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2739
|
When was Doris Hursley born?
|
[
{
"docid": "922122#0",
"text": "Frank M. Hursley (November 21, 1902 – February 3, 1989) and Doris Hursley (September 29, 1898 – May 5, 1984) were a husband-and-wife team who wrote American serials.",
"title": "Frank and Doris Hursley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "922122#3",
"text": "Doris was the eldest daughter of Socialist Congressman Victor Berger and held a law degree from Marquette University. Frank Hursley left his first wife, Madeleine, and their one-year-old son, Frank Jr., both of Detroit and became an English professor at the University of Wisconsin's Milwaukee Extension. After Doris's divorce in 1935 from her first husband, Colin Welles, she married Frank in 1936. The couple began writing for radio during World War II and moved from their home in Thiensville, Wisconsin to California in 1946.",
"title": "Frank and Doris Hursley"
},
{
"docid": "922122#2",
"text": "They created the medical drama \"General Hospital\", for ABC Daytime in 1963. It was the first serious effort by that network to create a daytime serial. Today, \"General Hospital\" is the longest-running daytime serial on American television. The duo head wrote the show until 1973, when they handed the reins to their daughter and son-in-law, Bridget and Jerome Dobson. In 1969, the Hursleys created and wrote the NBC Daytime soap opera \"Bright Promise\" that starred Dana Andrews as college president Tom Boswell. However, they soon left that series and it was eventually cancelled in 1972. The Hursleys retired from writing serials.",
"title": "Frank and Doris Hursley"
},
{
"docid": "1205423#7",
"text": "Richard Cromwell lived with his wife in Hursley from 1649 until 1658 when he was proclaimed Lord Protector following the death of his father. This made Hursley briefly the country seat of the ruler of England. It was not to last however as Richard's grip on power was weak, he was forced from office within months and by 1660 concerns for his safety forced Richard Cromwell to flee the country with Dorothy. They travelled first to France and then to other parts of Europe where Richard lived under an assumed name. Richard's son Oliver Cromwell II (??-1705) took over the Hursley estate, and the tenants claimed their ancient rights and customs (including pasturage and felling trees) in a lengthy legal battle.",
"title": "Hursley"
},
{
"docid": "922125#8",
"text": "After Doris's divorce in 1935 from her first husband, Colin Welles, she married Frank in 1936. The couple began writing for radio during World War II and moved from their home in Thiensville, Wisconsin to California in 1946.",
"title": "Frank Hursley"
},
{
"docid": "35520132#1",
"text": "Doris Gates was born on November 26, 1901, in Mountain View, California, the oldest daughter of Charles Obed and Bessie Louise (Jones) Gates. Her father was a small-town doctor; her mother had a BA from Milton College in classical studies. When she was seven they moved to Charles' parents' prune ranch outside San Jose. It was there, at the age of eight, that Doris began school. According to Gates, her childhood, \"even for those times, was unusually happy.\" She wrote about it in \"The Elderberry Bush\". Later the Gates family moved to Los Gatos. After graduating from high school, Gates found work in a library and a grocery store. Her father then moved the family to Fresno, and in 1924 she enrolled in Fresno State Teachers College.",
"title": "Doris Gates"
},
{
"docid": "55480370#1",
"text": "Doris Malkin Curtis was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1914 to her mother, Mary Berkowitz, and her father, Meyer Malkin. In her early years, Curtis had a significant involvement with Girl Scouts. She began as a member, then became increasingly involved as a counselor. She attended Erasmus Hall High School. During her post-secondary academic years, she attended Brooklyn College, where she received her bachelor's degree in Geology in 1933, and went on to earn her master's degree in 1934 and PhD in 1949 at Columbia University. In 1941, Doris worked as a paleontologist for Shell Oil Company until a year later when she was transferred to several different locations to work as a stratigrapher and geologist (1942-1950). With the help of her mother, she also completed her field work required to complete her PhD during this time.",
"title": "Doris Malkin Curtis"
},
{
"docid": "52498908#1",
"text": "Doris Castle was born on May 25, 1942 in Oakland, Tennessee. Both branches of her ancestors were farmers; one were landowners and the others were sharecroppers. Castle recalled her grandmother saying things such as \"Don't ever bow to anybody when you feel you're right or you know you're right\". Her family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1947. Her father, John Castle, was a longshoreman while her mother, Virgie Castle was a barmaid for Leah and Dooky Chase restaurants. Her parents taught her and her sister to be “fiercely independent”. Doris and her sister Oretha grew up with working parents who believed you had to fight for what you wanted in life. They attended public schools in the Ninth Ward neighborhood of New Orleans, where the two girls grew up.",
"title": "Doris Castle"
},
{
"docid": "922122#1",
"text": "The couple were writers on the Western series \"Have Gun, Will Travel\", but became famous in the soap world in 1957 when they began writing for the CBS Daytime show \"Search for Tomorrow\". They continued to write \"Search for Tomorrow\" even after the show that they created, \"General Hospital\", had premiered. Another married couple that were television writers, Theodore and Mathilde Ferro, wrote the show in its early months.",
"title": "Frank and Doris Hursley"
},
{
"docid": "4629504#1",
"text": "Hare was born in Bargoed, Glamorgan. Her parents had a portable theatre in South Wales and it seemed inevitable that she would become a part of it, making her debut at the age of three in \"Current Cash\" and appearing in juvenile troupes all over Britain as a child, before going solo as 'Little Doris Hare', appearing in music hall, variety, cabaret, revues and pantomimes. One of five, her brother, Bertie Hare and her sisters Betty Hare and Winifred Hare Braemer were also actors and performers",
"title": "Doris Hare"
},
{
"docid": "23238973#1",
"text": "Doris Akers was born in Brookfield, Missouri to parents Floyd and Pearl Akers. She had nine siblings; Edward, Floyd, Evelyn, Marian, Donald, Nellie, Bernice, Harley, and Charles. The family moved to nearby Kirksville when she was five years old. She learned to play the piano by ear at age six and wrote her first song, \"Keep the Fire Burning in Me,\" when she was ten years old. During the 1930s she formed a group with her siblings, Edward, Marian and Donald, who went by the name of \"Dot and The Swingsters\".",
"title": "Doris Akers"
}
] |
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2740
|
What year was Abel Posse born?
|
[
{
"docid": "11037532#5",
"text": "Abel Parentini Posse was born on 7 January 1934, in the Argentine city of Córdoba where he only lived the first two years of his life. Two years after birth the family moved to the capital city of Buenos Aires due to his father's work commitments. His mother, Elba Alicia Posse, belonged to the creole landed oligarchy of Galician descent who held vast sugar mill estates in the North West province of Tucuman. Amongst the influential members of the Posse clan in the 19th century, the liberal Julio Argentino Roca stands out, twice president of the republic from 1880 to 1886 and also 1898 to 1904 (3). Posse fictionalized 19th century Tucuman in his novel El inquietante día de la vida (2001), where two distant family relatives are the protagonists; his maternal great-grandfather, Felipe Segundo Posse, and Julio Victor Posse, patron of the arts in the sugar producing province until the 1940s.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#0",
"text": "Abel Parentini Posse, best known as Abel Posse (Córdoba, Argentina, January 7, 1934), is an Argentine novelist, essayist, poet, career diplomat and politician.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11037532#12",
"text": "Abel Posse's only son, Ivan, was born in Moscow in January 1967. At this time in the Russian capital he also finished writing his first novel, Los bogavantes, set in Paris and Seville, centered on a trio of characters, two of whom are students and one a Foreign Service employee, embodying the ideological tensions of the early 1960s. This neo-realist novel played an important part in his literary career. Under the pseudonym of Arnaut Daniel, Posse submitted it to the 1968 Planeta Prize. It featured amongst the four finalists, and although it had been virtually declared the winner by the judges José Manuel de Lara and Baltasar Porcel, under Francoist pressure the judges had to overturn their decision, due to some charged erotic scenes, but above all because of its critical and ironical references to the regime's military. Once it had been published in 1970 by Editorial Brújula in Argentina, thanks to the support of Ernesto Sabato and Posse's father, and after it received the Sash of Honour of the SADE, Los bogavantes was later published in Barcelona in 1975 where it was the object of Francoist censorship. All 5000 copies were purged of two pages which ridiculed the masculinity of army officers. This singular publishing episode (22) brought him under the attention of those who were the leading literary publishers of the time, Carlos Barral and Carmen Balcells; the latter would become his literary agent.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#2",
"text": "Abel Parentini Posse carried out uninterrupted diplomatic duties for the Argentine Foreign Service from 1966 until 2004. After his studies in Law at the University of Buenos Aires and political sciences at La Sorbonne in Paris, Posse returned to Buenos Aires where he worked as a lawyer for several years. He entered the Foreign Service through entrance exams in 1965. His initial postings were to the Argentine embassy in Moscow (1966–1969) and Lima (1969-1970); he was later Consul General in Venice (1973–1979) and then director of the Argentine Cultural Centre in Paris (1981–1985), and then posted to the embassy in Tel-Aviv (1985–1988). President Carlos Saul Menem conferred him the title of Ambassador in 1990, which he carried out in Czechoslovakia (1990–1992), the Czech Republic (1992–1996), Peru (1998–2000), Denmark (2000–2002), at UNESCO (2002) and Spain (2002–2004). In 1994 he was honoured with the Konex-Prize Merit Diploma.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#7",
"text": "The imagination of the young Posse was awakened and nurtured by the father's personal library. (7) When he was eight he wrote and illustrated little books he would sell to his grandmother, who lived in the same apartment complex. (8) He undertook his primary education at the Colegio La Salle (9) and his secondary education between 1946 and 1952 at the prestigious Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires. (10) During these formative years in his intellectual development he began close friendships with people who would usher him into Buenos Aires literary circles, such as Rogelio Bazán, the translator of Georg Trakl. Posse would later dedicate a poetic tribute to the German bard.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#10",
"text": "After graduating, Posse decided to travel to Europe. Thanks to a university scholarship, he undertook doctoral studies in Political Sciences at La Sorbonne in Paris. A few months prior to his travels, he published his first poem, “Invocación al fantasma de mi infancia muerta”, in the literary supplement of El Mundo (16). While in Europe, he crossed the Alps on motorbike in order to visit his sister in Italy. \nIn this period he deepened his knowledge of the poetry of Hölderlin, Rilke and Trakl (17). During his stay in Paris he listened to Sartre, he had as professors eminent French political scientists of the time (Duverger, Hauriou, Rivarol) and also met Pablo Neruda (18). During his stay in the “City of Light” he fell in love with a German student, Wienke Sabine Langenheim, his future wife, who would play an important role in his literary formation, guiding his readings of German literature and philosophy which infuse his works. In 1961 he spent two semesters in Tübingen, Germany, the home of Hölderlin. That same year, his poem, “En la tumba de Georg Trakl”, the first ever text signed as Abel Posse, was awarded the Rene Bastianini prize of the SADE in Buenos Aires. During his stay in Tübingen he read Hölderlin, Nietzsche and Heidegger (19). It was also here that he began writing his first novel, Los bogavantes, which he would finish in 1967.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#9",
"text": "Posse studied at the Law Faculty in Buenos Aires until 1958. Apart from his studies “lectured by fascist-Peronist professors” (12) who bored him, he lived the “night life” fiesta of Buenos Aires, a city which in those days was home to the most important publishing houses in the Spanish speaking world and also to exiled writers and intellectuals of the Spanish Civil War. According to Posse, his night time meetings and conversations in Buenos Aires cafés allowed him to deepen his knowledge of Russian and French literature, German philosophy and oriental spiritualism. In this rich bohemian environment he met Jorge Luis Borges, Eduardo Mallea, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Ricardo Molinari, Manuel Mujica Lainez, Ramón Gomez de la Serna and Rafael Alberti (13). He became close friends with the poets Conrado Nalé Roxlo and Carlos Mastronardi, as well as Borges, who opened the doors for him of the SADE and who would later help him to publish his first short stories and poems in the daily El Mundo. \nIn those years Posse became attracted to Peronist ideas. Although he had been born into an anti-Peronist family, the huge public demonstration of 17 October 1945 had left a lasting impression (14), as had the strength of Evita and her ability to bring life into the movement, together with the open public grieving aroused by her funeral in 1952. These years of university life and above all of the night life in Buenos Aires are depicted by Posse as a true “golden age” which he recreates in certain passages of La reina del Plata (1988) and La pasión segun Eva (1994), a fictional biography which conveys the last days of Eva Perón. After having undertaken his military service in 1955, during the anti-Peronist Revolución Libertadora, Posse completed his university studies in 1958. That same year, he wrote a screenplay, “La cumparsa” (The troupe), which was given an award by the National Institute of Cinematography; set in Patagonia, the troupe is composed of a group of sheep shearers who turn out to be a veritable court of miracles. (15)",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#13",
"text": "Abel Posse was posted to Peru in 1969 and appointed cultural secretary of the embassy in Lima. For him Peru represented the discovery of Inca culture, the “revelation of the Americas” (23) which compelled him to identify himself with his creole roots of North-Western Argentina (24). A visit to Machu Picchu inspired a long poem of 240 verses, Celebración de Machu Picchu, which he wrote in Cuzco in 1970 and published much later in Venice in 1977. Also in 1970 he wrote his most ambitious poetical piece, Celebración del desamparo, which was amongst the finalists of the Maldoror Poetry Prize although Posse decided against publishing it. In those years he read José María Arguedas and the great Cuban stylists: Alejo Carpentier, Lezama Lima and Severo Sarduy. He also researched the life of Argentina's national independence hero, General José de San Martín, and in 1971 was admitted to the Instituto Sanmartiniano de Lima. In Peru he also wrote his second novel, La boca del tigre (1971), inspired by his personal experiences in the Soviet Union. This novel, clearly influenced by Ernesto Sabato's neo-realist style of fiction, helped the author to articulate his distrust of the overbearing ideologies of the time, in order to criticize the exercise of power in the contemporary world and to reflect on the place of the individual in that historical juncture. This thematic concern foreshadowed the ideas about history in his later novel Daimon. La boca del tigre, which received the third National Prize of Argentine Literature, hints at his initial musings on the notion of Amerincaness (americanidad). (25) The influence that the Argentine philosopher and anthropologist Rodolfo Günther Kusch would have on Posse's fiction and indeed his own worldview after his encounter with him and his readings of La seducción de la babarie (1953) and América profunda (1962). Consequently, Kusch's thought on the fundamental ontological and cultural antagonism between the West's homo faber with the americano “man of being” and the symbiotic relationship of Amerindians with the Cosmos (“the Open”) was to become a leitmotif in Posse's work, and particularly in his “Trilogy of the Discovery of America”.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#18",
"text": "Prague (1990–1996)\nIn 1990 Posse is promoted to Ambassador by President Carlos S. Menem and is posted to Prague for six years. His stay in the Czech capital is quite productive. Here he composes his literary essay Biblioteca essential which he publishes in 1991, where he proposes the most important 101 works of universal literature and his own cannon of the literature of the River Plate. Posse also wrote in the Czech capital El largo atardecer del caminante, the novel which closes the “Trilogy of the Discovery of America”, and which was crowned with the Premio Internacional Extremadura-America V Centenario 1992, where 180 novels had entered. In this work, the baroque style of Daimon and The dogs of paradise give way to a more sombre and reflective style. The protagonist in this work is the conqueror Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490–1558), who lives the last years of his life in a humble abode in Seville, where he reminisces about his ‘true’ American adventure through an autobiographical and sincere retelling of his exploits by filling in the blanks and the silences left by his chronicles titled Castaways and Commentaries. Posse's Cabeza de Vaca assumes his americanidad, his hybrid identity, by announcing his maxim, “only faith can cure, only kindness heals” as a way the conquest should have taken place. This introspective and autobiographical style is continued in his next work, La pasión según Eva (1994). This is a biographical novel (fictionalised biography) with a polyphonic text which sees an ailing Eva Perón living her last nine months of her life while casting a retrospective gaze over her life. At the same time, Posse collects and recovers the testimony of people who knew her, illustrating and readjusting Eva's own account. Although the text has a clear empathy with its subject, the novel's stated aim is to provide a deeper understanding of this powerful woman than given by previous biographies, taking her life out of the ideological straitjacket and transforming it into a destined life.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "11037532#1",
"text": "He is the author of fourteen novels, seven collections of essays, an extensive journalistic work, together with a series of short stories and poems. His narrative fiction has received several distinguished awards. He received encouraging praise for his early novels, Los bogavantes (1970) and La boca del tigre (1971), for which he was awarded the Honour Sash of the SADE (Argentine Society of Writers) and third prize of the National Prize of Argentine Literature respectively. Worldwide acclaim came later for his “Trilogy of the Discovery of America” when he was recognised as one of the masters of Latin America's “New Historical Novel”. The first installment is Daimon (1978), a finalist of the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1982, which he was to win in 1987 for the sequel titled The dogs of paradise (1983). The last installment of the trilogy, El largo atardecer del caminante (1992) was honoured with the Premio Internacional Extremadura-America ’92 of the Spanish Commission for the Fifth Centenary of the Discovery of America. Posse has been the recipient of the Premio Internacional de Novela Diana-Novedades (Mexico) for El viajero de Agartha (1989) and the Literature Prize of the Argentine Academy of Letters (2002) for El inquietante dia de la vida (2001). Abel Posse's novels have been translated into 16 languages. In November 2012 he became an numbered member of the Argentine Academy of Letters.",
"title": "Abel Posse"
},
{
"docid": "2672416#1",
"text": "Arvid Posse was born at Rosendal manor in Malmöhus County, as the son of Governor Count Fredrik Posse and Baroness Magdalena Charlotta Bennet. In 1835 he enrolled at Lund University, receiving a law degree in 1840. The same year, he began as a trainee at the Court of Appeal of Skåne and Blekinge (\"Hovrätten över Skåne och Blekinge\"), during which time he worked both at district courts and at the Court of Appeal itself. Later, he was appointed Assistant District Judge (\"vice häradshövding\") and in 1846 a clerk at the Court of Appeal, and in 1847 was made an Associate Justice at the Court. In 1849 Posse left public service and resettled at Charlottenlund Manor and devoted his time to agriculture, enterprise and local politics (being, e.g., 1865-68 the President of Malmöhus County Council).",
"title": "Arvid Posse"
}
] |
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] |
2742
|
Is Al Pratt married?
|
[
{
"docid": "4978976#4",
"text": "Pratt's last Golden Age appearance was in \"All Star Comics\" #57 in 1951, also the last Golden Age Justice Society story. Later it was revealed that a special Senate investigation panel had moved to obtain the identities of all active superheroes, at which point virtually all members of the Justice Society retired. At this point in his life, as depicted in \"JSA\" #70, Pratt was engaged to Mary James, leading to their marriage at an undefined point in time (as confirmed by \"Justice Society of America: The Kingdom\" Special and others).",
"title": "Atom (Al Pratt)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8926072#36",
"text": "His first wife was Beda Dickerman, whom he married in 1818. She died of tuberculosis seven months later. In 1821 Pratt married his first wife's sister, Esther Dickerman. Esther died two and a half years later, also from tuberculosis. Pratt married his third wife, Abigail P. Watson of Rensselaerville, on January 12, 1829. Pratt had his only children with Abigail, a boy and a girl. George Watson Pratt was born on April 18, 1831. Three years later Julia P. Pratt was born on January 26, 1834. On February 5, 1834 Abigail, Pratt's third wife, died at twenty-eight years old from complications from the birth of her daughter. Some time later, Pratt married Abigail's sister Mary. They were married until July 17, 1868 when Mary died of unknown causes. One year later Pratt married his fifth wife, Susie A. Grimm of Brooklyn, October 16, 1869. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, Prattsville; Zadock had given the land and half the money to build the church. They remained married until Zadock's death.",
"title": "Zadock Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "1151061#3",
"text": "Susan Pratt has been married twice. She was married to George O'Hanlon Jr. from 1976 until their divorce in 1980. In 1981 Pratt married Alfredo Pecora. The couple have three children together: Sophia Pecora, Giancarlo Pecora, and Lorenna Pecora.",
"title": "Susan Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "15936344#1",
"text": "Pratt married fellow sculptor Virginia Claflin while they were students at the School of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The couple moved to Seattle in 1925, and Pratt began teaching at the University of Washington's School of Art. After Virginia's death in 1952, Pratt relocated to Croton Falls, New York, where he met and married the painter Colleen (Finch) Halvorsen. In 1965, the Pratts moved to San Miguel de Allende, Mexico; Pratt died there in 1975.",
"title": "Dudley Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "1117127#40",
"text": "On May 14, 1837, Pratt married his second wife, Mary Ann Frost Stearns (1808–1891), a widow with a daughter. The marriage was performed by Frederick G. Williams. Mary Ann was a native of Bethel, Maine (part of Massachusetts until 1820) whose first relative to join the church was Patty Bartlett Sessions, later a prominent midwife in Utah. Mary Ann was baptized by David W. Patten. She had come to Kirtland as a widow in 1836. Joseph Smith later condemned Latter Day Saints for \"marrying in five or six weeks, or even in two or three months, after the death of their companion.\" Pratt may have married Mary Ann so quickly to get back his infant son, although he remained in the care of Mary Ann Young for nearly a year after Pratt remarried. Mary Ann and Pratt at times demonstrated a deep companionship in their marriage, most fully shown by her joining her husband in prison in Missouri. After Pratt began practicing polygyny, they became estranged. Pratt suggested his falling out with Mary Ann was \"stung by falsehoods which are circulated in the Church\".",
"title": "Parley P. Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "39697640#15",
"text": "In 1877, Pratt married Isadore Bailey. They had two children, both of whom died young. Both of the Pratts were members of a Chicago musical society, the Apollo Club. After Isadore's death, Pratt married Charlotte Kelly in 1900.",
"title": "Edwin Hartley Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "39355208#7",
"text": "Pratt is married to his wife, Tina. They have two children and reside in Prior Lake, Minnesota. Pratt is a risk manager.",
"title": "Eric Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "1038181#11",
"text": "Pratt was married to ten women. At age 57, Pratt married his tenth wife, sixteen-year-old Margaret Graham. Graham was younger than his daughter Celestia, which caused his first wife Sarah, an outspoken critic of polygamy, to lash out in an 1877 interview,",
"title": "Orson Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "13977709#10",
"text": "Lois Barnes Pratt, Addison Pratt's daughter, married John Hunt, son of Jefferson Hunt. The two settled Navajo County, Arizona Territory. Through Ida Frances (their daughter), Pratt's posterity include Smiths (by Asahel Henry Smith, son of Jesse N. Smith), Udalls (by David King Udall), Kartchners and other early Arizona clans. Through daughters Ellen Saphronia Pratt McGary and Frances Stevens Pratt Dyer, Pratt's descendants figure prominently in the history and settling of Orange County and San Bernardino County, California.",
"title": "Addison Pratt"
},
{
"docid": "3108966#1",
"text": "Theodore Pratt married Belle Jacqueline (Jackie) Jacques in 1929. The couple went to Europe for their honeymoon, and stayed for four years, during which he served as the European correspondent for the \"New York Sun\". The Pratts eventually settled in Majorca, Spain, where Pratt wrote a column for the English language \"Daily Palma Post\". In 1933 Pratt wrote an article for \"The American Mercury\" called \"Paradise Enjoys a Boom\" that was highly critical of the Majorcan character and way of life (he called Majorcans \"among the cruelest people to animals extant in the civilized world\", and said \"they make inept servants, and when not shirking their work from pure laziness or contrariness, they are stealing food to take to their own home\"). After parts of the article appeared in translation in Majorca, the Pratts were forced to leave Spain and returned to the United States.",
"title": "Theodore Pratt"
}
] |
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2744
|
Do mag lev trains exist?
|
[
{
"docid": "867489#68",
"text": "If multiple bases were established on the lunar surface, they could be linked together by permanent railway systems. Both conventional and magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems have been proposed for the transport lines. Mag-Lev systems are particularly attractive as there is no atmosphere on the surface to slow down the train, so the vehicles could achieve velocities comparable to aircraft on the Earth. One significant difference with lunar trains, however, is that the cars would need to be individually sealed and possess their own life support systems.",
"title": "Colonization of the Moon"
},
{
"docid": "822307#14",
"text": "The world's first commercial maglev system was a low-speed maglev shuttle that ran between the airport terminal of Birmingham International Airport and the nearby Birmingham International railway station between 1984 and 1995. Its track length was , and trains levitated at an altitude of , levitated by electromagnets, and propelled with linear induction motors. It operated for 11 years and was initially very popular with passengers, but obsolescence problems with the electronic systems made it progressively unreliable as years passed, leading to its closure in 1995. One of the original cars is now on display at Railworld in Peterborough, together with the RTV31 hover train vehicle. Another is on display at the National Railway Museum in York.",
"title": "Maglev"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3012034#8",
"text": "The game also features one futuristic train, the \"Mag-Lev TBX-1\" which is portrayed as released in the (then) future date of 2008. The train operates using Maglev technology which, as of 2015, has been prototyped in both Europe and Japan. The first successful Maglev train to be operated was the SCMaglev with speeds approaching 400 miles per hour.",
"title": "Railroad Tycoon II"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "9394422#2",
"text": "Aya Fuse is a young girl living in the futuristic city of Yokohama. One night, accompanied by her hovercam Moggle, she crashes a party in New Pretty Town hoping to track down a group she saw surfing a mag-lev train, a story which she believes will make her famous. She follows one of the group's members, Eden Maru, out of the party, but they nearly get away when she is distracted by Frizz Mizuno, a more beautiful and far more famous person who compliments Aya. Aya leaves without telling Frizz her full name, because she is embarrassed by her comparatively low face rank. She then follows Eden into a cave, where she is ambushed by the mag-lev riders, who call themselves the Sly Girls. The group's leader Jai gives Aya a chance to join them, but to do so she is forced to drop Moggle into an underground lake.",
"title": "Extras (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
},
{
"docid": "26508854#0",
"text": "ㅍ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅍ is U+314D.",
"title": "ㅍ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
}
] |
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2746
|
Is there a major mountain range that goes through Chile?
|
[
{
"docid": "5489#62",
"text": "The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama Desert—through a Mediterranean climate in the center, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. According to the Köppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least ten major climatic subtypes. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).\nThe flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the Atacama Desert in the north and the Andes mountains to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous length of Chile (over ) and this results in a wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.",
"title": "Chile"
},
{
"docid": "1256241#3",
"text": "The Cordillera continues on through the mountain ranges of Central America in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and becomes the Andes Mountains of South America. The Andes with their parallel chains and the island chains off the coast of Chile continue through Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to the very tip of South America at Tierra del Fuego. The Cordillera continues along the Scotia Arc before reaching the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula.",
"title": "American Cordillera"
},
{
"docid": "22854436#54",
"text": "Much of Chile is dominated by the Andes Mountain range and many high altitude glaciers. With rising temperatures, the IPCC warns of increased melting for many of these glaciers, with some of them disappearing as early as 2020–2030. The Third Assessment Report from the IPCC indicate a critical situation for glaciers in neighboring countries such as Bolivia and Peru. The IPCC report goes on to say that glaciers in Chile are drastically reducing their volume at an increasing rate and that changes in temperature and humidity are the primary cause. In an article from Science Daily in March 2008, the news agency reports that, \"if the inter-tropical glaciers of Chile, Argentina, and Colombia disappear, water availability and hydropower generation will be affected.\" Of the thirty test glaciers monitored in the Andes by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) only Chile's Echaurren Norte glacier thickened between 2005 and 2006.",
"title": "Water resources management in Chile"
},
{
"docid": "5489#71",
"text": "The Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the territory: the Andes mountains to the east-natural border with Bolivia and Argentina in the region of Atacama and the Coastal Range west-minor height from the Andes. Chile's highest peak is the Nevado Ojos del Salado, at 6891.3 m, which is also the highest volcano in the world. The highest point of the Coastal Range is Vicuña Mackenna, at 3114 meters, located in the Sierra Vicuña Mackenna, the south of Antofagasta. Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains, of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports. Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes, and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.",
"title": "Chile"
},
{
"docid": "7647145#0",
"text": "The Chilean Coastal Range () is a mountain range that runs from north to south along the Pacific coast of South America parallel to the Andean Mountains, extending from Morro de Arica in the north to Taitao Peninsula, where it ends at the Chile Triple Junction, in the south. The range has a strong influence on the climate of Chile since it produces a rain shadow to the east. Because of this the vegetation growing on the seaward slopes is much more exuberant than in the interior. Compared to the coastal lowlands and the Intermediate Depression it is sparsely populated with land use varying from protected areas to grazing and silviculture. The range is present in all Chilean regions except for Coquimbo Region and Magallanes Region.",
"title": "Chilean Coast Range"
},
{
"docid": "1354#0",
"text": "The Andes or Andean Mountains () are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. This range is about long, about wide (widest between 18° south and 20° south latitude), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.",
"title": "Andes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "67318#16",
"text": "Although many lakes can be found in the Andean and coastal regions of central Chile, the south (Sur de Chile) is definitely the country's most lacustrine area. Southern Chile stretches from below the Bío-Bío River at about 37° south latitude to Chacao channel at about 42° south latitude. In this lake district of Chile, the valley between the Andes and the coastal range is closer to sea level, and the hundreds of rivers that descend from the Andes form lakes, some quite large, as they reach the lower elevations. They drain into the ocean through other rivers, some of which (principally the Calle-Calle River, which flows by the city of Valdivia) are the only ones in the whole country that are navigable for any stretch. The Central Valley's southernmost portion is submerged in the ocean and forms the Gulf of Ancud. Isla de Chiloé, with its rolling hills, is the last important elevation of the coastal range of mountains.",
"title": "Geography of Chile"
},
{
"docid": "7570559#0",
"text": "Puyehue National Park () is located in the Andes mountain range, in Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions of Chile formerly referred to as the 10th region. The park boast 220,000 acres of natural thermal springs, volcanoes, and evergreen forests, after having been expanded in 1950 and 1981. The park is Chile’s most visited national park with 400,000 people enjoying it each year. Puyehue National park forms part of the Reserve of Temperate Rainy Forest Biospheres of the Southern Andes. Chile Route 215 passes through the park, which connects with the Argentine Route 231 via Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.",
"title": "Puyehue National Park"
},
{
"docid": "10164078#1",
"text": "Although many lovely lakes can be found in the Andean and coastal regions of central Chile, the south (Sur de Chile) is definitely the country's most lacustrine area. Southern Chile stretches from below the Río Bío-Bío at about 37° south latitude to below Isla de Chiloé at about 43.4° south latitude. In this lake district of Chile, the valley between the Andes and the coastal range is closer to sea level, and the hundreds of rivers that descend from the Andes form lakes, some quite large, as they reach the lower elevations. They drain into the ocean through other rivers, some of which (principally the Calle-Calle River, which flows by the city of Valdivia) are the only ones in the whole country that are navigable for any stretch. The Central Valley's southernmost portion is submerged in the ocean and forms the Golfo de Ancud. Isla de Chiloé, with its rolling hills, is the last important elevation of the coastal range of mountains.",
"title": "Zona Sur"
},
{
"docid": "67318#2",
"text": "The same telluric displacements that created the Peru-Chile Trench make the country highly prone to earthquakes. During the twentieth century, Chile has been struck by twenty-eight major earthquakes, all with a force greater than 6.9 on the Richter scale. The strongest of these occurred in 2010 (registering an estimated 8.8 on the Richter scale) and in Valdivia 1960 (reaching 9.5). This latter earthquake occurred on May 22, the day after another major quake measuring 7.25 on the Richter scale, and covered an extensive section of south-central Chile. It caused a tsunami that decimated several fishing villages in the south and raised or lowered sections of the coast as much as two meters. The clash between the Earth's surface plates has also generated the Andes, a geologically young mountain range that, in Chilean territory alone, includes about 620 volcanoes, many of them active. Almost sixty of these had erupted in the twentieth century by the early 1990s. More than half of Chile's land surface is volcanic in origin.",
"title": "Geography of Chile"
},
{
"docid": "333496#13",
"text": "The \"Valle central\" (Central Valley) is the extension of land that runs from the Chacabuco mountain range, which separates the Aconcagua and Maipo Valleys in the north of the Valparaiso region, to the Bio Bio river. The folklore in central Chile, as in southern Chile, is closely linked to rural life and Spanish heritage. The most iconic figure is the Huaso, a countryman and skilled horseman, similar to the American cowboy, Mexican charro or the gaucho of Argentina.\nIn Central Chile, the cueca and tonada dances and songs are the most characteristic styles. In this area of the country the most popular instruments are the accordion (introduced by the German immigrants through the south), guitar, harp, tambourine and the tormento, a Chilean instrument of colonial times used in the salon parties or “tertulias”, similar to a xylophone.",
"title": "Music of Chile"
}
] |
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] |
2747
|
How tall are the Colorado Rockies?
