-based films, as the original author usually has little creative involvement. \"\", was released in Japan on December 16, 2006 and had a limited release in American theaters in June 2008. The second film, \"\", was released to Japanese theaters on December 22, 2007. The third film, \"\", was released in Japan on December 13, 2008. The fourth movie, \"\", was released in Japan on December 4, 2010.",
"title": "Bleach (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "660333#23",
"text": "There are four animated feature films based on the \"Bleach\" series, all of which are directed by Noriyuki Abe, director of the \"Bleach\" anime series. The films were released annually each December starting in 2006, though none were released in 2009. Each movie features an original plotline along with original characters designed by Tite Kubo, which is contrary to the normal practice for anime-based films, as the original author usually has little creative involvement.",
"title": "Bleach (manga)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5297549#0",
"text": "Bleach: Memories of Nobody is the first animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series \"Bleach\". Directed by Noriyuki Abe and written by Masashi Sogo, the film was first released in Japanese theaters on December 16, 2006. The DVD was released in Japan on September 5, 2007. To promote the film, the opening and closing credits for episodes 106 through 109 of the \"Bleach\" anime use footage from the film. The film's theme music is by Aqua Timez. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States from June 11 to June 12, 2008, and in Canada on October 20, 2008 and was followed by the DVD release on October 14, 2008. The film aired on September 5, 2009 on Adult Swim. Animax Asia became the first to air the movie in Asia, as they confirmed the premiere to be on May 2. The Blu-ray was released on May 7, 2012 in the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Bleach: Memories of Nobody"
},
{
"docid": "660333#20",
"text": "Composed and produced by Shirō Sagisu, numerous CD soundtracks have been released for the \"Bleach\" anime series and movies by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 1\" was released on May 18, 2005, which contains 25 tracks, including the first opening and ending themes in their original television lengths. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 2\" followed on August 2, 2006, with an additional 23 instrumental tracks. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 3\" later followed on November 5, 2008, with 27 instrumental tracks. \"Bleach Original Soundtrack 4\" was released on December 16, 2009, with 30 instrumental tracks. For the 5th anniversary of the series, Aniplex released \"Bleach 5th Anniversary Box\" set which contains CD with rare and unreleased tracks. \"Bleach: Memories of Nobody Original Soundtrack\" was released with 25 tracks from the \"\" film. \"Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion Original Soundtrack\" was also released for the \"\" film, with 29 tracks from the movie, followed by \"Bleach: Fade to Black Original Soundtrack\" for the \"\" film, with 29 tracks, followed by \"Bleach: Hell Verse Original Soundtrack\" for the \"\" film, with 21 tracks. Aniplex released \"Bleach The Best\" box set, which contains CD and DVD with 12 of the opening and ending themes from the series in their full length versions and few extras, later followed by \"Bleach The Best Instrumental/Jam-set Groove\", which contains eight instrumental tracks. The separated CD under the label, \"Bleach The Best\" which contains 12 tracks, was released in December 2008. The next release, \"Bleach Best Tunes\", contains 14 more opening and ending themes. \"Bleach The Berry Best\" box set, which contains CD with 13 tracks, bonus DVD and few extras, was released for the 10th anniversary of the series. On April 25, 2012, Aniplex released \"Bleach Best Trax\" box set, which include musical CD, bonus DVD with the complete opening and ending theme videos and few extras.",
"title": "Bleach (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "660333#34",
"text": "A number of video games have been created featuring characters from the \"Bleach\" series, primarily though not exclusively fighting games. The first video game to be released from the \"Bleach\" series was \"Bleach: Heat the Soul\", which debuted on March 24, 2005, for the Sony PlayStation Portable. Currently, the majority of the games have only been released in Japan, though Sega has localized the first three Nintendo DS games and the first Wii game for North America. So far, all dedicated \"Bleach\" games released for Sony's consoles have been developed and published by SCEI, whereas the games for Nintendo consoles are developed and published by Sega, and the Nintendo DS games are developed by Treasure Co. Ltd.. Two mobile games had also been released in 2014 and 2016 for the series, which are available for iOS and Android. In 2017, Line announced the release of a game exclusive for their communication app called \"Bleach: Paradise Lost\".",
"title": "Bleach (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "29321817#0",
"text": "The film was released in Japanese theatres on December 4, 2010 and in the United States dubbed in November. A prologue for the film, titled \"Theatre Opening Commemoration! Hell Chapter: Prologue\", was included in season 14 of the animation series and included in the regular TV Tokyo schedule, which aired on November 30, 2010. A promotional manga chapter, titled \"Imaginary Number 01: The Unforgivens\", was published showing Shuren confronting Szayel Aporro Granz and Aaroniero Arruruerie in Hell. Additionally, a promotional information book called \"Bleach: Official Invitation Book The Hell Verse\" was also released to commemorate the release of \"Bleach: Hell Verse\". The DVD was released on August 25, 2011 in Japan. The English dub was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012 in the United States and on February 24, 2013 in the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Bleach: Hell Verse"
},
{
"docid": "51365981#7",
"text": "On February 5, 2018, it was revealed that the movie would premiere on July 20, 2018 in Japan. A teaser trailer was released on February 21, 2018 which was praised for its faithful adaptation of the series' first chapter. In April 2018, the first official trailer was released, which also revealed the film's theme song by Alexandros, titled \"Mosquito Bite\". In June 2018, Warner Bros. Japan released the final trailer for the film, which confirmed that the film's main antagonist is the Hollow Grand Fisher.",
"title": "Bleach (2018 film)"
},
{
"docid": "660333#38",
"text": "The first \"Bleach\" artbook, \"All Colour But The Black\", has been released in Japan, the United States, and Europe. The artbook compiles a selection of color spreads from the first 19 volumes of the series, as well as some original art and author commentary. The second artbook, , was released on August 3, 2007. In addition to character guides and articles on other fictional aspects of the series, it compiles the various short comics, , that were published in \"V Jump\". The \"omake\"-style panels are similar to those included in the main series, but reveal more of the daily lives of characters. \"Color Bleach+: Bleach Official Bootleg\" was released in English by Viz Media on August 10, 2010. In December 2018, another artbook will be released, which will contain a massive 700 artworks from the series' 15 years tenure. It will be titled \"Bleach JET\".",
"title": "Bleach (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "3110983#1",
"text": "The first game to be released based on the \"Bleach\" series was \"\", which debuted on March 24, 2005, and the latest releases are \"\", which was released in North America on August 2, 2011 and \"Bleach: Bankai Batoru\", a social network game which was released in Japan on April 14, 2014. There are 23 games bearing the \"\"Bleach\"\" name, not including the three crossover games—\"Jump Super Stars\", \"Jump Ultimate Stars\" and \"J-Stars Victory VS\"—which feature characters from numerous other \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" anime and manga series. Most \"Bleach\" games have been released only in Japan, though Sega has localized the first Wii game and the first three Nintendo DS games for North America, Australia, and Europe. Reception toward the games has been mixed, ranging from \"the best fighter\" for \"\", to \"(not) a bad first effort, but the competition is leaving this one in the dust\" for \"\".",
"title": "List of Bleach video games"
}
] |
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] |
3015
|
What is the capital of Romania?
|
[
{
"docid": "16285631#1",
"text": "Romania – unitary semi-presidential republic located in Central-Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. It also borders Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It covers 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi) and has a temperate-continental climate. With 19.9 million inhabitants, it is the seventh most populous member of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth largest city in the EU. It encompasses the historical regions of Wallachia (including Dobruja), Moldavia (including Bukovina), Transylvania (including Banat, Maramureș, and Crișana). \"Romania\" derives from the Latin \"romanus\", meaning \"citizen of Rome\".Geography of Romania\nAdministrative divisions of Romania",
"title": "Outline of Romania"
},
{
"docid": "30853#20",
"text": "Cluj-Napoca, commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Cluj County. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. Brașov is an important tourist destination, being the largest city in a mountain resorts area, and a \ncentral location, suitable for exploring Romania, with the distances to several tourist destinations (including the Black Sea resorts, the monasteries in northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș) being similar.",
"title": "Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "14352265#9",
"text": "Romania's capital is Bucharest. The \"City of Bucharest\" is Bucharest's major financial district, and one of the regional's leading financial centres. The city is where the Bucharest Stock Exchange, as well as many other exchanges, are based. Service industries, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP and employ around 55% of the working population. Many other international banks are beginning to operate bases in Romania, as the sector expands. In 2007 there were 52 banks.",
"title": "Services in Romania"
},
{
"docid": "27600209#3",
"text": "The City of Bucharest had the unique status of being both a City with Municipal Status and the Capital of Romania (\"Capitala României\") and was legally distinct from the other Counties and Cities.",
"title": "Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Romania (1941–44)"
},
{
"docid": "36877#0",
"text": "Bucharest (; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.",
"title": "Bucharest"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "307703#0",
"text": "Slatina (, ) is the capital city of Olt County, Romania, on the river Olt. It is located in the south of Romania, on the eastern side of the river Olt, in the historical region of Muntenia. The population was 70,293 in 2011, being an important industrial center.",
"title": "Slatina, Romania"
},
{
"docid": "27600209#5",
"text": "Listed below are the administrative sub-divisions of Romania in May 1942. Capitals of Counties are shown in parentheses. Note: District names coincide with the names of their capitals if not otherwise specified (e.g.:Plasa Ștefan Vodă-\"Rădăuţi\")",
"title": "Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Romania (1941–44)"
},
{
"docid": "22537901#0",
"text": "Arad (; ; ) is the capital city of Arad County, historically situated in the region of Crișana, and having extended in the neighboring Banat region in the 20th century. Arad is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 159,704.",
"title": "Arad, Romania"
},
{
"docid": "415820#12",
"text": "Roman is located in north-eastern Romania, in Neamț County, in the historic region of Moldavia, at the mouth of the Moldova River, a tributary to the Siret. The nearest large city is Bacău, 40 km away on DN2 and on the Suceava-Bucharest railway; Piatra Neamț, the county capital, is 50 km away and Iași, the historic capital of Moldavia, is 80 km away.Roman is twinned with:",
"title": "Roman, Romania"
},
{
"docid": "4205689#0",
"text": "The Royal Palace () of Bucharest, known as Palace of the Republic () between 1948 and 1990, is a monumental building situated in the capital of Romania, on Calea Victoriei. The Palace in its various incarnations served as official residence for the Kings of Romania until 1947, when the communist regime was installed after Michael I of Romania's forced abdication. Since 1950 the Palace hosts the National Museum of Art of Romania. The former Romanian royal family currently uses Elisabeta Palace as its official residence in Bucharest.",
"title": "Royal Palace of Bucharest"
},
{
"docid": "215076#0",
"text": "Iași (, ; ; also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the second largest city in Romania, and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.",
"title": "Iași"
}
] |
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3016
|
When was Father's Day first celebrated in America?
|
[
{
"docid": "46280#8",
"text": "On June 19, 1910, a Father's Day celebration was held at the YMCA in Spokane, Washington by Sonora Smart Dodd. Her father, the civil war veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there. She was also a member of Old Centenary Presbyterian Church (now Knox Presbyterian Church), where she first proposed the idea. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909 at Central Methodist Episcopal Church, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday to honor them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday in June. Several local clergymen accepted the idea, and on June 19, 1910, the first Father's Day, \"sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city\".",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "41826181#2",
"text": "Father's Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas. Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19, 1910. Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day at Central Methodist Episcopal Church in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June.",
"title": "Father's Day (United States)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46280#0",
"text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic Europe, it has been celebrated on March 19 (St. Joseph's Day) since the Middle Ages. This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America, where March 19 is often still used for it, though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date, which is the third Sunday of June. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March, April and June. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Mother's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "46280#49",
"text": "In [[Latvia]], Father's Day (Tēvu diena) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday. In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR's influence with its own holidays. This day in Latvia was 'officially born' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 (second September Sunday) to promote the idea that man as the father must be satisfied and proud of his family and children, also, the father is important to gratitude and loving words from his family for devoted to continuous altruistic concerns. Because this day is new to the country it does not have established unique traditions, but people borrow ideas from other country's Father's Day traditions to congratulate fathers in Latvia.",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "46280#3",
"text": "Father's Day was not celebrated in the US, outside Catholic traditions, until the 20th century. As a civic celebration in the US, it was inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother's Day by celebrating fathers and male parenting.\nAfter Anna Jarvis' successful promotion of Mother's Day in Grafton, West Virginia, the first observance of a \"Father's Day\" was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church. Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father, when in December 1907, the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested that her pastor Robert Thomas Webb honor all those fathers.",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "46280#68",
"text": "The Law instituting the Father's day celebration in Romania passed on September 29th, 2009 and stated that Father's day will be celebrated annually on the second Sunday of May. First time it was celebrated on [[May 9th]] 2010. This year it was celebrated on [[ May]] 2022. The next dates this celebration will take place are: [[ May]] 2023, [[ May]] 2024, [[ May]] 2025, [[ May]] 2026, [[ May]] 2027, [[ May]] 2028 and [[ May]] 2029.",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "41826181#0",
"text": "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907.\nIt was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909. It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June.",
"title": "Father's Day (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "41826181#10",
"text": "In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J. J. Berringer of the Irvingtom Methodist Church. They believed mistakenly that they had been the first to celebrate such a day. They followed a 1911 suggestion by the \"Portland Oregonian\".",
"title": "Father's Day (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "46280#6",
"text": "In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvington Methodist Church. They mistakenly believed that they had been the first to celebrate such a day. They followed a 1911 suggestion by the \"Portland Oregonian\".",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "46280#13",
"text": "The officially recognized date of Father's Day varies from country to country. This section lists some significant examples, in order of date of observance.\n*Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women). But the congratulations are traditionally, nationally accepted by all fathers, other adult men and male children as well.\n**There is no official Father's Day of the P.R. China. During the Republican period prior to 1949, Father's Day on August 8 was first celebrated in Shanghai in 1945.",
"title": "Father's Day"
},
{
"docid": "46280#40",
"text": "Father's Day [[(Telugu: ఫాదర్స్ డే)], Tamil: Thanthaiyar Thinam, தந்தையர் தினம்]is not celebrated in all of [[India]]. But is observed the third Sunday of June by mostly westernized urban centers. The event is not a public holiday. The day is usually celebrated only in bigger cities of India like Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kanpur, Bengaluru, Kolkata and others. After this day was first observed in the United States in 1908 and gradually gained popularity, Indian metropolitan cities, much later, followed suit by recognising this event. In India, the day is usually celebrated with children giving gifts like greeting cards, electronic gadgets, shirts, coffee mugs or books to their fathers.",
"title": "Father's Day"
}
] |
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] |
3017
|
What is the biggest sin for a Christian?
|
[
{
"docid": "7502#27",
"text": "In contrast to the Jewish view of being morally balanced, Original Sin refers to the idea that the sin of Adam and Eve's disobedience (sin \"at the origin\") has passed on a spiritual heritage, so to speak. Christians teach that human beings inherit a corrupted or damaged human nature in which the tendency to do bad is greater than it would have been otherwise, so much so that human nature would not be capable now of participating in the afterlife with God. This is not a matter of being \"guilty\" of anything; each person is only personally guilty of their own actual sins. However, this understanding of original sin is what lies behind the Christian emphasis on the need for spiritual salvation from a spiritual Saviour, who can forgive and set aside sin even though humans are not inherently pure and worthy of such salvation. Paul the Apostle in Romans and I Corinthians placed special emphasis on this doctrine, and stressed that belief in Jesus would allow Christians to overcome death and attain salvation in the hereafter.",
"title": "Christianity and Judaism"
},
{
"docid": "1243977#0",
"text": "In Christian hamartiology, eternal sins, unforgivable sins, or unpardonable sins are sins which will not be forgiven by God. One eternal or unforgivable sin (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit) is specified in several passages of the Synoptic Gospels, including , , and .",
"title": "Eternal sin"
},
{
"docid": "1243977#1",
"text": "In Catholic teaching there are six sins that blaspheme against the Holy Spirit. They are: Several passages in the Bible are frequently interpreted as referring to the unforgivable sin:",
"title": "Eternal sin"
},
{
"docid": "1243977#6",
"text": "However, the Church further believes there is no offence, however serious, that cannot be taken away by Baptism, or absolved from in the Confessional—that no one, however wicked and guilty, may not confidently hope for forgiveness. The Catechism says that Christ desires \"the gates of forgiveness should always be open to anyone who turns away from sin.\" As did St Augustine, the Catholic Church today teaches that only dying unrepentant for one's sins is the only unforgivable sin. Indeed, in \"Dominum et vivificantem\" Pope John Paul II writes \"According to such an exegesis, 'blasphemy' does not properly consist in offending against the Holy Spirit in words; it consists rather in the refusal to accept the salvation which God offers to man through the Holy Spirit, working through the power of the Cross\", and \"If Jesus says that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit cannot be forgiven either in this life or in the next, it is because this \"non-forgiveness\" is linked, as to its cause, to \"non-repentance,\" in other words to the radical refusal to be converted. This means the refusal to come to the sources of Redemption, which nevertheless remain \"always\" open in the economy of salvation in which the mission of the Holy Spirit is accomplished.\"",
"title": "Eternal sin"
},
{
"docid": "1243977#5",
"text": "Thomas Aquinas lists, or has responded to, six sins that supposedly go against the Holy Spirit:\nThomas Aquinas explains that the unforgivability of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit means that it removes the entrance to these means of salvation; however, it cannot hinder God in taking away this obstacle by way of a miracle.",
"title": "Eternal sin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22771176#29",
"text": "Although many of the ideas for what is unacceptable overlap, the seven major sins of Islam differs from the seven deadly sins of Christianity. The Islamic sins refer more to specific undesirable behavior rather than to the general negative characteristics or actions of the cardinal Christian sins. Despite the similar names, the seven main sins in Islam are more comparable to the Ten Commandments rather than the seven deadly sins. They both provide the bottom line for believers in terms of what is acceptable behavior in the faith. The actions themselves differ most of the major crimes in Islam relate to subservience to Allah. Any form of polytheism is seen to be the most severe offense in the religion and all of the other transgressions are in some form of association with Allah. Witchcraft, for example, is the taking on of supernatural powers in order to make the practitioner a being above the normal human. This challenges the power of Allah as the person in question has superseded their mortal position to become something greater and akin to a god. The same can be said of murder, as ultimately the power to decide who shall live and die is believed to belong solely to Allah. Life is thought to be a gift from Allah and the unjust taking of life is a severe spiritual offense, as it is not only seen as morally wrong but also as an affront to God.",
"title": "Islamic views on sin"
},
{
"docid": "1131044#33",
"text": "Opposition was seen most clearly from the far-right, nationalist Greater Romania Party. The vice-president of the party stated that \"clearly, we wouldn't initiate such a legislative proposal, since we're a Christian party. The sin of sodomy is one of the biggest [sins]\". The Conservative Party was less vocal in its opposition to same-sex marriage, with Octavian Petrovici, the vice-president of the party's Bucharest division, stating about same-sex couples that \"it's their own choice, and in the same way that we respect the option of every citizen, we respect the choice of these people. However, it is a long way from respecting a choice to making special laws, which do not match the values and principles that our party affirms\".",
"title": "Recognition of same-sex unions in Romania"
},
{
"docid": "22735#4",
"text": "The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, the Bishop of Lyon, in his struggle against Gnosticism. Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam, with whom, Irenaeus believed, his descendants had some solidarity or identity. However, Irenaeus did not believe that Adam's sin was as severe as later tradition would hold, and he was not wholly clear about its consequences. While the belief that all human beings participate in Adam's sin and share his guilt are not totally foreign concepts for Irenaeus, still his doctrine of Original Sin is rather mild compared with what would later be found in the writings of Augustine. One recurring theme in Irenaeus is his view that Adam, in his transgression, is essentially a child who merely partook of the tree ahead of his time. For Irenaeus, knowing good and evil was an integral aspect of human nature; the 'sin' of Adam was snatching at the fruit of the tree rather than waiting for it as a gift from God.",
"title": "Original sin"
},
{
"docid": "134233#5",
"text": "In most forms of Western Christian belief, damnation to hell is what humanity deserves for its sins. Catholic and many Protestant denominations hold that human sin is the product of the fall of man of Adam and Eve in the book of Genesis. In some Christian denominations, only the sins that the Ten Commandments describe cause damnation, but others apply more strict terms. The reasons for being damned have varied widely through the centuries, with little consistency between different forms of Christianity (i.e., Catholic or Protestant). \"Sins\" ranging from murder to dancing have been said to lead to damnation.\nChristian denominations have differing views on soteriology, but a mainstream view is that believers can only escape damnation by salvation from Jesus Christ.",
"title": "Damnation"
},
{
"docid": "53451008#6",
"text": "Caroline Preece of Den of Geek! praised the episode saying “True to form, a lot happened during I Was Feeling Epic, spanning decades of time and featuring more twists and turns than should really be allowed in a single hour. But this is The Vampire Diaries, and its biggest sin would have been if it was boring. [….] it’d be impossible for me to sum up what this show has meant to me and so many others over these past eight years.”",
"title": "I Was Feeling Epic"
},
{
"docid": "22771151#8",
"text": "The difference and gravity of sins may be discerned on the grounds of spirit and flesh, even mortal sins may differ in gravity. Carnal sins like lust, adultery or fornication, gluttony and avarice, because the person who commits them is inordinately directed towards material goods that are a serious matter, are mortal sins. They may cause much shame and infamy. But spiritual sins like blaspheming of God or apostasy are, according to Thomas, still greater evil, as they have more of the aversion from God. They are directed against a greater object. The formal, essential element of sin is more at the centre in them. (cf. STh I–II q.72 a.2)",
"title": "Christian views on sin"
},
{
"docid": "22771151#18",
"text": "Mortal sins, which are any severe and intentional actions that directly disobey God, are often confused with the seven deadly sins, which are pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. They are not, however, the same. The seven deadly sins are called \"deadly\" because they might lead another to commit other sins. Some forms of the seven deadly sins (i.e. debilitating one's health because of their love of food) can constitute as grave matter, while others may just be venal (i.e. over-eating).",
"title": "Christian views on sin"
},
{
"docid": "673961#14",
"text": "At the heart of this objection is Taylor's view of the atonement. Many Christians believe that Christ's death upon the cross was as a sin-substitute, whereby the sins of mankind were imputed to Christ, who was punished for our sins in our place. Martin Luther went as far as to say that Christ became the worse sinner in the universe. Christ's righteousness, or his perfection, was then imputed to all believers. Consequently, God no longer sees believers as they really are but is blinded by imputed righteousness. For many Christians, this belief is the cornerstone of the Christian faith. Yet Taylor explicitly denied this view.",
"title": "Nathaniel William Taylor"
},
{
"docid": "2646111#87",
"text": "Christians will sometimes point out that in their points of view, the wrongdoings of other Christians are not the fault of their religious scriptures but of those who have wrongly interpreted it. They posit that the mistakes of Christians do not refute the validity of their teachings, but merely proves their weakness and sinful nature, of which they then turn to Christ. Thus, according to them, the \"Word of God\" can still be true and valid without it having been accurately followed. According to Ron Sider, an Evangelical theologian, \"The tragedy is that poll after poll by Gallup and Barna show that evangelicals live just like the world. Contrast that with what the New Testament says about what happens when people come to living faith in Christ. There's supposed to be radical transformation in the power of the Holy Spirit (2 Cor 5:17, 1 Cor 10:13). The disconnect between our biblical beliefs and our practice is just, I think, heart-rending.\"",
"title": "Criticism of Christianity"
},
{
"docid": "1243977#3",
"text": "The Catholic Encyclopedia cites Matthew 12:22–32; Mark 3:22–30; Luke 12:10 (cf. 11:14–23) and defines \"the unforgivable sin\"—or sin against the Holy Ghost—as follows: ″... to sin against the Holy Ghost is to confound Him with the spirit of evil, it is to deny, from pure malice, the Divine character of works manifestly Divine.″ The article further states that \"sin against the Son of Man\" may be forgiven because it is committed against the human person of Christ, which veils the Divine with a \"humble and lowly appearance,\" and therefore such sin is excusable because it is committed through \"man's ignorance and misunderstanding.\"",
"title": "Eternal sin"
}
] |
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] |
3018
|
When was the transistor radio invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "297066#0",
"text": "A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Following their development in 1954, made possible by the invention of the transistor in 1947, they became the most popular electronic communication device in history, with billions manufactured during the 1960s and 1970s. Their pocket size sparked a change in popular music listening habits, allowing people to listen to music anywhere they went. Beginning in the 1980s, however, cheap AM transistor radios were superseded by devices with higher audio quality such as portable CD players, personal audio players, boomboxes, and (eventually) smartphones, some of which contain radios themselves.",
"title": "Transistor radio"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "189768#3",
"text": "For its first fifty years the phonograph turntable did not use electronics; the needle and soundhorn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s radio broadcasting became the basis of mass production of radio receivers. The vacuum tubes that had made radios practical were used with record players as well, to amplify the sound so that it could be played through a loudspeaker. Television was soon invented, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s. The transistor, invented in 1947 by Bell Laboratories, led to significant research in the field of solid-state semiconductors in the early 1950s. The transistor's advantages revolutionized that industry along with other electronics. By 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor had introduced the first planar transistor from which come the origins of Moore's law. Integrated circuits followed when manufacturers built circuits (usually for military purposes) on a single substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. Bell's invention of the transistor and the development of semiconductors led to far better and cheaper consumer electronics, such as transistor radios, televisions, and by the 1980s, affordable video game consoles and personal computers that regular middle-class families could buy.",
"title": "Consumer electronics"
},
{
"docid": "16171518#2",
"text": "Turner was involved with creating the 1N34A germanium diode at Sylvania in the 1940s. He began experimenting with germanium transistors soon after their invention in 1947. In 1949, before transistors were commercially available, he published the popular article \"Build a Transistor\", considered a \"benchmark publication\" in amateur radio. In January 1950, after commercial units were released, he published \"A Crystal Receiver with Transistor Amplifier\" in \"Radio and Television News\", along with plans for a three-transistor radio circuit. These plans – printed four years before the Regency TR-1 (the first commercial transistor radio) – were the first time most amateur radio operators were introduced to transistors as viable radio components. He continued development of his pocket-size radios as superior transistors became available, culminating in the 'widely read' \"Transistor Portable with a \"Punch\"\", an 'ambitious' four-transistor non-superheterodyne AM radio published in \"Popular Electronics\" in 1956.",
"title": "Rufus P. Turner"
},
{
"docid": "12289129#21",
"text": "There are numerous claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios. Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM radios as early as 1952, but their performance was well below that of equivalent battery tube models. A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall. It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors, based upon the 1948 invention of Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker.\nHowever, as with the early Texas units (and others) only prototypes were ever built; it was never put into commercial production.",
"title": "History of the transistor"
},
{
"docid": "491851#84",
"text": "The invention of the transistor in 1947 revolutionized radio technology, making truly portable receivers possible, beginning with transistor radios in the late 1950s. Although portable vacuum tube radios were made, tubes were bulky and inefficient, consuming large amounts of power and requiring several large batteries to produce the filament and plate voltage. Transistors did not require a heated filament, reducing power consumption, and were smaller and much less fragile than vacuum tubes.",
"title": "Radio receiver"
},
{
"docid": "297066#3",
"text": "There are many claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios, often incorrectly attributed to Sony (originally Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM (amplitude modulation) radios as early as May 25, 1954, but their performance was well below that of equivalent vacuum tube models. A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall. It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors, based upon the 1948 invention of the \"Transistron\"-germanium point-contact transistor by Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker. However, as with the early Texas Instruments units (and others) only prototypes were ever built; it was never put into commercial production. RCA had demonstrated a prototype transistor radio as early as 1952, and it is likely that they and the other radio makers were planning transistor radios of their own, but Texas Instruments and Regency Division of I.D.E.A., were the first to offer a production model starting in October 1954.\nThe use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes as the amplifier elements meant that the device was much smaller, required far less power to operate than a tube radio, and was more shock-resistant. Since the transistor base draws current, its input impedance is low in contrast to the high input impedance of the vacuum tubes. It also allowed \"instant-on\" operation, since there were no filaments to heat up. The typical portable tube radio of the fifties was about the size and weight of a lunchbox, and contained several heavy, non-rechargeable batteries— one or more so-called \"A\" batteries to heat the tube filaments and a large 45- to 90-volt \"B\" battery to power the signal circuits. By comparison, the transistor radio could fit in a pocket and weighed half a pound or less, and was powered by standard flashlight batteries or a single compact 9-volt battery. The now-familiar 9-volt battery was introduced for powering transistor radios.",
"title": "Transistor radio"
},
{
"docid": "30011#1",
"text": "The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.",
"title": "Transistor"
},
{
"docid": "113509#15",
"text": "Listening habits changed in the 1960s due to the introduction of the revolutionary transistor radio, which made possible by the invention of the transistor in 1946. Their compact size — small enough to fit in a shirt pocket — and lower power requirements, compared to vacuum tubes, meant that for the first time radio receivers were readily portable. The transistor radio became the most widely used communication device in history, with billions manufactured by the 1970s. Radio became a ubiquitous \"companion medium\" which people could take with them anywhere they went.",
"title": "AM broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "297066#1",
"text": "Before the transistor was invented, radios used vacuum tubes. Although portable vacuum tube radios were produced, they were typically bulky and heavy. The need for a low voltage high current source to power the filaments of the tubes and high voltage for the anode potential typically required two batteries. Vacuum tubes were also inefficient and fragile compared to transistors, and had a limited lifetime.",
"title": "Transistor radio"
},
{
"docid": "30182396#16",
"text": "In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Because the controlled output power can be much larger than the controlling input power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input. The manager of the Bell Labs semiconductor research group, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the \"father\" of the transistor. Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms today's building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computing and electronics device. In recognition of their invention of the transistor, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)"
},
{
"docid": "297066#14",
"text": "Since 1980, the popularity of portable radios has declined with the rise of portable audio players and smartphones, which allow users to carry and listen to the music of their choosing and may also include a radio tuner. This began in the late 1970s with boom boxes and portable cassette players such as the Sony Walkman, followed by portable CD players. A common type now is the portable digital audio player. This type of device is a popular choice with listeners who are dissatisfied with terrestrial music radio because of a limited selection of music and reception problems. However, transistor radios are still popular for news, talk radio, weather, live sporting events and emergency alert applications.",
"title": "Transistor radio"
}
] |
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3019
|
Who first performed human dissection?
|
[
{
"docid": "611229#6",
"text": "Human dissections were carried out by the Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC. During this period, the first exploration into full human anatomy was performed rather than a base knowledge gained from 'problem-solution' delving. While there was a deep taboo in Greek culture concerning human dissection, there was at the time a strong push by the Ptolemaic government to build Alexandria into a hub of scientific study. For a time, Roman law forbade dissection and autopsy of the human body, so physicians had to use other cadavers. Galen, for example, dissected the Barbary macaque and other primates, assuming their anatomy was basically the same as that of humans.",
"title": "Dissection"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "48985#8",
"text": "From the 3rd century BCE until the 12th century, human anatomy was mainly learned through books and animal dissection. While it was claimed by 19th century polemicists that human dissection became restricted after Boniface VIII passed a papal bull that forbade the dismemberment and boiling of corpses for funerary purposes and this is still repeated in some generalist works, this claim has been debunked as a myth by modern historians of science. For many decades human dissection was thought unnecessary when all the knowledge about a human body could be read about from early authors such as Galen. In the 12th century, as universities were being established in Italy, Emperor Frederick II made it mandatory for students of medicine to take courses on human anatomy and surgery. Students who had the opportunity to watch Vesalius in dissection at times had the opportunity to interact with the animal corpse. At the risk of letting their eagerness to participate become a distraction to their professors, medical students preferred this interactive teaching style at the time. In the universities the lectern would sit elevated before the audience and instruct someone else in the dissection of the body, but in his early years Mondino de Luzzi performed the dissection himself making him one of the first and few to use a hands on approach to teaching human anatomy.Specifically in 1315, Mondino de' Liuzzi is credited with having \"performed the first human dissection recorded for Western Europe.\"",
"title": "History of anatomy"
},
{
"docid": "48985#5",
"text": "The first recorded school of anatomy was in Alexandria from about 300 to the 2nd century BC. Ptolemy I Soter was the first to allow for medical officials to cut open and examine dead bodies for the purposes of learning how human bodies operated. On some occasions King Ptolemy even took part in these dissections. Most of the early dissections were done on executed criminals. The first use of human cadavers for anatomical research occurred later in the 4th century BCE when Herophilos and Erasistratus gained permission to perform live dissections, or vivisection, on condemned criminals in Alexandria under the auspices of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Herophilos in particular developed a body of anatomical knowledge much more informed by the actual structure of the human body than previous works had been. Herophilos was the first physician to dissect human bodies and is considered to be the founder of Anatomy. He reversed the longstanding notion made by Aristotle that the heart was the \"seat of intelligence\". He argued instead that this seat was the brain. He established the brain as the center of intelligence, distinguished between veins and arteries, and made many other accurate observations about the structure of the human body, especially the nervous system. However, Herophilos was eventually accused by his contemporaries of dissecting live criminals. The number of victims is said to be around 600 prisoners.",
"title": "History of anatomy"
},
{
"docid": "246774#2",
"text": "Mondino was the first to incorporate a systematic study of anatomy and dissection into a medical curriculum. The dissection of human cadavers was a hallmark of the Alexandrian school, but declined after 200 A.D. due to legal and religious proscriptions. These bans were eventually lifted, allowing Mondino to perform his first public dissection in Bologna in January 1315 in the presence of medical students and other spectators. The proceedings were formally sanctioned by the Vatican, and the subject was mostly likely a female executed criminal. It was common practice for the professor of anatomy to sit in a large, ornate chair elevated above the dissection proceedings, reading from an anatomical text and providing commentary, while a \"demonstrator\", or surgeon, physically performed the dissection. Additionally, an \"ostensor\" was present to point out the specific parts of the body that were being examined. Mondino's teaching methods were unique because he often performed dissections in person and served the role of demonstrator himself, carefully studying the cadaver and incorporating this personal experience into his text and teaching.",
"title": "Mondino de Luzzi"
},
{
"docid": "12326#19",
"text": "Galen's principal interest was in human anatomy, but Roman law had prohibited the dissection of human cadavers since about 150 BC. Because of this restriction, Galen performed anatomical dissections on living (vivisection) and dead animals, mostly focusing on pigs and primates. This work was useful because Galen believed that the anatomical structures of these animals closely mirrored those of humans. Galen clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice. In one experiment, Galen used bellows to inflate the lungs of a dead animal. Galen's work on the anatomy remained largely unsurpassed and unchallenged up until the 16th century in Europe. In the middle of the 16th century, the anatomist Andreas Vesalius challenged the anatomical knowledge of Galen by conducting dissections on human cadavers. These investigations allowed Vesalius to refute aspects of Galen's anatomy.",
"title": "Galen"
},
{
"docid": "38096223#3",
"text": "Human cadavers have been dissected by physicians since at least the 3rd century BC, but throughout history, prevailing religious views on the desecration of corpses often meant that such work was performed in secrecy. The Christian church forbade human dissection until the 14th century, when the first recorded anatomisation of a cadaver took place in Bologna. Until then, anatomical research was limited to the dissection of animals. In Britain, human dissection was proscribed by law until 1506, when King James IV of Scotland gave royal patronage to the Barber-Surgeons of Edinburgh, allowing them to dissect the \"bodies of certain executed criminals\". England followed in 1540, when Henry VIII gave patronage to the Company of Barber-Surgeons, allowing them access to four executed felons each year (Charles II later increased this to six felons each year). Elizabeth I granted the College of Physicians the right to anatomise four felons annually in 1564.",
"title": "Resurrectionists in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "611229#16",
"text": "Frederick II (1194-1250), the Holy Roman emperor, ruled that any that were studying to be a physician or a surgeon must attend a human dissection, which would be held no less than every five years. Some European countries began legalizing the dissection of executed criminals for educational purposes in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Mondino de Luzzi carried out the first recorded public dissection around 1315. At this time, autopsies were carried out by a team consisting of a Lector, who lectured, the Sector, who did the dissection, and the Ostensor who pointed to features of interest.",
"title": "Dissection"
},
{
"docid": "19391193#3",
"text": "The Greek physician Hippocrates, the founder of scientific medicine, was the first to deal with the anatomy and the pathology of human spine. Galen developed an interest in anatomy from his studies of Herophilus and Erasistratus. The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true autopsies performed prior to the second millennium. Though the pathology of contagion was understood by Muslim physicians since the time of Avicenna (980–1037) who described it in \"The Canon of Medicine\" (c. 1020), the first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161) who proved that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite, followed by Ibn al-Nafis (b. 1213) who used dissection to discover pulmonary circulation in 1242. In the 15th century, anatomic dissection was repeatedly used by the Italian physician Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502) to determine cause of death. Antonio Benivieni is also credited with having introduced necropsy to the medical field. Perhaps the most famous early gross pathologist was Giovanni Morgagni (1682-1771). His magnum opus, \"De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem Indagatis\", published in 1761, describes the findings of over 600 partial and complete autopsies, organised anatomically and methodically correlated with the symptoms exhibited by the patients prior to their demise. Although the study of normal anatomy was already well advanced at this date, \"De Sedibus\" was one of the first treatises specifically devoted to the correlation of diseased anatomy with clinical illness. By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist (originally from Hradec Kralove in the Czech Rep.) Carl Rokitansky (1804-1878), who is said to have performed 20,000 autopsies, and supervised an additional 60,000, in his lifetime.",
"title": "History of pathology"
},
{
"docid": "48985#16",
"text": "The supply of printed anatomy books from Italy and France led to an increased demand for human cadavers for dissections. Since few bodies were voluntarily donated for dissection, royal charters were established which allowed prominent universities to use the bodies of hung criminals for dissections. However, there was still a shortage of bodies that could not accommodate for the high demand of bodies. Until the middle of the 18th century, there was a quota of ten cadavers for each the Royal College of Physicians and the Company of Barber Surgeons, the only two groups permitted to perform dissections. During the first half of the 18th century, William Cheselden challenged the Company of Barber Surgeon’s exclusive rights on dissections. He was the first to hold regular anatomy lectures and demonstrations. He also wrote \"The Anatomy of the Humane Body,\" a student handbook of anatomy. In 1752, the rapid growth of medical schools in England and the pressing demand for cadavers led to the passage of the Murder Act. This allowed medical schools in England to legally dissect bodies of executed murderers for anatomical education and research and also aimed to prevent murder. To further increase the supply of cadavers, the government increased the number of crimes in which hanging was a punishment. Although the number of cadavers increased, it was still not enough to meet the demand of anatomical and medical training.",
"title": "History of anatomy"
},
{
"docid": "18310211#1",
"text": "In 1835, he was transferred to the new CMC, where he was fundamental in gathering Indian support for practical anatomy and in breaking down Hindu taboos on touching the dead, consequently taking sole responsibility for the first human dissection, performed under the guidance of Professor Henry Goodeve and assisted by four other Hindu students. Controversies regarding the exact date of the first procedure, whether other students had performed it before and whether a military salute was given, remain. Despite any discrepancies, this singular act of dissection has become symbolic of the move of western medicine into India.",
"title": "Madhusudan Gupta"
}
] |
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] |
3021
|
When was the escapement first used inn mechanical watches and clocks?
|
[
{
"docid": "1764593#0",
"text": "The lever escapement, invented by British clockmaker Thomas Mudge in 1755, is a type of escapement that is used in almost all mechanical watches, as well as small mechanical non-pendulum clocks, alarm clocks, and kitchen timers.",
"title": "Lever escapement"
},
{
"docid": "610582#2",
"text": "The importance of the escapement in the history of technology is that it was the key invention that made the all-mechanical clock possible. The invention of the first all-mechanical escapement, the verge escapement, in 13th-century Europe initiated a change in timekeeping methods from continuous processes, such as the flow of water in water clocks, to repetitive oscillatory processes, such as the swing of pendulums, which could yield more accuracy. Oscillating timekeepers are used in every modern clock.",
"title": "Escapement"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1764593#2",
"text": "The lever escapement was invented by British clockmaker Thomas Mudge around 1755, and improved by Abraham-Louis Breguet (1787), Peter Litherland (1791), Edward Massey (1800), and its modern (\"table roller\") form was developed by George Savage in the early 1800s. Since about 1900 virtually every mechanical watch, alarm clock and other portable timepiece has used the lever escapement.\nThe advantages of the lever are, first, that it is a \"detached\" escapement, it allows the balance wheel to swing completely free of the escapement during most of its oscillation, except when giving it a short impulse, improving timekeeping accuracy. Second, due to \"locking\" and \"draw\" its action is very precise. Third, it is self-starting, so if the watch is jarred in use so the balance wheel stops, it will start again. A cheaper and less accurate version of the lever escapement, called the pin pallet escapement, invented by Georges Frederic Roskopf in 1867, is used in clocks and timers.",
"title": "Lever escapement"
},
{
"docid": "610582#26",
"text": "The verge was the only escapement used in clocks and watches for 350 years. In spring-driven clocks and watches it required a fusee to even out the force of the mainspring. It was used in the first pendulum clocks for about 50 years after the pendulum clock was invented in 1656. In a pendulum clock the crown wheel and staff were oriented so they were horizontal, and the pendulum was hung from the staff. However the verge is the most inaccurate of the common escapements, and after the pendulum was introduced in the 1650s the verge began to be replaced by other escapements, being abandoned only by the late 1800s. By this time, the fashion for thin watches had required that the escape wheel be made very small, amplifying the effects of wear, and when a watch of this period is wound up today, it will often be found to run very fast, gaining many hours per day.",
"title": "Escapement"
},
{
"docid": "960035#4",
"text": "It is believed that sometime in the late 13th century the verge escapement mechanism was applied to tower clocks, creating the first mechanical clock. In spite of the fact that these clocks were celebrated objects of civic pride which were written about at the time, it may never be known when the new escapement was first used. This is because it has proven difficult to distinguish from the meager written documentation which of these early tower clocks were mechanical, and which were water clocks; the same Latin word, \"horologe\", was used for both. None of the original mechanisms have survived unaltered. Sources differ on which was the first clock 'known' to be mechanical, depending on which manuscript evidence they regard as conclusive. One candidate is the Dunstable Priory clock in Bedfordshire, England built in 1283, because accounts say it was installed above the rood screen, where it would be difficult to replenish the water needed for a water clock. Another is the clock built at the Palace of the Visconti, Milan, Italy, in 1335. However, there is agreement that mechanical clocks existed by the late 13th century.",
"title": "Verge escapement"
},
{
"docid": "610582#7",
"text": "Although some sources claim that French architect Villard de Honnecourt invented the first escapement around 1237 due to a drawing in his notebooks of a rope linkage to turn a statue of an angel to follow the sun, the consensus is that this was not an escapement. The first mechanical escapement, the verge escapement, was used in a bell ringing apparatus called an \"alarum\" for several centuries before it was adapted to clocks. In 14th-century Europe it appeared as the timekeeper in the first mechanical clocks, which were large tower clocks. Its origin and first use is unknown because it is difficult to distinguish which of these early tower clocks were mechanical, and which were water clocks. However, indirect evidence, such as a sudden increase in cost and construction of clocks, points to the late 13th century as the most likely date for the development of the modern clock escapement. Astronomer Robertus Anglicus wrote in 1271 that clockmakers were trying to invent an escapement, but hadn't been successful yet. On the other hand, most sources agree that mechanical escapement clocks existed by 1300.",
"title": "Escapement"
},
{
"docid": "610582#24",
"text": "Since 1658 when the introduction of the pendulum and balance spring made accurate timepieces possible, it has been estimated that more than three hundred different mechanical escapements have been devised, but only about 10 have seen widespread use. These are described below. In the 20th century, electric timekeeping methods replaced mechanical clocks and watches, so escapement design became a little-known curiosity.",
"title": "Escapement"
},
{
"docid": "7967565#6",
"text": "There is a \"Learning Center\" introducing some of the basic technologies of the mechanical timekeeper, such as the pendulum, and a large and varied exhibit on many types of clock escapement. There is an excellent sample of American-made tall case clocks (popularly known as \"grandfather clocks\"), a comprehensive exhibit on American watches, and a small but excellent area dedicated to automatic machinery used in watch manufacturing. Other highlights include an exhibit of the pioneering automated machinery developed by the American Waltham Watch Company, allowing for the first time to mass-produce watches using interchangeable parts, a large selection of American pocket watches (including Railroad watches), and the \"Engel Clock\", a complicated \"monument\" clock built by Stephen Decatur Engel of Hazleton, Pennsylvania.",
"title": "National Watch and Clock Museum"
},
{
"docid": "610582#10",
"text": "The great leap in accuracy resulting from the invention of the pendulum and balance spring around 1657, which made the timekeeping elements in both watches and clocks harmonic oscillators, focused attention on the errors of the escapement, and more accurate escapements soon superseded the verge. The next two centuries, the \"golden age\" of mechanical horology, saw the invention of perhaps 300 escapement designs, although only about 10 stood the test of time and were widely used in clocks and watches. These are described individually below.",
"title": "Escapement"
},
{
"docid": "960035#6",
"text": "For the first two hundred years or so of the mechanical clock's existence, the verge, with foliot or balance wheel, was the only escapement used in mechanical clocks. In the sixteenth century alternative escapements started to appear, but the verge remained the most used escapement for 350 years until mid-17th century advances in mechanics, resulted in the adoption of the pendulum, and later the anchor escapement.\nSince clocks were valuable, after the invention of the pendulum many verge clocks were rebuilt to use this more accurate timekeeping technology, so very few of the early \"verge and foliot\" clocks have survived unaltered to the present day.",
"title": "Verge escapement"
},
{
"docid": "3370278#6",
"text": "The timekeeping mechanism in these early pocketwatches was the same one used in clocks, invented in the 13th century; the verge escapement which drove a foliot, a dumbbell shaped bar with weights on the ends, to oscillate back and forth. However, the mainspring introduced a source of error not present in weight-powered clocks. The force provided by a spring is not constant, but decreases as the spring unwinds. The rate of all timekeeping mechanisms is affected by changes in their drive force, but the primitive verge and foliot mechanism was especially sensitive to these changes, so early watches slowed down during their running period as the mainspring ran down. This problem, called lack of isochronism, plagued mechanical watches throughout their history.",
"title": "History of watches"
}
] |
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] |
3022
|
Who is the longest ruling emperor of China?
|
[
{
"docid": "265949#0",
"text": "The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Born Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. On 8 February, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor—a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power as the Emperor Emeritus (or Retired Emperor) until his death in 1799; he thus was one of the longest-reigning \"de facto\" rulers in the history of the world, and dying at the age of 87, one of the longest-lived. As a capable and cultured ruler inheriting a thriving empire, during his long reign the Qing Empire reached its most splendid and prosperous era, boasting a large population and economy. As a military leader, he led military campaigns expanding the dynastic territory to the largest extent by conquering and sometimes destroying Central Asian kingdoms. This turned around in his late years: the Qing empire began to decline with corruption and wastefulness in his court and a stagnating civil society.",
"title": "Qianlong Emperor"
},
{
"docid": "256180#1",
"text": "The Kangxi Emperor's reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of \"de facto\" power) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in the world. However, since he ascended the throne at the age of seven, actual power was held for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.",
"title": "Kangxi Emperor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "15040458#2",
"text": "Outside of metropolitan areas, Ming China was divided into thirteen provinces for administrative purposes. These provinces were divided along traditional and to a degree also natural lines. These include Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. These provinces were vast areas, each being at least as large as England. The longest Ming reign was that of the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for forty eight years. (1572–1620). The shortest was his son's reign, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only one month (in 1620).",
"title": "History of the Ming dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "2524836#0",
"text": "Emperor Shizong of Jin (29 March 1123 – 20 January 1189), personal name Wulu, sinicised name Wanyan Yong (originally Wanyan Xiu), was the fifth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries. Ruling from 1161 to 1189 under the regnal name \"Dading\", Emperor Shizong's reign was the longest and most stable among the Jin dynasty emperors.",
"title": "Emperor Shizong of Jin"
},
{
"docid": "32430700#2",
"text": "In 1778, after a candidate at the imperial examination questioned the Qianlong Emperor publicly about naming a successor during an official tour in the north, the emperor, then 67 years old, announced in a court letter that \"if fate would allow him to live so long, he would abdicate the throne at the age of 85 by Chinese reckoning, which would be in 1796.\" He \"reassured the Chinese people that he had secretly chosen his heir, and that the choice was safely written down.\" His decision to \"withdraw into leisure\" was made to avoid breaking the record of his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, as the longest ruling emperor of China (61 years, 318 days), an important act of filial piety for the conservative Qianlong Emperor.",
"title": "Palace of Tranquil Longevity"
},
{
"docid": "15856748#5",
"text": "This is a family tree for the Zhou dynasty, descendants of Duke Wu of Zhou who overthrew the last Shang ruler, thereby establishing the dynasty. Ruling from 1046 BC to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou.",
"title": "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors"
},
{
"docid": "516942#2",
"text": "Like their Ming (1368–1644) predecessors—but unlike the emperors of earlier dynasties like the Han (206 BCE–220 CE), Tang (618–907), and Song (960–1276)—Qing emperors used only one era name (\"Shunzhi\", \"Qianlong\", \"Guangxu\", etc.) for their entire reign, and are most commonly known by that name. Starting with Nurhaci, there were thirteen Qing rulers. Following the capture of Beijing in 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661) became the first of the eleven Qing sovereigns to rule over China proper. At 61 years, the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) was the longest, though his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), would have reigned even longer if he had not purposely ceded the throne to the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820) in order not to reign longer than his grandfather. Qing emperors succeeded each other from father to son until the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875), the 11th Qing ruler, died childess in 1875. The last two emperors were chosen by Empress Dowager Cixi from other branches of the imperial clan.",
"title": "List of emperors of the Qing dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "1129177#0",
"text": "Emperor Renzong of Song (30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063, Chinese calendar: 14 April 1010（the 3rd year of Dazhongxiangfu, 大中祥符三年） - 29 March 1063 (the 8th year of Jiayou, 嘉祐八年)), personal name Zhao Zhen, was the fourth emperor of the Song dynasty in China. He reigned for about 41 years from 1022 to his death in 1063, and was the longest reigning Song dynasty emperor. He was the sixth son of his predecessor, Emperor Zhenzong, and was succeeded by his cousin's son, Zhao Shu who took the throne as Emperor Yingzong because his own sons died prematurely. His original personal name was Zhao Shouyi but it was changed by imperial decree in 1018 to \"Zhao Zhen\", which means 'auspicious' in Chinese.",
"title": "Emperor Renzong of Song"
},
{
"docid": "55072#6",
"text": "As Puyi was also the last ruling Emperor of China, he is widely known as \"The Last Emperor\" () in China and throughout the rest of the world. Some refer to him as \"The Last Emperor of the Qing Dynasty\" ().",
"title": "Puyi"
},
{
"docid": "58669#13",
"text": "There has been only one lawful female reigning Emperor in China, Empress Zetian of the Tang dynasty or the Zhou (Wu-Chou) dynasty founded by her. Many women, however, did become \"de facto\" leaders, usually as Empress Dowager. Prominent examples include Empress Dowager Cixi, mother of the Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875), and aunt and adoptive mother of the Guangxu Emperor (1875–1908), who ruled China for 47 years (1861–1908), and the Empress Dowager Lü of the Han dynasty.",
"title": "Emperor of China"
},
{
"docid": "637134#0",
"text": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), also commonly known as Emperor Ming of Tang or Illustrious August, personal name Li Longji, also known as Wu Longji () from 690 to 705, was the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, reigning from 713 to 756 C.E. His reign of 43 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. In the early half of his reign he was a diligent and astute ruler. Ably assisted by capable chancellors like Yao Chong, Song Jing and Zhang Yue, he was credited with bringing Tang China to a pinnacle of culture and power. Emperor Xuanzong, however, was blamed for over-trusting Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and An Lushan during his late reign, with Tang's golden age ending in the Anshi Rebellion.",
"title": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang"
}
] |
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] |
3023
|
Are there any living descendants of Napoleon Bonaparte?
|
[
{
"docid": "4905#16",
"text": "There are, however, numerous descendants of Napoleon's illegitimate but recognized son, Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, from his union with Marie, Countess Walewski. A descendant of Napoleon's sister Caroline Bonaparte is the actor René Auberjonois. Recent DNA matches with living descendants of Jérôme and Count Walewski have confirmed the existence of descendants of Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, namely the Clovis family.",
"title": "House of Bonaparte"
},
{
"docid": "1022309#15",
"text": "The law of succession provided that if Napoleon's own direct line died out, the claim passed first to his older brother Joseph and his legitimate male descendants through the male line, then to his younger brother Louis and his legitimate male descendants through the male line. His other brothers, Lucien and Jerome, and their descendants, were omitted from the succession (even though Lucien was older than Louis) because they had either politically opposed the Emperor or made marriages of which he disapproved. Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son after his defeat in 1815. Although the Bonapartes were deposed and the old Bourbon monarchy restored, Bonapartists recognized this child as Napoleon II. A sickly child, he was virtually imprisoned in Austria, and died young and unmarried, without any descendants. When the Bonaparte Empire was restored to power in France in 1852, the Emperor was Napoleon III, Louis Bonaparte's only living legitimate son (their brother Joseph having died in 1844 without having had a legitimate son, only daughters).",
"title": "Bonapartism"
},
{
"docid": "10624563#18",
"text": "There are no surviving descendants in legitimate male line of any of Napoleon's brothers except Jérôme. This branch of the House of Bonaparte is recognized by Bonapartists as Napoleon I's dynastic heirs, being excluded from residence in France or service in its military by law, along with the heads of the House of Orléans, between 1883 and 1950.",
"title": "Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10624563#13",
"text": "Meanwhile, Napoleon I's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, recognized upon establishment of the First Empire as first in line to succeed and, after the birth of the King of Rome, as second in line, died on 28 July 1844 without ever having had a legitimate son. Although two of Joseph's daughters married, in exile, Bonaparte nephews of Napoleon I, when their dynasty was restored to power in France in December 1851, the man who soon became emperor as Napoleon III was the only living, legally legitimate son of Louis Bonaparte, former King of Holland.\nIn December 1852, with the imperial crown on his head, Napoleon III, still a bachelor, exercised the authority granted him by a decree in the form of a \"Sénatus-consulte\", and confirmed by plebecite, to enact a new organic law on the succession (in the event he himself were to leave no legitimate descendants), recognizing Napoleon's last surviving brother, Jérôme Bonaparte, as his heir presumptive. During Napoleon I's reign, Jérôme had been one of the Bonaparte brothers who was bypassed in the order of succession, his first marriage having been an elopement with the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson over the emperor's objections. The Second Empire, however, empowered the new emperor to choose an heir among any of Napoleon I's Bonaparte nephews, so after Jérôme came his male descendants by his second, dynastic marriage to Princess Catharine of Württemberg.",
"title": "Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)"
},
{
"docid": "1022309#13",
"text": "The current head of the Bonaparte family is the Prince Napoleon, great-great-great-grandson of Napoleon I's brother Jérôme Bonaparte, Jean-Christophe Napoléon (born 1986). There are no remaining descendants in the male line from any other of Napoleon's brothers. There is no serious political movement that aims to restore any of these men to the imperial throne of France.",
"title": "Bonapartism"
},
{
"docid": "47399318#6",
"text": "The current head of the family is Prince Napoleon (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon Bonaparte, born 1950), great-great-grandson of Napoleon I's brother Jérôme Bonaparte by his second marriage. He has a son named Jean (born 1986) and a brother called Jérôme (born 1957). There are no remaining descendants in the male line from any other of Napoleon's brothers and no serious political movement exists with the goal of restoring any of these men to the imperial throne of France.",
"title": "Bonapartiste"
},
{
"docid": "47399318#7",
"text": "The Law of Succession that Napoleon I established on becoming Emperor in 1804 provided that the Bonapartist claim to the throne should pass firstly to Napoleon's own legitimate male descendants through the male line. At that time, he had no legitimate sons and it seemed unlikely he would have any due to the age of his wife Joséphine. To Catholic eyes, his eventual response was unacceptable since he engineered a dubious annulment without papal approval of his marriage to Josephine, undertaking a second marriage to the younger Marie Louise, with whom he had one son. The law of succession provided that if Napoleon's own direct line died out, the claim passed first to his older brother Joseph and his legitimate male descendants through the male line then to his younger brother Louis and his legitimate male descendants through the male line. His other brothers Lucien and Jérôme and their descendants were omitted from the succession (even though Lucien was older than Louis) because they had politically opposed the Emperor or because he disapproved of their marriages. Napoleon had one son with Marie Louise, in whose favour he abdicated after his final defeat in 1815. Although the Bonapartes were now deposed and the old Bourbon monarchy was restored, Bonapartists recognized this child as Napoleon II. However, he was sickly, virtually imprisoned in Austria and died young and unmarried, so there were no further direct descendants of Napoleon I. When the Bonaparte Empire was restored to power in France in 1852, the Emperor was Napoleon III, Louis Bonaparte's only living legitimate son (Joseph having died in 1844 without having had a legitimate son, only daughters).",
"title": "Bonapartiste"
},
{
"docid": "1022309#16",
"text": "In 1852, Napoleon III enacted a new decree on the succession. The claim was given to his own male legitimate descendants in the male line (though at that time he had no son, Louis later had a legitimate son, Eugène Bonaparte, who was recognized by Bonapartists as \"Napoleon IV\" before dying young and unmarried). If Napoleon III's line died out, he decreed that the claim should pass to Jerome, Napoleon's youngest brother (who had previously been excluded), and his male descendants by Princess Catharina of Württemberg in the male line. (Excluded were his descendants by his first marriage, to the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson, of which Napoleon I had greatly disapproved.) The Bonapartist claimants since 1879, have been the descendants of Jerome and Catherine of Württemberg in the male line.",
"title": "Bonapartism"
},
{
"docid": "4905#14",
"text": "Lucotte et al. published in October 2013 the extended Y-STR of Napoleon I based on descendant testing, and the descendants were E-M34, just like the emperor's beard hair tested a year before. The persons tested were the patrilineal descendants of Jérome Bonaparte, one of Napoleon's brothers, and of Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Napoleon's illegitimate son with Marie Walewska. These three tests all yielded the same Y-STR haplotype (109 markers) confirming with 100% certainty that the first Emperor of the French belonged to the M34 branch of haplogroup E1b1b.",
"title": "House of Bonaparte"
},
{
"docid": "47399318#8",
"text": "In 1852, Napoleon III, having restored the Bonapartes to power in France, enacted a new decree on the succession. The claim first went to his own male legitimate descendants in the male line (though at that time he had none, he would later have one legitimate son Eugene Bonaparte, who would be recognized by Bonapartists as Napoleon IV before dying young and unmarried). If his own line died out, the new decree allowed the claim to pass to Jérôme, Napoleon's youngest brother, who had previously been excluded and his male descendants by Princess Catharina of Württemberg in the male line, but not his descendants by his original marriage to the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson, of whom Napoleon I had greatly disapproved. The only remaining Bonapartist claimants since 1879 have been the descendants of Jérôme and Catherine of Württemberg in the male line.",
"title": "Bonapartiste"
}
] |
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] |
3024
|
What is the origin of the word "prose"?