|
[
{
"docid": "5486454#7",
"text": "The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 54 peaks that are 14,000 feet (4270 m) or higher, known as fourteeners. The mountains are timbered with conifers and aspen to the tree line, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet (3,650 m) in southern Colorado to about 10,500 feet (3,200 m) in northern Colorado; above this only alpine vegetation grows. The Rockies are snow-covered only in the winter; most snow melts by mid-August with the exception of a few small glaciers. The Colorado Mineral Belt, stretching from the San Juan Mountains in the southwest to Boulder and Central City on the front range, contains most of the historic gold and silver mining districts of Colorado.",
"title": "Geography of Colorado"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5399#13",
"text": "To the west of the Great Plains of Colorado rises the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Notable peaks of the Rocky Mountains include Longs Peak, Mount Evans, Pikes Peak, and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg, in southern Colorado. This area drains to the east and the southeast, ultimately either via the Mississippi River or the Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico.\nThe Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 53 peaks that are or higher in elevation above sea level, known as fourteeners. These mountains are largely covered with trees such as conifers and aspens up to the tree line, at an elevation of about in southern Colorado to about in northern Colorado. Above this only alpine vegetation grows. Only small parts of the Colorado Rockies are snow-covered year round.",
"title": "Colorado"
},
{
"docid": "33768743#21",
"text": "In 2004, the Rockies acquired Vinny Castilla, who had been with the club for its inaugural 1993 season, once again, and he hit 35 homers. However, Wilson and Larry Walker spent much of the season on the disabled list, forcing the Rockies to play Matt Holliday, who had been slated to start the season at Triple-A. While the Rockies struggled to a 68–94 record—the second worst record in club history—the club's Triple-A affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, went 78–65. Declining attendance meant that the club's payroll could no longer support a franchise stocked largely with veterans from other clubs. In addition, Walker, who had been with the team since 1995 and was widely regarded as the best player in team history, was now 37 years old, and injuries prevented him from playing much of the time. Because he could still be useful to a contending team, the Rockies traded him to the St. Louis Cardinals in August for three minor-leaguers.",
"title": "History of the Colorado Rockies"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "24570313#7",
"text": "Lakewood lies in the Colorado Piedmont on the western edge of the Great Plains just east of the Front Range of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Green Mountain, a mesa tall, is located in the far west-central part of the city.",
"title": "Lakewood, Colorado"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "26508854#0",
"text": "ㅍ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅍ is U+314D.",
"title": "ㅍ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "25459#4",
"text": "The Rocky Mountains are often defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The Rockies vary in width from . The Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The range's highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at above sea level. Mount Robson in British Columbia, at , is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies.\nThe eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the Interior Plains of central North America, including the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, the Front Range of Colorado, the Wind River Range and Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, the Absaroka-Beartooth ranges and Rocky Mountain Front of Montana and the Clark Range of Alberta.",
"title": "Rocky Mountains"
},
{
"docid": "25459#16",
"text": "There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below , while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at . Precipitation ranges from per year in the southern valleys to per year locally in the northern peaks. Average January temperatures can range from in Prince George, British Columbia, to in Trinidad, Colorado. Therefore, there is not a single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range.\nInstead, ecologists divide the Rocky Mountain into a number of biotic zones. Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees and the presence of one or more indicator species. Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the Alpine tundra. The Great Plains lie to the east of the Rockies and is characterized by prairie grasses (below roughly ). Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the treeline for the Rocky Mountains, which varies from in New Mexico to at the northern end of the Rocky Mountains (near the Yukon).",
"title": "Rocky Mountains"
}
] |
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2748
|
When did the Arabic numeral system develop?
|
[
{
"docid": "3393371#1",
"text": "It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. Influential were the books of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (\"On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals\", ) and Al-Kindi (\"On the Use of the Hindu Numerals\", ). The system later spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21170#6",
"text": "The most commonly used system of numerals is the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. Two Indian mathematicians are credited with developing it. Aryabhata of Kusumapura developed the place-value notation in the 5th century and a century later Brahmagupta introduced the symbol for zero. The numeral system and the zero concept, developed by the Hindus in India, slowly spread to other surrounding countries due to their commercial and military activities with India. The Arabs adopted and modified it. Even today, the Arabs call the numerals which they use \"Rakam Al-Hind\" or the Hindu numeral system. The Arabs translated Hindu texts on numerology and spread them to the western world due to their trade links with them. The Western world modified them and called them the Arabic numerals, as they learned them from the Arabs. Hence the current western numeral system is the modified version of the Hindu numeral system developed in India. It also exhibits a great similarity to the Sanskrit–Devanagari notation, which is still used in India and neighbouring Nepal.",
"title": "Numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "1786#1",
"text": "The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 using quite different forms of the numerals. From India, the system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther west. The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa. It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "1786#4",
"text": "The decimal Hindu–Arabic numeral system with zero was developed in India by around AD 700. The development was gradual, spanning several centuries, but the decisive step was probably provided by Brahmagupta's formulation of zero as a number in AD 628. The system was revolutionary by including zero in positional notation, thereby limiting the number of individual digits to ten. It is considered an important milestone in the development of mathematics. One may distinguish between this positional \"system\", which is identical throughout the family, and the precise glyphs used to write the numerals, which varied regionally.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "1233054#0",
"text": "Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century. It was used in the First Bulgarian Empire and by South and East Slavic peoples. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals as part of his civil script reform initiative. Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals. By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals. The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the Church Slavonic language.",
"title": "Cyrillic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "21690#4",
"text": "Numbers should be distinguished from numerals, the symbols used to represent numbers. The Egyptians invented the first ciphered numeral system, and the Greeks followed by mapping their counting numbers onto Ionian and Doric alphabets. Roman numerals, a system that used combinations of letters from the Roman alphabet, remained dominant in Europe until the spread of the superior Arabic numeral system around the late 14th century, and the Arabic numeral system remains the most common system for representing numbers in the world today. The key to the effectiveness of the system was the symbol for zero, which was developed by ancient Indian mathematicians around 500 AD.",
"title": "Number"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#15",
"text": "The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Khwarizmi, who wrote a book, \"On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals\" in about 825, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, \"On the Use of the Hindu Numerals\" ( [\"kitāb fī isti'māl al-'adād al-hindī\"]) around 830. These earlier texts did not use the Hindu numerals. Kushyar ibn Labban who wrote \"Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind (Principles of Hindu Reckoning)\" is one of the oldest surviving manuscripts using the Hindu numerals. These books are principally responsible for the diffusion of the Hindu system of numeration throughout the Islamic world and ultimately also to Europe.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "3382754#15",
"text": "Al-Uqlidisi developed a notation to represent decimal fractions.\nThe numerals came to fame due to their use in the pivotal work of the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book \"On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals\" was written about 825, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes (see [2]) \"On the Use of the Indian Numerals\" (Ketab fi Isti'mal al-'Adad al-Hindi) about 830. They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle-East and the West.",
"title": "History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "1786#21",
"text": "The numeral system employed, known as algorism, is positional decimal notation. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, potentially including both symbols that evolved from the Brahmi numerals, and symbols that developed independently. The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages:The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown here in a table created by the French scholar Jean-Étienne Montucla in his \"Histoire de la Mathematique\", which was published in 1757:",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#19",
"text": "The familiar shape of the Western Arabic glyphs as now used with the Latin alphabet (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are the product of the late 15th to early 16th century, when they enter early typesetting.\nMuslim scientists used the Babylonian numeral system, and merchants used the Abjad numerals, a system similar to the Greek numeral system and the Hebrew numeral system. Similarly, 's introduction of the system to Europe was restricted to learned circles.\nThe credit for first establishing widespread understanding and usage of the decimal positional notation among the general population goes to , an author of the German Renaissance, whose 1522 \" was targeted at the apprentices of businessmen and craftsmen.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "1786#19",
"text": "Cyrillic numerals were a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
}
] |
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] |
2749
|
Where did Ziming come from?
|
[
{
"docid": "267667#1",
"text": "Lü Meng was from Fupo County (富陂縣), Runan Commandery (汝南郡), which is located southeast of present-day Funan County, Anhui. His family migrated to the south of the Yangtze River when Lü Meng was young. Lü Meng lived with his brother-in-law, Deng Dang (鄧當), who served as a military officer under Sun Ce. When he was 14 or 15, he secretly followed Deng Dang to the battles against the Shanyue tribes. Deng Dang was shocked to see his teenage brother-in-law in battle, so he scolded Lü Meng and warned him to stop. Lü Meng refused to listen so Deng Dang told Lü Meng's mother about this. When she wanted to punish him, Lü Meng said: \"It is difficult to survive in poverty. If we can prove ourselves through hard work, then wealth will come eventually. How can we catch the tiger cub if we don't enter the tiger's den?\" Lü Meng's mother sighed and let him have his way.",
"title": "Lü Meng"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12761222#1",
"text": "Li Ziming was born in Lijia Village, Ji County in Hebei province on June 25, 1902, and died on January 23, 1993, at the age of 90. He had a very cultured upbringing including the study of literature and martial arts, and was very talented at calligraphy and painting.",
"title": "Li Ziming"
},
{
"docid": "56754105#1",
"text": "Wang Ziming joined Qingdao Jonoon's youth academy in 2010 when Qingdao Hailifeng was dissolved due to match-fixing. He was promoted to Qingdao Jonoon's first team squad in the summer of 2014. He made his senior debut on 4 October 2014 in a 1–1 home draw against Yanbian FC, coming on as a substitute for Cristian Dănălache in the 73rd minute. On 25 September 2016, he scored his first senior goal in a 1–0 win over Hunan Billows.",
"title": "Wang Ziming (footballer)"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "29759737#10",
"text": "-At the end of May and beginning of June, Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao “secretly conspired to set up places where they could go into hiding.”",
"title": "Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "28025488#0",
"text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.",
"title": "ㅅ"
},
{
"docid": "49690775#0",
"text": "ㅕ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅕ is U+3155.",
"title": "ㅕ"
}
] |
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2750
|
How large is Galați?
|
[
{
"docid": "256639#21",
"text": "Galați is located in southeastern Romania. Its coordinates are latitude 45 ° 27 'north and longitude 28 ° 02' east. Its area is . Galați lies in the southern part of the Moldavian Plateau on the left (west) bank of the Danube river at the junction of the Siret River (west) and the Prut River (east), near Lake Brates. It is from the Black Sea. The nearest town is Brăila, to the south. Galați is built on three geological terraces. One lies beneath \"Valley City\", with elevations between . The other two, which make a fan shape, have elevations of (the site of the old town, now the city centre) and (the site of the modern city) respectively.\nThe Danube river is considered the \"life-blood\" of Galați. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe ), with an average flow of per second in the Galați section. After the Siret River, the largest tributary in Romania, joins the Danube, the flow is . After the Prut River joins the Danube, the flow becomes . The Danube river flows have significant seasonal variation. The maximum flows occur in May; . The minimum flows occur during the summer; .",
"title": "Galați"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "269319#4",
"text": "The county lies on a low plain, between the Prut River in the East, the Siret River in the West and South-West. They both flow into the Danube which forms the border with Tulcea County in the South-East.Due to the relief, the majority of the population in the rural areas work in agriculture. Fishing is another profitable occupation along the Danube and the Siret River. Galați is Romania's second harbour after Constanța, the navigable channel on the Danube allowing the passage of large ships. In Galați there exist the biggest metallurgical complex in Romania – the Mittal-Sidex Complex. Also the second biggest shipyard can be found also at Galați allowing ships up to 55,000 tdw to be built.",
"title": "Galați County"
},
{
"docid": "34808933#1",
"text": "The idea of building a large steel works in eastern Romania, with access to the Danube and/or the Black Sea, was first discussed in 1958 at a plenary session of the ruling Romanian Workers' Party. The decision was formalized by a decree in July 1960, shortly after the party's 8th Congress approved a huge investment for the project. At the congress, a heated debate took place over where to situate the plant; some wanted it near Constanţa, at Midia or Mangalia, but they were overruled by leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who had roots in Galați. Building the works went against the wishes of the Soviet Union, whose leader Nikita Khrushchev, supported by the more industrialized Czechoslovakia and East Germany, wanted to have the southern part of the Comecon focus on building agrarian economies. Gheorghiu-Dej stridently opposed this notion, and the Soviets' unwillingness to back the project helped foster Romania's opening towards the West.",
"title": "Galați steel works"
},
{
"docid": "34808606#5",
"text": "Galați is the largest naval shipyard on the Danube, its output ranging from large tankers to small coast guard patrol boats. The company also represents a significant element of the local economy. Since 1990, all of its products have gone to export. Following Damen's takeover, an investment plan focusing on improving efficiency and working conditions was introduced. For example, at the time of the takeover, spoons and coffee cups were listed in the inventory; afterwards, all items worth under $100 were considered disposable goods and no longer placed on the record books. The yard builds offshore vessels, naval vessels, special vessels (such as buoy laying vessels, patrol vessels and research vessels), tugs, workboats and mega yachts, and has also produced oil tankers, container carriers, cargo barges and drilling rig platforms—over 250 vessels since 1999. There were some 1550 employees at the end of 2010, as well as 1150 subcontracted employees handling support functions including electricity, HVAC, carpentry, blasting and painting. This was down from 10,000 total employees in 2006, of whom 3100 worked for Damen. Engineering services are mainly supplied by a Galați firm established in 2004 in which Damen is the major shareholder. Production takes place on four lines: for vessels up to 10,000 dwt, for vessels up to 26,000 dwt, for vessels up to 50,000 dwt and for tugs and workboats. There is also a workshop for piping and galvanizing and a blasting and painting hall.",
"title": "Galați shipyard"
},
{
"docid": "42034335#1",
"text": "Built in 1904-1905 according to the plans of architect Ion Mincu, the building was inaugurated on April 27, 1906. The structure has a symmetrical plan, running lengthwise along the city's main street. There are two secondary wings, narrower and less ornate, that run behind to enclose a courtyard. On the one hand, there is a suggestion of Venetian style in the facade, with its tall pointed windows and crenellations; Galați itself was the country's main port at the time. On the other hand, traditional Romanian shapes such as buttons, discs and crested larks decorate the rooftop. Among the materials used are stone from Câmpulung, Ruse, Vratsa and Trieste; rubble masonry for the basement; brick from Buzău and Galați; pine shelves; tile and mosaic floors; stone and oak stairs. The roof decorations, corners and drainpipes were made of zinc plates. The new building had gas heating, running water, drainage and gaslight. Two white marble sculptures by Frederic Storck, \"Industry\" and \"Agriculture\", adorn the upper part of the main facade. Lower down, there are two coats of arms of the county in bronze. There is also a large clock, and every hour, a few bars of \"Waves of the Danube\" are played. There are crystal mirrors mounted alongside the monumental main staircase, which has a finely decorated balustrade. The floor, panels and large chairs of the reception room are original.",
"title": "Galați County Prefecture"
},
{
"docid": "256639#51",
"text": "The beach is located in south-west Galați. Popular in the summer, it has two large pools and three smaller pools for children, each with a slide. There is a beach, some restaurants and shower facilities.",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "11418641#0",
"text": "The Galați Skating Rink or the Galați Artificial Skating Rink, is a multi-purpose hall in Galaţi, Romania. It is frequently used for concerts, indoor sports such as ice hockey, exhibitions and shows. The hall has a seating capacity of 5,000 people. It is home to the CSM Dunărea Galaţi ice hockey team.",
"title": "Galați Skating Rink"
},
{
"docid": "256639#0",
"text": "Galați (; also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the Danube River. In 2011, the Romanian census recorded 249,432 residents, making it the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați and the naval shipyard.",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "256639#31",
"text": "This is the oldest building in Galați. It was consecrated as a place of worship in September 1647 during the reign of Vasile Lupu. The church was dedicated to the Vatopedi Monastery on Mount Athos. It was built from local materials including stone, forest wood, brick and lime, sand from the beaches of the Danube and so on. As well as its typical Romanian church architecture, the monastery has some specific elements of interest such as a bell tower with battlements for observation of the Danube valley and for defense. The tower has two levels and a room to hide assets. There are two ramparts and a door to a balcony. The second floor is fitted with windows and battlements. Another of the church's defences is a reinforced bridge consisting of two parts, one above the nave and one above the altar. The bridge has 28 battlements. The church survived the turbulent periods of Galați's history and was rebuilt and restored in 1829 and again in 1859. From 1953 to 1957, the church was used as a museum. It was restored in the period 1991–1994. There may be a tunnel from the church beneath the Danube.",
"title": "Galați"
},
{
"docid": "52676319#11",
"text": "For the citizens of Galați, the situation was alarming. The Siberian Corps had more soldiers than Galați had citizens. The Romanian archives speak for no more than 500 soldiers in all Romanian detachments. Romanian Navy Commander Constantin Niculescu-Rizea, the Galați sector commander, received an order to bar the road from the west from the Russian columns and to defend the city. Two Romanian companies and half of Regiment 21 defended the western approach to the city on Tiglina hill. In central Galați were a detachment of Marines and two platoons of infantry. Two small detachments were deployed at Fileşti to watch the northern approach and to the east to guard the approach from Moldova. From the Romanian Danube Flotilla, there were four patrol boats, a torpedo boat, and a dinghy stationed on the Danube. Col. Badescu, commander of the 8th Brigade in Fântânele, had the mission to attack from the north and west of the Russian columns, located in the gorge of swamps Lake Malina, Lake Cătușa, and the Siret River. Unfortunately, the Russians forces were disproportionately far more numerous and better prepared.",
"title": "Battle of Galați"
}
] |
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] |
2751
|
What does an architect do?
|
[
{
"docid": "31340#11",
"text": "To make a user-friendly system, the system must have conceptual integrity, which can only be achieved by separating architecture from implementation. A single chief architect (or a small number of architects), acting on the user's behalf, decides what goes in the system and what stays out. The architect or team of architects should develop an idea of what the system should do and make sure that this vision is understood by the rest of the team. A novel idea by someone may not be included if it does not fit seamlessly with the overall system design. In fact, to ensure a user-friendly system, a system may deliberately provide \"fewer\" features than it is capable of. The point being, if a system is too complicated to use, many features will go unused because no one has time to learn them.",
"title": "The Mythical Man-Month"
},
{
"docid": "325018#68",
"text": "In 1788 Soane defined the professional responsibility of an architect:The business of the architect is to make the designs and estimates, to direct the works and to measure and value the different parts; he is the intermediate agent between the employer, whose honour and interest he is to study, and the mechanic, whose rights he is to defend. His situation implies great trust; he is responsible for the mistakes, negligences, and ignorances of those he employs; and above all, he is to take care that the workmen's bills do not exceed his own estimates. If these are the duties of an architect, with what propriety can his situation and that of the builder, or the contractor be united?",
"title": "John Soane"
},
{
"docid": "37600159#4",
"text": "Architecture is a profession that is inherently engaged in public diplomacy by the nature of what it creates and who interacts with it, and that therefore, architects need to consciously participate in public diplomacy through their work rather than unwittingly be a part of it with no awareness of their significance. “The fact is too many architects are seriously marginalized, and I would go so far as to say, intentionally isolated, from the political process that determines the zoning, funding and the complex social and legal regulations that control the building of our shared environment. This subject needs to be confronted, debated and discussed in detail.\" Swett concludes that the architectural profession would do well to develop “by assisting in the design of a blueprint that will frame the future influence of our profession beyond the limitations of bricks and mortar. Such a plan suggests that our fellow architects take up leadership roles in order to balance the tectonic, economic and political aspects of city/state planning more consciously. Thomas Jefferson also wrote in 1785: “I am proud to be an architect and don’t propose we go out and tear down any buildings. I do propose, however, we tear down some of the myths and misperceptions that architects have about public policy and vice versa.””",
"title": "Architectural propaganda"
},
{
"docid": "1170#0",
"text": "An architect is a person who plans, designs and reviews the construction of buildings. To \"practice architecture\" means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use. Etymologically, \"architect\" derives from the Latin \"architectus\", which derives from the Greek (\"arkhi-\", chief + \"tekton\", builder), i.e., chief builder.",
"title": "Architect"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5123586#6",
"text": "\"Architects take their mating relationship seriously and are faithful and devoted - albeit preoccupied at times, and somewhat forgetful of appointments, anniversaries, and other common social rituals. They are not likely to welcome much social activity at home, nor will they arrange it, content to leave scheduling of social interactions to their mate. If left to their own devices, Architects will retreat into the world of books and emerge only when physical needs become imperative. Architects are, however, even-tempered, compliant, and easy to live with - that is, until their principles are violated, in which case their adaptability ceases altogether. They prefer to keep their desires and emotions to themselves, and may seem insensitive to the desires and emotions of others, an insensitivity that can puzzle and frustrate their mates. But if what their mates are feeling is a mystery to them, Architects are keenly aware of what their mates actually say and do, and will often ask their mates to give a rationale for their statements and actions.\"",
"title": "Architect (role variant)"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#5",
"text": "Tensta konsthall has been following three different lines of inquiry since 2013. The first concerns questions of articulation – how something is shaped and organized. The second involves art and money and the third relates to the working conditions of artists and other cultural producers. Another line is directed towards archives, libraries, and collections. Art camps, organized during school holidays, offer different kinds of art education and are led by artists. The five-part seminar series “What does an art institution do?” (2011-2012) was the result of collaboration between the gallery and the University College of Arts Crafts and Design. This has been followed up by new seminar series, formulated by questions such as “What does social practice do?” and “What does art theory do?”",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "3561465#3",
"text": "Determining what the users/sponsors actually want, rather than what they say they want, \"is not engineering—it is an art.\" An architect does not follow an exact procedure. S/he communicates with users/sponsors in a highly interactive way—together they extract the true \"requirements\" necessary for the engineered system. The hardware architect must remain constantly in communication with the end users (or a systems architect). Therefore, the architect must be familiar with the user's environment and problem. The engineer need only be very knowledgeable of the potential engineering solution space.",
"title": "Hardware architect"
},
{
"docid": "16802798#5",
"text": "Architects was founded in 2004 by drummer Dan Searle and his twin brother, guitarist Tom Searle. The project was called \"Counting the Days\" until it blossomed into what is now known as \"Architects\" with original vocalist Matt Johnson, guitarist Tim Hillier-Brook and Tim Lucas on bass guitar. In 2006 the band's original bassist, Tim Lucas, decided to leave the band to pursue his academic career. He was replaced by Alex Dean. The band had traveled around the UK on many tours supporting a number of different bands (including Beecher and Bring Me the Horizon) in support of their debut album \"Nightmares\". Because of the age of the band members in the early years they had to book weeks of holiday off at college to do tours round the country.",
"title": "Architects (British band)"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
}
] |
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2752
|
How long does it take to become a barrister in the UK?
|
[
{
"docid": "5146876#2",
"text": "Requirements for becoming a lawyer in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland differ slightly depending on whether the individual plans to become a solicitor or barrister. All prospective lawyers must first however possess a qualifying law degree, or have completed a conversion course. A qualifying law degree in England and Wales must contain modules covering the following subject areas:Following graduation, the paths towards qualification as a solicitor or barrister diverge. Prospective solicitors must enroll with the Law Society of England and Wales as a student member and take a one-year course called the Legal Practice Course (LPC), usually followed by two years' apprenticeship, known as a training contract. Prospective barristers must first apply to join one of the four Inns of Court and then complete the one-year Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC), followed by a year training in a set of barristers' chambers, known as pupillage.\n*Northumbria offers an 'exempting degree' in which the LPC or BVC is combined with the qualifying law degree into a four-year course",
"title": "Legal education in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "624905#14",
"text": "Since the UK has a separated legal profession, Law graduates in England and Wales can take examinations to qualify as a Barrister or a Solicitor by either undertaking the BPTC or the LPC respectively. These courses are the vocational part of the training required under the Bar Association and The Law Society rules and are either undertaken on a full-time basis for one year or on a part-time basis over two years. After successfully completing these courses, which generally include various examinations and practical ability tests, graduates must secure either a Training Contract (for those who have completed the LPC) or a Pupillage (for those who have completed the BPTC). These are akin to Articling positions in other jurisdictions and are the final Practical stage before being granted full admission to practice. The general timescale therefore to become fully qualified after entering Law School can range between 6–7 years (assuming no repeats are required).",
"title": "Bar examination"
},
{
"docid": "5384183#80",
"text": "In England and Wales, one does not have to be admitted to the bar to practice law, but qualifications are required to become a solicitor or barrister, both of whom are qualified lawyers and have special rights of audience in law courts. For both the solicitor and barrister professions, one must either obtain an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which typically lasts three years), or complete the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law (which lasts one year after completing an undergraduate degree). Potential barristers must complete the Bar Professional Training Course (formerly Bar Vocational Course), followed by a year of vocational training known as a pupillage and be member of the four prestigious Inns of Court. Potential solicitors are required to complete the Legal Practice Course which lasts one year, then a two-year apprenticeship under a training contract, during which the trainee solicitor has to complete a Professional Skills Course. Chartered Legal Executives (formerly known as Fellows of CILEx) undertake a series of training courses and are required to pass qualifications relevant to the area of practice in which they intend to specialise. The first stage for the full vocational route to qualifying is called the CILEx Level 3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice and is set at the equivalent to A-level law. The second and final qualifications are equivalent to an honours degree course - the CILEx Level 6 Diploma in Law and Practice. Trainees will often work at the same time as studying in order to acquire practical skills. The courses can be undertaken at a college, university or through an open learning programme. The courses are open to graduates and non-graduates. Chartered Legal Executives qualify after completing their CILEX training followed by a minimum of 3 years' qualifying employment. Chartered Legal Executives may do to a wide range of legal work although, like solicitors, they generally specialise in one area. After completing their academic training, trainee Legal Executives often occupy paralegal roles to satisfy the 3 year vocational stage of qualifying as Chartered Legal Executives.\nSolicitors Regulation Authority. Accessed February 18, 2009. Notes on Applications for Certificate of Exemption from the Common Professional Examination.",
"title": "Admission to practice law"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5384183#34",
"text": "Malaysia requires advocates and solicitors to be admitted to the Malaysian Bar. The prerequisite is either a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) degree (an LL.B (Hons)., which requires four years of study) from the local law faculties or a call as a Barrister in the UK or a Certificate in Legal Practice, which is a post-graduate qualification on procedural law equivalent to a master's degree and taking approximately nine months to complete, and a nine-month pupillage. Advocates and Solicitors are entitled to appear before the courts and/or perform solicitors' work, as the legal profession in Malaysia is fused without any distinction between barristers and solicitors.",
"title": "Admission to practice law"
},
{
"docid": "9762159#2",
"text": "In the UK a full-time training contract is normally for two years, and applicants must have first completed the Legal Practice Course. Trainee solicitors and training contracts were formerly known as articled clerks and articles of clerkship, respectively. In the UK, the barrister's equivalent is a twelve-month pupillage under a pupilmaster, in barristers' chambers.",
"title": "Training contract"
},
{
"docid": "4848#52",
"text": "Law graduates wishing to work and be known as barristers must take the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC – previously Bar Vocational Course or BVC) at one of the institutions authorised by the Bar Council to offer the BPTC. On successful completion of the BPTC student barristers are \"called\" to the bar by their respective inns and are elevated to the degree of \"Barrister\". However, before they can practise independently they must first undertake 12 months of pupillage. The first six months of this period is spent shadowing more senior practitioners, after which pupil barristers may begin to undertake some court work of their own. Following successful completion of this stage, most barristers then join a set of Chambers, a group of counsel who share the costs of premises and support staff whilst remaining individually self-employed.",
"title": "Barrister"
},
{
"docid": "5384183#61",
"text": "Following the English tradition, Ireland has both barristers and solicitors. To become a solicitor, one must complete an undergraduate degree or pass the Preliminary Examination. One must then pass the Final Examination, complete a two-year apprenticeship, and finish the concurrent Professional Practice Courses. To become a barrister, one must complete an undergraduate law degree (BCL, which lasts three years or LL.B. which last four years) or the Kings Inns Diploma in Legal Studies which lasts two years, obtain the Degree of Barrister-at-Law from the Honorable Society of King's Inns, and finish a one-year pupillage (known as devilling).",
"title": "Admission to practice law"
},
{
"docid": "235221#6",
"text": "Candidates wishing to become barristers may have to pass an examination and undergo further specialised training before those candidates are \"called to the bar\" or \"sign the roll of counsel\". Both the examination and the further training are administered by the state's bar association:Upon completing the relevant training course, new barristers (\"readers\") are required to spend a period of months \"reading\" in the chambers of an experienced barrister, called the reader's \"tutor\" (in New South Wales) or \"mentor\" (in Victoria) (historically, this experience barrister was called the new barrister's \"pupil master\"). This \"reading\" period serves as a kind of practical apprenticeship for the new barrister, who works in the same chambers as their tutor/mentor and is able to learn by observing their tutor/mentor, as well as actively seeking their guidance.",
"title": "Call to the bar"
},
{
"docid": "2994115#30",
"text": "One who wishes to become a practising barrister must first obtain a \"pupillage\". This is a competitive process which involves some 4,000 students applying for some 300 places each year. The online pupillage application system, Pupillage Portal (formerly known as OLPAS), enables applicants to submit their details to up to 12 barristers' chambers. The Pupillage Portal system is used by most chambers to recruit their pupils; many, however, do not, and such chambers must be contacted directly by applicants. There is no limit to the number of non-OLPAS chambers that an applicant can contact. Such chambers' recruiting deadlines broadly mirror those of the Pupillage Portal sets.",
"title": "Barristers in England and Wales"
},
{
"docid": "2700076#1",
"text": "\"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1999. Although not released on vinyl, it was given a dual-CD release in the UK. B-sides included a remix of \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" as well as acoustic versions of three other songs: \"Perfect 10\", \"Big Coin\", and \"Rotterdam\". On 18 March 1999 the band performed \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" live on the BBC's music programme, \"Top of the Pops\".",
"title": "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?"
},
{
"docid": "32411787#14",
"text": "The English legal system requires judges, except for the honorary Justices of the peace at magistrates courts, first practise for several years as a barrister or solicitor with a good reputation. County-court judges are appointed by the Crown with the suggestion of Lord Chancellor. They have to practise as barrister for at least seven years before they can be suggested. To practise in the High Court, judges need to be suggested by the Lord Chancellor and need to be barristers for a minimum of ten years. Judges at the Court of Appeal are appointed by the Queen as recommended by the Prime Minister; they have to have experiences as a barrister for 15 years. For the appointment of judges of the House of Lords, it is the same case; moreover, they are appointed for Life Peers.",
"title": "Legal professions in England and Wales"
}
] |
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] |
2753
|
What is the most famous example of Gothic architecture?
|
[
{
"docid": "11930474#17",
"text": "The most famous examples of Gothic architecture are found in the Île-de-France and Champagne, but other French regions created their own original versions of the style. The Angevin Gothic style in the province of Anjou features a vaults with elegant decorative ribs, as well as very ornate columns. The style is found in the interior of Angers Cathedral (1032–1523), though many of the Gothic elements of the facade were replaced with Renaissance elements and towers. A very fine example of Angevin Gothic is found in the medieval Saint Jean Hospital in Angers, which now contains the Musée Jean-Lurçat, a museum of contemporary tapestries.",
"title": "French Gothic architecture"
},
{
"docid": "33267790#1",
"text": "Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle \"Curia Maior\" (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called \"The Negro\" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Zygmunt's Column (1644).",
"title": "Architecture of Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "32908#33",
"text": "Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), a typical example of the so-called Masovian Gothic style; St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century); Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and the Royal Castle \"Curia Maior\" (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called \"The Negro\" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of Mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).",
"title": "Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "54044#6",
"text": "Sens Cathedral (begun between 1135 and 1140) was the first Cathedral to be built in the new style (St. Denis was an abbey, not a Cathedral). Other versions of the new style soon appeared in Noyon Cathedral (begun 1150); Laon Cathedral (begun 1165); and the most famous of all, Notre-Dame de Paris, where construction had begun in 1160.",
"title": "Gothic architecture"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "311821#39",
"text": "Carpenter Gothic houses and small churches became common in North America and other places in the late 19th century. These structures adapted Gothic elements such as pointed arches, steep gables, and towers to traditional American light-frame construction. The invention of the scroll saw and mass-produced wood moldings allowed a few of these structures to mimic the florid fenestration of the High Gothic. But, in most cases, Carpenter Gothic buildings were relatively unadorned, retaining only the basic elements of pointed-arch windows and steep gables. Probably the best-known example of Carpenter Gothic is a house in Eldon, Iowa, that Grant Wood used for the background of his famous painting American Gothic.",
"title": "Gothic Revival architecture"
},
{
"docid": "10950408#11",
"text": "In the years after Canadian Confederation, the Government of Canada constructed a series of monumental structures in Ottawa. The most important of these buildings was the Parliament of Canada, unquestionably Ottawa's most famous building and one also acclaimed by architectural critics. The parliamentary complex consists of a series of Neo-Gothic structures. They are one of the world's most prominent examples of Victorian High Gothic, with no attempts to ape medievalism, but rather a recombination of Gothic forms into a wholly original style of building. Early civil service buildings were built in similarly high style with the Second Empire Style Langevin Block and Baronial Connaught Building being two prominent examples.",
"title": "Architecture of Ottawa"
},
{
"docid": "311821#24",
"text": "There are many examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Canada. The first major Gothic Revival structure in Canada was Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal, Quebec, which was designed in 1824. During the War of 1812 many homesteads along the St. Lawrence River were destroyed. Most of the homes were built in the Georgian style; after their destruction they were rebuilt in the Gothic Revival or \"Jigsaw Gothic\" style. The capital city of Ottawa, Ontario is full of Gothic Revival architecture. The Parliament Hill buildings which were built in the last decades of the 19th century were built in the Gothic Revival style, as were many other buildings in the city and outlying areas, showing how popular the Gothic Revival movement had become. Other examples of Canadian Gothic Revival architecture are the Victoria Memorial Museum, (1905–08), the Royal Canadian Mint, (1905–08), and Connaught Building, (1913–16), all in Ottawa by David Ewart.",
"title": "Gothic Revival architecture"
},
{
"docid": "54044#107",
"text": "The Gothic revival in Italy focused on the completion of earlier Cathedrals, which had been largely left to crumble. The most striking example was Milan Cathedral, which received a new facade in 1806–1813 which almost completely covered the original; it was designed by Giuseppe Zanoia and Carlo Amati. In 1888 it received a Gothic crown on the front facade by Giuseppe Brentano. The famous spires and pinnacles of the building date to the 19th century.",
"title": "Gothic architecture"
},
{
"docid": "54044#108",
"text": "A small but notable example of Gothic revival in Italy is the Pedrocchi Café in Padua, Italy (1837), by Giuseppe Jappelli. It borrowed the Venetian Gothic style plus the pinnacles of Milan Cathedral. It became famous as the meeting place of Italian patriots rebelling against Austrian rule in 1848.",
"title": "Gothic architecture"
},
{
"docid": "8571396#7",
"text": "One of the most important examples of this style anywhere in the world were the Parliament Buildings designed by Thomas Fuller. While the style and design of the building is unquestionably Gothic, it resembles no building constructed during the Middle Ages. The forms were the same, but their arrangement was uniquely modern. The Parliament Buildings also departed from Medieval models by integrating a variety of eras and styles of Gothic architecture, including elements of Gothic architecture from Britain, France, the Low Countries, and Italy all in one building.",
"title": "Gothic Revival architecture in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "41432715#22",
"text": "Among the most impressive feats of medieval engineering is bridge construction, \"comparable with the great cathedrals of the period\". Bridges from this period are characterised by typically Gothic ogival arches. It was not uncommon for such bridges to also provide room for shops, chapels and other structures. This can still be seen at the Ponte Vecchio, Florence (Italy). Other fine examples of still extant medieval bridges are the Pont Saint-Bénezet or Pont d'Avignon, Pont Valentré and Pont d'Orthez, all in France, as well as the famous Charles Bridge, Prague (Czech Republic).",
"title": "Gothic secular and domestic architecture"
}
] |
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] |
2754
|
Where was Stuart Syvret born?
|
[
{
"docid": "6764468#1",
"text": "Stuart Syvret was born in Jersey and educated at Halkett Place School, St Helier Boys School and Highlands College. He obtained City and Guilds Craft and Advanced Craft in carpentry and joinery and went on to become a Member of the Institute of Carpenters. He was a Cabinet maker before entering politics.",
"title": "Stuart Syvret"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42343063#0",
"text": "David James \"Dave\" Syvret (born October 28, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Syvret played parts of two WHA seasons with the Toronto Toros and Birmingham Bulls. He was drafted in the ninth round of the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. He is the father of Danny Syvret, who played in the National Hockey League and currently plays in the American Hockey League, and Corey Syvret, who was a 2007 sixth-round draft pick of the Florida Panthers and currently plays in the ECHL.",
"title": "Dave Syvret"
},
{
"docid": "1803160#1",
"text": "Francis Stuart was born in Townsville, Queensland, Australia on 29 April 1902 to Irish Protestant parents, Henry Irwin Stuart and Elizabeth Barbara Isabel Montgomery; his father was an alcoholic and killed himself when Stuart was an infant. This prompted his mother to return to Ireland and Stuart's childhood was divided between his home in Ireland and Rugby School in England, where he boarded.",
"title": "Francis Stuart"
},
{
"docid": "6764468#0",
"text": "Stuart Syvret is a political activist in Jersey. He held elected office as a member of the States of Jersey assembly from 1990 to 2010. From 1999 to 2007, Svyret had executive responsibilities first as President of the Health and Social Services Committee and, after the 2005 constitutional reforms, as Minister for Health and Social Services in the Council of Ministers. He was dismissed from ministerial office in September 2007 and returned to the backbenches until he was disqualified from membership of the States in April 2010 due to his absence from the island. He has been involved in a series of legal proceedings, as a defendant in a criminal prosecution in Jersey and as a claimant in judicial review and civil claims in Jersey and London.",
"title": "Stuart Syvret"
},
{
"docid": "528417#4",
"text": "Stuart was born Gloria Stewart at 11:00 p.m. on the Fourth of July, 1910 on the family's kitchen table in Santa Monica, California, the first child of Alice (née Deidrick) and Frank Stewart. Through her mother, Stuart was a third-generation Californian; Stuart's maternal grandmother, Alice Vaughan, was born in Angels Camp, gold country, and her mother, Alice, was born in Selma in the San Joaquin Valley, daughter of a blacksmith. Stuart's father, a native of The Dalles, Oregon, was of Scottish descent, and studied law in San Francisco. At the time of her birth, he was an attorney representing The Six Companies. Stuart had one younger brother, Frank Jr., born eleven months later, and another younger brother Thomas (born two years after Frank Jr.), but he died of spinal meningitis at age three.",
"title": "Gloria Stuart"
},
{
"docid": "852870#3",
"text": "Stuart was born in Southport, on the Lancashire coast. His real name was Thomas Augustine Barrett; he was the younger son of Thomas Barrett, a cabinet-maker, and his wife, Mary Ann Burke, \"née\" Lester, who were both from western Ireland. He grew up in Liverpool, where he attended St Francis Xavier's College. His family moved to Manchester in 1873.\nStuart began his career aged 15 as organist at Salford Cathedral. He held the post for seven years, and then moved to be organist at the Church of the Holy Name, Manchester, where he remained for another seven years. To augment his salary he composed church music and taught.",
"title": "Leslie Stuart"
},
{
"docid": "2465075#1",
"text": "John Leighton Stuart was born in Hangzhou, China, on June 24, 1876, of Presbyterian missionary parents from the United States. His father was a third-generation Presbyterian minister from a distinguished family in Virginia and Kentucky (cousins included J.E.B. Stuart, John Todd Stuart and Mary Todd). They arrived in China in 1868, one of the first three Presbyterian ministers sent to China from the U.S. and the first Christian minister to preach in Hangzhou. Stuart's mother, Mary Horton (known affectionately as \"Mother Stuart\" in Hangzhou), founded the Hangzhou School for Girls, one of the first institutions of its kind in China. His mother's family had played a leading role in the American revolution in Boston, where her Yankee brand of Calvinism valued and promoted the education of women. Stuart had three younger brothers, David Todd (1878), Warren Horton (1880) and Robert Kirland (1883).",
"title": "John Leighton Stuart"
},
{
"docid": "26838659#1",
"text": "Charles Stuart was born in 1783 in Bermuda, as shown by Canadian census records (countering assertions that he was born in Jamaica). His father was presumably a British army officer posted to the Bermuda Garrison (possibly Lieutenant Hugh \"Stewart\" of the detachment of invalid regular soldiers belonging to the Royal Garrison Battalion, which was disbanded in 1784, following the Treaty of Paris, probably resulting in Stuart's emigration from the colony). He was educated in Belfast and then pursued a military career as his first vocation. \nStuart left the military in 1815 and, in 1817, emigrated to Upper Canada with a tidy pension. He settled in Amherstburg Upper Canada and began his pursuit of a cause both in Canada and England. By 1821, he was involved with the black refugees who were beginning to arrive in the area from south of the border. He began a small black colony near Amherstburg where he actively assisted the new arrivals to start new lives as farmers.",
"title": "Charles Stuart (abolitionist)"
},
{
"docid": "32146001#1",
"text": "Stuart Robert Glass was born in London, United Kingdom on 25 June 1951. At the age of five he moved with his family to Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. From an early age Stuart loved adventure. After completing his tenth grade of high school, Stuart worked for a while in Vancouver and then travelled to London to live and work. Less conventional adventures beckoned. Stuart smuggled Moroccan hashish into the UK on three occasions in 1972 and 1973. On the third of these, together with his girlfriend and two other companions, Stuart was arrested at UK customs. Following a six-month term at Wormwood Scrubs prison, he and his female companion—the two now married—navigated the Hippie trail to New Delhi, and from there flew to Australia.",
"title": "Stuart Robert Glass"
},
{
"docid": "46799553#2",
"text": "Stuart was born Niculae Pratza on April 10, 1904, in Abrud (\"Abrudbánya\"), Transylvania, then part of Austria-Hungary. He emigrated to the United States as a child in 1913, growing up in Dayton, Ohio.\nStuart was married twice. The first time was to Sue Carol on November 28, 1929; the two had a child, actress Carol Lee Ladd (born July 18, 1932). The \"Lee\" in Carol Lee was named for Carol's best friend, Dixie Lee, the wife of Bing Crosby. Initially, the couple attempted to hide their marriage from the public, with the help of the Crosbys. Stuart would make public appearances with Dixie Lee, while Bing Crosby would feign romantic interest with Sue Carol in public. While on a personal appearances tour in 1931, the couple had $35,000 of jewelry stolen. The jewelry was taken from their parked car on Michigan Avenue in Chicago.",
"title": "Nick Stuart"
}
] |
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2755
|
What years did Le Corbusier live?
|
[
{
"docid": "17900#0",
"text": "Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17900#17",
"text": "Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier did not build anything, concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, he and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres.\nHis theoretical studies soon advanced into several different single-family house models. Among these was the Maison \"Citrohan\", a pun on the name of the French Citroën automaker, for the modern industrial methods and materials Le Corbusier advocated using for the house. Here, Le Corbusier proposed a three-floor structure, with a double-height living room, bedrooms on the second floor, and a kitchen on the third floor. The roof would be occupied by a sun terrace. On the exterior Le Corbusier installed a stairway to provide second-floor access from ground level. Here, as in other projects from this period, he also designed the façades to include large uninterrupted banks of windows. The house used a rectangular plan, with exterior walls that were not filled by windows but left as white, stuccoed spaces. Le Corbusier and Jeanneret left the interior aesthetically spare, with any movable furniture made of tubular metal frames. Light fixtures usually comprised single, bare bulbs. Interior walls also were left white.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#53",
"text": "The second major religious project undertaken by Le Corbusier was the Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette in L'Arbresle in the Rhone Department (1953–1960). Once again it was Father Couturier who engaged Le Corbusier in the project. He invited Le Corbusier to visit the starkly simple and imposing 12th–13th century Le Thoronet Abbey in Provence, and also used his memories of his youthful visit to the Erna Charterhouse in Florence. This project involved not only a chapel, but a library, refectory, rooms for meetings and reflection, and dormitories for the nuns. For the living space he used the same Modulor concept for measuring the ideal living space that he had used in the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille; height under the ceiling of ; and width .",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#86",
"text": "Le Corbusier has been accused of anti-semitism. He wrote to his mother in October 1940, prior to a referendum held by the Vichy government: \"The Jews are having a bad time. I occasionally feel sorry. But it appears their blind lust for money has rotted the country\". He was also accused of belittling the Muslim population of Algeria, then part of France. When Le Corbusier proposed a plan for the rebuilding of Algiers, he condemned the existing housing for European Algerians, complaining that it was inferior to that inhabited by indigenous Algerians: \"the civilized live like rats in holes\", while \"the barbarians live in solitude, in well-being.\" His plan for rebuilding Algiers was rejected, and thereafter Le Corbusier mostly avoided politics.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "26650535#5",
"text": "In 1960 Le Corbusier was mandated by Heidi Weber, a Swiss art collector and patron, to conceive a public exhibition building. One year later, the first drawings for a building to be constructed in concrete were presented, in 1962 the concept was changed to a steel building. Two years later the construction was started. In 1965 Le Corbusier died, and on 15 July 1967, the Centre Le Corbusier was officially inaugurated. On 13 May 1964 the city government presented the plot of land for the museum in construction law for 50 years free of charge. Therefore, on 13 May 2014 the building became the property of the city of Zürich represented by the newly created public \"Heidi Weber Foundation – Centre Le Corbusier\". The board of trustees is represented by the city as well as by Mrs Heidi Weber: \"I welcome this solution. It helps me to be able to enter the house in new hands\".",
"title": "Pavillon Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#55",
"text": "In 1960, Le Corbusier began a third religious building, the Church of Saint Pierre in the new town of Firminy-Vert, where he had built a Unité d'Habitation and a cultural and sports centre. While he made the original design, construction did not begin until five years after his death, and work continued under different architects until it was completed in 2006. The most spectacular feature of the church is the sloping concrete tower that covers the entire interior. similar to that in the Assembly Building in his complex at Chandigarh. Windows high in the tower illuminate the interior. Le Corbusier originally proposed that tiny windows also project the form of a constellation on the walls. Later architects designed the church to project the constellation Orion.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#66",
"text": "Le Corbusier's death had a strong impact on the cultural and political world. Tributes came from around the world, even from some of Le Corbusier's strongest artistic critics. Painter Salvador Dalí recognised his importance and sent a floral tribute. United States President Lyndon B. Johnson said, \"His influence was universal and his works are invested with a permanent quality possessed by those of very few artists in our history.\" The Soviet Union added, \"Modern architecture has lost its greatest master\". While his funeral occurred in Paris, Japanese TV channels broadcast his Museum in Tokyo in what was at the time a unique media homage.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "39377349#0",
"text": "Le Corbusier had a short relationship with the Soviet Union, starting with his first trip to Moscow in 1928, and ending with the rejection of his proposal for the Palace of the Soviets in 1932. Nevertheless, the short-lived relationship had consequences that went beyond Le Corbusier’s time in the USSR. Before his trip to Moscow, Le Corbusier was already an influential figure within the Soviet field of architecture. In 1922, Moisei Ginzburg, founder of the Constructivist movement, published materials from Le Corbusier’s “Towards a New Architecture,” and in 1924 published his own book, similar to Le Corbusier’s, titled \"Style and Epoch\", which became to a central text to the Constructivist movement. Likewise, Corbusier’s projects were frequently published and analyzed as examples for the young generation of Soviet architects to use as inspiration. When Le Corbusier died in 1965, the official newspaper of the Soviet Union, Pravda, stated in its obituary, “Modern architecture has lost its greatest master.” This statement suggests the importance of Le Corbusier’s architecture and urbanism in the Soviet Union.",
"title": "Le Corbusier in the USSR"
},
{
"docid": "17900#42",
"text": "During the War and the German occupation of France, Le Corbusier did his best to promote his architectural projects. He moved to Vichy for a time, where the collaborationist government of Marshal Philippe Petain was located, offering his services for architectural projects, including his plan for the reconstruction of Algiers, but they were rejected. He continued writing, completing \"Sur les Quatres routes\" (On the Four Routes) in 1941. After 1942, Le Corbusier left Vichy for Paris. He became for a time a technical adviser at Alexis Carrel's eugenic foundation, he resigned from this position on 20 April 1944. In 1943, he founded a new association of modern architects and builders, the Ascoral, the Assembly of Constructors for a renewal of architecture, but there were no projects to build.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#43",
"text": "When the war ended, Le Corbusier was nearly sixty years old, and he had not had a single project realized in ten years. He tried, without success, to obtain commissions for several of the first large reconstruction projects, but his proposals for the reconstruction of the town of Saint-Dié and for La Rochelle were rejected. Still, he persisted; Le Corbusier finally found a willing partner in Raoul Dautry, the new Minister of Reconstruction and Urbanism. Dautry agreed to fund one of his projects, a \"Unité d'habitation de grandeur conforme\", or housing units of standard size, with the first one to be built in Marseille, which had been heavily damaged during the war.",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
},
{
"docid": "17900#4",
"text": "Like his contemporaries Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier did not have formal academic training as an architect. He was attracted to the visual arts and at the age of fifteen he entered the municipal art school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds which taught the applied arts connected with watchmaking. Three years later he attended the higher course of decoration, founded by the painter Charles L'Eplattenier, who had studied in Budapest and Paris. Le Corbusier wrote later that L'Eplattenier had made him \"a man of the woods\" and taught him painting from nature. His father took him frequently into the mountains around the town. He wrote later, \"we were constantly on mountaintops; we grew accustomed to a vast horizon.\" His architecture teacher in the Art School was the architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusier's earliest house designs. However, he reported later that it was the art teacher L'Eplattenier who made him choose architecture. \"I had a horror of architecture and architects,\" he wrote. \"...I was sixteen, I accepted the verdict and I obeyed. I moved into architecture.\"",
"title": "Le Corbusier"
}
] |
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] |
2756
|
What is polarization?
|
[
{
"docid": "41564#0",
"text": "Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibrations traveling along a taut string \"(see image)\"; for example, in a musical instrument like a guitar string. Depending on how the string is plucked, the vibrations can be in a vertical direction, horizontal direction, or at any angle perpendicular to the string. In contrast, in longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in a liquid or gas, the displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in the direction of propagation, so these waves do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves, and transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids. In some types of transverse waves, the wave displacement is limited to a single direction, so these also do not exhibit polarization; for example, in surface waves in liquids (gravity waves), the wave displacement of the particles is always in a vertical plane.",
"title": "Polarization (waves)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "584318#10",
"text": "Political scientists have shown politicians have an incentive to advance and support polarized positions. These argue that during the early 1990s, the Republican Party used polarizing tactics to become the majority party in the United States House of Representatives—which political scientists Thomas E. Mann and Norman Ornstein refer to as Newt Gingrich's \"guerrilla war.\" What political scientists have found is that moderates are less likely to run than are candidates who are in line with party doctrine, otherwise known as \"party fit.\"Other theories state politicians who cater to more extreme groups within their party tend to be more successful, helping them stay in office while simultaneously pulling their constituency toward a polar extreme. A study by Nicholson (2012) found voters are more polarized by contentious statements from leaders of the opposing party than from the leaders of their own party. As a result, political leaders may be more likely to take polarized stances.",
"title": "Polarization (politics)"
},
{
"docid": "3248054#1",
"text": "Light reflected from a non-metallic surface becomes polarized; this effect is maximum at Brewster's angle, about 56° from the vertical for common glass. A polarizer rotated to pass only light polarized in the direction perpendicular to the reflected light will absorb much of it. This absorption allows glare reflected from, for example, a body of water or a road to be reduced. Reflections from shiny surfaces (e.g. vegetation, sweaty skin, water surfaces, glass) are also reduced. This allows the natural color and detail of what is beneath to come through. Reflections from a window into a dark interior can be much reduced, allowing it to be seen through. (The same effects are available for vision by using polarizing sunglasses.)",
"title": "Polarizing filter (photography)"
},
{
"docid": "584318#6",
"text": "Popular polarization, or mass polarization, occurs when the electorate's attitudes towards political issues, policies, and people are starkly divided along partisan lines. Members of the electorate and general public typically become less moderate in cases of popular polarization. In the U.S., media accounts typically simplify popular polarization to a divide between red states and blue states or a \"culture war\" between values-voters and progressives. Political scientists, though, generally agree that such accounts are too simplistic and ignore the complex factors that can account for polarization. Many political scientists consider political polarization a top-down process, in which elite polarization leads to – or at least precedes – popular polarization. However, polarization among elites does not necessarily produce polarization within the electorate, and polarized electoral choices can often reflect elite polarization rather than voters' preferences.",
"title": "Polarization (politics)"
},
{
"docid": "584318#7",
"text": "Political scientists studying popular polarization typically rely on data from opinion polls and election surveys. They look for trends in respondents' opinions on a given issue, their voting history, and their political ideology (conservative, liberal, moderate, etc.), and they try to relate those trends to respondents' party identification and other potentially polarizing factors (like geographic location or income bracket). Political scientists typically limit their inquiry to issues and questions that have been constant over time, in order to compare the present day to what the political climate has historically been. Oft-cited public opinion polls in the U.S. include those run by the Pew Research Center and Gallup, Inc., while political scientists also rely on more academic surveys, like the General Social Survey and the election surveys and \"feeling thermometer\" polls conducted by National Election Studies.",
"title": "Polarization (politics)"
},
{
"docid": "2722105#36",
"text": "In trying to appreciate how the quarter-wave plate transforms the linearly polarized light, it is important to realize that the two components discussed are not entities in and of themselves but are merely mental constructs one uses to help appreciate what is happening. In the case of linearly and circularly polarized light, at each point in space, there is always a single electric field with a distinct vector direction, the quarter-wave plate merely has the effect of transforming this single electric field.\nCircular polarizers can also be used to selectively absorb or pass right-handed or left-handed circularly polarized light. It is this feature which is utilized by the 3D glasses in stereoscopic cinemas such as RealD Cinema. A given polarizer which creates one of the two polarizations of light will pass that same polarization of light when that light is sent through it in the other direction. In contrast it will block light of the opposite polarization.",
"title": "Polarizer"
},
{
"docid": "2722105#0",
"text": "A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, that is polarized light. The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments, and polarizing filters find applications in photography and LCD technology. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.",
"title": "Polarizer"
},
{
"docid": "584318#2",
"text": "Political scientists typically distinguish between two types of political polarization: elite polarization and popular polarization. \"Elite polarization\" refers to the polarization of political elites, like party organizers and elected officials, while \"popular polarization\" (or mass polarization) refers to the polarization in the electorate and general public. In either context, opinions and policy positions are characterized by strict adherence to party lines. Elite polarization and popular polarization can occur at the same time or independent of each other. A central issue in the study of political polarization is investigating the relationship between elite polarization and popular polarization, particularly any causal relationships between the two.",
"title": "Polarization (politics)"
},
{
"docid": "41564#2",
"text": "Light or other electromagnetic radiation from many sources, such as the sun, flames, and incandescent lamps, consists of short wave trains with an equal mixture of polarizations; this is called \"unpolarized light\". Polarized light can be produced by passing unpolarized light through a polarizer, which allows waves of only one polarization to pass through. The most common optical materials (such as glass) are isotropic and do not affect the polarization of light passing through them; however, some materials—those that exhibit birefringence, dichroism, or optical activity—can change the polarization of light. Some of these are used to make polarizing filters. Light is also partially polarized when it reflects from a surface.",
"title": "Polarization (waves)"
},
{
"docid": "41564#76",
"text": "Many animals are capable of perceiving some of the components of the polarization of light, e.g., linear horizontally polarized light. This is generally used for navigational purposes, since the linear polarization of sky light is always perpendicular to the direction of the sun. This ability is very common among the insects, including bees, which use this information to orient their communicative dances. Polarization sensitivity has also been observed in species of octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and mantis shrimp. In the latter case, one species measures all six orthogonal components of polarization, and is believed to have optimal polarization vision. The rapidly changing, vividly colored skin patterns of cuttlefish, used for communication, also incorporate polarization patterns, and mantis shrimp are known to have polarization selective reflective tissue. Sky polarization was thought to be perceived by pigeons, which was assumed to be one of their aids in homing, but research indicates this is a popular myth.",
"title": "Polarization (waves)"
},
{
"docid": "41564#31",
"text": "Unpolarized light can be described as a mixture of two independent oppositely polarized streams, each with half the intensity. Light is said to be \"partially polarized\" when there is more power in one of these streams than the other. At any particular wavelength, partially polarized light can be statistically described as the superposition of a completely unpolarized component and a completely polarized one. One may then describe the light in terms of the degree of polarization and the parameters of the polarized component. That polarized component can be described in terms of a Jones vector or polarization ellipse, as is detailed above. However, in order to also describe the degree of polarization, one normally employs Stokes parameters (see below) to specify a state of partial polarization.",
"title": "Polarization (waves)"
}
] |
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] |
2757
|
Who is UT's Cockrell School of Engineering named for?