|
[
{
"docid": "52103#2",
"text": "The word \"prose\" first appears in English in the 14th century. It is derived from the Old French \"prose\", which in turn originates in the Latin expression \"prosa oratio\" (literally, straightforward or direct speech).",
"title": "Prose"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22926#74",
"text": "Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story ( the \"short short story\", \"flash fiction\"). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-century France, where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as \"The Prose Poem: An International Journal\", \"Contemporary Haibun Online\", and \"Haibun Today\" devoted to that genre and its hybrids. Latin American poets of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include Octavio Paz and Giannina Braschi",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"docid": "300166#6",
"text": "While sagas are generally anonymous, a distinctive literary movement in the 14th century involves sagas, mostly on religious topics, with identifiable authors and a distinctive Latinate style. Associated with Iceland's northern diocese of Hólar, this movement is known as the North Icelandic Benedictine School (\"Norðlenski Benediktskólinn\").\"Saga\" is a word originating from Old Norse or Icelandic language (\"Saga\" is also the modern Icelandic and Swedish word for \"story\" or, especially in Swedish, fairytale). \"Saga\" is a cognate of the English word \"say\": its various meanings in Icelandic are approximately equivalent to \"something said\" or \"a narrative in prose\", along the lines of a \"story\", \"tale\" or \"history\". Through the centuries, the word \"saga\" has gained a broader meaning in Nordic languages. In contemporary Swedish and Danish it describes a non-realistic or epic work of fiction. \"Folksaga\" means folk tale; a fairy tale by an unknown author, in Swedish and Danish. \"Konstsaga\" is the Swedish term for a fairy tale by a known author, such as Hans Christian Andersen or Astrid Lindgren, while the Danish and Norwegian term is \"kunsteventyr\" (\"adventure\").",
"title": "Saga"
},
{
"docid": "23713433#5",
"text": "The present English (and Spanish) word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian \"novella\" for \"new\", \"news\", or \"short story of something new\", itself from the Latin \"novella\", a singular noun use of the neuter plural of \"novellus\", diminutive of \"novus\", meaning \"new\". Most European languages use the word \"romance\" (as in French, Dutch, Russian, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian \"roman\"; Finnish \"romaani\"; German \"Roman\"; Portuguese \"romance\" and Italian \"romanzo\") for extended narratives.\nFictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion. Throughout the early modern period authors of historical narratives would often include inventions rooted in traditional beliefs in order to embellish a passage of text or add credibility to an opinion. Historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the other hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity and detail not found in works of history.\nWhile prose rather than verse became the standard of the modern novel, the ancestors of the modern European novel include verse epics in the Romance language of southern France, especially those by Chrétien de Troyes (late 12th century), and in Middle English (Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1343 – 1400) \"The Canterbury Tales\"). Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byron's \"Don Juan\" (1824), Alexander Pushkin's \"Yevgeniy Onegin\" (1833), and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's \"Aurora Leigh\" (1856), competed with prose novels. Vikram Seth's \"The Golden Gate\" (1986), composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel.\nBoth in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations. On the other hand, verse epics, including the \"Odyssey\" and \"Aeneid\", had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, \"conduct\", and \"gallantry\" spread with novels and the associated prose-romance.\nThe novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella. However, in the 17th century, critics saw the romance as of epic length and the novel as its short rival. A precise definition of the differences in length between these types of fiction, is, however, not possible.The requirement of length has been traditionally connected with the notion that a novel should encompass the \"totality of life.\"",
"title": "Novel"
},
{
"docid": "348340#1",
"text": "The origins of the word \"scarlet\" have been debated quite extensively and are crucial to understanding what scarlet actually was in the Middle Ages. The word certainly came to English from Old French \"escarlate\", which is one of a wide range of similar words in the Romance languages such as Provençal \"escarlat\", Spanish and Portuguese \"escarlate\", Italian \"scarlatto\", and medieval Latin \"scarlat(t)um\". The origin of this romance word, however, has been more widely debated. For a long time the origin was thought to be a Persian word which takes forms like \"saqalāt\", \"siqalāt\", or \"suqlāt\". However, the romance word is now thought to come from Arabic \"siklāt\" (later \"siklātūn\"), denoting very expensive, luxury silks dyed scarlet-red using the exceptionally expensive dye kermes. Arabic \"siklāt\" is first attested around the ninth century, and now thought also to be the origin of the Persian word, which is first attested around the 1290s. The origin of the word \"siklāt\" is itself uncertain and may come from the Late Roman term \"sigillatus\" (Latin)/\"σιγιλλατον\" (Greek), denoting a kind of cloth decorated with seal-like patterns (from Latin \"sigillum\" 'seal'). The word then came to be used of woollen cloth dyed with the same dye. The most obvious route for the Arabic word \"siklāt\" to have entered the Romance languages would be via the Arabic-speaking Iberian region of Al-Andalus, particularly Almería, where kermes was produced extensively.",
"title": "Scarlet (cloth)"
},
{
"docid": "25421#1",
"text": "Rap is usually delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist, beatboxer, or performed a cappella without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, which predates the musical form, originally meant \"to lightly strike\", and is now used to describe quick speech or repartee. The word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning \"to converse\", and very soon after that in its present usage as a term denoting the musical style. Today, the term rap is so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably.",
"title": "Rapping"
},
{
"docid": "59375#21",
"text": "However, even if the prose was in existence by 1594, there is no solid evidence to suggest the order in which the play, ballad and prose were written and which served as source for which. Traditionally, the prose has been seen as the original, with the play derived from it, and the ballad derived from both play and prose. Adams Jr., for example, firmly believed in this order (prose-play-ballad) as did John Dover Wilson and Geoffrey Bullough. This theory is by no means universally accepted however. For example, Ralph M. Sargent agrees with Adams and Bullough that the prose was the source of the play, but he argues that the poem was also a source of the play (prose-ballad-play). On the other hand, Marco Mincoff rejects both theories, arguing instead that the play came first, and served as a source for both the ballad and the prose (play-ballad-prose). G. Harold Metz felt that Mincoff was incorrect and reasserted the primacy of the prose-play-ballad sequence. G.K. Hunter however, believes that Adams, Dover Wilson, Bullough, Sargent, Mincoff and Metz were \"all\" wrong, and the play was the source for the prose, with both serving as sources for the ballad (play-prose-ballad). In his 1984 edition of the play for \"The Oxford Shakespeare\", Eugene M. Waith rejects Hunter's theory and supports the original prose-play-ballad sequence. On the other hand, in his 1995 edition for the \"Arden Shakespeare\" 3rd Series, Jonathan Bate favours Mincoff's theory of play-ballad-prose. In the introduction to the 2001 edition of the play for the \"Penguin Shakespeare\" (edited by Sonia Massai), Jacques Berthoud agrees with Waith and settles on the initial prose-play-ballad sequence. In his 2006 revised edition for the \"New Cambridge Shakespeare\", Alan Hughes also argues for the original prose-play-ballad theory, but hypothesizes that the source for the ballad was exclusively the prose, not the play.",
"title": "Titus Andronicus"
},
{
"docid": "53963028#1",
"text": "The origin of the word \"sicaricon\" (or \"saqrīqūn\") is now obscure. The word is believed by some to be a corruption of the Greek word χαισαρίχιον, or what is called in Latin \"caesaricium\". Others, namely, Heinrich Graetz and M.S. Zuckermandel, think the word to be derived from \"Sicarii\", a group associated with murders, brigandage and robbery during the Second Temple period. Largely mentioned in regard to assassinations, there is no historical evidence, however, to connect the \"Sicarii\" with the expropriation of land. The author of \"Sefer Arukh\" brings down a different interpretation, saying that the word is merely an acronym for: שא קרקעי והניחני (= \"Take my land, but leave me alone\"), a view supported by Talmudic exegetes, Rashi and Solomon Sirilio. In any case, the word unanimously refers to a Roman or foreign molester who expropriates land from its Jewish owner, usually by a decree made by a tyrant king (Caesar).",
"title": "Sicaricon (Jewish law)"
},
{
"docid": "285141#17",
"text": "The more current and Western traditional terminology meaning \"court as lover\" or the general idea of \"romantic love\" is believed to have originated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, primarily from that of the French culture. This idea is what has spurred the connection between the words \"romantic\" and \"lover\", thus coining English phrases for romantic love such as \"loving like the Romans do\". The precise origins of such a connection are unknown, however. Although the word \"romance\" or the equivalents thereof may not have the same connotation in other cultures, the general idea of \"romantic love\" appears to have crossed cultures and been accepted as a concept at one point in time or another.",
"title": "Romance (love)"
},
{
"docid": "8856044#6",
"text": "The style of prose in the \"New Book\" also differed, due to Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi being both admirers of the simplified, 'ancient' prose style of Tang scholars such as Han Yu, rather than the flowery prose style found in official Tang documents. This led them to change the original wordings in the documents that they quoted in the book. However, in the reduction, the direct use of Tang court records was lost, some reduced passages were unclear, and many errors were introduced in attempting to find more 'ancient' words to rephrase the Tang originals.",
"title": "New Book of Tang"
}
] |
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3026
|
Who owns TV Guide?
|
[
{
"docid": "188834#0",
"text": "TV Guide is a bi-weekly American magazine that provides television program listings information as well as television-related news, celebrity interviews and gossip, film reviews, crossword puzzles, and, in some issues, horoscopes. The print magazine is owned by NTVB Media, while its digital properties are controlled by the CBS Interactive division of CBS Corporation; the \"TV Guide\" name and associated editorial content from the publication are licensed by CBS Interactive for use on the website and mobile app through an agreement with the magazine's parent subsidiary TVGM Holdings, Inc.",
"title": "TV Guide"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "188834#54",
"text": "A separate IPG system, \"TV Guide On Screen\", was a brand name for Guide Plus+, a build of software featured in products such as televisions, DVD and digital video recorders, and other digital television devices providing on-screen program listings. First marketed in the mid-1990s, it was originally owned by Gemstar-TV Guide International before being acquired by the Rovi Corporation on December 7, 2007 in a $2.8 billion cash and stock deal. From November 2012 to April 2013, Rovi gradually discontinued broadcast transmission of the Guide Plus+ service.National television listings magazines using the \"TV Guide\" name (verbatim or translated into the magazine's language of origin) are also published in other countries, but none of these are believed to be affiliated with the North American publication:",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "11339460#0",
"text": "Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc. was a media company that licensed interactive program guide technology to multichannel video programming distributors such as cable and satellite television providers, and consumer electronics manufacturers; video recorder scheduling codes under brands such as VCR Plus; as well as serving as publishers of \"TV Guide\" magazine as well as operators of tvguide.com, owners of TV Guide Network and TVG Network, and provided various related services. On May 2, 2008, Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Macrovision Solutions Corporation, which later changed its name to Rovi Corporation on July 16, 2009.",
"title": "Gemstar-TV Guide International"
},
{
"docid": "188834#19",
"text": "On October 5, 1999, Gemstar International Group Ltd., the maker of the VCR Plus+ device and schedule system (whose channel and program codes for VCRs using the system for timed recordings were incorporated into the magazine's listings in 1988), and which incidentally was partially owned by News Corporation, purchased United Video Satellite Group; the two companies had previously been involved in a legal battle over the intellectual property rights for their respective interactive program guide systems, VCR Plus+ and TV Guide On Screen, that began in 1994. That month, \"TV Guide\" debuted a 16-page insert into editions in 22 markets with large Hispanic populations titled \"TV Guide en Español\", which provided programming information from national Spanish language networks (such as Univision and Telemundo) as well as special sections with reviews of the week's notable programs. The magazine discontinued the insert in March 2000 due to difficulties resulting from confusion by advertisers over its marketing as \"the first weekly Spanish-language magazine,\" despite its structure as an insert within the main \"TV Guide\" publication.",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#30",
"text": "In January 2009, the magazine cut several networks from its grid listings – including MTV and DIY Network – citing \"space concerns\"; however, two cuts, those of The CW and TV Guide Network, were seen as suspicious and arbitrary, as the magazine carries several channels which have the same schedule night after night or have low viewership and could have easily been cut, while several Fox-owned networks continued to be listed due to agreements with the former News Corporation ownership. It is likely that TV Guide Network's removal from \"TV Guide\"s listings was related to the \"divorce\" of the website and network from the magazine. In early February 2009, The CW and MTV were brought back to the listings after the magazine received numerous emails protesting the move; as a consequence, listings for several low-rated networks were removed. The other channels previously incorporated into the listings before their removal were slowly re-added, until TV Guide Network's schedule returned to the listings pages in June 2010 with its logo prominent within the grids as part of the deal with Lionsgate's TV Guide division. Under OpenGate ownership, \"TV Guide\" slowly returned to profitability mainly through cost reductions instituted by its venture capital parent, making significant staffing reductions and switching to bi-weekly editions full-time, reducing the number of issues it published to 29 per year.",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#49",
"text": "TV Insider is a website promoted internally as an online \"guide to...TV\" published by \"TV Guide\"s parent holding company TVGM Holdings, LLC, which launched in January 2015. The website features reviews and interviews from critics and columnists (such as Matt Roush) who write for the print magazine.",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#5",
"text": "In addition to \"TV Guide\" and its flagship newspaper \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\", Triangle Publications also owned the \"Philadelphia Daily News\"; ten radio and six television stations (WFIL AM-FM-TV in Philadelphia, WNHC AM-FM-TV in New Haven, Connecticut, KFRE AM-FM-TV in Fresno, California, WNBF AM-FM-TV in Binghamton, New York, WFBG AM-FM-TV in Altoona, Pennsylvania and WLYH-TV in Lancaster–Lebanon, Pennsylvania); \"The Daily Racing Form\"; \"The Morning Telegraph\"; \"Seventeen\"; and various cable television interests. (It was under Triangle's ownership of WFIL-TV that \"American Bandstand\" came to popularity, which, in turn, led to host Dick Clark ascending to become a major television personality.) Triangle Publications sold its Philadelphia newspapers to Knight Newspapers in 1969, its radio and television stations during the early 1970s to Capital Cities Communications (the television stations that are now known as KFSN-TV and WPVI-TV were subsequently acquired by ABC through its 1986 merger with Capital Cities) and various other interests, retaining only \"TV Guide\", \"Seventeen\" and \"The Daily Racing Form\".",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#16",
"text": "Because most cable systems published their own listing magazine reflecting their channel lineup, and now had a separate guide channel or an electronic program guide that can be activated by remote and provide the same information in a more detailed manner – with additional competition coming in the late 1990s from websites that also specialize in providing detailed television program information (such as TVGuide.com, then jointly operated with \"TV Guide Magazine\", and Zap2It), a printed listing of programming in a separate magazine became less valuable. The sheer amount and diversity of cable television programming made it hard for \"TV Guide\" to provide listings of the extensive array of programming that came directly over the cable system. \"TV Guide\" also could not match the ability of the cable box to store personalized listings. Nevertheless, beginning with the September 12–18, 1998, issue, the magazine added several new channels to many of its editions, including those that had previously been mentioned only in a foreword on the channel lineup page as well as those that were available mainly on digital cable and satellite; although most of these newly added channels were placed within the prime time grids, only a few (such as Animal Planet and MSNBC) were also incorporated into the log listings.",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#34",
"text": "The acquisition made NTVB Media the largest owner of consumer television publications in the United States, with a combined reach of more than 20 million readers. NTVB already owned \"TV Weekly\" and \"Channel Guide\", both of which provide national editorial content and – through syndication agreements with 160+ newspapers throughout the country, in which they are distributed as supplementary publications incorporated within each paper's Sunday editions – listings customized for individual regions (the company began distributing its listings magazines in this manner in 2008, as newspapers began to cease publication of their proprietary television listings magazines due to cost-cutting measures spurred by declining circulation and revenue); it also publishes listings publications for pay television providers such as Comcast, Time Warner Cable and Dish Network. As such, it is undetermined whether NTVB will reach deals to distribute \"TV Guide\" to newspapers on a separate basis or extend the name to its existing television publications. Staff with \"TV Guide\" and NTVB's other titles will collaborate on feature content included in the respective magazines, while the company will fold advertising sales for the magazine with its existing television magazine titles.",
"title": "TV Guide"
},
{
"docid": "188834#47",
"text": "In June 1998, the \"TV Guide\" brand and magazine were acquired by United Video Satellite Group, the parent company of the Prevue Channel – a channel first launched in 1981 as the Electronic Program Guide network, that was carried by cable and some satellite television providers and was originally formatted to feature a scrolling program guide, short segments featuring previews of upcoming programs, and promos and short-form film trailers for programs airing on various channels. Its new owners promptly rebranded Prevue as the TV Guide Channel on February 1, 1999. With the rebranding, some of the hourly segments featured on the channel at that point were renamed after features in the magazine, including \"TV Guide Close-Up\", \"TV Guide Sportsview\" (which was formatted more similarly to the listings section's sports guide than the color column of that name) and \"TV Guide Insider\". After Gemstar's acquisition of \"TV Guide\", the channel began to shift towards airing full-length programs featuring celebrity gossip and movie-focused talk shows alongside the program listings; the channel was rebranded as the TV Guide Network in 2007.",
"title": "TV Guide"
}
] |
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] |
3031
|
Has anyone died in The Winter Palace?
|
[
{
"docid": "16615604#5",
"text": "The first Winter Palace was a modest building of two main floors under a slate roof. It seems that Peter soon tired of the first palace, for in 1721, the second version of the Winter Palace was built under the direction of architect Georg Mattarnovy. Mattarnovy's palace, though still very modest compared to royal palaces in other European capitals, was on two floors above a rusticated ground floor, with a central projection underneath a pediment supported by columns. It was here that Peter the Great died in 1725.",
"title": "Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "706519#7",
"text": "Hryniewiecki was taken to the infirmary attached to the Winter Palace. At 9 PM he regained consciousness, refusing to give any information to the police. He died from his wounds at 10:30 PM.",
"title": "Ignacy Hryniewiecki"
},
{
"docid": "46641#33",
"text": "Nicholas died on 2 March 1855, during the Crimean War, at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. He caught a chill, refused medical treatment and died of pneumonia, although there were rumors he had committed suicide. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.",
"title": "Nicholas I of Russia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16615604#7",
"text": "As a result of pressed slave labour from all over the Empire, work on the city progressed quickly. It has been estimated that 200,000 people died in twenty years while building the city. A diplomat of the time, who described the city as \"a heap of villages linked together, like some plantation in the West Indies\", just a few years later called it \"a wonder of the world, considering its magnificent palaces\". Some of these new palaces in Peter's beloved Flemish Baroque style, such as the and the Menshikov Palace, still stand.",
"title": "Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "20162412#11",
"text": "Following the assassination of Alexander II, the Winter Palace was never truly inhabited again. The new Tsar Alexander III was informed by his security advisers that it was impossible to make the Winter Palace secure. The Imperial family then moved to the seclusion of the Palace of Gatchina, some 40 miles from St. Petersburg. When in St. Petersburg, the Imperial family resided at the Anichkov Palace, but the Winter Palace was used for official functions. Alexander III, however, was not a lover of society and, when using the Winter Palace, preferred playing bridge in an anteroom to dancing. While most St Petersburg balls did not conclude until 6am, at the Winter Palace, from 2am the Tsar would dismiss the musicians from the orchestra one by one, until only the pianist and a fiddler remained, by which time his guests had taken the hint and gone.",
"title": "Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "20724802#1",
"text": "The Palace burned for three days, and the glow was visible for 50–70 versts (50–75 km / 30–45 mi). Thirty guardsmen died in the fire, although nearly all the items were saved (notably the imperial throne, guards banners, portraits of Russian generals from the Field Marshals' Hall and Military Gallery and the utensils of the Grand Church).",
"title": "Fire in the Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "169202#1",
"text": "An unnamed narrator wanders through the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. The narrator implies that he died in some horrible accident and is a ghost drifting through the palace. In each room, he encounters various real and fictional people from various periods in the city's 300-year history. He is accompanied by \"the European\", who represents the Marquis de Custine, a 19th-century French traveler. \"Russian Ark\" uses the fourth wall device extensively, but repeatedly broken and re-erected. At times the narrator and the companion interact with the other performers, while at other times they pass unnoticed.",
"title": "Russian Ark"
},
{
"docid": "16615604#23",
"text": "Catherine the Great was succeeded by her son Paul I. In the first days of his reign, the new Tsar (reported by the British Ambassador to be \"not in his senses\") augmented the number of troops stationed at the Winter Palace, positioning sentry boxes every few metres around the building. Eventually, paranoid for his security and disliking anything connected with his mother, he spurned the Winter Palace completely and built Saint Michael's Castle as his Saint Petersburg residence, on the site of his birthplace. The Tsar announced that he wished to die on the spot he was born. He was murdered there three weeks after taking up residence in 1801. Paul I was succeeded by his 24-year-old son, Alexander I, who ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars. Following Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the contents of the Winter Palace were further enhanced when Alexander I purchased the art collection of the former French Empress, Joséphine. This collection, some of it plundered loot given to her by her ex-husband Napoleon, contained amongst its many old masters Rembrandt's \"The Descent from the Cross\" and four sculptures by Antonio Canova.",
"title": "Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "16615604#58",
"text": "Thus the provisional government, assisted by a few remaining loyal servants, who had formerly served the Tsar, barricaded themselves in the palace. Many of the administrative staff fled, leaving the palace severely under-defended allegedly by some Cossacks, Cadets, and 137 female soldiers from the Women's Battalion. Food ordered by the occupants of the palace was commandeered by the Bolsheviks, and, in a state of siege, the Winter Palace entered the most turbulent period in its history. According to Soviet history, five thousand sailors newly arrived from Kronstadt were deployed to attack the palace, while the cruiser \"Aurora\" positioned itself on the Neva, all its guns trained towards the Palace. Across the water, the Bolsheviks captured the Peter and Paul Fortress and turned its artillery towards the besieged building. As the provisional Government, now impotent, hid in the private rooms of the former Imperial Family, nervously surveying the scenes outside, one by one the Government buildings in Palace Square surrendered to the Bolsheviks, leaving the palace seemingly only hours from destruction.",
"title": "Winter Palace"
},
{
"docid": "16615604#43",
"text": "In 1881, the revolutionaries were finally successful and Alexander II was assassinated as his carriage drove through the streets of Saint Petersburg. The Winter Palace was never truly inhabited again. The new Tsar Alexander III was informed by his security advisers that it was impossible to make the Winter Palace secure. The Imperial Family then moved to the seclusion of the Palace of Gatchina, some from Saint Petersburg. By comparison with the Winter Palace, the 600 room, moated Gatchina Palace, set within forests, was a cosy family home. When in Saint Petersburg, the Imperial Family resided at the Anichkov Palace, while the Winter Palace was used for official functions. Large economies were made in food and wine. The Tsar was highly interested in the running costs of the Palace, insisting that table linen was not to be changed daily, and that candles and soap were not replaced until completely spent. Even the number of eggs used in an omelette was reduced. While the Tsar economised on household expenses, he added to the Imperial art collection of both the palace and the Hermitage. Officially, the Hermitage Museum had an annual buying allowance of 5,000 rubles, but when this proved insufficient the Tsar would himself purchase items for the museum.",
"title": "Winter Palace"
}
] |
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] |
3032
|
How many nanoseconds are in a second?
|
[
{
"docid": "36104#0",
"text": "A nanosecond (ns) is an SI unit of time equal to one thousand-millionth of a second (or one billionth of a second), that is, / of a second, or 10 seconds.",
"title": "Nanosecond"
},
{
"docid": "36104#2",
"text": "A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or microsecond. Time units ranging between 10 and 10 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of nanoseconds.",
"title": "Nanosecond"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23685094#3",
"text": "The light-nanosecond was popularized as a unit of distance by Grace Hopper as the distance which a photon could travel in one billionth of a second (roughly 30 cm or one foot): \"The speed of light is one foot per nanosecond.\" In her speaking engagements, she was well known for passing out light-nanoseconds of wire to the audience, and contrasting it with light-microseconds (a coil of wire 1,000 times as long) and light-picoseconds (the size of ground black pepper). Over the course of her life, she found many uses for this visual aid, including demonstrating the waste of sub-optimal programming, illustrating advances in computer speed, and simply giving young scientists and policy makers the ability to conceptualize the magnitude of very large and small numbers.",
"title": "List of unusual units of measurement"
},
{
"docid": "26873#2",
"text": "Multiples of seconds are usually counted in hours and minutes. Fractions of a second are usually counted in tenths or hundredths. In scientific work, small fractions of a second are counted in milliseconds (thousandths), microseconds (millionths), nanoseconds (billionths), and sometimes smaller units of a second.\nAn everyday experience with small fractions of a second is a 1-gigahertz microprocessor which has a cycle time of 1 nanosecond. Camera shutter speeds usually range from second to second.",
"title": "Second"
},
{
"docid": "77700#2",
"text": "One picosecond is equal to 1000 femtoseconds, or 1/1000 nanoseconds. Because the next SI unit is 1000 times larger, measurements of 10 and 10 second are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of picoseconds. Some notable measurements in this range include:",
"title": "Picosecond"
},
{
"docid": "3627968#3",
"text": "Units of time based on orders of magnitude of the second include the nanosecond and the millisecond.",
"title": "Unit of time"
},
{
"docid": "178713#1",
"text": "Just as the second forms the basis for other units of time, the light-second can form the basis for other units of length, ranging from the light-nanosecond (299.8 mm or just under one international foot) to the light-minute, light-hour and light-day, which are sometimes used in popular science publications. The more commonly used light-year is also presently defined to be equal to precisely light-seconds, since the definition of a year is based on a Julian year (not Gregorian year) of exactly 365.25 days, each of exactly SI seconds.",
"title": "Light-second"
},
{
"docid": "36156#1",
"text": "A microsecond is equal to 1000 nanoseconds or of a millisecond. Because the next SI prefix is 1000 times larger, measurements of 10 and 10 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of microseconds.",
"title": "Microsecond"
},
{
"docid": "41113#7",
"text": "Software timekeeping systems vary widely in the granularity of their time units; some systems may use time units as large as a day, while others may use nanoseconds. For example, for an epoch date of midnight UTC (00:00) on January 1, 1900, and a time unit of a second, the time of the midnight (24:00) between January 1 and 2, 1900 is represented by the number 86400, the number of seconds in one day. When times prior to the epoch need to be represented, it is common to use the same system, but with negative numbers.",
"title": "Epoch (reference date)"
},
{
"docid": "56389209#0",
"text": "A flick is a unit of time equivalent to exactly 1/705,600,000 of a second. The figure was chosen so that frequencies of 24, 25, 30, 48, 50, 60, 90, 100 and 120 Hz, as well as 1/1000 divisions of all those, can be represented with integers. The unit was launched in January 2018 by Facebook. A flick is approximately 1.42 × 10 s, which makes it larger than a nanosecond but much smaller than a microsecond.",
"title": "Flick (time)"
}
] |
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] |
3033
|
Who starred in House of a 1000 Corpses?
|
[
{
"docid": "307789#0",
"text": "House of 1000 Corpses is a 2003 American exploitation horror film written, co-scored and directed by Rob Zombie in his directorial debut. The film stars Sid Haig, Bill Moseley, Sheri Moon, and Karen Black as members of the Firefly family. Set on Halloween, the film sees the Firefly family torturing and mutilating a group of teenagers who are traveling across the country writing a book. The film explores a number of genres, and features elements of the supernatural. Zombie cited American horror films \"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\" (1974) and \"The Hills Have Eyes\" (1977) as influences on \"House of 1000 Corpses\", as well as other films released during the 1970s.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "2390088#8",
"text": "In 2003, Haig starred in Rob Zombie's debut film \"House of 1000 Corpses\", as Captain Spaulding. The role revived Haig's acting career, earning him a \"Best Supporting Actor\" award in the thirteenth Annual Fangoria Chainsaw Awards, and induction into the Horror Hall of Fame. His image as Captain Spaulding has become iconic in today's horror genre. Haig reprised his role as Spaulding in Zombie’s sequel to \"House of 1000 Corpses\", entitled \"The Devil's Rejects\"",
"title": "Sid Haig"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4594858#0",
"text": "House of 1000 Corpses is the soundtrack album for the movie \"House of 1000 Corpses\", directed by Rob Zombie. It includes artists such as Buck Owens, Helen Kane, The Ramones, Lionel Richie, Slim Whitman, Trina, Scott Humphrey and Zombie himself, along with numerous instrumentals and audio samples taken from the movie.Album - Billboard (North America)",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "307789#1",
"text": "Initially filmed in 2000, \"House of 1000 Corpses\" was purchased by Universal Pictures, thus a large portion of it was filmed on the Universal Studios backlots. The film was made with a budget of $7 million. Zombie worked with Scott Humphrey on the score of the film. \"House of 1000 Corpses\" featured a graphic amount of blood and gore, and controversial scenes involving masturbation and necrophilia. The project was ultimately shelved by the company prior to its release due to fears of an NC-17 rating. Zombie later managed to re-purchase the rights to the work, eventually selling it to Lions Gate Entertainment. The film received a theatrical release on April 11, 2003, nearly three years after filming had concluded.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "307789#9",
"text": "The idea for \"House of 1000 Corpses\" came to Zombie while designing a haunted house attraction for the studio titled \"The House of 1000 Corpses\". This gave Zombie the initial idea for the film, which he later pitched to Universal to a positive reception. Zombie later stated \"I was in the office of the head of production or something and he asked me if I had any movie ideas and I pitched him Corpses, which was very rough at the time, because I wasn't ready and I made it up on the spot. He liked it, I went home, wrote a 12-page treatment and met up with them. Two months later, we were shooting.\" Production on the film began in May 2000. Zombie stated that the film was finished by Halloween of 2000. The house was launched the following year, though the title was changed to \"American Nightmare\" due to the shelving of the film. Despite the name change, the house still featured numerous references to the film, and the theatrical trailer played while customers waited.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "7373674#0",
"text": "\"House of 1000 Corpses\" is the final track on Rob Zombie's second solo album \"The Sinister Urge\". The song was used in the 2003 horror movie of the same name, which was written and directed by Zombie.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses (song)"
},
{
"docid": "307789#15",
"text": "Erin Daniels portrayed Denise Willis. Chris Hardwick was cast as Jerry Goldsmith, a young man who was seen as \"hyper\" and \"wise-cracking\". The character Bill Hudley was portrayed by Rainn Wilson. \"House of 1000 Corpses\" served as one of Wilson's first films, though he would later go on to find mainstream success following the film's release. Mary Knowles, Bill's girlfriend, was played by Jennifer Jostyn. Mary was seen as the most confrontational of the group, often clashing with Baby due to her flirtatious relationship with Bill. Harrison Young was selected to play Don Willis, the father of Denise who later goes looking for her and her group of friends. Tom Towles and Walton Goggins portrayed Lieutenant George Wydell and Deputy Steve Naish, respectively; the pair work with Don to find the missing group.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "307789#22",
"text": "\"House of 1000 Corpses\" received a generally negative critical reception upon its release. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that the film \"lives up to the spirit but not the quality of its inspirations\" and is ultimately a \"cheesy and ultragory exploitation horror flick\" and \"strangely devoid of thrills, shocks or horror.\" Clint Morris of \"Film Threat\" slammed the film as \"an hour and a half of undecipherable plot\" and found the film to be \"sickening\" overall. James Brundage of Filmcritic.com wrote that the film was simply \"hick after hick, cheap scary image after cheap scary image, lots of southern accents and psychotic murders,\" and was \"too highbrow to be a good cheap horror movie, too lowbrow to be satire, and too boring to bear the value of the ticket.\" \"Slant Magazine\" gave the film two out of four stars, stating \"If not for the blink-and-miss sideshow attractions and stockpile of memorable quotes, \"[House of] 1000 Corpses\" would have been easier to shrug off. This vintage curio is proudly and humorously derivative but that familiar aftertaste is that of wasted opportunities.\" \"The New York Times\" also had a negative review of the film, writing \"As much as film buffs might enjoy recognizing references to \"Motel Hell\" and other drive-in classics, Mr. Zombie's encyclopedic approach to the genre results in a crowded, frenzied film in which no single idea is developed to a satisfying payoff.\" The review also criticized the cutaway scenes and home footage used throughout the film, adding \"Mr. Zombie is both too much of a stylist, always cutting away to oddball inserts, black-and-white flashbacks, negative images and much else, and too little: he is not in enough control of his means to let a mood grow and fester. And festering is what this kind of film is all about.\"",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "307789#20",
"text": "The first public screening of the film occurred in Argentina on March 13, 2003. \"House of 1000 Corpses\" received its theatrical release on April 11, 2003. The film made its debut in the United Kingdom at Fright Fest, and was the fastest selling event of the night. \"House of 1000 Corpses\" grossed $3,460,666 on a limited opening weekend, while boasting $2,522,026 on its official opening. The film opened in second at the box office, behind the comedy film \"Anger Management\" (2003). It went on to gross $12,634,962 in the United States alone, with an additional $4,194,583 accumulated worldwide. The film's reported gross is $16,829,545. According to Zombie, Lions Gate Entertainment made back their investment on the film on the first day, and shortly afterwards approached Zombie about a sequel to the film. Having already begun developing ideas for a sequel, Zombie quickly began work on a follow-up.",
"title": "House of 1000 Corpses"
},
{
"docid": "154144#3",
"text": "In the 1990s, Black starred in a variety of arthouse and horror films, as well as writing her own screenplays before appearing in Rob Zombie's \"House of 1000 Corpses\" (2003), which cemented her status as a cult horror icon. Black continued to star in low-profile films throughout the early 2000s, as well as working as a playwright before being diagnosed with ampullary cancer in 2010. She died of the disease in Santa Monica in August 2013. Black's career spanned over 50 years, and includes nearly 200 film credits.",
"title": "Karen Black"
}
] |
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] |
3034
|
Who was the first to reach the South Pole?
|
[
{
"docid": "18959138#18",
"text": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship \"Fram\" became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.",
"title": "Antarctica"
},
{
"docid": "15021680#0",
"text": "The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. He and four others arrived at the pole on 14 December 1911, five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base, and later knew that Scott and his four companions had died on their return journey.",
"title": "Amundsen's South Pole expedition"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51314#36",
"text": "Ernest Shackleton, who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the Nimrod Expedition from 1907 to 1909. The expedition's primary objective was of reaching the South Pole. Based in McMurdo Sound, the expedition pioneered the Beardmore Glacier route to the South Pole, and the (limited) use of motorised transport. Its southern march reached 88°23'S, a new Farthest South record 97 geographical miles from the Pole before having to turn back. During the expedition, Shackleton was the first to reach the polar plateau. Parties led by T. W. Edgeworth David also became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole.",
"title": "History of Antarctica"
},
{
"docid": "243467#2",
"text": "The glacier was discovered and climbed by Ernest Shackleton during his Nimrod Expedition of 1908. Although Shackleton turned back before reaching the South Pole, he established the first proven route towards the pole and, in doing so, became the first person to set foot upon the polar plateau. In 1911–1912, Captain Scott and his Terra Nova Expedition team reached the South Pole by similarly climbing the Beardmore. However, they reached the pole a month after Roald Amundsen and his team, who had chosen a route up the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier. It was on the way back to the Nova expedition's base camp after they left the South Pole that Edgar Evans, one of the members of Scott's chosen team to go to on the final trek to the South Pole, died around the foot of Beardmore Glacier on February 17, 1912.",
"title": "Beardmore Glacier"
},
{
"docid": "32412255#17",
"text": "Several years later, the Norwegian Captain Roald Amundsen and the Englishman Captain Robert Scott raced to become the first to reach the South Pole. Both expeditions started almost simultaneously but it was Amundsen who reached the pole first on December 14, 1911. Both men carried Tabloid outfits with them.",
"title": "Pac-Kit First Aid Kits"
},
{
"docid": "20611127#17",
"text": "After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole \"overland\" (albeit with some air support) were Edmund Hillary (January 4, 1958) and Vivian Fuchs (January 19, 1958) and their respective parties, during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, Crary and Fiennes. The first group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969. In 1978-79 Michele Eileen Raney became the first woman to winter at the South Pole.",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "20611127#12",
"text": "British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S. Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (Nimrod Expedition) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "1204771#4",
"text": "In 1926 Wisting participated in Amundsen's successful attempt to fly over the North Pole. In the airship \"Norge\" they reached the pole on 12 May 1926. The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole—by Frederick Cook in 1908, Robert Peary in 1909, and Richard E. Byrd in 1926 —are all disputed, as being either of dubious accuracy or outright fraud. Some of those disputing these earlier claims therefore consider the crew of the \"Norge\" to be the first verified explorers to have reached the North Pole. In addition Wisting, along with Amundsen, was one of the two first persons who had been to both the North Pole and the South Pole.",
"title": "Oscar Wisting"
},
{
"docid": "221644#6",
"text": "The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Scientific Station is the southernmost habitation on Earth. It is continuously inhabited. Its name honors Roald Amundsen, whose Norwegian expedition reached the Geographic South Pole in December 1911, and Robert F. Scott, whose British expedition of five men reached the South Pole about one month later (in January 1912) in a race to become the first person ever to reach the South Pole. All of Scott's expedition perished during the journey back towards the coast, while all of Amundsen's expedition returned safely to their base on the seacoast of the continent.",
"title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station"
},
{
"docid": "36375378#0",
"text": "Mark Wood (born 1966) is a British adventurer and explorer who, in 2011 / 2012, made an attempt to be the first person in history to ski solo to both the South and North Poles. He undertook the expedition to raise awareness of climate change, setting off on his trek in November 2011 from the West coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet). After reaching the South Pole in January 2012, he continued his journey across 2 degrees of the Arctic Ocean. Crossing the North pole and continuing to the Russian Ice Station. The expedition was unfortunately cut short due to extra funding required by the Canadian airline company who pick explorers up from expeditions on the Arctic Ocean. Mark's attempt was continued to the North Geographic pole to extend the schools programme - \"My Life In a Freezer\" which reached over 40 countries around the globe. Mark completed the 6 month solo expedition called The North South Solo expedition in April 2012.",
"title": "Mark Wood (explorer)"
},
{
"docid": "2296583#8",
"text": "On 16 January 1912, as Scott's party neared the Pole, it was Bowers who first spotted a black flag left at a camp made by Roald Amundsen's polar party over a month previously. They knew then that they had been beaten in the race to be first to the South Pole. On 18 January, they arrived at the South Pole to find a tent left behind by Amundsen's party at their Polheim camp; inside, a dated note informed them that Amundsen had reached the Pole on 14 December 1911, beating Scott's party by 35 days.",
"title": "Henry Robertson Bowers"
}
] |
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] |
3036
|
Who is head coach for the Los Angeles Rams?
|
[
{
"docid": "23121362#0",
"text": "Sean McVay (born January 24, 1986) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). Upon his hiring in 2017 at the age of 30, he became the youngest head coach in modern NFL history. He was the offensive coordinator of the Washington Redskins from 2014 to 2016. He was named the AP NFL Coach of the Year in his first year of coaching, becoming the youngest person ever to win the award. After the Los Angeles Rams' appearance in Super Bowl LIII, McVay will become the youngest head coach ever to coach in a Super Bowl game.",
"title": "Sean McVay"
},
{
"docid": "23121362#7",
"text": "On January 12, 2017, McVay was hired to become the 28th head coach of the Los Angeles Rams at the age of 30 years, 11 months, 19 days. The Rams had made him the youngest head coach in modern NFL history, surpassing Lane Kiffin, who was 31 years, 8 months, 14 days old when hired by the Oakland Raiders in 2007.",
"title": "Sean McVay"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17077809#2",
"text": "Despite the title, the Rams' faltering financial fortunes in Cleveland sparked a move to Los Angeles by owner Dan Reeves. Walsh remained head coach, but left after the Rams finished 6-4-1 in their inaugural season on the west coast. Walsh was succeeded by Bob Snyder, who went 6-6 in his only season in 1947. Clark Shaughnessy took over for the next two seasons and led the Rams to the 1949 NFL Championship game (losing to the Philadelphia Eagles), but he was dismissed for reportedly for creating \"internal friction\" within the club. Line coach Joe Stydahar was elevated to head coach and guided the Rams back to the NFL championship game in 1950, where they again lost, this time to the Cleveland Browns 30-28. A year later, the teams would rematch, but this time the Rams prevailed 24-17 over the Browns to win the 1951 NFL Championship. Although he was successful as head coach, an internal dispute between Stydahar and assistant coach Hamp Pool spilled over into the public and Stydahar resigned one game into the 1952 season. Pool was elevated to head coach and led the Rams to their fourth straight postseason appearance in 1953, this time losing to the Detroit Lions in a playoff. Pool stayed as head coach for two more seasons before giving way to Sid Gillman, who led the Rams to the 1955 NFL Championship game where they again lost to Cleveland. Although his innovative offensive style would influence pro football for decades to come, Gillman never equaled the success of his first season, and left after five seasons to coach the American Football League's Los Angeles Chargers. The Rams continued without success under head coaches Bob Waterfield and Harland Svare.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
},
{
"docid": "17077809#4",
"text": "By this time, Dan Reeves had died, and the franchise was then sold to Robert Irsay, who then immediately traded the franchise to Carroll Rosenbloom in exchange for the Baltimore Colts. Following the 1972 season, Rosenbloom dismissed Prothro and brought in as his replacement Chuck Knox. Installing his trademark \"Ground Chuck\" offense, Knox led the Rams to a 12-2 record and their first NFC West title, and was named NFL Coach of the Year for 1973. Los Angeles would repeat as division champions four more times under Knox, while also reaching the NFC Championship Game three consecutive years from 1974 through 1976. But the Rams were frustrated each time in their attempt to reach the Super Bowl, and after an upset loss to Minnesota in a 1977 NFC Divisional Playoff, Knox left Los Angeles to take the head coaching job with the Buffalo Bills.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
},
{
"docid": "17077809#11",
"text": "New Rams owner Stan Kroenke made his first hire with former Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans head coach Jeff Fisher taking over. The Rams did show overall improvement during a 7-8-1 season. But it was the best that Fisher would be able to do, as the Rams went 7-9, 6-10, and 7-9 in their final seasons in St. Louis. Following the end of the 2015 season, the Rams were approved to return to Los Angeles, ending the NFL's 21-year absence from the market. Fisher, who had guided the Oilers/Titans franchise in its relocation from Houston to Memphis and ultimately to Nashville, was retained and shepherded the Rams through the turmoil of the move. And while the newly-rebranded Los Angeles Rams began the 2016 season 3-1, the team would win only one of its remaining 12 games. Though he had acquired strong talent in successive drafts with Aaron Donald in 2014, Todd Gurley in 2015, and Jared Goff in 2016, Fisher was unable to put together a consistently winning combination on the field. And after a 42-14 loss at home to the Atlanta Falcons that tied him for the most regular season losses by a coach in NFL history, Fisher was fired on December 12, 2016. Special teams coordinator John Fassel was named interim head coach, but was winless in the final three games of the season.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
},
{
"docid": "34268531#53",
"text": "On January 12, 2017 (the same day the Chargers moved to the Los Angeles area as the team did) the Rams hired Sean McVay for the team's head coaching vacancy. McVay, then 30, became the youngest head coach in NFL history. McVay was formerly the offensive coordinator the Redskins, working under coach Jay Gruden. Quarterback Jared Goff had begun to come into his own as an elite quarterback under McVay and running back Todd Gurley had return to dominance. On November 26, 2017, the Rams defeated the New Orleans Saints 26–20. The win was their eighth of the season, which secured their first non-losing year since 2006 (and first in Los Angeles since 1989). A week later, the Rams would defeat the Arizona Cardinals 32–16 to secure a winning season for the first time since the 2003 season. On December 24, 2017, the Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 27–23 to clinch their first NFC West title since 2003 (and first in Los Angeles since 1985).",
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Rams"
},
{
"docid": "17077809#1",
"text": "The Rams franchise has had 26 head coaches throughout its history. Damon Wetzel became the first head coach of the Cleveland Rams in 1936. He served for one season before he was replaced by Hugo Bezdek in 1937 as the Rams became a National Football League franchise. But after losing 13 of 14 games, Bezdek was dismissed and replaced by Art Lewis three games into the 1938 season. Dutch Clark, who was later one of the charter inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, became head coach of the Rams and coached the team for four seasons until the franchise suspended operations for the 1943 season. When the Rams resumed play in 1944, Aldo \"Buff\" Donelli became head coach and was 4-4 in his only season. In 1945, Adam Walsh became head coach and proceeded to lead the Cleveland Rams to a 9-1 record and the franchise's first NFL championship. Walsh was named the league's Coach of the Year.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
},
{
"docid": "4946878#38",
"text": "In 1948, Shaughnessy joined the Los Angeles Rams as a \"technical advisor\" to head coach Bob Snyder. In the preseason, owner Dan Reeves was so impressed with Shaughnessy that Reeves promoted him to head coach and fired Snyder. At Los Angeles, Shaughnessy developed the pro set that used a three wide receiver set. He made this change to capitalize on running back Elroy \"Crazy Legs\" Hirsch, who he thought would make a better flanker. Los Angeles captured the Western Conference Championship in 1949.",
"title": "Clark Shaughnessy"
},
{
"docid": "17077809#0",
"text": "The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Rams compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Rams played their first season in 1936 in Cleveland, Ohio. During World War II, the Rams did not play during the 1943 season because of wartime restrictions and shortages. The team became known as the Los Angeles Rams after it moved to Los Angeles, California in 1946. After the 1979 season, the Rams moved south to the suburbs in nearby Orange County, playing their home games at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim for 15 seasons (1980–1994) but kept their Los Angeles name. The club moved east to St. Louis, Missouri before the 1995 season, and moved back to Southern California before the 2016 season.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
},
{
"docid": "11171630#0",
"text": "The 1962 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's 25th year with the National Football League and the 17th season in Los Angeles. Eventual Hall of Famer Bob Waterfield, the team's head coach for the past two seasons, came back and coached the Rams to a 1–7 record before being fired. Harland Svare, Waterfield's successor, led the Rams to a 0–5–1 record to finish the season.",
"title": "1962 Los Angeles Rams season"
},
{
"docid": "17077809#8",
"text": "Again, the Rams had the opportunity to go with a well-regarded young offensive mind, having interviewed then-San Francisco 49ers offensive coordinator Mike Holmgren. But as her late husband had once done, Georgia Frontiere opted to play it safe by bringing back Chuck Knox, who had just weeks earlier stepped down from coaching the Seattle Seahawks. But Knox was unable to recreate the magic of his earlier tenure with the Rams, as Los Angeles finished 6-10 in 1992 and got progressively worse each following season. Additionally, Frontiere openly flirted with a possible franchise move to St. Louis, and Knox was fired following the Rams' 4-12 finish in 1994.",
"title": "List of Los Angeles Rams head coaches"
}
] |
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3038
|
Is there a cure for Tourettes?
|
[
{
"docid": "5071079#0",
"text": "Tourette syndrome (also Tourette's syndrome or TS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by the presence of motor and phonic tics. Treatment of Tourette syndrome has the goal of managing symptoms to achieve optimum functioning, rather than eliminating symptoms; not all persons with Tourette's require treatment, and there is no cure or universally effective medication. Explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment; education is an important part of any treatment plan.",
"title": "Treatment of Tourette syndrome"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5071079#4",
"text": "There is no cure for Tourette's and no medication which works universally for all individuals without significant adverse effects; knowledge and understanding are the best treatments available for tics. Management of the symptoms of Tourette's may include pharmacological, behavioral and psychological therapies. While pharmacological treatment is reserved for more severe symptoms, other types of treatments may help avoid or improve symptoms of depression or social isolation, and improve supportive family functioning. Educating the patient, family, and surrounding community (school, church, friends, etc.) is a key part of treatment.",
"title": "Treatment of Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "56483#43",
"text": "Not everyone with Tourette's wants treatment or a \"cure\", especially if that means they may \"lose\" something else in the process. Researchers Leckman and Cohen, and former US Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA) national board member Kathryn Taubert, believe that there may be latent advantages associated with an individual's genetic vulnerability to developing Tourette syndrome, such as a heightened awareness and increased attention to detail and surroundings that may have adaptive value. There is evidence to support the clinical lore that children with \"TS-only\" (Tourette's in the absence of comorbid conditions) are unusually gifted: neuropsychological studies have identified advantages in children with TS-only. Children with TS-only are faster than the average for their age group on timed tests of motor coordination.\nNotable individuals with Tourette syndrome are found in all walks of life, including musicians, athletes, media figures, teachers, physicians, and authors. The best-known example of a person who may have used obsessive–compulsive traits to advantage is Samuel Johnson, the 18th-century English man of letters, who likely had Tourette syndrome as evidenced by the writings of James Boswell. Johnson wrote \"A Dictionary of the English Language\" in 1747, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. Tim Howard, described by the \"Chicago Tribune\" as the \"rarest of creatures – an American soccer hero\" and by the TSA as the \"most notable individual with Tourette Syndrome around the world\" says that his neurological makeup gave him an enhanced perception and an ability to hyper-focus that contributed to his success on the field.",
"title": "Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "5070458#4",
"text": "Discussions with adults who have Tourette syndrome reveal that not everyone wants treatment or a \"cure\", especially if that means they may \"lose\" something else in the process. Some believe that there may even be latent advantages associated with the genetic vulnerability. Research supports some advantages associated with Tourette syndrome.",
"title": "Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "56483#23",
"text": "There is no cure for Tourette's and no medication that works universally for all individuals without significant adverse effects. Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders. The management of the symptoms of Tourette's may include pharmacological, behavioral and psychological therapies. While pharmacological intervention is reserved for more severe symptoms, other treatments (such as supportive psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy) may help to avoid or ameliorate depression and social isolation, and to improve family support. Educating a patient, family, and surrounding community (such as friends, school, and church) is a key treatment strategy, and may be all that is required in mild cases.\nMedication is available to help when symptoms interfere with functioning. The classes of medication with the most proven efficacy in treating tics—typical and atypical neuroleptics including risperidone (trade name Risperdal), ziprasidone (Geodon), haloperidol (Haldol), pimozide (Orap) and fluphenazine (Prolixin)—can have long-term and short-term adverse effects. The antihypertensive agents clonidine (trade name Catapres) and guanfacine (Tenex) are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy, but a lower side effect profile than the neuroleptics. Stimulants and other medications may be useful in treating ADHD when it co-occurs with tic disorders. Drugs from several other classes of medications can be used when stimulant trials fail, including guanfacine (trade name Tenex), atomoxetine (Strattera) and tricyclic antidepressants. Clomipramine (Anafranil), a tricyclic, and SSRIs—a class of antidepressants including fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and fluvoxamine (Luvox)—may be prescribed when a Tourette's patient also has symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Several other medications have been tried, but evidence to support their use is unconvincing.",
"title": "Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "56483#28",
"text": "Regardless of symptom severity, individuals with Tourette's have a normal life span. Although the symptoms may be lifelong and chronic for some, the condition is not degenerative or life-threatening. Intelligence is normal in those with Tourette's, although there may be learning disabilities. Severity of tics early in life does not predict tic severity in later life, and prognosis is generally favorable, although there is no reliable means of predicting the outcome for a particular individual. The gene or genes associated with Tourette's have not been identified, and there is no potential \"cure\". A higher rate of migraines than the general population and sleep disturbances are reported.",
"title": "Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "370268#18",
"text": "The procedure is invasive and expensive, and requires long-term expert care. Benefits for severe Tourette's are not conclusive, considering less robust effects of this surgery seen in the Netherlands. Tourette's is more common in pediatric populations, tending to remit in adulthood, so in general this would not be a recommended procedure for use on children. Because diagnosis of Tourette's is made based on a history of symptoms rather than analysis of neurological activity, it may not always be clear how to apply DBS for a particular person. Due to concern over the use of DBS in Tourette syndrome treatment, the Tourette Association of America convened a group of experts to develop recommendations guiding the use and potential clinical trials of DBS for TS.",
"title": "Deep brain stimulation"
},
{
"docid": "5070458#25",
"text": "An incident of disinformation about coprolalia and Tourette's involved Dr. Laura Schlessinger. According to the former Tourette Syndrome Association (name changed to Tourette Association of America in 2015), she berated a caller inquiring whether a child with TS should attend a family wedding, declaring that a majority of those with the condition exhibited coprolalia and should be excluded from many social situations, provoking an avalanche of angry calls about the misinformation. Garrison Keillor, radio show host of NPR's \"A Prairie Home Companion\", produced a segment in 2006, titled \"Broadway Tourette's\", about segregating people with stereotypical TS from other passengers on a cruise ship, prompting a press release from the Tourette Syndrome Association.",
"title": "Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "5400985#1",
"text": "The TAA's mission is to identify the cause of, find the cure for and control the effects of Tourette syndrome. As of 2008, it had 35 US chapters, 300 support groups, and international contacts around the world.",
"title": "Tourette Association of America"
},
{
"docid": "5070458#28",
"text": "Several documentaries have attempted to portray Tourette's syndrome accurately and to advocate for greater understanding of persons with Tourette's, while others focus on sensationalizing coprolalia. The Emmy Award-winning television documentary film \"I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me\" was produced by HBO in conjunction with the Tourette Syndrome Association, featuring children between the ages of six and 13. It was described by the \"Cincinnati Enquirer\" as \"the best simple overview yet of Tourette's\". \"John's Not Mad\" (1989) and \"The Boy Can't Help It\" (2000) are documentaries about a young man from Scotland, who has severe Tourette's and coprolalia. \"Twitch and Shout\" examines a society that is quick to judge a person who strays outside the limits of conventional behavior and was nominated for an Emmy. A 2007 British documentary, \"Tourette De France\", followed a group of teenagers with Tourette's on a trip to Paris; many of the teenagers featured in the program had coprolalia. \"Movements and Madness: Gusti Ayu\" is a documentary about the struggles of a young woman with severe Tourette's in a small village in Indonesia. A 2011 BBC documentary, \"Tourettes: I Swear I Can Sing\", followed aspiring musician Ruth Ojadi as she explains her experience of TS and her struggle to find self-confidence in her singing.",
"title": "Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome"
}
] |
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3039
|
How many eggs does a praying mantis lay?
|
[
{
"docid": "26977166#18",
"text": "The mating season in temperate climates typically takes place in autumn, while in tropical areas, mating can occur at any time of the year. To mate following courtship, the male usually leaps onto the female's back, clasping her thorax and wing bases with his forelegs. He then arches his abdomen to deposit and store sperm in a special chamber near the tip of the female's abdomen. The female lays between 10 and 400 eggs, depending on the species. Eggs are typically deposited in a froth mass-produced by glands in the abdomen. This froth hardens, creating a protective capsule, which together with the egg mass is called an ootheca. Depending on the species, the ootheca can be attached to a flat surface, wrapped around a plant, or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitoid wasps. In a few species, mostly ground and bark mantises in the family Tarachodidae, the mother guards the eggs. The cryptic \"Tarachodes maurus\" positions herself on bark with her abdomen covering her egg capsule, ambushing passing prey and moving very little until the eggs hatch. An unusual reproductive strategy is adopted by Brunner's stick mantis from the southern United States; no males have ever been found in this species, and the females breed parthenogenetically. The ability to reproduce by parthenogenesis has been recorded in at least two other species, \"Sphodromantis viridis\" and \"Miomantis\" sp., although these species usually reproduce sexually. In temperate climates, adults do not survive the winter and the eggs undergo a diapause, hatching in the spring.",
"title": "Mantis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37017694#29",
"text": "The females lay their eggs on trees, shrubs, rocks, vehicles, and plants of many types. She typically lays about 500 eggs. The eggs are covered with a peachy fuzz that can cause serious rashes if touched by bare skin or fur. Then the female leaves to eat, while her eggs are protected. She does not live to see her offspring.",
"title": "Lymantria dispar dispar"
},
{
"docid": "297924#25",
"text": "In the monogamous species, the mantis shrimps remain with the same partner up to 20 years. They share the same burrow and may be able to coordinate their activities. Both sexes often take care of the eggs (biparental care). In \"Pullosquilla\" and some species in \"Nannosquilla\", the female lays two clutches of eggs - one that the male tends and one that the female tends. In other species, the female looks after the eggs while the male hunts for both of them. After the eggs hatch, the offspring may spend up to three months as plankton.",
"title": "Mantis shrimp"
},
{
"docid": "12620140#6",
"text": "Most research regarding egg laying in the genus \"Padogobius\" relates to \"P. martensi.\" Egg laying begins once the male has cleaned the underside of the rock of his nest. Once the female has navigated her way into the nest, she assumes a spawning position, in which her belly turns to the ceiling of the hollow. The female then lays on average 170 to 410 elongate shaped eggs per nest. While she is laying her eggs, the male periodically turns upside down to fertilize the eggs. This process takes approximately one hour, after which the female leaves the nest and she will be able to produce another clutch of eggs roughly 30 days later. In these polygynous fish, males will except eggs from many females, as observed with 2 to 3 sets of eggs at multiple stages of development in one nest. Larger males can reproduce more times and are able to obtain more females over the entire mating season. The male’s reproductive success is therefore measured by how many individual clutches he has under his care in his nest.",
"title": "Padogobius"
},
{
"docid": "22657453#6",
"text": "After breeding, the female can eat her mate because, like with most mantis species, they are cannibalistic. Nymphs up to their fourth instar are not cannibalistic. The female lay egg cases (ootheca) almost three times its size, and will usually hatch between 30 to 50 offspring. Ootheca survive in the same conditions as the mantis.",
"title": "Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi"
},
{
"docid": "50753330#4",
"text": "They are mostly ambush predators, but a few ground-dwelling species are found actively pursuing their prey. They normally live for about a year. In cooler climates, the adults lay eggs in autumn then die. The eggs are protected by their hard capsules and hatch in the spring. Females sometimes practice sexual cannibalism, eating their mates after copulation. Occasionally, the females decapitate the males just before or during mating. Over 2,400 species of mantis in about 430 genera are recognized.",
"title": "List of mantids of Sri Lanka"
},
{
"docid": "2949471#4",
"text": "The female lays 18 to 50 eggs at a time. While rare, up to 129 eggs have been found within a single nest, presumably from several layings. They lay their eggs in two layers, with a slight temperature difference between the two layers. This will result in a more even ratio of males and females. The caiman does not have sex chromosomes, but instead depends on temperature to determine the ratio of male and female offspring. Eggs at warmer temperatures (32 °C or higher) develop into females and eggs at cooler temperatures (31 °C or lower) develop into males.",
"title": "Broad-snouted caiman"
},
{
"docid": "26977166#29",
"text": "Mantises are among the insects most widely kept as pets. Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who want to keep mantises often breed them. In 2013 at least 31 species were kept and bred in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. In 1996 at least 50 species were known to be kept in captivity by members of the Mantis Study Group. \"The Independent\" described the \"giant Asian praying mantis\" as \"part stick insect with a touch of Buddhist monk\", and stated that they needed a vivarium around 30 cm (12 in) on each side. \"The Daily South\" argued that a pet insect was no weirder than a pet rat or ferret, and that while a pet mantis was unusual, it would not \"bark, shed, [or] need shots or a litter box\".",
"title": "Mantis"
},
{
"docid": "7801429#15",
"text": "Brood parasitism is the process by which a female lays her eggs in a conspecific female's nest. Parasitic female moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) are known to lay one to six eggs in their neighbor's nests. In most cases the male paired with the conspecific female has been involved in extra-pair copulations with the parasitic mother. This causes maternity uncertainty for the female as not all species can readily identify their own eggs from another's, which imposes fitness costs of raising an offspring that is not her own. In some cases females will lay eggs in another's nest that were conceived by another male entirely. This process is known as quasi-parasitism and induces fitness costs on both the male and female of the parasitized nest who cannot be certain of paternity or maternity. This is a problem for white-fronted bee-eaters (Merops bullockoides), where it has been found through analysis of enzyme polymorphisms that approximately 9–12% of offspring are unrelated to one parent or none. The reproductive strategy of brood-parasitism is not only an intraspecies problem, as parasitic mothers will use the nests of one to 240 different host species. The fitness costs that these interactions impose strains on host parents to displace time, effort, and resources into offspring that are not their own, and are believed to reduce the hosts reproductive success by up to 50%. But time lost is not the greatest cost to some host species. Hosts that raise Cuculus and Chrysococcyx cuckoos lose all their offspring as the cuckoos kill them with mandibular hooks. While some other species do not directly kill a hosts' young, they often kill them indirectly through competition for food leading to eventual starvation. \nWhy then do host species tolerate parasitic offspring? Several hypotheses have been tested to answer this question. One theory known as the quasi-parasitism hypothesis suggested that parasitic females were exchanging extra-pair copulations with host males for access to lay their eggs in the nest. This theory was denounced by DNA fingerprinting revealing that many offspring were sired by only the parasitic mother's mate and not the mate of the host female. Another theory was that this interaction fell under kin selection, and that perhaps the parasites and hosts were closely related and there was an inclusive fitness benefit to hosts. While this theory has not been completely denounced in some species like moorhens, it does not fully explain why then interspecific parasitism perseveres. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that hosts are deceived and cannot differentiate their own eggs or offspring. The deception model explains a coevolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites that has led to further adaptations in deception and host parasitism defense strategies. Parasitic cuckoos have developed a system for potentially successful parasitism by quickly laying a small mimetic egg during the hosts' laying period. Some parasitic mothers go as far to eject the eggs of hosts before laying their own eggs in the nest, which has been suggested to increase the efficiency of which their eggs are incubated and raised, all the while providing them with a meal in the process. Brood parasitism has been shown to be a coevolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites with new adaptations of egg recognition being selected for in hosts, and new strategies of trickery and deception being selected for in parasites to exploit hosts.",
"title": "Reproductive suppression"
},
{
"docid": "43944618#7",
"text": "The queen lays less than 1.5 eggs per day on average. She lays eggs parallel to the construction of the cells. She may lay two eggs in the same cell, even if there are open cells—in this case, only one egg develops. However, no more than 20% of the cells are empty at a time. However, a queen does not reuse cells once an egg has occupied them.",
"title": "Polistes snelleni"
}
] |
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] |
3040
|
What is the currency of England 2018?