|
[
{
"docid": "4283006#1",
"text": "Previously known as the College of Engineering, on July 11, 2007, the University of Texas at Austin renamed the College after 1936 graduate Ernest Cockrell Jr., whose family has over the past 30 years helped to build a $140 million endowment for the College.",
"title": "Cockrell School of Engineering"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "56238778#0",
"text": "Ahmed H. Tewfik is an Egyptian-American electrical engineer, professor and college administrator who currently serves as the chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin since October 1, 2010. He holds the Cockrell Family Chair in Engineering #1 at UT Austin. For his research and contributions to the field of Signal Processing he was awarded the 2017 IEEE Signal Processing Society Technical Achievement Award as well as the IEEE Third Millennium Award in 2000. He is the 2018–2019 IEEE Signal Processing Society President-Elect.",
"title": "Ahmed Tewfik"
},
{
"docid": "46937553#4",
"text": "Prior to his role as executive vice president and provost of UT Austin from 2013 to 2015, he was appointed as the eighth dean of the Cockrell School of Engineering at UT Austin in 2008 and served in that capacity for five years. In 2015, he was selected as the 29th president of UT Austin.",
"title": "Gregory L. Fenves"
},
{
"docid": "21092970#0",
"text": "Alan Conrad Bovik (born June 25, 1958) is an American engineer and vision scientist. He is a Professor at The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin), where he holds the Cockrell Family Regents Endowed Chair and is Director of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE). He is a faculty member in the UT-Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (UT ECE), the Institute for Neuroscience (INS), and the Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG).",
"title": "Alan Bovik"
},
{
"docid": "33926525#0",
"text": "The Center for Transportation Research (CTR) is a research center affiliated with the Cockrell School of Engineering's Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. CTR is a research institution focused on transportation research and education.",
"title": "Center for Transportation Research UT Austin"
},
{
"docid": "45636388#5",
"text": "and in 2003 elected to the Academy of Distinguished Alumni, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin.\nCharles Arthur \"Chuck\" Sorber died suddenly in New York City on Friday, October 18, 2013, at the age of 74. On February 6, 2014 the University of Texas System Board of Regents approved the posthumous appointment of Charles A. Sorber, Ph.D., as president emeritus of UT Permian Basin.",
"title": "Charles A. Sorber"
},
{
"docid": "52572713#0",
"text": "Herbert Horace Woodson (April 25, 1925 – November 30, 2018) was an American engineer, who was the Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair Emeritus and Dean Emeritus at Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He was a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.",
"title": "Herbert Woodson"
},
{
"docid": "52607280#0",
"text": "Harvey G. Cragon is an American engineer, who is currently the Ernest Cockrell, Jr. Centennial Chair Emeritus at the Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and is also a member of the IEEE Computer Society and the National Academy of Engineering.",
"title": "Harvey Cragon"
},
{
"docid": "46937553#0",
"text": "Gregory L. Fenves is a structural engineer, professor and college administrator who has served as the twenty-ninth president of the University of Texas at Austin since June 3, 2015. For his research and teaching, Fenves was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2014, the highest recognition for an engineer in the United States. He holds the Cockrell Family Chair in Engineering #15 and the Ed and Carolyn Hyman Presidential Leadership Chair at UT Austin.",
"title": "Gregory L. Fenves"
},
{
"docid": "4283006#0",
"text": "The Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin has more than 7,800 students enrolled in nine undergraduate degrees and thirteen graduate programs. The college is ranked fourth in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities and eighth nationally by \"U.S. News & World Report\", while all graduate programs are ranked in the top twenty nationally. Annual research expenditures are over $150 million and the school has the fourth-largest number of faculty in the National Academy of Engineering.",
"title": "Cockrell School of Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "4283006#8",
"text": "Joe H. Gill and his engineering friends thoughtfully considered how to make a holiday of April Fool's Day. After an unsuccessful attempt involving tying cans around dogs' tails and releasing them to disrupt class, the group of students saw a wooden statue about five feet high while getting refreshments, which they requested to borrow. The next day, Gill presented the statue as their patron saint and traced his ancestry back to ancient times between classes. The presentation successfully broke up classes, and led to his christening as Alexander Frederick Claire, patron saint of UT engineers, exactly one year later. Alec was at the center of a friendly rivalry between law and engineering students for many years, and was subject to numerous escapades such as kidnappings and amputations. Today, what is left of the original wooden statue is safely preserved in the engineering library.",
"title": "Cockrell School of Engineering"
}
] |
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] |
2758
|
What channel is CBS in Milwaukee?
|
[
{
"docid": "1530072#8",
"text": "On December 11, 1994, WDJT became the sixth station in Milwaukee to carry CBS. The network first aligned with WTMJ from 1947 to 1953, followed by now-defunct WCAN-TV (channel 25) from 1953 to 1955, WVTV (then known as WXIX) from 1955 to 1959, WITI from 1959 to 1961, WISN-TV from 1961 to 1977, and WITI again from 1977 to 1994. The first CBS program to air on channel 58 that day was \"CBS News Sunday Morning\". Some existing syndicated programming on WDJT's schedule which would otherwise air in CBS-designated timeslots was either moved to overnight slots on the station or turned over to sister station W65BT (now WBME-CD, channel 41) to fulfill contracts.",
"title": "WDJT-TV"
},
{
"docid": "1373128#13",
"text": "On October 21, 2014, CBS and Weigel Broadcasting announced the launch of a new digital subchannel service called Decades, scheduled to launch on all CBS-owned stations on May 25, 2015, including on WCBS-TV on channel 2.2. The channel is co-owned by CBS and Weigel (owner of CBS affiliate WDJT-TV in Milwaukee), with Weigel being responsible for distribution to non-CBS-owned stations. It airs programs from the extensive library of CBS Television Distribution, including archival footage from CBS News. On September 3, 2018, Decades was replaced on 2.2 by Start TV.",
"title": "WCBS-TV"
},
{
"docid": "7024077#6",
"text": "On March 1, 2008, Weigel expanded the MeTV format to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it began airing on the third digital subchannel of the group's CBS affiliate in that market, WDJT-TV (channel 58). The Milwaukee version of the service featured much of the same programming as that aired on the Chicago outlets (some of which aired in different time slots than on WWME and WMEU), as well as certain programs that were exclusive to the Milwaukee service.",
"title": "MeTV"
},
{
"docid": "1530072#0",
"text": "WDJT-TV, virtual channel 58 (UHF digital channel 46), is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Owned by Chicago-based Weigel Broadcasting, it is a sister station to Class A MeTV owned-and-operated station WBME-CD (channel 41), Racine-licensed independent station WMLW-TV (channel 49, which shares spectrum with WBME-CD), and low-powered Telemundo affiliate WYTU-LD (channel 63), which WDJT simulcasts in widescreen standard definition on its respective second, third and fourth digital subchannels to expand their reach across southeastern Wisconsin. All four stations share studios on South 60th Street in Milwaukee (near West Allis); WDJT's transmitter is located in Milwaukee's Lincoln Park (next to the transmitter belonging to ABC affiliate WISN-TV, channel 12).",
"title": "WDJT-TV"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1530072#6",
"text": "In May 1994, New World Communications announced that most of its stations, including Milwaukee's WITI, would become Fox affiliates. CBS approached all four of Milwaukee's other major stations–WTMJ-TV (channel 4), WISN-TV (channel 12, which was affiliated with CBS from 1961 to 1977), WVTV, and WCGV (which to that point carried selected CBS programs that WITI chose not to carry). None of those stations were interested, although WVTV's then-owner, Gaylord Broadcasting (which had by that time had ceded operational control to WCGV), switched two of its other stations (KTVT in Fort Worth, Texas and KSTW in Tacoma, Washington) to CBS. This left CBS to negotiate with the city's lower-profile independents, WJJA (channel 49, now WMLW-TV) and WDJT, as well as religious station WVCY-TV (channel 30). After negotiations with both WJJA and WDJT fell through, CBS made an abortive attempt to buy WVCY before station owner Vic Eliason, in consultation with VCY America's board, decided not to sell.",
"title": "WDJT-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2650924#0",
"text": "WYTU-LD, virtual channel 63 (UHF digital channel 17), is a Telemundo-affiliated television station licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Owned by Chicago-based Weigel Broadcasting, it is a sister station to CBS affiliate WDJT-TV (channel 58), MeTV owned-and-operated station WBME-CD (channel 41) and Racine-licensed independent station WMLW-TV (channel 49). All four stations share studios on South 60th Street in Milwaukee (near West Allis); WYTU's transmitter is located in Milwaukee's Lincoln Park (next to the transmitter belonging to ABC affiliate WISN-TV, channel 12).",
"title": "WYTU-LD"
},
{
"docid": "1530080#3",
"text": "This made the station the first network owned-and-operated station in the Milwaukee market. WXIX's tenure as a CBS O&O, however, was not successful. Only a small percentage of television sets in the Milwaukee area were even capable of receiving UHF stations at the time, as set manufacturers were not required to equip televisions with UHF tuners until 1964 as a result of the 1961 passage of the All-Channel Receiver Act. Those viewers not lucky enough to get a signal from WBBM-TV in Chicago, WISC-TV in Madison, or WBAY-TV in Green Bay were forced to rely on expensive UHF converters to watch channel 19, and even then the picture quality left a lot to be desired. However, unlike many early UHF stations, it managed to survive into the All-Channel era.",
"title": "WVTV"
},
{
"docid": "1810431#26",
"text": "The station's digital channel is multiplexed:\nOn May 25, 2015, KTVT launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 11.2 to serve as a charter affiliate of Decades, a classic television network co-owned by CBS Television Stations and Weigel Broadcasting (the latter of which holds responsibility of affiliate distribution to stations not owned by CBS) that features programs from the CBS Television Distribution library, including archival footage from CBS News. The network launched on that date with most of the CBS-owned television stations (except for its CW and independent stations in markets where the group maintains a duopoly) as well as Weigel-owned CBS affiliate WDJT-TV in Milwaukee among its charter outlets. On September 3, 2018, KTVT replaced Decades with Start TV.",
"title": "KTVT"
},
{
"docid": "1530054#39",
"text": "Notably, channel 6 is the only commercial television station in the Milwaukee market never to have held the local broadcast rights to the Milwaukee Brewers. However, since CBS obtained the partial over-the-air network television rights to the league in 1990, WITI has carried most national and regional Major League Baseball (MLB) game telecasts involving the team (with the exception of a three-year break in coverage between CBS's 1993 loss of the MLB broadcasting contract and Fox's acquisition of national television rights to the league). As an owned-and-operated station or affiliate of Fox, which obtained the partial (now exclusive) over-the-air network television rights to the league in 1996, WITI has carried certain Brewers games that have been regionally televised (and, since 2013, select national telecasts scheduled during prime time) by the network during the league's regular season and postseason.",
"title": "WITI (TV)"
},
{
"docid": "1557924#11",
"text": "CBS faced similar situations in Atlanta, Austin, Cleveland and Milwaukee. In all cases, the longtime CBS affiliates (Atlanta's WAGA-TV, Austin's KTBC-TV, Cleveland's WJW-TV and Milwaukee's WITI) also switched to Fox. While CBS was able to land on higher-profile UHF stations in Atlanta, Austin and Cleveland (the latter two simply swapping with the old Fox affiliates), it was unable to do so in Detroit or Milwaukee.",
"title": "WWJ-TV"
}
] |
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] |
2759
|
What is the smallest bone in the human body?
|
[
{
"docid": "82957#1",
"text": "The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear. The stapes is a stirrup-shaped bone, and the smallest in the human body. It rests on the oval window, to which it is connected by an annular ligament. The stapes is described as having a base, resting on the oval window, as well as a head that articulates with the incus. These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs (). The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint. The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, and measures roughly 3 x 2.5mm, greater along the head-base span.",
"title": "Stapes"
},
{
"docid": "82957#0",
"text": "The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. The stirrup-shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window, medially. The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ().",
"title": "Stapes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4099#2",
"text": "In the human body at birth, there are over 270 bones, but many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear.",
"title": "Bone"
},
{
"docid": "2111321#0",
"text": "The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes.",
"title": "Stapedius muscle"
},
{
"docid": "82940#0",
"text": "The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term \"ossicle\" literally means \"tiny bone\". Though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body, it typically refers to the malleus, incus, and stapes (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) of the middle ear.",
"title": "Ossicles"
},
{
"docid": "27609#18",
"text": "The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs, heart and spinal cord. Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system.\nThe biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.",
"title": "Skeleton"
},
{
"docid": "1076169#1",
"text": "These relatively small snakes rarely exceed 30 cm in length; only \"Trilepida macrolepis\" and \"Leptotyphlops occidentalis\" grow larger. The cranium and upper jaws are immobile and no teeth are in the upper jaw. The lower jaw consists of a much elongated quadrate bone, a tiny compound bone, and a relatively larger dentary bone. The body is cylindrical with a blunt head and a short tail. The scales are highly polished. The pheremones they produce protect them from attack by termites. Among these snakes is what is believed to be the world's smallest: \"L. carlae\" .",
"title": "Leptotyphlopidae"
},
{
"docid": "462691#3",
"text": "Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), a Flemish anatomist, was at first a \"Galenist\" at the University of Paris. When he moved to Italy and entered the University of Padua, he began dissecting human bodies. He studied many details of human anatomy and found that Galen made some anatomical mistakes. For example, Galen wrote that the sternum has seven segments, but Vesalius found it has three segments. Galen wrote that the bone of the arm is the longest bone in the human body, but Vesalius found that the bone of the thigh is actually the longest bone in human body. At age 25 Vesalius realized that the anatomical knowledge of Galen was derived from animal anatomy and therefore Galen had never dissected a human body.",
"title": "Moulage"
},
{
"docid": "242625#0",
"text": "The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpal bones that give structure to the palm of the hand. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the \"second distal carpal\" of reptiles and amphibians.",
"title": "Trapezoid bone"
},
{
"docid": "1353433#16",
"text": "Among non-human primates phylogenesis and style of locomotion appear to play a role in apical tuft size. Suspensory primates and New World monkeys have the smallest apical tufts, while terrestrial quadrupeds and Strepsirrhines have the largest.\nA study of the fingertip morphology of four small-bodied New World monkey species, indicated a correlation between increasing small-branch foraging and reduced flexor and extensor tubercles in distal phalanges and broadened distal parts of distal phalanges, coupled with expanded apical pads and developed epidermal ridges. This suggests that widened distal phalanges were developed in arboreal primates, rather than in quadrupedal terrestrial primates.",
"title": "Phalanx bone"
}
] |
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] |
2760
|
Has the West Virginia Mountaineers means basketball team ever won a NCAA championship?
|
[
{
"docid": "15460921#0",
"text": "The West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents West Virginia University in NCAA Division I college basketball competition. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. WVU has won 13 conference tournament championships, and has 29 appearances in the NCAA Tournament, including two Final Fours, most recently in 2010. The Mountaineers have also appeared in 16 National Invitation Tournaments, and have won two championships, in 1942 and 2007.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball"
},
{
"docid": "15460921#28",
"text": "The West Virginia Mountaineers finished the regular season with a record of 20–11 overall and 11–7 in the Big East, good for sixth place in the conference. They earned a 5th seed in East region of the 2011 NCAA Tournament, one of the record eleven Big East Conference teams selected. They defeated the Clemson Tigers in the second round, 84–76, to advance to the Round of 32. In a rematch of last season's Elite Eight match-up, the Mountaineers played the Kentucky Wildcats. Despite holding a 41–33 halftime lead, the Mountaineers lost, 71–63. WVU finished their season with a record of 21–12.With 184 games played between 1906 and 2012, West Virginia's rivalry against Pittsburgh, whose campus is roughly 80 miles north of WVU, is West Virginia's most-played men's basketball rivalry. This was an in-conference rivalry for many years: 1976 to 1982 in the Eastern Collegiate Basketball League and Eastern Athletic Association (predecessors to the Atlantic 10 Conference) and 1995 to 2012 in the Big East Conference. Following the conference realignment, West Virginia moved to the Big 12 Conference in 2012, and Pittsburgh moved to the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 and the series was put on hold until the 2017-2018 season. West Virginia has a 97–88 series lead.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40042238#0",
"text": "The West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team represents West Virginia University in NCAA Division I college basketball competition. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. West Virginia has earned eight bids to the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship, led by West Virginia coach and former WVU player Mike Carey. Most recently, they won the 2017 Big 12 Tournament, despite finishing sixth in the regular season.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball"
},
{
"docid": "15460921#2",
"text": "West Virginia men's basketball has competed in three basketball championship final matches: the 1959 NCAA final, the 1942 NIT final (at that time, the NIT was considered more prestigious than the NCAA), and the 2007 NIT Championship. They lost 71–70 to California in the 1959 NCAA finals, while the Mountaineers won the 1942 NIT Championship 47–45 over Western Kentucky, and the 2007 NIT contest over Clemson 78–72 in a rebuilding season. In 1949, future Mountaineers head coach Fred Schaus became the first player in NCAA history to record 1,000 points.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball"
},
{
"docid": "185979#72",
"text": "West Virginia men's basketball has competed in three basketball championship final matches: the 1959 NCAA final, the 1942 NIT final (at that time, the NIT was considered more prestigious than the NCAA), and the 2007 NIT Championship. They lost to California in the 1959 NCAA finals, while the Mountaineers won the 1942 NIT Championship over Western Kentucky, and the 2007 NIT contest over Clemson. In 1949 future Mountaineers head coach, Fred Schaus, became the first player in NCAA history to record 1,000 points.",
"title": "West Virginia University"
},
{
"docid": "24865147#0",
"text": "The 2009–10 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in the 2009-10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were coached by Bob Huggins and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum. The team captured the first Big East Tournament Championship in school history. They won the East Region to advance to the second Final Four in school history, where they lost in the national semi-finals to eventual National Champion Duke, 78-57. The team finished #3 in the final Coaches Poll with a record of 31-7, setting the record for most wins in school history.",
"title": "2009–10 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "51011485#0",
"text": "The 2016–17 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by Bob Huggins, in his 10th season as WVU's head coach, and played their home games at WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 28–9, 12–6 in Big 12 play to finish in a three-way tie for second place. They defeated Texas and Kansas State in the Big 12 Tournament before losing to Iowa State in the championship game. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they defeated Bucknell and Notre Dame before losing in the Sweet Sixteen to Gonzaga.",
"title": "2016–17 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "32403047#0",
"text": "The West Virginia Mountaineers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of West Virginia University, located in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big 12 Conference since the start of the 2013 season. The program currently plays at Monongalia County Ballpark in the adjacent city of Granville. Randy Mazey has been the team's head coach since prior to the 2013 season. As of the end of the 2015 season, the program has appeared in 11 NCAA Tournaments. It has won five conference tournament championships and 15 regular season conference and division titles.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers baseball"
},
{
"docid": "185979#77",
"text": "With a total of 26 individual NCAA National Champions and 19 team NCAA National Championship titles, the West Virginia University's rifle team is the most successful rifle program in the history of the NCAA. Their most recent National Championship as a team was won in 2017. The Mountaineers compete in the Great America Rifle Conference where they have won 11 regular season conference championships. The team's home matches take place at the WVU Rifle Range which opened in 2010.",
"title": "West Virginia University"
},
{
"docid": "55275294#0",
"text": "The 2017–18 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by Bob Huggins, in his 11th season as WVU's head coach, and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 26–11, 11–7 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for second place. They defeated Baylor and Texas Tech to advance to the championship game of the Big 12 Tournament where they lost to Kansas. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they defeated Murray State and Marshall to advance to the Sweet Sixteen where they lost to Villanova.",
"title": "2017–18 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "3391588#2",
"text": "West Virginia has won 20 NCAA team national championships.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers"
}
] |
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] |
2761
|
Can people who speak Cantonese understand Mandarin?
|
[
{
"docid": "28775320#23",
"text": "Literate Chinese speakers can read and write in the Mandarin-based standard written language. However, because the graphemes in Chinese's logographic writing system are not directly linked to pronunciation (though there are quasi-phonetic hints), Cantonese speakers who do not speak Mandarin will read aloud the characters in Cantonese pronunciation only. The resulting speech is Mandarin-based grammar and vocabulary pronounced word-by-word in Cantonese. If the same sentence were to be spoken using regular colloquial Cantonese, it might be quite different. Here is an example:",
"title": "List of diglossic regions"
},
{
"docid": "1092292#3",
"text": "Although Cantonese shares a lot of vocabulary with Mandarin, the two varieties are mutually unintelligible because of differences in pronunciation, grammar and lexicon. Sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the two varieties. A notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; both can be recorded verbatim, but very few Cantonese speakers are knowledgeable in the full Cantonese written vocabulary, so a non-verbatim formalized written form is adopted, which is more akin to the Mandarin written form. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar but are pronounced differently.",
"title": "Cantonese"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23697973#8",
"text": "Although large numbers of non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants, often speaking Mandarin arrived into New York City, they could not relate to the Cantonese populations, which largely do not speak Mandarin or use it only to communicate with other non-Cantonese Chinese people. As a result, the non-Cantonese Chinese populations created their own Mandarin-speaking Chinatown, or \"Mandarin Town\" (國語埠) in Flushing, and a smaller one in Elmhurst as well. This allowed Manhattan's and Brooklyn's Chinatowns to continue retaining its almost exclusive Cantonese-speaking society and nearly were successful at keeping its Cantonese dominance.",
"title": "Chinatowns in Brooklyn"
},
{
"docid": "12537#38",
"text": "Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all of the local Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language, while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin. In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population, although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well. In 2018, He Huifeng of the \"South China Morning Post\" stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.",
"title": "Guangzhou"
},
{
"docid": "65109#13",
"text": "Due to the large number of people that emigrated out of the Guangdong province, many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong. In particular, the Cantonese and Teochew dialects have proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than Mandarin-speaking Chinese. Additionally, many Cantonese-speaking Chinese emigrated to Western countries, with the results that many Western versions of Chinese words were derived from the Cantonese dialects rather than through the main stream Mandarin language, such as \"dim sum\". Some Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin also came from the original foreign language by way of Cantonese. For example, the Mandarin word ' (), meaning \"Lemon\", came from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as '. In the United States, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the county-level city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese (or Toishanese).",
"title": "Guangdong"
},
{
"docid": "58791#68",
"text": "A great majority of people in Taiwan can speak both Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese although the degree of fluency varies widely. There are however small but significant numbers of people in Taiwan, mainly but not exclusively Hakka and Mainlanders, who cannot speak Taiwanese fluently. A shrinking percentage of the population, mainly people born before the 1950s, cannot speak Mandarin at all, or learned to speak Mandarin later in life, though some of these speak Japanese fluently. Urban, working-class Hakkas as well as younger, southern-Taiwan Mainlanders tend to have better, even native-like fluency. Approximately half of the Hakka in Taiwan do speak Taiwanese. There are many families of mixed Hakka, Hoklo, and Aboriginal bloodlines. There is, however, a large percentage of people in Taiwan, regardless of their background, whose ability to understand and read written Taiwanese is greater than their ability to speak it. This is the case with some singers who can sing Taiwanese songs with native-like proficiency, but can neither speak nor understand the language.",
"title": "Taiwanese Hokkien"
},
{
"docid": "357787#9",
"text": "Standard Cantonese functions as a \"lingua franca\" in Guangdong province, and speakers of other Chinese varieties (such as Chaozhou, Minnan, Hakka) living in Guangdong may also speak Cantonese. On the other hand, Standard Mandarin Chinese is the standard language of the People's Republic of China and the only legally-allowed medium for teaching in schools throughout most of the country (except in minority areas), so residents of Taishan speak Mandarin as well. Although the Chinese government has been making great efforts to popularize Mandarin by administrative means, most Taishan residents do not speak Mandarin in their daily lives, but treat it as a second language, with Cantonese being the lingua franca of their region.",
"title": "Taishanese"
},
{
"docid": "11345553#3",
"text": "The Fuzhou immigrants could often speak Mandarin in addition to their native Fuzhounese language (also known as Fuzhou dialect). While all of the other Mandarin speakers were settling in and creating a more Mandarin-speaking Chinatown or Mandarin Town (國語埠) in Flushing's Chinatown and Elmhurst, Queens because they could not relate to the traditional Cantonese dominance in Manhattan's Chinatown, the Fuzhou immigrants were the only exceptional non-Cantonese Chinese group to largely settle in Manhattan's Chinatown. This is due to the Mandarin speaking enclaves being too middle class and expensive and since many Fuzhou immigrants came without immigration paperwork and forced into low paying jobs, Manhattan's Chinatown was the only place for them to be around other Chinese people and receive affordable housing despite Manhattan's Chinatown's traditional Cantonese dominance that lasted until the 1990s",
"title": "Little Fuzhou"
},
{
"docid": "100935#14",
"text": "Starting in the 1970s and especially throughout the 1980s-90s, Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese immigrants and then later on many other Non-Cantonese Chinese immigrants also were arriving into New York City. However, due to the traditional dominance of Cantonese-speaking residents, which were largely working class in Manhattan's Chinatown and the neighborhood's poor housing conditions, they were unable to relate to Manhattan's Chinatown and mainly settled in Flushing and created a more middle class Mandarin-Speaking Chinatown or Mandarin Town (國語埠) and even smaller one in Elmhurst, since most of the newer upcoming generations of ethnic Chinese were already using Mandarin although still their regional dialects in everyday conversations, whereas Cantonese speaking populations largely don't speak Mandarin or only speak it with other Non-Cantonese Chinese speakers. As a result, Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's emerging Chinatown were able to continue retaining its traditional almost exclusive Cantonese society and were nearly successful at permanently keeping its Cantonese dominance. However, there was already a small and slow growing Fuzhou immigrant population in Manhattan's Chinatown since the 1970s-80s in the eastern section of Chinatown east of the Bowery, which was still underdeveloped as being part of Chinatown. In the 1990s, though, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western Lower East Side, which 50 years earlier was populated by Eastern European Jews and 20 years earlier was occupied by Hispanics.",
"title": "Chinatown, Manhattan"
},
{
"docid": "9117721#9",
"text": "The Fuzhou immigrants often speak Mandarin along with their Fuzhou dialect and while all of the other Mandarin speakers were settling in and creating a more Mandarin-Speaking Chinatown or Mandarin Town (國語埠) in Flushing's Chinatown, and an even smaller one in Elmhurst all in Queens because they could not relate to the traditional Cantonese dominance in Manhattan's Chinatown, the Fuzhou immigrants were the only exceptional Non-Cantonese Chinese group to largely settle in Manhattan's Chinatown. This is due to the Mandarin speaking enclaves being too middle class and expensive and since many Fuzhou immigrants came without immigration paperwork and forced into low paying jobs, Manhattan's Chinatown was the only place for them to be around other Chinese people and receive affordable housing despite Manhattan's Chinatown's traditional Cantonese dominance that lasted until the 1990s",
"title": "Two Bridges, Manhattan"
},
{
"docid": "511608#10",
"text": "Shanghainese is not mutually intelligible with any language or dialect of Mandarin. It is around 50% intelligible (with 28.9% lexical similarity) with the Mandarin, heard in Beijing. Modern Shanghainese, however, has been heavily influenced by modern Mandarin and other Chinese languages, such as Cantonese. That makes the Shanghainese spoken by young people in the city different, sometimes significantly, from that spoken by the older population and also that inserting Mandarin, Cantonese or both into Shanghainese sentences during everyday conversation is very common, at least for young people. Like most subdivisions of Chinese, it is easier for a local speaker to understand Mandarin than it is for a Mandarin speaker to understand the local language.",
"title": "Shanghainese"
}
] |
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] |
2762
|
Does Iain Norman Macleod have kids?
|
[
{
"docid": "242789#87",
"text": "Macleod met Evelyn Hester Mason, \"née\" Blois, (1915–1999) in September 1939 whilst he was waiting to be called up for army service and she interviewed him for a job as an ambulance driver. After her first husband was killed in the war, they married on 25 January 1941. The Macleods had a son and a daughter, Torquil and Diana, who were born in 1942 and 1944 respectively. They had a somewhat stormy marriage in which they retained a strong bond despite Macleod conducting a number of what his biographer describes as \"romances\" with other women (he quotes love letters written by Macleod but does not specifically say they went as far as sexual affairs). As was common for MPs' wives of the era, Eve looked after constituency matters whilst her husband concentrated on his career at Westminster.",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "242789#4",
"text": "Iain Macleod was born at Clifford House, Skipton, Yorkshire, on 11 November 1913. His father, Dr. Norman Alexander Macleod, was a well-respected general practitioner in Skipton, with a substantial poor-law practice (providing medical services for those who could not afford to pay); the young Macleod would often accompany his father on his rounds. His parents were from the Isle of Lewis in the Western Isles of Scotland, belonging to the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig. They moved to Skipton in 1907. Macleod grew up with strong personal and cultural ties to Scotland, as his parents bought in 1917 part of the Leverhulme estate on the Isle of Lewis, where they often used to stay for family holidays.",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "31110030#1",
"text": "Born in Kirkhill, she was the daughter of the Rev. Alasdair MacGillivray Macleod and Margaret Ingram Sangster. Her family lineage traces to the Isle of Lewis, where her grandfather, Rev. George Macleod, was the Minister of Garrabost. Her father was born on the Lewis. She was second cousin to politician and former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Iain Norman Macleod. Her family belongs to the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig.",
"title": "Anna Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "37467568#1",
"text": "Macleod was the elder brother of professor Anna MacGillivray Macleod; his younger brother was Dr. Alasdair MacGillivray Macleod, a general practitioner in Linlithgow. He was the son of Rev. Alasdair MacGillivray Macleod and Margaret Ingram Sangster, M.A. and the grandson of Rev. George Macleod of Garrabost, Isle of Lewis. He was second cousin to the Right Hon. Iain Norman Macleod, who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970. They belong to the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig.",
"title": "John George Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "13865893#2",
"text": "On 3 July 1937, she married Mervyn Charles Mason (1907–1940), second son of Alwyne Mason of Foxley Manor, near Malmesbury, Wiltshire. During World War II, she worked for the London ambulance service and her husband was a Lieutenant in the Pioneer Corps. In 1940, he was killed after his ship was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland and she later married the future politician, Iain Norman Macleod, a member of the branch of the Macleods of Pabbay and Uig.",
"title": "Evelyn Macleod, Baroness Macleod of Borve"
},
{
"docid": "242789#0",
"text": "Iain Norman Macleod (11 November 1913 – 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party politician and government minister.",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "242789#54",
"text": "Macleod used government papers in breach of the \"Fifty-year rule\" then in operation. Cabinet Secretary Sir Norman Brook persuaded the Prime Minister to demand amendments to conceal the degree of Cabinet involvement in the abdication of King Edward VIII (who was still alive in 1961) and the degree to which the civil servants Horace Wilson and Warren Fisher had demanded that the former King \"reorder his private life\" afterwards. Former Prime Minister Lord Avon, who cherished his (somewhat exaggerated) reputation as an opponent of \"appeasement\", complained that such a book by a serving Cabinet Minister might be thought to express official sympathy for Chamberlain's policies. Downing Street had to brief the press that Macleod had written purely in a personal capacity; Shepherd suggests that Macleod's loss of favour with Macmillan, who had also been an opponent of appeasement, was accelerated by this episode. Robert Blake wrote in his review in \"The Times\" (26 November 1961) that \"when national security is at stake one does not judge a statesman by his successes at slum clearance\". Macleod later told Alan Watkins (in \"\"Brief Lives\"\" 1982) \"It was a bad book. I made a great mistake in writing it. It made me no money, and it has done me a lot of harm\". Watkins conceded that the book \"had been grudgingly and meanly reviewed\". The book \"sold poorly and was soon forgotten\".",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "25801683#2",
"text": "The manuscript relates a story in which Iain Ciar was hunting deer with the leading men of his clan. The forest on Harris, in which they hunted, was owned in ancient times by Clan Vic Ghitthich (\"the children of the Wolf\") and still was partially possessed by the family, although they paid tribute to MacLeod. During the hunt, Iain Ciar expressed his anger that they had not come across the white stag that was known to live in the area; the MacLeod chief offered a large reward to whoever could discover the offender who had killed the animal. An enemy of the MacGhitthich chief put the blame on MacGhitthich and in consequence, Iain Ciar had MacGhitthich cruelly put to death by forcing the antlers of a large deer into his bowels. When the hunting party returned to Rodel, intending to set sail for Dunvegan, the vengeful MacGhitthiches attacked the MacLeods. Iain Ciar was struck by an arrow. His son, William Cleireach managed to rally his clan and fend off the attackers. Iain Ciar's wife, three of his illegitimate daughters, and other women, fled the hostilities in a galley. The ship was, however, blown out to sea and across The Minch, before it was dashed to pieces against rocks, which the manuscript describes as being called \"the Maidens\". The wounded Iain Ciar was taken to the church at Rodel, where he died that evening. His body was taken to Iona where it was buried. He was succeeded by his surviving son, William Cleireach. The late nineteenth-century historian A. MacKenzie stated that Iain Ciar died shortly after the ascension of Robert III; MacLeod thought that he was killed in the year 1392.\nThe \"Bannatyne manuscript\" states that the first seven chiefs of Clan MacLeod were buried at Iona. The choir of Iona Abbey, for the most part, dates from the early sixteenth century. Within the centre of the choir there is a large stone which once contained a monumental brass, traditionally said to have been a MacLeod marker. The stone formed a matrix which at one time contained the brass inlay (tradition states that it was a silver inlay). It is the largest carved stone on the island, measuring by . R. C. MacLeod speculated that perhaps Leod and five of his successors were buried beneath—however, in his opinion Iain Ciar was buried elsewhere.",
"title": "Iain Ciar MacLeod"
},
{
"docid": "242789#39",
"text": "Suez alienated academics, journalists and other opinion-formers from the Conservative Party. William Rees-Mogg, then a Conservative candidate in the North-East, made a speech urging that Macleod be party leader. David Astor of \"The Observer\", who on 4 November had attacked Eden for \"crookedness\" in an editorial, wrote to Macleod on 14 November, urging him as a younger minister to seize the party leadership so that collusion could be pinned on Eden and Lloyd, after Edward Boyle had told him that he was not interested and that Monckton was not up to it. Macleod did not reply but showed the letter to Freddie Bishop, head of the Prime Minister's Private Office, and Cabinet Secretary Norman Brook for their comments; Eden, who was on the verge of a breakdown, did not regard the matter as important. On 20 November 1956 the question of collusion was raised in Cabinet, with Eden and Lloyd (who was in New York at a United Nations meeting) both absent; Shepherd believes that it was probably Macleod who raised it. The Cabinet agreed to stick to Lloyd's formula that Britain had not \"incited\" the Israeli attack on Egypt.",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
},
{
"docid": "42127257#0",
"text": "Norman Macleod is a British musician and songwriter. He was a member of the 1950s group The Maple Leaf Four with his brother, the songwriter John Macleod. He took additional stage role \"Private Maple\" in the early performances of the Dad's Army stage show \"Who do you think you are kidding Mr Hitler\" in 1975, and EMI released the Dad's Army stage show single \"Get Out And Get Under The Moon\" sung with actor Bill Pertwee (aka ARP Warden Hodges).",
"title": "Norman Macleod (musician)"
}
] |
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] |
2763
|
When was Arrow created?
|
[
{
"docid": "73788#0",
"text": "Green Arrow is a fictional superhero who appears in comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Mort Weisinger and designed by George Papp, he first appeared in \"More Fun Comics\" #73 in November 1941. His real name is Oliver Jonas Queen, a wealthy businessman and owner of Queen Industries who is also a well-known celebrity in Star City. Sometimes shown dressed like the character Robin Hood, Green Arrow is an archer who uses his skills to fight crime in his home cities of Star City and Seattle, as well as alongside his fellow superheroes as a member of the Justice League. Though much less frequently used in modern stories, he also deploys a range of trick arrows with various special functions, such as glue, explosive-tipped, grappling hook, flash grenade, tear gas and even kryptonite arrows for use in a range of special situations. At the time of his debut, Green Arrow functioned in many ways as an archery-themed analogue of the very popular Batman character, but writers at DC subsequently developed him into a voice of left-wing politics very much distinct in character from Batman.",
"title": "Green Arrow"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1134183#10",
"text": "Arrow developed the Mystery Island Banana Train ride for Pacific Ocean ParkMystery Island Banana Train. Arrow also developed an extensive Alice in Wonderland ride for Blackpool Pleasure Beach, which opened in 1961. For the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Arrow created the 'Space Whirl\", a \"teacup\" style ride which simulated the feeling of being launched into space. Arrow also created Danny the Dragon as part of a half-million dollar contract for Freedomland, the Cave Train and vintage auto rides for the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and Adventureland (New York), teacup (\"snowball\") and bobsled rides for Santa's Village in Scotts Valley, CA, Frontier Village's Antique Car Ride, the Timber Mountain Log and Hat Dance (\"Sombrero\") rides at Knott's Berry Farm, a suspended monorail and electric boat ride for the Anheuser-Busch brewery in Van Nuys, CA and Florida and an omnimover type ride for Hershey's Chocolate World Great American Chocolate Tour. Arrow's 1979 brochure listed 32 roller coasters, 12 Runaway Mine Trains, 43 Flume rides, 5 \"Space Whirl\" rides, 4 Rub-a-Dubs, 7 Dark Rides, 20 Special Systems, 49 Antique Car and 28 Sports Car ride installations.",
"title": "Arrow Development"
},
{
"docid": "58123932#3",
"text": "The mansion house upon the estate, Arrowe Hall, was built in 1835 by Ralph Shaw. During this time he landscaped the park; he also changed the course of Arrowe Brook and dammed it to create Arrowe Lake and a waterfall. Ralph Shaw, a magistrate, was very tough on trespassers and poachers in court. On his estate he installed mantraps and spring-loaded shotguns to dissuade poachers and trespassers from straying onto his land. In the early 1900s Arrowe Estate was bought by Major McCalmont, but as he was in the army he rented it to John Williamson, the shipping magnate who created the Williamson Art Gallery and Museum. In 1917 the estate was sold to Lord Leverhulme, in 1926 the Birkenhead Corporation bought the estate and converted it to public recreation. In the 1930s the golf course, tennis courts and bowling greens were built, brass bands played on the hall lawn and some of the hall was used as a cafe. At the beginning of World War II the Hall was an army headquarters. After returning from Dunkirk many French soldiers were stationed in huts on the park; the park was also used for tank training.",
"title": "Arrowe Country Park"
},
{
"docid": "7893298#7",
"text": "In 2000, in addition to nominating Ralph Nader for the Presidency, the Green Party nominated environmental activist Tre Arrow to run for against incumbent Earl Blumenauer. Arrow had gained prominence in July 2000 by staging a high-profile protest in downtown Portland, Oregon, when he scaled a United States Forest Service building and lived on a ledge for 11 days to protest the plan to log Eagle Creek. His protest played an important role in reversing the Forest Service's plans to log the area. Arrow received 15,000 votes in his run for Congress. In 2001 Arrow appeared on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's \"most wanted\" list in connection with arson, and other activities of the Earth Liberation Front. Arrow, who was apprehended in Canada, was sentenced in August 2008 in a Portland, Oregon federal court to 78 months in federal prison for his part in two arson attacks in 2001.",
"title": "Pacific Green Party"
},
{
"docid": "2540871#2",
"text": "Many Arrow stations were owned by Infinity Broadcasting now known as CBS Radio and scattered throughout the United States. The flagship and founding station for Arrow was KCBS-FM 93.1 in Los Angeles which created and launched the format in September 1993 and ran it into 1996 before switching to a more classic rock \"Arrow\" format from 1996-2005.",
"title": "Arrow (radio format)"
},
{
"docid": "1955168#1",
"text": "In 1978, the New York Arrows began their first season as an indoor soccer team in the newly established Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). They were owned by Bernie Rodin, and John Luciani who also owned the Rochester Lancers. While preparing for the MISL's inaugural season, the Arrows' management employed a tactic which had been used in the United Soccer Association in the 1960s. The USA had imported professional teams from Europe as a means of quickly creating teams. The Arrows decided to revisit this concept, and imported nearly the entire roster of the Rochester Lancers of the North American Soccer League, which played a spring-to-fall schedule.",
"title": "New York Arrows"
},
{
"docid": "1106844#3",
"text": "Arrow Dynamic's forerunner, Arrow Development, was founded in 1946 when Ed Morgan, Karl Bacon, Bill Hardiman, and Angus \"Andy\" Anderson, started a machine shop at 243 Moffett Boulevard, just north of downtown Mountain View, California. They started out selling used machine tools, building truck parts and repairing cars until about 1950 when they built their first merry-go-rounds for San Jose's Alum Rock Park.",
"title": "Arrow Dynamics"
},
{
"docid": "4765890#1",
"text": "Arrow Electronics was founded in 1935 when a retail store named Arrow Radio opened on Cortlandt Street in the heart of lower Manhattan's \"Radio Row,\" the birthplace of electronics distribution. Arrow Radio, established by Maurice (\"Murray\") Goldberg, sold used radios and radio parts to retail customers. Other industry pioneers with businesses nearby were Charles Avnet and Seymour Schweber.",
"title": "Arrow Electronics"
},
{
"docid": "11565273#2",
"text": "The Omaha sleeping car ended in early 1955, was reinstated later that year when the Milwaukee Road began handling the Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route trains, and ended for good in 1958. Between 1956–1959 the \"Arrow\" carried a Chicago–Los Angeles coach which it exchanged in Omaha. The Sioux Falls section, including the train's last sleeping cars, ended on September 17, 1965. All that remained of the \"Arrow\" was a Chicago–Omaha coach train, which the Milwaukee Road discontinued on October 5, 1967.",
"title": "Arrow (MILW train)"
},
{
"docid": "2353570#6",
"text": "The arrowheads, or points, could be everything from wide metal blades used for big game (or in war) to bone and wooden points, which are used for hunting birds and small animals. The high impact of this bow ensures that a bony point will be lethal when hitting the body of a smaller animal or a bird. In addition to these kinds of arrows, whistling arrows are useful during hunting, because the effect on animals of an arrow whistling away high above the ground is often to make it stop, curious to see what is in the air. This gives the hunter time to launch a second arrow, this time with a game head to kill the animal. These whistling arrows made by inserting an arrowhead of bone in which air channels have been created. When shot, such arrowheads make a very audible sound through the air.",
"title": "Mongol bow"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
] |
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] |
2764
|
Who won the battle of Trafalgar?
|
[
{
"docid": "2202840#3",
"text": "The British were attempting to establish themselves as a major maritime power; with their victory in this battle they were successful and with this painting that becomes evident. Turner had a great deal of personal interest and investment in this work and with the history of the Battle of Trafalgar in general. Turner made several sketches immediately after the battle, careful studies of the ships and their rigging, and close details of the uniforms. The most notable of these early works was \"The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory\". This work was well received and provided the foundation from which Turner would develop \"Trafalgar\" into a scene representing an overall account of the whole battle. This earlier depiction is closer to Turner’s style in that it leans away from traditional maritime paintings and more toward the ambiguity and sublime that Turner would later be known for. In preparation for \"Trafalgar\" Turner created two preparatory oil sketches, with the \"First Sketch for ‘The Battle of Trafalgar’\" aligning its composition with the traditional maritime paintings. The \"Second Sketch for ‘The Battle of Trafalgar’\" moves away from this traditional style and more closely resembles his final product with a more organized chaos via the build-up of clouds and people in the foreground. Despite this work being a commission, Turner chooses to depict the final work in a style that moves away from conventional practices and closer to his original work and personal style further indicating his personal connection with Trafalgar. While the subject of the piece is evident, there are elements of ambiguity suggesting the sublime, the dissolution of space via strokes of pure paint, and the symmetry between human and natural forces.",
"title": "The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)"
},
{
"docid": "38855#63",
"text": "Despite the British victory over the Franco-Spanish navies, Trafalgar had negligible impact on the remainder of the War of the Third Coalition. Less than two months later, Napoleon decisively defeated the Third Coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz, knocking Austria out of the war and forcing the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Although Trafalgar meant France could no longer challenge Britain at sea, Napoleon proceeded to establish the Continental System in an attempt to deny Britain trade with the continent. The Napoleonic Wars continued for another ten years after Trafalgar.",
"title": "Battle of Trafalgar"
},
{
"docid": "38855#2",
"text": "The victory confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century and it was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy of the day. Conventional practice at the time was for opposing fleets to engage each other in single parallel lines, in order to facilitate signalling and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas. Nelson instead arranged his ships into two columns to sail perpendicularly into the enemy fleet's line.",
"title": "Battle of Trafalgar"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9895191#8",
"text": "In 1992, a monument was unveiled at the cemetery by the Governor of Gibraltar, Admiral Sir Derek Reffell. The memorial included an anchor donated by the Royal Navy, as well as an inscription. The quote was that of Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, who reported both the victory at Trafalgar and the demise of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. Outside of the cemetery stands a life-size, bronze statue of Lord Nelson by British sculptor John Doubleday. It was erected in 2005 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar. In addition, a small plaque was mounted at the former area of St. Jago's Cemetery to commemorate the site of interment of those sailors who later died of wounds inflicted during the battle. Trafalgar Cemetery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#4",
"text": "The Southport Ditch Cemetery was used for interments between 1798 and 1814, after which it fell into disuse. The only exception was the grave from 1838 at the northeast corner of the cemetery, near Prince Edward's Gate. The renaming of the graveyard to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar apparently did not occur until many years after the victory. Only two of the interments are of those who died of wounds sustained during the battle. One of the victims was Captain Thomas Norman of the Royal Marine Corps and , who died in the Naval Hospital on 6 December 1805 at the age of 36. The other was Lieutenant William Forster of , who died of the wounds that he received in battle on 21 October 1805 at the age of 20. A plaque mounted by the Southport Gates reads: \"Trafalgar Cemetery - Here Lie The Remains Of Some Who Died Of Wounds At Gibraltar After Nelson's Great Victory In October, 1805, Those Killed During The Battle Having Been Buried At Sea. Other Graves Date From 1798.\"",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#0",
"text": "The Trafalgar Cemetery is a cemetery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. Formerly known as the Southport Ditch Cemetery, it occupies a small area of land just to the south of the city walls, in what had been a defensive ditch during the period of Spanish rule of Gibraltar. Although it is named for the Battle of Trafalgar of 21 October 1805, only two victims of the battle are buried there. The remainder of the interments are mostly of those killed in other sea battles or casualties of the yellow fever epidemics that swept Gibraltar between 1804 and 1814. In addition, tombstones were transferred to the Trafalgar Cemetery from St. Jago's Cemetery and Alameda Gardens. \nThe cemetery is no longer used for burials and was abandoned for many years, but was restored in the 1980s. In 1992, a memorial to the Battle of Trafalgar was erected in the cemetery. The graveyard is the site of an annual commemorative ceremony on Trafalgar Day, the Sunday nearest to the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar. Trafalgar Cemetery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "1027408#0",
"text": "Trafalgar Day is the celebration of the victory won by the Royal Navy, commanded by Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, over the combined French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.",
"title": "Trafalgar Day"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#7",
"text": "For years, an annual ceremony has been held on Trafalgar Day, the Sunday closest to 21 October. On that day, the ceremony in the cemetery commemorates those who died in the Battle of Trafalgar. A general restoration of the Trafalgar Cemetery was undertaken in the 1980s. In 1990, responsibility for the maintenance of the cemetery was transferred to the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, which completed repairs of the gates and walls. Gibraltar celebrated its tercentenary anniversary of British rule in 2004. That year, some veterans who had served there were invited to Gibraltar. The July 2004 schedule for the veterans included events at the Trafalgar Cemetery, Gibraltar Cross of Sacrifice, Gibraltar Museum, and St. Michael's Cave.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "1514239#3",
"text": "On board during the Trafalgar action was First-Lieutenant James Clephan, who was presented with the ship's Union Jack by the crew after the battle as a mark of their esteem. The flag, recently found in a drawer of one of the descendants of James Clephan, is regarded as one of very few surviving Union Flags from the Battle of Trafalgar, and probably the best preserved. With battle scars still visible, it was sold for £384,000 when it went for auction with specialist maritime auctioneers Charles Miller Ltd in London on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 2009.",
"title": "HMS Spartiate (1798)"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#5",
"text": "Most of those who were killed during the battle were buried at sea. , Horatio Nelson's former flagship, was towed into Rosia Bay on 28 October 1805. Later, Nelson's remains were transported to England, where he was buried in a crypt in St Paul's Cathedral. Casualties of the battle were brought to Gibraltar; those who died later of their injuries were interred in St. Jago's Cemetery, north of Charles V Wall. Many of the graves in Trafalgar Cemetery represent the victims of three yellow fever epidemics. Those epidemics in Gibraltar had been most severe during the years 1804, 1813, and 1814. Also interred at Trafalgar Cemetery were the sailors who died in other battles of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, including the First Battle of Algeciras in 1801 and conflicts off Cádiz and Málaga in 1810 and 1812, respectively.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "38855#59",
"text": "HMS \"Victory\" made her way to Gibraltar for repairs, carrying Nelson's body. She put into Rosia Bay, Gibraltar and after emergency repairs were carried out, returned to Britain. Many of the injured crew were brought ashore at Gibraltar and treated in the Naval Hospital. Men who subsequently died from injuries sustained at the battle are buried in or near the Trafalgar Cemetery, at the south end of Main Street, Gibraltar.",
"title": "Battle of Trafalgar"
}
] |
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] |
2765
|
When was the character Sherlock Holmes first introduced?
|
[
{
"docid": "25972775#46",
"text": "Wiggins is a street urchin in London and head of the Baker Street Irregulars. He has no first name in the stories. His first appearance is in \"A Study in Scarlet\" (1886). The film \"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\", directed by Billy Wilder, features a character called Wiggins (played by Graham Armitage) who is a footman at the Diogenes Club. He delivers a note to Mycroft Holmes (played by Christopher Lee) and receives instructions concerning various items. The character, credited as \"Bill Wiggins\", also appears in the series three finale of \"Sherlock\" portrayed by Tom Brooke as a drug user who actually demonstrates the beginning of Sherlock's deductive skills, and later appoints himself a \"pupil\" of Sherlock's.",
"title": "Minor Sherlock Holmes characters"
},
{
"docid": "27159#1",
"text": "First appearing in print in 1887's \"A Study in Scarlet\", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in \"The Strand Magazine\", beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.",
"title": "Sherlock Holmes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32077946#30",
"text": "Mycroft Holmes (played by the show’s executive producer, co-creator, and writer Mark Gatiss) is first introduced when he abducts John and offers to pay him to spy on Sherlock. He is Sherlock’s older brother and engages in sibling rivalry with Sherlock. Mycroft is frequently mocked by Sherlock for “putting on weight”. He occupies a “minor position in the British government”; however, as with many Holmes-based works, it is heavily hinted that he has a much bigger role than he claims — on one occasion, Sherlock sarcastically remarks that Mycroft \"is\" the British government “when he’s not too busy being the British Secret Services, or the CIA on a freelance basis.” He is driven around in a private car with his personal assistant who goes by the name of “Anthea”.",
"title": "List of Sherlock characters"
},
{
"docid": "3318690#9",
"text": "It has been estimated that Sherlock Holmes is the most prolific screen character in the history of cinema. The first known film featuring Holmes is \"Sherlock Holmes Baffled\", a one-reel film running less than a minute, made by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1900. This was followed by a 1905 Vitagraph film \"Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom\", with H. Kyrle Bellew and J. Barney Sherry in unlisted roles. It was long believed that the film starred Maurice Costello as Sherlock Holmes, but Leslie S. Klinger has written that the identification of Costello in the role is flawed. Klinger states that the first identification of Costello with the role was in Michael Pointer's \"Public Life of Sherlock Holmes\" published in 1975 but Pointer later realized his error and wrote to Klinger stating",
"title": "Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"docid": "8192#59",
"text": "Sherlock Holmes is British detective fiction written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The first appearance of Sherlock Holmes is at “A study in Scarlet”. At first, Sherlock Holmes did not result massive success, however starting from 1891, after published Sherlock Holmes at “Strand Magazine”, it became unquestionably popular. After Sherlock Holmes, many detective stories followed Conan Doyle’s structure and also include characters which have Sherlock Holmes characteristics.",
"title": "Detective fiction"
},
{
"docid": "562921#6",
"text": "Leblanc introduced Sherlock Holmes to Lupin in the short story \"Sherlock Holmes Arrives Too Late\" in \"Je sais tout\" No. 17, 15 June 1906. In it, an aged Holmes meets a young Lupin for the first time. After legal objections from Doyle, the name was changed to \"Herlock Sholmes\" when the story was collected in book form in Volume 1.",
"title": "Arsène Lupin"
},
{
"docid": "9119737#0",
"text": "Sherlock Holmes Baffled is a very short American silent film created in 1900 with cinematography by Arthur Marvin. It is the earliest known film to feature Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock Holmes, albeit in a form unlike that of later screen incarnations. The inclusion of the character also makes it the first recorded detective film. In the film, a thief who can appear and disappear at will steals a sack of items from Sherlock Holmes. At each point, Holmes's attempts to thwart the intruder end in failure.",
"title": "Sherlock Holmes Baffled"
},
{
"docid": "9119737#11",
"text": "Michael Pointer's report on the rediscovery of \"Sherlock Holmes Baffled\" in 1968 stated \"it is an early trick film clearly made for viewing on a mutoscope or peepshow machine. Although a tiny, trivial piece, it is historic as being the earliest known use of Sherlock Holmes in moving pictures.\" By extension of being the first Sherlock Holmes story, the inclusion of the character also makes it the first known example of a detective film. It has been posited that Sherlock Holmes has become the most prolific screen character in the history of cinema.",
"title": "Sherlock Holmes Baffled"
},
{
"docid": "545231#0",
"text": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is a collection of twelve short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring his fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. It was first published on 14 October 1892; the individual stories had been serialised in \"The Strand Magazine\" between July 1891 and June 1892. The stories are not in chronological order, and the only characters common to all twelve are Holmes and Dr. Watson. The stories are related in first-person narrative from Watson's point of view.",
"title": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"docid": "4843479#1",
"text": "Costello was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrants Ellen (née Fitzgerald; born 1853) and Thomas Costello (born 1852). He made his film debut in 1908, but was long believed to have debuted in \"Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom\" (1905), supposedly playing the lead in what is regarded as the first serious film to feature the character of Sherlock Holmes, since it was preceded only by the 30-second comedy film \"Sherlock Holmes Baffled\" (1900). However, Holmesian scholar Leslie S. Klinger has written that the identification of Costello in the role is flawed. Klinger states that the first identification of Costello with the role was in Michael Pointer's \"Public Life of Sherlock Holmes\" published in 1975 but Pointer later realized his error and wrote to Klinger stating",
"title": "Maurice Costello"
},
{
"docid": "314924#39",
"text": "Even Gillette parodied it once. \"The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes\" – the first of a handful of one-act plays he would write – was written for two benefits, and was performed for the first time at the Joseph Jefferson Holland Benefit at the Metropolitan Opera House on March 24. Holland was an actor who had been forced to retire the year before due to illness. The skit featured five characters: Holmes, Billy the page boy (played by Henry McArdle), the madwoman Gwendolyn Cobb (who had nearly all of the dialogue and was played by Ethel Barrymore), and the two \"valuable assistants\" who come to take the madwoman away. Its original title was \"A fantasy in about one-tenth of an act\", and the entire scene transpires in Holmes' Baker Street room \"somewhere about the date of day before yesterday.\" Retitled \"The Harrowing Predicament of Sherlock Holmes\", it was performed again on April 14 for the benefit of the Actors Society of America at the Criterion Theatre (with Jessie Busley as Gwendolyn Cobb and McArdle again as Billy), and again at the Duke of York's Theatre in London when Gillette inserted it on October 3 as a curtain-raiser for \"Clarice\". Playing Billy in the curtain-raiser was young Charlie Chaplin. When \"Clarice\" was replaced with \"Sherlock Holmes\", Chaplin continued as Billy.",
"title": "William Gillette"
}
] |
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] |
2766
|
When did the Human Genome Project begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "5219699#0",
"text": "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government when the planning started, the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete on April 14, 2003. Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside government by the Celera Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany and China.",
"title": "Human Genome Project"
},
{
"docid": "23167397#45",
"text": "The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional contributors included universities across the United States and international partners in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The Human Genome Project formally began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of its original schedule.\nFollowing the release of the completed human genome sequence in April 2003, the scientific community intensified its efforts to mine the data for clues about how the body works in health and in disease. A basic requirement for this understanding of human biology is the ability to identify and characterize sequence-based functional elements through experimentation and computational analysis. In September 2003, the NHGRI introduced the ENCODE project to facilitate the identification and analysis of the complete set of functional elements in the human genome sequence.",
"title": "GENCODE"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35856466#7",
"text": "In 1989, one of the first Human Genome Project grants went to Waterston and Sulston to begin the sequencing of the worm genome. They were so successful that at the same time that the Wellcome Trust established the Sanger Centre with Sulston at its head, Waterston received funding from the National Human Genome Research Institute to undertake large-scale human sequencing at his Washington University lab. The partnership became the first to complete the sequence of a multicellular organism when the worm genome was published in December 1998, and both labs played key roles in the sequencing of the human genome, with Waterston’s lab contributing more of the finished sequence than any other US lab. The partnership went on have leading roles in the sequencing of both the mouse and chimpanzee genomes.",
"title": "Bob Waterston"
},
{
"docid": "10452165#6",
"text": "As a collaborator on the international Human Genome Project, his team posted the first publicly available computational assembly of the human genome sequence on the Internet on July 7, 2000. Following this, his team developed the UCSC Genome Browser, a web-based tool that is used extensively in biomedical research and serves as the platform for several large-scale genomics projects. These include NHGRI’s ENCODE project to use omics methods to explore the function of every base in the human genome (for which UCSC serves as the Data Coordination Center), NIH’s Mammalian Gene Collection, NHGRI’s 1000 genomes project to explore human genetic variation, and NCI’s Cancer Genome Atlas project to explore the genomic changes in cancer.",
"title": "David Haussler"
},
{
"docid": "52133580#20",
"text": "21st century begins with the first complete sequences of individual human genomes by Human Genome Project, on February 12, 2001, this allowed a switch in drug development and research from the traditional way of drug discovery that was isolating molecules from plants or animals or create new molecules and see if they could be useful in treatment of illness in humans, to pharmacogenomics, that is the study and knowledge of how genes respond to drugs. Another field beneficed by Human Genome Project is pharmacogenetics, that is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects.",
"title": "List of drugs by year of discovery"
},
{
"docid": "55170#7",
"text": "A rough draft of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare. This project, completed in 2003, sequenced the entire genome for one specific person, and by 2007 this sequence was declared \"finished\" (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). In the years since then, the genomes of many other individuals have been sequenced, partly under the auspices of the 1000 Genomes Project, which announced the sequencing of 1,092 genomes in October 2012. Completion of this project was made possible by the development of dramatically more efficient sequencing technologies and required the commitment of significant bioinformatics resources from a large international collaboration. The continued analysis of human genomic data has profound political and social repercussions for human societies.",
"title": "Genomics"
},
{
"docid": "5219699#11",
"text": "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was declared complete in April 2003. An initial rough draft of the human genome was available in June 2000 and by February 2001 a working draft had been completed and published followed by the final sequencing mapping of the human genome on April 14, 2003. Although this was reported to cover 99% of the euchromatic human genome with 99.99% accuracy, a major quality assessment of the human genome sequence was published on May 27, 2004 indicating over 92% of sampling exceeded 99.99% accuracy which was within the intended goal. Further analyses and papers on the HGP continue to occur.",
"title": "Human Genome Project"
},
{
"docid": "7550#8",
"text": "In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Venter and Collins thus shared an award for \"Biography of the Year\" from A&E Network.\nOn 15 February 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Human Genome in the journal Nature, and was followed, one day later, by a Celera publication in Science. Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project, the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community.",
"title": "Craig Venter"
},
{
"docid": "5219699#2",
"text": "The Human Genome Project was a 15-year-long, publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 15 years. In May 1985, Robert Sinsheimer organized a workshop to discuss sequencing the human genome, but for a number of reasons the NIH was uninterested in pursuing the proposal. The following March, the Santa Fe Workshop was organized by Charles DeLisi and David Smith of the Department of Energy's Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER). At the same time Renato Dulbecco proposed whole genome sequencing in an essay in Science. James Watson followed two months later with a workshop held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.",
"title": "Human Genome Project"
},
{
"docid": "27849090#4",
"text": "At the announcement of the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2000, Stratton discussed using genome sequences to revolutionise cancer treatment. He and Andy Futreal had already initiated the Cancer Genome Project at the Sanger Centre, as it was then known, to use genome-wide analysis to find somatic mutations in human cancers. According to fellow cancer researcher Chris Marshall, doing so prior to the completion of the human genome sequence was an \"audacious idea.\" The aims of the project are to identify new cancer genes, to understand how cancers develop and to study how the structure of genomes influence cancer. In 2002 and 2004, Stratton's team discovered mutations in the BRAF and ERBB2 genes in approximately 60 per cent of malignant melanomas and 4 per cent of non-small-cell lung cancers respectively.",
"title": "Michael Stratton"
}
] |
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] |
2767
|
What was Madonna's first album?