|
[
{
"docid": "56604142#0",
"text": "The 2018 All England Open, officially YONEX All England Open 2018 was a BWF World Tour 1000 event, one of the most presitigious badminton tournament of thw world which took place at Arena Birmingham in England from 14 to 18 March 2018. It had a total purse of 1 million $.\nThe 2018 All England Open was the seventh tournament of the 2018 BWF World Tour and also part of the All England Open championships, which has been held since 1899. This tournament was organized by Badminton England and sanctioned by the BWF. It was also the first ever new Super 1000 Level 2 tournament of the 2018 BWF World Tour schedule.",
"title": "2018 All England Open"
},
{
"docid": "270680#0",
"text": "Sterling banknotes are the banknotes in circulation in the United Kingdom and its related territories, denominated in pounds sterling (symbol: £; ISO 4217 currency code GBP [Great Britain pound]).",
"title": "Banknotes of the pound sterling"
},
{
"docid": "270680#60",
"text": "The Channel Islands are grouped for administrative purposes into the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. The islands are not part of the United Kingdom but are dependencies of the British Crown and in currency union with the UK. Both Jersey and Guernsey issue their own banknotes. These notes circulate freely between the two territories, so Jersey notes are commonly used in Guernsey, and vice versa. Private banknotes are no longer in circulation in the Channel Islands. These pounds are sterling pounds but the word \"sterling\" is omitted as with the English notes. These notes are legal tender in their jurisdictions but are not legal tender in the UK.",
"title": "Banknotes of the pound sterling"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "376619#89",
"text": "The Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018 was caused by the Turkish economy's excessive current account deficit and foreign-currency debt, in combination with Erdoğan's increasing authoritarianism and his unorthodox ideas about interest rate policy. Economist Paul Krugman described the unfolding crisis as \"a classic currency-and-debt crisis, of a kind we've seen many times\", adding: \"At such a time, the quality of leadership suddenly matters a great deal. You need officials who understand what's happening, can devise a response and have enough credibility that markets give them the benefit of the doubt. Some emerging markets have those things, and they are riding out the turmoil fairly well. The Erdoğan regime has none of that.\"",
"title": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
},
{
"docid": "57486052#25",
"text": "On 13 June, CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu reiterated the opposition's view that the state of emergency in place since July 2016 were an impediment to Turkey's currency, investment and economy, vowing that it be lifted within 48 hours in case of an opposition victory in the elections. İYİ Party leader and presidential candidate Akşener had made the same vow on 18 May, while CHP presidential candidate İnce had said on 30 May: \"Foreign countries do not trust Turkey, thus they do not invest in our country. When Turkey becomes a country of the rule law, foreign investors will invest thus the lira will gain value.\" Early June, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had suggested in an interview that the issue of lifting the emergency rule would be discussed the elections, however asked back: \"What's wrong with the state of emergency?\"",
"title": "Turkish currency and debt crisis, 2018"
},
{
"docid": "57486052#0",
"text": "The Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018 () was a financial and economic crisis in Turkey with international repercussions due to financial contagion. It is characterised by the Turkish lira (TRY) plunging in value, high inflation, rising borrowing costs, and correspondingly rising loan defaults. The crisis was caused by the Turkish economy's excessive current account deficit and foreign-currency debt, in combination with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's increasing authoritarianism and his unorthodox ideas about interest rate policy. Some analysts also stress the leveraging effects of the geopolitical frictions with the United States and recently enforced tariffs by Trump administration on some Turkish products such as steel and aluminum.",
"title": "Turkish currency and debt crisis, 2018"
},
{
"docid": "22844966#1",
"text": "England's bid was managed by England 2018/2022 Bidding Nation Ltd. This company was established by The FA for the purpose of bringing the World Cup tournament to England for the first time since 1966. England attempted to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup but lost out to Germany. England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup and had the campaign been successful, England would have become the sixth nation to host the World Cup for a second time. It won the right to host Euro '96. Andy Anson, England 2018 Chief Executive, called for humility with England's bid claiming they \"must not fall victim to arrogance\" and that lessons had been learned from the unsuccessful attempt to host the 2006 competition. Anson stated that \"the tone of this campaign has to be different.",
"title": "England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"docid": "22844966#0",
"text": "England 2018 was the Football Association's unsuccessful bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. FIFA invited bidding countries to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 finals, or both. The FA initially decided to bid for both, but with the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 event, this bid, and that of all other European bidding nations, were effectively disqualified from eligibility for the 2022 edition.",
"title": "England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"docid": "57486052#2",
"text": "A longstanding characteristic of Turkey's economy is a low savings rate. Since Recep Tayyip Erdoğan assumed control of the government, Turkey has been running huge and growing current account deficits, $33.1 billion in 2016 and $47.3 billion in 2017, climbing to US$7.1 billion in the month of January 2018 with the rolling 12-month deficit rising to $51.6 billion, one of the largest current account deficits in the world. The economy has relied on capital inflows to fund private-sector excess, with Turkey's banks and big firms borrowing heavily, often in foreign currencies. Under these conditions, Turkey must find approximately $200 billion a year to fund its wide current account deficit and maturing debt, while being always at risk of inflows drying up; the state has gross foreign currency reserves of just $85 billion. The economic policy underlying these trends had increasingly been micro-managed by Erdoğan since the election of his AK Party in 2002, and strongly so since 2008, with a focus on the construction industry, state-awarded contracts and stimulus measures. Although, research and development expenditure of the country (% of GDP) and the government expenditure on education (% of GDP) are nearly doubled during AK Party governments, the desired outcomes could not been achieved The motive for these policies have been described as Erdoğan losing faith in Western-style capitalism since the 2008 financial crisis by the secretary general of the main Turkish business association, TUSIAD.",
"title": "Turkish currency and debt crisis, 2018"
},
{
"docid": "48525574#0",
"text": "The Exeter Pound (£E) was a form of local complementary currency, or community currency launched in Exeter, UK on 1 September 2015. Its objective was to ensure more money was spent with local and independent businesses. It was one of the many alternatives in the UK to the official sterling currency. It was dissolved on 30 September 2018.",
"title": "Exeter pound"
},
{
"docid": "937486#4",
"text": "The first Act, the Currency Act 1751 (24 Geo. II c. 53), restricted the issue of paper money and the establishment of new public banks by the colonies of New England. These colonies had issued paper fiat money known as \"bills of credit\" to help pay for military expenses during the French and Indian Wars. Because more paper money was issued than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts.",
"title": "Currency Act"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
3042
|
What was Darcy's estate called in Pride and Prejudice?
|
[
{
"docid": "24162#36",
"text": "Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency-set variations on \"Pride and Prejudice\". Her Pemberley Variations series includes \"Mr. Darcy's Obsession\", \"To Conquer Mr. Darcy\", \"What Would Mr. Darcy Do\" and \"Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World\". Her modern adaptation, \"The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice\", is set on Cape Cod.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice"
},
{
"docid": "977774#0",
"text": "Pemberley is the fictional country estate owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy, the male protagonist in Jane Austen's novel \"Pride and Prejudice\". It is located near the fictional town of Lambton, and believed by some to be based on Chatsworth House, near Bakewell in Derbyshire.",
"title": "Pemberley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1008284#39",
"text": "The fictional journalist Bridget Jones (in reality Helen Fielding of \"The Independent\") wrote of her love of the serial in the paper's \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" column during the original British broadcast, mentioning her \"simple human need for Darcy to get off with Elizabeth\" and regarding the couple as her \"chosen representatives in the field of shagging, or rather courtship\". Fielding loosely reworked the plot of \"Pride And Prejudice\" in her 1996 novel of the column, naming Bridget's uptight love interest \"Mark Darcy\" and describing him exactly like Colin Firth. Following a first meeting with Firth during his filming of \"Fever Pitch\" in 1996, Fielding asked Firth to collaborate in what would become a multi-page interview between Bridget Jones and Firth in her 1999 sequel novel, \"\". Conducting the real interview with Firth in Rome, Fielding lapsed into Bridget Jones mode and obsessed over Darcy in his wet shirt for the fictional interview. Firth participated in the editing of what critics called \"one of the funniest sequences in the diary's sequel\". Both novels make various other references to the BBC serial.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "24162#17",
"text": "Austen might be known now for her \"romances\" but the marriages in her novels engage with economics and class distinction. \"Pride and Prejudice\" is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome, though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle. His aunt, Lady Catherine, later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth's marriage to Darcy will become, \"Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted?\" Although Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine's accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position (Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy, as gentleman's daughter and gentleman, are \"equals\"), Lady Catherine refuses to accept Darcy's actual marriage to Elizabeth even as the novel closes.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice"
},
{
"docid": "2312056#9",
"text": "A couple of months later, the Gardiners take Elizabeth on a trip to the Peak District; their tour includes Darcy's estate, Pemberley. Elizabeth, who first asks to skip a visit to the estate, agrees to go with them, believing Darcy is in London. Elizabeth is impressed by Pemberley's wealth and beauty. During the visit, she accidentally runs into Darcy who has arrived home early. He later invites her and the Gardiners to dine the next day. Darcy's manners have softened considerably, and Georgiana, having heard flattering things about her from her brother, tells Elizabeth that she already likes her.",
"title": "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)"
},
{
"docid": "9120386#35",
"text": "Elizabeth Bennet is a young and attractive daughter of a gentleman with relatively modest estate who (initially at least) holds Darcy in some disdain due to his manners. She is Darcy's romantic interest throughout the novels, and a central theme of the books is Darcy's attempts to reconcile his feelings for her with his qualms about her class and family. She is the central character of \"Pride and Prejudice\", and as with Darcy in the earlier novel, she is absent for long stretches of the overall narrative (and does not appear at all within the second book), but is a central background presence within all of the novels.",
"title": "Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman"
},
{
"docid": "1008284#34",
"text": "While Jennifer Ehle refused to capitalise on the success of the serial and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon, the role of Mr. Darcy unexpectedly elevated Colin Firth to stardom. Although Firth did not mind being recognised as \"a romantic idol as a Darcy with smouldering sex appeal\" in a role that \"officially turned him into a heart-throb\", he expressed the wish to not be associated with \"Pride and Prejudice\" forever and was reluctant to accept similar roles. He took on diverse roles and co-starred in productions such as \"The English Patient\" (1996), \"Shakespeare in Love\" (1998), \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" (2001 – although this film is essentially an adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which Firth effectively reprises the role of Darcy), \"Girl with a Pearl Earring\" (2003), \"Love Actually\" (2003) and \"\" (2004).",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "6945397#1",
"text": "Set in 1818, the story is a sequel to the events seen in Jane Austen's novel \"Pride and Prejudice\". Fitzwilliam Darcy embarks for Constantinople to begin a diplomatic post, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth Bennet. In their absence, the couple's five wealthy daughters stay in London with their cousin, Mr Fitzwilliam. Aged 21 to 16, the sisters include prim and proper Letitia, witty Camilla, frivolous twins Georgina and Isabelle, and musical prodigy Alethea. Two younger brothers remain behind at the Darcy estate, Pemberley.",
"title": "Mr. Darcy's Daughters"
},
{
"docid": "5788227#0",
"text": "Fitzwilliam Darcy, generally referred to as Mr. Darcy, is one of the two central characters in Jane Austen's novel \"Pride and Prejudice\". He is an archetype of the aloof romantic hero, and a romantic interest of Elizabeth Bennet, the novel's protagonist. The story's narration is almost exclusively from Elizabeth's perspective; the reader is given a one-sided view of Darcy for much of the novel, but hints are given throughout that there is much more to his good character than meets the eye. The reader gets a healthy dose of dramatic irony as Elizabeth continually censures (with some prejudice) Mr. Darcy's character despite the aforementioned hints (via the narrative voice and other characters' observations) that Mr. Darcy is really a noble character at heart, albeit somewhat prideful. Usually referred to only as \"Mr. Darcy\" or \"Darcy\" by characters and the narrator, his first name is mentioned twice in the novel.",
"title": "Mr. Darcy"
},
{
"docid": "1008284#5",
"text": "Episode 4: Darcy justifies his previous actions in a long letter to Elizabeth: he misjudged Jane's affection for Bingley and exposes Wickham as a gambler who once attempted to elope with his young sister, Georgiana, to obtain her inheritance. Back at Longbourn, Mr Bennet allows Lydia to accompany the militia to Brighton as a personal friend of the militia colonel's wife. Elizabeth joins the Gardiners on a sightseeing trip to Derbyshire and visits Pemberley, Darcy's estate, during his absence. Greatly impressed by the immense scale and richness of the estate, Elizabeth listens to the housekeeper's earnest tales of her master's lifelong goodness, while Darcy refreshes from his unannounced journey home by taking a swim in a lake. After an unexpected and awkward encounter with Elizabeth, a damp Darcy is able to prevent the party's premature departure with an unusual degree of friendliness and politeness.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)"
}
] |
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] |
3043
|
What makes an ice wine an ice wine?
|
[
{
"docid": "5053262#11",
"text": "Ice wine was first produced in Michigan in 1983 by Mark Johnson, who at the time was working at Chateau Grand Traverse and is currently the head winemaker at Chateau Chantal. Northern Michigan wineries follow some of the German practices that govern what wine qualifies as ice wine. German law dictates that ice wine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine, while United States law allows for wine to be sold as ice wine if the grapes are picked and then artificially frozen. Because of the impossibility of predicting nature, making ice wine requires a great deal of luck. The grapes are generally picked in December after prolonged below-freezing temperatures, to ensure they are frozen all the way through. But in warmer years the grapes cannot be picked until late into January. It can also be difficult to protect the grapes from birds and wind as they stay on the vine until after they are very ripe.",
"title": "Michigan wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#0",
"text": "Ice wine (or icewine; ) is a type of dessert wine produced from grapes that have been frozen while still on the vine. The sugars and other dissolved solids do not freeze, but the water does, allowing for a more concentrated grape juice to develop. The grapes' must is pressed from the frozen grapes, resulting in a smaller amount of more concentrated, very sweet wine. With ice wines, the freezing happens before the fermentation, not afterwards. Unlike the grapes from which other dessert wines are made, such as Sauternes, Tokaji, or Trockenbeerenauslese, ice wine grapes should not be affected by \"Botrytis cinerea\" or noble rot, at least not to any great degree. Only healthy grapes keep in good shape until the opportunity arises for an ice wine harvest, which in extreme cases can occur after the New Year, on a northern hemisphere calendar. This gives ice wine its characteristic refreshing sweetness balanced by high acidity. When the grapes are free of \"Botrytis\", they are said to come in \"clean\".",
"title": "Ice wine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31049427#8",
"text": "On years when weather permits Chantal preserves a portion of the Riesling grapes to be harvested after the first hard freeze. Ice wine was first produced in Michigan in 1983 by Mark Johnson, who was working at Chateau Grand Traverse at the time. Chantal continues to follow the German laws that govern what wine qualifies as ice wine. German wine law is similar to the United States wine law and both dictate that ice wine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine. Because of the impossibility of predicting nature, making ice wine requires a great deal of luck. The grapes are generally picked in December after prolonged below freezing temperatures, to ensure they are frozen all the way through. But on warmer years the grapes cannot be picked until late into January or February. It can also be difficult to protect the grapes from birds and wind as they stay on the vine until after they are very ripe. Leaving the grapes on the vine until the first hard freeze ensures the grapes have reached their full ripeness while the ice captures the excess water leaving naturally concentrated sugars. Ice wine is sometimes referred to as liquid gold because of its high cost to make and purchase and because of the wine's intense sweetness. \nThe high cost of producing ice wine causes it to generate little profit for the winery. When asked why Chantal still makes it year after year Johnson replied \"A good ice wine is almost certain to bring home a medal or two. I do think that natural ice wine is something incredibly special, and it's quite rare. And because they can't do it in California.\"",
"title": "Chateau Chantal"
},
{
"docid": "223834#13",
"text": "Great Western Winery in the Finger Lakes region of New York produced the first U.S. ice wine in 1981.\nSelect wineries in Northern Michigan put aside a portion of their Riesling grapes each year for the production of ice wine. Ice wine was first produced in Michigan in 1983 by Mark Johnson, who studied at the Federal Research Station and Institute in Geisenheim, Germany. Johnson is currently the head winemaker at Chateau Chantal. Northern Michigan wineries continue to follow the German laws that govern what wine qualifies as ice wine. German law dictates that ice wine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine. In 2002, six Michigan wineries produced over 13,000 half-bottles of ice wine, a record at that time.\nA growing number of wineries near Lake Erie, especially in Pennsylvania, New York, and Ashtabula County, Ohio, also produce ice wine.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#10",
"text": "Though Pelee Island Winery and Hillebrand were Canada's first commercial ice wine producers, starting production in 1983, Inniskillin Wines is considered the most widely known Canadian ice wine producer as the first Canadian winery to win a major international award, the Grand Prix d’Honneur at 1991 Vinexpo in France, with their 1989 Vidal Icewine (which was technically an illegal import into the EU), placing Canadian ice wines on the world stage. Pillitteri Estates Winery has emerged in the 2000s as the world’s largest estate ice wine producer. In November 2006 the Canadian producer Royal DeMaria released five cases of Chardonnay ice wine with a half-bottle price set at C$ 30,000, making it the world's most expensively priced wine.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#21",
"text": "Ice wines from white varieties tend to be pale yellow or light gold in color when they are young and can maderise (acquiring a deep amber-golden color) as they age. The red varieties tend to have a light burgundy or even pink color like that of rosé wines, since the steeping of the skins in the pressed liquid typically used in red wine making is obviously not possible in ice wine production.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#1",
"text": "Ice wine production is risky (the frost may not come at all before the grapes rot or are otherwise lost) and requires the availability of a large enough labour force to pick the whole crop within a few hours, at a moment's notice, on the first morning that is cold enough. This results in relatively small amounts of ice wine being made worldwide, making ice wines generally expensive.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#23",
"text": "Ice wine usually has a slightly lower alcohol content than regular table wine. Some Riesling ice wines from Germany have an alcohol content as low as 6%. Ice wines produced in Canada usually have higher alcohol content, between 8 and 13 percent. In most years, ice wines from Canada generally have higher brix degree (must weight) compared to those from Germany. This is largely due to the more consistent winters in Canada. Must with insufficient brix level cannot be made into ice wine, and is thus often sold as \"special select late harvest\" or \"select late harvest\" at a fraction of the price that true ice wine commands.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#20",
"text": "Typical grapes used for ice wine production are Riesling, considered to be the noblest variety by German winemakers; Vidal, highly popular in Ontario, Canada; and the red grape Cabernet Franc. Many vintners, especially from the New World, are experimenting with making ice wine from other varieties: whites such as Seyval blanc, Chardonnay, Kerner, Gewürztraminer, Chenin blanc, Pinot blanc, and Ehrenfelser; or reds such as Merlot, Pinot noir, and even Cabernet Sauvignon. Pillitteri Estates Winery from the Niagara-on-the-Lake region of Ontario claim to be the first winery in the world producing Shiraz (Syrah) ice wine with the 2004 vintage, Semillion, and Sangiovese in 2007.",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"docid": "223834#11",
"text": "The most famous (and expensive) ice wines are German \"Eiswein\", but ice wine is also made in European countries such as Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Georgia, France, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Moldova, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland at least in smaller quantity. \"Eiswein\" is part of the \"Prädikatswein\" quality category in the German wine classification. The French language term \"Vin de glace\" is part of the wine classification in Luxembourg, but not in France, but is sometimes found on the rare bottles of ice wine produced in Alsace. In most of France, the climate is too warm for ice wine production.",
"title": "Ice wine"
}
] |
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] |
3045
|
Who is the current president of Poland?
|
[
{
"docid": "22936#86",
"text": "Poland is a representative democracy, with a president as a head of state, whose current constitution dates from 1997. Poland ranks in the top 20 percent of the most peaceful countries in the world, according to the Global Peace Index. The government structure centers on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the Sejm. The president is elected by popular vote every five years. The current president is Andrzej Duda and the prime minister is Mateusz Morawiecki.",
"title": "Poland"
},
{
"docid": "26482249#18",
"text": "The sixth and current President of Poland Andrzej Duda (assumed office in August 2015) is regularly cited as being a leading figure in the new nationalist movement within Poland. Furthermore, the ruling Law and Justice party, led by Jarosław Kaczyński, promoted nationalist views to win an outright majority in the national elections of 2015 (a feat never before accomplished). Despite not holding a government office, Kaczyński has been described as the figure who makes the \"final call\" on all major political issues in Poland.",
"title": "Neo-nationalism"
},
{
"docid": "45266008#0",
"text": "Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015.",
"title": "Andrzej Duda"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40543#0",
"text": "The President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: \"Prezes Rady Ministrów\"), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister (Polish: \"premier\"), is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The current responsibilities and traditions of the office stem from the creation of the contemporary Polish state, and the office is defined in the Constitution of 1997. According to the Constitution, the President of Poland nominates and appoints the prime minister, who will then propose the composition of the cabinet. Fourteen days following his or her appointment, the prime minister must submit a programme outlining the government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence. Conflicts stemming from both interest and powers have arisen between the offices of President and Prime Minister in the past.",
"title": "Prime Minister of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "637440#20",
"text": "Currently, despite formally being just one of the 460 MPs in the Polish Parliament's lower house (Sejm), Kaczyński is amongst the most influential politicians in Poland. He is considered the de facto ruler of Poland, from whom President and Prime Minister take orders. On 19 November 2017, President of the European Council Donald Tusk warned that Kaczyński's leadership played into the Kremlin's hands and endangered the independence of Poland.",
"title": "Jarosław Kaczyński"
},
{
"docid": "25240863#7",
"text": "The current Polish Ambassador to the Czech Republic is Mr Jan Pastwa, who presented his credentials to Czech President, Vaclav Klaus on March 26, 2007.",
"title": "Embassy of Poland, Prague"
},
{
"docid": "7109494#1",
"text": "Despite having been known to Polish children for many generations, the film gained renewed fame in the 2000s for starring two of the country's future leaders: Lech Kaczyński, who served as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in a 2010 plane crash, and his identical twin brother Jarosław Kaczyński, the Prime Minister of Poland from 2006 to 2007, Chief of Office of the President of Poland from 1990 to 1991, and current chairman of the Law and Justice party. The twins were thirteen at the time.",
"title": "The Two Who Stole the Moon"
},
{
"docid": "26921358#3",
"text": "The current ambassador of Poland to Russia is Włodzimierz Marciniak. The previous ambassador, Katarzyna Pełczyńska-Nałęcz, presented her credentials to president Vladimir Putin at an official reception in the Moscow Kremlin on 19 November 2014.",
"title": "Embassy of Poland in Moscow"
},
{
"docid": "43581#1",
"text": "The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \"Chief of State\" (\"Naczelnik Państwa\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution.",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "25243921#2",
"text": "The current ambassador of the Polish Republic to the Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Iceland is Mr Wojciech Kolańczyk; he was appointed so by the President of Poland on 30 May 2007.",
"title": "Embassy of Poland in Oslo"
}
] |
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] |
3046
|
What's the rate of voting for people under thirty in the USA?
|
[
{
"docid": "20072937#8",
"text": "Recent decades have seen increasing concern over the fact that youth voting turnout is consistently lower than turnout among older generations. Several programs to increase the rates of voting among young people—such as MTV's \"Rock the Vote\" (founded in 1990) and the \"Vote or Die\" initiative (starting in 2012)—may have marginally increased turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25 to vote. However, the \"Stanford Social Innovation Review\" found no evidence of a decline in youth voter turnout. In fact, they argue that \"Millennials are turning out at similar rates to the previous two generations when they face their first elections.\"",
"title": "Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections"
},
{
"docid": "1384039#0",
"text": "The youth vote in the United States is a political term used to describe 18- to 24-year-olds and their voting habits. Many policy areas specifically affect the youth of the United States, such as education issues and the juvenile justice system. The general trend in voter turnout for American elections has been decreasing for all age groups, but \"young people's participation has taken the biggest nosedive\". This low youth turnout is part of the generational trend of voting activity. Young people have the lowest turnout, though as the individual ages, turnout increases to a peak at the age of 50 and then falls again. \nEver since 18-year-olds were given the right to vote in 1972, youth have been under represented at the polls. In 1976, one of the first elections in which 18-year-olds were able to vote, 18-24 year-olds made up 18 percent of all eligible voters in America, but only 13 percent actually voted - an under-representation of one-third. In the next election in 1978, youth were under-represented by 50 percent. \"Seven out of ten young people…did not vote in the 1996 presidential election… 20 percent below the general turnout\". In 1998, out of the 13 percent of eligible youth voters in America, only five percent voted. During the competitive presidential race of 2000, 36 percent of youth turned out to vote and in 2004, the \"banner year in the history of youth voting,\" 47 percent of the American youth voted. Recently, in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election, the number of youth voters tripled and even quadrupled in some states compared to the 2004 elections.",
"title": "Youth vote in the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "585196#14",
"text": "Nearly 55,000 people joined as members of USA Ultimate in 2016, the largest membership year so far. Memberships for a single calendar year cost $56.50 per calendar year for adults and college students, $39.50 per year for coaches ($69.50 for a combined coach/player), $34.50 per year for Youth players under 19 years old who have not yet graduated from high school, $27.50 for Friends & Family members and $16.50 for local Affiliate-only recreational participants. Multiyear discounts are available for most levels. A lifetime membership is also available for $950. Membership covers voting in board elections; seeking election to the board of directors; participation at sanctioned and championship events; accident and liability insurance in those events; attendance at USA Ultimate education clinics; certification options at various levels of coaching, tournament directing and officiating (called \"observing\"); discounts with several partner sponsors; scholarship opportunities; access to the USA Ultimate mobile app to follow events, access the rules, event guides for national championships, and report scores for sanctioned events; access to the quarterly USA Ultimate magazine, monthly electronic newsletters, and weekly email updates; and discounted USA Ultimate merchandise.",
"title": "USA Ultimate"
},
{
"docid": "21377251#58",
"text": "Based on United States Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population (VAP), turnout of voters casting a vote for President was nearly 1% higher than 2012. Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election, University of Florida Prof. Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016. 65.9 million of those ballots were counted for Clinton and just under 63 million for Trump, representing 20.3% (Clinton) and 19.4% (Trump) of a census estimate of U.S. population that day of 324 million. Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and voting eligible population (VEP) of 230.6 million people, this is a turnout rate of 55.4% VAP and 60.2% VEP. Based on this estimate, voter turnout was up compared to 2012 (54.1% VAP) but down compared to 2008 (57.4% VAP). A FEC report of the election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for President — more than any prior election.",
"title": "2016 United States presidential election"
},
{
"docid": "57960334#17",
"text": "When analysing the Red C/RTÉ exit poll, RTÉ Religious and Social Affairs Correspondent Joe Little said that older voters were less likely to vote 'Yes', with over 8 out of 10 voting 'Yes' among those aged under 44, 7 out of 10 among those aged under 45 to 64, and 6 out of 10 among those aged over 65. Support for 'No' also increased in the lower socio-economic groups, with 77% of those in the top ABC1 group voting Yes, 70% of the C2DE group, and 63% of the bottom F group. Sinn Féin voters were likeliest to vote ‘Yes’, followed by those voting Fine Gael, Independent, Labour, and Fianna Fáil. Women and men were equally likely to vote 'Yes'. 80% voted ‘Yes’ in Dublin, slightly over 70% in Munster, and slightly under 70% in the rest of Leinster, and in Connacht and the three border counties of Ulster (Donegal, Cavan,and Monaghan). Only 69% said that \"they understood the proposition to abolish the offence in the Constitution\" (74% of ‘Yes’ voters, and 64% of ‘No’ voters).",
"title": "Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "8676503#4",
"text": "Currently, voting is done on the internet. People can choose as few as five to as many as thirty-five songs. The voting period lasts one week, starting late November or early December. For listeners to know if or when their favourite songs get aired, the running order is revealed at least a week prior to the start of the show's broadcast.",
"title": "Top 2000"
},
{
"docid": "5029302#10",
"text": "The United States Election Assistance Commission's survey of the 2006 midterm elections reported undervoting rate of 0.1% in US Senate elections and 1.6% in US House elections; overvotes were much rarer. Some paper-based voting systems and most DRE voting machines can notify voters of under-votes and over-votes. The Help America Vote Act requires that voters are informed when they have overvoted, unless a paper-ballot voting system is in use.This is the UK spoil your vote campaign",
"title": "Spoilt vote"
},
{
"docid": "34681#57",
"text": "The actual rate of voting ranged from 20% to 40% of all adult white males. The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues.",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "56339315#29",
"text": "Cora Sherlock, of the LoveBoth campaign, said: \"This is a very sad day for Ireland, that people have voted for abortion. We need to remember what they have won. All that is being offered is abortion. There has been no talking about why Irish woman travel, what options could have been put on the table.\"",
"title": "Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland"
}
] |
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] |
3048
|
How old was Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta at the time of the September 11 attacks?
|
[
{
"docid": "20487#0",
"text": "Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta ( ; \"\" ; September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks in which four United States commercial aircraft were commandeered with the intention of destroying specific civilian targets. He served as the hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the coordinated attacks. At 33 years of age, he was the oldest of the 19 hijackers who took part in the attacks.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20487#52",
"text": "Atta's father, Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta, a retired lawyer in Egypt, vehemently rejected allegations his son was involved in the September 11 attacks, and instead accused the Mossad and the United States government of having a hand in framing his son. Atta Sr. rejected media reports that stated his son was drinking wildly, and instead described his son as a quiet boy uninvolved with politics, shy and devoted to studying architecture. The elder Mr. Atta said he had spoken with Mohamed by phone the day after on September 12, 2001. He held interviews with the German news magazine \"Bild am Sonntag\" in late 2002, saying his son was alive and hiding in fear for his life, and that American Christians were responsible for the attacks. In a subsequent interview in 2005, Atta Sr. stated, \"My son is gone. He is now with God. The Mossad killed him.\"",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "2422824#39",
"text": "Kevin Drum, writing for \"The Washington Monthly\" notes that reports of the precise date at which the information was allegedly passed to the FBI vary considerably. It is most unlikely that Able Danger would have identified a terrorist called \"Mohamed Atta\" before May 2000.\nSince 9/11, of course, we have retrieved every scrap of information ever known about Mohamed Atta, so we know what information would have been available to the Able Danger data mining operation. And what we know is that Mohamed Atta sent his first email to friends in the U.S. in March 2000 and received his first U.S. visa on May 18, 2000. Moreover, that was the first time he had ever gone by the name \"Mohamed Atta.\" His full name is \"Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta\", and prior to 2000 he went by \"Mohamed el-Amir\".\nSenate Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter held a hearing on September 21, 2005, looking into the facts about Able Danger. However, Lt. Col. Shaffer and the other four members of Able Danger were ordered not to testify by the Department of Defense. Senator Specter decided to go forward with the hearings anyway.",
"title": "Able Danger"
},
{
"docid": "20487#5",
"text": "Atta was born on September 1, 1968, in Kafr el-Sheikh, located in Egypt's Nile Delta region. His father, Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta, was a lawyer, educated in both sharia and civil law. His mother, Bouthayna Mohamed Mustapha Sheraqi, came from a wealthy farming and trading family and was also educated. Bouthayna and Mohamed married when she was 14, via an arranged marriage. The family had few relatives on the father's side and kept a distance from Bouthayna's family. In-laws characterized Atta's father as \"austere, strict, and private,\" and neighbors considered the family reclusive. Atta was the only son; he had two older sisters who are both well-educated and successful in their careers — one as a medical doctor and the other as a professor.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "20487#47",
"text": "In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the names of the hijackers were released. There was some confusion regarding who Mohamed Atta was, and cases of mistaken identity. Initially, Mohamed Atta's identity was confused with that of a native Jordanian, Mahmoud Mahmoud Atta, who bombed an Israeli bus in the West Bank in 1986, killing one and severely injuring three. Mahmoud Atta was 14 years older than Atta. Mahmoud Atta, a naturalized U.S. citizen, was subsequently deported from Venezuela to the United States, extradited to Israel, tried and sentenced to life in prison. The Israeli Supreme Court later overturned his extradition and set him free. After 9/11, there also were reports stating that Mohamed Atta had attended International Officers School at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama. \"The Washington Post\" quoted a United States Air Force official who explained, \"discrepancies in their biographical data, such as birth dates 20 years off, indicate we are probably not talking about the same people.\"",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "20487#48",
"text": "In the months following up to the September 11 attacks, officials at the Czech Interior Ministry asserted that Atta made a trip to Prague on April 8, 2001, to meet with an Iraqi intelligence agent named Ahmed Khalil Ibrahim Samir al-Ani. This piece of information was passed on to the FBI as \"unevaluated raw intelligence\". Intelligence officials have concluded that such a meeting did not occur. A Pakistani businessman named Mohammed Atta had come to Prague from Saudi Arabia on May 31, 2000, with this second Atta possibly contributing to confusion. The Egyptian Mohamed Atta arrived at the Florenc bus terminal in Prague, from Germany, on June 2, 2000. He left Prague the next day, flying on Czech Airlines to Newark, New Jersey, U.S. In the Czech Republic, some intelligence officials say the source of the purported meeting was an Arab informant who approached the Czech intelligence service with his sighting of Atta only after Atta's photograph had appeared in newspapers all over the world. United States and Czech intelligence officials have since concluded that the person seen with Ani was mistakenly identified as Atta, and the consensus of investigators has concluded that Atta never attended a meeting in Prague.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "29681635#47",
"text": "CNN and other news outlets reported in September and October 2001 that $100,000 was wired from the United Arab Emirates to lead hijacker Mohamed Atta prior to the attacks, by Ahmed Omar Saeed (Syed) Sheikh, a long time Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence asset.",
"title": "Responsibility for the September 11 attacks"
},
{
"docid": "5864094#0",
"text": "The alleged Prague connection between Iraq and Al Qaeda came through an alleged meeting between September 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and Iraqi consulate in April 2001. This alleged connection is notable because it was a key claim used by the Bush administration to justify the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. The Czech counterintelligence service claimed that Mohamed Atta al-Sayed, a September 11 hijacker, met with Ahmad Samir al-Ani, the consul at the Iraqi Embassy in Prague, in a café in Prague. This claim, sometimes known as the \"Prague connection\", is generally considered to be false and has been said to be unsubstantiated by the Senate Intelligence Committee in the United States.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection"
},
{
"docid": "20487#3",
"text": "In early September 2001, Atta traveled to Prince George's County, Maryland, where fellow hijacker Hani Hanjour was at the time. Atta then traveled to Boston. On September 10 (the day before the attacks), he traveled with Abdulaziz al-Omari to Portland, Maine. They spent the night at the Comfort Inn in South Portland. On the morning of September 11, Atta and Omari flew on Colgan Air back to Boston, where they boarded American Airlines Flight 11. Fifteen minutes into the flight, the team of hijackers stormed the cockpit and Atta took over control of the aircraft. At 8:46 a.m., Atta crashed the Boeing 767 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The crash led to the collapse of the tower 102 minutes later at 10:28 a.m., ultimately causing the deaths of over 1,600 civilians and first responders.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "1767662#7",
"text": "In the same \"Meet the Press\" interviews, Cheney implied a connection between Iraq and Mohamed Atta; \"The Czech interior minister said today that an Iraqi intelligence officer met with Mohammed Atta, one of the ringleaders of the September 11 terrorists attacks on the United States, just five months before the synchronized hijackings and mass killings were carried out.\" and \"With respect to 9/11, of course, we've had the story that's been public out there. The Czechs alleged that Mohamed Atta, the lead attacker, met in Prague with a senior Iraqi intelligence official five months before the attack, but we've never been able to develop any more of that yet either in terms of confirming it or discrediting it. We just don't know.\" Czech\nofficials have since backed off of this claim, and even Cheney has since acknowledged that the notion \"that the meeting ever took place\" has been \"pretty well knocked down now.\" (See Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection.)",
"title": "Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations"
}
] |
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] |
3051
|
When was Cadillac founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "273226#2",
"text": "Upon his arrival in America, La Mothe adopted his title after the town of Cadillac, Gironde in southwestern France. The city of Detroit became the world center of automobile production in the 20th century. William H. Murphy and Henry M. Leland founded the Cadillac auto company and paid homage to him by using his name for their company and his armorial bearings as its logo in 1902. Various places bear his name in America, in particular Cadillac Mountain in Maine and the town of Cadillac, Michigan.",
"title": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac"
},
{
"docid": "64252#4",
"text": "Cadillac was formed from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company. After a dispute between Henry Ford and his investors, Ford left the company along with several of his key partners in March 1902. Ford's financial backers William Murphy and Lemuel Bowen called in engineer Henry M. Leland of Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing Company to appraise the plant and equipment in preparation for liquidating the company's assets. Instead, Leland persuaded the pair to continue manufacturing automobiles using Leland's proven single-cylinder engine. A new company called the Cadillac Automobile Company was established on 22 August 1902, re-purposing the Henry Ford Company factory at Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue. It was named after French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, who had founded Detroit in 1701.",
"title": "Cadillac"
},
{
"docid": "64252#1",
"text": "Cadillac is among the first automobile brands in the world, second in the United States only to fellow GM marque Buick. The firm was founded from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company in 1902. It was named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms.",
"title": "Cadillac"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7291282#1",
"text": "The name \"Cadillac Fairview\" came into existence in 1974 as a result of the merger between Cadillac Development Corporation Ltd and Fairview Corporation. Cadillac Development Corporation was founded by partners Ephraim Diamond (d. 2008), Joseph Berman (1922-2003), and Jack Kamin in Toronto in 1953 as a developers of high-rise apartment buildings. Fairview Corporation was established in 1958 as the real estate division of Cemp Investments, the holding company of the Bronfman family. Before merging, Cadillac and Fairview already had strong ties since 1968. Bronfman-held Cemp Investments sold Cadillac Fairview in 1986.",
"title": "Cadillac Fairview"
},
{
"docid": "59357509#1",
"text": "The village of Lexington was founded in about 1835. By the 1850s, it was a bustling port town, and new and larger accommodations were needed. In 1859, construction was started on the Cadillac House; although the history is murky, the first owner was likely Jeremiah Jenks, a Lexington local. The hotel opened on July 4, 1860. The hotel continued to be popular throughout the 19th century, first with people connected to the lumber and shipping trade, and then as a resort location. As the beginning of the 20th century came, industry in Lexington was largely gone, and the town relied on the tourist trade. By 1910, the Cadillac House was a seasonal hotel, open only in the warmer months. By 1940, the hotel was owned by PJ Rice, who renamed it the \"Rice-Cadillac Hotel.\"",
"title": "Cadillac House"
},
{
"docid": "306603#9",
"text": "There was a brief period when it seemed Mount Desert would again become a center of French activity. In 1688, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, an ambitious young man who had immigrated to New France and bestowed upon himself the title \"sieur de Cadillac\", asked for and received of land along the Maine coast, including all of Mount Desert. Cadillac's hopes of establishing a feudal estate in the New World, however, were short-lived. Although he and his bride resided here for a time, they soon abandoned their enterprise. Cadillac later gained lasting recognition as the founder of Detroit. The island's highest point, at the highest point on the eastern seaboard of the United States, bears the name Cadillac Mountain, and is notable for the fact that its summit is among the first points in the United States touched by the rays of the rising sun.",
"title": "Mount Desert Island"
},
{
"docid": "46909580#1",
"text": "Despite its title, the album is not a live recording but a studio creation based on Paul's live act, which he regularly performed at Philadelphia's Cadillac and other clubs. Paul recalled: \"[The Cadillac] was a famous, famous club. Aretha Franklin worked there. Me and George Benson used to work there all the time.\" Located at 3738 Germantown Ave. in North Philadelphia, the Cadillac opened in 1965 and was run by Benjamin and Ruth Bynum before becoming the Impulse Discothèque in 1977. Benjamin booked the entertainers, Ruth handled the finances, and their two young sons Robert and Benjamin Jr. worked at the club. Benjamin Jr., who with his brother followed in their parents' footsteps and ran their own jazz club Zanzibar Blue from 1990-2007 and collaborated with Gamble & Huff on The Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP) nightclub and restaurant, recalled how as a young boy he met entertainers like Gladys Knight & the Pips who regularly visited the family's house when they were in town to play at the Cadillac: \"Most times I was in bed. Mostly I look at pictures and remember stories about how my mother pierced Aretha Franklin's ears for the evening. But I don't honestly even remember how old I was when that happened.\"",
"title": "Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club"
},
{
"docid": "3466146#2",
"text": "Cadillac was founded in 1280 to serve as a river port for the castle of Benauges by the lord of the castle, Jean I de Grailly.",
"title": "Cadillac, Gironde"
},
{
"docid": "6587#8",
"text": "In 1899, the Cadillac Club formed, the forerunner of the Cadillac Area Chamber of Commerce. Gradually, various manufacturing firms found success in Cadillac. By the early 20th century, with the lumber depleted, the timber industry was in decline. Industrial development soon dominated the local economy, and it continues to do so today. Cadillac's range of industries includes the manufacture of pleasure boats, automotive parts, water-well components, vacuum cleaners, and rubber products.",
"title": "Cadillac, Michigan"
},
{
"docid": "42285511#92",
"text": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac was honored with a 3-cent stamp on July 24, 1951, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his landing at Detroit in 1701. Cadillac founded the city of Detroit. The stamp's background design depicts Detroit's skyline as it appeared in 1951 and the foreground shows Cadillac's landing at Detroit in 1701. His namesake is the Cadillac motor vehicle company.",
"title": "Territories of the United States on stamps"
},
{
"docid": "273226#23",
"text": "In 1715, Cadillac and his son Joseph prospected in the Illinois Country (Upper Louisiana), where they claimed to have discovered a copper mine, although there is no copper ore in that area. They established a farm and founded the settlement of St. Philippe on the east side of the Mississippi River. Cadillac directed the first mining of lead in present-day Missouri at what is now called Mine La Motte on the west side of the river. The French brought in slaves to work at the mine; they were the first people of African descent in the future state of Missouri. The production of lead was important for ammunition in the colonies. The Southeast Missouri Lead District is still a major source of that metal.",
"title": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac"
}
] |
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] |
3052
|
What is a magical girl?
|
[
{
"docid": "33565121#8",
"text": "The Italian animated series \"Winx Club\", \"PopPixie\", \"Mia and Me\" and \"Angel's Friends\" use a magical girl concept for their main characters, including transformations for each character. This concept also appears in the Italian comic book series \"W.I.T.C.H.\" and its animated adaptation, featuring five teenage girls with powers over the five classical elements. In 2014, \"LoliRock\" debuted as a French anime-influenced animation series of the genre, and contains many references to Japanese magical girl franchises. \"\" blends magical girl conventions with modern superhero action and adventure storytelling. \"Ragazze dell'Olimpo\" (\"Girls of Olympus\"), an Italian series by Elena Kedros, portrays a trio of magical girls who are reincarnations of the Olympian goddesses. In American cartoon series, \"Star vs. the Forces of Evil\", \"Steven Universe\", \"\", \"Little Charmers\", \"Shimmer and Shine\" and \"\" franchise use a magical girl concept as a sub themes. For example, the main characters in the \"My Little Pony: Equestria Girls\" are described as \"full-time students and part-time magical pony girls\".",
"title": "Magical girl"
},
{
"docid": "41717259#0",
"text": "Magical Girl Apocalypse, known in Japan as , is a Japanese action-horror magical girl \"shōnen\" manga series written and illustrated by Kentarō Satō. It began publication in July 2012 in the manga magazine \"Weekly Shōnen Champion\", published by Akita Shoten, and has been compiled into sixteen \"tankōbon\" volumes . The series is published in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment. A spin-off series called \"Magical Girl Site\" was later made that shares the same themes.",
"title": "Magical Girl Apocalypse"
},
{
"docid": "44978172#0",
"text": "Magical Girl is a 2014 Spanish neo-noir film directed by Carlos Vermut. The film was screened at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2014 San Sebastián International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Shell.",
"title": "Magical Girl (film)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51505200#0",
"text": "Black Girl Magic (#BlackGirlMagic) is a concept and movement that was popularized by CaShawn Thompson in 2013. The concept was born as a way to \"celebrate the beauty, power and resilience of black women\", as described by Julee Wilson from \"HuffPost\", and to congratulate black women on their accomplishments. Referring to a speech made by Michelle Obama at the Black Girls Rock Awards, Thompson explains that black women around the world persevering despite adversity inspired her to spread the concept of Black Girl Magic. With these women in mind, Thompson created the social media hashtag, clothing campaign, and rallying cry \"Black Girl Magic\", in the hopes of counteracting negativity society places on black women.",
"title": "Black Girl Magic"
},
{
"docid": "57565556#1",
"text": "Magical girls are unfortunate girls who are chosen through Magical Girl Sites. The managers of the sites give them weapons, known as . The usage of these sticks could shorten their lifespan. Initially, the magical girls are created to fight among each other and collect negative energies with their stick, in order to survive \"Tempest\". The more magical sticks they used, the more negative energies collected. These magical girls would have physical changes while using their stick, such as hair colour change, emblems appear on their eyes, lifespan emblem on their skin, and blood flowing out of their body part.",
"title": "List of Magical Girl Site characters"
},
{
"docid": "51505200#8",
"text": "With her 2016 single \"Blk Girl Soldier\" and its accompanying video, singer, songwriter, and poet Jamila Woods centers Black Girl Magic. Woods draws on the popular understanding of Black Girl Magic as a quality of power and perseverance in Black women and girls that people \"don't understand,\" but she further enriches the concept by centering the historic contributions of Black female revolutionaries such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Rosa Parks, Ella Baker, Audre Lorde, Angela Davis, and Assata Shakur. With footage of a contemporary #SayHerName protest, Woods draws a line from abolitionism through the civil rights movement and Black feminism to modern day political activism, linking these movements as expressions of Black Girl Magic. With lyrics such as \"she scares the gov'ment,\" and the inclusion of a quote from Black Liberation Army member Shakur to bookend the song, Woods posits that Black Girl Magic is not only about a celebration of Black women, but also their radical and uncompromising fight against oppression. Speaking about the song's video, Woods states \"The goal of the ‘Blk Girl Soldier’ video is to lift up the black women throughout history and today who inspire me and who are doing brilliant artistic and activist work. Knowing my history and what my people have survived before me has made me stronger.” In 2018, \"NPR\" ranked \"Blk Girl Soldier\" as the #144 greatest song by a female or nonbinary artist in the 21st century, writing that the song is \"tinged with sadness about injustices committed ‘last century, last week,’ but infused with the beautiful power of those who fought and keep fighting.\"",
"title": "Black Girl Magic"
},
{
"docid": "33565121#7",
"text": "Some series are notable for portraying \"magical boys\" as protagonists instead of the traditional supporting roles. \"Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!\" is a 2015 television magical boy anime series created by Kurari Umatani and produced by Diomedéa, which parodies tropes and cliches common to magical girl anime. \"Magical Girl Ore\" features magical girls who transform into manly-looking forms. In \"Is This a Zombie?\", a zombie is resurrected by a necromancer after being killed by a serial killer, inadvertently gains \"magical girl\" powers, and is forced to become a \"magical boy\" (and thereby crossdress) in the process. In \"Shugo Chara!\", released in 2006, half of the series' main characters are males that possess the same powers as their female counterparts.",
"title": "Magical girl"
},
{
"docid": "55999303#0",
"text": "Unpopular idol and junior high school student Saki Uno discovers that her mother, Sayori, used to be a \"magical girl,\" but, as a result of back problems, found it necessary to pass her position down to Saki. With the help of a Yakuza-like mascot character named Kokoro, Saki is able to transform into \"Magical Girl Ore\" to fight the cute-faced demons who threaten to kidnap her crush, Mohiro. Unfortunately, her magical girl form is that of a large, muscular man in a small, cute, girlish uniform, causing endless embarrassment to Saki. The situation becomes even more complicated when Mohiro becomes attracted to Saki's manly \"Ore\" form, and Saki's idol partner Sakuyo reveals her own attraction to Saki.",
"title": "Magical Girl Ore"
},
{
"docid": "44978172#1",
"text": "Luis (played by Luis Bermejo), an unemployed literature teacher, tries to fulfill the last wish of his 12-year-old daughter Alicia (Lucía Pollán), who's terminally ill of cancer: owning the official costume of anime series \"Magical Girl Yukiko\". The elevated price of the costume makes Luis get into an unusual and obscure chain of blackmails that involves Damián (José Sacristán) and Bárbara (Bárbara Lennie), to changing their lives forever.Carlos Vermut states that there are some little parts in the movie influenced by the popular magical girl series \"Sailor Moon\". However, in terms of story and dark style, they were highly influenced by the anime \"Puella Magi Madoka Magica\". Carlos stated he liked the story in Madoka, where there is no reward but punishment. He noted \"I received inspiration from the dark part of that \"Madoka Magica\", not just imitating, but matching it with the image I was thinking and putting it in \"Magical Girl\".\"",
"title": "Magical Girl (film)"
},
{
"docid": "51025092#1",
"text": "Aya Asagiri is a middle school girl who has problems both at school with bullying, and at home from physical abuse by her brother. One day after getting abused by her brother, a website pops up on her computer screen featuring a creepy-looking person. This person appears to take pity on her, and announces that she will grant Asagiri magical powers. Later at school, she is cornered by bullies, and with nothing to lose fires a gun that had mysteriously appeared in her locker earlier that day at them. The shot causes the bullies to disappear, but to her horror she finds out that they somehow had been hit by a train nearby. Asagiri feels as though she had killed them somehow, and is confused to find herself with longer red hair with eyes that flow with blood. She later finds that she is not alone, when a classmate reveals that she is also a magical girl. Asagiri learns about magical girls, and the power she has acquired, from her new friend who has offered to help her. The two girls, though, can't explain why there is something that looks like a countdown clock on the website, and fear it might be something bad.Second Site\nAnother series of events that simultaneously occur in the story, unofficially dubbed as \"Second Site\".",
"title": "Magical Girl Site"
}
] |
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] |
3054
|
When did Keeping Up with the Kardashian's first air?
|
[
{
"docid": "13737778#23",
"text": "\"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards. The season ended on May 26, 2008 with an episode \"Junk in the Trunk\", which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season. The third season commenced airing on March 8, 2009 and concluded with two back-to-back episodes which aired on May 25. The subsequent season premiered with a two-hour long episode entitled \"The Wedding\" on November 8, and ended on February 21, 2010; some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#0",
"text": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (often abbreviated KUWTK) is an American reality television series that airs on the E! cable network. The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian–Jenner blended family. Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest, who also serves as an executive producer. The series debuted on October 14, 2007 and has subsequently become one of the longest-running reality television series in the country. The fifteenth season premiered on August 5, 2018.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17198804#11",
"text": "Kardashian's radio show, \"The Mix Up With Khloé Kardashian Odom\", was a \"one-hour, commercial-free show where Khloé will take requests, chat with her celebrity friends, and more during the Mavericks' season while she's in Dallas with her husband Lamar Odom.\" It aired on January 30, 2012. In October 2012, Kardashian and Mario Lopez were confirmed as the co-hosts of the second season of the American version of \"The X Factor\". Their first appearance on the series aired on October 31, 2012. It was confirmed on April 22, 2013 that Kardashian will not return to co-host \"The X Factor\" for its third season. On March 26, 2014, E! announced a \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" spin-off series titled \"Kourtney & Khloé Take the Hamptons\". \"The Hamptons\" follows Kourtney, Khloé, and Scott Disick as they relocate to The Hamptons while the girls work on the New York Dash store plus open a pop-up store. Since January 2016, Kardashian hosts the \"Kocktails with Khloé\" pop culture–themed variety talk show, which airs on the FYI cable channel.",
"title": "Khloé Kardashian"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#13",
"text": "Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth-season premiere aired in 2009. He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series, though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé. Kim's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim. However, West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons. He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later: \"You know, the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore. And it's not that I have an issue with the show; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get.\" He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed. In the eighth season, Caitlyn Jenner's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner, as well as Brandon's wife at the time Leah, joined the cast for regular appearances.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#7",
"text": "The following year, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" was picked up for a third season. In April 2012, E! signed a three-year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven, eight and nine. \"Keeping up with the Kardashians\" was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15, 2015. In February 2015, it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years, along with an additional spin-off series, making it one of the longest-running reality television series in the country. In terms of the show's future, Kim Kardashian has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she: \"hope[s] it goes on for as long as it can.\" \"Keeping Up With the Kardashians\", including its spin-off series, has become the cable network's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise. \"It has changed the face of E!\" said Lisa Berger, the network's executive producer. \"We were a place to report on celebrity; we weren't a place to break and make celebrity, which is now the whole idea of the E! brand.\" The show's success contributed significantly towards building the \"Kardashian brand\", or \"Kardashian Inc.\" as it is called by \"The Hollywood Reporter\". \"These shows are a 30-minute commercial,\" Khloé Kardashian admitted in 2011, in response to a suggestion that the television series is used to promote their retail stores and endorsement deals.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#20",
"text": "\"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" has been a ratings success for E! in its first month it became the highest-rated series aired on Sunday nights for adults 1834 and was seen by 1.3 million total viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research. Lisa Berger, executive vice president of original programming and series development for E!, said: \"The buzz surrounding the series is huge, and viewers have clearly fallen for the Kardashians. […] Seacrest and Bunim-Murray's unique ability to capture this family's one-of-a-kind dynamics and hilarious antics has made the series a fantastic addition to our prime-time lineup.\" The second season continued the success and was viewed by 1.6 million viewers on average, which led to a third season renewal. The two-hour fourth-season premiere, which aired on November 8, 2009, and featured the wedding ceremony of Khloé and Lamar Odom, brought in then-record ratings with 3.2 million viewers. The subsequent season debuted with nearly 4.7 million total viewers, which ranked as the highest-rated season premiere of the show, as of August 2015. It was also the second highest-rated episode of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", second only to the previous season's record-breaking finale with 4.8 million viewers.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#21",
"text": "The seventh-season premiere of the series, which aired on May 20, 2012 in its earlier timeslot, continued to deliver high ratings attracting almost three million total viewers which exceeded the premiere of the previous season by 16%. Kim Kardashian has explained the success of the show by saying that people tune in to watch the series because they can relate themselves to the members of the family; in an interview with the \"V\" magazine she said: \"You can see that soap operas aren't on the air as much anymore. I think reality shows are taking over that genre, but I think the draw to our show is that we are relatable.\" The eighth season debuted to 3 million viewers, up 6% from the previous season, while the subsequent ninth season's premiere was down by 20%. The ninth season averaged 3.3 million total viewers and almost 2.2 million in the 1849 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot. The series finished as the most-social ad-supported cable program and, as of March 2015, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" is the most-watched show on E! network. The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers, slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season. In 2016, a \"New York Times\" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" \"tends to most popular in areas with large Hispanic populations, particularly in the Southwest\".",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#15",
"text": "The network has also aired several television specials featuring important family events. A two-part television event called \"Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event\", showcasing the wedding between Kim and Kris Humphries, was broadcast on October 9 and 10, 2011 as part of the sixth season; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers. A few days after Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce) came out as a trans woman during a \"20/20\" interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015, E! aired a two-part special on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" entitled \"About Bruce\", in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on \"20/20\". The first part of the special debuted on May 17, 2015, and attracted 2.92 million total viewers, a 40% increase from the previous episode, while the second part aired the following day with similar viewership. \"I Am Cait\", a separate documentary series, was announced immediately after the \"20/20\" interview. Jeff Olde, head of programming at E! network, said that the series is \"not at all a \"Kardashian\" spin-off\", and that \"we will not resort to spectacle,\" trying to emphasize its distinct format that is entirely different from most programming on the network, including \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\". The eight-part, one-hour docuseries debuted on July 26, 2015, on E!, and focused on how Jenner was handling the aftermath of the transition; it also attempted to deal with various LGBT-related issues. It was later cancelled after two seasons. In April 2017, it was announced E! had ordered an 8-episode spin-off \"Life of Kylie\" revolving around Kylie Jenner. It premiered on August 6, 2017.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
},
{
"docid": "23172818#1",
"text": "The first Dash boutique was opened in Calabasas, California in 2006. The original store was subsequently relocated to West Hollywood in 2012. The retail stores have appeared on reality television series about the Kardashian family, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", which premiered in 2007 on the E! cable network. Kim Kardashian has disclosed that she initially wanted \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" to focus more on their stores in order to bring people's attention and later said that she \"didn’t think it would turn into what it turned into.\"\nThe second store was opened in Miami Beach, Florida on May 20, 2009.",
"title": "Dash (boutique)"
},
{
"docid": "13737778#24",
"text": "The fifth season of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" began airing on August 22, 2010 and concluded with another \"Junk in the Trunk\" episode on December 20. The sixth season commenced on June 12, 2011 and ended with a television special \"Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event\" which aired two extended episodes on October 9 and 10. The show later returned on December 19 with the episode \"Kendall's Sweet 16\". Starting with the seventh season, which premiered on May 20, 2012, the half-hour reality series was extended to a full hour in a new 9:00/8:00 pm time slot. The season concluded on October 28. The eighth season of the series started airing on June 2, 2013; it became the longest season with 21 episodes and ended on December 1. The ninth and tenth seasons aired in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The latter season included a television special entitled \"About Bruce\" which aired on May 17 and 18, 2015. The eleventh season premiered on November 15, one month after the previous season finished. The twelfth season of the show debuted on May 1, 2016. The thirteenth season premiered on March 12, 2017.",
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians"
}
] |
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] |
3055
|
When was the train first invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "211919#10",
"text": "James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, greatly improved the steam engine of Thomas Newcomen, hitherto used to pump water out of mines. Watt developed a reciprocating engine in 1769, capable of powering a wheel. Although the Watt engine powered cotton mills and a variety of machinery, it was a large stationary engine. It could not be otherwise: the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder; this required a separate condenser and an air pump. Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston. This raised the possibility of a smaller engine, that might be used to power a vehicle and he patented a design for a steam locomotive in 1784. His employee William Murdoch produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year.\nThe first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick, a British engineer born in Cornwall. This used high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large flywheel to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales. Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in Bloomsbury, London, the \"Catch Me Who Can\", but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use.\nThe first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's rack locomotive \"Salamanca\" built for the Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was not heavy enough to break the edge-rails track and solved the problem of adhesion by a cog-wheel using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first rack railway.",
"title": "History of rail transport"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53129#24",
"text": "Matthew Murray of Leeds built the first commercially successful steam locomotive (\"Salamanca\") in 1812. The Doncaster Works at Hexthorpe built Britain's most famous steam trains, for the GNR, then LNER (from 1923). The Manchester–Sheffield–Wath electric railway was the UK's longest electrified railway in 1953 when opened. What is now West Yorkshire in the nineteenth century was the heart of Britain's woollen weaving wills, often using Alpaca fiber and by connections to the important Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Joseph Bramah of Barnsley was important in the development of hydraulics, and also developed the hydraulic press in 1795 and in 1778 the flush toilet.\nJoseph Aspdin from Leeds invented Portland cement in 1824; when mixed with aggregates and sand, this produced concrete. John Smeaton was a famous civil engineer from Leeds, and notable for building the first modern-day lighthouse (Eddystone Lighthouse) and for developing hydraulic lime (it is able to set under water), which would lead to cement. Sir Donald Bailey (civil engineer), of Rotherham, invented the Bailey bridge which was important in the later stages of the Second World War for crossing rivers; the design took place in 1940 at the Experimental Bridging Establishment in Christchurch, Dorset (Hampshire before 1974).",
"title": "Yorkshire and the Humber"
},
{
"docid": "19279045#8",
"text": "1782: The first steam-driven train is invented by Richard Trevithick in Boston, Plymouth Commonwealth. A race is held in a commonwealth bordering the New Nile starting in Springfield and ending in Cairo, with one of the hairy elephant-pulled trains they threaten to replace.",
"title": "A Different Flesh"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "44312#12",
"text": "Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while daydreaming, especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns. For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of Harry Potter) and Frank Hornby (the inventor of Meccano) first had their ideas while on train journeys.",
"title": "Invention"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "258695#3",
"text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".",
"title": "Ŭ"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
},
{
"docid": "36541#57",
"text": "The summit tunnel (Number 6), , was started in late 1865, well ahead of the railhead. Through solid granite, the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about per day per face as it was being worked by three eight-hour shifts of workers, hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer, filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose. One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion. The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865–66 as there was no way to supply them, nor quarters they could have lived in. The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon.\nIn 1866 they put in a vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces, giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress. A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces. By the winter of 1866–67, work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue. The cross section of a tunnel face was a , oval with an vertical wall. Progress on the tunnel sped up to over per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin—manufactured near the tunnel. They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required height after the four tunnel faces met, and made even faster progress. Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle. Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated, they were left unlined or lined with brick, rock walls or timber and post. Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature. Despite this potential complication, nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within or so. The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement, the CPRR's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track, and his assistants.",
"title": "First Transcontinental Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "3860515#2",
"text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.",
"title": "Ɯ"
},
{
"docid": "48892916#2",
"text": "In 1937, the management of the Southern Railway, which had responsibility for the Waterloo & City Line, began the process of procuring new rolling stock. Despite the advent of World War II, this was too far advanced to be halted, and the new trains were delivered from the English Electric factory at Preston during 1940, officially entering service on 28 October of that year. The trains remained in service through the nationalisation of the Southern as part of British Rail in 1948, when the Waterloo & City became part of the Southern Region, and then \"Sectorisation\" as part of the London & South Eastern sector (renamed \"Network SouthEast\" in 1986). Under the Total Operations Processing System introduced in the late 1960s, the units were initially classed as Class 453, before being renumbered as Class 487. These trains were finally replaced upon the procurement of 10 new sets in 1993.",
"title": "British Rail tube trains"
}
] |
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] |
3056
|
Where did Jim Tatum coach before he became head coach of the Maryland Terrapins?
|
[
{
"docid": "21116545#0",
"text": "From 1947 to 1955, Jim Tatum served as the head coach of the Maryland Terrapins football team, which represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football. Maryland hired Tatum to replace Clark Shaughnessy after the 1946 season. Tatum had created both success and controversy during his one season as head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football team. During his nine-year tenure, Tatum became one of the most successful head football coaches in Maryland history, and the Terrapins compiled two national championships, three conference championships, and five bowl game appearances. His teams compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season, and as of the end of 2016, he has the highest winning percentage of any Maryland football coach who coached at least seven games. In 1954, the University of Maryland appointed a new president, Dr. Wilson Elkins, who chose to de-emphasize football. Following the 1955 season, Tatum took a pay cut to coach at his alma mater, North Carolina, and he died four years later.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "21320985#1",
"text": "Maryland was led by fourth-year head coach Jim Tatum, who \"Time\" magazine called \"the most successful major college coach in the game\" during his nine-year tenure at College Park. To date, Tatum remains the winningest Maryland football coach of the modern era, with a winning percentage of 0.819. The team was led on the field by sophomore quarterback and future Heisman Trophy runner-up Jack Scarbath who made his first career start in the season-opener.",
"title": "1950 Maryland Terrapins football team"
},
{
"docid": "5573963#6",
"text": "After World War II, Tatum accepted a position as the head coach at the University of Oklahoma. He compiled an 8–3 in 1946 record before accepting the head coaching position at the University of Maryland. Bud Wilkinson, a fellow assistant coach at the Iowa Pre-Flight School, was one of his assistants at Oklahoma and was promoted to head coach when Tatum left for Maryland.",
"title": "Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "5573963#0",
"text": "James M. \"Big Jim\" Tatum (July 22, 1913 – July 23, 1959) was an American football and baseball player and coach. Tatum served as the head football coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1942, 1956–1958), the University of Oklahoma (1946), and the University of Maryland, College Park (1947–1955), compiling a career college football record of 100–35–7. His 1953 Maryland team won a national title. As a head coach, he employed the split-T formation with great success, a system he had learned as an assistant under Don Faurot at the Iowa Pre-Flight School during World War II. Tatum was also the head baseball coach at Cornell University from 1937 to 1939, tallying a mark of 20–40–1. Tatum's career was cut short by his untimely death in 1959. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1984.",
"title": "Jim Tatum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21116545#47",
"text": "During his tenure at Maryland, Tatum became one of the most successful head football coaches in school history. In nine seasons, he led the Terrapins to two national championships, three conference championships, and five bowl game appearances. His teams compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season. To date, he remains the winningest Maryland football coach of the modern era with a winning percentage of 0.819.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "6969824#5",
"text": "Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a brief stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Maryland's sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons and became the school's most successful head coach in modern history. During his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships (one retroactive), three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans. Under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football"
},
{
"docid": "57023702#3",
"text": "Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a brief stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Maryland's sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons and became the school's most successful head coach in modern history. During his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships (one retroactive), three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans. Under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record.",
"title": "History of Maryland Terrapins football"
},
{
"docid": "23139631#0",
"text": "The 1949 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football in its 29th season as a member of the Southern Conference. Jim Tatum served as the head coach for the third season of his nine-year tenure. The team compiled a 9–1 record and received a bid to the 1950 Gator Bowl, where they defeated 20th-ranked Missouri, which was coached by Don Faurot, Tatum's former boss and the inventor of the split-T offense.",
"title": "1949 Maryland Terrapins football team"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#5",
"text": "Meanwhile, Tatum resigned to take the head coaching job at Maryland with a $12,000 salary, one-third more than he made at Oklahoma, ($, adjusted for inflation). Oklahoma filled the open coaching job with Tatum's former assistant, Bud Wilkinson.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "5928395#15",
"text": "In 1945, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant began his long and distinguished career as a head football coach at the University of Maryland. The following year, he was replaced by Jim Tatum, a pioneer of the split T. Maryland football achieved its greatest success under Tatum, who compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season, and to date, he remains the winningest Maryland coach of the modern era. NCAA recognized selectors awarded Maryland the national football championship in 1951 and 1953. During Tatum's tenure from 1946 to 1955, Maryland also secured one Southern Conference championship and two Atlantic Coast Conference championships. In 1962, Darryl Hill transferred to Maryland from the United States Naval Academy, making the school the first team in the Atlantic Coast Conference with a black player. Jerry Claiborne became head coach in 1972, and led Maryland to three consecutive ACC championships from 1974 to 1976. The Terrapins finished the 1976 regular season with an undefeated 11–0 record, but lost to Houston in the Cotton Bowl Classic, which ended national championship speculation. Bobby Ross replaced Claiborne in 1982, and he repeated the feat of three consecutive ACC championships from 1983 to 1985. In 1984, Maryland quarterback Frank Reich led the Terrapins to the then greatest halftime comeback against the defending national champions, Miami. After a long bowl game drought, Ralph Friedgen was hired as head coach in 2001, and in his first season, led Maryland to the ACC championship and its first Bowl Championship Series game appearance.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins"
},
{
"docid": "28509503#1",
"text": "Maryland head coach Jim Tatum resigned on January 8, 1956, to take the same post at his alma mater, North Carolina, and he was replaced by backfield coach Tommy Mont. Mont was a former quarterback for Maryland and the Washington Redskins. Mont came with the personal recommendation of Tatum. Tatum also instructed his former players to stay at Maryland rather than follow him by transferring to North Carolina.",
"title": "1956 Maryland Terrapins football team"
},
{
"docid": "21331220#10",
"text": "Jim Tatum served as the head coach for his fifth year at Maryland in the 1951 season. All told, he served a nine-year tenure at College Park and compiled a 73–15–4 record for a winning percentage of 0.819, the highest among Maryland coaches in the modern era. Tatum later gained national recognition, with \"Time\" magazine later calling him \"the most successful major college coach in the game\", and 1951 proved to be his breakout season. Tatum employed the split-T, which he had learned firsthand as the protégé of its pioneer, Don Faurot. This new offensive system sought to emulate the \"two-on-one\" fast break of basketball, with the aim of creating an undefended back.",
"title": "1951 Maryland Terrapins football team"
}
] |
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] |
3057
|
Is dizziness a symptom of hypoglycemia?
|
[
{
"docid": "13315#1",
"text": "Hypoglycemic symptoms and manifestations can be divided into those produced by the counterregulatory hormones (epinephrine/adrenaline and glucagon) triggered by the falling glucose, and the neuroglycopenic effects produced by the reduced brain sugar.Not all of the above manifestations occur in every case of hypoglycemia. There is no consistent order to the appearance of the symptoms, if symptoms even occur. Specific manifestations may also vary by age, by severity of the hypoglycemia and the speed of the decline. In young children, vomiting can sometimes accompany morning hypoglycemia with ketosis. In older children and adults, moderately severe hypoglycemia can resemble mania, mental illness, drug intoxication, or drunkenness. In the elderly, hypoglycemia can produce focal stroke-like effects or a hard-to-define malaise. The symptoms of a single person may be similar from episode to episode, but are not necessarily so and may be influenced by the speed at which glucose levels are dropping, as well as previous incidents.",
"title": "Hypoglycemia"
},
{
"docid": "13315#4",
"text": "Hypoglycemic symptoms can also occur when one is sleeping. Examples of symptoms during sleep can include damp bed sheets or clothes from perspiration. Having nightmares or the act of crying out can be a sign of hypoglycemia. Once the individual is awake they may feel tired, irritable, or confused and these may be signs of hypoglycemia as well.",
"title": "Hypoglycemia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13315#0",
"text": "Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly.\nThe most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin and sulfonylureas. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual or have drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors, such as insulinoma, liver disease, hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections, reactive hypoglycemia and a number of drugs including alcohol. Low blood sugar may occur in otherwise healthy babies who have not eaten for a few hours.\nThe glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable. In people with diabetes, levels below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) is diagnostic. In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis. Otherwise, a level below 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used. In newborns, a level below 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), or less than 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) if symptoms are present, indicates hypoglycemia. Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood.\nAmong people with diabetes, prevention is by matching the foods eaten with the amount of exercise and the medications used. When people feel their blood sugar is low, testing with a glucose monitor is recommended. Some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar, and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended. Treatment of hypoglycemia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking dextrose. If a person is not able to take food by mouth, an injection of glucagon may help. The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes includes treating the underlying problem as well and a healthy diet. The term \"hypoglycemia\" is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idiopathic postprandial syndrome, a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but with normal blood sugar levels.",
"title": "Hypoglycemia"
},
{
"docid": "1763662#4",
"text": "Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia, when they occur, are those of hypoglycemia: neuroglycopenic, adrenergic, and abdominal. Symptoms and effects can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how low the glucose falls and a variety of other factors. It is rare but possible for diabetic hypoglycemia to result in brain damage or death. Indeed, an estimated 2–4% of deaths of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been attributed to hypoglycemia.",
"title": "Diabetic hypoglycemia"
},
{
"docid": "548913#4",
"text": "Signs and symptoms include: hypoglycemia, dehydration, weight loss, and disorientation. Additional signs and symptoms include weakness, tiredness, dizziness, low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension), cardiovascular collapse, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These problems may develop gradually and insidiously. Addison's disease can present with tanning of the skin that may be patchy or even all over the body. Characteristic sites of tanning are skin creases (e.g. of the hands) and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa). Goitre and vitiligo may also be present. Eosinophilia may also occur.",
"title": "Adrenal insufficiency"
},
{
"docid": "35799849#9",
"text": "Hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose, causes cardiovascular physiological effects as a result of the sympathoadrenal system. These physiological changes include an increased heart rate, increased heart contractility, and decreased peripheral arterial resistance. Together, the effects increase peripheral blood pressure, but decrease central blood pressure. This can have larger effects on those with diabetes. Hypoglycemia may cause greater arterial wall stiffness and less elasticity, which in turn decreases blood pressure and increases the heart’s workload. Symptoms of hypoglycemia related to the symapthoadrenal system include anxiety, tremors, irregular heartbeat, sweating, hunger, and paresthesia. Hypothermia and neurological deficits can also occur. Permanent brain damage is uncommon but have been seen in some who suffer from hypoglycemia. The activation of the system is assisted by norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and epinephrine. Hypoglycemia unawareness can occur because the symapthoadrenal system response is reduced, in turn, the symptoms are reduced. Since the symptoms go unnoticed, this may lead to a dangerous cycle of hypoglycemia and an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, which can have serious consequences.",
"title": "Sympathoadrenal system"
},
{
"docid": "963582#0",
"text": "Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia describes the condition and effects of low blood glucose caused by excessive insulin. Hypoglycemia due to excess insulin is the most common type of serious hypoglycemia. It can be due to endogenous or injected insulin.\nManifestations of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia vary by age and severity of the hypoglycemia. In general, most signs and symptoms can be attributed to (1) the effects on the brain of insufficient glucose (neuroglycopenia) or (2) to the adrenergic response of the autonomic nervous system to hypoglycemia. A few miscellaneous symptoms are harder to attribute to either of these causes. In most cases, all effects are reversed when normal glucose levels are restored.",
"title": "Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia"
},
{
"docid": "1834334#17",
"text": "Acute low blood sugar symptoms are best treated by consuming small amounts of sweet foods, so as to regain balance in the body's carbohydrate metabolism. Suggestions include sugary foods that are quickly digested, such as:If there is no hypoglycemia at the time of the symptoms, this condition is called \"postprandial syndrome.\" It might be an \"adrenergic postprandial syndrome\" — blood glucose levels are normal, but the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic counterregulation. Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious behaviour of the patient. This is often seen in dysautonomic disorders as well. Dietary recommendations for reactive hypoglycemia can help to relieve symptoms of postprandial syndrome.",
"title": "Reactive hypoglycemia"
},
{
"docid": "1505040#1",
"text": "Not all of the above manifestations occur in every case of hypoglycemia. There is no consistent order to the appearance of the symptoms. Specific manifestations vary by age and by the severity of the hypoglycemia. In older children and adults, moderately severe hypoglycemia can resemble mania, mental illness, drug intoxication, or drunkenness. In the elderly, hypoglycemia can produce focal stroke-like effects or a hard-to-define malaise. The symptoms of a single person do tend to be similar from episode to episode.",
"title": "Neuroglycopenia"
},
{
"docid": "1504925#5",
"text": "The typical patient with ketotic hypoglycemia is a young child between the ages of 10 months and 4 years. Episodes nearly always occur in the morning after an overnight fast, often one that is longer than usual. Symptoms include those of neuroglycopenia, ketosis, or both. The neuroglycopenic symptoms usually include lethargy and malaise, but may include unresponsiveness or seizures. The principal symptoms of ketosis are anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and nausea, sometimes progressing to vomiting.",
"title": "Ketotic hypoglycemia"
}
] |
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] |
3058
|
How much damage did the Joplin tornado cause?
|
[
{
"docid": "19571#17",
"text": "Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $ in today's dollars.",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#1",
"text": "Overall, the tornado killed 158 people (with an additional three indirect deaths), injured some 1,150 others, and caused damages amounting to a total of $2.8 billion. It was the deadliest tornado to strike the United States since the 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes, and the seventh-deadliest overall.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#3",
"text": "The tornado initially touched down just east of the Missouri-Kansas state line near the end of 32nd Street at 5:34 pm CDT (22:34 UTC) and tracked due east, downing a few trees at EF0 intensity. Eyewitnesses and storm chasers reported multiple vortices rotating around the parent circulation in that area. Civil defense sirens sounded in Joplin 20 minutes before the tornado struck in response to a tornado warning issued by the National Weather Service, but many Joplin residents didn't heed them. The tornado strengthened to EF1 intensity as it continued through rural areas towards Joplin, snapping trees and power poles and damaging outbuildings. Widening, the tornado then tracked into the more densely populated southwest corner of the city near the Twin Hills Country Club. It heavily damaged several homes at a subdivision in this area at EF1 to EF2 strength. The tornado continued to strengthen as it ripped through another subdivision just east of Iron Gates Rd. Numerous homes were destroyed at EF2 to EF3 strength at that location, and multiple vehicles were tossed around, some of which were thrown on or rolled into homes.\nThe now massive wedge tornado then crossed S. Schifferdecker Ave., producing its first area of EF4 damage as several small but well-built commercial buildings were flattened. Consistent EF4 to EF5 damage was noted east of S Schifferdecker Ave and continued through most of southern Joplin. Numerous homes, businesses, and medical buildings were flattened in this area, with concrete walls collapsed and crushed into the foundations. A large steel-reinforced step and floor structure leading to a completely destroyed medical building was \"deflected upward several inches and cracked\". Steel trusses from some of the buildings were \"rolled up like paper\", and deformation/twisting of the main support beams was noted. Multiple vehicles were thrown and mangled or wrapped around trees nearby. Several 300-pound concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were torn from a parking lot in this area and were thrown up to 60 yards away. Iowa State University wind engineer Parka Sarkar was able to calculate the force needed to remove the parking stops and found that winds exceeding 200 mph were needed to tear them from the parking lot.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31862312#18",
"text": "In 2013, the American Society of Civil Engineers published a study disputing the tornado's initial EF5 rating, based on surveying damage on over 150 structures within a six mile segment of the storm's path. According to the report, over 83 percent of the damage was caused by wind speeds of 135 miles per hour or less, the maximum wind speed of an EF2 tornado. An additional 13 percent was caused by EF3 wind speeds, and 3 percent was consistent with EF4 winds. The study found no damage consistent with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour, the minimum threshold of an EF5 tornado. Researchers concluded that the inability to find EF5 damage was due to the absence of construction standards that were able to determine the necessary wind speeds. Bill Colbourne, a member of the engineering team that surveyed the damage, declared that \"a relatively large number of buildings could have survived in Joplin if they had been built to sustain hurricane winds.\"",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "418664#6",
"text": "36 people died in this tornado, and over 8,000 homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $1 billion in damage, making it the second-costliest tornado in U.S. history, and the most costly in history from 1999 to 2011, at which point it was surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado and again by the 2011 Joplin tornado. It was also the deadliest tornado to hit the U.S. since the April 10, 1979 F4 tornado that hit Wichita Falls, Texas, which killed 42 people.",
"title": "1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#9",
"text": "Due to the severe damage caused by the tornado, the travelling Piccadilly Circus was unable to perform as scheduled. As a result, the circus employees brought their two adult elephants to help drag damaged automobiles and other heavy debris out of the roadway to make a path for first responders.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "30253975#41",
"text": "A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for much of the Midwest south to Oklahoma for May 22. The first tornadic supercell that day developed in the mid-afternoon hours over the western Twin Cities with a swath of damage, especially in and around Minneapolis, Minnesota. An intense tornado also tracked towards Harmony, Minnesota that afternoon and a tornado emergency was issued. Late that afternoon, at about 5:15 pm CDT (2215 UTC), a very large and intense multiple-vortex tornado resulted in catastrophic damage in Joplin, Missouri. Many houses and businesses were flattened and some even were blown away in Joplin, the main hospital was heavily damaged and many people were reported to have been trapped in destroyed houses. The Weather Channel video showed entire communities flattened. Early reports suggest there were at least 125 fatalities, but as of May 2012, the death toll was confirmed at exactly 158, and another 1,000+ injured. This tornado was given a rating of EF5.",
"title": "Tornadoes of 2011"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#6",
"text": "The tornado then continued on an east to east-southeast trajectory towards Interstate 44 where it weakened; nonetheless, vehicles were blown off the highway and mangled near the U.S. Route 71 (Exit 11) interchange. The damage at and around the interchange was rated EF2 to EF3. The weakening tornado continued to track into the rural areas of southeastern Jasper County and northeastern Newton County where damage was generally minor to moderate, with trees, mobile homes, outbuildings, and frame homes damaged mainly at EF0 to EF1 strength. The tornado lifted east of Diamond at 6:12 pm CDT (23:12 UTC) according to aerial surveys. The tornado's total track length was at least long. Overall, 6,954 homes were destroyed, 359 homes had major damage and 516 had minor damage, 158 people were killed, and 1,150 others were injured along the path. A separate EF2 tornado touched down near Wentworth from the same supercell about east-southeast of Joplin.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "29019267#18",
"text": "This was the deadliest tornado recorded in Oklahoma since an F5 tornado killed 107 people in Woodward on April 9, 1947. It was also the deadliest tornado ever recorded in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area; the previous record was held by an F4 tornado that affected southwestern portions of the city on June 12, 1942, killing 31 people and causing $500,000 in damage ($ million in (2022 USD) when adjusted for inflation). It was the costliest tornado in US history until an EF4 tornado hit Tuscaloosa and northern portions of Birmingham, Alabama on April 27, 2011, causing an estimated $2.45 billion in damage (, the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado is the fourth-costliest tornado, having been surpassed by the EF5 tornadoes that hit Joplin on May 22, 2011, and areas of Moore near the 1999 storm track on May 20, 2013). National Weather Service researchers estimated that the death toll from the storm would likely have exceeded 600 had it not been for the advanced warning through local television and radio stations and exercising proper safety precautions.",
"title": "1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado"
},
{
"docid": "53701071#2",
"text": "In 2012, she released \"Heartland: A Portrait of Survival.\" The film documents the effects of the 2011 Joplin tornado which destroyed a quarter of the city and caused about $2.8 billion worth of damage. Tremblay, who was living in Los Angeles at the time but had previously lived in Joplin, had relatives still living in her hometown. She traveled to the town with a film crew and documented the aftermath for a four-week period. The film, which features several stories like the Joplin Found Photos project, was shown at the Omaha Film Festival, and at St. Louis International Film Festival.",
"title": "Erica Tremblay"
}
] |
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] |
3060
|
Where was Jacques-Louis David born?
|
[
{
"docid": "9072#2",
"text": "Jacques-Louis David was born into a prosperous French family in Paris on 30 August 1748. When he was about nine his father was killed in a duel and his mother left him with his well-off architect uncles. They saw to it that he received an excellent education at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris, but he was never a good student-- he had a facial tumor that impeded his speech, and he was always preoccupied with drawing. He covered his notebooks with drawings, and he once said, \"I was always hiding behind the instructor's chair, drawing for the duration of the class\". Soon, he desired to be a painter, but his uncles and mother wanted him to be an architect. He overcame the opposition, and went to learn from François Boucher (1703–1770), the leading painter of the time, who was also a distant relative. Boucher was a Rococo painter, but tastes were changing, and the fashion for Rococo was giving way to a more classical style. Boucher decided that instead of taking over David's tutelage, he would send David to his friend, Joseph-Marie Vien (1716–1809), a painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo. There, David attended the Royal Academy, based in what is now the Louvre.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50129356#1",
"text": "It was moved there from its original location after the artist's death on 25 December 1825 where his body had been resting in the old churchyard of the St. Michael and St. Gudula collegiate church of the Leopold Quarter of Brussels while waiting for posthumous repatriation to France. However, as a notable participant of the Reign of Terror, his body was not accepted for repatriation, and the lead-lined oak casket was left where it was. Thanks to an initiative by Jobard, a monument was erected with the text \"À Jacques-Louis David restaurateur de l'école moderne de peinture de France ici dessous\" (\"To Jacques-Louis David, restorer of the school of modern art of France, buried here\"). In 1882 a grandson requested that the monument be moved to a more prominent location and the body was re-buried at the Mayor's circle in the city cemetery of Evere.",
"title": "Grave of Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "55375356#1",
"text": "Jérôme David was born in Rome, Italy on 30 June 1823, nominal grandson of the painter Jacques-Louis David, and godson of Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Catharina of Württemberg, his wife.\nHe was the natural son of King Jérôme.\nHis family destined him for the navy, where he served from 1835 to 1837, but he took a dislike to this service and chose to join the army instead.\nHe graduated from the École de Saint-Cyr on 1 October 1844 as second lieutenant of the Zouaves.",
"title": "Jérôme David"
},
{
"docid": "59439403#0",
"text": "Jacques Louis Antoine Marie David (22 December 1930 – 19 December 2018) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.\nDavid was born in France and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as titular bishop of \"Girba\" and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux, France, from 1981 to 1986. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes, France, from 1986 to 1996. David served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux, France, from 1996 to 2006.",
"title": "Jacques David (bishop)"
},
{
"docid": "9072#36",
"text": "When David was leaving a theater, a carriage struck him, and he later died, on 29 December 1825. At his death, some portraits were auctioned in Paris, they sold for little; the famous \"Death of Marat\" was exhibited in a secluded room, to avoid outraging public sensibilities. Disallowed return to France for burial, for having been a regicide of King Louis XVI, the body of the painter Jacques-Louis David was buried in Brussels and moved in 1882 to Brussels Cemetery, while some say his heart was buried with his wife at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "9072#0",
"text": "Jacques-Louis David (; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling, harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "13297042#0",
"text": "Garneray was born in Paris (on Rue Saint-Andre-des-arts, in the Latin Quarter) on 19 February 1783. He was the elder son of Jean-François Garneray (1755–1837), painter of the king, who was pupil of Jacques-Louis David. At thirteen, he joined the Navy as a seaman, encouraged by his cousin, Beaulieu-Leloup, commander of the frigate \"Forte\" (\"the Stout one\"). Garneray sailed from Rochefort to the Indian Ocean with the frigate division under Sercey, to which the \"Forte\" belonged.",
"title": "Ambroise Louis Garneray"
},
{
"docid": "31055403#0",
"text": "Jacques-Louis Copia, a French engraver, was born at Landau in 1764. He went to Paris, and among other plates executed a charming little portrait of Queen Marie Antoinette, after Piauger, which is very rare. He also engraved a head of Marat, terribly startling in its ghastliness, from a drawing made by David immediately after his assassination. But Copia is chiefly identified with Prud'hon, the voluptuous genius of whose works no one has more fully comprehended. It must, however, be admitted that, apart from the great painter, Copia would have remained hidden in the crowd. His style was neither original nor brilliant, and his rare qualities of modelling and softness of execution required works suitable for their display. He died in Paris in 1799, unfortunately too early to be able to engrave the greatest works of his friend. But among other pupils he left one, Roger, who caught his manner, and is thought by many to have surpassed his master in the interpretation of the spirit of Prud'hon.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis Copia"
},
{
"docid": "9072#1",
"text": "David later became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794), and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release: that of Napoleon, The First Consul of France. At this time he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours. After Napoleon's fall from Imperial power and the Bourbon revival, David exiled himself to Brussels, then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, where he remained until his death. David had , making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "15963136#1",
"text": "Jean-Louis Laneuville was born in Paris as the natural son of J.B.M. Pierre Titon. His father was a prominent parliamentarian and rapporteur in the ‘’Affair of the Diamond Necklace\". Little is known about his early training. He studied, at least briefly, with his contemporary Jacques-Louis David and exhibited at the open-air Exposition de la Jeunesse between 1783 and 1789. He started sending pictures to the official Salon after it was opened for non-academicians in 1791.\nDuring the French Revolution (1789–95) Laneuville appears to have looked for patronage from the powerful political figures of his time. This is demonstrated by the fact that 8 of the 12 portraits he sent to the Salon of 1793 were politicians and in 1795 the numbers were four of the six. It is not clear whether he targeted these politicians because of his own political preferences or because he felt this was an untapped market.",
"title": "Jean-Louis Laneuville"
}
] |
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] |
3062
|
When was Persepolis founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "92016#35",
"text": "Darius I built the greatest palace at Persepolis on the western side of platform. This palace was called the \"Apadana\". The King of Kings used it for official audiences. The work began in 518 BC, and his son, Xerxes I, completed it 30 years later. The palace had a grand hall in the shape of a square, each side long with seventy-two columns, thirteen of which still stand on the enormous platform. Each column is high with a square Taurus (bull) and plinth. The columns carried the weight of the vast and heavy ceiling. The tops of the columns were made from animal sculptures such as two-headed lions, eagles, human beings and cows (cows were symbols of fertility and abundance in ancient Iran). The columns were joined to each other with the help of oak and cedar beams, which were brought from Lebanon. The walls were covered with a layer of mud and stucco to a depth of 5 cm, which was used for bonding, and then covered with the greenish stucco which is found throughout the palaces.",
"title": "Persepolis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2043791#1",
"text": "Persepolis F.C. was founded in 1963 by Ali Abdo and has been in the first division of Iranian football since 1968. Persepolis also had three teams in bowling, basketball and volleyball in its first years of establishment. Persepolis F.C. is the football club of the multisport Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club. The club is owned by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. There have been many attempts to privatize the club with no success due to the large debt the club has accumulated.",
"title": "Persepolis F.C."
},
{
"docid": "92016#25",
"text": "The first scientific excavations at Persepolis were carried out by Ernst Herzfeld and Erich Schmidt representing the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. They conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.\nHerzfeld believed that the reasons behind the construction of Persepolis were the need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for the empire, and to celebrate special events, especially the \"Nowruz\". For historical reasons, Persepolis was built where the Achaemenid dynasty was founded, although it was not the center of the empire at that time.",
"title": "Persepolis"
},
{
"docid": "2043791#41",
"text": "When Persepolis F.C. was created, the sport club already had a number of buildings such as gymnasiums, swimming pools, and bowling alleys in the Bowling Abdo Complex. The facility is in the north of Tehran and was renamed Shahid Chamran Bowling after the revolution. There was initially no stadium for the football team. Ali Abdo bought some land in the Ekbatan area of Tehran and constructed a stadium there. At the time it was known as Apadana stadium. Persepolis played only one game at the stadium due to poor organization of the seating and a lack of co-operation with other Iranian clubs. Persepolis only used the stadium as a training ground.",
"title": "Persepolis F.C."
},
{
"docid": "8595696#0",
"text": "The Persepolis Fortification Archive and Persepolis Treasury Archive are two groups of clay administrative archives — sets of records physically stored together – found in Persepolis dating to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The discovery was made during legal excavations conducted by the archaeologists from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in the 1930s. Hence they are named for their in situ findspot: Persepolis. The archaeological excavations at Persepolis for the Oriental Institute were initially directed by Ernst Herzfeld from 1931 to 1934 and carried on from 1934 until 1939 by Erich Schmidt.",
"title": "Persepolis Administrative Archives"
},
{
"docid": "37485223#1",
"text": "The club was founded in 2009 as the reserve or second team of Persepolis signing talented youth players of the club. They became champion of Tehran Province League and promoted to 3rd Division. Esmaeil Halali was named head coach on 12 November 2010, replacing Hossein Abdi. In July 2013, C team and former first-team manager Vinko Begović was promoted as B team's head coach but he resigned three months later to become head coach of a Azadegan League side club. Former team captain Mojtaba Moharrami was appointed as team's head coach on 30 October 2013. In 2013 due to financial issues the club decided to temporarily disband the team and instead Persepolis' young talents played for the U–21's.",
"title": "Persepolis B F.C."
},
{
"docid": "15875096#12",
"text": "The Persepolis Swimming Team was founded after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The team has won the national competition once in its history.",
"title": "Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club"
},
{
"docid": "2043791#9",
"text": "In 1971, Persepolis won its first ever championship in the Iranian League.\nPersepolis had an impressive season with 13 wins and 1 draw, in 14 weeks. In 1972, Abdo announced Persepolis as the first professional football club in Iran. The club did not enter the domestic league and only played against foreign clubs, and a few months later it became amateur again.\nNext year the Takht Jamshid Cup was established.\nPersepolis won the inaugural Takht Jamshid Cup in 1973 and won it again in 1975.\nIn the third year of establishment of Takhte Jamshid cup Persepolis lost just two matches of thirty matches of that year.\nPersepolis is the most successful club in the Takht Jamshid Cup league, clinching two championship titles and finishing three times as runner-up.",
"title": "Persepolis F.C."
},
{
"docid": "8595696#9",
"text": "Excavations directed by Ernst Herzfeld at Persepolis between 1933 and 1934 for the Oriental Institute, discovered tens of thousands of unbaked clay tablets, badly broken fragments and bullae in March 1933. Before attempting to build a pathway for easy removal of debris from the ruins of palaces on the Persepolis terrace, Herzfeld decided to excavate the location first to ensure that building a passage would not harm anything. He found two rooms filled up with clay tablets that were arranged in order, as in a library. The uncleaned tablets and fragments were covered up with wax and after drying, they were wrapped up in cotton and packed in 2,353 sequentially numbered boxes for shipping.",
"title": "Persepolis Administrative Archives"
},
{
"docid": "7033039#2",
"text": "The club was originally based in the Iranian province of East Azerbaijan. It was a local club and participated in local club leagues. In 2003, after Ali Parvin left as Persepolis FC's manager, he vowed to never go back, deciding instead to create a new Persepolis. Because Sorkhpooshan is also a nickname of Persepolis FC, and their similar club colors, Parvin along with some other sponsors, bought the team and moved it to Tehran. Former Persepolis players such as Reza Shahroudi joined the team in the 2003–04 season and helped the team reach the Azadegan League. Parvin's dedication to the club was temporary though and he left the club to once again help Persepolis FC. The club was bought by \"Delvar Afzar Industrial Group\" and had been in the Azadegan League since the 2004–05 season. On September 19, 2006; Sorkhpooshan's chairman signed a contract with Ansarifar, the chairman of Persepolis FC, establishing Sorkhpooshan as Persepolis' reserve team. They plan on exchanging players, having group training sessions, assisting each other in financial matters and to play friend friendlies against each other.",
"title": "Sorkhpooshan Delvar Afzar F.C."
},
{
"docid": "2043791#43",
"text": "Before the construction of Azadi Stadium in 1971, Persepolis played its matches at Amjadieh (Shahid Shiroudi) Stadium. They have played almost all of their home games at Azadi Stadium, except for the 2002–03 season, when they played all but two of their home matches at Tehran's Takhti Stadium while renovations were taking place at Azadi.",
"title": "Persepolis F.C."
}
] |
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] |
3063
|
When was the United Nations Security Council formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "31956#8",
"text": "The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at Church House, Westminster, in London, United Kingdom.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2890657#5",
"text": "The resolution was passed unanimously in October 2000 after extensive lobbying by the NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security (NGO WG) and United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM; now succeeded by UN Women). Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, then Minister of Women's Affairs in Namibia, initiated the resolution when the country took its turn chairing the Security Council. Ambassador Anwarul Chowdhury, representing Bangladesh at the Council, also made significant contributions by using Bangladesh's role as Council President to bring attention to women's contributions to peace and security. Chowdhury has remained a vocal and active advocate for full implementation of Resolution 1325. The NGO Working Group played a critical role in successfully lobbying the Council to hold open sessions on women, peace, and security, consulting with Council members on the resolution, and providing them with applicable information.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325"
},
{
"docid": "33548384#0",
"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016 was unanimously adopted on 27 October 2011. Recognizing the \"positive developments\" in Libya after the Libyan Civil War and the death of Muammar Gaddafi, the resolution set a date of termination for the provisions of Security Council Resolution 1973 which allowed states to undertake \"all necessary measures\" to protect civilians and which formed the legal basis for military intervention by a number of foreign states. The termination date was set at 23:59, Libyan local time on 31 October 2011. The no-fly zone created with Resolution 1973 was also lifted on that date.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016"
},
{
"docid": "43656500#0",
"text": "The 1979 United Nations Security Council election was held from 26 October 1979 to 7 January 1980 during the Thirty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected East Germany, Mexico, Niger, the Philippines, and Tunisia, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing January 1980. Taking 155 rounds of voting to resolve, it remains the longest Security Council election in history.",
"title": "1979 United Nations Security Council election"
},
{
"docid": "37663910#0",
"text": "The 1978 United Nations Security Council election was held on 10 November 1978 during the Thirty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Bangladesh, Jamaica, Norway, Portugal, and Zambia, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1979.",
"title": "1978 United Nations Security Council election"
},
{
"docid": "27273628#0",
"text": "United Nations Security Council resolution 1123, adopted unanimously on 30 July 1997, after recalling all relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions on Haiti and noting the termination of the United Nations Support Mission in Haiti in accordance with Resolution 1086 (1996), the Council established the United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) to assist with the national police force.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1123"
},
{
"docid": "31956#5",
"text": "The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries.\"On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures.\" The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed. \"Four Policemen\" was coined to refer to the four major Allied countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. and became the foundation of an executive branch of the United Nations, the Security Council.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "8822327#4",
"text": "The British delegation intended that the UN commission would be subordinate to the Security Council, whereas the real work of formulating a settlement would be carried out in New York. Hence, despite the urgency of the situation, no moves were actually made to create the commission until after the Resolution 47 was passed by the Council in April 1948. A further 11 weeks passed before the commission could be formed and get down to work in the Indian subcontinent. The UN diplomat Josef Korbel later had words of criticism for the delay in forming the UN commission. During the winter months, the fighting had reduced to small skirmishes and the arrival of the commission before the fighting intensified in the summer months could have had a dampening effect, in his view. When the commission eventually got down to work, the political and military situation was quite different from what it had been in January–April 1948.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 39"
},
{
"docid": "41162629#0",
"text": "The 1966 United Nations Security Council election was held on 11 November 1966 during the Twenty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Ethiopia, and India, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1967.",
"title": "1966 United Nations Security Council election"
},
{
"docid": "41104313#0",
"text": "The 1973 United Nations Security Council election was held on 15 October 1973 during the Twenty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected the Byelorussian SSR, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Iraq, and Mauritania, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1974.",
"title": "1973 United Nations Security Council election"
},
{
"docid": "7492506#0",
"text": "The 2006 United Nations Security Council election began on 16 October 2006 during the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections were for five non-permanent seats on the Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2007.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2006"
}
] |
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] |
3064
|
How old was Count Pál János Ede Teleki de Szék when he died?
|
[
{
"docid": "674371#0",
"text": "Count Pál János Ede Teleki de Szék (1 November 1879 – 3 April 1941) was prime minister of the Kingdom of Hungary from 19 July 1920 to 14 April 1921 and from 16 February 1939 to 3 April 1941. He was also a famous expert in geography, a university professor, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Chief Scout of the Hungarian Scout Association. He descended from a noble family from Alsótelek in Transylvania.",
"title": "Pál Teleki"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19392902#0",
"text": "Count Géza Teleki de Szék (also known as \"Géza von Teleki\", 27 November 1911 – 5 January 1983) was a Hungarian politician and field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born in Budapest, the son of Pál Teleki.",
"title": "Géza Teleki"
},
{
"docid": "24569704#0",
"text": "Count Géza Teleki de Szék (28 September 1843 – 27 September 1913) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Interior Minister between 1889 and 1890. His son was Pál Teleki, who later became Prime Minister during the first half of the Second World War.",
"title": "Géza Teleki (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "30729753#0",
"text": "Count Mihály Teleki de Szék (20 April 1896 – 20 August 1991) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1938 and 1940. After the Nazi occupation of Hungary he was the chairman of the governing Party of Hungarian Life. Teleki lived in emigration since 1945. He died in London, England at the age of 95.",
"title": "Mihály Teleki (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "53737723#4",
"text": "He officially retired in 1935 as a 55 years old Senior military officer, and then he was appointed as captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He occupied the office until 1939, when he resigned because of serious health problems. He was a close friend of the Count Béla Teleki de Szék (1896–1969), who was the lord-lieutenant of Zala county (\"zalai főispán\").",
"title": "Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa"
},
{
"docid": "25891239#0",
"text": "Count László Teleki IV de Szék (11 February 1811 – 7 May 1861) was a Hungarian writer and statesman. He is remembered as the author of the drama \"Kegyencz\" (\"The Favourite\", 1841). In older books in English he is given the name \"Ladislas Teleky\".",
"title": "László Teleki"
},
{
"docid": "19493798#0",
"text": "Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék (17 November 1739, Gornești – 7 August 1822, Vienna), Chancellor of Transylvania, famous book collector, founder of the Teleki Library in Târgu Mureş (Marosvásárhely), Transylvania. He was the great-grandfather of the explorer Sámuel Teleki.",
"title": "Sámuel Teleki (Chancellor)"
},
{
"docid": "34987589#0",
"text": "Count József Teleki de Szék (24 October 1790 – 15 February 1855) was a Hungarian jurist and historian, who served as the first President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1830 until his death.",
"title": "József Teleki"
},
{
"docid": "19493798#1",
"text": "Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék was born in the village of Gernyeszeg, Principality of Transylvania (now Gornești, Romania) on 17 November 1739. A crucial time of his years of preparation was the four-year study tour he performed in Europe (1759–1763), the most important stops of which were in Basel, Utrecht, Leiden, and Paris. His impressions triggered the idea to found a library; few people knew more about books at the time.",
"title": "Sámuel Teleki (Chancellor)"
},
{
"docid": "8404925#2",
"text": "Its founder, Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék (1739–1822) was one of the most learned book collectors of the time. From the very beginning, he intended his collection as a public library, and developed it throughout his life; he remained a committed and active bibliophile despite his time-consuming administrative career — he was Chancellor of Transylvania from 1791 until his death — building on his relations with all important European printing and publishing houses, and purchasing all important works published between the invention of the movable type and the early 19th century.",
"title": "Teleki Library"
}
] |
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] |
3065
|
When did breast augmentation first start?
|
[
{
"docid": "630851#7",
"text": "The modern prosthetic breast was invented in 1961, by the American plastic surgeons Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, and manufactured by the Dow Corning Corporation; in due course, the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962. There are five generations of medical device technology for the breast-implant models filled with silicone gel; each generation of breast prosthesis is defined by common model-manufacturing techniques.",
"title": "Breast augmentation"
},
{
"docid": "4892591#2",
"text": "Since the late nineteenth century, breast implants have been used to surgically augment the size (volume), modify the shape (contour), and enhance the feel (tact) of a woman's breasts. In 1895, surgeon Vincenz Czerny effected the earliest breast implant emplacement when he used the patient's autologous adipose tissue, harvested from a benign lumbar lipoma, to repair the asymmetry of the breast from which he had removed a tumor. In 1889, surgeon Robert Gersuny experimented with paraffin injections, with disastrous results.",
"title": "Breast implant"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28246551#1",
"text": "In 1964, the American plastic surgeons T.D. Cronin and F.J. Gerow reported the first breast augmentation procedure using silicone gel-filled implants. In that implantation procedure, the breast implant devices were inserted through an incision to the inframammary fold (IMF), where the breast meets the chest of the woman.",
"title": "Trans-umbilical breast augmentation"
},
{
"docid": "630851#4",
"text": "The saline breast implantfilled with saline solution (biological-concentration salt water 0.90% w/v of NaCl, ca. 300 mOsm/L.)was first manufactured by the Laboratoires Arion company, in France, and was introduced for use as a prosthetic medical device in 1964. The contemporary models of saline breast implant are manufactured with thicker, room-temperature vulcanized (RTV) shells made of a silicone elastomer. The study \"In vitro Deflation of Pre-filled Saline Breast Implants\" (2006) reported that the rates of deflation (filler leakage) of the pre-filled saline breast implant made it a second-choice prosthesis for corrective breast surgery. Nonetheless, in the 1990s, the saline breast implant was the prosthesis usual for breast augmentation surgery, because of the U.S. FDA's restriction against the importation of silicone-filled breast implants.",
"title": "Breast augmentation"
},
{
"docid": "28246551#4",
"text": "In 1991 the trans-umbilical breast augmentation was invented and first performed by Dr. Gerald W. Johnson in Houston Texas. \nT.U.B.A is a technique for the implantation of saline breast implants through a small incision at the woman’s navel. The trans-umbilical emplacement approach is a technical variant of the abdominal tunnel technique employed for inserting breast implants, which was described in 1976, which facilitated the inserting and emplacing of empty saline implants to the breast-implant pocket.",
"title": "Trans-umbilical breast augmentation"
},
{
"docid": "4892591#4",
"text": "In the mid-twentieth century, Morton I. Berson, in 1945, and Jacques Maliniac, in 1950, each performed flap-based breast augmentations by rotating the patient's chest wall tissue into the breast to increase its volume. Furthermore, throughout the 1950s and the 1960s, plastic surgeons used synthetic fillers—including silicone injections received by some 50,000 women, from which developed silicone granulomas and breast hardening that required treatment by mastectomy. In 1961, the American plastic surgeons Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, and the Dow Corning Corporation, developed the first silicone breast prosthesis, filled with silicone gel; in due course, the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962 using the Cronin–Gerow Implant, prosthesis model 1963. In 1964, the French company Laboratoires Arion developed and manufactured the saline breast implant, filled with saline solution, and then introduced for use as a medical device in 1964.",
"title": "Breast implant"
},
{
"docid": "1890951#28",
"text": "Development of the underwire bra started in the 1930s, though it did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of World War II freed metal for domestic use. Aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes designed a prototype for an aerodynamic underwire bra for Jane Russell when filming \"The Outlaw\" in 1941. According to Hughes, the resultant amount was \"the length of the actual cleavage is five and one-quarter inches.\" Several brassiere manufacturers, among them Wonderbra and Victoria's Secret, produce push-up and other types of bras that enhance cleavage. Frederick's of Hollywood introduced a design called Hollywood Extreme Cleavage Bra that helped give the impression of a spherical cleavage like augmented breasts that was popularized by stars like Pamela Anderson.",
"title": "Cleavage (breasts)"
},
{
"docid": "277693#27",
"text": "During her divorce and after filming \"The House Bunny\", Faris got breast implants, which she first revealed in an interview with \"The New Yorker\" in April 2011. She said that she felt \"sexy\" wearing a padded bra to play a Playboy bunny and that her decision \"wasn't a career thing—it was a divorce thing.\" She has since been open about her augmentation, saying in her memoir \"Unqualified\" that she had previously been \"insecure\" about her breasts. In an April 2018 interview with \"Women's Health\", Faris said that she is \"still floored that I did it, because I am a staunch feminist. I kept thinking, 'Am I betraying my own gender by doing this?'... But it came down to a really simple thing: I wanted to fill out a bikini. What would that feel like?... It was fucking awesome.\"",
"title": "Anna Faris"
},
{
"docid": "630851#16",
"text": "Digestive contamination and systemic toxicity are the principal infant-health concerns; the leakage of breast implant filler to the breast milk, and if the filler is dangerous to the nursing infant. Breast implant device fillers are biologically inertsaline filler is salt water, and silicone filler is indigestiblebecause each substance is chemically inert, and environmentally common. Moreover, proponent physicians have said there \"should be no absolute contraindication to breast-feeding by women with silicone breast implants.\" In the early 1990s, at the beginning of the silicone breast-implant sickness occurrences, small-scale, non-random studies (i.e. “patients came with complaints, which might have many sources”, not “doctors performed random tests”) indicated possible breast-feeding complications from silicone implants; yet no study reported device disease causality.",
"title": "Breast augmentation"
},
{
"docid": "22497627#5",
"text": "During the 1970s, often young, childish, innocent looking women were more eroticized and there was much less emphasis on breasts as a primary marker of sexual attraction. As the culture has moved away from the \"cute\" aesthetic, the beauty industry in Japan has instead created a symbolic link between large, womanly chests and a sense of independence, self-assertion, and confidence. While aesthetic technicians do not perform breast augmentation surgeries, they provide other services that are meant to increase the size of the breast, even out the sizes of the breasts or create different proportions of the chest area. One example is the \"Bust-up\" treatment plans offered at many different aesthetic salons. The treatment typically includes massage, stimulation with suction cups attached to electrical equipment, and the use of various creams.",
"title": "Aesthetic salon (Japan)"
},
{
"docid": "630851#63",
"text": "The fat graft breast reconstructions for 33 women (47 breasts, 14 irradiated), whose clinical statuses ranged from zero days to 30 years post-mastectomy, began with the pre-expansion of the breast mound (recipient site) with an external vacuum tissue-expander for 10 hours daily, for 10–30 days before the first grafting of autologous fat. The breast mound expansion was adequate when the mastectomy scar tissues stretched to create a 200–300 ml recipient matrix (skin envelope), that received a fat-suspension volume of 150–600 ml in each grafting session.",
"title": "Breast augmentation"
}
] |
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3066
|
When was glass first created?
|
[
{
"docid": "26586160#6",
"text": "Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. It picked up again in its former sites, Syria and Cyprus, in the 9th century BC, when the techniques for making colorless glass were discovered. The first glassmaking \"manual\" dates back to ca. 650 BC. Instructions on how to make glass are contained in cuneiform tablets discovered in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. In Egypt glass-making did not revive until it was reintroduced in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Core-formed vessels and beads were still widely produced, but other techniques came to the fore with experimentation and technological advancements. During the Hellenistic period many new techniques of glass production were introduced and glass began to be used to make larger pieces, notably table wares. Techniques developed during this period include 'slumping' viscous (but not fully molten) glass over a mould in order to form a dish and 'millefiori' (meaning 'thousand flowers') technique, where canes of multicolored glass were sliced and the slices arranged together and fused in a mould to create a mosaic-like effect. It was also during this period that colorless or decolored glass began to be prized and methods for achieving this effect were investigated more fully.",
"title": "History of glass"
},
{
"docid": "26586160#0",
"text": "The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3600 years ago in Mesopotamia. However, they may have been producing second-rate copies of glass objects from Egypt, where this complex craft originated. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid second millennium BC, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. Glass products remained a luxury until the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt.",
"title": "History of glass"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6928058#5",
"text": "One of Stookey's earliest innovations was FotoForm glass. The scientific community recognized its value around 1948. FotoForm glass is used in computer manufacturing and communications technology. A serendipitous invention made by Stookey in 1953 was when he took a piece of FotoForm glass and mistakenly heated it to 900 °C when he meant to heat it to 600 °C. When an oven thermometer was stuck on the higher temperature, Stookey had accidentally created the first glass-ceramic, Fotoceram. It was later known also as Pyroceram. This was the first glass-ceramic and eventually led to the development of CorningWare in 1957. CorningWare went to the consumer marketplace the next year in 1958 for cookware by Corning Glass Works and became just one of Stookey's multimillion-dollar inventions. It influenced the development of VisionWare, which is transparent cookware. VisionWare was patented by Corning Glass Works in 1966.",
"title": "S. Donald Stookey"
},
{
"docid": "20771085#9",
"text": "Henry Willet created the first sculptured gold window between 1948-49. When first devised, the sculptured gold overlay was based on leaded stained glass windows. Later, faceted glass set in epoxy resin was used. These glasses, about an inch in thickness, but possibly up to two inches for special effects, contribute great brilliance of color under transmitted daylight. The sheet lead overlay is formed in relief by \"repousse\" (literally \"beaten up from the underside\") to give a sculptured effect, and is also incised with slits of varying widths to let the richly colored glass background shine through in the daytime. The fact that the sculptured lead surface has been \"flown\" with 23 carat gold leaf is the secret of the brilliant metallic night effect. The appearance of silver can also be obtained by the use of palladium leaf, which does not tarnish. The first gold window installed in a church, known as the \"Glory Window\", was designed by Henry Lee Willet and Marguerite Gaudin in 1951 for Westwood Community Church in Los Angeles, California.",
"title": "Willet Hauser Architectural Glass"
},
{
"docid": "7075337#2",
"text": "Musical glasses were documented in Persia in the 14th century. The glass harp was created in 1741 by Irishman Richard Pockrich, who is known as the first virtuoso of the musical glasses. Pockrich called his instrument the \"angelic organ\" and it was played with sticks, rather than by rubbing the glasses with a moistened finger. It was reported in 1760 that, \"Pockrich played Handel's \"Water Music\" on the glasses.\" His successful concert career was brought to a premature end by a fire in which both the inventor and instrument perished in 1759.",
"title": "Glass harp"
},
{
"docid": "26586160#2",
"text": "Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt. Because of Egypt's favorable environment for preservation, the majority of well-studied early glass is found there, although some of this is likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid-third millennium BC, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.",
"title": "History of glass"
},
{
"docid": "142340#27",
"text": "The creation of stained glass in Southwest Asia began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the Assyrian city of Nineveh, dating to the seventh century BC. The \"Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna\", attributed to the 8th century alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān, discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The \"Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna\" also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass. The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout the Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text. \nStained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the Middle Ages when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace.",
"title": "Stained glass"
},
{
"docid": "758637#9",
"text": "In the late 1920s, Leo Moser (Moser glass-works Director General, 1916 to 1932) recombined praseodymium and neodymium in a 1:1 ratio to create his \"Heliolite\" glass (\"Heliolit\" in Czech), which has color-changing properties between amber, reddish, and green depending on the light source. This was one of a number of decorative glasses using rare earth colorants, with \"Heliolit\" and \"Alexandrit\" being the first two, introduced by Moser in 1929. Leo Moser's papers in the Corning Glass Museum make it clear that the first experimental glass melts done by Moser involving any of the rare earths occurred in November 1927. After a year of further development, the rare earth glasses were introduced to great acclaim at the Spring 1929 trade show in Leipzig. The Alexandrit and Heliolit names were registered as trademarks in June 1929. The earlier date of 1925 sometimes given for rare earth glass refers to an award for glass design, not glass composition.",
"title": "Didymium"
},
{
"docid": "8693867#28",
"text": "In 1889 he developed Prior's glass, also known as Prior's Early English glass, a slab glass which is similar to the \"luminosity and varied colouring of early medieval glass.\" \nIt was made by blowing glass into a rectilinear box and then cutting off the sides. This yielded flat panes of uneven thickness, often streaked with colour. Whereas the prevailing style of glass relied on meticulous draughtsmanship and line control to create rich backgrounds of flat surface decoration such as gothic mouldings or foliage, the new glass could be used to create backgrounds with a more abstract pattern, as in the St Pancras roll of honour, or combined with lead alone to create bold and dramatic effects such as the wings of the four archangels at St Andrew's, Chippenham.",
"title": "Edward Schroeder Prior"
},
{
"docid": "41066638#7",
"text": "The style of glassmaking changed by 1746 when the government passed the Glass Excise Bill, which taxed glass by weight; beginning in 1751 advertisements in a Boston newspaper made a reference to “new fashion” glass. Usually the phrase referred to the air twist stemmed glass or “wormed wine glasses” that had first been advertised in the Boston market in 1746. By 1761, glasses and decanters were also engraved or “flowered”. Glassmakers worked diligently to provide special glasses for specific purposes, and inevitably only the well-to-do could afford a full array of forms. The inventory of Governor Francis Fauquier’s glass is revealing, when the former Governor of Virginia died in 1768, he left: 5 beer glasses, 5 champagne glasses, 14 water glasses, 55 wine glasses, 59 syllabub glasses, 69 jelly glasses, 23 glass salvers, 15 decanters and 8 cruets. He also had three sets of salvers that made up into large pyramids; the largest pyramid was valued at £15. Such pyramids were advertised in the Boston press in 1772.\nDuring the Federal Period, after the American Revolutionary War, Americans adopted new European styles. During the Revolutionary period, decoration was minimal. Although the American glass industry was making a strong beginning, considerable quantities were still imported. Cut glass was advertised in Baltimore as early as 1786, gaining popularity toward the end of the period. American production of blown three-mold glass began during the War of 1812. Glassmakers Henry William Stiegel and John Frederick Amelung had both tried to produce elaborate, fine table glass rivaling the European imports and both failed because there was not yet a market for the work they produced.",
"title": "Early glassmaking in the United States"
}
] |
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] |
3068
|
Why is New York known as the Big Apple?
|
[
{
"docid": "4691#0",
"text": "\"Big Apple\" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the \"New York Morning Telegraph\". Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities.",
"title": "Big Apple"
},
{
"docid": "4691#3",
"text": "\"The Big Apple\" was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse-racing articles for the \"New York Morning Telegraph\" in the 1920s. The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3rd May, 1921:",
"title": "Big Apple"
},
{
"docid": "4691#1",
"text": "Although the history of \"Big Apple \" was once thought a mystery, a clearer picture of the term's history has emerged due to the work of amateur etymologist Barry Popik, and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology. A number of false theories had previously existed, including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city. This was subsequently exposed as a hoax.",
"title": "Big Apple"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4691#7",
"text": "By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use \"Big Apple\" and were using it in contexts other than horse-racing. \"The Big Apple\" was a popular song and dance in the 1930s. Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and 1950s, but by the 1960s it had generally come to be known as an old name for New York.",
"title": "Big Apple"
},
{
"docid": "414059#5",
"text": "During the summer of 1937, the students from the University of South Carolina started dancing the Big Apple at the Pavilion in Myrtle Beach. Betty Wood (née Henderson), a dancer who helped revive the Big Apple in the 1990s, first saw the dance there, and six months later she won a dance contest and become nicknamed \"Big Apple Betty.\" The news of the new dance craze spread to New York, and a New York talent agent, Gae Foster, traveled to the Carolinas to audition dancers for a show at the Roxy Theater, the world's second-largest theater at that time. Eight couples were chosen for the show, including Wood, Spivey, and Davis, to perform the Big Apple during a three-week engagement that began on September 3, 1937. They performed six shows a day to sold-out audiences and greatly contributed to the dance's popularity. After the engagement at the Roxy, the group became known as \"Billy Spivey's Big Apple Dancers\" and toured the country for six months.",
"title": "Big Apple (dance)"
},
{
"docid": "4691#2",
"text": "The earliest known usage of 'big apple' appears in the book \"The Wayfarer in New York\" (1909), in which author Edward S. Martin writes: Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap. William Safire considered this the coinage, but the \"Random House Dictionary of American Slang\" has described the usage as \"metaphorical or perhaps proverbial, rather than a concrete example of the later slang term\".",
"title": "Big Apple"
},
{
"docid": "4691#14",
"text": "Uses of the term abound elsewhere in the names of cultural products and events in or concerning New York, including the Big Apple Anime Fest, the Big Apple Theater Festival, Jess Teong's The Kid from the Big Apple and Kajagoogoo's Big Apple, and playful uses of the nickname have been seen, such as Patrick Downey's 2008 historical study of New York City's criminal underworld, entitled \"Bad Seeds in the Big Apple.\"",
"title": "Big Apple"
},
{
"docid": "1601154#0",
"text": "The Big Apple Circus is a circus based in New York City. Opened in 1977, later becoming a nonprofit organization, it became a tourist attraction. The circus has been known for its community outreach programs, including Clown Care, as well as its humane treatment of animals. Big Apple Circus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in November 2016 and exited bankruptcy in February 2017 after its assets were bought by Compass Partners. The Circus was renewed in October 2017 for its 40th anniversary season.",
"title": "Big Apple Circus"
},
{
"docid": "6835064#0",
"text": "The Big Apple is a nickname for New York City, New York, United States.",
"title": "Big Apple (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "18610147#1",
"text": "The Home Run Apple was originally installed at Shea Stadium in 1980 as a way to improve the atmosphere at New York Mets games, and an apple was chosen as a play on New York City's nickname of the \"Big Apple\". When it was first constructed, it was made of fiberboard and came out of a top hat with the slogan \"Mets Magic\" (this was replaced a few years later with the words \"Home Run\"). However, the Mets won only 67 games during the 1980 season and the Home Run Apple became known as \"Harazin's folly\". Often the Apple would get stuck, which necessitated an electrician to be sent to repair it. Over time the Apple became misshapen (due to periodic harsh weather conditions) and was hard to maintain, with a Mets executive stating, \"It was just totally fabricated out of plaster layered on top of a metal screen with a wood frame inside\".",
"title": "Home Run Apple"
},
{
"docid": "4691#5",
"text": "Fitz Gerald reportedly first heard \"The Big Apple\" used to describe New York's racetracks by two African American stable hands at the famed New Orleans Fair Grounds. Evidence can also be found in the \"Chicago Defender\", an African-American newspaper that had a national circulation. Writing for the \"Defender\" on September 16, 1922, “Ragtime” Billy Tucker used the name \"big apple\" to refer to New York in a non-horse-racing context:",
"title": "Big Apple"
}
] |
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] |
3069
|
What's the purpose of root?