|
[
{
"docid": "3479332#0",
"text": "American singer Madonna has released 13 studio albums, three soundtrack albums, five live albums, six compilation albums, and 34 other limited releases. In 1982, Madonna signed a recording contract with Sire Records, a label owned by Warner Bros. Records. The first release under the label was her self-titled debut album, \"Madonna\" (1983). It peaked at number eight on the \"Billboard\" 200 and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). She followed the debut album with the sophomore release, \"Like a Virgin\" (1984). The album topped the chart in several countries and was certified diamond by the RIAA. \"True Blue\" was released as her third studio album in 1986 and sold over 25 million copies worldwide, while becoming her second chart topper in US. In 1987, she released two albums that reached platinum status in the United States: the \"Who's That Girl soundtrack\" and her first remix compilation, \"You Can Dance\". Madonna's fourth studio album, \"Like a Prayer\" (1989), became her third number-one album on the \"Billboard\" 200, achieving quadruple platinum in US.",
"title": "Madonna albums discography"
},
{
"docid": "1159885#0",
"text": "Madonna (retitled Madonna: The First Album for the 1985 re-release) is the debut album by American singer Madonna, released on July 27, 1983 by Sire Records. After having established herself as a singer in downtown New York City, Madonna was signed by Sire president Seymour Stein, due to the success of her debut single, \"Everybody\" (1982). She became the sole writer for most of the album's tracks, and chose Reggie Lucas as its primary producer. Unhappy with Lucas's production outputs, she invited John \"Jellybean\" Benitez to complete the album, who remixed three tracks and produced \"Holiday\".",
"title": "Madonna (Madonna album)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1159885#11",
"text": "The album was re-released in 1985 for the European market and re-packaged as \"Madonna: The First Album\" with a different artwork created by photographer George Holy. The cover features Madonna in similar style of dress to the original cover but this time with crucifix as her earrings. Madonna's trademark style was catching on as a fashion statement among club kids and fans, with her crucifix accessories becoming the jewelry of the moment. Madonna said that wearing a crucifix is \"kind of offbeat and interesting. I mean, everything I do is sort of tongue-in-cheeks. Besides, the crucifixes seem to go with my name.\" In 2001, Warner Bros. Records released a remastered version of the album with its original artwork and two bonus remix tracks of \"Burning Up\" and \"Lucky Star\". Madonna dedicated the album to her father, Tony Ciccone, with whom her relationship had not been good until the release of the album. In an interview with \"Time\" magazine, Madonna said: \"My father had never believed that what I was doing here [in New York] was worthwhile, nor did he believe that I was up to any good. [...] It wasn't until my first album came out and my father started hearing my songs on the radio that he stopped asking the questions.\"",
"title": "Madonna (Madonna album)"
},
{
"docid": "142056#27",
"text": "Madonna released her eighth studio album, \"Music\", in September 2000. It featured elements from the electronica-inspired \"Ray of Light\" era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï, Madonna commented: \"I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. \"Music\" is the future of sound.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that \"\"Music\" blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest as \"Ray of Light\".\" The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days. In the U.S., \"Music\" debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since \"Like a Prayer\". It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number-one \"Music\", \"Don't Tell Me\", and \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\". The music video of \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1.",
"title": "Madonna (entertainer)"
},
{
"docid": "142056#25",
"text": "After Lourdes's birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah, introduced to her by actress Sandra Bernhard. Her seventh studio album, \"Ray of Light\", (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image. She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock. American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit \"was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave were happening in the 90s and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that.\"\nThe album garnered critical acclaim, with \"Slant Magazine\" calling it \"one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s\" \"Ray of Light\" was honored with four Grammy Awards—including Best Pop Album and Best Dance Recording—and was nominated for both Album of the Year and Record of the Year. \"Rolling Stone\" listed it among \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Commercially, the album peaked at number-one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Frozen\", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, \"Ray of Light\", debuted at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The 1998 edition of \"Guinness Book of World Records\" documented that \"no female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world\".",
"title": "Madonna (entertainer)"
},
{
"docid": "2663483#2",
"text": "When Madonna had started working on her third studio album, \"True Blue\" in 1985, she was already in a relationship with actor Sean Penn whom she married by the year-end. It was the first album that the singer acted in the role of a record producer and wanted to add her own \"sophistication\" to it. Her optimism assimilated in the songs created, including the title track, which she co-wrote and co-produced the song with Stephen Bray. According to Madonna, \"True Blue\" takes its title from a favorite expression of Penn and to his very pure vision of love. The song and the album was inspired by Madonna's \"unabashed valentine\" for Penn. In an interview, Bray said, \"She [Madonna] was very much in love. It was obvious if she's in love she'll write love songs. If she's not in love she definitely won't be writing love songs.\" In 2015, Madonna said that \"True Blue\" is \"a song about true love. I didn't know what I was talking about when I wrote it.\"",
"title": "True Blue (Madonna song)"
},
{
"docid": "24022085#25",
"text": "According to journalist Mary von Aue from \"Vice\" magazine, \"Bedtime Stories\" is the \"most important\" album released by Madonna. For months leading up to its release, the promotion associated cited the record as an apology for the singer's sexually provocative imagery. Critics had also hoped for a return to more innocent form of music. However Madonna instead chose to portray herself as unapologetic for her imagery, as well as talking about scrutiny that female musicians faced. Madonna went opposite to what was being portrayed as the theme of the album in the promotional campaigns, and continued addressing her critics and people who had tried to shame her for being provocative. Von Aue added that \"Today, \"Bedtime Stories\" is not the first album that comes to mind in Madonna's legacy. It is, however, the most relevant to many of the cultural conversations that are still happening. Had she acquiesced to the public's call for apology, it could have set a dangerous standard for how the public can decree an artist's silence, and it would have allowed the categories for female singers to remain in place\".",
"title": "Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)"
},
{
"docid": "175715#3",
"text": "A former dancer and fixture on the New York club scene, Madonna Louise Ciccone became known to the world simply as Madonna, with the release of her 1983 self-titled debut album \"Madonna\". Fueled by hit songs like \"Holiday\", \"Borderline\" and \"Lucky Star\", the album was one of the best selling of the year and helped Madonna become one of the most exciting new artists of the 1980s. When she started work on her second album, Madonna felt that her first album had succeeded in introducing her \"street-smart dance queen\" persona, and she wanted to solidify and build upon that concept. According to her, \"My work, my dedication—the stubbornness for getting \"Madonna\" released—had paid off. Now it was time to solidify my future.\"",
"title": "Like a Virgin (album)"
},
{
"docid": "4325117#2",
"text": "In 1983, Madonna met John \"Jellybean\" Benitez, who worked as a DJ at the Funhouse club in lower Manhattan. Soon after, they started dating each other and worked on Madonna's self-titled debut album, released in 1983. When Benitez started work on his debut EP, \"Wotupski!?!\", he asked Madonna to write a song for him. Within two days Madonna wrote \"Sidewalk Talk\", whose idea she had initially thought of using on her debut album. According to Benitez, \"Wotupski!?!\" was a concept album, \"It's a street slang in the Bronx. It means 'what's up, what's new'?\" The artist credit of the song was simply Jellybean, with lead vocals credited to Catherine Buchanan. Madonna provided background vocals for the track with Audrey Wheeler and Cindy Mizelle. Benitez produced the track as well as arranged and mixed it. Michael Hutchinson assisted on engineering, recording and mixing the track. Producer Stephen Bray also arranged \"Sidewalk Talk\" with Benitez. Instrumentation featured in the track included bass guitar by Marcus Miller, synthesizer by Boyd Jarvis, Fred Zarr and Bray, electric guitar by Ira Siegel, percussion by Bashiri Johnson and Trevor Gale, and lastly drum programming by Benitez and Bray.",
"title": "Sidewalk Talk"
},
{
"docid": "1159885#9",
"text": "The album was first released in the United States on July 27, 1983 by Sire Records. It was originally slated to be titled \"Lucky Star\", after the track of the same name, but eventually titled simply \"Madonna\", perhaps that this singular name could have star power. The album's artwork was shot by photographer Gary Heery and directed by Carin Goldberg. The front cover shows Madonna with short-cropped platinum hair, wearing a number of black rubber bangles on her hands and a dog chain around her throat. Her navel is also prominent on the inner sleeve of the album. Madonna commented: \"The picture inside the dust of sleeve of my first album has me, like, in this Betty Boop pose with my belly button showing. Then when people reviews the album, they kept talking about my cute belly button. [...] I think there are other unobvious places on the body that are sexy and the stomach is kind of innocent.\" Regarding the album photoshoot, Gary Heery recalled:",
"title": "Madonna (Madonna album)"
}
] |
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] |
2768
|
Who developed bibliotherapy?
|
[
{
"docid": "5301364#3",
"text": "After the term bibliotherapy was coined by Samuel Crothers in an August 1916 \"Atlantic Monthly\" article, it eventually found its way into the medical lexicon. During World War I, the Library War Service stationed librarians in military hospitals, where they dispensed books to patients and developed the emerging \"science\" of bibliotherapy with hospital physicians. When they returned from the war, they tried to implement these ideas in hospital libraries. E. Kathleen Jones, the editor of the book series \"Hospital Libraries\", was the library administrator for the McLean Hospital in Massachusetts. This influential work was first published in 1923, and then updated in 1939, and then 1953. Pioneer librarian Sadie Peterson Delaney used bibliotherapy in her work at the VA Hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama from 1924 to her death in 1958. Elizabeth Pomeroy, director of the Veterans Administration Library Service, published the results of her research in 1937 on the efficacy of bibliotherapy at VA hospitals. The United Kingdom, beginning in the 1930s, also began to show growth in the use in of reading therapy in hospital libraries. Charles Hagberg-Wright, librarian of the London Library, speaking at the 1930 British Empire Red Cross Conference, spoke about the importance of bibliotherapy as part of \"curative medicine\" in hospitals. In addition, reports from the 1930 Public Health Conference about bibliotherapy were included in the British journal \"Lancet\". By the 1920s, there were also training programs in bibliotherapy. One of the first to offer such training was the School of Library Science at Western Reserve University followed by a program at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#8",
"text": "Although the term \"bibliotherapy\" was first coined by Samuel Crothers in 1916, the use of books to change behavior and to reduce distress has a long history, dating back to the Middle Ages. When applied in a therapeutic context, bibliotherapy can comprise both fictional and non-fictional materials. Fictional bibliotherapy (e.g., novels, poetry) is a\ndynamic process, where material is actively interpreted in light of the reader's circumstances. From a psychodynamic perspective, fictional materials are believed to be effective through the processes of identification, catharsis and insight. Through identification with a character in the story the reader gains an alternative position from which to view their own issues. By empathizing with the character the client undergoes a form of catharsis through gaining hope and releasing emotional tension, which consequently leads to insights and behavioral change. Working with an imaginative journey and a specific selection of metaphors, proponents claim that a therapeutic story approach has the potential to shift an out of balance behavior or situation back towards wholeness or balance. A patient might also find it easier to talk about his issues if he and the therapist can pretend that they are talking about the character's issues. Proponents suggest that the story form offers a healing medium that allows the listener to embark on an imaginative journey, rather than being lectured or directly addressed about the issue.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5301364#4",
"text": "With hospitals taking the lead, bibliotherapy principles and practice developed in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it should be noted, some felt that bibliotherapy lagged behind the US and Joyce Coates, writing in the Library Association Record, felt that \"the possibilities of bibliotherapy have yet to be fully explored\". In 1966, the Association of Hospital and Institution Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, issued a working definition of bibliotherapy in recognition of its growing influence. Then, in the 1970s, Arleen McCarty Hynes, a proponent for the use of bibliotherapy, created the \"Bibliotherapy Round Table\" which sponsored lectures and publication dedicated to the practice.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#5",
"text": "In its most basic form, bibliotherapy is using books to aid people in solving the issues that they may be facing at a particular time. It consists of selecting reading material relevant to a client's life situation. Bibliotherapy has also been explained as \"a process of dynamic interaction between the personality of the reader and literature - interaction which may be utilized for personal assessment, adjustment, and growth.\" Bibliotherapy for adults is a form of self-administered treatment in which structured materials provide a means to alleviate distress. The concept of the treatment is based on the human inclination to identify with others through their expressions in literature and art. For instance, a grieving child who reads, or is read a story about another child who has lost a parent may feel less alone in the world.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#9",
"text": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, bibliotherapy was a widely used but poorly researched therapeutic model. However, numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have documented the positive effects of bibliotherapy for clinical conditions such as deliberate self-harm, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and bulimia nervosa and insomnia. Research also supports bibliotherapy as an intervention for a wide array of psychological issues including emotional disorders, alcohol addiction, and sexual dysfunction. In a recent review of psychotherapeutic treatments for older depressed people, bibliotherapy emerged as an effective intervention.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "2215129#26",
"text": "A recent project development was the implementation of bibliotherapy at the library in 2010. The bibliotherapy program used books to assist the children and young teens with coping with social, emotional and physical issues. The program identified the children's needs and used a variety of programs to help eradicate the isolation of people living with HIV/AIDS through education, self-awareness, skill development, and recreation. Some sessions included storytelling, reading aloud, and \"The Wall of Happiness Sessions\" in which participants openly discussed what made them happy with the facilitator. The program was made available to all residents at Nkosi's Haven, including orphans and those who were free of HIV/AIDS in order to increase overall awareness. Results of the program showed success among residents, with 92% of young participants demonstrating increased knowledge and understanding about HIV/AIDS related issues, 78% demonstrating an increase in comfort and decrease in fear around HIV/AIDS related issues, and 91% of adults demonstrating an improvement in self-esteem and optimistic attitudes.",
"title": "Nkosi's Haven"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#2",
"text": "In the early nineteenth century, Benjamin Rush favored the use of literature in hospitals for both the \"amusement and instruction of patients\". By the middle of the century, Minson Galt II wrote on the uses of bibliotherapy in mental institutions, and by 1900 libraries were an important part of European psychiatric institutions.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#15",
"text": "Bibliotherapy has been studied by Jennie Bolitho (2011) in relationship to libraries, health and social connection for the elderly. Bolitho set up a pilot reading program where she read the text aloud to a group of participants at a local aged care hostel. (She described \"being read to as part of the nurturing experience\".) Her evaluation at the end of the 12-week program described all responses as positive and participants commented that they \"look forward to the group as it made them think for themselves and gave them something to think about aside from their ailments and the monotony of the day\" (p. 90).",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#1",
"text": "Bibliotherapy is an old concept in library science. According to the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, in his monumental work \"Bibliotheca historica\", there was a phrase above the entrance to the royal chamber where books were stored by King Ramses II of Egypt. Considered to be the oldest known library motto in the world, ψγxhσ Iatpeion, is translated: \"the house of healing for the soul\". Galen, the extraordinary philosopher and physician to Marcus Aurelius of Rome, maintained a medical library in the first century A.D., used not only by himself but by the staff of the Sanctuary Asclepion, a Roman spa famous for its therapeutic waters and considered to be one of the first hospital centers in the world. As far back as 1272, the Koran was prescribed reading in the Al-Mansur Hospital in Cairo as medical treatment.",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
},
{
"docid": "5301364#22",
"text": "Implementing bibliotherapy in an elementary classroom can be very beneficial to both the students and the teacher. Teachers who use bibliotherapy in their classroom also learn much about the children they teach. Teachers as practitioners of bibliotherapy select appropriate reading materials and match them to the needs of individual students to assist them in the development of self-awareness, problem-solving skills, perspective-taking, and understanding of problems. The materials may include \"any literacy activity, including reading (fiction, nonfiction, or poetry), creative writing, or storytelling.\" Teachers that select appropriate literature for their classroom needs may provide a child with a \"character in a story to help the child understand himself Classroom story time and a guided discussion allows students to \"become aware of problems of other children and develop empathy\".",
"title": "Bibliotherapy"
}
] |
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2770
|
What started feminism?
|
[
{
"docid": "2971986#12",
"text": "In the \"Oxford Handbook of Transnational Feminist Movements\", Valentine Moghadam says that \"women have worked together across borders since at least the mid-1800s. (55)\" What is now called first wave feminism started in the early twentieth century in the West with a focus on women's suffrage. \nDuring World War II, the United States government gave women jobs because the war had caused a national shortage of labor. After the war ended, Irene Tinker says (oxford transnational), these jobs were taken away but women were no longer satisfied going back to their previous gender roles. Starting in the 1960s in the United States, second wave feminism emerged, defined by women's organization around \"equal right to education, employment, and equal pay for equal work, and on sexual and reproductive rights.\"",
"title": "Transnational feminism"
},
{
"docid": "573937#38",
"text": "Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met in 1840 while en route to London where they were shunned as women by the male leadership of the first World's Anti-Slavery Convention. In 1848, Mott and Stanton held a woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, where a declaration of independence for women was drafted. Lucy Stone helped to organize the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1850, a much larger event at which Sojourner Truth, Abby Kelley Foster, and others spoke sparked Susan B. Anthony to take up the cause of women's rights. In December 1851, Sojourner Truth contributed to the feminist movement when she spoke at the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio. She delivered her powerful “Ain’t I a Woman” speech in an effort to promote women’s rights by demonstrating their ability to accomplish tasks that have been traditionally associated with men. Barbara Leigh Smith met with Mott in 1858, strengthening the link between the transatlantic feminist movements.",
"title": "History of feminism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1285170#34",
"text": "Feminist writers of that period, such as Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein, started to allow for the possibility that women should be able to combine home with outside employment. 1950s’ form of feminism is often derogatorily termed “welfare feminism.” Indeed, many activists went to great length to stress that their position was that of ‘reasonable modern feminism,’ which accepted sexual diversity, and sought to establish what women’s social contribution was rather than emphasizing equality or the similarity of the sexes. Feminism in 1950s England was strongly connected to social responsibility and involved the well-being of society as a whole. This often came at the cost of the liberation and personal fulfillment of self-declared feminists. Even those women who regarded themselves as feminists strongly endorsed prevailing ideas about the primacy of children’s needs, as advocated, for example, by John Bowlby the head of the Children's Department at the Tavistock Clinic, who published extensively throughout the 1950s and by Donald Winnicott who promoted through radio broadcasts and in the press the idea of the home as a private emotional world in which mother and child are bound to each other and in which the mother has control and finds freedom to fulfill herself.",
"title": "Feminism in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "4751657#1",
"text": "Unlike early feminist campaigns that focused on the basic fundamental rights of women, starting with the Women's Suffrage Movement, lipstick feminism seeks to ascertain that women could still be feminist without ignoring or negating their femininity, particularly in terms of sexuality. During the second wave of feminism, feminists had focused solely on legal and social equality of women and refused to 'embrace' their sexuality; some even abhorred the idea of men and would often take on physical characteristics and persona that was far from what the average woman looked like, thus creating stereotypes of what feminism and feminists looked like. Lipstick feminism, on the other hand, embraces the concepts of womanhood and the female sexuality emitted from a woman's body and the need to embrace sex. Lipstick feminism also seeks to reclaim certain derogatory words and turn them into powerful tools for their cause such as the word 'slut' as seen in the SlutWalk movement. It developed in part as a response to the ideological backlash against radical varieties of second-wave feminism, with the negative stereotypes it generated of the “ugly feminist” or the “anti-sex feminist”; in part the result of the belief that the successes of second-wave feminism had made it possible to reclaim aspects of femininity that had earlier been seen as disempowering, like make-up or stilettos.",
"title": "Lipstick feminism"
},
{
"docid": "46799742#1",
"text": "Feminist movements started in the West in the late 19th century and its development has three ways of evolution. First-wave feminism was about the status of white women of middle and upper-classes, suffrage and their political equality. Second-wave feminism went further in dealing with inequalities in social and economic spheres. Third-wave feminism deals with financial, social and cultural inequalities and women's rights in politics and media.\nFeminism may be found almost in each country around the world. This article will focus on the case of Latin America and peculiarities of feminism there, as well as the concept of Latin American Feminist Theory.",
"title": "Feminism in Latin America"
},
{
"docid": "25998#8",
"text": "The ideology of radical feminism in the United States developed as a component of the women's liberation movement. It grew largely due to the influence of the civil rights movement, that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against racism. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of second wave feminism that started in the early 1960s. The primary players and the pioneers of this second wave of feminism included Shulamith Firestone, Kathie Sarachild, Ti-Grace Atkinson, Carol Hanisch, and Judith Brown. Many local women's groups in the late sixties, such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered diplomatic statements of radical feminism's ideologies. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, \"the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles\".",
"title": "Radical feminism"
},
{
"docid": "50607905#65",
"text": "Feminist writers of that period, such as Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein, started to allow for the possibility that women should be able to combine home with outside employment. 1950s’ form of feminism is often derogatorily termed “welfare feminism.” Indeed, many activists went to great length to stress that their position was that of ‘reasonable modern feminism,’ which accepted sexual diversity, and sought to establish what women's social contribution was rather than emphasizing equality or the similarity of the sexes. Feminism in 1950s England was strongly connected to social responsibility and involved the well-being of society as a whole. This often came at the cost of the liberation and personal fulfillment of self-declared feminists. Even those women who regarded themselves as feminists strongly endorsed prevailing ideas about the primacy of children's needs, as advocated, for example, by John Bowlby the head of the Children's Department at the Tavistock Clinic, who published extensively throughout the 1950s and by Donald Winnicott who promoted through radio broadcasts and in the press the idea of the home as a private emotional world in which mother and child are bound to each other and in which the mother has control and finds freedom to fulfill herself.",
"title": "History of women in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "42261448#1",
"text": "The \"Who Needs Feminism?\" campaign was conceived by sixteen Duke students as the final project for a class called \"Women in the Public Sphere: History, Theory and Practice\" taught by Dr. Rachel Seidman. The students wanted to address what they saw as misconceptions on Duke's campus about the feminist movement and its relevance in today's society. They also hoped to promote a dialogue on the topic within the Duke community, \"hoping to address relevance of feminism to all different types of people,\" according to an interview done with GOOD worldwide. According to their website, the members wanted to \"explain what feminism is by allowing everyone to create their own definition.\" They started by creating posters which they placed around campus, showing young men and women from a variety of backgrounds holding up whiteboards with the words \"I need feminism because...\", to show that there is no \"typical feminist,\" with the title of the campaign imposed on the poster. Subjects were chosen to demonstrate the importance of feminism to individuals from different genders, races, sexual orientations and backgrounds, reflecting the students' beliefs that \"'typical feminists' don't exist\" and that feminism is important for everyone, not just women. In addition to designing and hanging the posters, the students also wrote an Op-Ed piece for \"The Chronicle\", Duke's student-run newspaper, explaining the project and their motivations. The students also relied on social media as \"the most popular way to get the word out right now.\" The students created interactive Tumblr, Facebook, and Twitter accounts for the project. Although they expected the Facebook account to serve as the main social media outlet for promoting the project, the Tumblr account \"really took off.\" One student suggested that the site encouraged discussion without the moderation that the Facebook page required. The \"Who Needs Feminism?\" team reported that the Facebook page received over 4,200 likes within 36 hours of the project's launch, while the Tumblr account was viewed by almost 13,000 people in over 2,000 different cities.",
"title": "Who Needs Feminism"
},
{
"docid": "42261448#4",
"text": "In addition to colleges and universities, Who Needs Feminism has been adopted by a number of other institutions and organizations. For instance, feminists in India started their own Tumblr account to encourage submissions. The Feminism in India Project was founded by Japleen Pasricha, a research scholar at Jawaharlal Nehru University. Pasricha claimed that the movement was required to \"unravel the F-word and demystify all the negativity surrounding it.\" Pasricha organized a campaign at Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology and Ambedkar University Delhi on April 15, 2014, which exceeded its goal of 100 photographs. Organizations such as the National Council of Women of New Zealand, North York Women's Centre, and National Young Feminist Leader Conference have started campaigns and shared the images through the original Who Needs Feminism? Facebook page. The group UK Feminista started their own Tumblr and Facebook page, soliciting submissions at events such as the Glastonbury Festival and encouraging people to start their own campaigns at schools and colleges.",
"title": "Who Needs Feminism"
},
{
"docid": "21106462#4",
"text": "In France in the 1890s feminism was mainly confined to bourgeois women. Women such as Eugénie Potonié-Pierre try to broaden the movement by combining their social concerns with their feminism, and to bring working-class women into the feminist movement.\nThe Fédération Française des Sociétés Féministes was founded at the start of 1892 and held a well-attended congress in 13–15 May 1892, with both social feminists, mainstream feminists and socialists. The congress did not succeed in developing practical proposals or a coherent policy.\nTheir cautious attempts at social feminism were not successful. Instead, a working women's movement developed within the socialist movement.",
"title": "Social feminism"
},
{
"docid": "2971986#13",
"text": "The UN Decade for Women of 1976-1985, and the following four UN conferences on women between 1975 and 1995 were essential in creating transnational feminist networks and putting feminism on a global agenda. \nHowever starting in the 1980s there was a separation between Western feminists and Third World feminists. This occurred largely because Western feminists largely subscribed to liberal feminist perspectives, which focused on the common patriarchal oppressor of women, defined by its confining women to the household and traditional work. Liberal feminists propose that women break this oppression by leaving their traditional roles in the household, becoming educated, and entering the labor force. Women in the global South often felt that Western feminism did not represent them and align with their struggles. They felt that Western feminism was ethnocentric and assumed all women had similar situations. Scholars like Chandra Talpade Mohanty plays an integral role in articulating concerns about Western feminism's failure to account for non-Western subjects. She critiques feminism during this time period to be more inclusive of intersectional struggles, identifying that feminism and inequalities are not linear, and the idea of female being a basis of shared oppression invisibilized the individual within their specific context and time. Upon realizing that the common phenomena of capitalist globalization was causing women all over the world to be disproportionately affected (CITE), transnational feminist movements allied together and helped to consolidate the field of transnational feminism.",
"title": "Transnational feminism"
}
] |
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] |
2771
|
Who is head of the American Indian Model Schools system?
|
[
{
"docid": "33074051#2",
"text": "In 2004 Jorge Lopez took control of the school. At the time its Academic Performance Index (API) was 650. Lopez received guidance from Ben Chavis, head of the American Indian Model Schools, and established a system similar to the system of American Indian Public Charter School at Oakland Charter Academy. In late September 2007 the Oakland Charter Academy became the second public school in Oakland to win the National Blue Ribbon award. Oakland Charter High School opened in 2007.",
"title": "Amethod Public Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#2",
"text": "Under the leadership of Ben Chavis (Lumbee), a Native American professor, AIPCS students made considerable progress in academic scores from 2000 to 2007, and enrollment increased at the school. The first middle school, AIPCS, received national recognition in 2007. Some of Chavis's disciplinary methods and his treatment of students and teachers generated controversy, and he resigned as principal in 2007. But the board voted to maintain him in an influential executive role at the school and with the model school system. In 2012 Chavis ended his ties with the charter system (although his children remained as students) and returned to his home state of North Carolina.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33025689#16",
"text": "Janet Roberts, a former teacher, succeeded Chavis that year as the head of the school system. Roberts said that Chavis's resignation appeared to quiet criticisms of the school. As reported by Katy Murphy of the \"Oakland Tribune\", Roberts said, \"Many assumed that the academic success of the American Indian schools was personality-driven[...] but the program didn't lose its edge after Chavis left.\"",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "23018630#11",
"text": "In 2007, the AIPCS board expanded its operation, and founded the American Indian Model Schools system (see related article.) It opened a second middle school campus, AIPCS II, and a high school, the American Indian Public High School (AIPHS). In the same year, Chavis resigned as head of school after several controversies, but he was retained by the board in an executive role until January 2012.\nOn March 20, 2013, the Oakland School Board in a 4 - 3 vote decided to revoke the three schools' charters. This included the charter for the AIPCS elementary school attended by Chavis' own children. On July 15, 2013, Alameda County Superior Court Judge Evelio Grillo granted the school system a preliminary injunction, allowing all three campuses to remain open.",
"title": "American Indian Public Charter School"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#51",
"text": "Chavis and Roberts said in 2009 that the American Indian system attracts representative samples of students from various public elementary schools in Oakland. Ron Smith, the principal of Laurel Elementary School and a parent of two AIM system children, said that of the children who went from Laurel to the AIM system, \"I'd say 70% are academically strong, and 30% are a cross-section. . . . They have kids who I know could go anyplace in the state and succeed.\"",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#12",
"text": "By 2002 the school's enrollment tripled, and its test scores were increasing. For the school year 2006-2007, Chavis and his board founded the American Indian Model School system, adding the American Indian Charter High School with the beginning of the school year in September 2006.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#60",
"text": "Ron Smith, the principal of Laurel Elementary School, disclosed the middle school test scores of the 51 students from Laurel who entered the AIM system in 2004, showing their progress in English and mathematics between the 6th and 8th grades. Landsberg said \"It's impossible to tell whether the students were academically strong at the start of sixth grade or were brought up to grade level by the rigors of a year at American Indian.\" Of the students from Laurel who had completed the 6th grade at the AIM system, 39 finished all three years at the AIM system.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#11",
"text": "In 2000 Chavis became the head of the school. He fired most of the school's employees and eliminated the Native American cultural classes. Chavis said that he recruited new teachers who had \"strong\" academic backgrounds and \"didn't see the students as victims, even though their lives often are incredibly difficult.\" By 2001, he had replaced all but one teacher.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#34",
"text": "A poster in the AIPCS hallway included a quote from Chavis, saying \"You do outstanding things here and you'll be treated outstanding. You act like a fool and you'll be treated like one.\" Landsberg said in 2009 that the concept was still active at AIMS schools, but had been \"toned down\" since Chavis left his post as head of the system.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#62",
"text": "Patricia Gimbel, the dean of admissions for Deerfield Academy, a private university preparatory school in Massachusetts, said in 2005 that AIPCS had \"taken kids who are not the brightest and propelled them to the top of state standards.\" Betty Olson-Jones, the president of the Oakland Education Association, the teachers' union of the Oakland schools, said that the AIM system \"had a reputation among the local public schools as being very interested in kind of recruiting kids who are going to do well, and getting rid of kids who won't.\" Ben Chavis and Janet Roberts, a school principal in the AIM system, said that this was not true.Editorials:",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
},
{
"docid": "33025689#28",
"text": "The school system has two campuses. The original American Indian Public Charter School and the main campus of American Indian High School occupy a converted church located off MacArthur Boulevard, in the Laurel area of Oakland. AIPCS II is located on another campus in the city's Chinatown. Students at AIPHS who attend dual credit classes with Merritt College attend some classes at the Merritt campus.",
"title": "American Indian Model Schools"
}
] |
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] |
2772
|
What is the oldest prison still active in the US?