|
[
{
"docid": "18955875#17",
"text": "The roots of a tree serve to anchor it to the ground and gather water and nutrients to transfer to all parts of the tree. They are also used for reproduction, defence, survival, energy storage and many other purposes. The radicle or embryonic root is the first part of a seedling to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. This develops into a taproot which goes straight downwards. Within a few weeks lateral roots branch out of the side of this and grow horizontally through the upper layers of the soil. In most trees, the taproot eventually withers away and the wide-spreading laterals remain. Near the tip of the finer roots are single cell root hairs. These are in immediate contact with the soil particles and can absorb water and nutrients such as potassium in solution. The roots require oxygen to respire and only a few species such as the mangrove and the pond cypress (\"Taxodium ascendens\") can live in permanently waterlogged soil.",
"title": "Tree"
},
{
"docid": "29208#0",
"text": "In mathematics, a square root of a number \"a\" is a number \"y\" such that ; in other words, a number \"y\" whose \"square\" (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ) is \"a\". For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because .\nEvery nonnegative real number \"a\" has a unique nonnegative square root, called the \"principal square root\", which is denoted by , where √ is called the \"radical sign\" or \"radix\". For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3, which is denoted by = 3, because and 3 is nonnegative. The term (or number) whose square root is being considered is known as the \"radicand\". The radicand is the number or expression underneath the radical sign, in this example 9.",
"title": "Square root"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16683507#1",
"text": "The purpose of the root cap is to enable downward growth of the root, with the root cap covering the sensitive tissue in the root. Also, the root cap enables geoperception or gravitropism. This allows the plant to grow downwards (with gravity) or upwards (against gravity).",
"title": "Root cap"
},
{
"docid": "18955875#20",
"text": "The roots are, generally, an underground part of the tree, but some tree species have evolved roots that are aerial. The common purposes for aerial roots may be of two kinds, to contribute to the mechanical stability of the tree, and to obtain oxygen from air. An instance of mechanical stability enhancement is the red mangrove that develops prop roots that loop out of the trunk and branches and descend vertically into the mud. A similar structure is developed by the Indian banyan. Many large trees have buttress roots which flare out from the lower part of the trunk. These brace the tree rather like angle brackets and provide stability, reducing sway in high winds. They are particularly prevalent in tropical rainforests where the soil is poor and the roots are close to the surface.",
"title": "Tree"
},
{
"docid": "207874#50",
"text": "Roots, in particular, display observable swarm behavior, growing in patterns that exceed the statistical threshold for random probability, and indicate the presence of communication between individual root apexes. The primary function of plant roots is the uptake of soil nutrients, and it is this purpose which drives swarm behavior. Plants growing in close proximity have adapted their growth to assure optimal nutrient availability. This is accomplished by growing in a direction that optimizes the distance between nearby roots, thereby increasing their chance of exploiting untapped nutrient reserves. The action of this behavior takes two forms: maximization of distance from, and repulsion by, neighboring root apexes. The transition zone of a root tip is largely responsible for monitoring for the presence of soil-borne hormones, signaling responsive growth patterns as appropriate. Plant responses are often complex, integrating multiple inputs to inform an autonomous response. Additional inputs that inform swarm growth includes light and gravity, both of which are also monitored in the transition zone of a root's apex. These forces act to inform any number of growing \"main\" roots, which exhibit their own independent releases of inhibitory chemicals to establish appropriate spacing, thereby contributing to a swarm behavior pattern. Horizontal growth of roots, whether in response to high mineral content in soil or due to stolon growth, produces branched growth that establish to also form their own, independent root swarms.",
"title": "Swarm behaviour"
},
{
"docid": "424238#0",
"text": "In music theory, the concept of root is the idea that a chord can be represented and named by one of its notes. It is linked to harmonic thinking— the idea that vertical aggregates of notes can form a single unit, a chord. It is in this sense that one speaks of a \"C chord\" or a \"chord on C\"—a chord built from \"C\" and of which the note (or pitch) \"C\" is the root. When a chord is referred to in Classical music or popular music without a reference to what type of chord it is (either major or minor, in most cases), it is assumed a major triad, which for C contains the notes C, E and G. The root need not be the bass note, the lowest note of the chord: the concept of root is linked to that of the inversion of chords, which is derived from the notion of invertible counterpoint. In this concept, chords can be inverted while still retaining their root.",
"title": "Root (chord)"
},
{
"docid": "18955875#22",
"text": "The main purpose of the trunk is to raise the leaves above the ground, enabling the tree to overtop other plants and outcompete them for light. It also transports water and nutrients from the roots to the aerial parts of the tree, and distributes the food produced by the leaves to all other parts, including the roots.",
"title": "Tree"
},
{
"docid": "142597#13",
"text": "Stafford Beer coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. Perhaps most forcefully in his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain in October 2001, he said \"According to the cybernetician the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment or sheer ignorance of circumstances.\"",
"title": "Stafford Beer"
},
{
"docid": "28912406#1",
"text": "What this achieves is to encourage the roots the grow a denser system of root hairs. How it does this is to have the pots designed so as to air prune the roots. The advantage is when the plant is planted into its home environment it has a stronger root base to start with.\nWhen polythene bags are used instead, this root tends to go through the bag into the ground and is then broken off when the tree is moved for planting. The other roots are insufficiently developed to cope with the shock caused by this and so the tree's chances of survival are reduced. The root trainer is mounted in a stand above ground so that, when the tap root emerges, it is dried by the air. This air pruning causes the root inside the pot to thicken with stored carbohydrates that support vigorous root growth when the plant is put in the ground. The other lateral roots of the plant grow to compensate for this—so a stronger root ball forms, which improves the sapling's chances.",
"title": "Root trainer"
},
{
"docid": "27901292#31",
"text": "On October 28, 2012, the US Copyright Office updated their exemption policies. The rooting of smartphones continues to be legal \"where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of [lawfully obtained software] applications with computer programs on the telephone handset\". However, the U.S. Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, arguing that the term \"tablets\" is broad and ill-defined, and an exemption to this class of devices could have unintended side effects. The Copyright Office also renewed the 2010 exemption for unofficially unlocking phones to use them on unapproved carriers, but restricted this exemption to phones purchased before January 26, 2013.",
"title": "Rooting (Android)"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
}
] |
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3071
|
How long is U.S. Route 101?
|
[
{
"docid": "70780#2",
"text": "The nearly highway's northern terminus is in Tumwater, Washington: the route remains along the Olympic Peninsula's coastal perimeter west, north, and east; the northernmost point on the highway is in Port Angeles. The southern terminus of US 101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the world's busiest freeway interchange.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19609628#0",
"text": "State Route 101 (SR-101) is a long state highway located in the U.S. state of Utah. The route serves as a spur route into the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest through the cities of Wellsville and Hyrum, with an intermediate intersection with U.S. Route 89 (US-89) and US-91. SR-101 starts at an intersection of Main Street and SR-23 (Center Street) in Wellsville. Heading generally eastward, the highway terminates at the Hardware Ranch Wildlife Management Area. SR-101 was first designated in 1931 as a loop off SR-1 from Logan, south to Hyrum, and west to Wellsville.",
"title": "Utah State Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "2440624#10",
"text": "The stretch of US 101 through Lincoln City is infamous for its clogged traffic; the city is over seven miles (11 km) long (but only a few blocks wide in spots), and is sandwiched between the ocean on the west, and Devils Lake and mountains to the east. In many parts of town, the highway is a two-lane road. Adding to the traffic is a casino in the northern part of town. Much of the traffic departs US 101 north of Lincoln City, at an interchange with Oregon Route 18.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in Oregon"
},
{
"docid": "14621225#14",
"text": "U.S. Route 101 Alternate is a 0.61-mile (0.98 km) bypass of Ilwaco. US 101 Alt. opened in 1931 as a branch of PSH 12, the early designation of the southern section of US 101 through Washington. The highway was not fully recognized by the AASHTO until October 2006, even though many maps from the 1930s state that it is part of the U.S. Route system.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in Washington"
},
{
"docid": "70780#0",
"text": "U.S. Route 101, or U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as (The Royal Road) where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos, and presidios. It merges at some points with California State Route 1 (SR 1).",
"title": "U.S. Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "3868301#0",
"text": "U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in the state of California is one of the last remaining and longest U.S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California. US 101 was also one of the original national routes established in 1926. Significant portions of US 101 between the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area follow El Camino Real, the historic road connecting the former Alta California's 21 missions.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in California"
},
{
"docid": "70780#18",
"text": "US 101 has become internationally renowned over the years in film, popular culture, and song. It is often quoted alongside other legendary roadtrip routes, such as US 66, as a recognized symbol of American culture and lifestyle. US 101 is one of the courses in the racing game \"Cruis'n USA\". Country music band Highway 101 was founded in Los Angeles, the southern terminus of the road. Their self-titled debut album featured the \"101\" in a stylized highway marker shield. US 101 has inspired numerous songs, including Social Distortion’s “Highway 101”, Jan and Dean's \"Surf Route 101\", Albert Hammond Jr.'s \"Back to the 101\", and a hit single by Herb Alpert, \"Route 101\", which peaked at number 37. The Cheers recorded one of the first biker songs about \"the terror of Highway 101\", titled \"Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots\". U.S. 101 is also referenced in the Jackson Browne song \"Runnin' on empty\".",
"title": "U.S. Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "2440624#0",
"text": "U.S. Route 101 (US 101), is a major north–south U.S. Highway in Oregon that runs through the state along the coastline near the Pacific Ocean. It runs from the California border, south of Brookings, to the Washington state line on the Columbia River, between Astoria, Oregon, and Megler, Washington.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in Oregon"
},
{
"docid": "6918607#0",
"text": "State Route 101 (SR 101) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Hershberger Road, the state highway runs from SR 117 east to U.S. Route 11 (US 11) within Roanoke. SR 101 is a major east–west arterial on the north side of Roanoke, where it connects Interstate 581 (I-581) and US 220 with Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport.",
"title": "Virginia State Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "15225964#1",
"text": "Route 101 starts at U.S. Route 44 as Mashamoquet Road then Killingly Road in the town of Pomfret. It runs along the Mashamoquet Brook State Park before intersecting with Route 169. It proceeds eastward, soon passing over the Quinebaug River into the town of Killingly. East of the river, the road becomes known as Hartford Pike. Route 101 then intersects Interstate 395 and Route 12, then passes near Chase Pond, a small pond related to the Chase Reservoir. Route 101 then passes between two large lakes; on the north, the Middle Reservoir (also known as the Chestnut Hill Reservoir), and on the south, the Bog Meadow Pond. It passes by more reservoirs, as it reaches its end at the Connecticut Rhode Island border. Route 101 continues in Rhode Island as Rhode Island Route 101.",
"title": "Connecticut Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "2440624#3",
"text": "The run of US 101 in Oregon (from south to north) starts at the border with California, south of the twin cities of Brookings and Harbor (and north of Crescent City, California). The highway is mostly a two-lane road, running along the Southern Oregon coastline. Access to this section (other than 101) is via U.S. Route 199 or Oregon Route 42. Access is also possible through National Forest Route 23 (NF-23 - Bear Camp) but that route is not maintained through the winter months.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in Oregon"
}
] |
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] |
3073
|
What is considered an island?
|
[
{
"docid": "14587#0",
"text": "An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, such as the Philippines.",
"title": "Island"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "525000#8",
"text": "Geographically, the country of Australia is considered a continental landmass rather than an island, covering the largest landmass of the Australian continent. In the past, however, it was considered an island country for tourism purposes (among others) and is sometimes referred to as such.",
"title": "Island country"
},
{
"docid": "13973661#32",
"text": "Often most of the Caribbean islands are considered part of North America, but Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao (ABC islands), and Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America. On the other hand, the Venezuelan Isla Aves and the Colombian San Andrés and Providencia lie on the North American shelf. Additionally, the adjacent Venezuelan islands of Nueva Esparta and the islands of the Venezuelan Federal Dependencies can be considered to be a part of the Caribbean instead of part of South America. The circumstance of these islands is akin to that of the ABC islands, as both the ABC islands and the Venezuelan islands are at an equivalent range from the Venezuelan mainland. Thus, these Venezuelan lands could consequently be placed in North America instead.",
"title": "Boundaries between the continents of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "50235927#3",
"text": "In 2003, the International Court of Justice ruled by a 12–5 vote that Qit'at Jaradah was an island and that sovereignty belonged to Bahrain, although dissenting opinions questioned whether it should be considered an island given its small size, variable physical characteristics, and lack of firm ground. The court's ruling stated that \"the activities carried out by Bahrain on that island must be considered sufficient to support Bahrain's claim that it has sovereignty over it.\" Bahrain's activities on the \"island\" included placing a navigation beacon, drilling an artesian well, and permitting fishing and oil exploration. This conclusion could not have been reached if the court had not ruled it an island, as sovereignty can be acquired by occupation only of an island, not a low-tide elevation. Qatar had argued that it had never been shown on navigation charts as an island and that even if not always completely submerged at high-tide, it still shouldn't be considered an island.",
"title": "Qit'at Jaradah"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "6911355#13",
"text": "Somewhere along the line the island was put up for sale. I don't know the details, but there was a period of time that passed prior to what could be considered your (or your HMC's) purchase. My father and my uncle seriously considered purchasing the island. I guess they considered it too expensive and dropped their plans for such a venture. Boy - - did they miss the boat!",
"title": "Herron Island"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
] |
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] |
3074
|
Did Nick Adams have kids?
|
[
{
"docid": "414565#22",
"text": "Adams married former child actress Carol Nugent in 1959. Nugent had appeared in an episode of \"The Rebel\". They had two children, Allyson and Jeb Stuart Adams.",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "414565#34",
"text": "It is uncertain whether James Dean and Adams met before his service in the United States Coast Guard (1952–1955) and subsequent role in \"Rebel Without a Cause\" (1955). In his 1986 gossip book about gay Hollywood, \"Conversations with My Elders\", Boze Hadleigh claimed actor Sal Mineo told him in 1972, \"I didn't hear it from Jimmy (James Dean), who was sort of awesome to me when we did Rebel. But Nick told me they had a big affair.\" Journalist, screenwriter and author of books about Hollywood, John Gregory Dunne wrote that \"James Dean was bisexual, as were Nick Adams and Sal Mineo.\" According to Eric Braun, \"Elvis was attracted by Adams' outgoing personality and the young actors caused quite a stir, cruising round Los Angeles with Natalie Wood, Russ Tamblyn and others on their Hondas.\" In 2005, Byron Raphael and Presley biographer Alanna Nash wrote that Adams may have \"swung both ways\" like \"Adams' good pal (and Elvis' idol) James Dean. Tongues wagged that Elvis and Adams were getting it on.\"",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "24213695#4",
"text": "Wayne is now banned from using his shrink ray by joint committee of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Diane (Eve Gordon). Nick is now away at college and Adam (Bug Hall) is ten years old. Diane is planning a vacation with Patti (Robin Bartlett), her sister-in-law, while Wayne and his brother, Gordon (Stuart Pankin), watch Adam and his cousins (Allison Mack and Jake Richardson). While tampering with the shrink ray, Wayne accidentally shrinks himself, Diane, Gordon, and Patti. The kids have a party in the house after thinking they have it to themselves. The adults try their hardest to get the kids' attention and finally do near the end of the movie.",
"title": "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (franchise)"
},
{
"docid": "414565#32",
"text": "Decades later, Adams' highly publicized life and death at a young age, his friendships with cultural icons such as James Dean and Elvis Presley, and his reported drug consumption made his private life the subject of many reports and assertions by some writers who have claimed Adams may have been gay or bisexual. One of the earliest published mentions on this overall topic was made by gossip columnist Rona Barrett in her 1974 autobiography, in which she made no assertion Adams was homosexual or bisexual, but claimed Adams had told her, along with a \"whole roomful of people — that he wasn't making it, because no one in Hollywood's upper stratosphere would accept his wife.\" Barrett wrote, \"This was untrue. She was one of the most refreshing wives in the entire community\", and went on to say Adams \"had become the companion to a group of salacious homosexuals\" who flattered the actor, which affected his judgment and caused him to blame Carol. Hollywood biographer Lawrence J. Quirk claimed Mike Connolly (a gay gossip columnist for \"The Hollywood Reporter\" from 1951 to 1966) \"would put the make on the most prominent young actors, including Robert Francis, Guy Madison, Anthony Perkins, Nick Adams, and James Dean.\" According to \"American Film\" (1986), \"Nick Adams, who was ... gay, was the butt of anti-gay humor in \"Pillow Talk\".\"",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "12139234#1",
"text": "Nick Adams is a young, restless man who wants a good life and to see the world. Though he is told it is not worth the attempt, he decides to go away from his midwestern home. Along the way, he encounters numerous people, and later joins the Italian army to fight the Germans in World War I, where he falls in love.Jerry Wald and A. E. Hotchner approached Hemingway seeking the rights to either \"Across the River and Into the Trees\" or the Nick Adams stories. Hemingway did not want to sell rights to his novel and was only keen on selling one Nick Adams story. Hotchner pitched to buy the rights for ten of the nineteen stories. Hemingway agreed provided certain conditions were met, including ensuring that \"Nick was a good boy.\"",
"title": "Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man"
},
{
"docid": "414565#11",
"text": "Adams initially may have met James Dean in December 1950 while jitterbugging for a soft drink commercial filmed at Griffith Park. Adams spent three years in the Coast Guard between the time this commercial was shot in late 1950 and the start of filming for \"Rebel Without a Cause\" in March 1955. Actor Jack Grinnage, who played Moose, recalled, \"Off the set, Nick, Dennis (Hopper), and the others would go out together — almost like the gang we portrayed — but Jimmy and Corey Allen ... were not a part of that.\" They became friends during filming. During breaks, Dean and Adams entertained cast and crew with impersonations of Marlon Brando and Elia Kazan (who had directed Dean in \"East of Eden\"). A 1955 Warner Bros. press release quoted Dean as saying, \"I shall be busy for the rest of 1955, and Nick will be doing film work for the next six months. Come 1956, however, I wouldn't be surprised to find myself with Adams doing a two-a-night nightclub routine — or acting in a comedy by William Shakespeare.\" When production was wrapped, Dean said in another press release, \"I now regard Natalie (Wood), Nick, and Sal (Mineo) as co-workers; I regard them as friends ... about the only friends I have in this town. And I hope we all work together again soon.\" Following Dean's 1955 death in an automobile accident, Adams overdubbed some of Dean's lines for the film \"Giant\" (these are in Jett Rink's speech at the hotel) and dated co-star Natalie Wood. Adams tried to capitalize on Dean's fame through various publicity stunts, including a claim he was being stalked by a crazed female Dean fan, allowing himself to be photographed at Dean's grave in a contemplative pose, holding flowers, and surrounded by mourning, teenaged female fans along with writing articles and doing interviews about Dean for fan magazines. He also claimed to have developed Dean's affection for fast cars, later telling a reporter, \"I became a highway delinquent. I was arrested nine times in one year. They put me on probation, but I kept on racing ... nowhere.\"",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "414565#35",
"text": "Adams regularly dated actresses with whom he made movies. During the mid-1950s, photographs of him with actress Natalie Wood were widely publicized in fan magazines. \"Modern Screen\" wrote at the time \"their relationship has been mostly for fun\" and they shared \"a tendency toward moodiness and unpredictability.\" The magazine also reported they had given joint interviews \"in which they admitted they adored each other\" and \"they even came terribly close to getting married\" in Las Vegas. The same article also remarked that on one of their trips they \"posed for innumerable publicity photographs — that was the real reason for the trip — \" and \"Right now, both Nick and Natalie are inclined to deny the whole Las Vegas episode.\" In his 2004 biography \"Natalie Wood: A Life\" biographer and screenwriter Gavin Lambert wrote in passing, Wood's \"first studio-arranged date with a gay or bisexual actor had been with Nick Adams.\" In his biography of gay Hollywood agent Henry Willson, Robert Hofler deals with the rise of the studio star system, in which several actors spent time on the homosexual casting couch and dated girls or even entered into sham marriages in order to cover their homosexuality. \"In the Henry Willson date pool\", the author says, \"Nick Adams was one client, among many, who glommed on to Natalie Wood to get his picture taken.\" Suzanne Finstad cites actor Jack Grinnage, one of the gang members in \"Rebel Without a Cause\", about Nick Adams's and Dennis Hopper's reasons \"for getting close to Natalie. 'I remember being in Dennis' dressing room with Nick and Natalie ... I don't know which one of them said this — it was Nick or Dennis — but he said, \"We're gonna hang on to her bra straps.\" Meaning up the career ladder.' Natalie's tutor, who knew Hopper and Adams off set, said, 'Both of those two guys were all over her ... because they could see that this movie was going to be a big thing for Natalie ... they were game for anything in order to be noticed and to get ahead in the business.' \"",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "414565#0",
"text": "Nick Adams (born Nicholas Aloysius Adamshock, July 10, 1931 – February 7, 1968) was an American film and television actor and screenwriter. He was noted for his roles in several Hollywood films during the 1950s and 1960s along with his starring role in the ABC television series \"The Rebel\" (1959). Decades after Adams' death from a prescription drug overdose at the age of 36, his widely publicized friendships with James Dean and Elvis Presley would stir speculation about both his private life and the circumstances of his death. In an \"AllMovie\" synopsis for Adams' last film, reviewer Dan Pavlides wrote, \"Plagued by personal excesses, he will be remembered just as much for what he could have done in cinema as what he left behind.\"",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "23047687#9",
"text": "In July 2009, Adams and his boyfriend went to the Turtle Bay nightclub in Manhattan, where they were denied entry. The bouncer said that the white t-shirt that Adams was wearing did not meet the dress code. Adams reported that he and his boyfriend were holding hands, and the bouncer smirked at them when he refused them entry. Adams claims he then saw a group of men that he described as straight, some wearing white t-shirts, allowed into the bar. Adams posted the story to his blog, and Twitter, where his fans \"went crazy\". Eventually the manager of the bar posted an apology, and claimed it was a misunderstanding. Adams responded, \"I was discriminated against. I will not give my business to Turtle Bay and I urge you to do the same. This womans [sic] attempt to brush this aside as a misunderstanding is disingenuous at best if not hurtful and offensive to myself and the gay community of New York City\".",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1983)"
},
{
"docid": "414565#2",
"text": "The family did leave when he was five years old after Adams' uncle was killed in a mining accident. \"My father piled all our belongings into an old jalopy, with our bedding on top\", Adams recalled. \"We didn't know where we were going. He started driving, and ran out of gas and money in Jersey City, New Jersey at Audubon Park. A man came over and started talking to us, a Mr. Cohn. He said to my father 'You look like you need a job,' and my father said 'I do'.\" Adams' father was given a job as janitor of an apartment building along with living quarters in the basement. Eventually, they moved to Van Nostrand Avenue between Ocean Avenue and Rutgers Avenue. His mother worked for Western Electric in Kearny, New Jersey.",
"title": "Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)"
},
{
"docid": "8699440#1",
"text": "Nick Harrison (Karl Burnett) suffered a huge identity crisis after Adam Brady's shock introduction to his life in 1993 claiming they were swapped at birth. Jenny (Maggie Harper) accepted this but preferred Nick in her life. Nick adopted the persona of Slash, a leather wearing rebel. Jenny was devastated when he ran away from home and hid in the Toroa. Nick soon returns home and forgives his mother. The two decide to embrace Adam into their lives but are shocked when he turns out to be delusional and not Jenny's son at all. Nick is pleased to have his mother back. Soon afterward, Olivia returned from Taupo but Nick soon learned that she had slept with another boy during her holiday. Nick was understandably upset (after all Olivia had previously refused to sleep with him, claiming that she wasn't ready) and broke up with her.",
"title": "Storylines of Shortland Street (1994)"
}
] |
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] |
3076
|
What is the name of the first Scooby-Doo episode?
|
[
{
"docid": "37287#11",
"text": "The first episode of \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" \"What a Night for a Knight\" debuted on the CBS network Saturday, September 13, 1969. The original voice cast featured veteran voice actor Don Messick as Scooby-Doo, radio DJ Casey Kasem (later host of radio's syndicated \"American Top 40\") as Shaggy, actor Frank Welker (later a veteran voice actor in his own right) as Fred, actress Nicole Jaffe as Velma, and musician Indira Stefanianna Christopherson as Daphne. Scooby's speech patterns closely resembled an earlier cartoon dog, Astro from \"The Jetsons\" (1962–63), also voiced by Messick. Seventeen episodes of \"Scooby-Doo Where are You!\" were produced in 1969–70. The series theme song was written by David Mook and Ben Raleigh, and performed by Larry Marks.",
"title": "Scooby-Doo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5385158#1",
"text": "Only the first nine episodes of the sixteen episode 1978 season of \"Scooby-Doo\", listed below, were broadcast under the \"Scooby-Doo, Where are You!\" name. The revival series was canceled afterward, and the remaining seven episodes, that were intended for the revival, were instead broadcast during the \"Scooby's All-Stars\" block, and all sixteen were rerun during this block and later syndicated as part of \"The Scooby-Doo Show\". See List of \"The Scooby-Doo Show\" episodes for the entire season run and \"The Scooby-Doo Show\" for proper production credits.",
"title": "List of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! episodes"
},
{
"docid": "2614286#0",
"text": "The Scooby-Doo Show is an American animated mystery comedy series. The title of the series is an umbrella term for episodes of the third incarnation of Hanna-Barbera's \"Scooby-Doo\" franchise. A total of 40 episodes ran for three seasons, from 1976 to 1978, on ABC, marking the first \"Scooby\" series to appear on the network. Sixteen episodes were produced as segments of \"The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour\" in 1976, eight episodes were produced as segments of \"Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics\" in 1977 and sixteen episodes were produced in 1978, with nine of them running by themselves under the \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" name and the final seven as segments of \"Scooby's All-Stars\".",
"title": "The Scooby-Doo Show"
},
{
"docid": "2614286#3",
"text": "In 1977, ABC had a programming block called \"Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics\". The \"Scooby-Doo\" segment of this two-hour block included 8 new episodes of \"Scooby-Doo\" (two of which featured Scooby-Dum and one of which, \"The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller\", guest-starred Scooby-Doo and Scooby-Dum's distant female cousin, Scooby-Dee), plus reruns from the 1976–1977 season. The name of the block was changed to \"Scooby's All-Stars\" for the 1978–1979 season, when the program was shortened to an hour and a half, after the cancellation of \"Dynomutt\". 16 half-hours of \"Scooby-Doo\" (featuring just the original five characters) were produced this season, and began airing earlier in the morning before the \"Scooby's All-Stars\" block as a third season of \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" in September. \"Scooby's All-Stars\" instead aired reruns of the 1976 and 1977 episodes for the first nine weeks of the 1978–79 season. By November, the early-morning airing of \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" had been cancelled, and the new 1978 episodes began airing during the \"Scooby-Doo\" segment of \"Scooby's All-Stars\".",
"title": "The Scooby-Doo Show"
},
{
"docid": "1227572#0",
"text": "What's New, Scooby-Doo? is an American animated mystery comedy series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for The WB television network; it is the ninth incarnation of the \"Scooby-Doo\" franchise that began with Hanna-Barbera's \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" and the first of such since the previous incarnation, \"A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\", ended in 1991. The series revives the format of \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\", in which the title character and his companions, Fred Jones; Daphne Blake; Velma Dinkley and Shaggy Rogers, travel to varying locations solving mysteries; this format is modernized for \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\", in which the characters utilize technology that did not exist at the time \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" first aired. It is the first television series in the franchise in which Frank Welker, Grey DeLisle and Mindy Cohn respectively portrayed the voices of Scooby-Doo, Daphne and Velma, as well as the final one in which Casey Kasem portrayed Shaggy, having originally quit the role following a dispute regarding the portrayal of the character.",
"title": "What's New, Scooby-Doo?"
},
{
"docid": "37250#1",
"text": "The group was first referred to as the Scooby Gang by Xander Harris in the Season Two episode \"What's My Line, Part One\" as a reference to the group of monster-hunting teenagers from the Hanna-Barbera animated series \"Scooby-Doo\" that is otherwise known as Mystery Inc., who investigate and solve supernatural/occult monsters mysteries much like The Scoobies in Buffy. The first visible sign was in Season 1, Episode 11, where Willow is seen wearing a Scooby Doo T-shirt, Buffy sports the Daphne trademark neck scarf, and later Xander responds, \"Can you say, 'Gulp'?\" as Shaggy often does. Sarah Michelle Gellar, the actress who plays Buffy, would later also appear as Daphne Blake in the films \"Scooby-Doo\" and \"\".",
"title": "Scooby Gang (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)"
},
{
"docid": "2610234#4",
"text": "\"Scooby-Doo\" creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears served as the story supervisors on the series. Ruby, Spears, and Bill Lutz wrote all of the scripts for the seventeen first-season episodes, while Lutz, Larz Bourne, and Tom Dagenais wrote the eight second-season episodes with Ruby and Spears as story editors. The plot varied little from episode to episode. The main concept was as follows:The second season featured bubblegum \"chase scene\" songs produced by La La Productions (which had originally been contracted to create the music for \"Josie and the Pussycats\", the first of many animated series made from the same mold as \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\"). These songs were written by Danny Janssen and Austin Roberts, and were performed by Roberts, who also made a new recording of the \"Scooby Doo, Where Are You!\" theme song for the second season. The series' theme song has been covered by several subsequent artists, including Matthew Sweet for the 1995 TV special and album \"\"; Third Eye Blind for the 1998 film \"Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island\"; Billy Ray Cyrus for \"Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost\" (1999); Jennifer Love Hewitt for \"Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders\" (2000); the B-52's (Cindy, Kate and Fred) for \"Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase\" (2001); MxPx for the live-action \"Scooby-Doo\" film (2002); and Krystal Harris for \"Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire\" (2003).",
"title": "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!"
},
{
"docid": "1689462#10",
"text": "The \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\" episode \"A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown\" featured a flashback to Velma's fifth birthday, using the character designs from \"A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\", albeit with some modifications, such as Daphne wearing purple rather than pink. Fred and Velma were the only returning characters to speak in the flashback and were voiced by their normal voice actors Frank Welker and Mindy Cohn. The live-action film \"Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins\" establishes the team meeting in their teens. However, it can be seen as a prequel to the theatrical films.",
"title": "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo"
},
{
"docid": "31871202#31",
"text": "Scooby-Dee is a female Great Dane, with white fur, first appearing in \"The Scooby-Doo Show\". She was a character in the episode titled \"The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller\", as a distant cousin of Scooby's, who helped them solve the mystery. She also has a cameo appearances in the second-season episode of \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\", \"Homeward Hound\", where she is one of many dogs seen at the dog show the gang is attending. She is seen walking past the screen in two separate scenes in the beginning.\nScooby-Dee was meant to return to \"The Scooby-Doo Show\" as a girlfriend to Scooby-Doo, but the show ended before that could happen.",
"title": "List of Scooby-Doo characters"
},
{
"docid": "4896031#6",
"text": "Shaggy and Scooby-Doo have a mission: armed with an updated Mystery Machine, a loyal robot servant named Robi, their new riches, and the new and improved Scooby Snacks, they must stop the evil plans of Phineas Phibes and save the world. In episode 2, Shaggy upgrades the Mystery Machine from its original form, to a high-tech transforming vehicle. However, it usually transforms into machines inappropriate for the tasks at hand (however, in episode 11, it does transform into vehicles appropriate to finish the Polar Bear 3000). In their spare time, Shaggy and Scooby are fans of the show \"Chefs of Steel\", and the famous mystery solver Chad Chaddington.\nThis is the first Scooby-Doo animated series since 1991 to make extensive use of the Castle Thunder sound effect, which Hanna-Barbera began to stop using around 1994, and was very rarely used on \"What's New, Scooby-Doo?\" and on none of the post-2003 direct-to-video Scooby-Doo movies, to be replaced with new digitally-recorded thunderclaps.",
"title": "Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!"
}
] |
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] |
3077
|
When did the legend of the Excalibur sword originate?
|
[
{
"docid": "9717#2",
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his \"Historia Regum Britanniae\" (\"The History of the Kings of Britain\", c. 1136), Latinised the name of Arthur's sword as \"Caliburnus\" (potentially influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling \"calibs\" of Classical Latin \"chalybs\", from Greek \"chályps\" [\"χάλυψ\"] \"steel\"). Most Celticists consider Geoffrey's \"Caliburnus\" to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which \"bwlch\" (Old Welsh \"bulc[h]\") had not yet been lenited to \"fwlch\" (Middle Welsh \"vwlch\" or \"uwlch\"). In the late 15th/early 16th-century Middle Cornish play \"Beunans Ke\", Arthur's sword is called \"Calesvol\", which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh \"Caledfwlch\". It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh (if so, it must have been an early loan, for phonological reasons), or represents an early, pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur's sword.",
"title": "Excalibur"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9717#9",
"text": "Geoffrey's \"Historia\" is the first non-Welsh source to speak of the sword. Geoffrey says the sword was forged in Avalon and Latinises the name \"Caledfwlch\" as \"Caliburnus\". When his influential pseudo-history made it to Continental Europe, writers altered the name further until it finally took on the popular form \"Excalibur\" (various spellings in the medieval Arthurian romance and chronicle tradition include: \"Calabrun\", \"Calabrum\", \"Calibourne\", \"Callibourc\", \"Calliborc\", \"Calibourch\", \"Escaliborc\", and \"Escalibor\"). The legend was expanded upon in the Vulgate Cycle, also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, and in the Post-Vulgate Cycle which emerged in its wake. Both included the work known as the \"Prose Merlin\", but the Post-Vulgate authors left out the \"Merlin\" continuation from the earlier cycle, choosing to add an original account of Arthur's early days including a new origin for Excalibur.",
"title": "Excalibur"
},
{
"docid": "9717#6",
"text": "However, in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign. In the Vulgate \"Mort Artu\", Arthur is at the brink of death and so orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake; after two failed attempts (as he felt such a great sword should not be thrown away), Griflet finally complies with the wounded king's request and a hand emerges from the lake to catch it. This tale becomes attached to Bedivere instead of Griflet in Malory and the English tradition. Malory records both versions of the legend in his \"Le Morte d'Arthur\", naming both swords as Excalibur.",
"title": "Excalibur"
},
{
"docid": "39554868#0",
"text": "Excalibur is a formation on the north rim of the Grand Canyon in Coconino County, Arizona. It was named by cartographer and geologist François E. Matthes in 1908 for Excalibur, the legendary sword of King Arthur which was given to him by the Lady of the Lake. Other features in the area include the Holy Grail, Guinevere Castle, Elaine Castle, and Galahad Point whose names refer to the Arthurian legend. The name probably refers to a spire near the summit of the promontory which might resemble the handle of Excalibur.",
"title": "Excalibur (Arizona)"
},
{
"docid": "47416483#0",
"text": "Artus - Excalibur is a musical loosely based on the legends of the 5th/6th-century British monarch, King Arthur and his fabled sword, Excalibur. The score is by Frank Wildhorn, with lyrics by Robin Lerner and book by Ivan Menchell. Arrangements and orchestrations by Koen Schoots. The musical had its world premiere at the Theater St. Gallen in St. Gallen, Switzerland on March 15, 2014",
"title": "Artus-Excalibur"
},
{
"docid": "46218115#1",
"text": "\"Legion: The Legend of Excalibur\" begins with the dark sorceress Queen Morgan le Fay attacking and slaying her father Uther Pendragon to take over the Kingdom of Camelot. Her good young half-brother King Arthur claims the right to the throne by pulling the magic sword Excalibur out of the stone and sets off to gather the forces of good (including the warrior Lady Gwenevere, the wizard Merlin, the sorceress Nimue, and the knights Sir Lancelot, Sir Percival and Sir Galahad), defeat Morgan's supernatural armies (led by the Red Knight, the Green Knight, and the Black Knight, and King Lot), and eventually to avenge his father.",
"title": "Legion: The Legend of Excalibur"
},
{
"docid": "250699#0",
"text": "Excalibur is a 1981 American epic fantasy film directed, produced, and co-written by John Boorman that retells the legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, based on the 15th-century Arthurian romance \"Le Morte d'Arthur\" by Thomas Malory. It stars Nigel Terry as Arthur, Nicol Williamson as Merlin, Nicholas Clay as Lancelot, Cherie Lunghi as Guenevere, Helen Mirren as Morgana, Liam Neeson as Gawain, Gabriel Byrne as Uther Pendragon, Corin Redgrave as Cornwall, and Patrick Stewart as Leondegrance. The film is named after the legendary sword of King Arthur that features prominently in Arthurian literature. The film's soundtrack features the music of Richard Wagner and Carl Orff, along with an original score by Trevor Jones.",
"title": "Excalibur (film)"
},
{
"docid": "250699#13",
"text": "Boorman had planned a film adaptation of the Merlin legend as early as 1969, but when submitting the three-hour script written with Rospo Pallenberg to United Artists, they rejected it deeming it too costly and offered him J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Lord Of The Rings\" instead. Boorman was allowed to shop the script elsewhere, but no studio would commit to it. Returning to his original idea of the Merlin legend, Boorman was eventually able to secure deals that would help him do \"Excalibur\". Much of the imagery and set designs were created with his original vision of \"The Lord Of The Rings\" in mind, and it has been noted that certain scenes are reminiscent of Monty Python's 1975 comedy film, \"Monty Python And The Holy Grail\".",
"title": "Excalibur (film)"
},
{
"docid": "2955190#2",
"text": "On October 20, 1991, the animated television series \"The Legend of Prince Valiant\" offered its own telling of the Singing Sword's origins. In an episode entitled \"The Singing Sword,\" Valiant follows his best friends Arn and Rowanne to Bridgeford, where he learns they have been captured by the ruthless Baron Duncan Draconarius. They are sentenced to death as part of the Baron's plot to keep Camelot a secret from his subjects. Rowanne's father Cedric lends Valiant the Singing Sword to aid him in overthrowing the Baron. According to Cedric, the sword was forged from the same metal as Excalibur and will be safeguarded by his family until its true owner appears. The sword \"sings\" during Valiant's duel with Draconarius, indicating that Valiant is a just, pure-hearted man and the sword's destined owner. It sings a second time when Arn wields it while liberating a monastery. Valiant sees this as a sign that Arn is ready for knighthood and uses the sword to dub his friend Sir Arn of Camelot.",
"title": "Singing Sword"
},
{
"docid": "9717#0",
"text": "Excalibur (), or Caliburn, is the legendary sword of King Arthur, sometimes also attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Britain. Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone (the proof of Arthur's lineage) are sometimes said to be the same weapon, but in most versions they are considered separate. Excalibur was associated with the Arthurian legend very early on. In Welsh, it is called \"Caledfwlch\"; in Cornish, \"Calesvol\"; in Breton, \"Kaledvoulc'h\"; and in Latin, \"Caliburnus\".",
"title": "Excalibur"
},
{
"docid": "58865766#0",
"text": "The sacred sword \"Excalibur\". A sword that was created to judge a person's ability to be king of England. Those whom the sword accepts will be called \"Arthur\" and will obtain great power. However, there was not a single Arthur, but many more. Due to this massive creation of legendary humans, the world and its history began to be distorted. Now, with the aim of restoring the history of the world to its original course, six Arthur, a master of the sword, a fighter, a sniper, a puncher, an alchemist and a shooter, will go to this place, England. Their mission is to defeat all those who have managed to obtain a power from the sacred sword Excalibur and who are distorting the world, which are around a million people.",
"title": "Operation Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur"
}
] |
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] |
3078
|
What is blight in tomatoes?
|
[
{
"docid": "233043#1",
"text": "Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are:",
"title": "Blight"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9940234#43",
"text": "Various forms of mildew and blight are common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters that refer to specific disease resistance. The most common letters are: LB – \"late blight\", V – \"verticillium\" wilt, F – \"fusarium\" wilt strain I, FF – \"fusarium\" wilt strain I and II, N – \"nematodes\", T – \"tobacco mosaic virus\", and A – \"alternaria\".",
"title": "Tomato"
},
{
"docid": "11459992#0",
"text": "Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen, that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. The pathogen produces distinctive \"bullseye\" patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Despite the name \"early,\" foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. If uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reductions. Primary methods of controlling this disease include preventing long periods of wetness on leaf surfaces and applying fungicides.",
"title": "Alternaria solani"
},
{
"docid": "165450#0",
"text": "Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by \"Alternaria solani\", is also often called \"potato blight\".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18 °C in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C. Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C.",
"title": "Phytophthora infestans"
},
{
"docid": "44567553#1",
"text": "Buckeye rot of tomato affects tomato plants, although there are many other plants that are affected, including pepper, potato, tobacco, pineapple, and various other hosts. Upon infection, brown and greyish-green water soaked spots appear on the fruit. These spots develop into lesions that resemble the markings of a bull's eye with alternating dark and light brown concentric rings. These are very smooth lesions, barely raised, unlike the rough lesions found in late blight \"(Phytophthora infestans)\", which is a similar pathogen. Finally, a white fungal-like growth may appear within the lesion. While fruit rot is the most common symptom, damping off and stem cankers are possible. The disease does not affect the foliage of the plant, which further helps separate it from late blight .",
"title": "Buckeye rot of tomato"
},
{
"docid": "11128630#0",
"text": "Stemphylium solani is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts. Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis. \"S. solani\" reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores. The teleomorph name of \"Stemphyllium\" is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction. Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though the pathogen remains an important disease in Chinese garlic cultivation.",
"title": "Stemphylium solani"
},
{
"docid": "10812281#3",
"text": "AAL’s main symptom is cankers in the stem. It resides in seeds and seedlings, and is often spread by spores as they become airborne and land on plants. It can also spread throughout other plants. Under severe infection, lesions enlarge and become coalesced causing blighting of the leaves. This symptom progression occurred in research done in Pakistan: the symptoms on affected tomatoes started with yellowing and browning of the lower leaves, then began developing on the leaf tips and along the margins of the leaf petiole. This progression continued until the entire leaves were covered in diseased tissue and then fell off. In addition under to necrotic leaves and petioles, plants are found to have severe defoliation, with considerable yield losses when it occurs before flowering. The tomato fruit can also be infected as well, with brown cankers dotting them and making them inedible. Once the disease has spread to a certain point, little can be done to save the tomato plant.",
"title": "Alternaria alternata"
},
{
"docid": "11459992#12",
"text": "Early blight caused by \"A. solani\" is the most destructive disease of tomatoes in the tropical and subtropical regions. Each 1% increase in intensity can reduce yield by 1.36%, and complete crop failure can occur when the disease is most severe. Yield losses of up to 79% have been reported in the U.S., of which 20-40% is due to seedling losses (i.e., collar rot) in the field.",
"title": "Alternaria solani"
},
{
"docid": "165450#14",
"text": "Potato and tomato varieties vary in their susceptibility to blight. Most early varieties are very vulnerable; they should be planted early so that the crop matures before blight starts (usually in July in the Northern Hemisphere). Many old crop varieties, such as King Edward potato are also very susceptible but are grown because they are wanted commercially. Maincrop varieties which are very slow to develop blight include Cara, Stirling, Teena, Torridon, Remarka, and Romano. Some so-called resistant varieties can resist some strains of blight and not others, so their performance may vary depending on which are around. These crops have had polygenic resistance bred into them, and are known as \"field resistant\". New varieties such as Sarpo Mira and Sarpo Axona show great resistance to blight even in areas of heavy infestation. Defender is an American cultivar whose parentage includes Ranger Russet and Polish potatoes resistant to late blight. It is a long white-skinned cultivar with both foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Defender was released in 2004.",
"title": "Phytophthora infestans"
},
{
"docid": "11128630#1",
"text": "\"Stemphylium solani\" is of greatest concern in tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, garlic, onions, and cotton, though a wide range of over 20 species have proven susceptible. In tomatoes and potatoes, the resulting disease is known as grey leaf spot. In alliums it is known as leaf blight. Additional hosts are listed below.In alliums, infection is first visible as oval white spots, 1–3 mm in length, scattered irregularly over the leaf surface. These spots grow into red or purple colored lesions with a yellow margin and finally progress to leaf wilting and necrosis. Experimentally infected plants have been shown to progress from initial infection to leaf necrosis within eight days. Infection is found only on the stems and leaves of plants. In tomatoes, \"S. solani\" symptoms begin as round to oval dark specks on both sides of the leaf with older leaves being affected first. Young lesions may have a yellow halo. As lesions age, they become gray, dry and brittle, eventually falling away to create shot-holing in the leaf. Severe infection results in leaf drop.",
"title": "Stemphylium solani"
},
{
"docid": "35158708#2",
"text": "BABA was first found to increase the resistance of plants to disease in 1960, when it was observed that it decreased late blight of tomato. Further tests were made in the 1960s, but it was not until the 1990s that interest in the compound was renewed. Since then, it has been shown to be effective in many different pathosystems under controlled conditions. Both perennial and annual plants have been shown to respond, as well as both monocot and dicot plants in the Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Compositae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Graminae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, and Vitaceae families. Pathogen groups that have shown a response include viruses, bacteria, nematodes, fungi and oomycetes. It has also been shown to be effective in the field at protecting potato and tomato plants from late blight, grape vines from \"Plasmopara viticola\" and melons from \"Monosporascus cannonballus\".",
"title": "Beta-Aminobutyric acid"
}
] |
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] |
3079
|
When was Ohio State University founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "20276590#1",
"text": "The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. Initially, it was thought that one of Ohio's two existing public universities (Ohio University and Miami University) would be designated as the land-grant institution, and each engaged in a vigorous competition to win over the state legislature. At the strong urging of Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, however, it was ultimately decided to establish a new university to be located near the legislature in Columbus. Hayes' role in founding the university is recognized in Hayes Hall (named after Rutherford, not Woody), the oldest building still standing on the campus. Hayes later noted that the founding of Ohio State was one of his two greatest achievements—the other being Ohio's ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.\nThe school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. From its inception, a debate was waged between those in favor of broadening the university's focus to encompass the liberal arts and sciences and those who favored a more limited focus. Governor Hayes viewed the selection of the university's location as key to keeping the university free of excess influence by the state's agricultural interests. As such, he worked strongly behind the scenes to ensure that the campus would be located in the city of Columbus rather than the more agriculturally oriented towns of Springfield or Urbana. The campus' location near the state capital combined with Hayes' plan of an expanded board of trustees based upon one member from each of the state's congressional districts ensured that his vision for the new university's curriculum would be put into place. Subsequently, the new board of trustees voted on the spectrum of disciplines to be offered. The (\"broad-gauge\") faction was led by university trustee Joseph Sullivant. When the votes were completed, it had been decided to offer seven fields of study: agriculture, ancient languages, chemistry, geology, mathematics, modern languages, and physics. Only the ancient languages curriculum came down to a close vote, passing by a margin of 8–7. Later that year, the university welcomed its first class of twenty-four students, including three women. In 1878, and in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar \"The Ohio State University.\" To this day, \"The\" is part of Ohio State's official name.",
"title": "History of Ohio State University"
},
{
"docid": "22217#0",
"text": "The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (Mech). The college began with a focus on training students in various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor (later, President) Rutherford B. Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to \"The Ohio State University\". It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States. Along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster.",
"title": "Ohio State University"
},
{
"docid": "47948892#0",
"text": "This List of Presidents of Ohio State University includes all who have served as university presidents of Ohio State University since its founding in 1870. Ohio State University is a public research university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870, as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. In 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to The Ohio State University.",
"title": "List of Presidents of Ohio State University"
},
{
"docid": "20276590#0",
"text": "The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 18, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year. In 1900, in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar \"The Ohio State University\". Ohio State began accepting graduate students in the 1880s, with the university awarding its first master's and doctoral degrees in 1886 and 1890 respectively. 1891 saw the founding of Ohio State's law school. Presently, the university has reached the ranking of becoming a \"Public Ivy\", as well as receiving high rankings and awards from many institutions, including \"U.S. News\", Academic Ranking of World Universities.",
"title": "History of Ohio State University"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2164771#53",
"text": "Original universities and colleges in the state included the Ohio University, founded in Athens, in 1804, the first university in the old Northwest Territory and ninth-oldest in the United States. Miami University in Oxford, Ohio was founded in 1809, the University of Cincinnati in 1819, Kenyon College in Gambier in 1824, Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1826, Xavier University in Cincinnati and Denison University in Granville in 1831, Oberlin College in 1833, Marietta College in 1835, the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware in 1842, and the University of Dayton in 1850. Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 and the University of Akron and Ohio State University followed in 1870, with the University of Toledo in 1872.",
"title": "History of Ohio"
},
{
"docid": "1095791#1",
"text": "Capital University was founded on June 3, 1830, as the \"Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio\" in nearby Canton, Ohio, 40 years before what would become The Ohio State University, securing its title as the oldest university in Central Ohio. It was renamed as Capital University on March 2, 1850, when the seminary was reformed as the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary of Columbus, Ohio, (ELTS), (and occasionally still known by the misnomer of \"Capital Seminary\") when the denomination was renamed as the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States and grew into a nationwide church body. In 1930, the Joint Synod was merged with two other smaller German language groups, the Iowa Synod (formed 1854) and the Buffalo Synod (founded 1845) into a major nationwide grouping entitled the American Lutheran Church (ALC), headquartered in Columbus. The ALC existed only three decades, until 1960, when it in turn participated in a larger merger with several other groups of Lutherans in the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish traditions and was renamed The American Lutheran Church. The second ALC lasted until the formation of the current Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in 1988, with offices in Chicago, Illinois.",
"title": "Capital University"
},
{
"docid": "38411419#3",
"text": "On 9 January 1802, the Northwest Territory’s version of the charter further incorporated the university, by the name “American Western University.” The next charter was on 18 February 1804, establishing “Ohio University,” this time by the new legislature of the State of Ohio. All three legal charters placed Ohio University as the first institution of higher education founded and nourished by an act of Congress in America; the first in the territory northwest of the Ohio River; and the first in Ohio. As the flagship for the nation, Midwest, and state, the university’s current state flagship right has been defended several times. General Washington stated “the settlement of southeastern Ohio was not accidental, but the result of the careful deliberation of wise, prudent, and patriotic men.”",
"title": "History of Ohio University"
},
{
"docid": "22217#3",
"text": "The proposal of a manufacturing and agriculture university in central Ohio was initially met in the 1870s with hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Ohio University, which was chartered by the Northwest Ordinance, and Miami University. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a farming community on the northern edge of Columbus. While some interests in the state had hoped the new university would focus on matriculating students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines, Hayes manipulated both the university's location and its initial board of trustees towards a more comprehensive end. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year. Also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to \"The Ohio State University\", with \"The\" as part of its official name.",
"title": "Ohio State University"
},
{
"docid": "20276590#2",
"text": "Two factors in Ohio State's formative years would hinder the university's immediate development: hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Miami University and Ohio University. The first arose from the curriculum debate. Fueled by the agriculture interests and the Springfield business community that supplied them, the attitude of Ohio farmers towards the university had turned from one of indifference to one of outright hostility. By 1880, this hostility had begun to make its presence felt in the state legislature. The second hindrance came in the form of competition for state allocations from Ohio's two older public institutions. At the time of Ohio State's creation, these institutions had been derided by then Governor Hayes as borderline sectarian colleges that, in over sixty years of history, had failed to provide Ohio with a real state university. It was this view that was fundamental in the decision to found a new university as recipient for the Morrill Act funds, making Ohio unique among Great Lakes states in founding a new university for this purpose, as well as considerably strengthening the hand of those who advocated a broad based curriculum. However, the founding of this new university combined with their own precarious financial positions (Miami would close for a dozen years due to a lack of enrollment) had awakened the older institutions to compete vigorously for the attention of the state legislature. The first of these issues would be resolved by the end of the decade. Resolution of the second would not occur until 1906. Even then, the inherent tension of agricultural interests within the larger context of a comprehensive research university and the competition among state universities in a decentralized higher education system would, to varying degrees, remain permanent issues with which Ohio State would be forced to contend.",
"title": "History of Ohio State University"
},
{
"docid": "20276590#3",
"text": "Of fundamental importance in this period was the role of former President Rutherford B. Hayes who, a decade earlier, had lobbied strenuously as Governor for the university's founding. Upon returning to Ohio in 1881, the former President spent the next decade using his considerable political influence to lobby for the university's interests. In 1887 he formally joined the university's board of trustees where, until his death in early 1893, he essentially acted as the university's de facto president. By 1891, Ohio State had grown to a degree that Governor James E. Campbell recommended a permanent levy on the tax duplicate to support its continued growth. The significant role that the fledgling university had begun to play within the state, as well as the peace that Hayes had brokered with the state's agricultural interests, was underscored by the fact that the proposal passed without opposition despite the insistence of Ohio State's board of trustees that neither Miami nor Ohio universities be included in the bill.",
"title": "History of Ohio State University"
}
] |
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] |
3080
|
Who won Big Brother Australia 2007?
|
[
{
"docid": "8157361#0",
"text": "Big Brother Australia 2007, also known as Big Brother 7, was the seventh season of the Australian reality television series \"Big Brother\". Episodes were broadcast on Network Ten in Australia, and the first episode aired on 22 April 2007. \nDespite a drop in ratings compared to previous series, and a number of controversies, the then \"Big Brother\" executive producer Kris Noble considers the year's series a success. At the end of this season's finale broadcast 30 July 2007, it was announced by host Gretel Killeen that \"Big Brother\" would be returning for an eighth season in 2008. In the finale Aleisha Cowcher was announced winner of \"Big Brother Australia 2007\". She won by the closest winning margin ever in the Australian series. The news the following day reported a margin of 51% versus 49% – a difference of 65 votes. This was the last season hosted by Gretel Killeen.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 7)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "36972514#1",
"text": "Trevor Butler, from Broken Hill, New South Wales, entered the House on Day 0. He was the winner of Big Brother 2004 and A$1,000,000, and proposed to his girlfriend on stage. Trevor is the only \"Big Brother Australia\" housemate to have won $1,000,000. On 10 October 2007, Trevor made a celebrity appearance on the ABC Television series \"Summer Heights High\".",
"title": "List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) season 4 housemates"
},
{
"docid": "8157361#10",
"text": "Big Brother confirmed on Day 8 that Billy's mission was an overall success, and his reward was becoming an official Big Brother 2007 housemate(who could compete to win Big Brother Australia 2007) on Day 16.\nOn 29 April episode, Big Brother revealed the secret relationship. Three housemates had correctly guessed Hayley and Billy were involved. As fewer than half of the housemates had guessed correctly, Big Brother deemed Hayley and Andrew as successful in their challenge so both were allowed to stay. Big Brother also revealed that as Hayley and Andrew had completed their task successfully $50,000 had been awarded into the prize pool.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "5435460#0",
"text": "Big Brother Australia 2006, also known as Big Brother 6, was the sixth season of the Australian reality television series \"Big Brother\", and was aired on Network Ten in Australia. The series began on 22 April 2006 and finished on 31 July 2006; a duration of 101 days. In the auditions, which had been held in November and December 2005, producers asked for contestants who were \"smart, strong, and looking for a fight\". The \"Launch\" was aired on the evening of 23 April 2006 (a 24-hour delay). Fifteen housemates initially entered the house on Day 0, with the addition of three \"Intruder\" housemates entering the Big Brother House in Week 4, another three Intruders in Week 9, and two replacement housemates entering in Week 12. On Day 100, Jamie was declared the winner of \"Big Brother 2006\", with Camilla the runner-up. At the time it was the closest winning margin in any Australian series of the show, later beaten by Series 7 in 2007.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 6)"
},
{
"docid": "41239098#0",
"text": "Big Brother Australia 2014, also known as Big Brother 11, was the eleventh and final series of the Australian reality television series \"Big Brother\". It began on 8 September 2014 on the Nine Network. The season ended on 26 November 2014, lasting 80 days. It is the shortest Big Brother season to date. The winner of the series was Ryan Ginns, who won a total of . The show's renewal was confirmed by the Nine Network, who air the show, at the end of the previous season's finale. This was the third season of the show to air on the Nine Network after it picked up the series in 2012, following a four-year absence. The show was originally screened on Network Ten. Sonia Kruger continued as the host of the show, and Mike Goldman continued as the narrator.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 11)"
},
{
"docid": "8157361#3",
"text": "On 29 January 2007, Network Ten, Endemol Southern Star, and Masterfoods announced \"\"Australia's biggest ever integrated television promotion\"\", the Big Brother Starburst Golden Key, which would allow a member of the public to enter the Big Brother House as a housemate.\nUnique alphanumeric codes were included in packs of Starburst, a confectionery manufactured by Masterfoods. One hundred codes gave the opportunity to audition for the BB season after it began. Of these people, one would become a housemate and be eligible to win the season and all prizes. The winner of this competition was selected during a special episode called \"Golden Key\". On Day 18, Nick Sady was announced the \"Golden Key\" winner and entered the Big Brother House.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "8157361#28",
"text": "The season finale aired on Day 100 (30 July 2007) in which Aleisha was announced the winner and Zach the runner-up. It was the closest winning margin in Australian Big Brother history of less than 500 votes and the announcement of the winner was delayed by an hour after the voting lines closed as votes were rechecked. At one point during the final episode, there was just 64 votes difference between the last two housemates. Aleisha is the second female to win Big Brother Australia.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "33032147#0",
"text": "Big Brother Australia 2012, also known as Big Brother 9, was the ninth season of the Australian reality television series, \"Big Brother\". It was the first to air on the Nine Network who signed a deal with Southern Star Group in September 2011 to broadcast the show. The season began with a pre-recorded launch show on 13 August 2012. Benjamin Norris was announced the winner of the ninth season on 7 November 2012, making him the first openly gay person to win \"Big Brother Australia\". Benjamin proposed to his boyfriend, also named Ben, during the show's finale.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 9)"
},
{
"docid": "37738010#0",
"text": "Big Brother Australia 2013, also known as Big Brother 10, is the tenth season of the Australian reality television series, \"Big Brother\". It began on 28 July 2013, with a pre-recorded launch show airing on 29 July 2013 on the Nine Network. On November 6 2013, after 101 days of competition, Tim Dormer won the competition and the $250,000 prize. It is the second season of the show to air on the network after it picked up the series in 2012, following a four-year absence. Sonia Kruger continued to host the show, with Mike Goldman continuing as narrator.",
"title": "Big Brother (Australian season 10)"
},
{
"docid": "40101832#28",
"text": "On March 3, 2016, Dormer was one of two \"international wildcards\" who won a public vote (the Canadian public voted him in) to enter the fourth season of \"Big Brother Canada\". He entered the house on Day 7 along with Nikki Grahame from the seventh and \"Ultimate Big Brother\" series of \"Big Brother UK\". Dormer was evicted on Day 77, and was the final evictee of the series, placing third. Due to his eviction, he was the 9th (and final) member of the jury (the group of evicted contestants who vote for the winner between the final 2). He voted for brothers (who competed as one player) Nick & Phil to win, along with 6 other jurors. He returned for the \"Big Brother Canada 5\" finale, where he conducted the Jury Discussion.",
"title": "List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) season 10 housemates"
}
] |
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] |
3081
|
How large is Comoros?