|
[
{
"docid": "3520987#0",
"text": "The New Jersey State Prison (NJSP), formerly known as Trenton State Prison, is a state men's prison in Trenton, New Jersey operated by the New Jersey Department of Corrections. It is the oldest prison in New Jersey and one of the oldest correctional facilities in the United States. It is the state’s only completely maximum security institution, housing the most difficult and/or dangerous male offenders in the inmate population. NJSP operates two security units and provides a high level of custodial supervision and control. Professional treatment services, such as education and social work, are a priority at the facility. The Bureau of State Use Industries operated the bedding and clothing shops that were once located in Shop Hall at the facility. These industries have been relocated to South Woods State Prison.",
"title": "New Jersey State Prison"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3520987#3",
"text": "The 1798 NJ Penitentiary House, which was the first State Prison in New Jersey and the third in the nation after the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia and Newgate in New York City is also the oldest building still in operation as part of an active, working prison in the United States. This allows NJSP to lay claim to being the oldest continuously operating State Prison in the US. The only surviving portion of the 1798 Penitentiary House is the original Front House, which functioned originally as the living quarters for the Keeper of the State Prison, the four Assistant Keepers (The first 4 men who served in the capacity of what are known today as State Correction Officers), the Armory, administrative office space on the first floor and a row of cells for the confinement of disruptive prisoners in the basement. Since the Penitentiary House stopped housing prisoners within a few years after the 1832 Fortress Penitentiary opened, Auburn Correctional Facility can lay claim to having the oldest continuously operating cell house in the US.",
"title": "New Jersey State Prison"
},
{
"docid": "42221165#1",
"text": "The original building was a brick building with a stone foundation that was completed in 1851. It had a capacity of five prisoners. Renovations made around 1880 included installation of wooden doors, windows, a stairway, and wood floors. The building was expanded with a new stone exterior in 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, when it was still in active use as Bledsoe County's jail, making it the oldest operating jail in Tennessee. At the time of its National Register listing, it had two stories and held up to nine prisoners.",
"title": "Bledsoe County Jail"
},
{
"docid": "4167823#1",
"text": "Built in 1937, Stanley Prison is currently the oldest institution still in service (the oldest prison built in Hong Kong was Victoria Prison, which ceased operation on 24 December 2005) and houses both male adult convicted prisoners and male adult remand prisoners. It was set up by the then Prisons Department, and is now administered by the Correctional Services Department. The maximum capacity of the prison is 1,714 and has over 800 staff and officers. Stanley Prison, at the time of its construction, was considered to be one of the finest prisons in the British Empire. It was a modern structure built of stone, concrete and steel and consisted of six cell blocks set behind an 18-foot wall. It was originally designed to house 1,500 prisoners.",
"title": "Stanley Prison"
},
{
"docid": "25385858#0",
"text": "Anqing Prison is a prison in Daguan, Anhui, China. It was established in 1906 and is the oldest prison still in use in the province. During the late Qing Dynasty it was known as \"Anqing Criminal Training Center.\" During the Republic of China period it was called Yinmatang Prison. In May 1949, it was renamed North Anhui Anqing Administrative Area Prison. In June 1952 it was changed to Anqing public security office LRD (labor reform detachment). In June 1955 it was renamed No.2 Prison. In 1995 it was renamed to Anhui Anqing prison. \nThe prison houses serious offenders. The prison enterprise consists of Anqing Wanjiang Color Weaving Company which includes a colored woven cloth factory, a garment factory, a machinery factory, and Qingfeng Plastics Factory. The prison mainly does machinery and garment processing.",
"title": "Anqing Prison"
},
{
"docid": "28971049#7",
"text": "The rodeo is still operating and is the oldest prison rodeo in the United States; the Texas Prison Rodeo started in 1931 but was closed in 1986.",
"title": "Angola Prison Rodeo"
},
{
"docid": "4007267#1",
"text": "The prison was built in the 1830s, making it one of the oldest still operating today in the Irish prison system. It is the prison in which people convicted of membership of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and other illegal paramilitary and designated terrorist organisations are usually detained.",
"title": "Portlaoise Prison"
},
{
"docid": "58308550#0",
"text": "Waldheim Prison in Waldheim, Saxony , about 30 km north of Chemnitz, was once the largest penitentiary in Saxony and is the oldest prison still in operation in Germany. It was opened in April 1716 under Augustus II the Strong. There are now 395 places for men.",
"title": "Waldheim prison"
},
{
"docid": "15735241#0",
"text": "Nevada State Prison (NSP) was a penitentiary located in Carson City. The prison was in continuous operation since its establishment in 1862 and was managed by the Nevada Department of Corrections. It was one of the oldest prisons still operating in the United States. The high security facility housed 219 inmates in September 2011. It was designed to hold 841 inmates and employed a staff of 211.",
"title": "Nevada State Prison"
},
{
"docid": "20975149#1",
"text": "The main building, a half-mile (1 km) south of the city centre beyond the South Inch, was constructed by architect Robert Reid (1774–1856) from 1810-12 to hold French prisoners captured during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1842, the building began service as a civilian prison and today represents Scotland's oldest prison still in use. It comprises five halls (labelled A to C) and has a capacity of 504 prisoners.",
"title": "HM Prison Perth"
},
{
"docid": "6550740#1",
"text": "The prison opened in 1877 and was the second prison for women opened in the U.S. Several references note it as the oldest female correctional institution (of those still in operation) in the United States. Its original name was the Sherborn Reformatory for Women, because at the time of its establishment it was located in that town. In 1924, the town of Framingham acquired 565 acres in Sherborn, including the prison and its grounds.",
"title": "Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Framingham"
}
] |
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] |
2774
|
Why are novella's not novels?
|
[
{
"docid": "82714#5",
"text": "The novella is generally not as formally experimental as the long story and the novel can be, and it usually lacks the subplots, the multiple points of view, and the generic adaptability that are common in the novel. It is most often concerned with personal and emotional development rather than with the larger social sphere. The novella generally retains something of the unity of impression that is a hallmark of the short story, but it also contains more highly developed characterization and more luxuriant description.",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"docid": "82714#4",
"text": "A novella generally features fewer conflicts than a novel, yet more complicated ones than a short story. The conflicts also have more time to develop than in short stories. Novellas may or may not be divided into chapters (good examples of those with chapters are \"Animal Farm\" by George Orwell and \"The War of the Worlds\" by H. G. Wells) and are often intended to be read at a single sitting, as is the short story, although in a novella white space is often used to divide the sections, and therefore, the novella maintains a single effect. Warren Cariou wrote:",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"docid": "82714#0",
"text": "A novella is a text of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel, somewhere between 17,500 and 40,000 words.",
"title": "Novella"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "63994#1",
"text": "At the ending of the book, there is also a brief afterword, which King wrote on January 4, 1982. In it, he explains why he had not previously submitted the novellas (each written at a different time) for publication. Early in his career, his agents and editors expressed concern that he would be \"written off\" as someone who only wrote horror. However, his horror novels turned out to be quite popular and made him much in demand as a novelist. Conversely, the novellas, which did not deal (primarily) with the supernatural, were very difficult to publish as there was not a mass market for \"straight\" fiction stories in the 25,000- to 35,000-word format. Thus, King and his editor conceived the idea of publishing the novellas together as \"something different\", hence the title of the book.",
"title": "Different Seasons"
},
{
"docid": "82714#7",
"text": "Commonly, longer novellas are referred to as novels; Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde\" (1886) and Joseph Conrad's \"Heart of Darkness\" (1899) are sometimes called novels, as are many science fiction works such as H. G. Wells' \"The War of the Worlds\" (1897) and Philip Francis Nowlan's \"Armageddon 2419 A.D.\" (1928). Less often, longer works are referred to as novellas. The subjectivity of the parameters of the novella genre is indicative of its shifting and diverse nature as an art form. In her 2010 \"Open Letters Monthly\" series, \"A Year With Short Novels\", Ingrid Norton criticizes the tendency to make clear demarcations based purely on a book's length:",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"docid": "43225091#74",
"text": "On such grounds, Ralea concluded that Romanian writers \"have had no deep spiritual experience\", lacking \"a comprehension of humanity, of life and death.\" In a notorious socio-critical essay, first published in \"Perspective\", Ralea asked: \"Why Did We Not Produce a Novel?\". He contended that the grand epic genre, unlike the short story, did not yet suit the Romanian psyche, since it required discipline, anonymity, and a \"great moral significance\". He also postulated a deterministic relationship between the staples of ancestral Romanian folklore and modern literary choices: in the absence of any ambitious poetic cycles (as found in Western literature), Romanian ballads and \"doine\" had naturally mutated into novellas. In order to mend such a historical disadvantage, he set himself the goal of writing his own novel, but eventually gave up on the idea. At the time of its writing, the essay claimed to count only a few living novelists; by 1935, however, there was already talk of an \"inflation of novels\".",
"title": "Mihai Ralea"
},
{
"docid": "82714#10",
"text": "In his essay, \"Briefly, the case for the novella\", Canadian author George Fetherling (who wrote the novella \"Tales of Two Cities\") said that to reduce the novella to nothing more than a short novel is like \"insisting that a pony is a baby horse\".",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"docid": "419225#0",
"text": "The Nebula Award for Best Novella is given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) for science fiction or fantasy novellas. A work of fiction is defined by the organization as a novella if it is between 17,500 and 40,000 words; awards are also given out for pieces of longer lengths in the novel category, and for shorter lengths in the short story and novelette categories. To be eligible for Nebula Award consideration a novella must be published in English in the United States. Works published in English elsewhere in the world are also eligible provided they are released on either a website or in an electronic edition. The Nebula Award for Best Novella has been awarded annually since 1966. Novellas published by themselves are eligible for the novel award instead if the author requests them to be considered as such. The award has been described as one of \"the most important of the American science fiction awards\" and \"the science-fiction and fantasy equivalent\" of the Emmy Awards.",
"title": "Nebula Award for Best Novella"
},
{
"docid": "2951792#1",
"text": "While \"Noon Wine\" and its companion pieces, \"Old Mortality\" and \"Pale Horse, Pale Rider,\" have been described as novellas, Porter referred to them as short novels. Porter, in the preface \"Go Little Book . . \" to \"The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter\", abjured the word \"novella,\" calling it a \"slack, boneless, affected word that we do not need to describe anything.\" She went on to say, \"Please call my works by their right names. We have four that cover every division: short stories, long stories, short novels, novels.\"",
"title": "Noon Wine"
},
{
"docid": "82714#3",
"text": "Not until the late 18th and early 19th centuries did writers fashion the novella into a literary genre structured by precepts and rules, generally in a realistic mode. At that time, the Germans were the most active writers of the \"novelle\" (German: \"Novelle\"; plural: \"Novellen\"). For the German writer, a novella is a fictional narrative of indeterminate length—a few pages to hundreds—restricted to a single, suspenseful event, situation, or conflict leading to an unexpected turning point (\"Wendepunkt\"), provoking a logical but surprising end. \"Novellen\" tend to contain a concrete symbol, which is the narrative's focal point.",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"docid": "15330129#14",
"text": "According to Adamson, literature does not necessarily need to fulfil any social mission or purpose; yet, as with Émile Zola or D. H. Lawrence, there is no reason why it should not highlight social evils. A novel or novella – or a biography – is not merely an absorbing story: in Matthew Arnold's words, the best prose is, like poetry, \"a criticism of life\". This means that they convey some sort of philosophy of the world (in Arnold's words, \"How to live\"), though some writers, such as Adalbert Stifter and Jane Austen (to whom, incidentally, he is related through his mother) do this less than most others, whilst on the other hand Samuel Beckett conveys a profoundly negative philosophy of life.",
"title": "Donald Adamson"
}
] |
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] |
2776
|
Is John Legend an EGOT?
|
[
{
"docid": "361388#21",
"text": "He received his Grammy Award for \"The Book of Mormon\" in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin (among others), making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award. Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last, which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez. He is also the first winner to also win the so-called \"Double EGOT\", winning each EGOT award twice.John Legend (born 1978), a musician and producer, received his fourth distinct award in 2018. Between 2006 and 2018, Legend received a total of 13 awards. Legend has won the most Grammy awards, 10, of any EGOT recipient, and is the second recipient, after Marvin Hamlisch, who is primarily a musician. In addition to being the first black man to achieve EGOT status, Legend is the first person to receive the four awards in four consecutive years, and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins (3 years, 7 months). Legend, Andrew Lloyd Webber, and Tim Rice all simultaneously became EGOT recipients on September 9, 2018, when they were collectively awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) for \"Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert\".Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948), a musical theatre composer, songwriter and producer, received his fourth distinct award in 2018. Between 1980 and 2018, Lloyd Webber received a total of 13 awards.Tim Rice (born 1944), a lyricist and producer, received his fourth distinct award in 2018. Between 1980 and 2018, Rice received a total of 12 awards, and shares some of his awards with his regular collaborator Andrew Lloyd Webber.The following artists have also received all of the four major awards. However, in each case, one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category. (Streisand has not received a competitive Tony, Minnelli has not received a competitive Grammy, Menken has not received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have not received a competitive Oscar.)",
"title": "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards"
},
{
"docid": "20033483#0",
"text": "John Legend is an American soul singer, songwriter and pianist. In 2005, Legend received fifteen nominations and won two, including Best New Artist at the Black Entertainment Television Awards (BET Awards) and Best R&B Act at the MOBO Awards. In 2006, Legend received ten nominations and won five, including Best R&B Male Vocal Performance for \"Stay with You\", Best R&B Album for \"Get Lifted\", Best New Artist at the Grammy Awards; Best R&B/Soul Album Male for \"Get Lifted\", Best R&B/Soul Single Male for \"Ordinary People\" at the Soul Train Music Awards. In 2007, Legend received six nominations and won three, including Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group for \"Family Affair\", Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for \"Heaven\" at the Grammy Awards; Best R&B/Soul Single Male for \"Save Room\" at the Soul Train Music Awards. In 2017, Legend was the recipient of Smithsonian Magazine's American Ingenuity Award for Performing Arts. In 2018 Legend became the first Black male to achieve an EGOT with his Emmy win for \"Jesus Christ Superstar.\" Overall, Legend has won 33 awards from 88 nominations.",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by John Legend"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1575279#1",
"text": "In 2007, Legend received the Hal David Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Legend won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and Golden Globe Award in 2015 for co-writing the song \"Glory\" from the film \"Selma\". He has also won ten Grammy Awards. In 2017, Legend received a Tony Award for co-producing \"Jitney\" for the Broadway stage. In 2018, Legend portrayed Jesus Christ in the NBC adaptation of the Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice rock opera \"Jesus Christ Superstar\". He received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his acting role, and won for his role as a producer of the show, making him one of 15 people and the first black man to have won an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony. Legend is also the second youngest to achieve the EGOT status.",
"title": "John Legend"
},
{
"docid": "25492382#4",
"text": "Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) realizes that although he has two sons with his wife Angie (Sherri Shepherd), what is missing from his life is a daughter. As he shops for a special Christmas present for Angie, to try to convince her to have another child, Tracy finds a diamond encrusted \"EGOT\" necklace and sets a new life goal to achieve EGOT status by winning four major awards: an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony. Tracy discovers many EGOT-ers have been composers and aspires to write the most popular song of all time. The \"EGOT\" necklace originally belonged to Philip Michael Thomas of \"Miami Vice\". After failing to combine five popular musical styles into one song, he seeks help from Whoopi Goldberg, an EGOT title holder. Tracy sings his song to Angie and she is so moved she agrees to have another child.",
"title": "Dealbreakers Talk Show No. 0001"
},
{
"docid": "28202440#0",
"text": "EGOT, also known as Eosinophil Granule Ontogeny (EGO)† Transcript (non-protein coding), is a human gene at 3p26.1 that produces a long noncoding RNA molecule. EGOT is nested within an intron of the inositol triphosphate receptor type 1 (ITPR1) gene. The EGOT transcript is expressed during eosinophil development and is possibly involved in regulating eosinophil granule protein expression. Comparison of EGO-B, the spliced isoform, suggests EGOT may be conserved across placental mammals.",
"title": "EGOT (gene)"
},
{
"docid": "58730707#1",
"text": "The album is Legend's first holiday album, which he announced on October 1, 2018, via social media. His tweet wrote \"This winter, get ready for A Legendary Christmas! I have a brand new Christmas album coming out accompanied by #ALegendaryChristmas Tour!\". Prior to the album's announcement, Legend had just become the first African-American male to win an EGOT – an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony. Legend has previously said of his intention to create a Christmas album, he said \"I just made a new Christmas album. I've wanted to do this for a long time.\" On October 11, 2018, Legend premiered two lead singles from the album, \"Bring Me Love\" and \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" simultaneously on VEVO.",
"title": "A Legendary Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "26476627#10",
"text": "This was the second time the series referenced the Tracy Jordan character trying to get his EGOT. This plot first began in the December 3, 2009, episode \"Dealbreakers Talk Show\" in which Tracy finds a diamond encrusted \"EGOT\" necklace and sets a new life goal to achieve EGOT status by winning four major awards: an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony. In the episode, Tracy performs a one-man show so that he can get a Tony Award.",
"title": "Future Husband"
},
{
"docid": "1575279#0",
"text": "John Roger Stephens (born December 28, 1978), known professionally as John Legend, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. Prior to the release of Legend's debut album, \"Get Lifted\", (2004) he had collaborated with already established artists. Legend has sung on Jay-Z's \"Encore,\" Alicia Keys's \"You Don't Know My Name,\" Dilated Peoples' \"This Way,\" Slum Village's \"Selfish,\" Fort Minor's \"High Road,\" and played piano on Lauryn Hill's \"Everything Is Everything.\" Legend's single \"All of Me\" from his fourth studio album \"Love in the Future\" (2013) was a \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number-one hit.",
"title": "John Legend"
},
{
"docid": "27355227#8",
"text": "This was the third time the show referenced Tracy Jordan trying to get his EGOT. This plot first began in the December 3, 2009, episode \"Dealbreakers Talk Show\" in which Tracy finds a diamond encrusted \"EGOT\" necklace and sets a new life goal to achieve EGOT status by winning four major awards: an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony. In \"Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land\", Tracy decides to do the movie \"Hard To Watch\", in hopes that he can get an Oscar for his performance.",
"title": "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land"
},
{
"docid": "1575279#25",
"text": "On January 22, 2010, he performed \"Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child\" on the \"\" telethon show. On September 8, 2010, John Legend joined the national board of Teach For America. Legend also sits on the boards of The Education Equality Project, the Harlem Village Academies, and Stand for Children. He serves on the Harlem Village Academies' National Leadership Board. On September 9, 2010, he performed \"Coming Home\" on the Colbert Report as a tribute song for the end of combat operations in Iraq, and for the active troops and the veterans of the United States Armed Forces. In 2011, he contributed the track \"Love I've Never Known\" to the Red Hot Organization's most recent album \"Red Hot+Rio 2\". The album is a follow-up to the 1996 \"Red Hot+Rio.\" Proceeds from the album sales were donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues. On March 6, 2012, John Legend was appointed by the World Economic Forum to the Forum of Young Global Leaders. Later that year, Legend stopped by Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a surprise visit and acoustic performance as a part of Get Well Soon Tour. On June 1, 2013, Legend performed at Gucci's global concert event in London whose campaign, \"Chime For Change,\" aims to raise awareness of women's issues in education, health and justice. At a press conference before his performance, Legend identified himself as a feminist saying, \"All men should be feminists. If men care about women's rights the world will be a better place.\"",
"title": "John Legend"
}
] |
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] |
2778
|
When did the anime series Clannad begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "983972#31",
"text": "On March 15, 2007, the Japanese television station BS-i announced a \"Clannad\" anime series via a short 30-second teaser trailer that was featured at the end of the final episode of the second \"Kanon\" anime series. \"Clannad\" is produced by Kyoto Animation, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara, and written by Fumihiko Shimo, who also worked on other adaptations of Key's visual novels \"Air\" and \"Kanon\". The anime aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008, containing 23 aired episodes out of a planned 24; the broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival \"Anime Festa\", which is also when the first episode was showcased. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes. Of the 24 episodes, 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation (OVA) on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating, which is based on Tomoyo's scenario in the game. The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign. A Blu-ray Disc (BD) box set of \"Clannad\" was released on April 30, 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#1",
"text": "The \"Clannad\" anime series has 24 episodes, 23 of which were originally broadcast between October 2007 and March 2008. The last episode was released as an original video animation (OVA) on the eighth DVD in July 2008. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations in Japan released between December 2007 and July 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes. The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad\" anime series, and Section23 Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, which was released in March 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released in May 2009. Sentai Filmworks and Section23 Films released the entire first season, including the OVA, in a complete collection set featuring an English dub on June 15, 2010.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#4",
"text": "Of the 24 episodes planned for release by Kyoto Animation, 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series in which Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating. The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign. The broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival \"Anime Festa\", which is also when the first episode was showcased. The episodes aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008 on the TBS Japanese television network in 4:3 aspect ratio. The anime also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio between October 26, 2007 and April 4, 2008 on the BS-i Japanese television network. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations in Japan released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes. A Blu-ray Disc box set of \"Clannad\" was released on April 30, 2010 in Japan.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "983972#33",
"text": "The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad\" anime series, and ADV Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, which was released on March 3, 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released on May 5, 2009. Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad After Story\" anime series; Section23 Films localized and distributed both the television series and OVA starting with the first half season box set with English subtitles released on October 20, 2009. The second half box set was released on December 8, 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad\" in a complete collection set on June 15, 2010, which featured an English dub, produced at Seraphim Digital. The English dub premiered on March 25, 2010 on the Anime Network. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub on April 19, 2011, and re-released \"Clannad\" on BD in November 2011.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#32",
"text": "After the ending of the 23rd episode of the first \"Clannad\" anime series, a 15-second teaser trailer aired promoting a second season titled \"Clannad After Story\". The anime is again animated by Kyoto Animation, and animates the After Story arc from the visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's story, into 24 episodes. The same staff and cast from the first anime were used and the series broadcast in Japan between October 3, 2008 and March 26, 2009. Of the 24 episodes, 22 are regular episodes, the 23rd is an extra episode, and the last episode is a summary episode showcasing highlights from the series. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 3, 2008 and July 1, 2009. The eighth DVD volume came with an additional OVA episode set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Kyou are dating. The OVA episode was previewed on May 24, 2009 to a limited number of people. A BD box set of \"Clannad After Story\" was released on April 20, 2011 in Japan with English subtitles.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "7436601#0",
"text": "\"Clannad\" is a visual novel developed by Key and published by VisualArt's in 2004. The story follows Tomoya Okazaki, a discontented high school student whose life changes when he meets a girl one year older than him named Nagisa Furukawa. It was adapted by Toei Animation into an animated film in 2007 directed by Osamu Dezaki with music direction by Yoshichika Inomata. Kyoto Animation also adapted it into two anime television series consisting of 49 episodes broadcast between 2007 and 2009, including two original video animation episodes released in 2008 and 2009, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara with music direction by Shinji Orito. The discography of \"Clannad\" and its anime adaptations consists of two studio albums, four singles, two soundtracks, and four remix albums.",
"title": "Music of Clannad"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#7",
"text": "A continuation of the first anime series titled \"Clannad After Story\" produced by the same staff as with the first series, and containing the same cast of voice actors, adapts the After Story arc from the \"Clannad\" visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's scenario. The second season aired in Japan between October 3, 2008 and March 26, 2009 on TBS in 4:3 aspect ratio with 24 episodes. Of the 24 episodes, 22 are regular episodes, the 23 is an extra episode, and the last episode is a summary episode showcasing highlights from the series. \"Clannad After Story\" also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio starting on October 24, 2008. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 3, 2008 and July 1, 2009. The eighth DVD volume came with an additional original video animation (OVA) episode set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Kyou are dating. The OVA episode was previewed on May 24, 2009 for a limited number of people.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#0",
"text": "The \"Clannad\" animated television series is based on the visual novel \"Clannad\" by the Japanese visual novel brand Key. The episodes, produced by the animation studio Kyoto Animation, are directed by Tatsuya Ishihara, written by Fumihiko Shimo, and features character design by Kazumi Ikeda who based the designs on Itaru Hinoue's original concept. The story follows the main character Tomoya Okazaki, a discontent high school student whose life changes when he meets a girl one year older than he is, named Nagisa Furukawa.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#2",
"text": "A continuation of the first anime series titled \"Clannad After Story\" produced by the same staff as with the first series, and containing the same cast of voice actors, adapts the After Story arc from the \"Clannad\" visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's scenario. \"Clannad After Story\" has 25 episodes, 24 of which aired in Japan between October 2008 and March 2009. The last episode was again released as an OVA on the eighth DVD in July 2009. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 2008 and July 2009. Sentai Filmworks also licensed \"Clannad After Story\" and Section23 Films localized and distributed the television series and OVA starting with the first half season box set with English subtitles released in October 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released in December 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub on April 19, 2011.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#5",
"text": "The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad\" anime series, and Section23 Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half-season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, which was released on March 3, 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released on May 5, 2009. A complete box set of \"Clannad\" was released on June 15, 2010, featuring a new English dub of the series.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "983972#1",
"text": "\"Clannad\" has made several transitions to other media. There have been four manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works, Flex Comix, Fujimi Shobo and Jive. Comic anthologies, light novels and art books have also been published, as have audio dramas and several albums of music. An animated film by Toei Animation was released in September 2007, followed by two anime series including two original video animation (OVA) episodes by Kyoto Animation produced between 2007 and 2009. Both anime series and their accompanying OVAs are licensed by Sentai Filmworks and were released in North America in 2009. The animated adaptations have received high sales figures in Japan as well as critical acclaim abroad.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#8",
"text": "The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad After Story\" anime series, and Section23 Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, released on October 20, 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released on December 8, 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub in April 2011.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
}
] |
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] |
2779
|
When did Ekiden start?
|
[
{
"docid": "13816541#28",
"text": "In the meantime, the first ekiden, was held in 1917 between Sanjō Ōhashi, Kyoto and Tokyo, celebrating 50 years after Tokyo became the capital. This race was a big relay race between Kyoto and Tokyo (516 km) held by Yomiuri Shimbun for three days. It succeeded and became the original form of Hakone Ekiden. Kanaguri was influenced by the success of the race and persuaded many universities that they should race in the Hakone Ekiden. As a result, Waseda Univ., Keio Univ., Meiji Univ. and Tokyo Kōshi replied to his offer and Hakone Ekiden started. Hakone Ekiden was started with great energy of the pioneers in Japanese sports society. It started during World War I, so industrial areas gradually expanded to the west and the Tokaido road was widened. Reflecting this active atmosphere, the Japanese sports society, including ekiden one, were developing great challenging spirits at that time.",
"title": "Hakone Ekiden"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1587744#81",
"text": "Honolulu Ekiden & Music Festival: The first annual Honolulu Ekiden & Music Festival was held on May 12, 2013.\nCertified by the USATF the course consists of six different sections; the course totals 42.195 km/26 miles .\nStarting at the base of Diamond Head at Kapiolani Park, the course progresses eastward along the coast and winds past Hanauma Bay with a turnaround point at Sandy Beach Park.\nA maximum number of six (6) runners may participate on a team. For teams with less than six members, a runner or runners may run more than one section consecutively. Individual runners are also welcome to participate.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#49",
"text": "The second Sunday of January (January 15, 2012) is the annual Saitama Ekiden. The 2012 race was the 79th annual. The open men's race is 6 stages covering 50.9 kilometers. High school boys cover 41.7 km in 6 stages. Open women and high school girls cover 22.8 km in 5 stages. Application for participation closed November 11, 2011. The race begins in Fukaya City and ends in Ageo, with the shorter races starting at way points in between. Forty open boys and men's teams, 40 high school boys teams, and almost 20 high school girls teams typify recent participation levels.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#46",
"text": "On the first Sunday of December, the Okutama Ekiden has been run in the mountain valleys of Ōme of Western Tokyo annually since 1936. It is a mixture of local university teams, serious running clubs and high school teams. In the December 4, 2011 race, 111 open teams, 29 college teams, 4 high school teams, and 50 women's teams participated.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#56",
"text": "The fourth Saturday in January has been designated for the Tokyo German Village Ekiden, which began in 2011. January 28, 2012 was the second. The race is conducted in the park of Tokyo German Village, Chiba. The 4-member teams complete 20 km, with each stage running two 2.5 km laps within the park. Pair runs and \"chibiko\" children's runs are also held. The event is limited to 600 teams. There is a post-race BBQ and beer garden.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#32",
"text": "Inaugurated in 1988, the November Chiba International Ekiden (2008–2011 results posted) was two separate races – one for men and one for women. From 2007, it has changed format into a combine male/female race. In 2008, 13 teams from 11 countries participated; in 2011 it was 12 teams from 10 countries. The race is contested in six stages over 42.195 kilometers, exactly a marathon. The race begins and ends at the Chiba Sports Center Track and Field Complex (on the monorail). The first 5k stage, third 10k stage, and fifth 10k stage are reserved as men's stages, while 5k second stage, 5k fourth stage and 7.195k sixth stage are reserved for women.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "13816541#27",
"text": "Hakone Ekiden was started in 1920. Shizo Kanaguri, who is known as the father of the Japanese marathon, conceived the idea. His enthusiastic idea of bringing up a runner who could compete in the world became the driving force of establishing Hakone Ekiden. When Kanaguri was a Tokyo Koto Shihan school (Koshi) student, he participated in Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912 as one of the representative Japanese marathon runners. He had to give up his race on the way, however.",
"title": "Hakone Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#19",
"text": "The Izumo Ekiden in Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture of western Japan marks the beginning of the collegiate ekiden season and is for male university athletes. Teams come from all over Japan. The race is 6 stages (8k, 5.8k, 8.5k, 6.5k, 5k, 10.2k.) covering 43.1 kilometers. The 20th annual race was held on October 13, 2008. Since 1998, a select team of Ivy league alumni runners from the United States has competed and found the competition quite stiff. The Ivy league representatives have finished in the last half of the field each time.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "258695#3",
"text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".",
"title": "Ŭ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2781
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What was the first volley gun?