|
[
{
"docid": "16278557#1",
"text": "Comoros – sovereign island nation located in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between northern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. The nearest countries to the Comoros are Mozambique, Tanzania, Madagascar, and the Seychelles. At 2,235 km² (863 sq mi) the Comoros is the third smallest African nation by area; and with a population estimated at 798,000 it is the sixth smallest African nation by population (though it has one of the highest population densities in Africa), and is the southern most member state of the Arab League. Its name derives from the Arabic word (\"moon\"). The country is notable for its diverse culture and history, as a nation formed at the crossroads of many civilizations. It has three official languages—Comorian (\"Shikomor\"), Arabic, and French, and it is the only state to be a member of each of the African Union, Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Arab League, and Indian Ocean Commission, among other international organizations. However it has had a troubled history since independence in 1975, marked by an inordinate number of \"coups d'état\".Geography of Comoros\nRegions of Comoros",
"title": "Outline of Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "5403#1",
"text": "At , excluding the contested island of Mayotte, the Comoros is the fourth-smallest African nation by area. The population, excluding Mayotte, is estimated at . As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations, the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history. The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa, supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration.",
"title": "Comoros"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5403#10",
"text": "Among the earliest accounts of East Africa, the works of Al-Masudi describe early Islamic trade routes, and how the coast and islands were frequently visited by Muslims including Persian and Arab merchants and sailors in search of coral, ambergris, ivory, tortoiseshell, gold and slaves. They also brought Islam to the people of the Zanj including the Comoros. As the importance of the Comoros grew along the East African coast, both small and large mosques were constructed. Despite its distance from the coast, the Comoros is situated along the Swahili Coast in East Africa. It was a major hub of trade and an important location in a network of trading towns that included Kilwa, in present-day Tanzania, Sofala (an outlet for Zimbabwean gold), in Mozambique, and Mombasa in Kenya.",
"title": "Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "747456#6",
"text": "The Comoro Archipelago consists of volcanic islands. These volcanic islands, together with the high mountains in the north of Madagascar, were formed in the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The island of Mayotte is the oldest one still above sea level and underwent three volcanic phases between 15 million and 500,000 years ago. The ages progressively decrease from east to west. Grande Comore is the youngest island and is still volcanically active. Karthala, a shield volcano occupying some two thirds of the island, rises to 2361 meters. The summit caldera is quite large, being approximately 3 x 4 km (1.9 x 2.5 miles) in size at the rim (2007).\nThe Comoro Archipelago enjoys a tropical maritime climate, characterized by slight daytime temperature variations throughout the year of around at sea-level and by abundant precipitation: a year. The average temperature of the sea water is .\nThere are two seasons in the Comoros: the hot and humid season flowing in from the north-west from November to April and the dry season from May to October. The climate on Mayotte is, nevertheless, noticeably warmer and drier. The climate is also characterized by important local variations in temperature and precipitation according to altitude, relief and the degree of exposure to the elements. Annual precipitation therefore varies in the region of and the absolute minimum of is reached on the summit of Karthala.",
"title": "Comoro Islands"
},
{
"docid": "39386883#16",
"text": "Comoros is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar. Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital city is Moroni, situated on Grande Comore the largest island in the archipelago. As a nation formed at a crossroads of many civilizations, the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history. The Union of the Comoros has three official languages – Comorian, Arabic and French. Officially, in addition to many smaller islands, the country consists of the four major islands in the volcanic Comoros archipelago: northwesternmost Grande Comore (Ngazidja); Mohéli (Mwali); Anjouan (Nzwani); and southeasternmost Mayotte (Maore). Although the Comoros has many natural resources for tourism, such as its beaches and marine environment, it does not have as strong a tourist industry as its regional competitors Réunion, Mauritius, and Seychelles. Its weak tourist industry is mainly because of its insecure political climate, with many political upheavals over the past three decades. Tourists in the Comoros are mainly wealthy Americans and Europeans, while much of the investment in hotels has come from South Africa. The main tourist attractions in the Comoros are its beaches, underwater fishing, and mountain scenery. Mohéli is a picturesque tourist attraction. Grand Comore has an international airport and most of the Comoros' few hotels.",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"docid": "12449510#1",
"text": "The bird is glossy black with some matte brown contrasts and a forked tail. It is approximately 24 cm long and has a black bill and legs. It feeds on fruit and large insects such as cockroaches, grasshoppers, beetles and mantes.",
"title": "Grand Comoro drongo"
},
{
"docid": "290711#13",
"text": "There is a major harbour though small in size with regular transport to the African mainland and the other islands in the Comoros archipelago, as well as Madagascar and other Indian ocean islands. The port is a small quay of with a draught of , and hence is not suitable for large ships to enter as coral reefs pose a threat to safety. It supports a maximum vessel size of . The channel depth is , with an anchorage depth of , a cargo pier depth of and a terminal depth of . Within the harbour's mini industrial zone, a local container terminal was managed by Gulfcom Port Management SA during the period of 2006-2012, after which Bolloré Africa Logistics won the concession and it will partner with Cofipri, a Luxembourg investment company. Storage facilities such as warehouses have been established to facilitate imports and exports and also for petroleum storage.",
"title": "Moroni, Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "6001#2",
"text": "Geographic coordinates:\nGrande Comore is the largest island, sixty-seven kilometers long and twenty-seven kilometers wide, with a total area of 1,146 square kilometers. The most recently formed of the four islands in the archipelago, it is also of volcanic origin. Two volcanoes form the island's most prominent topographic features: La Grille in the north, with an elevation of 1,000 meters, is extinct and largely eroded; Kartala in the south, rising to a height of 2,361 meters, last erupted in 1977. A plateau averaging 600 to 700 meters high connects the two mountains. Because Grande Comore is geologically a relatively new island, its soil is thin and rocky and cannot hold water. As a result, water from the island's heavy rainfall must be stored in catchment tanks. There are no coral reefs along the coast, and the island lacks a good harbor for ships. One of the largest remnants of the Comoros' once-extensive rain forests is on the slopes of Kartala. The national capital has been at Moroni since 1962.",
"title": "Geography of the Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "10930811#22",
"text": "The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in the Comoros.Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae",
"title": "List of birds of the Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "5403#32",
"text": "The Comoros also lays claim to the \"Îles Éparses\" or \"Îles éparses de l'océan indien\" (Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) – Glorioso Islands, comprising Grande Glorieuse, Île du Lys, Wreck Rock, South Rock, Verte Rocks (three islets) and three unnamed islets – one of France's overseas districts. The Glorioso Islands were administered by the colonial Comoros before 1975, and are therefore sometimes considered part of the Comoros Archipelago. Banc du Geyser, a former island in the Comoros Archipelago, now submerged, is geographically located in the \"Îles Éparses\", but was annexed by Madagascar in 1976 as an unclaimed territory. The Comoros and France each still view the Banc du Geyser as part of the Glorioso Islands and, thus, part of its particular exclusive economic zone.",
"title": "Comoros"
},
{
"docid": "57570378#3",
"text": "The volcanoes in the Comoros date to the recent past of the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene period. \nThe oldest volcano on the chain is 7.7 million years old, on Mayotte. Volcanoes are older further east. Anjouan is 3.9 million years old and Moheli is five million years old. Grande Comore is the youngest at only 10,000 years old. Some geologists have proposed that the Comoros is an example of one of 11 primary mantle plumes worldwide.",
"title": "Geology of the Comoros"
}
] |
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3082
|
What is the number one cause of fecal incontinence?
|
[
{
"docid": "179404#0",
"text": "Fecal incontinence (FI), also known as anal incontinence, or in some forms encopresis, is a lack of control over defecation, leading to involuntary loss of bowel contents—including flatus (gas), liquid stool elements and mucus, or solid feces. FI is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis. Incontinence can result from different causes and might occur with either constipation or diarrhea. Continence is maintained by several interrelated factors, including the anal sampling mechanism, and usually there is more than one deficiency of these mechanisms for incontinence to develop. The most common causes are thought to be immediate or delayed damage from childbirth, complications from prior anorectal surgery (especially involving the anal sphincters or hemorrhoidal vascular cushions), altered bowel habits (e.g., caused by irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food intolerance, or constipation with overflow incontinence), and receptive anal sex. An estimated 2.2% of community dwelling adults are affected.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "179404#3",
"text": "FI is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis, and represents an extensive list of causes. Usually, it is the result of a complex interplay of several coexisting factors, many of which may be simple to correct. Up to 80% of people may have more than one abnormality that is contributing. Deficits of individual functional components of the continence mechanism can be partially compensated for a certain period of time, until the compensating components themselves fail. For example, obstetric injury may precede onset by decades, but postmenopausal changes in the tissue strength reduce in turn the competence of the compensatory mechanisms. The most common factors in the development are thought to be obstetric injury and after effects of anorectal surgery, especially those involving the anal sphincters and hemorrhoidal vascular cushions. The majority of incontinent persons over the age of 18 fall into one of several groups: those with structural anorectal abnormalities (sphincter trauma, sphincter degeneration, perianal fistula, rectal prolapse), neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, spina bifida, stroke, etc.), constipation/fecal loading (presence of a large amount of feces in the rectum with stool of any consistency), cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction (dementia, learning disabilities), diarrhea, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, disability related (people who are frail, acutely unwell, or have chronic/acute disabilities), and those cases which are idiopathic (of unknown cause). Diabetes mellitus is also known to be a cause, but the mechanism of this relationship is not well understood.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "179404#17",
"text": "There is a continuous spectrum of different clinical presentations from incontinence of flatus (gas), through incontinence of mucus or liquid stool, to solids. The term \"anal incontinence\" often is used to describe flatus incontinence, however it is also used as a synonym for FI generally. It may occur together with incontinence of liquids or solids, or it may present in isolation. Flatus incontinence may be the first sign of FI. Once continence to flatus is lost, it is rarely restored. Anal incontinence may be equally disabling as the other types. Fecal leakage, fecal soiling and fecal seepage are minor degrees of FI, and describe incontinence of liquid stool, mucus, or very small amounts of solid stool. They cover a spectrum of increasing symptom severity (staining, soilage, seepage and accidents). Rarely, minor FI in adults may be described as encopresis. Fecal leakage is a related topic to rectal discharge, but this term does not necessarily imply any degree of incontinence. Discharge generally refers to conditions where there is pus or increased mucus production, or anatomical lesions that prevent the anal canal from closing fully, whereas fecal leakage generally concerns disorders of IAS function and functional evacuation disorders which cause a solid fecal mass to be retained in the rectum. Solid stool incontinence may be called complete (or major) incontinence, and anything less as partial (or minor) incontinence (i.e. incontinence of flatus (gas), liquid stool and/or mucus).",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "36805698#1",
"text": "Symptoms include tenesmus (the sensation of incomplete emptying of the rectum after defecation has occurred) and constipation. Retention of stool may result in fecal loading (retention of a mass of stool of any consistency) or fecal impaction (retention of a mass of hard stool). This mass may stretch the walls of the rectum and colon, causing megarectum and/or megacolon, respectively. Liquid stool may leak around a fecal impaction, possibly causing degrees of liquid fecal incontinence. This is usually termed encopresis or soiling in children, and fecal leakage, soiling or liquid fecal incontinence in adults.",
"title": "Anismus"
},
{
"docid": "14472947#8",
"text": "Pascual et al. (2011) revised the follow up results of the first 50 people that submit to sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) to treat fecal incontinence in Madri (Spain). The most common cause for the fecal incontinence was obstetric procedures, idiopathic origin and prior anal surgery, and all these people were refractory to the conservative treatment. The procedure consisted of placing a temporary pulse generator connected to a unilateral electrode at S3 or S4 foramen for 2–4 weeks. After it was confirmed that the SNS was decreasing the incontinence episodes, the patients received the definitive electrode and pulse generator that was implanted in the gluteus or in the abdomen. Two patients did not show improvement in the first step and did not receive the definitive stimulator. Mean follow up was 17.02 months and during this time the patients showed improvement in the voluntary contraction pressure and reduction of incontinence episodes. Complications were two cases of infection, two cases with pain and one broken electrode. Therefore, although the reason the SNS is effective is unknown, this procedure had satisfactory results in these clinical cases with a low incidence of complications, and the study concluded that it was a good option for treatment of anal incontinence.",
"title": "Sacral nerve stimulation"
},
{
"docid": "179404#33",
"text": "Risk factors include age, female gender, urinary incontinence, history of vaginal delivery (non-Caesarean section childbirth), obesity, prior anorectal surgery, poor general health and physical limitations. Combined urinary and fecal incontinence is sometimes termed double incontinence, and it is more likely to be present in those with urinary incontinence.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "179404#10",
"text": "This may occur when there is a large mass of feces in the rectum (fecal loading), which may become hardened (fecal impaction). Liquid stool elements are able to pass around the obstruction, leading to incontinence. Megarectum (enlarged rectal volume) and rectal hyposensitivity are associated with overflow incontinence. Hospitalized patients and care home residents may develop FI via this mechanism, possibly a result of lack of mobility, reduced alertness, constipating effect of medication and/or dehydration.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "179404#19",
"text": "Several severity scales exist. The Cleveland Clinic (Wexner) fecal incontinence score takes into account five parameters that are scored on a scale from zero (absent) to four (daily) frequency of incontinence to gas, liquid, solid, of need to wear pad, and of lifestyle changes. The Park's incontinence score uses four categories:\nThe fecal incontinence severity index is based on four types of leakage (gas, mucus, liquid stool, solid stool) and five frequencies (once to three times per month, once per week, twice per week, once per day, twice or more per day). Other severity scales include: AMS, Pescatori, Williams score, Kirwan, Miller score, Saint Mark's score and the Vaizey scale.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "179404#13",
"text": "Functional FI is common. The Rome process published diagnostic criteria for functional FI, which they defined as \"recurrent uncontrolled passage of fecal material in an individual with a developmental age of at least 4 years\". The diagnostic criteria are, one or more of the following factors present for the last 3 months: abnormal functioning of normally innervated and structurally intact muscles, minor abnormalities of sphincter structure/innervation (nerve supply), normal or disordered bowel habits, (i.e., fecal retention or diarrhea), and psychological causes. Furthermore, exclusion criteria are given. These are factors which all must be excluded for a diagnosis of functional FI, and are abnormal innervation caused by lesion(s) within the brain (e.g., dementia), spinal cord (at or below T12), or sacral nerve roots, or mixed lesions (e.g., multiple sclerosis), or as part of a generalized peripheral or autonomic neuropathy (e.g., due to diabetes), anal sphincter abnormalities associated with a multisystem disease (e.g., scleroderma), and structural or neurogenic abnormalities that are the major cause.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
},
{
"docid": "179404#15",
"text": "Symptoms can be directly or indirectly related to the loss of bowel control. The direct (primary) symptom is a lack of control over bowel contents which tends to worsen without treatment. Indirect (secondary) symptoms, which are the result of leakage, include pruritus ani (an intense itching sensation from the anus), perianal dermatitis (irritation and inflammation of the skin around the anus), and urinary tract infections. Due to embarrassment, people may only mention secondary symptoms rather than acknowledge incontinence. Any major underlying cause will produce additional signs and symptoms, such as protrusion of mucosa in external rectal prolapse. Symptoms of fecal leakage (FL) are similar, and may occur after defecation. There may be loss of small amounts of brown fluid and staining of the underwear.",
"title": "Fecal incontinence"
}
] |
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] |
3083
|
What is the oldest building in Stockholm?
|
[
{
"docid": "21935938#4",
"text": "The buildings that survive from this period are mostly churches and royal buildings, since these were built from more durable materials than most other buildings from that period. Birger Jarls torn (\"The Tower Of Birger Jarl\") was considered the oldest building in the entire city, however, it is now known to have been erected by Gustav Vasa in the 16th century. The Riddarholmen Church from the late 13th century is considered to be the oldest surviving building in Stockholm. While it came to serve as the church of choice for royal burials, another church, the Storkyrkan (\"Great Church\") came to be used for coronations. Both of the churches have been redesign several times since their erection.",
"title": "Architecture in Stockholm"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16003868#11",
"text": "A modern story dated back to the mid 17th century, tells how the population of Birka, a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm. According to a 17th-century myth, the tower Birger Jarls torn, often and erroneously said to be the oldest building in Stockholm, was built on this location.",
"title": "Prehistory and origin of Stockholm"
},
{
"docid": "27940#3",
"text": "The city's oldest section is Gamla stan (Old Town), located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring the medieval street layout. Some notable buildings of Gamla Stan are the large German Church (\"Tyska kyrkan\") and several mansions and palaces: the \"Riddarhuset\" (the House of Nobles), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace. The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 18th century.",
"title": "Culture in Stockholm"
},
{
"docid": "33630324#2",
"text": "Stockholm's oldest city wall was originally a fortification line built during the second half of the 13th century around Stadsholmen. This line of fortifications is thus intimately connected with the origin of Stockholm, founded by Birger Jarl around the year 1250. The old city wall exact design and location is disputed and unknown. According to one common belief, they are remnants of the oldest city wall preserved in buildings where the wall once was. At the excavations and building surveys, however, such residues have never been found.",
"title": "Walls of Stockholm"
},
{
"docid": "26741#47",
"text": "The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 18th century.",
"title": "Stockholm"
},
{
"docid": "21935938#3",
"text": "The oldest part of Stockholm is Gamla Stan (\"The Old Town\"), which contains some of the city's oldest buildings and ruins. One example is the ruins of the Castle Of Three Crowns, which was erected in the 13th century by the Swedish king Birger Jarl.",
"title": "Architecture in Stockholm"
},
{
"docid": "17504587#1",
"text": "Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery, in the same quarter as the Court Stables, beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre, in central Stockholm. The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century, and is Stockholm’s oldest industrial building.\nThis building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions: bakery, weapon depot, spirits store. Yet almost all the time—from the 1640s to 1958—it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm. It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises. In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part–where the Concert Hall is now located.",
"title": "Stockholm Music Museum"
},
{
"docid": "9592281#3",
"text": "On N.4 Stockholms Stads Brandförsäkringskontor (\"The Stockholm Fire Insurance Office\"), in short Brandkontoret, was established in 1746 as a result of the devastating fire at the Royal Palace in 1697. It is thus the oldest insurance company in Sweden, a company owned by its insured customers. In 1806 the building was acquired and the office of Brandkontoret has since then been located here. The building was earlier known as the Rosendal Palace (\"Rosendalska palatset\"), designed by C F Adelcrantz (1716–1796) and Erik Palmstedt (1741–1803) in a transitional style bridging Rococo and Gustavian Classicism, in 1773–1780 the location of the Royal Academy of the Arts.",
"title": "Mynttorget"
},
{
"docid": "5544482#1",
"text": "The second oldest square in Stockholm, slightly younger than Stortorget, Järntorget dates back to around 1300 and remained the city's most important trade centre for centuries — constantly busy and crowded, scents and noise intermixing while goods were transported from shore to shore across the square and up and down the attics of the surrounding buildings.",
"title": "Järntorget (Stockholm)"
},
{
"docid": "27939#1",
"text": "The name 'Stockholm' easily splits into two distinct parts – Stock-holm, \"Log-islet\", but as no serious explanation to the name has been produced, various myths and legends have attempted to fill in the gap. According to a 17th-century myth the population at the viking settlement Birka decided to found a new settlement, and to determine its location had a log bound with gold drifting in Lake Mälaren. It landed on present day Riddarholmen where today the Tower of Birger Jarl stands, a building, as a consequence, still often erroneously mentioned as the oldest building in Stockholm. The most established explanation for the name are logs driven into the strait passing north of today's old town which dendrochronological examinations in the late 1970s dated to around 1000. While no solid proofs exists, it is often assumed the Three Crown Castle, which preceded the present Stockholm Palace, originated from these wooden structures, and that the medieval city quickly expanded around it in the mid 13th century. In a wider historical context, Stockholm can be thought of as the capital of the Lake Mälaren Region, and as such can trace its origin back to at least two much older cities: Birka (c. 790–975) and Sigtuna, which still exists but dominated the region c. 1000–1240 — a capital which has simply been relocated at a number of occasions.",
"title": "History of Stockholm"
}
] |
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3084
|
Where did the 2014 Bundy standoff take place?
|
[
{
"docid": "42470955#0",
"text": "The 2014 Bundy standoff was an armed confrontation between supporters of cattle rancher Cliven Bundy and law enforcement following a 21-year legal dispute in which the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) obtained court orders directing Bundy to pay over $1 million in withheld grazing fees for Bundy's use of federally-owned land adjacent to Bundy's ranch in southeastern Nevada.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#16",
"text": "The case of \"United States v. Bundy\" played out over many years in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. It involved court orders, injunctions, and notices. Bundy argued \"pro se\" (without a lawyer) that the land belongs to the state. The Bureau of Land Management was represented by the U.S. Attorney's Office for Nevada and the United States Department of Justice. District Judge Larry R. Hicks ruled that the land on which Bundy was grazing his cattle was indeed owned by the federal government, that Bundy had not been paying to use it as he should have been, that Bundy was trespassing, and that the government had the right to enforce the injunctions against trespass. Hicks found that Bundy had repeatedly violated court orders.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#2",
"text": "On March 27, 2014, 145,604 acres of federal land in Clark County were temporarily closed for the \"capture, impound, and removal of trespass cattle.\" BLM officials and law enforcement rangers began a roundup of such livestock on April 5, and Cliven Bundy's son, Dave, was arrested. On April 12, 2014, a group of protesters, some of them armed, approached the BLM \"cattle gather\". Sheriff Doug Gillespie negotiated with Bundy and newly-confirmed BLM director Neil Kornze, who elected to release the cattle and de-escalate the situation. As of the end of 2015, Cliven Bundy continued to graze his cattle on federal land and still had not paid the grazing fees.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#21",
"text": "There are no legally recognized inherited grazing rights, preemptive rights, special rights, or grandfathered public-domain land-use rights held by the Bundy family or Bundy's ancestors. Bundy lost his special-rights arguments in the \"United States v. Bundy\" cases. Bundy had only base property and normal AUM grazing-allotment permits, like the permits of thousands of other ranchers throughout the western United States. The court found that Bundy and his father actually first began grazing their cattle on the Bunkerville Allotment in 1954 and used it for several years. They paid for cattle grazing again from 1973 until 1993, when Bundy paid the last fees for his final grazing application for the period from December 1, 1992, through February 28, 1993. On January 24, 1994, the Bureau of Land Management delivered a \"Proposed Decision Order to Remove and Demand for Payment\" to Bundy by placing it on the dashboard of Bundy's vehicle while he was in the vehicle. BLM officials allege that Bundy became agitated, descended from his truck and accused the BLM of harassing him. He then returned to his truck, threw the proposed order out of the window and drove away. One of Bundy's sons then picked up the document, tore it to pieces and threw it on the ground. On February 17, 1994, the BLM issued a final decision canceling Bundy's range-grazing permit. Bundy subsequently informed the BLM in several administrative notices that he intended to graze cattle \"pursuant to my vested grazing rights\". Bundy failed to demonstrate the existence of any such special rights when given an opportunity to do so in court.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#5",
"text": "Cliven and Ammon Bundy, and their supporters, have claimed that the federal government lacks the authority to manage public lands. These arguments have been repeatedly rejected by legal scholars and federal courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court; the property clause of the United States Constitution grants plenary authority to Congress to manage federal property, including land.\nThe land to which Cliven Bundy claims ancestral rights was originally inhabited by the Moapa Paiute people. In 1848, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States purchased from Mexico land that is now the southwestern region of the United States. Since then, the government has continuously owned land in what is now Nevada, including the Bunkerville Allotment. The Nevada Territory was partitioned in 1861 from the Utah Territory, and became a state in 1864. The original settlers in the 1840s and 1850s were Mormons from Utah and southern small-time farmers and ranchers from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. After the end of the American Civil War, much of the land was settled by rural farmers, squatters and small-time cattle ranchers from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Kansas, escaping from the post-Civil War Reconstruction and the associated violence and displacement. Since 1934 federal rangelands in Nevada have been managed principally by either the Bureau of Land Management or its predecessor, the United States Grazing Service, or the United States Forest Service. , 47.8 million acres (more than two-thirds of Nevada's 70.3 million acres) were managed by the BLM. Throughout the nation, the BLM manages nearly 18,000 grazing permits and leases, of which about 700 are in Nevada. The season of use and the details of forage are stipulated in permits and leases; thus federal control can be exerted on the land used for grazing.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42481940#0",
"text": "Cliven D. Bundy (born April 29, 1946) is an American cattle rancher from Bunkerville, Nevada who was federally incarcerated awaiting a trial with bail denied for his alleged role in the 2014 Bundy standoff. On December 20, 2017, because of prosecutorial misconduct violating the federal Brady rule, his case was declared a mistrial by Judge Gloria Navarro and his charges were dismissed. He vocally advocated a philosophy opposed to what he views as federal government overreach. He initiated the 2014 Bundy Standoff in Nevada, an armed standoff with federal and state law enforcement over defaulted grazing fees. He is the father of Ammon Bundy, who in 2016 also led another armed standoff against the government, the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon.",
"title": "Cliven Bundy"
},
{
"docid": "43013483#9",
"text": "During the April 2014 Bundy standoff, in which the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) attempted to round up cattle belonging to rancher Cliven Bundy, who refused to vacate public land, Jerad Miller was said to have been among the armed protesters who joined Bundy during the incident. According to Bundy's son, Ammon Bundy, the Millers were present during the standoff for a few days, but had been instructed by a militia member to leave due to \"their radical beliefs\", which did not align with the protest's main issues. They were also instructed to leave because Jerad Miller was a felon in possession of a firearm. Carol Bundy later commented, \"I have not seen or heard anything from the militia and others who have came to our ranch that would, in any way, make me think they had an intent to kill or harm anyone.\"",
"title": "2014 Las Vegas shootings"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#41",
"text": "On the morning of April 12, an armed crowd rallied under a banner that read \"Liberty Freedom For God We Stand\". Most had signs, many of which chided \"government thugs\". Addressing the protesters, Bundy said, \"We definitely don't recognize [the BLM director's] jurisdiction or authority, his arresting power or policing power in any way\" and \"We're about ready to take the country over with force!\" After the BLM announced a suspension of the roundup, Bundy suggested blocking a highway. Armed protesters blocked a portion of Interstate 15 for more than two hours, causing traffic backups for three miles in both directions. Protesters also converged at the mouth of Gold Butte, the preserve where the cattle were corralled, and a tense, hour-long standoff ensued. BLM rangers warned over loudspeakers that they were prepared to use tear gas. Former Arizona Sheriff Richard Mack, who was with the protesters, said that they were \"strategizing to put all the women up at the front. If they are going to start shooting, it's going to be women that are going to be televised all across the world getting shot by these rogue federal officers\". Protesters with rifles took positions on a highway overpass, seemingly offering cover as horse-mounted wranglers led protesters to face off against heavily equipped BLM rangers and snipers. Utah Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox, who officially traveled to the Bundy standoff to convey that Utah did not want the cattle, put the number of federal agents present at over 200. According to Las Vegas assistant sheriff Joe Lombardo, there were 24 BLM rangers and Las Vegas deputy sheriffs present at the standoff. Las Vegas police were not allowed to wear protective gear because of fear that it would be seen as a provocation. Clark County Sheriff Gillespie blames the escalation of the situation on the BLM, stating to the \"Las Vegas Review-Journal\" that the BLM has lied to him about having a place to take the cattle and the BLM did not attend town-hall meetings and disregarded his advice as County Sheriff.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#53",
"text": "During a June 3, 2014, radio program Cliven Bundy spoke with a small group of candidates for Clark County sheriff. He did not endorse any candidate, but he said that he did not want a peacemaker in that position. \"You gonna be a peacemaker,\" said Bundy, \"you're gonna be on the BLM's side.\"",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#64",
"text": "Two people who were briefly at the ranch during the standoff were later involved in a shootout in Las Vegas. Cliven Bundy said that the couple, Jerad and Amanda Miller, had been asked to leave the ranch after a few days because they were \"very radical\" and did not align themselves with the protest's main issues. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Jerad and Amanda Miller were two of \"perhaps hundreds of thousands\" who saw the outcome of the Bundy standoff as \"a huge victory against the federal government,\" which \"may have pushed them over the edge.\" This shooting occurred on June 8, 2014, when Jerad and Amanda Miller killed two Las Vegas police officers and an armed civilian before Amanda Miller took her life. Jerad Miller was fatally wounded and died during a shootout with police. Interior Secretary Sally Jewell reacted to the shootings, saying, \"It's very important to bring lawbreakers to justice. ... [Bundy] put our people in grave danger by calling in armed civilians from around the country, and that's not okay.\" Carol Bundy said, \"I have not seen or heard anything from the militia and others who have came to our ranch that would, in any way, make me think they had an intent to kill or harm anyone.\"",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42481940#19",
"text": "About a week after the climax of the standoff, on April 19, 2014, Bundy spoke about witnessing a civil disturbance, the 1965 Watts riots. Bundy described his views about unhappiness at that time and criticized what he saw as government interference and its influence on African Americans. He recalled later seeing a public housing project in North Las Vegas where some of the older residents and the children sat on the porch. He said:",
"title": "Cliven Bundy"
},
{
"docid": "51369925#21",
"text": "Ammon Bundy participated in the Bundy standoff in 2014 and led armed militants in the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in 2016. Bundy was scheduled to speak at the \"I Will NOT Comply\" event that Seim organized in 2014, but Bundy did not show up.",
"title": "Gavin Seim"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#73",
"text": "On April 15, 2014, a group of Republican state legislators from Arizona, including Representatives Bob Thorpe (R-Flagstaff), David Livingston (R-Peoria), Kelly Townsend (R-Mesa), Senators Judy Burges (R-Sun City West), and Kelli Ward (R-Lake Havasu City) traveled to Mesquite, Nevada, to support Bundy in his standoff with the BLM.",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
},
{
"docid": "42470955#61",
"text": "On May 8, Clark County sheriff's officials said that they were interviewed by the FBI as part of an investigation into armed Bundy supporters who confronted federal officers during the standoff. The investigation was confirmed by Clark County Sheriff Doug Gillespie, who stated \"I've said all along there has to be accountability for what took place on April 12.\"",
"title": "Bundy standoff"
}
] |
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] |
3086
|
What is the population of Santa Barbara?
|
[
{
"docid": "28167531#0",
"text": "The Santa Barbara Police Department is a local law enforcement agency in the city of Santa Barbara, California. It was founded in January 1900 by the mayor at the time, Charles A. Storke. The department's jurisdiction is a little over and has a population of around 90,000.Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Situated on an east-west trending section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States, the city lies between the steeply-rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the sea. Santa Barbara's climate is often described as Mediterranean, and the city is sometimes referred to as the \"American Riviera.\"",
"title": "Santa Barbara Police Department"
},
{
"docid": "108139#29",
"text": "Santa Barbara has a range of neighborhoods with distinctive histories, architectures, and cultures. While considerable consensus exists as to the identification of neighborhood names and boundaries, variations exist between observers. For example, real estate agents may use different names than those used by public utilities or municipal service providers, such as police, fire, or water services. The following is a list of neighborhoods with descriptions and comments on each.The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Barbara had a population of 88,410. The population density was 2,106.6 people per square mile (813.4/km²). The racial makeup of Santa Barbara was 66,411 (75.1%) White, 1,420 (1.6%) African American, 892 (1.0%) Native American, 3,062 (3.5%) Asian (1.0% Chinese, 0.6% Filipino, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Korean, 0.4% Indian, 0.2% Vietnamese, 0.4% other), 116 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 13,032 (14.7%) from other races, and 3,477 (3.9%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 33,591 persons (38.0%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 45,852 persons (52.2%)",
"title": "Santa Barbara, California"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "108139#0",
"text": "Santa Barbara (Spanish for \"Saint Barbara\") is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California. Situated on a south-facing section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States, the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Santa Barbara's climate is often described as Mediterranean, and the city has been promoted as the \"American Riviera\". As of 2014, the city had an estimated population of 91,196, up from 88,410 in 2010, making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria. The contiguous urban area, which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria, along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista, Montecito, Mission Canyon, Hope Ranch, Summerland, and others, has an approximate population of 220,000. The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895.",
"title": "Santa Barbara, California"
},
{
"docid": "108140#0",
"text": "Santa Maria is a city near the Southern California coast in Santa Barbara County. It is approximately northwest of Santa Barbara and northwest of Downtown Los Angeles. Its estimated 2018 population was 108,470, making it the most populous city in the county and the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metro Area. The city is notable for its wine industry and Santa Maria-style barbecue. \"Sunset\" magazine called Santa Maria \"The West's Best BBQ Town\".",
"title": "Santa Maria, California"
},
{
"docid": "82068#0",
"text": "Santa Barbara County, California, officially the County of Santa Barbara, is a county located in the southern region of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 423,895. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.",
"title": "Santa Barbara County, California"
},
{
"docid": "82068#10",
"text": "Santa Barbara County has a mountainous interior abutting several coastal plains on the west and south coasts of the county. The largest concentration of population is on the southern coastal plain, referred to as the \"south coast\" – meaning the part of the county south of the Santa Ynez Mountains. This region includes the cities of Santa Barbara, Goleta, and Carpinteria, as well as the unincorporated areas of Hope Ranch, Summerland, Mission Canyon, Montecito and Isla Vista, along with stretches of unincorporated area such as Noleta/Nanta Barbara(\"No\" to \"Goleta\" or \"Santa Barbara\"). North of the Santa Ynez range in the Santa Ynez Valley are the towns of Santa Ynez, Solvang, Buellton, Lompoc; the unincorporated towns of Los Olivos and Ballard; the unincorporated areas of Mission Hills and Vandenberg Village; and Vandenberg Air Force Base, where the Santa Ynez River flows out to the sea. North of the Santa Ynez Valley are the cities of Santa Maria and Guadalupe, and the unincorporated towns of Orcutt, Los Alamos, Casmalia, Garey, and Sisquoc. In the extreme northeastern portion of the county are the small cities of New Cuyama, Cuyama, and Ventucopa. As of January 1, 2006, Santa Maria has become the largest city in Santa Barbara County.",
"title": "Santa Barbara County, California"
},
{
"docid": "8940841#0",
"text": "Santa Barbara is an Italian village and hamlet (\"frazione\") of the commune of Ceraso in the Province of Salerno, Campania. It has a population of roughly a thousand.",
"title": "Santa Barbara (Ceraso)"
},
{
"docid": "18958752#41",
"text": "The population center of Santa Barbara moved west during the period, with the buildout of the region west of the De La Vina/State intersection, including the San Roque neighborhood, Hope Ranch Annex, and later the Goleta Valley. As a result, the citrus groves which formerly stood in the region were cut down and replaced by housing and commercial districts. Regional shopping centers such as Loreto Plaza, Five Points, and La Cumbre Plaza developed during this period. Between 1960 and 1970, the population of the Goleta Valley rose from only 19,016 to 60,184.",
"title": "History of Santa Barbara, California"
},
{
"docid": "18958752#21",
"text": "Change came quickly after the end of the war. Gold was found at Sutter's Mill in the Sierra foothills, and hordes of gold-seekers flooded into California from the eastern United States, and other places in the world, to become rich. Few did, but Santa Barbara began to attract settlers, as newcomers discovered the charms of the place, including that almost anything planted would grow there. In 1850 California became the 31st state, and immediately after its establishment both Santa Barbara City and County came into being. By 1850 the area was still sparsely populated, with the census showing only 1,185 people for the entire county, but that number doubled in ten years.",
"title": "History of Santa Barbara, California"
},
{
"docid": "82068#21",
"text": "The population of the area south of the Santa Ynez Mountain crest—the portion known as \"South County\"—was 201,161 according to the 2000 census; thus the population is almost exactly split between north and south. Recent years have shown slow or even negative growth for regions in the south county, while areas in the north county have continued to grow at a faster rate.",
"title": "Santa Barbara County, California"
}
] |
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3087
|
What does the word Shoah mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "3383889#17",
"text": "The biblical word Shoah (שואה), also spelled Shoa and Sho'ah, meaning \"calamity\" in Hebrew (and also used to refer to \"destruction\" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the 20th-century \"Holocaust\" as early as the early 1940s. In recent literature it is specifically prefixed with Ha (\"The\" in Hebrew) when referring to Nazi mass-murders, for the same reason that \"holocaust\" becomes \"\"The\" Holocaust\". It may be spelled \"Ha-Shoah\" or \"HaShoah\", as in Yom HaShoah, the annual Jewish \"Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day\".",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#0",
"text": "Names of the Holocaust vary based on context. \"The Holocaust\" is the name commonly applied in English since the mid-1940s to the systematic extermination of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. The term is also used more broadly to include the Nazis' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, the Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents, which would bring the total number of Holocaust victims to between 11 million and 17 million people. In Judaism, Shoah (שואה), meaning \"calamity\" in Hebrew, became the standard term for the 20th-century \"Holocaust\" (see Yom HaShoah). This is because 'Holocaust' connotes a sacrifice, and Jewish leaders argue there was no sacrifice.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3383889#18",
"text": "\"Shoah\" had earlier been used in the context of the Nazis as a translation of \"catastrophe\". For example, in 1934, when Chaim Weizmann told the Zionist Action Committee that Hitler's rise to power was an \"unvorhergesehene Katastrophe, etwa ein neuer Weltkrieg\" (\"an unforeseen catastrophe, comparable to another world war\"), the Hebrew press translated \"Katastrophe\" as \"Shoah\". In the spring of 1942, the Jerusalem historian BenZion Dinur (Dinaburg) used \"Shoah\" in a book published by the United Aid Committee for the Jews in Poland to describe the extermination of Europe's Jews, calling it a \"catastrophe\" that symbolized the unique situation of the Jewish people. The word \"Shoah\" was chosen in Israel to describe the Holocaust, the term institutionalized by the Knesset on April 12, 1951, when it established \"Yom Ha-Shoah Ve Mered Ha-Getaot\", the national day of remembrance. In the 1950s, Yad Vashem, the Israel \"Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority\" was routinely translating this into English as \"the Disaster\". At that time, \"holocaust\" was often used to mean the conflagration of much of humanity in a nuclear war. Since then, Yad Vashem has changed its practice; the word \"Holocaust\", usually now capitalized, has come to refer principally to the genocide of the European Jews. The Israeli historian Saul Friedländer wrote in 1987 of \"the growing centrality of the \"Shoah\" for Jewish communities in the Diaspora\" and that \"The \"Shoah\" is almost becoming a symbol of identification, for better or for worse, whether because of the weakening of the bond of religion or because of the lesser salience of Zionism and Israel as an identification element\". The British historian Richard J. Evans wrote in 1989 that the term Holocaust was unsuitable, and should not be used.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "26625885#11",
"text": "In its broad definition, the term Holocaust refers to an industrially run programme of state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, a genocide of different groups and the murder of individuals, whom the German authorities at this time defined as belonging to an \"inferior race\", as having \"life unworthy of life\" or advocating beliefs that were disturbing to their politics. The affected cultures use their own expressions such as: The \"Shoah\" (Hebrew: , \"HaShoah\", \"catastrophe\"; Yiddish: , \"Churben\" or \"Hurban\", in the Jewish context, the \"Porajmos\" [ˌpɔʁmɔs] (also Porrajmos or Pharrajimos, literally \"devouring\" or \"destruction\" in some dialects of the Romani language) used by Gypsies, or the Polish word \"\"Zagłada\"\" (literally meaning \"annihilation\", or \"extinction\") often used by Poles as a synonym of the word Holocaust.",
"title": "Racism in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#0",
"text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "32412518#1",
"text": "Salwāǧa corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Aquarius. \"Salwāǧa\" literally means \"pail of water\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Salwāǧa"
},
{
"docid": "32412340#1",
"text": "Ǧwayay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Taurus. \"Ǧwayay\" literally means \"bull\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Ǧwayay"
},
{
"docid": "32412462#1",
"text": "Waǵay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Virgo. \"Waǵay\" literally means \"virgin\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Waǵay"
},
{
"docid": "25602419#0",
"text": "ㅑ(yah) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅑ is U+3151.",
"title": "ㅑ"
},
{
"docid": "42712106#0",
"text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.",
"title": "X̂"
}
] |
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] |
3088
|
What was Shakespeare's most famous poem?
|
[
{
"docid": "3416514#8",
"text": "Basse's most famous poem is his \"enormously popular sixteen-line elegy on Shakespeare\":",
"title": "William Basse"
},
{
"docid": "5490652#0",
"text": "Sonnet 18 is one of the best-known of the 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.",
"title": "Sonnet 18"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6052552#0",
"text": "Sonnet 138 is one of the most famous of William Shakespeare's sonnets. Making use of frequent puns (\"lie\" and \"lie\" being the most obvious), it shows an understanding of the nature of truth and flattery in romantic relationships. The poem has also been argued to be biographical: many scholars have suggested Shakespeare used the poem to discuss his frustrating relationship with the Dark Lady, a frequent subject of many of the sonnets. (To note, the Dark Lady was definitely not Shakespeare's wife, Anne Hathaway.) The poem emphasizes the effects of age and the associated deterioration of beauty, and its effect on a sexual or romantic relationship.",
"title": "Sonnet 138"
},
{
"docid": "48261#40",
"text": "Jonson's most influential and revealing commentary on Shakespeare is the second of the two poems that he contributed to the prefatory verse that opens Shakespeare's First Folio. This poem, , did a good deal to create the traditional view of Shakespeare as a poet who, despite \"small Latine, and lesse Greeke\", had a natural genius. The poem has traditionally been thought to exemplify the contrast which Jonson perceived between himself, the disciplined and erudite classicist, scornful of ignorance and sceptical of the masses, and Shakespeare, represented in the poem as a kind of natural wonder whose genius was not subject to any rules except those of the audiences for which he wrote. But the poem itself qualifies this view:",
"title": "Ben Jonson"
},
{
"docid": "9881948#2",
"text": "Chapman was a prominent poet and translator of Homer. Scholars speculate that Shakespeare was familiar with his work, having read part of his translation of the \"Iliad\" for his own \"Troilus and Cressida\", a dramatic reworking of Chaucer's epic poem. Chapman wrote \"Ovid's Banquet Of Sense\", a metaphysical poem seen as a response to the erotic \"Venus and Adonis,\" which incidentally features Shakespeare's most quoted poet, Ovid. In \"Shakespeare and the Rival Poet\", Acheson conjectures that Chapman's erotic poems were written with a view to gaining Southampton's patronage. The moral tone of \"Ovid's Banquet of Sense\" eschews the amatory tone of Shakespeare's, and seeks to instill spiritual seriousness in a work that takes the five senses as its Conceits. Chapman's patrons also moved in the same circles as Shakespeare's; thus Shakespeare may have felt insecure about the stability of his own income versus a talented rival. Chapman was both then and now regarded as being particularly erudite, whereas, as Ben Jonson writes, Shakespeare had \"small Latine and lesse Greeke\".",
"title": "Rival Poet"
},
{
"docid": "77280#20",
"text": "William Shakespeare's erotic narrative poem \"Venus and Adonis\" (1593), a retelling of the courtship of Aphrodite and Adonis from Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", was the most popular of all his works published within his own lifetime. Six editions of it were published before Shakespeare's death (more than any of his other works) and it enjoyed particularly strong popularity among young adults. In 1605, Richard Barnfield lauded it, declaring that the poem had placed Shakespeare's name \"in fames immortall Booke\". Despite this, the poem has received mixed reception from modern critics. Samuel Taylor Coleridge defended it, but Samuel Butler complained that it bored him and C. S. Lewis described an attempted reading of it as \"suffocating\".",
"title": "Adonis"
},
{
"docid": "706222#0",
"text": "The Passionate Pilgrim (1599) is an anthology of 20 poems collected and published by William Jaggard that were attributed to \"W. Shakespeare\" on the title page, only five of which are considered authentically Shakespearean. These are two sonnets, later to be published in the 1609 collection of \"Shakespeare's Sonnets\", and three poems extracted from the play \"Love's Labour's Lost\". Internal and external evidence contradicts the title page attribution to Shakespeare. Five were attributed to other poets during his lifetime, and two were published in other collections anonymously. While most critics disqualify the rest as not Shakespearean on stylistic grounds, stylometric analysis by Ward Elliott and Robert Valenza put two blocks of the poems (4, 6, 7 and 9, and 10, 12, 13 and 15) within Shakespeare's stylistic boundaries. Jaggard later published an augmented edition with poems he knew to be by Thomas Heywood.",
"title": "The Passionate Pilgrim"
},
{
"docid": "32897#31",
"text": "In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexual themes, \"Venus and Adonis\" and \"The Rape of Lucrece\". He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In \"Venus and Adonis\", an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in \"The Rape of Lucrece\", the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Influenced by Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, \"A Lover's Complaint\", in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the \"Sonnets\" in 1609. Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote \"A Lover's Complaint\". Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects. \"The Phoenix and the Turtle\", printed in Robert Chester's 1601 \"Love's Martyr\", mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove. In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in \"The Passionate Pilgrim\", published under Shakespeare's name but without his permission.",
"title": "William Shakespeare"
},
{
"docid": "22676#95",
"text": "The poems \"Venus and Adonis\" and \"Lucrece\", first published in 1593 and 1594 under the name \"William Shakespeare\", proved highly popular for several decades – with \"Venus and Adonis\" published six more times before 1616, while \"Lucrece\" required four additional printings during this same period. By 1598, they were so famous, London poet and sonneteer Richard Barnefield wrote:",
"title": "Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship"
},
{
"docid": "2963660#20",
"text": "The middle grouping of Shakespeare's plays begins in 1599 with \"Julius Caesar.\" For the next few years, Shakespeare would produce his most famous dramas, including \"Macbeth,\" \"Hamlet,\" and \"King Lear.\" The plays during this period are in many ways the darkest of Shakespeare's career and address issues such as betrayal, murder, lust, power and egoism.",
"title": "Shakespeare's plays"
},
{
"docid": "159989#5",
"text": "In 1598, Barnfield published his third volume, \"The Encomion of Lady Pecunia\", a poem in praise of money, followed by a sort of continuation, in the same six-line stanza, called \"The Complaint of Poetry for the Death of Liberality\". In this volume there is already a decline in poetic quality. But an appendix of \"Poems in diverse Humours\" to this volume of 1598 presents some very interesting features. Here appears what seems to be the absolutely earliest praise of Shakespeare in a piece entitled \"A Remembrance of some English Poets\", in which the still unrecognized author of \"Venus and Adonis\" is celebrated by the side of Spenser, Daniel and Drayton. Here also are the sonnet, \"If Music and sweet Poetrie agree\", and the beautiful ode beginning \"As it fell upon a day\", which were once attributed to Shakespeare himself.",
"title": "Richard Barnfield"
}
] |
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] |
3089
|
Who is mayor of Wolfstein, Germany?
|
[
{
"docid": "4238935#56",
"text": "Wolfstein's mayor is Herwart Dilly, and his deputies are Paul Schmelzer, Gerhard Spaugschuss and Christian Nickel.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13001701#0",
"text": "Wolfstein is a former \"Verbandsgemeinde\" (\"collective municipality\") in the district of Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" was in Wolfstein. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new \"Verbandsgemeinde\" Lauterecken-Wolfstein.",
"title": "Wolfstein (Verbandsgemeinde)"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#20",
"text": "The town’s days as an Electoral Palatinate holding came to an end when French Revolutionary troops occupied the lands on the Rhine’s left bank, including the town itself; by 1801, this territory had been annexed under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville by the soon to be Napoleonic France. As early as 1797, Wolfstein became, in the course of administrative reform carried out by the French, a cantonal seat in the Arrondissement of Kaiserslautern and the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German). Belonging to the canton were 32 municipalities with 8 mayors and roughly 8,000 inhabitants. The \"Mairie\" (“Mayoralty”) of Wolfstein comprised four municipalities with roughly 1,300 inhabitants; in the town itself lived 37 families and 311 persons. In 1814, the French withdrew from the Canton of Wolfstein.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#53",
"text": "The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#67",
"text": "While it was true that new ventures arose in the 19th century through Wolfstein citizens’ initiatives, such as chalk mining, coalmining, tanning, brewing, linen and cotton article manufacturing, bricks, and so on, these fell far short of employing everybody who sought a job. Thus, out of the need for a livelihood arose the \"Musikant\" business, not only in Wolfstein but also in many of the outlying villages. For a time, more than 750 professional musicians from the Canton of Wolfstein tried their luck “on the world’s roads”, in circus orchestras, on Siberian noblemen's estates, aboard pleasure boats and elsewhere. Within what is now the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Wolfstein, all together roughly 3,500 people were active as \"Musikanten\".",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#48",
"text": "After the ecclesiastical merger, the Protestant parish seat was moved from Zweikirchen to Wolfstein in 1823. Wolfstein thereby became the mother-church centre while Zweikirchen and Rutsweiler became branches. Roßbach belonged until 1844 to the parish of Einöllen, when it passed to Wolfstein. Between 1866 and 1868, the Evangelical church, which still stands now, was built. Today, the Protestant parish of Wolfstein comprises the mother-church centre of Wolfstein along with the Reckweilerhof and the branches of Rutsweiler an der Lauter with Selbachmühle and Oberweiler-Tiefenbach.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "51195524#6",
"text": "War ended, formally, in November 1918 and was followed in Germany by an outburst of revolutionary events, especially in the cities, which lasted for about a year. Unusually, in view of her gender, Wolfstein was elected to the Soldiers' and Workers' Council in Düsseldorf, which had become the focus of the revolution for the Lower Rhine region. At the close of 1918 she and Rosa Luxemburg were among the five identifiable women among the 127 delegates at what became the founding congress of the German Communist Party in Berlin. Luxemburg was assassinated a couple of weeks later, but Wolfstein subsequently attended the Second World Congress of the Comintern, held in Moscow in July 1920. Getting to Petrograd and from there to Moscow through the chaos of the Russian Civil War involved disguising herself as a man and using a false passport. In Moscow she met, and according to one source quarreled, with Lenin.",
"title": "Rosi Wolfstein"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#33",
"text": "In 1852, the cantons were changed into district municipalities (\"Distriktgemeinden\"). On the district councils – 30 municipalities belonged to the Wolfstein district (\"Distrikt Wolfstein\") – farmers held the majority, as the voting rather favoured those who were most heavily taxed. Of the 43 councillors in the Wolfstein district, 35 were farmers.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#47",
"text": "Arising in Wolfstein about the middle of the 16th century, under the pledge-lords Schwickard von Sickingen's (1549-1562) and Georg Johannes I's (Palatinate-Veldenz, 1543-1592) influence, were a Reformed community and a Lutheran one alongside each other. The former belonged (along with Kreimbach, Rothselberg and Rutsweiler) to the parish of Zweikirchen with the chapel of ease on Wassergasse while the latter, to avoid disputes with the former, established its own chapel in Wolfstein. The clergyman's seat changed between Wolfstein, Roßbach and Eßweiler. This chapel was, on the occasion of the union of the Reformed and Lutheran faiths, sold in 1818, and the proceeds were used to build a rectory (\"Haus Adam\", 1822).",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"docid": "4238935#36",
"text": "On the Roßbach municipal council, too, the Nazis won a majority. Public servants such as police officials, municipal officials, field and forest rangers and the chief of waterworks were replaced with men who were true to the National Socialist ideology. The Party and its many organizations more and more came to define the town’s economic and cultural life. Thus, in 1933, the local singing clubs were merged into the “Westmark” singers’ association, the chamber of commerce, which had been founded in 1899, was dissolved in 1934 “under approval of all present” and the local \"Jugendleite\" (secular coming-of-age ceremony) was held on Confirmation Day, causing 189 people to leave their religious community. The town, which 100 years earlier had been associated with the struggle for democracy, was now welcoming, with a majority among its population, Nazi dictatorship. Once the Nazis’ goals had become manifest, however, it was too late to turn back. Wolfstein was largely spared any material destruction in the Second World War; however, the human toll was quite heavy: on Wolfstein’s war memorial to the fallen, built in 1930 at Neu-Wolfstein castle, a further 100 names now had to be chiselled; over in Roßbach, the 1931 war memorial bore 44 new names after the war.",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
}
] |
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] |
3090
|
Where did common law originate?
|
[
{
"docid": "85441#17",
"text": "Common law is a term with historical origins in the legal system of England. It denotes, in the first place, the judge-made law that developed from the early Middle Ages as described in a work published at the end of the 19th century, \"The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I\", in which Pollock and Maitland expanded the work of Coke (17th century) and Blackstone (18th century). Specifically, the law developed in England's Court of Common Pleas and other common law courts, which became also the law of the colonies settled initially under the crown of England or, later, of the United Kingdom, in North America and elsewhere; and this law as further developed after those courts in England were reorganised by the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts passed in the 1870s, and developed independently, in the legal systems of the United States and other jurisdictions, after their independence from the United Kingdom, before and after the 1870s. The term is used, in the second place, to denote the law developed by those courts, in the same periods (pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial), as distinct from within the jurisdiction, or former jurisdiction, of other courts in England: the Court of Chancery, the ecclesiastical courts, and the Admiralty court.",
"title": "English law"
},
{
"docid": "5254#1",
"text": "The common lawso named because it was \"common\" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. The British Empire spread the English legal system to its historical colonies, many of which retain the common law system today. These \"common law systems\" are legal systems that give great precedential weight to common law, and to the style of reasoning inherited from the English legal system.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "5254#48",
"text": "The common lawso named because it was \"common\" to all the king's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Prior to the Norman Conquest, much of England's legal business took place in the local folk courts of its various shires and hundreds. A variety of other individual courts also existed across the land: urban boroughs and merchant fairs held their own courts, as did the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and large landholders also held their own manorial and seigniorial courts as needed. Additionally, the Catholic Church operated its own court system that adjudicated issues of canon law.",
"title": "Common law"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23524353#18",
"text": "Australian blasphemy law originated in England where the continued existence of the common law offences of blasphemy was controversial. In 1985 the English Law Commission published a report on \"Criminal Law: Offences against Religious and Public Worship\", which recommended the abolition of blasphemy offences. The report noted that \"there is no one agreed definition of blasphemy and blasphemous libel and that it would scarcely be practicable, even if it thought desirable, to amend the common law definition by statute\". The authors added that \"it is now clear that none of the arguments for retaining a law of blasphemy are sufficiently strong to support this view and each of them is outweighed by other considerations which persuade us that a law of blasphemy is not a necessary part of a criminal code. Moreover, we have no doubt that any replacement offence which might be devised would in practice prove to be unacceptably wide in ambit.\" The Commission concluded \"that the common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel should be abolished without replacement\". These two offences were abolished in July 2008.",
"title": "Blasphemy law in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "23524353#2",
"text": "In England where the common law offences originated, the question was considered settled in 1838 by Gathercole's Case. Baron Charles Alderson, speaking for the court, declared that \"A person may, without being liable to prosecution for it, attack Judaism, or Mahomedanism, or even any sect of the Christian religion (save the established religion of the country); and the only reason why the latter is in a different situation from the others is, because it is the form established by law, and is therefore a part of the constitution of the country\". As Australia and Australian states and territories have no established religion it is doubtful that the common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel apply in Australia.",
"title": "Blasphemy law in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "34070165#6",
"text": "During the seventeenth century, when settlers started establishing permanent settlements in North America, decisions concerning how the new legal system would work needed to be decided. The people who established the New England colonies came to the new world so that they could create a new society that fashioned itself on the rules and teachings of their religion. The Puritans who founded the colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts created many rules that had basis in the Puritan faith. However, differences occurred within each colony as to the application of the law. For example, laws created in Massachusetts or Connecticut differed from laws created in Pennsylvania. Some of the differences in the rules within colonies came from the fact that different groups with different ideological backgrounds founded each colony. The Puritans founded the New England colonies, while the Quakers led by William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania. Due to the strong religious background of these colonies, colonists sought changes and improvements to the English common law. In many situations, the colonists would use a particular aspect of common law to build the foundation of a legal principle, but the details, such as the wording, implementation, and enforcement of said law fell to the colonists. The colonists did not want a carbon copy of English common law, as many of them left England and Europe in dispute of those laws, nor did the colonists decide upon a single, unified set of laws to govern the colonies as a large group. The colonies sought the means to create a legal system that looked out for each individual colony’s interests. If English common law coincided with what the colonists wanted, then the law remained unaltered. However, if the common law did not represent all of what the colonists wanted, they sought the freedom to change laws to something that best suited them.",
"title": "Colonial American bastardy laws"
},
{
"docid": "1348555#1",
"text": "While English common law originated in thirteenth century England and has then been transplanted through colonization and occupation to England’s ex-colonies (United States, Canada, Australia, and several countries in Central America, Africa and Asia), the Scandinavian common law was developed in Denmark and Sweden and the German common law sprang in Germany and Switzerland [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54]. These last four countries then exported their common law model to the respective colonies or to those jurisdictions (China, Greece, Japan, Romania, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Turkey), which were never colonized but borrowed their initial legal order from the European codes considered most advanced at the time [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54]. Civil law instead has its roots in Roman law, was incorporated by the Napoleonic codes first and then by both the Austrian and Russian Civil codes, and has been then introduced via mainly colonization and occupation into continental Europe, the Near East, Latin America, Africa, and Indochina. Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Iran, and Kazakhstan instead purposely borrowed their initial legal order from either France, Russia, or England [Guerriero 2016a, p. 54].",
"title": "Legal origins theory"
},
{
"docid": "18949668#25",
"text": "Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the British Empire (except Malta, Scotland, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and the Canadian province of Quebec). In medieval England, the Norman conquest the law varied-shire-to-shire, based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a \"common law\" developed during the reign of Henry II during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalized and unified system of law \"common\" to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This \"great charter\" or \"Magna Carta\" of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at \"a certain place\" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralized. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the English Court of Common Pleas had five. This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematized process of developing common law.",
"title": "Law"
},
{
"docid": "5254#65",
"text": "Well into the 19th century, ancient maxims played a large role in common law adjudication. Many of these maxims had originated in Roman Law, migrated to England before the introduction of Christianity to the British Isles, and were typically stated in Latin even in English decisions. Many examples are familiar in everyday speech even today, \"One cannot be a judge in one's own cause\" (see Dr. Bonham's Case), rights are reciprocal to obligations, and the like. Judicial decisions and treatises of the 17th and 18th centuries, such at those of Lord Chief Justice Edward Coke, presented the common law as a collection of such maxims.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "9426153#6",
"text": "Common law jurisdictions in former members of the British empire, including the United States, Canada, India, South Africa, and Australia ultimately originate with the law of England and Wales. What distinguishes common law jurisdictions from their civil law counterparts is the concept of judge-made law and the principle of stare decisis - the idea, at its simplest, that courts are bound by the previous decisions of courts of the same or higher status. In the insurance law context, this meant that the decisions of early commercial judges such as Mansfield, Lord Eldon and Buller bound, or, outside England and Wales, were at the least highly persuasive to, their successors considering similar questions of law.",
"title": "Insurance law"
},
{
"docid": "54007565#5",
"text": "Stevens ambitiously tried to mix understated humor with serious legal comment. He explained that the article's purpose was \"to examine whether the same types of forces that shaped the development of the common law also generated the Infield Fly Rule.\" Noting that England was the birthplace both of common law and of proto-baseball, Stevens discussed the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, the first team using codified baseball rules, in 1845. For the club's members, the \"rules which governed their contests clearly indicate that the game was to be played by gentlemen. Winning was not the objective; exercise was.\" As winning, however, came to be valued over exercise when the game spread beyond its gentlemanly origins, \"written rules had to be made more and more specific in order to preserve the spirit of the game.\"",
"title": "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule"
},
{
"docid": "39126660#4",
"text": "The law of trusts first developed in the 12th century from the time of the crusades under the jurisdiction of the King of England. The \"common law\" regarded property as an indivisible entity, as it had been done through Roman law and the continental version of civil law. Where it seemed \"inequitable\" (i.e. unfair) to let someone with legal title hold onto it, the King's representative, the Lord Chancellor who established the Courts of Chancery, had the discretion to declare that the real owner \"in equity\" (i.e. in all fairness) was another person. When a landowner left England to fight in the Crusades, he conveyed ownership of his lands in his absence to manage the estate and pay and receive feudal dues, on the understanding that the ownership would be conveyed back on his return. However, Crusaders often encountered refusal to hand over the property upon their return. Unfortunately for the Crusader, English common law did not recognize his claim. As far as the King's courts were concerned, the land belonged to the trustee, who was under no obligation to return it. The Crusader had no legal claim. The disgruntled Crusader would then petition the king, who would refer the matter to his Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor could decide a case according to his conscience. At this time, the principle of equity was born. The Lord Chancellor would consider it \"unconscionable\" that the legal owner could go back on his word and deny the claims of the Crusader (the \"true\" owner). Therefore, he would find in favour of the returning Crusader. Over time, it became known that the Lord Chancellor's court (the Court of Chancery) would continually recognize the claim of a returning Crusader. The legal owner would hold the land for the benefit of the original owner, and would be compelled to convey it back to him when requested. The Crusader was the \"beneficiary\" and the acquaintance the \"trustee\". The term \"use of land\" was coined, and in time developed into what we now know as a \"trust\".",
"title": "History of equity and trusts"
}
] |
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] |
3091
|
who won The Swabian War of 1499?
|
[
{
"docid": "1881278#1",
"text": "Many battles were fought from January to July 1499, and in all but a few minor skirmishes, the experienced Swiss soldiers defeated the Swabian and Habsburg armies. After their victories in the Burgundian Wars, the Swiss had battle tested troops and commanders. On the Swabian side, distrust between the knights and their foot soldiers, disagreements amongst the military leadership, and a general reluctance to fight a war that even the Swabian counts considered to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of the Holy Roman Empire proved fatal handicaps. When his military high commander fell in the battle of Dornach, where the Swiss won a final decisive victory, Emperor Maximilian I had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on September 22, 1499, in Basel. The treaty granted the Confederacy far-reaching independence from the empire. Although the \"Eidgenossenschaft\" officially remained a part of the empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the peace of Basel exempted it from the imperial jurisdiction and imperial taxes and thus \"de facto\" acknowledged it as a separate political entity.",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "6958046#0",
"text": "The Battle of Bruderholz took place on 22 March 1499 in the Swabian War between Swabian troops and forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swabians had raided several Swiss villages and were on their way back when they met troops from Lucerne, Solothurn, and Berne, who also came back from a raid in the Alsace. At the \"Bruderholz\", a hill south of Basel, the Swiss engaged the three times more numerous Swabians in battle and defeated them.",
"title": "Battle of Bruderholz"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1881278#27",
"text": "Early mediation attempts in March 1499 had failed because of mutual distrust between the parties. But after the battle of Dornach, the Swabian League was war-weary and had lost all confidence in the king's abilities as a military leader, and thus refused Maximilian's demands to muster a new army. The Swabian and Habsburg armies had suffered far higher human losses than the Swiss, and were also short on artillery, after repeatedly having lost their equipment to the Swiss. The Swiss also had no interest to prolong the war further, though they refused a first peace proposal that Maximilian presented at Schaffhausen in August 1499.\nHowever, events in the Italian Wars helped bring the Swabian War to an end. The French king Louis XII tried to bring the Duchy of Milan under his control. As long as the Swabian War continued, the Milanese ruler Ludovico il Moro—whose niece Bianca Maximilian had married in 1493—could not expect help from either Swiss mercenaries or Maximilian, and thus his envoy Galeazzo Visconti tried to mediate between the Swiss and the king. The French delegation at the \"Tagsatzung\", the federal diet and war council of the Swiss, tried to prevent any agreement for the same reason. The Milanese delegation prevailed in these intrigations and succeeded to persuade both sides to moderate their demands. Finally, a peace treaty between Maximilian I and the Swiss was signed in Basel on September 22, 1499. The peace treaty carefully played down the whole war from the \"imperial war\" that Maximilian had tried to make it by declaring the ban over the Confederacy to what it actually was: a war between two equal members of the empire (Imperial estate, or \"Reichsstände\"), namely the House of Habsburg and the Swiss Confederacy. The document referred to Maximilian only as \"duke of Habsburg\", not as \"king of the Germans\" or even \"Holy Roman Emperor\".",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "1063933#35",
"text": "When the confederates refused to accept the resolutions of the Diet of Worms in 1495, the Swabian War (\"Schwabenkrieg\", also called the \"Schweizerkrieg\" in Germany) broke out in 1499, opposing the confederation against the Swabian League and emperor Maximilian I. After some battles around Schaffhausen, in the Austrian Vorarlberg and in the Grisons, where the confederates were victorious more often than not, the Battle of Dornach, where the emperor's commander was killed, put an end to the war. In September 1499, a peace agreement was concluded at Basel that effectively established a \"de facto\" independence of the \"Eidgenossenschaft\" from the empire, although it continued nominally to be part of the Holy Roman Empire until after the Thirty Years' War and was not included into the system of Imperial Circles in 1500.",
"title": "Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy"
},
{
"docid": "5180591#6",
"text": "The Swabian War, which was an attempt by the Habsburgs to assert control over the Grisons and key alpine passes, started at the convent. On 20 January 1499, Habsburg troops occupied the surrounding valley and plundered the convent, but were soon driven back by the forces of the Three Leagues at the Battle of Calven. Following the raid, an armistice was signed between the Habsburgs and the Three Leagues. However this armistice only lasted a few days before the conflicts broke out between the Three Leagues' Old Swiss Confederacy allies and the Habsburg troops. These raids quickly escalated into the Swabian War, which ended in September 1499 with the Treaty of Basel granting virtual independence to the Swiss Confederacy.",
"title": "Saint John Abbey, Müstair"
},
{
"docid": "1881278#19",
"text": "The continued defeats of both Habsburg and Swabian armies made king Maximilian, who had hitherto been occupied in the Netherlands, travel to Constance and assume the leadership of the operations himself. He declared an imperial ban over the Swiss Confederacy in an attempt to gain wider support for the operation amongst the German princes by declaring the conflict an \"imperial war\". However, this move had no success. Maximilian then decided that the next decisive attack should take place again in the Val Müstair, since he didn't have enough troops near Constance to risk attacking there. An abandoned attack attempt in the west in early May 1499 had drawn significant Swiss forces there, who subsequently raided the Sundgau. On May 21, the Swiss undertook a third raid in the Hegau, but abandoned the operation one week later after the city of Stockach withstood a siege long enough for Swabian relief troops to come dangerously close.",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "1881278#18",
"text": "Again, the Swiss raided the Klettgau and the Hegau and pillaged several fortified smaller Swabian cities such as Tiengen or Stühlingen before retreating again. This whole war was characterized by many such smaller raids and plundering expeditions of both sides between a few larger battles. On the eastern front, a new Habsburg attack on the Rhine valley provoked a counterstrike of the \"Eidgenossen\", who remained victorious in the battle of Frastanz near Feldkirch on April 20, 1499.",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "1881278#0",
"text": "The Swabian War of 1499 (\"Schwabenkrieg\", also called \"Schweizerkrieg\" (\"Swiss War\") in Germany and \"Engadiner Krieg\" [\"War of the Engadin\"] in Austria) was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg. What had begun as a local conflict over the control of the Val Müstair and the Umbrail Pass in the Grisons soon got out of hand when both parties called upon their allies for help; the Habsburgs demanding the support of the Swabian League, and the Federation of the Three Leagues of the Grisons turning to the Swiss \"Eidgenossenschaft\". Hostilities quickly spread from the Grisons through the Rhine valley to Lake Constance and even to the Sundgau in southern Alsace, the westernmost part of Habsburg Further Austria.",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "1881278#23",
"text": "An attack by sea across Lake Constance on Rheineck and Rorschach on July 21 was one of the few successful Swabian operations. The small Swiss detachment was taken by surprise, the villages plundered and burnt. A much larger attack of an army of about 16,000 soldiers in the west on Dornach, however, met a quickly assembled but strong Swiss army. In the battle of Dornach on July 22, 1499, the Swabian and mercenary troops suffered a heavy defeat after a long and hard battle. Their general Heinrich von Fürstenberg fell early in the fight, about 3,000 Swabian and 500 Swiss soldiers died, and the Swabians lost all of their artillery again.",
"title": "Swabian War"
},
{
"docid": "33751417#4",
"text": "During the 1499 Swabian War the Count von Brandis found themselves on the Habsburg side. On 7 February 1499, they opened the gates of Maienfeld to an approaching Habsburg army. However, six days later a Graubünden army attacked and captured the town and castle. They plundered the town and brought Sigmund and Türing Brandis as prisoners to Chur. They were brought to their brother Johannes von Brandis, the provost of Chur Cathedral, who was forced to sell Maienfeld to pay for their freedom. After several years of unsuccessful negotiations, in 1509 Maienfeld and Brandis Castle were sold to the Three Leagues for 20,000 gulden.",
"title": "Brandis Castle"
}
] |
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] |
3092
|
Is Total War a RTS game?
|
[
{
"docid": "305596#7",
"text": "\"Total Annihilation\" was one of the first RTS games to feature radar that showed enemy units within its radius on the minimap. This added an additional element of electronic warfare to the game: players could construct radar jammers that prevented units in a small radius around them from appearing on radar. Mobile radar jammers could be used to create surprise attacks, necessitating the deployment of scout units on a regular basis to reveal said units visually. In addition, radar jammers could disguise the presence of visually cloaked units, such as the commander or land mines. Radar fields rendered cloaked units detectable; a radar jammer could make said units undetectable until the radar jammer was destroyed. \"Total Annihilation\" was also one of the first RTS games to point the way towards battlefields with hundreds and thousands of units. Previous games could field a hundred units or so. However, Total Annihilation initially permitted 250 units per side which was later patched to 500. A third party patch allowed up to 5,000 units per side.",
"title": "Total Annihilation"
},
{
"docid": "521360#0",
"text": "Total War is a series of strategy games developed by The Creative Assembly for personal computers. They combine turn-based strategy and resource management with real-time tactical control of battles. The first of the series, \"\" was released in June 2000. The most recent major game released was \"\" on 3 May 2018. The series has sold over 20 million copies.",
"title": "Total War (series)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21996185#39",
"text": "\"Halo Wars\" garnered generally positive reviews. The game has an average of 82/100 on aggregate web site Metacritic. Critics were split on whether \"Halo Wars\" was a successful console translation of the RTS genre. GameSpy's Allen Rausch argued that, as \"\" showed that first-person shooters could work on consoles, \"Halo Wars\" \"is an RTS ... on a console ... and it works\". Tom Price of TeamXbox said that gamers have been waiting a long time for a console RTS \"to get it right\", and \"Halo Wars\" did so; reviewers for \"Official Xbox Magazine\" credited Ensemble with creating a strategy game that felt \"absolutely at home on the console\", rather than a \"poorly shoehorned ... port\" of a PC game with clumsy controls. 1UP's Thierry Nguyen was neutral about whether it was a good RTS game or \"Halo\" title, but called it a \"solid beginning towards what could be a really good console RTS\". Digital Trends' Scott Steinberg said that, while not perfect, \"Halo Wars\" made a strong case for the viability of RTS on consoles; \"There's certainly the potential to have PC holdouts seriously reconsidering hoisting the controller.\" Peter Hartlaub of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" offered a dismissive summation of the game as \"a remedial game—real-time strategy for dummies\", and stated that the game offered relatively little innovation when compared to other \"Halo\" titles.",
"title": "Halo Wars"
},
{
"docid": "54830137#5",
"text": "Mark Brown of Pocket Gamer UK rated the game 9/10 and gave it the Gold Award, saying it was a \"high-quality production\" that \"streamlines the RTS genre for mobile play\" without sacrificing its depth.",
"title": "Total War Battles: Shogun"
},
{
"docid": "2992760#20",
"text": "Overall, the opinions of reviewers seem to have been summed up by Pro-G: \"One day someone is going to combine the RTS with another genre and pull it off really well; \"Rise & Fall\" isn't that game. The basic RTS elements are sound, but the hero mode verges on awful, boat control is a nightmare, and the campaigns are dull... There are so many other games out there that offer a better all-round RTS experience, there's really no reason to bother with Midway's effort. Some praise must be given for trying something a little different, but Rise & Fall is another idea that falls a long way short of its potential.\"",
"title": "Rise and Fall: Civilizations at War"
},
{
"docid": "5596604#14",
"text": "Many reviewers however felt the RTS gameplay was still too conventional, regardless of the subject matter. IGN found that, \"While \"War Front\" isn’t anything particularly new, it does traditional very solidly and creates a decent action atmosphere.\" \"PC Gamer\" similarly agreed by concluding, \"\"War Front\" is a solid and entertaining game, though far less original than it purports to be.\" Because of the game's traditional RTS formula, \"Eurogamer\" reviewed the title while at the same time satires reviews in general by outlining the traditional conventions in most reviews, such as concluding, \"Lazy conclusion? Wrap things up with a witty line that leaves readers grinning. Or, just stop writing in the middl...\"",
"title": "War Front: Turning Point"
},
{
"docid": "2992760#14",
"text": "\"Rise and Fall\" was received by critics with both positive and negative scores, with an average rating—according to GameRankings—of 65% (78th PC game of 2006). \"PC Gamer UK\" called it \"Pure 24-carat gaming gold!\" Games Radar said \"This RTS has its ups and downs...\", while Games Radar UK said \"The RTS Rubicon has been crossed.\" GameSpot remarked that \"this game doesn't quite know what it wants to be.\"; IGN stated that \"...there's very little reason to recommend this title to fans of the strategy or action genres.\"",
"title": "Rise and Fall: Civilizations at War"
},
{
"docid": "8979955#0",
"text": "Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics (abbreviated TA:BT) is the second of two expansion packs for the popular RTS computer game \"Total Annihilation\", released on June 30, 1998 in the United States. Its features include 100 new missions as either the Arm or the Core, four new units (the Arm Stunner & Phalanx and the Core Neutron & Copperhead) and new keyboard shortcuts. Six new multiplayer maps are included, and, for the first time in the \"Total Annihilation\" series, some single-player missions are set on acid and crystal worlds.",
"title": "Total Annihilation: Battle Tactics"
},
{
"docid": "1502369#11",
"text": "\"Star Wars: Empire at War\" was first mentioned in 2004, by then-president of LucasArts Jim Ward. He discussed the possibility of a RTS video game set in the \"Star Wars\" universe, stating \"...there's a bright future there for games based on these new properties as well as original Star Wars games like a new real-time strategy PC game that Petroglyph is developing for next year\". Ward described the game as taking the real-time strategy genre in a new direction and outlined plans to balance the gameplay between hardcore games and audiences familiar with the \"Star Wars\" franchise. The game was unveiled by LucasArts on January 21, 2005 with an original release date set for the end of 2005. LucasArts said that the newly formed Petroglyph Games would be developing an original 3-D game engine, titled Alamo, for \"Star Wars: Empire at War\" and that the game would support online battles for up to eight players.",
"title": "Star Wars: Empire at War"
},
{
"docid": "20182484#4",
"text": "In an interview with MacGamer, an online magazine dedicated to gaming on Mac PCs, game designer Chris Taylor had this to say about \"Supreme Commander 2\" and its spiritual link to his previous Total Annihilation series: \"I think they are indeed the spiritual successors, because of the way I approach RTS Real-time strategy design. I don’t like a lot of rules, and I like big, open worlds. Some might say the economy systems play a role in that, but I think it goes much deeper than that. I think many folks will see our upcoming Kings and Castles game as a continuing extension of those previous RTS titles.\"",
"title": "Supreme Commander 2"
},
{
"docid": "47429624#27",
"text": "\"PC Gamer\" complimented the variety of multiplayer game modes available. This sentiment was shared by other reviewers who thought the multiplayer offering was considerably more diverse than what was typically available in most RTS games. Numerous critics regarded Blitz to be the standout multiplayer mode, however they were still apprehensive about its shortcomings. \"GamesRadar\" called Blitz the most forward-thinking area of \"Halo Wars 2\", in contrast to other parts of the game which they thought were formulaic. Other writers agreed the mode was an interesting twist on RTS and enjoyed playing it. While Blitz card packs could be earned through playing the game, critics still expressed disappointment about the inclusion of microtransactions for purchasing card packs. A couple of reviewers suspected that winning games in Blitz may be too reliant on the luck of the draw. Consequently, the randomness and card mechanics in the mode were thought to be unsuitable for competitive multiplayer but fitting for the Firefight variant.",
"title": "Halo Wars 2"
}
] |
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] |
3093
|
When was MD Anderson founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "1017888#30",
"text": "MD Anderson Services Corporation (formerly MD Anderson Cancer Center\nOutreach Corporation) was established in 1989 as a not-for-profit corporation to enhance revenues of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center by establishing joint ventures in selected markets, providing additional referrals to the institution, contracting for delivery of inpatient and out-patient management, using existing UT MD Anderson Cancer Center reference laboratory services, and fostering additional philanthropy in distant areas.",
"title": "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"
},
{
"docid": "1017888#1",
"text": "MD Anderson was created by an act of the Texas Legislature in 1941, making it a part of The University of Texas System and was established by the National Cancer Act of 1971. Today it is one of 49 Comprehensive Cancer Centers designated by the National Cancer Institute. The cancer center provided care for more than 137,000 patients in Fiscal Year 2017 and employs more than 20,000 people.",
"title": "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "39054385#9",
"text": "In 1970 The University of Texas Medical School at Houston was established, and, like the GSBS, was under the administration of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The basic science faculty at the Medical School were smoothly assimilated into the Graduate School faculty. Until then, most of the Graduate Faculty had their primary appointment at MD Anderson, with a few Graduate School faculty from the School of Dentistry and the School of Public health. In 1972 The University of Texas System established a University of Texas “Health Science Center” (in) Houston to be the administrative entity for all the UT schools in Houston. Prior to 1972, the GSBS Dean had direct access to the Chancellor in Austin and all Board of Regents meetings.",
"title": "The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"
},
{
"docid": "1017888#6",
"text": "The institution became the subject of controversy in 2005, when it leased the use of its name to private investors who intended to promote a particular therapeutic approach, proton therapy. An article in the \"Houston Chronicle\" suggested that the arrangement between the Center and the investors might skew incentives, providing M.D. Anderson with non-medical reasons to \"send as many patients as possible into the program.\"\nMD Anderson is focused on research on causes, treatments, and prevention of cancer, with the stated mission of \"Making Cancer History.\" In FY 2017, about 10,800 patients participated in therapeutic clinical research exploring novel treatments, making it one of the largest programs of its kind in the United States.",
"title": "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"
},
{
"docid": "39054385#1",
"text": "In 1962 there was a movement, led by the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center President, R. Lee Clark, M.D., to establish The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in Houston. At that time there were 13 pre-doctoral (Ph.D.) students studying with scientists at MD Anderson enrolled through The University of Texas at Austin. Six MD. Anderson scientists were special members, and four scientists were special associates, in the Graduate School Faculty at Austin.",
"title": "The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"
},
{
"docid": "1017888#10",
"text": "In May 1996, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) established the Collaborating Center for Supportive Cancer Care at the Pain Research Group, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The terms of reference engage the Anderson Center in the development of palliative care programs throughout Latin America and the Caribbean.",
"title": "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"
},
{
"docid": "1017888#3",
"text": "The cancer center is named after Monroe Dunaway Anderson, a banker and cotton trader from Jackson, Tennessee. He was a member of a business partnership with his brother-in-law Will Clayton. Their company became the largest cotton company in the world. Anderson feared that in the event of one of the partners' deaths, the company would lose a large amount of money to estate tax and be forced to dissolve. To avoid this, Anderson created the MD Anderson Foundation with an initial sum of $300,000. In 1939 after Anderson's death, the foundation received $19 million.",
"title": "University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"
},
{
"docid": "50640966#4",
"text": "Bertner later became the chief of staff of Hermann Hospital and Jefferson Davis Hospital. Upon the opening of the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, later known as the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bertner was appointed the hospital's acting director. He refused the $10,000 salary, asking that the funds be put into development of the hospital. In the mid-1940s, the M.D. Anderson Foundation established the Texas Medical Center and named Bertner as the organization's first president. He was active in local, state and national medical organizations; his service included stints as vice president of the American Cancer Society and as president of the Texas Surgical Society, the Texas Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Harris County Medical Society.",
"title": "Ernst Bertner"
},
{
"docid": "43240127#1",
"text": "Doe-Anderson was founded as the Elmer H. Doe Agency in 1915, after Elmer Doe left his post as J. Walter Thompson Copy Chief when he met and married a woman in Louisville, Kentucky In 1925, Doe hired family friend and former paint salesman Warwick Anderson as an unpaid copy trainee. After attempting to fire him multiple times, Doe took a liking to Anderson and promoted him to partner on January 1, 1934. The agency officially changed its name to Doe-Anderson in 1939 and was incorporated in 1958.",
"title": "Doe-Anderson Inc."
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
] |
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] |
3094
|
Was the Ottoman Empire primarily Islamic?
|
[
{
"docid": "22278#44",
"text": "Several historians such as British historian Edward Gibbon and the Greek historian Dimitri Kitzikis have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Roman state, and that in essence the Ottoman Empire was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a thin Turkish Islamic guise. Kitzikis called the Ottoman state \"a Greek-Turkish condominium\". The American historian Speros Vryonis wrote that the Ottoman state was centered on \"a Byzantine-Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion\". Other historians have followed the lead of the Austrian historian Paul Wittek who emphasized the Islamic character of the Ottoman state, seeing the Ottoman state as a \"Jihad state\" dedicated to expanding the world of Islam. Another group of historians led by the Turkish historian M. Fuat Koprulu championed the \"\"gazi\" thesis\" that saw the Ottoman state as a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic Turkic tribes who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale, and argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from Persia. More recently, the American historian Heath Lowry called the Ottoman state a \"predatory confederacy\" led in equal parts by Turks and Greeks converted to Islam.",
"title": "Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "47826238#65",
"text": "Ottoman Islamic standards of toleration allowed for autonomous \"nations\" (\"millets\") in the Empire, under their own personal law and under the rule of their own religious leaders. As a result, vast areas of the Balkans remained mostly Christian during the period of Ottoman domination. In fact, the Eastern Orthodox Churches had a higher position in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because the Patriarch resided in Istanbul and was an officer of the Ottoman Empire. In contrast, Roman Catholics, while tolerated, were suspected of loyalty to a foreign power (the Papacy). It is no surprise that the Roman Catholic areas of Bosnia, Kosovo and northern Albania, ended up with more substantial conversions to Islam. The defeat of the Ottomans in 1699 by the Austrians resulted in their loss of Hungary and present-day Croatia. The remaining Muslim converts in both elected to leave \"lands of unbelief\" and moved to territory still under the Ottomans. Around this point in time, new European ideas of romantic nationalism started to seep into the Empire, and provided the intellectual foundation for new nationalistic ideologies and the reinforcement of the self-image of many Christian groups as subjugated peoples.\nAs a rule, the Ottomans did not require followers of Greek Orthodoxy to become Muslims, although many did so in order to avert the socioeconomic hardships of Ottoman rule \nOne by one, the Balkan nationalities asserted their independence from the Empire, and frequently the presence of members of the same ethnicity who had converted to Islam presented a problem from the point of view of the now dominant new national ideology, which narrowly defined the nation as members of the local dominant Orthodox Christian denomination. Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while many others were forcefully expelled to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850.",
"title": "Spread of Islam"
},
{
"docid": "36089827#0",
"text": "Islam was the official religion of the Ottoman Empire. The highest position in Islam, \"caliphate\", was claimed by the sultan, after the defeat of the Mamluks which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Sultan was to be a devout Muslim and was given the literal authority of the Caliph. Additionally, Sunni clerics had tremendous influence over government and their authority was central to the regulation of the economy. Despite all this, the Sultan also had a right to decree, enforcing a code called Kanun (law) in Turkish. Additionally, there was a supreme clerical position called the Sheykhulislam (\"Sheykh of Islam\" in Arabic). Minorities, particularly Christians and Jews but also some others, were mandated to pay the jizya, the poll tax as mandated by traditional Islam.",
"title": "Islam in the Ottoman Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "535282#7",
"text": "In 1938 the Austrian historian Paul Wittek published an influential work entitled \"The Rise of the Ottoman Empire\", in which he put forth the argument that the early Ottoman state was constructed upon an ideology of Islamic holy war against non-Muslims. Such a war was known as \"gaza\", and a warrior fighting in it was called a \"gazi\". Wittek's formulation, subsequently known as the \"Gaza Thesis,\" was influential for much of the twentieth century, and led historians to portray the early Ottomans as zealous religious warriors dedicated to the spread of Islam. Beginning in the 1980s, historians increasingly began to criticize Wittek's thesis. Scholars now recognize that the terms \"gaza\" and \"gazi\" did not have strictly religious connotations for the early Ottomans, and were often used in a secular sense to simply refer to raids. Additionally, the early Ottomans were neither strict orthodox Muslims nor were they unwilling to cooperate with non-Muslims, and several of the companions of the first Ottoman rulers were either non-Muslims or recent converts. The idea of holy war existed during the fourteenth century, but it was only one out of many factors influencing Ottoman behavior. It was only later, in the fifteenth century, that Ottoman writers retroactively began to portray the early Ottomans as zealous Islamic warriors, in order to provide a noble origin for their dynasty which had by then constructed an intercontinental Islamic empire.",
"title": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "2167521#12",
"text": "The roots of Kemalist secularism lie in the reform efforts in the late Ottoman Empire, especially the Tanzimat period and the later Second Constitutional Era. The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the Ottoman state held the position of the Caliph. The social system was organized according to various systems, including the religiously-organized Millet system and Shari'ah law, allowing religious ideology to be incorporated into the Ottoman administrative, economic, and political system. This way of life is today defined as Islamism (political Islam): \"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life\". In the Second Constitutional Era, the Ottoman Parliament pursued largely secular policies, although techniques of religious populism and attacks on other candidates' piety still occurred between Ottoman political parties during elections. These policies were stated as the reason for the countercoup of 1909 by Islamists and absolute monarchists. The secular policies of the Ottoman parliament also factored in the Arab Revolt during World War I.",
"title": "Kemalism"
},
{
"docid": "28944734#0",
"text": "The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The war transformed the Ottoman Empire from a realm at the margins of the Islamic world, mainly located in Anatolia and the Balkans, to a huge empire encompassing much of the traditional lands of Islam, including the cities of Mecca, Cairo, Damascus and Aleppo. Despite this expansion, the seat of the empire's political power remained in Constantinople.",
"title": "Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)"
},
{
"docid": "4162372#14",
"text": "The Ottoman Empire began its expansion into Europe by taking the European portions of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries up until the 1453 capture of Constantinople, establishing Islam as the state religion in the region. The Ottoman Empire continued to stretch northwards, taking Hungary in the 16th century, and reaching as far north as the Podolia in the mid-17th century (Peace of Buczacz), by which time most of the Balkans was under Ottoman control. Ottoman expansion in Europe ended with their defeat in the Great Turkish War. In the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottoman Empire lost most of its conquests in Central Europe. The Crimean Khanate was later annexed by Russia in 1783. Over the centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually lost almost all of its European territories, until its collapse in 1922, when the former empire was transformed into the nation of Turkey.",
"title": "Islam in Europe"
},
{
"docid": "291411#20",
"text": "The Ottoman sultan considered himself God's agent on Earth, the leader of a religious—not a national—state whose purpose was to defend and propagate Islam. Non-Muslims paid extra taxes and held an inferior status, but they could retain their old religion and a large measure of local autonomy. By converting to Islam, individuals among the conquered could elevate themselves to the privileged stratum of society. In the early years of the empire, all Ottoman high officials were the sultan's bondsmen the children of Christian subjects chosen in childhood for their promise, converted to Islam, and educated to serve. Some were selected from prisoners of war, others sent as gifts, and still others obtained through devshirme, the tribute of children levied in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan lands. Many of the best fighters in the sultan's elite guard, the janissaries, were conscripted as young boys from Christian Albanian families, and high-ranking Ottoman officials often had Albanian bodyguards.",
"title": "Albania under the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "26441648#52",
"text": "In the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers, the Empire launched a series of reforms. This period is called Tanzimat (reorganization). Although liberal ministers and intellectuals tried to influence the reforms, the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic. These changes were made to improve civil liberties. However, the reformist ideas and trends of the Nahda and Tanzimat didn't reach the common population successfully, as the books, periodicals, and newspapers were accessible primarily to intellectuals and segments of an emerging middle class, while many Muslims saw them as foreign influences on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by Middle Eastern states. A policy called Ottomanism was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, \"Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab\". The policy officially began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.\nIn 1865, a group of Ottoman Turkish intellectuals, who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, established a secret society called the Young Ottomans. They believed the reforms did not go far enough and wanted to end the autocracy in the empire. They sought to transform Ottoman society by preserving the empire and modernizing it along European lines, adopting a constitutional government. Though the Young Ottomans were frequently in disagreement ideologically, they all agreed that the new constitutional government should continue to be somewhat rooted in Islam to emphasize \"the continuing and essential validity of Islam as the basis of Ottoman political culture.\" However, they syncretize Islamic idealism with modern liberalism and parliamentary democracy; to them the European parliamentary liberalism was a model to follow, in accordance with the tenets of Islam. They \"attempted to reconcile Islamic concepts of government with the ideas of Montesquieu, Danton, Rousseau, and contemporary European Scholars and statesmen.\"",
"title": "History of liberalism"
},
{
"docid": "22278#46",
"text": "Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a system with two main dimensions, the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The state had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.",
"title": "Ottoman Empire"
}
] |
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] |
3095
|
When did the Residential Schools close in Canada?
|
[
{
"docid": "2209566#2",
"text": "The George Gordon First Nation was the location of Gordon Indian Residential School, the longest-running residential school in Canada. The Anglican Church of Canada established a day school on Gordon’s Reserve in 1876. It was expanded in 1888 to provide housing to students attending the school. In 1929 the school was destroyed by fire and eventually rebuilt. Problems with water supply and maintenance led to its being closed for much of the time between 1947 and 1953. The school was closed in 1996. Children attending Gordon Indian Residential School were reported to have suffered various forms of abuse, inflicting severe damage to the Gordon community. The schools have been proven to have facilitated the abuse of children under their care. The federal government knew of these abuses, and has since apologized and paid compensation to the victims. The extent of the damage done to these communities is still yet known. The residential school system is widely regarded as cultural genocide, due to the action of destroying Indigenous culture, language, and religion, as well as the intent to do so. On the reserve, the Gordon Recovery and Wellness Centre provides services and support to the victims of the abuse that occurred during the Residential School System.",
"title": "George Gordon First Nation"
},
{
"docid": "19495702#27",
"text": "The Indian residential schools of Canada were a network of \"residential\" (boarding) schools for Aboriginal peoples of Canada (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs, and administered by Christian churches, most notably the Catholic Church in Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada. The system had origins in pre-Confederation times, but was primarily active following the passage of the \"Indian Act\" in 1876, until the mid-twentieth century. The last residential school was not closed until 1996.",
"title": "Human rights in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "41692739#3",
"text": "Residential Schools operated in Canada from the 1800s until 1996. These schools were said to be a primary weapon of the government and the missionaries in their attempt to systematically destroy Native culture. Generations of First Nations people were scarred from the effects of their policies.\nWhen the video was made, there was very little discussion about the crucial subject of residential schools either in the education system, or in the mass media. This controversial subject did not seem to be part of the collective consciousness at that time. Hanah was quoted saying she had no awareness of any books or films on the subject when she made the documentary. Her intention was to further the subject into general awareness and in the public forum to begin further examination and exposure. Also in following the acts of Shirley Cheechoo’s play, Hanah hoped to reinforce the healing that comes from exposing these stories.",
"title": "Sleeping Children Awake"
},
{
"docid": "50084571#0",
"text": "The Spanish Indian Residential Schools were part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and one of the 130 schools for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children that operated in Canada between 1874 and 1996. Operated by the Jesuits of English Canada, the Daughters of the Heart of Mary and the Government of Canada the residential schools operated in Spanish, Ontario from 1913 to 1965.",
"title": "Spanish Indian Residential Schools"
},
{
"docid": "949755#1",
"text": "The system had its origins in laws enacted before Confederation, but was primarily active from the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. An amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families residential schools were the only way to comply. The schools were intentionally located at substantial distances from Indigenous communities to minimize contact between families and their children. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed argued for schools at greater distances to reduce family visits, which he thought counteracted efforts to civilize Indigenous children. Parental visits were further restricted by the use of a pass system designed to confine Indigenous peoples to reserves. The last federally operated residential school closed in 1996. Schools operated in every province and territory with the exception of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.",
"title": "Canadian Indian residential school system"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "315239#84",
"text": "Not all Aboriginal children attended residential schools. During the period in which the schools operated, more than a third of indigenous children attended federal day schools, and about a third received no schooling at all. It is however the residential school system that receives much of the blame for the various problems and challenges facing Canada's indigenous people today. During the years in which the residential schools operated, they were regarded by most Canadians as a sensible and beneficial solution to native education, and in some cases, Aboriginal communities specifically requested that a residential school be built. When the system began to closing down in the 1960s, a significant number of communities asked that their school remain open.",
"title": "First Nations"
},
{
"docid": "31954107#7",
"text": "Canada's residential school system was implemented by the federal government and administered by various churches. Its purpose was to educate Aboriginal children in Euro-Canadian and Christian values so they could become part of mainstream society. The school system was in effect from the 1880s until 1996, when the last school closed. Children were forcibly removed from their families and homes for extended period of times. The schools' policies forbade the children from speaking their own languages or acknowledging their culture in any way. Survivors of the residential schools have come forward and spoken out about physical, spiritual, sexual and psychological abuse they experienced at the hand of the residential school staff. The lasting cultural impact on First Nations families and communities has been widespread and extensive.",
"title": "Sixties Scoop"
},
{
"docid": "322726#14",
"text": "From 1920 to 1973 Alberni Residential School was in operation. The Canadian Federal government now says that this was a big blot on race relations in Canada. The residential school system run by the United Church forcibly separated children from their families and communities. The residential school was closed in the late 1970s and in 2009 was demolished.",
"title": "Port Alberni"
},
{
"docid": "55514458#1",
"text": "Also known as Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School, Pelican Lake Indian Residential School was established in 1926 and officially opened in 1929. The school was one of the approximately three dozen schools operated by the Anglican Church of Canada. It was the state-enforced Indian Residential School for Ojibway and Cree students from both Treaty Three and Treaty Nine territories in northern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. When it initially opened it housed a total of 125 both boys and girls, but this number increased to 150 by the late 1940s. As like most residential schools, the school was designed in a way that the male and female students had limited interaction with each other. Usually students were removed from their families and brought to the school when they were six years old and stayed until they were twelve.",
"title": "Pelican Lake Indian Residential School"
},
{
"docid": "356785#86",
"text": "Most residential schools closed in the 1970s. Criminal and civil suits against the government and the churches began in the late 1980s and shortly thereafter the last residential school closed. By 2002 the number of lawsuits had passed 10,000. In the 1990s, beginning with the United Church, the churches that ran the residential schools began to issue formal apologies. And in 1998 the Canadian government issued the Statement of Reconciliation, and committed $350 million in support of a community-based healing strategy to address the healing needs of individuals, families and communities arising from the legacy of physical and sexual abuse at residential schools. The money was used to launch the Aboriginal Healing Foundation.\nIn the 19th and 20th century, the Canadian federal government's Indian Affairs Department officially encouraged the growth of the Indian residential school system as an agent in a wider policy of assimilating Native Canadians into European-Canadian society. This policy was enforced with the support of various Christian churches, who ran many of the schools. Over the course of the system's existence, approximately 30% of native children, roughly some 150,000, were placed in residential schools nationally, with the last school closing in 1996. There has long been controversy about the conditions experienced by students in the residential schools. While day schools for First Nations, Metis, and Inuit children always far outnumbered residential schools, a new consensus emerged in the early 21st century that the latter schools did significant harm to Aboriginal children who attended them by removing them from their families, depriving them of their ancestral languages, undergoing forced sterilization for some students, and by exposing many of them to physical leading to sexual abuse by staff members, and other students, and dis-enfranchising them forcibly.",
"title": "Institutional racism"
},
{
"docid": "40714681#0",
"text": "The Mohawk Institute Residential School was a Canadian Indian residential school in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. The School operated under the Government of Canada from July 1, 1885 to June 27, 1970. Prior to 1885 the Anglican Church of Canada was involved in the operation of a school and residential school in the same location. Enrollment at the school ranged from 90 to 200 students per year.",
"title": "Mohawk Institute Residential School"
}
] |
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] |
3096
|
How well did Unbreakable sell?
|
[
{
"docid": "47644033#13",
"text": "\"Unbreakable\" debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart in the week ending October 8, 2015. The album sold 116,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, which included streaming and individual digital song sales. Of that sum, the album sold 109,000 in pure sales. \"Unbreakable\" became Jackson's seventh number one album on that chart and also made her the third act to amass a number one album in each of the last four decades. The album also opened atop the US Independent Albums Chart. In its second week, \"Unbreakable\" dropped to number eight on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 30,000 equivalent album units sold, which represented a drop of 74 percent in album sales. Out of that figure, 27,911 were pure album sales. As of 28 April 2016, \"Unbreakable\" has sold 253,000 copies domestically. In Canada the album also debuted at number one, with sales of 4,300 units, which represented the lowest sales for an album debuting at number-one in 2015. It became Jackson's second chart-topping album in Canada in the Soundscan era since \"All for You\" debuted atop the charts in 2001.",
"title": "Unbreakable (Janet Jackson album)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14474301#1",
"text": "It became the band's eleventh UK number one. The song has received a silver disc sales certification in the UK for over 200,000 copies sold. It is the band's thirteenth best selling single in paid-for sales category and in best selling single combined sales category in the United Kingdom as of January 2019.",
"title": "Unbreakable (Westlife song)"
},
{
"docid": "6929260#1",
"text": "\"Unbreakable\" peaked at number one in the UK and at number 66 in Australia and sold close to 1.4 million copies in the UK alone. It is also the band's longest charting album. The album was the ninth best-selling album of 2002 in the UK. It managed to re-enter the year-end albums chart of 2007 at number 107. In October 2008, IFPI announced that the album was certified 2x Platinum, exceeding two million sales in Europe. On the year-end album charts of 2008, the album re-entered at number 79 with 191,000 copies sold within the year. The album spent 55 weeks on the UK Top 100 Albums chart.",
"title": "Unbreakable – The Greatest Hits Volume 1"
},
{
"docid": "46456244#8",
"text": "The album was predicted to sell 65,000 units in its first week and debut in the top five of the US \"Billboard\" 200. The album debuted at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, with 75,000 units.",
"title": "Unbreakable Smile"
},
{
"docid": "1682418#6",
"text": "The film opened at the third position behind M. Night Shyamalan's \"Unbreakable\" and Ron Howard's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas.\" The film did well at the box office, earning $67 million in the U.S. and $116.7 million overseas, bringing its total to $183.6 million worldwide.",
"title": "102 Dalmatians"
},
{
"docid": "6929260#2",
"text": "In 2008, the album was re-issued in an exclusive two disc edition, entitled \"Unbreakable: The Greatest Hits - 2008 NZ Tour Edition\". The package featured the album, with the same track listing, plus the \"Live at Wembley\" 2006 concert DVD. It peaked at No. 1 on the albums chart there, and achieved 2x Platinum status, with more than 30,000 copies sold. The album finished at No. 19 on the 2008 New Zealand Year-end charts.A DVD containing the music videos of the group's greatest hits was one of the five best-selling music DVDs of 2002 and BMG's fourth biggest-selling concert music DVDs the same year.",
"title": "Unbreakable – The Greatest Hits Volume 1"
},
{
"docid": "11778870#31",
"text": "Two days after Richardson's departure announcement, the Backstreet Boys entered the studio to record their sixth album. The album, titled \"Unbreakable\", was released on October 30, 2007. It received positive reviews, and opened at number seven on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release. It performed well in Japan, debuting at No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts and staying there for another week. They released two singles from the album, \"Inconsolable\" and \"Helpless When She Smiles\".",
"title": "Backstreet Boys"
},
{
"docid": "47644033#15",
"text": "\"Unbreakable\" received positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an average score of 75, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\" based on 22 critics. Jim Fusilli of \"The Wall Street Journal\" complimented Jackson's vocals, as well as her efforts to craft a contemporary but familiar sound to add to her diverse catalog. He notes that she and her primary producers, Jam and Lewis, \"explore a satisfying range of musical styles plucked from across the span of pop history\" including funk, electronic dance music and soul. According to Jed Gottlieb of the \"Boston Herald\", \"[u]nlike her peers, Jackson doesn't fear slow-burn R&B. This kind of quiet storm soul shows up again and again, on the big ballad 'Well Traveled' and the lead single 'No Sleeep'.\" Writing for \"Entertainment Weekly\", Kyle Anderson called the album \"her most sonically diverse set since 1997's quirky, hypersexual \"The Velvet Rope\"\" adding that \"the most thrilling aspect of \"Unbreakable\" is her willingness to experiment.\" Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that Jackson depicts a far more subdued persona in comparison to the explicit nature of her previous albums. He states that \"[f]or most of 'Unbreakable,' she plays big sister—someone who's happily in love, willing to offer advice and wishing for a better world. It's a benign role but a modest one, reinforced by the music.\" \"Newsday\"'s Glenn Gamboa wrote that \"Unbreakable\" reflects her maturation, stating that after a tumultuous period in her career following the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, \"Jackson finally seems like herself again—actually an even wiser version of herself.\"",
"title": "Unbreakable (Janet Jackson album)"
},
{
"docid": "32252#10",
"text": "With the financial and critical success of \"The Sixth Sense\" in August 1999, Shyamalan gave Walt Disney Studios a first look deal for \"Unbreakable\". In return, Disney purchased Shyamalan's screenplay at a \"spec script record\" for $5 million. He was also given another $5 million to direct. Disney decided to release \"Unbreakable\" under their Touchstone Pictures banner. It also helped Shyamalan establish his own production company, Blinding Edge Pictures. Julianne Moore dropped out of portraying Audrey, David's wife, in favor of her role as Clarice Starling in \"Hannibal\". Robin Wright Penn was cast in her place. Principal photography began on April 25, 2000 and ended that July. The majority of filming took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the film's setting.",
"title": "Unbreakable (film)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
3097
|
What country does Curacao belong to?
|
[
{
"docid": "22766501#0",
"text": "SV Vesta is a football team located in Willemstad, Curacao, playing in the First Division of Curaçao League.\nThe country of Curacao was part of the Netherlands Antilles within the Dutch Kingdom until the split back in 2010.",
"title": "S.V. Vesta"
},
{
"docid": "65205#0",
"text": "Curaçao (; , ; , ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of the Venezuelan coast. It is a constituent country () of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.",
"title": "Curaçao"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26909991#0",
"text": "Curacao (pronounced Koo-ra-sao), formerly La Curacao, is a large-format retail store chain. Founded in 1978, Curacao is headquartered in Los Angeles with retail locations in California, Arizona and Nevada.",
"title": "Curacao (retail store)"
},
{
"docid": "26909991#3",
"text": "In 1983, La Curacao moved to the Pico-Union district in Los Angeles. By 1984, it had opened its export division, which allowed customers to shop for goods and have them shipped to their families in Mexico and Central America. During the Los Angeles Riots in 1992, the store was burned down and its inventory destroyed. Two weeks later, the business reopened near its previous location.",
"title": "Curacao (retail store)"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691813#0",
"text": "ㅢ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅢ is U+3162.",
"title": "ㅢ"
},
{
"docid": "49690775#0",
"text": "ㅕ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅕ is U+3155.",
"title": "ㅕ"
},
{
"docid": "49691423#0",
"text": "ㅖ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅖ is U+3156.",
"title": "ㅖ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "28025488#0",
"text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.",
"title": "ㅅ"
}
] |
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] |
3098
|
What percentage of U.S. PhD candidates complete their dissertation?
|
[
{
"docid": "21031297#96",
"text": "Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a Ph.D. program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor's Degree; those students who begin a Ph.D. program with a master's degree may complete their Ph.D. degree a year or two sooner. As Ph.D. programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education, there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Overall, 57% of students who begin a Ph.D. program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years.",
"title": "Doctor of Philosophy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2742291#12",
"text": "The PhD degree program is for applicants who are interested in becoming leaders in academic dentistry. Oral Biology also offers a duel DDS and PhD degree program. The PhD program ranges in time between four and six years and accepts two to five individuals. The program requires students to complete the core courses in the Oral Biology Program, as well as courses designed to build a research foundation. Candidates will experience laboratory rotations and take academic courses in that first year. A research mentor will be chosen at the end of the first year, and these mentors will advise them throughout the next three to four years and while they work on their thesis dissertation. A written and oral exam are issued at the end of their second year, called the Qualifying Presentation. Before candidates can graduate, a dissertation defense is required and a midterm exam occurs between these two presentations.",
"title": "UCLA School of Dentistry"
},
{
"docid": "45082736#5",
"text": "Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor's Degree; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner. As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education or related professional degree education (JD, MD, DVM, MBA, etc.), there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Many U.S. universities have set a ten-year limit for students in PhD programs, or refuse to consider graduate credit older than ten years as counting towards a PhD degree. Similarly, students may be required to re-take the comprehensive exam if they do not defend their dissertations within five years after submitting it to their self-chosen dissertation advisors. Overall, 57% of students who begin a PhD program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years.",
"title": "Graduate science education in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "45082736#12",
"text": "Some programs also include a Master of Philosophy degree as part of the PhD program. The MPhil, in those universities that offer it, is usually awarded after the appropriate MA or MS (as above) is awarded, and the degree candidate has completed all further requirements for the PhD degree (which may include additional language requirements, course credits, teaching experiences, and comprehensive exams) aside from the writing and defense of the dissertation itself. This formalizes the \"all but dissertation\" (ABD) status used informally by some students, and represents that the student has achieved a higher level of scholarship than the MA/MS would indicate – as such, the MPhil is sometimes a helpful credential for those applying for teaching or research posts while completing their dissertation work for the PhD degree itself.",
"title": "Graduate science education in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "300215#38",
"text": "In Portugal and Brazil, a dissertation (\"dissertação\") is required for completion of a master. The defense is done in a public presentation in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For the PhD, a thesis (\"tese\") is presented for defense in a public exam. The exam typically extends over 3 hours. The examination board typically involves 5 to 6 scholars (including the advisor) or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but it may depend on the University). Each university / faculty defines the length of these documents, and it can vary also in respect to the domains (a thesis in fields like philosophy, history, geography, etc., usually has more pages than a thesis in mathematics, computer science, statistics, etc.) but typical numbers of pages are around 60–80 for MSc and 150–250 for PhD.",
"title": "Thesis"
},
{
"docid": "6134342#28",
"text": "Today, in the U.S., about half of licensed psychologists are trained in the Scientist-Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology (PhD)—a model that emphasizes both research and clinical practice and is usually housed in universities. The other half are being trained within a Practitioner-Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology (PsyD), which focuses on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). A third training model called the Clinical Scientist Model emphasizes training in clinical psychology research. Outside of coursework, graduates of both programs generally are required to have had 2 to 3 years of supervised clinical experience, a certain amount of personal psychotherapy, and the completion of a dissertation (PhD programs usually require original quantitative empirical research, whereas the PsyD equivalent of dissertation research often consists of literature review and qualitative research, theoretical scholarship, program evaluation or development, critical literature analysis, or clinical application and analysis).",
"title": "Mental health professional"
},
{
"docid": "17796830#15",
"text": "Designed to be year-round programs of study for full-time students, the PhD programs consist of extensive coursework in the chosen discipline, supporting disciplines, and research methods. Usually, the program consists of two to three years of academic coursework, after which the student must successfully pass a comprehensive examination. The student then designs and completes their doctoral dissertation, a substantive original research project. The dissertation stage usually takes about 12–18 months to complete. Overall, our PhD program usually requires four or more years to finish. Students without a master's degree may take longer to complete the program.",
"title": "E. J. Ourso College of Business"
},
{
"docid": "36487460#6",
"text": "The percentage of PhDs in STEM fields in the U.S. earned by women is about 42%, whereas the percentage of PhDs in all fields earned by women is about 52%. Stereotypes and educational differences can lead to the decline of women in STEM fields. These differences start as early as the third grade according to Thomas Dee, with boys advancing in math and science and girls advancing in reading.",
"title": "Women in STEM fields"
},
{
"docid": "482911#23",
"text": "The PhD Program is aimed to prepare highly qualified researchers holding a candidate of science degree (equivalent of PhD). Training is provided through 142 specialities of different branches of science. Duration of studies is 3-4 academic years. Classes last from 1 November until 31 October. International students have the opportunity to study according to the individual curriculum without a fixed dates enrollment. Upon successful completion graduates receive a Certificate on Graduation and in case if dissertation was presented and defended the student confers the Candidate if Science degree. The BSU has 22 Scientific Councils which conduct evaluations of theses presented for defence.",
"title": "Belarusian State University"
},
{
"docid": "300215#71",
"text": "The (DEA) can last two years and candidates must complete coursework and demonstrate their ability to research the specific topics they have studied. After completing this part of the PhD, students begin a dissertation on a set topic. The dissertation must reach a minimum length depending on the subject and it is valued more highly if it contains field research. Once candidates have finished their written dissertations, they must present them before a committee. Following this presentation, the examiners will ask questions.",
"title": "Thesis"
},
{
"docid": "8185880#22",
"text": "This kind of degree entitles one to be considered as PhD candidate. He or she can immediately start working on a dissertation. The person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 + 3 years of education (humanities, science etc.) or 5 + 3 (engineering) years of education after high school. Two years were related to the coursework only. After two years of coursework and research, the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework, although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities (which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load).",
"title": "Magister degree"
}
] |
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] |
3099
|
Can cats control their purr?
|
[
{
"docid": "5741167#7",
"text": "The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of felines. Domestic kittens can purr as early as two days of age. This tonal rumbling can characterize different personalities in domestic cats. Purring is often believed to indicate a positive emotional state, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments such as giving birth. A more expansive definition is \"purring signals a friendly social mood, and it can be given as a signal to, say, a vet from an injured cat indicating the need for friendship, or as a signal to an owner, saying thank you for friendship given.\"",
"title": "Cat communication"
},
{
"docid": "629216#2",
"text": "One hypothesis, backed by electromyographic studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the vocal folds or the muscles of the larynx to alternately dilate and constrict the glottis rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation. Combined with the steady inhalation and exhalation of air as the cat breathes, a purring noise is produced with strong harmonics.",
"title": "Purr"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "629216#3",
"text": "No cat can both purr and roar. The subdivision of the Felidae into \"purring cats\" on one hand and \"roaring cats\" on the other goes back to Owen (1834/1835) and was definitively introduced by Pocock (1916), based on whether the hyoid bone of the larynx is incompletely (\"roarers\") or completely (\"purrers\") ossified. However, Weissengruber et al. (2002) argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid.",
"title": "Purr"
},
{
"docid": "6678#43",
"text": "Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signalling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed, or eating. The mechanism by which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the sound. It was until recent times, believed that only the cats of the \"Felis\" genus could purr. However, felids of the genus \"Panthera\" (tiger, lion, jaguar, and leopard) also produce non-continuous sounds, called \"chuffs\", similar to purring, but only when exhaling.",
"title": "Cat"
},
{
"docid": "5741167#11",
"text": "It was once believed that only the cats of the genus \"Felis\" could purr. However, felids of the genus \"Panthera\" (tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. The subdivision of the Felidae into ‘purring cats’ on the one hand and ‘roaring cats ’ (i.e. non-purring) on the other, originally goes back to Owen (1834/1835) and was definitely introduced by Pocock (1916), based on a difference in hyoid anatomy. The ‘roaring cats’ (lion, \"Panthera leo\"; tiger, \"P. tigris\"; jaguar, \"P. onca\"; leopard, \"P. pardus\") have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which according to this theory, enables them to roar but not to purr. On the other hand, the snow leopard (\"Uncia uncia\"), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs (Hemmer, 1972). All remaining species of the family Felidae (‘purring cats’) have a completely ossified hyoid which enables them to purr but not to roar. However, Weissengruber et al. (2002) argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid, i.e. whether it is fully ossified or has a ligamentous epihyoid, and that, based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an elongated vocal tract, the latter rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid.",
"title": "Cat communication"
},
{
"docid": "629216#5",
"text": "All remaining species of the family Felidae (‘purring cats’) have a completely ossified hyoid, which enables them to purr but not to roar. Based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an elongated vocal tract, which is rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid.Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signalling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed, or eating. Some purring may be a signal to another animal that the purring cat does not pose a threat.",
"title": "Purr"
},
{
"docid": "629216#7",
"text": "Cats often purr when distressed or in pain, such as in labour. This purring may trigger a cat's brain to release a hormone which helps it in relaxing and acts as a painkiller. Purring may also be a healing mechanism to offset long periods of rest and sleep that would otherwise contribute to a loss of bone density. The vibrations and contractions of a purr show a consistent pattern and frequency around 25 Hz; these frequencies have been shown to improve bone density and promote healing in animal models and humans.",
"title": "Purr"
},
{
"docid": "629216#1",
"text": "The mechanism by which cats purr is an object of speculation. There is a unique \"neural oscillator\" in the cat’s brain of uncertain significance.",
"title": "Purr"
},
{
"docid": "5741167#8",
"text": "The mechanism of how cats purr is elusive. This is partly because cats do not have a unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for this vocalization. One hypothesis, supported by electromyographic studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the vocal folds and/or the muscles of the larynx to alternately dilate and constrict the glottis rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation. Combined with the steady inhalation and exhalation as the cat breathes, a purring noise is produced with strong harmonics. Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individuals. Some may only purr, while other cats also emit low level outbursts sometimes described as \"lurps\" or \"yowps\".",
"title": "Cat communication"
},
{
"docid": "5741167#9",
"text": "Domestic cats purr at varying frequencies. One study reported that domestic cats purr at average frequencies of 21.98 Hz in the egressive phase and 23.24 Hz in the ingressive phase with an overall mean of 22.6 Hz. Further research on purring in four domestic cats found that the fundamental frequency varied between 20.94 and 27.21 Hz for the egressive phase and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for the ingressive phase. There was considerable variation between the four cats in the relative amplitude, duration and frequency between egressive and ingressive phases, although this variation generally occurred within the normal range.",
"title": "Cat communication"
},
{
"docid": "5160010#46",
"text": "It has been postulated that domestic cats can learn to manipulate their owners through vocalizations that are similar to the cries of human babies. Some cats learn to add a purr to the vocalization, which makes it less harmonious and more dissonant to humans, and therefore harder to ignore. Individual cats learn to make these vocalizations through trial-and-error; when a particular vocalization elicits a positive response from a human, the probability increases that the cat will use that vocalization in the future.",
"title": "Emotion in animals"
}
] |
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] |
3101
|
What Arabic dialects are spoken in Saudi Arabia?
|
[
{
"docid": "468721#7",
"text": "The official language of Saudi Arabia is Arabic. The three main regional variants spoken by Saudis are Hejazi Arabic, Najdi Arabic, and Gulf Arabic. There are approximately 2 million Gulf Arabic speakers in Saudi Arabia, and the dialect is only spoken in the Eastern Province. The remaining Arabic speakers in the province speak one of the other two dialects, more commonly the Najdi dialect. Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which are Indian languages, Filipino/Tagalog, Egyptian Arabic, Indonesian, Rohingya, and Urdu.Saudi Aramco, the state-owned oil producing company of Saudi Arabia, is based in Dhahran, which is located in the Eastern Province, and most decisions on oil policy and production that affect the global economy are made there. The kingdom's main oil and gas fields are mostly located in the Eastern Province, onshore and offshore. Notable among these are the Ghawar Field and the largest crude increment in the world. Petroleum from the fields is shipped to dozens of countries from the oil port of Ras Tanura and is also used as feedstock in numerous industrial plants in Jubail.",
"title": "Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"docid": "6227463#0",
"text": "Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic ( '), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region, one by the urban population, originally spoken in the major cities of Jeddah, Mecca and Medina, and another by the Bedouin or rural populations. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.",
"title": "Hejazi Arabic"
},
{
"docid": "349303#122",
"text": "The official language of Saudi Arabia is Arabic. The three main regional variants spoken by Saudis are Hejazi Arabic (about 6 million speakers), Najdi Arabic (about 8 million speakers), and Gulf Arabic (about 0.2 million speakers). Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which are Tagalog (700,000), Rohingya (400,000), Urdu (380,000), Egyptian Arabic (300,000), and Indonesian (250,000).",
"title": "Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"docid": "184235#1",
"text": "Historically, the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia. The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia; 35% of all Saudis live there. Hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region. Saudi Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins.",
"title": "Hejaz"
},
{
"docid": "33827331#0",
"text": "Peninsular Arabic, or Southern Arabic, are the varieties of Arabic spoken throughout the Arabian Peninsula. This includes the countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Southern Iraq and the tribal people of Jordan (the native Jordanians).",
"title": "Peninsular Arabic"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "909744#2",
"text": "Gulf varieties' closest related relatives are other dialects native to the Arabian Peninsula, i.e. Najdi Arabic and Bahrani Arabic. Although spoken over much of Saudi Arabia's area, Gulf Arabic is not the native tongue of most Saudis, as the majority of them do not live in Eastern Arabia. There are some 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in the country, out of a population of over 30 million, mostly in the aforementioned Eastern Province.",
"title": "Gulf Arabic"
},
{
"docid": "706825#0",
"text": "Yemeni Arabic is a cluster of varieties of Arabic spoken in Yemen, southwestern Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and Djibouti. It is generally considered a very conservative dialect cluster, having many classical features not found across most of the Arabic-speaking world.",
"title": "Yemeni Arabic"
},
{
"docid": "7848092#6",
"text": "The Arabs of Eastern Arabia speak a dialect known as Gulf Arabic. Most Saudis do not speak Gulf Arabic because most Saudis do not live in Eastern Arabia. There are approximately 2 million Gulf Arabic speakers in Saudi Arabia, mostly in the coastal eastern region. Before the GCC was formed in 1981, the term \"Khaleeji\" was solely used to refer to the inhabitants of Eastern Arabia.",
"title": "Eastern Arabia"
},
{
"docid": "3931989#22",
"text": "It is claimed by some Arab authors that the dialect of Belad Ghamid and Zahran (Now known as Al Baha province in Saudi Arabia) is nearest to classical Arabic. Ahmed Abdul Ghafur Attar (Arabic : احمد عبدالغفور عطار ) has said in an article* that the language of the Hejaz (Arabic لهجات الحجاز), especially that which is spoken in Belad Ghamdi and Zahran is close to the Classical Language.",
"title": "Al Bahah"
},
{
"docid": "16180372#0",
"text": "Northwest Arabian Arabic is a variety of Arabic spoken by Bedouins of the Sinai Peninsula, the Negev, southern Jordan, and the northwestern corner of Saudi Arabia. In the eastern desert of Egypt, the dialect of the Maʿāzah borders the dialect of the ʿAbābdah, who speak a dialect more closely related to Sudanese Arabic.",
"title": "Northwest Arabian Arabic"
},
{
"docid": "27421#90",
"text": "Sudanese Arabic is the most widely spoken language in the country. It is the variety of Arabic, an Afroasiatic language of the Semitic branch spoken throughout Sudan. The dialect has borrowed much vocabulary from local Nilo-Saharan languages (Nobiin, Fur, Zaghawa, Mabang). This has resulted in a variety of Arabic that is unique to Sudan, reflecting the way in which the country has been influenced by Nilotic, Arab, and western cultures. Few nomads in Sudan still have similar accents to the ones in Saudi Arabia. Other important languages include Beja (Bedawi) along the Red Sea, with perhaps 2 million speakers. It is the only language from the Afroasiatic family's Cushitic branch that is today spoken in the territory.",
"title": "Sudan"
}
] |
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] |
3102
|
When did Zechariah al-Ḍāhirī die?
|
[
{
"docid": "43234053#0",
"text": "Zechariah (Yaḥya) al-Ḍāhirī (, , b. \"circa\" 1531 – d. 1608), often spelled Zechariah al-Dhahiri () (16th century Yemen), was the son of Saʻīd (Saʻadia) al-Ḍāhirī, from Kawkaban, in the District of al-Mahwit, Yemen, a place north-west of Sana’a. He is recognized as one of the most gifted Yemenite Jewish poets and rabbinic scholars who left Yemen in search of a better livelihood, travelling to Calicut and Cochin in India, Hormuz in Persia, Basra and Irbīl in Babylonia, Bursa and Istanbul in Anatolia, Rome in Italy, Aleppo and Damascus in Syria, Safed and Tiberias, as well as Jerusalem and Hebron in the Land of Israel (then part of Ottoman Syria), Sidon in Ottoman Lebanon and Egypt, and finally unto Abyssinia where he returned to Yemen by crossing the Erythraean Sea and alighting at a port city near Mocha, Yemen. He wrote extensively about his travels and experiences in these places, which he penned in a Hebrew rhymed prose narrative, and eventually publishing them in a book which he called Sefer Ha-Mūsar (\"The Book of Moral Instruction\"), in circa 1580.",
"title": "Zechariah Dhahiri"
},
{
"docid": "49015936#13",
"text": "There is to be noted in Zechariah al-Ḍāhirī's (\"circa\" 1531 – d. 1608) poetic style a marked transition from the early Spanish-type of poetry typical of Yemen prior to his time (depicted in the prosaic writings of Daniel berav Fayyūmī and Avraham b. Ḥalfon, both, of Yemenite Jewish provenance) and the later classical Yemenite poetic writings (as depicted in the liturgical poems composed by Yosef ben Israel and Shalom Shabazi). Unlike the latter who compiled works, both, in Hebrew and in Judeo-Arabic, al-Ḍāhirī's corpus of prosaic writings are written almost exclusively in Hebrew. Much of al-Ḍāhirī's poetry was inspired by the great Spanish poets, while other works are said to have been inspired by Immanuel of Rome. Some of al-Ḍāhirī's poems are panegyrics influenced by the Arabic \"madiḥ\", in praise of great Jewish scholars, such as Rabbeinu Yerucham (1290-1350), a Provençal rabbi who moved to Spain in 1306, following the expulsion of the Jews from France. Other panegyrics were written about Rabbi Obadiah di Bertinoro (c. 1445-1515) and Maimonides.",
"title": "Yemenite Jewish poetry"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43234053#8",
"text": "The early Spanish poets of the Golden Age, Moses ibn Ezra (b. \"circa\" 1060), Alḥarizi (1170–1235), Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra (c. 1089–1167), Solomon ibn Gabirol (c. 1020–1058), Judah Halevi (died 1150), among others, had all left an indelible mark on Zechariah al-Ḍāhirī. Some of the greatest exponents of Jewish law had also come from Spain, namely, Maimonides and Alfasi. Other proponents of Jewish law from the Spanish Jewish exiles who were expelled from Spain began to make a name for themselves in the Land of Israel where they had come. Neither al-Ḍāhirī, nor the people of Yemen, were oblivious to this. Al-Ḍāhirī patterns his \"Sefer Ha`anaḳ\" (A treatise on Hebrew homonyms) after a work by a similar name written by Moses ibn Ezra. Al-Ḍāhirī's frequent mention of Sephardic prayer rites and customs in his \"Ṣeidah la’derekh\" leads one to conclude that al-Ḍāhirī was strongly influenced by the Spanish-rite \"Siddur\" (Sephardic Prayer Book), as he brings down portions of its layout in the biblical sections known as Parashat \"Ṣav\" and \"Breishit\". So, too, the author shows the influence of \"kabbalistic\" practices on his writings, such as where he devotes several chapters to theosophical Kabbalah in his \"Sefer Ha-Mūsar\", and where he brings down in his \"Ṣeidah la’derekh\" an esoteric teaching relating to the blowing of the ram's horn on New Year's Day and which practice is cited in the name of the illustrious Rabbi, Moses Cordovero. In another place, al-Ḍāhirī makes mention of the Sephardic practice where some will refrain from shaving their heads during the Counting of the Omer, while others prohibit the shaving of the head from the beginning of the counting until the thirty-third day of the Counting of the Omer. Here, incidentally, it is alluded that the Yemenite Jewish custom in this regard was different. Even so, al-Ḍāhirī levels harsh words of criticism against Spanish Jewry's lack of poetic style in their daily communications and \"belles lettres\", which, by that time, had mostly been lost by them.",
"title": "Zechariah Dhahiri"
},
{
"docid": "43234053#5",
"text": "Upon Zechariah al-Ḍāhirī's return to Yemen in 1568, during the Turkish-Yemeni wars, al-Ḍāhirī was imprisoned in Sana’a, along with other principal persons of the Jewish community, for a period of one year in earnest by the lame theocratic ruler, al-Imām al-Mutahhar b. al-Mutawakkil Yaḥya Sharaf ad-Din, who allegedly suspected them of collaborating with the enemy. Al-Ḍāhirī, writing about this experience, says that he saw his own suffering as God's way of punishing him for his having left the Land of Israel and returning to Yemen. It was during this time that he began to write his momentous work, Sefer Ha-Mūsar – a record of his travel experiences, at the age of thirty-seven, although it was completed several decades later. After the community's release from prison, the lame king still kept a firm grip upon his Jewish subjects, scattering them in different places throughout the country where they were kept under close-surveillance while working in the many towers built in that country. This close-surveillance continued unabated until the king's death in 1573. After the king's death, the Jews of Yemen were released from their incarceration by the succeeding ruler, who had borne a grudge against the former king and had destroyed his heirs to the throne. It was during this confinement to the towers (between 1569-1573) that Zechariah al-Ḍāhirī also completed another momentous work, which he composed mainly in the late hours of the night, viz., the book, Ṣeidah la’derekh (Victuals for the Road), being a commentary on the Pentateuch where he interweaves \"kabbalistic\" themes and philosophy drawn from the \"Zohar\", Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Maimonides’ \"Guide for the Perplexed\", Yosef Albo's \"Sefer Ha`iqarim\" and Rabbi Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla’s \"Sha'are Orah\". He mentions that during the period of this book's compilation, he and his family were not permitted to leave the tower except with prior consent of his overseers. It was at this time that al-Ḍāhirī made a vow to return to the Holy Land, after he had performed a pending vow. It is uncertain whether or not he ever made the return trip.",
"title": "Zechariah Dhahiri"
},
{
"docid": "43234053#6",
"text": "Al-Ḍāhirī mentions that the community was visited in 1595 – some twenty-seven years after their imprisonment had begun – by an emissary of the rabbis in the Land of Israel, Rabbi Avraham b. Yiṣḥaq Ashkenazi, who had been sent there with many books and with letters of recommendation to raise money for the poor in the Land of Israel. Al-Ḍāhirī, however, deemed it necessary to explain in a letter addressed to the said emissary that the Jewish people in Yemen were too poor themselves to render any assistance to their brothers in the Land of Israel. Scholars of comparative Arabic-Hebrew literature are quick to point out that these hardships facing the Jewish community in Yemen often gave rise to messianic aspirations in al-Ḍāhirī's rhymed prose.",
"title": "Zechariah Dhahiri"
},
{
"docid": "43234053#2",
"text": "Little is known of the author's early life, other than the fact that he was an Israelite, descended from the Tribe of Reuben. Al-Ḍāhirī spent at least ten years in his travels away from his native Yemen, where he had left behind a wife and children. He writes of himself that he married a second wife in Cochin (India), being a place of Jewish converts, whom he later divorced because of her old age and lack of upper-teeth. He then travelled to Persia where he took another wife in marriage, which wife bare him twin sons, Joshua and Caleb, but after one year, his young bride died. It was at this time that he decided to leave Persia, leaving his two sons with his brother-in-law, and, presumably, continuing with his travels until eventually he returned home to his family in Yemen. After a stint in Yemen where he and the Jewish community were imprisoned, he eventually returned to visit his sons in Persia, and found them doing well, although his brother-in-law had by that time died.",
"title": "Zechariah Dhahiri"
},
{
"docid": "33605249#0",
"text": "Zakariya Rashid Hassan Al-Ashiri (), also spelled Al Asheri and Aushayri, (1971– April 9, 2011), was a forty-year-old Bahraini blogger and journalist, worked as an editor and writer for a local blog news website in Al Dair, Bahrain. He was killed on April 9, 2011 while in custody of the Bahraini Government. Al-Ashiri was the first journalist in Bahrain to die in direct relation to his work since The Committee to Protect Journalists started keeping records in 1992, and he was the first to die in the Bahraini uprising (2011–present).",
"title": "Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri"
},
{
"docid": "58258484#5",
"text": "He died on 23 August 2018 at the age of 47 after a traffic accident in Zarqa in Jordan when he was visiting his brother's house on the Eid al-Adha feast. He wanted to help his neighbor to run a bus that did not work by quickly descending a slope. His nephew, who led the bus on its way down, lost control of it, causing it to collide with a parked car and a wall. He died instantly and his funeral was held in Al Falah Mosque in that city.",
"title": "Yasser Al-Masri"
},
{
"docid": "13291572#11",
"text": "On April 9, 2011, blogger Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri died in prison after being tortured. He had been arrested for “inciting hatred,” “disseminating false \nnews,” “promoting sectarianism,” and “calling for the regime’s overthrow in online forums.”",
"title": "Internet in Bahrain"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
3103
|
How big is a pysanka?
|
[
{
"docid": "25439926#0",
"text": "The Vegreville egg is a giant sculpture of a pysanka, a Ukrainian-style Easter egg. The work by Paul Maxum Sembaliuk is built of an intricate set of two-dimensional anodized aluminum tiles in the shape of congruent equilateral triangles and star-shaped hexagons, fashioned over an aluminum framework. The egg is long and three and a half stories high, weighing in at . It is the second largest pysanka in the world. The biggest one was built in Kolomyia, Ukraine in 2000.",
"title": "Vegreville egg"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17393107#2",
"text": "The museum was opened on 23 September 2000, during the 10th International Hutsul festival. Director Yaroslava Tkachuk first came up with the idea of a museum in the shape of a pysanka, local artists Vasyl Andrushko and Myroslav Yasinskyi brought the idea to life. The museum is not only shaped like an egg (14 m in height and 10 m in diameter), but parts of the exterior of and inside of the dome are painted to resemble a pysanka.",
"title": "Pysanka Museum"
},
{
"docid": "380741#11",
"text": "These ceramic eggs were common in Kievan Rus', and had a characteristic style. They were slightly smaller than life size (2.5 by 4 cm, or 1 by 1.6 inches), and were created from reddish pink clays by the spiral method. The majolica glazed eggs had a brown, green or yellow background, and showed interwoven yellow and green stripes. The eggs made in large cities like Kiev and Chernihiv, which had workshops that produced clay tile and bricks; these tiles (and pysanky) were not only used locally, but were exported to Poland, and to several Scandinavian and Baltic countries.",
"title": "Pysanka"
},
{
"docid": "380741#40",
"text": "The goddess is sometimes depicted with arms upraised, and the arms vary in number but are always in pairs: 2, 4 or 6. This is similar to the appearance of the Christian Oranta. Pysanky with this motif were called “bohyn’ky” (богиньки, little goddesses) or “zhuchky” (жучки, beetles), the latter because they are similar in appearance to the Cyrillic letter Ж (zh). Sometimes the berehynia has become abstracted, and is represented by a plant—vazon—the tree of life. Her arms become the branches and flowers, and she is firmly rooted in a flowerpot.",
"title": "Pysanka"
},
{
"docid": "380741#29",
"text": "In a large family, by Holy Thursday, 60 or more eggs would have been completed by the women of the house. (The more daughters a family had, the more pysanky would be produced.) The eggs would then be taken to the church on Easter Sunday to be blessed, after which they were given away. Here is a partial list of how the pysanky would be used:Everyone from the youngest to the oldest received a pysanka for Easter. Young people were given pysanky with bright designs; dark pysanky were given to older people.",
"title": "Pysanka"
},
{
"docid": "380741#12",
"text": "The oldest \"real\" pysanka was excavated in L'viv in 2013, and was found in a rainwater collection system that dates to the 15th or 16th century. The pysanka was written on a goose egg, which was discovered largely intact, and the design is that of a wave pattern. The second oldest known pysanka was excavated in Baturyn in 2008, and dates to the end of the 17th century. Baturyn was Hetman Mazepa's capital, and it was razed in 1708 by the armies of Peter I. A complete (but crushed) pysanka was discovered, a chicken egg shell with geometric designs against a blue-gray background. The pysanka is currently being reconstructed; when completed, it will allow us to see what sort of ornamentation was in use in pre-1708 Ukraine.",
"title": "Pysanka"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
] |
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] |
3104
|
What is the population of Islip in New York?
|
[
{
"docid": "260089#0",
"text": "Islip ( ) is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York (USA). Located on the South Shore of Long Island, the town population was 335,543 at the 2010 census. Within the Town of Islip is a smaller, unincorporated hamlet and census-designated place also named Islip.",
"title": "Islip, New York"
},
{
"docid": "260089#1",
"text": "At the 2000 census, there were 322,612 people, 98,936 households and 78,555 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,064.5 per square mile (1,183.1/km²). There were 104,278 housing units at an average density of 990.5 per square mile (382.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 77.25% White, 9.02% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 2.17% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 8.32% from other races, and 2.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.16% of the population.",
"title": "Islip, New York"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "127275#0",
"text": "East Islip is a hamlet and CDP in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, United States. At the time of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 14,475.",
"title": "East Islip, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127264#0",
"text": "Central Islip is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) within the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 34,450 at the 2010 census.",
"title": "Central Islip, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127393#0",
"text": "West Islip is a hamlet and CDP located in the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, United States. Situated on the South Shore of Long Island, the population of the CDP was 28,335 at the time of the 2010 census.",
"title": "West Islip, New York"
},
{
"docid": "550297#0",
"text": "Islip ( ) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) that lies within the much larger Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York. Located on the South Shore of Long Island, the CDP had a population of 18,869 at the time of the 2010 census, a decline of 8% from the 2000 census.",
"title": "Islip (hamlet), New York"
},
{
"docid": "127309#0",
"text": "Islip Terrace is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 5,389 at the 2010 census.",
"title": "Islip Terrace, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127339#0",
"text": "North Great River is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP population was 4,001 at the 2010 census.\nThe hamlet is served by the Islip Terrace Post Office (11752) and the East Islip School District.",
"title": "North Great River, New York"
},
{
"docid": "127393#8",
"text": "West Islip's population continued to grow slowly, and the 1930 census recorded 734 residents. In the early part of the 20th century, many Ukrainian people settled in West Islip seeking refuge from political repression and economic hardships. Some worked as gardeners on the estates while others became farmers, land owners and owners of small businesses. The Ukrainian heritage is still part of the community.",
"title": "West Islip, New York"
},
{
"docid": "550297#4",
"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 20,575 people, 6,868 households and 5,302 families residing in Islip CDP. The population density was 3,808.8 per square mile (1,471.1/km²). There were 7,026 housing units, at an average density of 1,300.6/sq mi (502.4/km²). The racial makeup of Islip was 87.67% White, 10.67% Hispanic, 4.90% Black or African-American, 0.10% Native American, 2.07% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.02% from other races, and 2.22% from two or more races.",
"title": "Islip (hamlet), New York"
},
{
"docid": "127393#10",
"text": "Today West Islip is situated on over and approximately 28,000 residents make West Islip their home. Numerous community groups offer support services and cultural enrichment for its residents. In addition to the various clubs and organizations affiliated with its schools and churches, there are the Chamber of Commerce, West Islip Beautification Society, American Legion, the Chamber Orchestra Society, Youth Enrichment Services and the West Islip Fire Department. Every September the West Islip Bicentennial Committee sponsors a county fair.",
"title": "West Islip, New York"
}
] |
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] |
3105
|
What superpower does Manspider have?
|
[
{
"docid": "332164#17",
"text": "Hydro-Man is able to bodily transform himself into a watery liquid substance; he can access secure areas and small openings with relative ease; when his bodily mass is dispersed in this form it simply reforms, albeit slowly depending on how far apart the mass was. All of Hydro-Man's cells remain fully under his control when he is in his liquid state. Hydro-Man can also merge with and manipulate larger bodies of water when he is in his water form. He can increase his mass and cause tidal waves and tsunamis. He can turn parts of his body to liquid while retaining the rest of his human form, allowing him to slip from a foe's grasp or have projectiles like bullets harmlessly pass through him. Through great mental exertion, Hydro-Man can also turn into steam. Other examples of manipulating his watery form include firing off small streams such as a fire hose, shaping parts of his body into 'solid-water', constructs, and mixing himself with other compounds for different effects. However, this last example to defeat Hydro-Man can be using other compounds against him, since certain substances can either harden him (like cement or concrete), or make him feel sick (such as fire-extinguishers and chlorine). The Wizard enhanced his powers, through the use of sophisticated equipment. These artificial enhancements granted him increased and more precise control over bodies of water and moisture near him, which he demonstrated by absorbing nearly all the moisture in the Trapster's body. However, Spider-Man teamed up with Iceman and used Iceman's powers to solidify him into ice. Hydro-Man claims that he has not aged since he gained his powers. Hydro-Man possesses a certain degree of superhuman strength, and has been shown to be an exceptionally skilled fighter, and adept at using his powers for that purpose. In some incarnations, depending on the writer, Hydro-Man can form his forearms into weapons such as Sandman does, except that Bench's weapons are made of water. Bench has extensive experience in street-fighting techniques due to his experience as a criminal before his transformation. Though cunning, he has been consistently depicted by writers as a low tier henchman with little formal education and is often tricked into using his powers in ways that incapacitate him (as explained above). His normal attire consists of a black shirt and blue or green pants, as well as a costume invented by the Wizard.",
"title": "Hydro-Man"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2021319#19",
"text": "The female Copperhead does not appear to have any superpowers and instead uses different poison equipment such as darts.",
"title": "Copperhead (DC Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2363611#7",
"text": "In The New 52, a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe, Sam Scudder is the current Mirror Master. It's revealed that a year prior he, Captain Cold, Heat Wave and Weather Wizard underwent a procedure at an unknown facility that would merge them with their weapons, giving them superpowers. The procedure went awry, causing an explosion at the facility. Golden Glider, who was also at the facility, was caught in the explosion. The five were given superpowers but each in a twisted manner. Heat Wave gains pyrokinesis but at the cost of his body being burned, Weather Wizard becomes emotionally tied to his weather wand causing constant depression, Sam would be forever trapped in Mirror World, and Golden Glider becomes an astral projection of herself. It is implied that Sam is in a romantic relationship with her. The Rogues blame Captain Cold for this and have turned against him because of it.",
"title": "Mirror Master"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "12667206#45",
"text": "The Superpowers prepare to leave for the Middle East, but Green Lama first tells the team what they are about to do and what to expect. The world's governments have become corrupt, and the Superpowers will need to operate without them, outside the law if need be. The team will be likely be vilified by governments, in the press, and by the public. \"We will become targets from this day forward, the outrage of the unknowing representatives of hidden corruption. Perhaps this is at the root of what it means to be a hero.\" They vanish, reappearing in the Middle East in time to aid Scarab and Samson in their fight against (and efforts to save the souls of) the F-Troop forces there.",
"title": "Project Superpowers"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "22743490#2",
"text": "Both his fiction and non-fiction writings have garnered numerous awards. In 2012 he was named \"Writer on Deck\" by the United States Navy, and finalist for Author of the Year by the Military Writers Society of America. Nicolas Gage, co-executive producer of \"The Godfather, Part III\", said of Staecker’s first book, [it is] “…as rich, complex and satisfying as the best works of Raymond Chandler and Elmore Leonard.” John Seigenthaler, founding editorial director of \"USA Today\" called Staecker “a master storyteller.”",
"title": "Del Staecker"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "38358079#15",
"text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”",
"title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA"
},
{
"docid": "38550336#0",
"text": "𓈖 (U+13216, Gardiner N35) is the Egyptian \"water ripple\" hieroglyph. See:",
"title": "𓈖"
}
] |
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] |
3108
|
Where does Castlereagh River begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "1627043#1",
"text": "The Castlereagh rises 20 km west of Coonabarabran in the heart of the Warrumbungle mountains at an elevation of about 850 metres. From its commencement upstream in the mountains the river initially flows east through the town of Coonabarabran. It then arcs round south and southwesterly to the village of Ulamambri, then south to Binnaway, and SSW to the small town of Mendooran which lies at the eastern side of the river's hook-shape. From here the Castlereagh flows in a westerly direction at the flattened bottom of the hook and then turns north-westerly towards the town of Gilgandra. From Gilgandra it continues to run northwesterly across the plains through Gulargambone and Coonamble, then continuing across expansive plains, with no urban centres, where elevations are less than 200m, until it joins the Macquarie River at its uppermost reaches beyond the Macquarie Marshes. Its confluence with the Macquarie is about 65 km SW of Walgett. Not far from the Castlereagh/Macquarie confluence the Macquarie itself joins the Barwon River at a place about halfway between Walgett and Brewarrina.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1627043#3",
"text": "Further upstream, the Castlereagh, Macquarie and Bogan rivers run \"\"more or less parallel as they cross the plains, where creeks and streams break away from the main rivers, making connections between the Macquarie and the Bogan, the Macquarie and the Barwon, and the Castlereagh and the Barwon. As the waterways approach the Barwon River the interconnected streams, as well as lagoons and channels, support extensive flood-dependent woodlands and grasslands\"\". In this extreme northern section of the catchment the floodplain between the Barwon and Castlereagh Rivers is intersected by Womat and Wanourie Creeks, which carry flows from\nthe Barwon to the Castlereagh River during major floods.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#15",
"text": "The Castlereagh sits over the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) and within a re-charge area for the waters of the GAB (where the GAB waters are replenished from above ground). Areas of re-charge are divided into zones, called ‘sources’ and the Castlereagh River is within the Southern Recharge Groundwater Source. This source, together with the Eastern Recharge Groundwater Source, is characterised by better quality groundwater than other zones.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#29",
"text": "In a very short period — of possibly not more than a dozen years — the Aboriginal way of life on the Castlereagh was heavily curtailed. Written evidence in 1841 from pastoralist James Walker showed this, in his response to a circular from the Commissioner of Crown Lands enquiring about pastoralists' interactions with Aborigines. Walker lived at Wallerawang, near Lithgow, but held many pastoral licences over vast stations in the Castlereagh River area from Mendooran (where 'Pampoo' was located) to Coonamble. His response included a single, but telling, comment on the effect of European occupation on Aborigines: \" \"... \"since stock was first taken out there [i.e. to the Castlereagh] we have abridged all their natural sources of existence.\"",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#0",
"text": "The Castlereagh River is located in the central–western district of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Macquarie-Castlereagh catchment within the Murray–Darling basin and is an unregulated river, meaning no dams or storage have been built on it to control flows. On a map of NSW, the Castlereagh has a distinctive appearance among the north-western rivers for its fish-hook-like shape: from upstream in the north at its confluence with the Macquarie River it extends southwards to a hook-shape, flattened-out at the base, which curves to the right (east and northwards) through to the tip of the hook in the Warrumbungle Mountains at the river's source.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#14",
"text": "The Castlereagh’s alluvial sandbeds make up what is called the \"hyperheic zone\". This is the region of saturated sediment below, or adjacent to, a river where surface water and groundwater are actively mixing and exchanged. The movement of the groundwater in the Castlereagh through its alluvial sands is said to be a hyporheic process. In the Castlereagh, the further transit of surface water to the aquifers of the Great Artesian Basin is then enabled through the ancient paleochannels underlying the Castlereagh, and this water movement is a large-scale hyporheic process. (Hutchinson and Webster 1998).",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#39",
"text": "The first non-Aboriginal person to encounter the Castlereagh River was George Evans travelling in 1818 with the exploration party of Surveyor-General John Oxley. George Evans was Oxley's assistant for the tour of exploration. The group had departed from Bathurst in May 1818, sent by Governor Macquarie to explore the Macquarie River. This expedition would follow the Macquarie River to a point where it was unable to keep tracking it any further, and so would turn east away from the Macquarie, finally ending up on the coast at Port Macquarie.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#5",
"text": "The Castlereagh River has a highly variable flow, and often has from very low flow to no flow at all. The sandy riverbed of the Castlereagh is frequently dry in many places. John Oxley's expedition of 1818 came across the Castlereagh near Coonamble running so high and fast that it was six days until water levels dropped sufficiently to allow the expeditionary party to cross. Ten years later Charles Sturt arrived in the same general area during a ravaging drought to find the Castlereagh dry, and continuing completely dry for miles on end downstream to its junction with the Macquarie River with only occasional waterholes to be found nearby.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#40",
"text": "In early July, the party returned from the Macquarie Marshes to Mt Harris, 48 km (30 miles) N-NW of present-day Warren. Seemingly unable to further follow the course of the Macquarie, Oxley had to change his plans. He decided to send Evans ahead, with a small party, to scout a north-easterly route across the plains, and report back. Beginning on 8 July 1818, Evans would end up traversing a large loop, north-easterly then south-easterly, then westerly and back to his starting point. In the north-easterly direction, he first crossed the Castlereagh River around Combara, between Gulargambone and Coonamble. The party then continued on a shallower east-north-easterly direction until reaching the foothills of the Warrumbungle Mountains. From here, Evans turned south-westerly to head back to Oxley's encampment at Mt. Harris, travelling across ‘an open plain, over which was rather better travelling than we had latterly experienced’. This route brought his party back to the Castlereagh River at a point south of his first crossing, in an area between the future villages of Armatree and Curban (10 miles apart). As he approached the Castlereagh River he described the country as\n‘low and wet’, with the journey being ‘dreadfully bad and marshy’. The country he was crossing over is today considered rich pasture and farming land, covering the areas known as Tonderbrine, the western side of Tooraweenah, the Yarrandale area and Hillside.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#2",
"text": "Downstream from Gilgandra, the Castlereagh runs through alluvial plains. These are flat landforms with alluvial soil that has been created from sediments being deposited over a long period of time by one or more rivers flowing down from highland regions. Groundwater is found in the alluvial sediments on the plains in the lower Castlereagh catchment and is generally associated with the ancient channel of the river. The Castlereagh has a very sandy bed throughout its course, with especially wide outer banks on the plains. Charles Sturt, after travelling along the Castlereagh in 1828 from Coonamble to its junction with the Macquarie, noted that there was not one pebble or stone to be picked up in its bed, which was dry for the whole length he travelled.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
}
] |
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] |
3110
|
How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?
|
[
{
"docid": "28260#14",
"text": "It was, however, Sir Philip Sidney's sequence \"Astrophel and Stella\" (1591) that started the English vogue for sonnet sequences. The next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, Fulke Greville, William Drummond of Hawthornden, and many others. These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition, and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman, with the exception of Shakespeare's sequence of 154 sonnets. The form is often named after Shakespeare, not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet. The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic \"turn\", the volta. In Shakespeare's sonnets, however, the volta usually comes in the couplet, and usually summarizes the theme of the poem or introduces a fresh new look at the theme. With only a rare exception (for example, Shakespeare's Sonnet 145 in iambic tetrameter), the meter is iambic pentameter.",
"title": "Sonnet"
},
{
"docid": "12417264#0",
"text": "Sonnet 102 is one of the 154 sonnets written by English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is one of the Fair Youth sonnets, in which Shakespeare writes of an unnamed youth with whom the poet is enamored. Sonnet 102 is among a series of seemingly connected sonnets, from Sonnet 100 to Sonnet 103, in which the poet speaks of a silence between his Muse and himself. The exact date of writing is unknown, and there is contention among scholars about when they were written. Paul Hammond among other scholars believes that sonnets 61-103 were written primarily during the early 1590s, and then being edited or added to later, during the early 1600s (decade). Regardless of date of writing, it was published later along with the rest of the sonnets of the 1609 Quarto.",
"title": "Sonnet 102"
},
{
"docid": "203294#38",
"text": "Like all Shakespeare's works, \"Shakespeare's Sonnets\" have been reprinted many times. Prominent editions include:\nThere are sonnets written by Shakespeare that occur in his plays. They differ from the 154 sonnets published in the 1609, because they may lack the deep introspection, for example, and they are written to serve the needs of a performance, exposition or narrative.",
"title": "Shakespeare's sonnets"
},
{
"docid": "203294#0",
"text": "Shakespeare's sonnets are poems that William Shakespeare wrote on a variety of themes. When discussing or referring to Shakespeare’s sonnets, it is almost always a reference to the 154 sonnets that were first published all together in a quarto in 1609; however there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"Henry V\" and \"Love's Labour's Lost\".",
"title": "Shakespeare's sonnets"
},
{
"docid": "203294#3",
"text": "The primary source of Shakespeare’s sonnets is a quarto published in 1609 titled \"Shakespeare’s Sonnets.\" It contains 154 sonnets, which are followed by the long poem \"A Lover's Complaint\". Thirteen copies of the quarto have survived in fairly good shape from the 1609 edition, which is the only edition; there were no other printings. There is evidence in a note on the title page of one of the extant copies that the great Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn bought a copy in June 1609 for one shilling.",
"title": "Shakespeare's sonnets"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11514048#7",
"text": "Shakespeare's sonnets were published in 1609 and were the last of his non-dramatic works to be composed. It is not certain when each of the sonnets were written but there is evidence to suggest that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets on a private scale. William Wordsworth even suggests that the sonnets were how Shakespeare \"unlocked his heart\". There are only two sonnets that Shakespeare writes that are specifically about music, and those are Sonnet 8 and Sonnet 128. No one is certain if Shakespeare wrote the sonnets in order or if they should form a complete sequence. However it is clear that they offer an insight that \"Shakespeare's capacity to represent the imaginative states of other people\".",
"title": "Sonnet 128"
},
{
"docid": "44292528#6",
"text": "The most notable example of frequent and common instances of courtly love occurs in the writings of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote many sonnets to young men that he admired, praising their beauty, intelligence and virility. He addressed sonnets 1-126 to \"Fair Youth\"—an individual who is commonly interpreted to be male—and later, in Sonnet 20, refers to the boy as the \"master-mistress of [his] passion.\" Additional examples of Shakespeare writing of same-sex intimacy and courtly love are within his procreation sonnets. In these poems, Shakespeare encourages a young man to marry and have children to preserve his beauty, using loving and occasionally romantic language to communicate his message. Additionally, it is believed by many scholars that Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18 (\"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?\") is also about a man, as he dedicated his book of sonnets to an unidentified \"Mr. W.H.\"",
"title": "Same-sex intimacy"
},
{
"docid": "12449660#8",
"text": "Like most other Shakespearean Sonnets, 109 consists of three quatrains and a couplet at the end. The volta can be found at the first line of the couplet. Although Sonnet 109 does not make any specific mention of gender, Paul Edmondson, in his book \"Shakespeare’s Sonnets\", states that it may be safe to assume that Shakespeare is writing here to a young man. \"The first 126 [sonnets] include none that are clearly addressed to, or concern, a woman, along with all the ones that are clearly addressed to, or primarily concern, a male\". And so, if this poem is addressed to a male, who is he? According to Martin Green, the young man to whom Shakespeare dedicates many of his sonnets may be Henry Wriothesley, the third earl of Southampton. If that is the case, then Sonnet 109 does contain some imagery that might refer to Wriothesley.",
"title": "Sonnet 109"
},
{
"docid": "9604332#1",
"text": "Shakespeare's sonnet cycle has overarching themes of great love and the passage of time. In this sonnet, the speaker is now concentrating on his own death and how the youth is to mourn him after he is deceased. The speaker tells the youth not to mourn for him when he is dead, and that the youth should only think about him for as long as it takes to tell the world of his death. The speaker then tells his beloved youth that if even reading this sonnet will cause him to suffer, he should forget the hand that wrote the poem. Joseph Pequigney writes that the sonnet is a \"persuasive appeal to be recalled, loved and lamented…a covert counterthesis\". Stephen Booth calls this sonnet \"a cosmic caricature of a revenging lover.\" While many critics agree with Peguiney and Booth, and have said that this sonnet is a veiled attempt on the part of the speaker to actually invoke the youth to mourn him, some critics believe differently. Helen Vendler writes that \"There are also, I believe, sonnets of hapless love--intended as such by the author, expressed as such by the speaker.\"",
"title": "Sonnet 71"
},
{
"docid": "11514035#7",
"text": "The placement of the sonnet leads many to believe that Shakespeare had a direct relation with the \"dark lady\" (as referenced as the inspiration for sonnets 127-152). Many scholars believe that Shakespeare had an affair and that a mistress was his inspiration for writing as many poems as he did. Even though such a relation was frowned on at the time, it has not been ruled out as a possibility. However, because there are no historical records that such a woman existed, there is not a sufficient evidence to determine whether the woman spoken of in the sonnets was real or fictitious. The sexual pessimism depicted in the sonnets, although extreme, is not unusual to the Christian tradition, especially in ancient times. Beliefs and standards of virginity and sexual abstention can be dated back to Pythagoras, and the views continued to be a tradition through Plato and the Stoics. Sexual pessimism existed before Christianity became a widespread religion.",
"title": "Sonnet 129"
},
{
"docid": "12449660#7",
"text": "Sonnet 109 was originally published in 1609 with the rest of Shakespeare's sonnets as a collection dedicated to \"Mr. W.H.\" and now referred to as the 1609 Quarto or Quarto 1. Sonnet 109 belongs to the group of sonnets (1-126) that are commonly categorized as \"sonnets to a fair youth.\" This group of sonnets, according to Arthur F. Marotti, \"consists of poems written to a younger man who is clearly treated as a patron\". The identity of this young patron, who is likely the \"Mr. W.H.\" to whom Shakespeare dedicated the sonnets, is considered by many historians and Shakespearean analysts to be Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton. Martin Green supports this hypothesis with the evidence that Shakespeare never wrote dedications in of his works to any person besides Wriothesley. Shakespeare's relationship with this young man as interpreted from this group of sonnets is not entirely clear; his words of love and affection could be a bid for more favor, or as Judith Kegan Gardiner maintains, a true love that surprised and startled Shakespeare. Even if Shakespeare's sonnets are accepted as an expression of genuine love, there is still no consensus in academia whether this love was sexual in nature. Many critics argue that Shakespeare was homosexual, while others maintain that he was heterosexual, including the noteworthy Shakespeare analyst A. L. Rowse, who has claimed \"Shakespeare is the bawdiest of the Elizabethan dramatists, with the natural bawdy of the highly sexed normal heterosexual\".",
"title": "Sonnet 109"
},
{
"docid": "11514048#16",
"text": "Sonnet 128 is one of Shakespeare's most highly criticized sonnets, some even believing that because Sonnet 128 is so far from Shakespeare's usual sonnets that it may be unauthentic. According to Richard Purdum in his article, Shakespeare's Sonnet 128, Sonnet 128 is \"Un-Shakespearean in sound and rhythm\". Sonnet 128 strays from Shakespeare's usual diction, and thus creates its own category in Shakespearean sonnets. H. T. S. Frost said, \"Six trifling pieces of little interest – literary or otherwise,\" referring to the other Dark Lady pieces and their often criticized language like Sonnet 128 and their ill placement with Shakespeare's other sonnets. J. M. Robertson also agrees with Frost's argument that Sonnet 128 and the other Dark Lady sonnets do not fit with Shakespeare's other sonnets. Purdum continues his argument stating that maybe because Shakespeare was writing about the Dark Lady, that his poor quality sonnet was caused by his growing infatuation with the Dark Lady. Purdum, and other critics such as, Barbara A. Mackenzie believe that Shakespeare's immense infatuation with the Dark Lady lead to Shakespeare failing to correct his mistakes within Sonnet 128.",
"title": "Sonnet 128"
}
] |
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] |
3111
|
Who started the Russian empire?
|
[
{
"docid": "20611504#6",
"text": "Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I following the Treaty of Nystad (1721), some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod in 1478, or when Ivan the Terrible conquered the Khanate of Kazan in 1552. According to another point of view, the term \"Tsardom\", which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, was already a contemporary Russian word for empire.",
"title": "Russian Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20611504#2",
"text": "The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, into Alaska and Northern California in America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia.",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "48427127#17",
"text": "When the Imperial Russian Navy started an extensive investment programme 1881, which included substantial extension of the Pacific fleet, the company received many beneficial orders. Crichton and Eager had created good contacts with the Russian authorities who decided about state purchases. The company gained good reputation in Moscow industrial fair in 1882, when W:m Crichton & C:o won a significant award, the Empire Seal. Despite of the positive reputation, getting orders from the state required a complex process, including formal and informal negotiations, official and unofficial money transfers. The company had a dedicated contact person in Saint Petersburg, commercial councellor F.W. Martinson, who handled the negotiations with the Russian officials.",
"title": "Wm. Crichton & Co."
},
{
"docid": "2650519#9",
"text": "Peter started by firmly placed the nobility into the officer corps. Drawing on his personal experiences, he made young nobles serve as rank-and-file soldiers before ascending to the officer corps; commoners who distinguished themselves could achieve officer rank as well. Peter believed in lifelong servitude to the state, whether it was growing crops or fighting wars. Thus he offered serfs escape from their lifelong servitude on the farm in return for lifelong servitude in the army. Older and disabled veterans were transferred to positions in administration and the reserves, and thus, once they joined, Peter's troops were bound to the army for life.\nPeter established new schools and training grounds for the officer elite that was to lead the Russian army, and dispatched large numbers of men abroad to learn under foreign masters. Finding promises of release from serfdom insufficient, Peter began drafting soldiers, starting with a levy calling for 1 man for every 50 households. This levy was repeated an incredible 53 times, drawing 300,000 new soldiers into his army. He grew increasingly adept at pulling manpower out of every available resource, including the clergy and enemy deserters. The resultant Russian army was thus heavily Russian; the army was vastly more nationalistic then its European counterparts, which relied heavily on mercenaries.",
"title": "Military history of the Russian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "477757#3",
"text": "Prior to the enactment of the 1906 Russian constitution, the Russian Empire had been an absolute monarchy, ruled by an autocratic emperor, who was commonly referred to by his pre-imperial title of \"Tsar\". The precise regulations by which the Tsar exercised his imperial prerogatives were first codified in 1832, with the issuance of the \"Set of Laws of the Russian Empire\" (\"Свод законов Российскои империи\"), penned by Mikhail Speransky. These laws could be altered or repealed by the emperor. However, the autocratic Tsars were generally limited by two constraints: they and their spouses must profess the Russian Orthodox faith, and they must obey the laws of succession laid down by Emperor Paul I. Beyond that, the power of the Russian emperor was virtually limitless.",
"title": "Russian Constitution of 1906"
},
{
"docid": "16643#24",
"text": "The Russian Empire started to integrate the Kazakh steppe. Between 1822 and 1848, the three main Kazakh Khans of the Lesser, Middle and Great Horde were suspended. Russians built many forts to control the conquered territories. Moreover, Russian settlers were provided with land, whereas nomadic tribes had less area available to drive their herds and flocks. Many of the nomadic tribes were forced to adopt sedentary lifestyles. Because of the Russian Empire policy, between 5 and 15 per cent of the population of Kazakh Steppe were immigrants.",
"title": "History of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"docid": "20611504#56",
"text": "In 1889, a Russian adventurer, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, Sagallo, situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present-day Djibouti. However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two gunboats against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to Odessa.",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "41909523#5",
"text": "Proponents of the new Russian Empire purport it to be the successor of the historical Russian Empire founded by Peter the Great in 1721. As such, the nation stakes its claim to unpopulated territory that belonged to the historical Russian Empire through \"right of discovery\", but which was not claimed by the Soviet Union after the 1917 Russian Revolution. It does not claim land that was part of the historical Russian Empire that is now part of Finland, Poland, or the former Soviet republics.",
"title": "Romanov Empire (micronation)"
},
{
"docid": "58982599#3",
"text": "On January 16, 1721, the Chief Magistrate of the Russian Empire, established two guilds: 1) bankers, merchants, major traders, city physicians, pharmacists, gold and silver jewellers, icon painters and artists; 2) small traders and craftsmen. In 1742 the term \"podlye lyudi\" (those who did not have formal town membership, and, thus, did not pay town taxes, 'irregular dealers') was replaced by the 3rd merchant guild. Now they were included in the tax system of towns.",
"title": "Merchant guild (Russian Empire)"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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3112
|
What's the state bird of Kansas?
|
[
{
"docid": "382686#8",
"text": "The western meadowlark is the state bird of six states: Montana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, and Wyoming. The northern cardinal, which represents seven states, is the only bird to hold the status of state bird in more states.",
"title": "Western meadowlark"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1827222#0",
"text": "This list of birds of Kansas includes species documented in the U.S. state of Kansas and accepted by Kansas Ornithological Society (KOS). As of February 2018, there are 477 species included in the official list. Of them, 72 are classed as accidental, 12 are classed as hypothetical, and five have been introduced to North America. In addition to the 475, two species are extinct and one has been extirpated.",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#83",
"text": "The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.Naturally, fictional birds do not exist and will not be found in nature. But as a supplement, the following fictional bird is included in the list due to its deep association with Kansas history and lore.",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "16716#0",
"text": "Kansas is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, with its most populated county being Johnson County. Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively \"\") is often said to mean \"people of the (south) wind\" although this was probably not the term's original meaning. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison.",
"title": "Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#53",
"text": "Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#67",
"text": "The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#64",
"text": "The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds in the genus \"Regulus\". The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their names.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#28",
"text": "Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills, and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute.Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#1",
"text": "Only birds that are considered to have established, self-sustaining, wild populations in Kansas are included on this list. This means that birds that are considered probable escapees, although they may have been sighted flying free in Kansas, are not included.",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "1827222#78",
"text": "The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae",
"title": "List of birds of Kansas"
}
] |
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] |
3113
|
Was Singapore ever formerly occupied?
|
[
{
"docid": "27318#1",
"text": "Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the British East India Company. After the company's collapse in 1858, the islands were ceded to the British Raj as a crown colony. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan. It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia, but separated two years later over ideological differences, becoming a sovereign nation in 1965. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce.",
"title": "Singapore"
},
{
"docid": "5275459#1",
"text": "During World War 2, Singapore was conquered and occupied by the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945. When the war ended, Singapore reverted to British control, with increasing levels of self-government being granted, culminating in Singapore's merger with the Federation of Malaya to form Malaysia in 1963. However, social unrest and disputes between Singapore's ruling People's Action Party and Malaysia's Alliance Party resulted in Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia. Singapore became an independent republic on 9 August 1965.",
"title": "History of Singapore"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "49715745#1",
"text": "The area occupied by Kent Ridge was formerly known as Pasir Panjang Ridge, and was originally a lowland evergreen rainforest. The natural vegetation of the area mainly consists of groves of Tembusu, Acacias and Dillenias. When the first settlers arrived in Singapore in the early 19th century, they grew crops such as rubber, pepper, gambier and pineapple on the ridge. During World War II, it was used as a fortress by the British in the defence of Singapore. Many of the plantations were destroyed or abandoned during the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945), allowing the crops to grow wild.",
"title": "Kent Ridge"
},
{
"docid": "218835#46",
"text": "Today, the land in Savage formerly occupied by the Taj Mahal stables and racetracks is vacant, though the outline of a track is visible from the air, near the intersection of State Highway 13 and Vernon Avenue. The land is posted \"no trespassing\" and no historical marker documents that anything of significance ever stood there.",
"title": "Dan Patch"
},
{
"docid": "57103937#3",
"text": "A 24.4 ha piece of land beside Singapore Botanic Gardens was formerly the site of both Istanas for the Sultan of Johor and his wives. It was acquired by Sultan Abu Bakar in 1857 from prominent newspaper editor and lawyer William Napier and has been passed down for generations since then. It still remains a property of the Sultan of Johor. Istana Tyersall has since been demolished while Istana Woodneuk still stands in a dilapidated condition, due to the lack of maintenance. The Istana and the surrounding compounds have been cordoned off in view of safety and access is restricted. There are no plans by the Singapore authorities to acquire the land, despite it sitting on large areas of prime land in land scarce Singapore and it also being in proximity to a section of the former KTM railway tracks in Buona Vista.",
"title": "Foreign territories in Singapore"
},
{
"docid": "27318#38",
"text": "Singapore's foreign policy is aimed at maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region. It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states. Singapore hosted the first ever 2018 North Korea–United States summit.",
"title": "Singapore"
},
{
"docid": "5275459#22",
"text": "After the war, the British government devoted significant resources into building a naval base in Singapore, as a deterrent to the increasingly ambitious Japanese Empire. Completed in 1939 at a staggering cost of $500 million, the naval base boasted what was then the largest dry dock in the world, the third-largest floating dock, and enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months. It was defended by heavy 15-inch naval guns and by Royal Air Force squadrons stationed at Tengah Air Base. Winston Churchill touted it as the \"Gibraltar of the East.\" Unfortunately, it was a base without a fleet. The British Home Fleet was stationed in Europe and the plan was for it to sail quickly to Singapore when needed. However, after World War II broke out in 1939, the Fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain. Lieutenant General Sir William George Shedden Dobbie was appointed governor of Singapore and General Officer Commanding Malaya Command on 8 November 1935, holding the post based in The Istana until shortly before the outbreak of World War II in 1939. He was responsible for forming The Dobbie Hypothesis on the fall of Singapore which, had it been heeded, may have prevented the fall of Singapore during the Second World War.",
"title": "History of Singapore"
},
{
"docid": "1025563#7",
"text": "After Nanyang University was merged with the University of Singapore, the grounds formerly occupied by Nanyang University were occupied by a similarly-named technical institute, the Nanyang Technological Institute (NTI), in 1981. In 1991, the NTI was upgraded to the status of a university as Singapore's second English-medium university and became the Nanyang Technological University (NTU).",
"title": "Nanyang University"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "43088379#158",
"text": "In pointing out the that the Judges of Appeal had also stated in their opinion that it was even “conceptually possible for the fundamental doctrines of the College to differ from the objects of the charitable purpose trust,” the Editorial Board omitted mentioning that in the instant case “the charitable purpose trust over the Premises was not established by a single identifiable donor whose intent could be easily ascertained, be it by way of a trust deed or any other less formal way,” “[r]ather, the funds received to acquire the Premises were raised by donations from members of the Christian community whose intentions could not be ascertained with any degree of certainty” but “what is clear is that the appeals for donations were made in the joint names of the Church and the College, without any further elaboration” and “there was no indication as to whether any one body would exercise any form of control over the other,” “[n]either … any specific reference to any religious doctrine other than the fact that both entities were Bible Presbyterian entities” and “[i]n such circumstances, the objects of the College, as well as those of the Church, would serve as strong evidence of the presumed objects of the charitable purpose trust, because it would be natural and reasonable to infer that the donors intended their donations to benefit both the College and the Church” and, “[a]s we [the Judges] see it, the charitable purpose trust upon which the Premises are impressed, as far as the College is concerned, must be that the Premises be used in accordance with its Constitution” and “[t]here is nothing to suggest that the College can only enjoy the use of the Premises if it is aligned to the Church.” After concluding that “the College has not deviated from its fundamental doctrines/tenets [in its constitution] … [and] is entitled to continue using the Premises,” the Judges of Appeal went on to say, albeit also noted by the Editorial Board, that “the College's status as a beneficiary under that purpose trust over the Premises was not conditioned on its continued doctrinal alignment with the Church” (see [108]-[110], and also [107] and [95]-[105] pointed to in [107] ).",
"title": "Bible-Presbyterian churches (Singapore)"
}
] |
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3114
|
When was GMT Games first established?
|
[
{
"docid": "1082343#0",
"text": "GMT Games is a California-based wargaming publisher founded in 1990. The current management and creative team includes Tony Curtis, Rodger MacGowan, Mark Simonitch, and Andy Lewis. The company has become well known for graphically attractive games that range from \"monster games\", of many maps and counters, to quite simple games suitable for introducing new players to wargaming. They also produce card games and family games. \"The Washington Post\" called GMT \"the modern hobby's highest-profile wargame publisher\".",
"title": "GMT Games"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "54789920#4",
"text": "\"The Great Battles of Alexander\" began development at Erudite Software in 1994, as an adaptation of the titular board wargame designed by Mark Herman and Richard Berg, first published by GMT Games in 1991. The physical \"Great Battles\" series was known as a commercial success in a period of falling sales for board games. \"Alexander\"s computer adaptation was first announced in late 1994, under the direction of Mark Herman, and was created with assistance from GMT. Erudite, a business software developer founded in 1990, initially hoped to self-publish the game. However, the company had partnered with publisher Strategic Simulations (SSI) by the time of \"Alexander\"s announcement. At that point, the game was set to include play-by-email (PBEM) support, and Herman explained his plan to apply artificial intelligence (AI) routines he had created originally for the United States Department of Defense. A summer 1995 release was planned.",
"title": "The Great Battles of Alexander"
},
{
"docid": "146006#1",
"text": "By the 1870s there was pressure both to establish a prime meridian for worldwide navigation purposes and to unify local times for railway timetables. The first International Geographical Congress, held in Antwerp in 1871, passed a motion in favour of the use of the Greenwich Meridian for (smaller scale) passage charts, suggesting that it should become mandatory within 15 years.\nIn Britain, the Great Western Railway had standardised time by 1840 and in 1847 the \"Railway Clearing Union\" decreed that \"GMT be adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it\". The Post Office was by this time transmitting time signals from Greenwich by telegraph to most parts of the country to set the clocks. By January 1848, Bradshaw's railway guide showed the unified times and met with general approval, although legal disputes meant that it was not until 1890 that GMT was formally established across the UK.",
"title": "International Meridian Conference"
},
{
"docid": "9089527#1",
"text": "In 2005, Bernie Tormé and John McCoy are reunited again with the idea form a new band, taking advantage by the successful sales of the Gillan material published for Angel Air Records between 1997 and 2000. By 2006, with the release of Gillan's \"Live Edinburgh 1980\" DVD, an extra videoclip from the song \"Cannonball\" made by GMT marked the start of the group, follow for the debut three-track EP \"Cannonball\" published on August 21, 2006. In 2007, GMT toured widely by the UK, performing at RBCS 2007 Rock and Blues Festival, in Pentrich. The next year, GMT released on November 17, \"Evil Twin\" their first full album, with Dee Snider as guest. Between 2009 and 2011, GMT performed various shows, release the first live album \"Raw - Live\" in 2011.",
"title": "Guy McCoy Tormé"
},
{
"docid": "2439010#5",
"text": "An inquiry during the winter of 1959–60, in which 180 national organisations were consulted, revealed a slight preference for a change to all-year GMT+1, but instead the length of summer time was extended as a trial. A further inquiry during 1966–1967 led the government of Harold Wilson to introduce the British Standard Time experiment, with Britain remaining on GMT+1 throughout the year. This took place between 27 October 1968 and 31 October 1971, when there was a reversion to the previous arrangement.",
"title": "British Summer Time"
},
{
"docid": "30012#31",
"text": "With the advent of the industrial revolution, a greater understanding and agreement on the nature of time itself became increasingly necessary and helpful. In 1847 in Britain, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was first created for use by the British railways, the British navy, and the British shipping industry. Using telescopes, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK.",
"title": "Time"
},
{
"docid": "1082343#2",
"text": "After the downsizing of the game distribution network in the mid-late 1990s, the company decided they needed a new way to fund the production of new games. This prompted them to introduce the \"Project 500\" system, which allows customers to vote via pre-order for the games they most want to see produced. Production of a new game does not start until there are a minimum number pre-orders for a particular game (originally about 500, but now more realistically about 750). Pre-orders are offered at a discount to encourage people to commit to a game with the understanding that sufficient numbers of orders are needed before the game is produced. This commitment does not involve a financial payment until the game has made the needed number of orders and is about to be produced. This system has since been adopted by other wargame publishers such as Multi-Man Publishing for some of their games.",
"title": "GMT Games"
},
{
"docid": "30890#5",
"text": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675, when the Royal Observatory was built, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each city in England kept a different local time.",
"title": "Time zone"
},
{
"docid": "13838920#2",
"text": "In 1923 student organizations of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania established an extensive co-operation agreement, which resulted in first regional student competition for the university students of the respective countries in Tartu, Estonia. The competitions lasted until 1940 when the last winter games were held before the ties between Baltic States were severed by World War II. During this period there were organized separately summer games, winter games and chess tournaments. \nAfter Baltic States became independent again the tradition of competition was restored in a meeting held 21.4. 1997, and the SELL Games were organized in 1998 in Tartu. The competition has been open to all university students around the world since then.",
"title": "SELL Student Games"
},
{
"docid": "1082343#1",
"text": "GMT's name comes from the first name initials of founders Gene Billingsley, Mike Crane, and Terry Shrum. However, Crane and Shrum soon split acrimoniously with GMT, and founded their own company, the Fresno Gaming Association.",
"title": "GMT Games"
}
] |
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3116
|
When did American Horror Story: Murder House first air?
|
[
{
"docid": "33907012#0",
"text": "American Horror Story: Murder House (originally titled as American Horror Story) is the first season of the FX television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired between October 5, and December 21, 2011. The season was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, and the executive producers were Dante Di Loreto and series creators Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33539764#0",
"text": "\"Murder House\" is the third episode of the of the television series \"American Horror Story\", which premiered on the network FX on October 19, 2011. The episode was written by Jennifer Salt and directed by Bradley Buecker. This episode is rated TV-MA (LSV).",
"title": "Murder House (American Horror Story)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58590520#0",
"text": "\"Return to Murder House\" is the sixth episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on October 17, 2018, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Crystal Liu, and directed by Sarah Paulson.",
"title": "Return to Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#17",
"text": "In its first season, \"American Horror Story\" was nominated for 65 awards, and won 19.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#7",
"text": "On October 30, 2016, Murphy announced that a future crossover season of the series would continue the \"Murder House\" and \"Coven\" stories, merging their characters and themes. He did not state which season it would be, but that he had already reached out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles. Murphy later confirmed one of the \"Murder House\" characters will be moved in the season finale of \"Coven\". However, on January 5, 2018, it was initially announced that the crossover season will be taking place in the ninth season, but on June 14, 2018, the crossover was moved from Season 9 to the eighth season, \"\" instead.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#5",
"text": "From the beginning, Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story. After the first-season finale aired, Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season, while retaining some actors from the first, \"The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters, creatures, monsters, etc. [The Harmons'] stories are done.\"",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "31227103#44",
"text": "On August 16, 2016, FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an \"American Horror Story\" exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their \"Halloween Horror Nights\". The maze will feature sets and themes from \"Murder House\", \"Freak Show\", and \"Hotel\". Universal said of the experience, \"Twisted scenes from \"Murder House\" will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate, spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there. In \"Freak Show\", guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown. Finally, guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers.\"",
"title": "American Horror Story"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#14",
"text": "Due to a \"very aggressive\" production schedule and the series' pilot shoot having to wait for co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk's other show, \"Glee\", to wrap its second season production, it was announced that the show's first-season finale, the thirteenth episode, would be thirty minutes shorter than planned. Finally, the thirteenth episode was dropped and they made the twelfth episode 10 minutes longer (52 minutes). The finale aired on December 21, 2011.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#2",
"text": "The first season of \"American Horror Story\" received generally positive reviews from critics. The series drew consistently high ratings for the FX network, ending its first season as the biggest new cable series of the year. The season was nominated for various industry awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama, and received a total of seventeen Emmy Award nominations. In addition, Lange won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series, and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
},
{
"docid": "33907012#21",
"text": "\"American Horror Story\" November 2011 international premiere across Europe and Latin America, on Fox International Channels, drew rankings of 1st or 2nd among all Pay-TV in most metered markets for its time slot. In the UK, it premiered on non-terrestrial channel FX, with 128,200 viewers. The second episode saw an increase of 27%, receiving an overall viewership of 158,700.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Murder House"
}
] |
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] |
3117
|
When was the Hadean era?
|
[
{
"docid": "1890158#0",
"text": "The Cryptic era is an informal term for the earliest geologic evolution of the Earth and Moon. It is the oldest (informal) era of the Hadean eon, and it is commonly accepted to have begun close to 4533 million (about 4.533 billion) years ago when the Earth and Moon formed. No samples exist to date the transition between the Cryptic era and the following Basin Groups era for the Moon (see also Pre-Nectarian), though sometimes it is stated that this era ended 4150 million years ago for one or both of these bodies. Neither this time period, nor any other Hadean subdivision, has been officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.",
"title": "Cryptic (geology)"
},
{
"docid": "55397#0",
"text": "The Hadean () is a geologic eon of the Earth pre-dating the Archean. It began with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago and ended, as defined by the ICS, 4 billion years ago. , the ICS describes its status as \"\"informal\"\". Geologist Preston Cloud coined the term in 1972, originally to label the period before the earliest-known rocks on Earth. W. Brian Harland later coined an almost synonymous term, the \"Priscoan period\", from \"priscus\", the Latin word for \"ancient\". Other, older texts simply refer to the eon as the Pre-Archean.",
"title": "Hadean"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2068726#2",
"text": "The Hadean eon represents the time before a reliable (fossil) record of life; it began with the formation of the planet and ended 4.0 billion years ago. The following Archean and Proterozoic eons produced the beginnings of life on Earth and its earliest evolution. The succeeding eon is the Phanerozoic, divided into three eras: the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, fishes, and the first life on land; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign, and climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs; and the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals. Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago, a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.",
"title": "History of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "40087634#0",
"text": "In the geologic record the Chaotian eon or era is unofficially proposed to denote the time preceding the solidification of the Earth's crust and the formation of Earth's moon, it is the earliest era within the eon of Hadean. It lasted 196 million years, at to the beginning of the Zirconian era, . It is named after Chaos, the primeval void in Greek mythology. The Chaotian sets in with the emergence of Earth at 4.6 billion years ago. Its upper limit and thus the transition to the Zirconian era is defined by the occurrence of the first conservation capable mineral. These are zircon, the oldest mineral in the Jack Hills of Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia (Yilgarn craton) found and were dated 4,404 ± 8 million years ago",
"title": "Chaotian (geology)"
},
{
"docid": "793635#0",
"text": "The Eoarchean (; also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record for which the Earth has a solid crust. It spans 400 million years from the end of the Hadean Eon 4 billion years ago (4000 Mya) to the start of the Paleoarchean Era 3600 Mya. The beginnings of life on Earth have been dated to this era and evidence of cyanobacteria date to 3500 Mya, just outside this era. At that time, the atmosphere was without oxygen and the pressure values ranged from 10 to 100 bar (around 10 to 100 atmospheres).",
"title": "Eoarchean"
},
{
"docid": "55453021#0",
"text": "Hadean zircon is the oldest-surviving crustal material from the Earth's earliest geological time period, the Hadean eon, about 4 billion years ago. Zircon is a mineral that is commonly used for radiometric dating because it is highly resistant to chemical changes and appears in the form of small crystals or grains in most igneous and metamorphic host rocks.",
"title": "Hadean zircon"
},
{
"docid": "53284071#0",
"text": "The Zirconian is the second Era within the Hadean Eon in a proposed revision of the Precambrian time scale. It lasted 373 million years from the end of the Chaotian Era to the beginning of Eoarchean Era . The Zirconian follows the Chaotian Era and its beginning is chronometrically set at 4.404 ± 0.008 Gya. This corresponds to the age of the first occurrence of Hadean zircons in the Jack Hills in Western Australia (Yilgarn craton). The end of the Zirconian Era and the transition to the Acastan Period (the earliest period of the Archean Eon and Eoarchean Era) occurred with the appearance of the oldest rock at 4.031 ± 0.003 Gya.",
"title": "Zirconian"
},
{
"docid": "19179706#5",
"text": "The Hadean Earth is thought to have had a secondary atmosphere, formed through degassing of the rocks that accumulated from planetesimal impactors. At first, it was thought that the Earth's atmosphere consisted of hydrogen compounds—methane, ammonia and water vapour—and that life began under such reducing conditions, which are conducive to the formation of organic molecules. According to later models, suggested by study of ancient minerals, the atmosphere in the late Hadean period consisted largely of water vapour, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and sulfur compounds. During its formation, the Earth lost a significant part of its initial mass, with a nucleus of the heavier rocky elements of the protoplanetary disk remaining. As a consequence, Earth lacked the gravity to hold any molecular hydrogen in its atmosphere, and rapidly lost it during the Hadean period, along with the bulk of the original inert gases. The solution of carbon dioxide in water is thought to have made the seas slightly acidic, giving it a pH of about 5.5. The atmosphere at the time has been characterized as a \"gigantic, productive outdoor chemical laboratory.\" It may have been similar to the mixture of gases released today by volcanoes, which still support some abiotic chemistry.",
"title": "Abiogenesis"
},
{
"docid": "55397#10",
"text": "A September 2008 study of zircons found that Australian Hadean rock holds minerals pointing to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4 billion years.\nIf this is true, the time when Earth finished its transition from having a hot, molten surface and atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, to being very much like it is today, can be roughly dated to about 4.0 billion years ago. The actions of plate tectonics and the oceans trapped vast amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the greenhouse effect and leading to a much cooler surface temperature and the formation of solid rock, and possibly even life.",
"title": "Hadean"
},
{
"docid": "4224324#5",
"text": "In fact, recent studies of zircons (in the fall of 2008) found in Australian Hadean rock hold minerals that point to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4 billion years ago. If this holds true, the previous beliefs about the Hadean period are far from correct. That is, rather than a hot, molten surface and atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, Earth's surface would be very much like it is today. The action of plate tectonics traps vast amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing greenhouse effects, and leading to a much cooler surface temperature, and the formation of solid rock, and possibly even life.",
"title": "Origin of water on Earth"
}
] |
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