|
[
{
"docid": "1489027#7",
"text": "Two notable artillery-sized volley guns were developed in the mid-19th century, although neither was particularly successful in practice. Developed in the 1860s and based on an 1850s design by a captain Fafschamps, the French mitrailleuse is an example of a multi-barreled volley gun that could fire all of its barrels simultaneously or sequentially over a short period of time. Also developed in the 1860s, General Origen Vandenburgh of the New York State Militia designed a weapon that had eighty five parallel .50 caliber rifle barrels. After failing to sell the weapon to the United Kingdom, he reportedly sold a small number to the Confederate States of America, although there is no record that they were actually used. One Vandenburgh gun was located at Fort Fisher, North Carolina, and another reportedly at Salisbury, NC.",
"title": "Volley gun"
},
{
"docid": "1489027#2",
"text": "The Ribauldequin was a medieval version of the volley gun. It had its barrels set up in parallel. This early version was first employed during the Hundred Years' War by the army of Edward III of England, in 1339. Later on, the late Swiss army employed it.",
"title": "Volley gun"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1489027#5",
"text": "The Nock gun resembled a conventional flintlock musket with seven barrels hexagonally brazed around a central barrel. All seven .46 caliber (12 mm) barrels were connected to the single flintlock pan in a manner intended to produce simultaneous discharge through row ignition, but one or more barrels frequently failed to fire. The gun was invented by James Wilson in 1779 and manufactured by Henry Nock for use through the Napoleonic Wars. Five hundred Nock guns were produced for the Royal Navy intended for use in repelling boarders or to clear an enemy deck in advance of friendly boarding parties. Admiral Howe's fleet was issued twenty guns for each ship of the line and twelve guns for each frigate. Recoil of the 13-pound (5.9 kg) Nock gun caused dislocated shoulders and clavicle fractures among the sailors firing Nock guns; and the muzzle flash from simultaneous discharge of multiple barrels could ignite canvas sail when fired from positions in the rigging. The Nock volley gun was considered obsolete by 1805, but a surviving weapon was carried by Richard Widmark in the 1960 movie \"The Alamo\". The Nock gun was recently brought to public attention by its inclusion in Bernard Cornwell's \"Sharpe\" novels where it was wielded by both Sharpe and his friend and colleague Sergeant Patrick Harper.",
"title": "Volley gun"
},
{
"docid": "33076634#15",
"text": "The musket volley fire technique may have been used in Japan as well as early as 1575 at the Battle of Nagashino by Oda Nobunaga's arquebusiers. But this has been called into dispute in recent years by J.S.A. Elisonas and J.P. Lamers in their translation of \"The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga\" by Ota Gyuichi. In Lamers' \"Japonius\" he says that \"whether or not Nobunaga actually operated with three rotating ranks cannot be determined on the basis of reliable evidence.\" They claim that the version of events describing volley fire was written several years after the battle, and an earlier account says to the contrary that guns were fired en masse. However both Korean and Chinese sources note that Japanese gunners were making use of volley fire during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98).",
"title": "Volley fire"
},
{
"docid": "3595931#2",
"text": "Gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501. According to tradition the inventor was a Breton shipwright called Descharges, but it is just as likely to have been a gradual adaptation of loading ports in the stern of merchant vessels that had already been in use for centuries. Initially, the gunports were used to mount heavy so-called stern chasers pointing aft, but soon gun ports migrated to the sides of ships. This made possible coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship, broadsides, for the first time in history, at least in theory. Guns in the 16th century were considered to be in fixed positions and were intended to be fired independently rather than in concerted volleys. It was not until the 1590s that the word \"broadside\" in English was commonly used to refer to gunfire from the side of a ship rather than the ship's side itself.",
"title": "Sailing ship tactics"
},
{
"docid": "1489027#9",
"text": "In July 1835, Giuseppe Marco Fieschi used a home-made, 25-barrel volley gun to attempt the assassination of King Louis Philippe I in Paris. He fired the weapon from a third floor window while the king and his entourage were passing in the street below. Although 18 people were killed, the king only received a minor wound. The gun barrels had been sold as scrap by a government arsenal after being labeled as defective and four of them burst when fired. Fieschi was badly injured and was quickly captured. He and two others involved in the plot were condemned to death and guillotined in 1836. His volley gun, known as the \"Machine infernale\", is preserved at the Museum of French History.",
"title": "Volley gun"
},
{
"docid": "12063194#111",
"text": "The musket volley fire technique may have been used in Japan as well as early as 1575 at the Battle of Nagashino by Oda Nobunaga's arquebusiers. But this has been called into dispute in recent years by J.S.A. Elisonas and J.P. Lamers in their translation of \"The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga\" by Ota Gyuichi. In Lamers' \"Japonius\" he says that \"whether or not Nobunaga actually operated with three rotating ranks cannot be determined on the basis of reliable evidence.\" They claim that the version of events describing volley fire was written several years after the battle, and an earlier account says to the contrary that guns were fired en masse. However both Korean and Chinese sources note that Japanese gunners were making use of volley fire during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592–98.",
"title": "History of gunpowder"
},
{
"docid": "12063194#105",
"text": "The earliest possible employment of volley fire for firearms occurred in late-14th-century China during a military conflict between Ming and Mong Mao forces. Volley fire was also possibly implemented with firearms in 1414 during the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols, and possibly again in another expedition in 1422. However the language used in these sources is unclear as to whether or not \"repeating\" fire was part of the technique implemented. For example, during the 1388 anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao by the Ming general Mu Ying, the Ming troops equipped with guns and fire arrows were arrayed in three lines. The general Mu Ying explained this was so that \"when the elephants advance, the front line of guns and arrows will shoot all at once. If they do not retreat, the next line will continue this. If they still do not retreat, then the third line will continue this.\" When the armored war elephants broke into a run, charging the Ming lines, the Ming forces stood their ground, \"shooting arrows and stones, the noise shaking the mountains and vallies. The elephants shook with fear and ran.\" According to the \"Ming Shilu\", half the elephants were killed while 37 were captured, and of the 100,000 strong insurrection force, at least 30,000 were killed, and 10,000 were captured. Andrade and other historians have interpreted this passage as evidence of volley fire, however he admits that it is ambiguous as to whether or not the Ming lines practiced repeated fire and reloading, so at best it can only be considered a limited form of volley fire.",
"title": "History of gunpowder"
},
{
"docid": "818545#0",
"text": "A mitrailleuse (; from French \"mitraille\", \"grapeshot\") is a type of volley gun with multiple barrels of rifle calibre that can fire either multiple rounds at once or several rounds in rapid succession. The earliest true mitrailleuse was invented in 1851 by Belgian Army captain Fafschamps, 10 years before the advent of the Gatling gun. It was followed by the Belgian Montigny mitrailleuse in 1863. Then the French 25 barrel \"\"Canon à Balles\"\", better known as the Reffye \"mitrailleuse\", was adopted in great secrecy in 1866. It became the first rapid-firing weapon deployed as standard equipment by any army in a major conflict when it was used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. A steel block containing twenty-five 13 mm (.51 calibre) centre-fire cartridges was locked against the breech before firing. With the rotation of a crank, the 25 rounds were discharged in rapid succession. The sustainable firing rate of the Reffye mitrailleuse was 100 rounds per minute. The maximum effective range of the Reffye \"mitrailleuse\" was about 2000 yards; a distance which placed their batteries beyond the reach of Prussian Dreyse needle rifle fire. Reffye mitrailleuses were deployed in six gun batteries and were manned by artillery personnel. They were not infantry support weapons, but rather a form of special artillery.",
"title": "Mitrailleuse"
},
{
"docid": "1489027#8",
"text": "A few hand-held volley guns were also developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most distinctive was the \"\"duck's foot\"\" volley gun, a pistol with multiple barrels arranged in a splayed pattern, so that the firer could spray a sizable area with a single shot. The principle behind this type of pistol is one of confrontation by one person against a group; hence, it was popular among bank guards, prison wardens and sea captains in the early 19th century.",
"title": "Volley gun"
},
{
"docid": "33076634#9",
"text": "The earliest possible employment of volley fire for firearms occurred in late 14th century China during a military conflict between Ming and Mong Mao forces. Volley fire was also possibly implemented with firearms in 1414 during the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols, and possibly again in another expedition in 1422. However the language used in these sources is unclear as to whether or not \"repeating\" fire was part of the technique implemented. For example, during the 1388 anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao by the Ming general Mu Ying, the Ming troops equipped with guns and fire arrows were arrayed in three lines. The general Mu Ying explained this was so that \"when the elephants advance, the front line of guns and arrows will shoot all at once. If they do not retreat, the next line will continue this. If they still do not retreat, then the third line will continue this.\" When the armored war elephants broke into a run, charging the Ming lines, the Ming forces stood their ground, \"shooting arrows and stones, the noise shaking the mountains and vallies. The elephants shook with fear and ran.\" According to the \"Ming Shilu\", half the elephants were killed while 37 were captured, and of the 100,000 strong insurrection force, at least 30,000 were killed, and 10,000 were captured. Andrade and other historians have interpreted this passage as evidence of volley fire, however he admits that it is ambiguous as to whether or not the Ming lines practiced repeated fire and reloading, so at best it can only be considered a limited form of volley fire.",
"title": "Volley fire"
}
] |
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] |
2784
|
What city did Irfan Khan Pathan grow up in?
|
[
{
"docid": "555333#7",
"text": "Pathan was born 27 October 1984 in Baroda, Gujarat, India and is of Pashtun (Pathan) ancestry, belonging to the Pathan community in Gujarat. He grew up with his elder brother Yusuf in a mosque in Vadodara, in an impoverished family. His father served as the muezzin. Although their parents wished them to become Islamic scholars, Pathan and his brother took an interest in cricket. Their games on the grounds off and inside the mosque often necessitated apologies from their father to Muslim worshippers who visited it. In the beginning his deliveries did not reach the other end of the cricket pitch, but rigorous six-hour training sessions in blazing heat and his family's sense of discipline saw him progress steadily.",
"title": "Irfan Pathan"
},
{
"docid": "48637343#0",
"text": "The Cricket Academy of Pathans is a cricket academy in Vadodara, Gujarat. The academy was jointly launched by Irfan Pathan and Yusuf Pathan.Also CAP is part of 12 Cities like New Delhi,Noida,Patna,Surat etc.The academy has tied up with former India coach Greg Chappell and Cameron Tradell as chief mentors. It is considered as a failed operation by many cricket critics. Chappell would coach the coaches of the Academy.\nIt has many branches over India including Ludhiyana,Panjab; Kota, Rajasthan; Patna, Bihar; Ranchi, Jharkhand; Bangalore, Karnataka etc.",
"title": "Cricket Academy of Pathans"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27557940#33",
"text": "This district has some of the very early Pathan settlers near Gonda city and Colonelganj. The block Haldharmau is a notable area dominated by Pathans of Niyazi tribe. The name Haldharmau itself is said to be named because of the founder of the area Haldharmau Khan. According to traditional sayings and some old documents, two Niyazi Pathans settled near Gonda in early 12th century A.D., who had come there in those early waves of migrations during Ghaznawi period. Haldharmau, Mohammadpur and khinduri,Nindura are notable villages with large Pathan populations.Haldharmau is most popular among these villages. Notable people from Haldharmau area are Late.Faseeurrahman Munnan Khan(Ex-Member of Parliament (lok sabha,Ex-Member of legislative Assembly) Mohammad Aslam Khan(Advocate),Bilal Khan, Mohammad Adil Khan, Mohammad Asif Khan(Raising Business Tycoon), Mohd Zubair Khan(Social worker and good speaker Popularly known as NETA),Dr Sadir khan, KhanMahfooz Khan(Member of Legislative Council, UP), Waqaar Khan, Masood Alam Khan (Ex- Block Pramukh ,Ex- parliament candidate gonda BSP),Late.Abdul Majid Khan(Ex-Pradhan and Member zila panchayat). ZiaurRahman khan (young leader BSP) etc. This area has more than 12 villages with strong and influential presence of Pathans.",
"title": "Pathans of Uttar Pradesh"
},
{
"docid": "555333#0",
"text": "Irfan Khan Pathan () (; born 27 October 1984) is an Indian cricketer who plays all formats of the game.He is a bowling all rounder. He plays for Jammu & Kashmir in domestic cricket. He was an important member of 2007 ICC World Twenty20 winning squad of India winning squad of India.",
"title": "Irfan Pathan"
},
{
"docid": "26194100#1",
"text": "Irfan Khan was born on May 5, 1982 in Mardan, Pakistan his father worked as a Manager for a Pakistani Bank. Irfan started his education at the age of 6 in Swat and later on in Azad Kashmir. He did his Matriculation examination (10th grade) from Peshawar Model School, intermediate examinations (12th grade) from Edwardes College, Peshawar and got his BA Degree in Communication Design from the University of Peshawar and Degree in hospitility and hotel management",
"title": "Irfan Khan (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "27557940#17",
"text": "The most important Pathan colonies in the Doab are that of Aliganj and Kasganj, both in Etah District. These Pathans belong mainly to the Lodi tribe, but there are also important settlements of Ghoris, Mohammadzais and Yousafzais. Both the settlements of Aliganj and Kasganj were founded by a Yaqut Khan. Yaqut Khan is said to have invited Pathans to settle in these two towns. A further settlement was founded at Kadirganj and Sajawar. Most of the early settlers belonged to the Lodi tribe, who still form the largest sub-group. In addition to these settlements, Bhai Khan who links to the toya khail founded the village of Saraiaghat, which still remains a settlement of Danish khan Pathan.",
"title": "Pathans of Uttar Pradesh"
},
{
"docid": "555333#58",
"text": "He was selected for the Commonwealth Bank Series, playing four games and scoring 96 runs at an average of 24 with a top score of 47. He also succeeded in taking 6 wickets at an average of 31.16; his best figures were 3/16. His strong performances led to his inclusion in the Asia Cup squad. He played three matches and did not get a chance to bat but he proved himself with the ball taking 4/32 in the first match of the series against Sri Lanka. He picked up two more wickets in the next two games. He was the part of the team touring South Africa for the one T20 played on 31 March 2012 where he had figures of 4–0–44–1 but was yet to bat. Pathan also played for the Delhi Daredevils the Indian Premier League in 2012, taking only 8 wickets from 17 matches with an average of 58.12.\nBCCI announced on 13 July 2012 inclusion of Irfan Pathan in the Indian team for the tour of Sri Lanka as a replacement to the injured Vinay Kumar. With his all round performance, India managed to win four of the five ODIs and the lone T20 match in the next series in Sri Lanka. Pathan emerged as the top wicket taker with a 5-wicket haul.",
"title": "Irfan Pathan"
},
{
"docid": "27557940#3",
"text": "A process of indigenization has occurred, and the Pathan are now indistinguishable from neighboring Muslim communities. They now speak Hindustani as well as various dialects such as Khari boli. They are found throughout Uttar Pradesh, with settlements in Rampur, Farrukhabad, Hathras, Shahjahanpur, Malihabad, Mirzapur and Rohilkhand being the densest. A cluster of Pathan settlements are referred to as a basti. Some Khans came from Iran usually belongs to Moguls Dynasty, Ghaziuddin Khan and his family belongs to Majhpurwa district Kannauj The city's name is traditionally derived from the term Kanyakubja.",
"title": "Pathans of Uttar Pradesh"
},
{
"docid": "36484605#1",
"text": "Ashiq Khan was born on 7 June in Doha, Qatar. His father is from Peshawar, Pakistan, but moved to Doha in 1970. According to Khan, his father served in the Pakistan Army, and then served in the Qatar Army in the early 1970s. Ethnically, Khan describes himself as Pathan (Pashtun). He grew up in Doha and Islamabad where he attended the Pakistan Education Centre in the former, and both the City School and the Asas International School in the latter. After high school, he attended the International Islamic University and earned his bachelor's degree in International Relations. He later opted out to pursue a career in the film industry of Doha while attending the Doha Film Institute for workshops.",
"title": "Ashiq Khan"
},
{
"docid": "555333#1",
"text": "Beginning his career as a fast-medium swing and seam bowler, Pathan broke into the national team soon after turning 19, and evoked comparisons with Pakistan's Wasim Akram with his promising performances and prodigious swing. In early 2006, Pathan became the only bowler to take a Test hat-trick in the first over of the match (vs Pakistan at Karachi). However, the productive run did not last and after the start of 2006, Pathan began to steadily lose pace and swing, and his wicket-taking dwindled. Although Pathan's batting continued to be productive, he was not regarded as a specialist and was dropped from the team in both Tests and ODIs by the end of 2006, and by 2007 was no longer in the squad until return in 2007 World Twenty20.",
"title": "Irfan Pathan"
}
] |
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] |
2785
|
When was Claire Labine born?
|
[
{
"docid": "1352511#0",
"text": "Claire Vaughn Labine (née Wood; June 28, 1934 – November 11, 2016) was an American soap opera writer and producer.",
"title": "Claire Labine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1352511#1",
"text": "Labine was born in Jacksonville, Florida on June 28, 1934. She attended the University of Kentucky where her major was journalism, but later she switched to playwriting major at Columbia University's School of Dramatic Arts (now Columbia University School of the Arts).",
"title": "Claire Labine"
},
{
"docid": "8295703#0",
"text": "Matthew Labine (May 5, 1959 – September 1, 2017) was an American soap opera writer, the son of Claire Labine and the brother of Eleanor Labine Mancusi.",
"title": "Matthew Labine"
},
{
"docid": "1352511#4",
"text": "In late 1974, ABC Daytime approached Labine about creating a new soap opera. The network wanted a soap opera similar to \"General Hospital\". \"Ryan's Hope\" was created. While writing it, \"Ryan's Hope\" won six Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing and two Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Program.",
"title": "Claire Labine"
},
{
"docid": "2653407#1",
"text": "Labine was born in Lincoln, Rhode Island, grew up in nearby Woonsocket, and served as a paratrooper in World War II. After compiling a 5–1 record for Brooklyn as a rookie in 1951, he shut out the New York Giants in Game 2 of the National League pennant playoff, 10–0. Labine went on to enjoy several stellar seasons for the Dodgers as a relief pitcher. In 1955, the year the Dodgers finally brought a world championship to Brooklyn, he led the NL with 60 games pitched and 10 relief victories and earned a career-best 13 wins overall. Although the save was not yet an official statistic, he has been retroactively credited with leading the NL twice (1956–57) in that category, with 19 and 17 respectively, and was an All-Star both years.",
"title": "Clem Labine"
},
{
"docid": "1352511#7",
"text": "In 1993, Labine returned to daytime as head writer of ABC's \"General Hospital\". She brought the show much critical acclaim, and won her seventh Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Writing for her work on the show. She chose to depart the show in early 1996. During this time, she created a proposed \"General Hospital\" spin-off, \"Heart and Soul\", about two families, one black, one white, both show business families. The black family was three generations of jazz musicians. Next door was a theatrical family. The show was not picked up by ABC or NBC; Wendy Riche's competing \"Port Charles\" was ABC's choice instead.",
"title": "Claire Labine"
},
{
"docid": "1352511#14",
"text": "Labine's died on November 11, 2016 at her home in Somers, Connecticut at the age of 82 from undisclosed causes.",
"title": "Claire Labine"
},
{
"docid": "8028648#14",
"text": "Wendy Riche came aboard as executive producer in 1992, at a time when the series was struggling. She told \"Entertainment Weekly\": \"I will say that the show needed to be more character-driven rather than plot-driven. It needed to be more relatable in its story pursuit. It needed to balance fantasy and reality better. And it needed more romance.\" Riche hired Claire Labine as head writer in 1993. Both were said to bring \"General Hospital\" into an era of \"womansense\". Under their reign, the series returned to medical focus and gained critical acclaim for its sensitive handling of social issues. Labine stated Riche said her first concern was bringing more depth to the characters, and making their family members seen, something the audience could relate to. She stated, \"That’s why we created the Karen/Jagger/Brenda triangle. To get some new young characters into the show who could relate to the adults, or who would be tied to the adults. That was a priority as well as getting the main characters back on track, like Luke and Bobbie.\"",
"title": "History of General Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "2653407#7",
"text": "Following his retirement from baseball, Labine settled again in the Woonsocket area, where he became a designer of men's athletic wear, serving as general manager for the sporting goods division of the Jacob Finklestein's & Sons manufacturing company. His son, Jay, joined the Marine Corps and lost a leg while serving in Vietnam after stepping on a mine. Labine died at age 80 in Vero Beach, Florida, one week after undergoing exploratory brain surgery following a bout with pneumonia; he had been serving as an instructor at the Dodgers' adult fantasy camp at their Dodgertown headquarters. Vin Scully, the longtime Dodger announcer, said upon learning of Labine's death that he had a heart of a lion and the smarts of a wily fox, and was very likable.",
"title": "Clem Labine"
},
{
"docid": "1352511#11",
"text": "Most recently, Labine had a short stint at CBS' \"Guiding Light\". She was head writer of the show from 2000 through 2001. Labine shared the reins of GL with her children, Matthew Labine and Eleanor Labine. Rumors abounded throughout Labine's tenure at GL that she, Executive Producer Paul Rauch, and Executive in Charge of Production Mary Alice Dwyer-Dobbin had frequent arguments about the show's direction.",
"title": "Claire Labine"
}
] |
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2786
|
What language is Guzaarish in?
|
[
{
"docid": "49418042#0",
"text": "Guzaarish () means \"request\" in Urdu language.",
"title": "Guzaarish"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23904207#37",
"text": "Australian critic and columnist Simon Foster of \"Special Broadcasting Service (SBS)\" gave a 3 star rating in which described it as a \"A melodrama that never says in two words what it can say in ten, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's \"Guzaarish\" balances its blubbery sentimentality with some beautifully realised images to heart-warming and generally likable effect. \"The Sunday Times\" gave a nine star rating and said \"\"Guzaarish\" is a movie about hope, magic and life. \"Khaleej Times\" said \" This wonderful work of art, nuanced and magical in its portrayal, is about dying. But Ethan, as played by Hrithik Roshan in \"Guzaarish\", is so bemused by adversity that he can actually look at his own suffering with dispassionate humour.\" \"Deccan Herald\" noted that only select - audience may find the movie appealing saying that \"the performances stand out. Hrithik Roshan does brings some tears to your eyes and even Aishwarya comes up with an original act. But, as said, the blacks and greys of \"Guzaarish\" might appeal only to Bhansali viewers.\"",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#36",
"text": "The film also received some mixed reactions from critics. \"Filmfare\" rated the film 4 out of 5 and wrote, \"\"Guzaarish\" is unabashedly Sanjay Leela Bhansali. In a film where life itself is the villain everything is larger than life, no surprise there. The house is grand, the characters even more so, the laughter is magnificent, the pain operatic and the treatment of all of the above is colossal in a deafening, attention seeking way that leaves no room for subtext or imagination.\" Writing for NDTV, Anupama Chopra rated the film 3 out of 5 and believed that the film would be effective if the writing was more organic and the emotions felt more authentic but Bhansali never gives us a chance to invest in these people. Reuters trashed the movie for its over the top performances and stated that the lead actor Hrithik Roshan is the only saving grace of the movie where \"everything else, like Aishwarya Rai's make-up, seems fake and loud, and puts you off. The emotions, the set design, the dialogues, Hrithik Roshan's beard are all out of this world, residing in some alien planet that only Bhansali inhabits.\" \"The Hindu\" reviewer Sudhish Kamath gave a negative review to the movie and heaped praises on the lead actor Hrithik Roshan saying that \"Hrithik Roshan gives one of the best performances of his career as a man trapped in a wheelchair/bad film, desperately craving for freedom..\" As a bottomline he said that \"Guzaarish\" is \"Highly pretentious, boring film with leftover craving-for-your-sympathy melodrama from \"Black\" and unused sets from \"Saawariya\"\". \"The Times of India\", which gave a 4.5 rating, mentioned that \"\"Guzaarish\" is an unusual film in many respects\".",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "49418294#0",
"text": "Guzaarish () is a Pakistani television drama series that aired on ARY Digital in 2015. It is directed by Owais Khan and written by Sanam Mehdi Jarchevi. Yumna Zaidi, Ahmed Ali and Affan Waheed play the roles of Zara, Zain and Saad respectively.",
"title": "Guzaarish (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#8",
"text": "Bhansali was on the lookout for a mature couple for the portrayal of his lead roles in \"Guzaarish\". After watching her films Dhoom 2 and Jodhaa Akbar (both of which had starred both Rai and Roshan), Bhansali decided that the pair exuded a dignity and elegance much needed for his film. Though Rai had agreed to the script without even reading it, Roshan was all set to say no to the film. Amita Sehgal, Casting Director, roped in other actors including Shernaz Patel, Vijay Crishna, Nafisa Ali, Aditya Roy Kapur and Suhel Seth. Makrand Deshpande was recruited to play an important three-minute cameo in the film on Hrithik Roshan's suggestion. Bhansali said that he had always wanted to work together with Roshan for a very long time as he was impressed by his sincerity as an actor. He added that the script of \"Guzaarish\" gave him the right opportunity to sign him. About the leading lady, Aishwarya Rai, he said that the role suited her to perfection and though she would have accepted his offer, it was important for an actor to be convinced of what he or she is doing. Bhansali stated that if any of the leading cast had refused to sign, he wouldn't have made \"Guzaarish\". He later stated saying, The film was only possible if Hrithik and Aishwarya had acted in it.",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#15",
"text": "The third schedule of the film began on 30 October 2009. The grueling schedule lasted till January 2010, at the city's Mehboob Studios. Rumours had it that during the filming of the movie, Bhansali and Roshan got into a tiff over the excessive use of English in the movie. Roshan, whose previous film \"Kites\" was also blamed for having non-Hindi dialogues, did not want to take a risk and lessen \"Guzaarish\"'s appeal. Though there were no comments from either of them, it was learned that the issue was finally sorted out. Bhansali himself put all speculation to rest saying that \".. we (Hrithik Roshan and himself) were actually singing along quite happily.\" Later, towards the completion of the film, both the director and the producers, who realized the need to give the film a mass appeal, reworked certain dialogues in English, which were then dubbed in Hindi.",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#1",
"text": "The film narrates the story of a paralyzed magician-turned-Radio jockey files a petition in court seeking permission to end his life. The film was released on 19 November 2010 to positive reviews from critics, who praised the direction, cinematography, and performances, particularly of Roshan, and Rai. \"Guzaarish\" is the third film to feature Hrithik Roshan opposite Aishwarya Rai.",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#0",
"text": "Guzaarish () is a 2010 Indian romantic drama film written, composed and directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. The film stars Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai in lead roles while Shernaz Patel, Aditya Roy Kapoor, Monikangana Dutta, Suhel Seth, Swara Bhaskar, and Makrand Deshpande portray pivotal roles. It is jointly produced by Bhansali and UTV Motion Pictures. Sudeep Chatterjee handled Cinematography and editing was done by Hemal Kothari.",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#27",
"text": "Hrithik Roshan elaborated on his character saying that he was \".. a super character in the film. I have interacted with about 20 such patients who suffer from complete paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs which is mostly caused by damage of the spinal cord. They are real life superheroes and I am representing their emotions on screen\". Adding that he never had felt such responsibility towards any other character he had played to date, he told the media that the film did not take any stance on mercy-killing. Roshan said that he was able to identify with Ethan Mascarenhas because, when he was going through the Guzaarish script, he had been nursing a knee problem and doctors told him that the knee will never be okay. According to Roshan, the script \"..energised me so much that I was not depressed about my knee problem anymore\".",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#7",
"text": "Ethan throws a farewell party for their friends and guests, where Ethan speaks about everyone who has meant very dear to him and finally tells everyone about his and Sofia's love. Ethan says that he will be dying a happy man with no regrets and the heart full of Sofia's love and bids all goodbye. At these words, all the guests, come to his couch and hug him, with Ethan laughing heartily.Bhansali first told media about his next directorial venture, when he gave an interview to the Indo-Asian News Service (IANS). In the interview he said that he had decided to call his film, \"Guzaarish\", which is set to be shot in Goa.. Bhansali stated that \"Guzaarish\" is his tribute to the legendary singer Lata Mangeshkar. Sooraj Pancholi worked as an Assistant Director for the first 2 schedules of the film.",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
},
{
"docid": "23904207#33",
"text": "Sanjay Leela Bhansali, who had famously given a lavish premier of his earlier film \"Saawariya\", decided to do away with a similar event for \"Guzaarish\". Though the movie had released on 16 November in Dubai, it was slated to release in India on the 19th of the same month. Bhansali purposely avoided a gala screening of \"Guzaarish\" apparently due to the bitter experience he had in a similar event of \"Saawariya\". Sources reported that \"..some of the VVIP invitees who told him that he had made another masterpiece (\"Saawariya\") were busy sending out bulk messages against the film during the premiere. Since the \"Saawariya\" premiere took place two nights (on Wednesday rather than Thursday) before its public release the damage done was irreparable. Sanjay decided there and then to never have a premiere of any of his films.\"",
"title": "Guzaarish (film)"
}
] |
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] |
2787
|
Does Ron Silverman have kids?
|
[
{
"docid": "1770930#2",
"text": "He has been married to actress Jennifer Finnigan since 2007; the two met at a barbecue in 2004. He and Finnigan have a daughter, Ella Jack, born in September 2017.",
"title": "Jonathan Silverman"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1152227#24",
"text": "She stated she does not want to have biological children because \"there's just millions of kids that have no parents\" in the world and to avoid the risk that they might inherit her depression. In 2017, Silverman also said that she has prioritized her artistic career, constantly on tour, instead of motherhood.",
"title": "Sarah Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "1152227#25",
"text": "Silverman's real-life sister, Laura, played her sister on \"The Sarah Silverman Program.\" An older sister, Susan, is a rabbi who lives in Jerusalem with her husband, Yosef Abramowitz, the co-founder and president of Arava Power Company, and their five children. Silverman considers herself culturally Jewish, which she has frequently mined for material, but says she is agnostic and does not follow Judaism, claiming, \"I have no religion. But culturally I can't escape it; I'm very Jewish.\"",
"title": "Sarah Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "19156567#19",
"text": "Nineteen years after Voldemort's downfall, Ron and Hermione have two children: Rose Granger-Weasley, whom they are sending off to her first year at Hogwarts, and a younger son named Hugo. Though the epilogue does not explicitly say Ron and Hermione are married, news articles and other sources treat it as a fact. Ron has also passed his Muggle driving test, despite Hermione's apparent belief that he could not do so without Confunding the examiner. (Ron secretly reveals to Harry he actually did Confund the examiner.) He and Harry work for the Ministry of Magic as Aurors, and along with Hermione they have helped to revamp the Ministry; it is far different from the one that existed previously. Before becoming an Auror, Ron joins George at Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, which becomes a very lucrative business.",
"title": "Ron Weasley"
},
{
"docid": "276890#35",
"text": "In 2013, Cowell allegedly began dating an American woman named Lauren Silverman. In July 2013, Silverman's husband and Cowell's friend, Andrew Silverman, filed for an at-fault divorce, citing adultery by his wife and naming Cowell as a co-respondent. News of the divorce filing became public two weeks later, when it was widely reported that Silverman and Cowell were expecting a baby together. Cowell said, \"There are a lot of things I will eventually clear up when the time is right, but I really have to be sensitive because there's a lot of people's feelings involved here.\" The Silvermans released separate statements expressing concern for the well-being of their son during the divorce process. In August 2013, the Silvermans settled their divorce out of court, enabling Cowell to avoid being called as a witness in the divorce proceedings. He subsequently confirmed that Silverman was pregnant with his child, and she gave birth to their son, Eric, on 14 February 2014.",
"title": "Simon Cowell"
},
{
"docid": "21179111#2",
"text": "Silverman has directed at many theatres around the country, most notably his adaptation of Pete Townshend’s \"The Boy Who Heard Music\" at the New York Stage & Film/Powerhouse Theatre at Vassar College in 2007. He also collaborated with Mr. Townshend on a workshop production of \"Psychoderelict\" starring Peter Gallagher in 1999. He directed Ron Silver in Robert Greenfield’s \"Bill Graham Presents\" at various theatres around the country including the Berkshire Theatre Festival, The Cannon in Beverly Hills and the HBO Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen where it won Best Play. Other theatres include the Long Wharf, the Kennedy Center, the Mark Taper Forum, Naked Angels, La MaMa Etc., and MCC Theater.",
"title": "Ethan Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "1152227#3",
"text": "Silverman was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, to Beth Ann (née Halpin, later O'Hara; 1941–2015) and Donald Silverman. She was raised in Manchester, New Hampshire. Beth had been George McGovern's personal campaign photographer and would found the theater company New Thalian Players, while Donald has training as a social worker and also ran the clothing store Crazy Sophie's Outlet. Silverman's parents divorced and later remarried others. Silverman is the youngest of five siblings. Her sisters are Reform rabbi Susan Silverman, screenwriter Jodyne Silverman, and actress Laura Silverman; her brother Jeffrey Michael died when he was three months old. Born into a Jewish family, she considers herself secular and non-religious. She was in attendance when women lit menorahs at the Western Wall for the first time, in December 2014. Her ancestors were from Poland and Russia.\nThe first time Silverman performed stand-up comedy was in Boston at age 17. She described her performance as \"awful\". After graduating from The Derryfield School in Manchester (Class of 1989), she attended New York University for a year but did not graduate. Instead, she performed stand-up comedy in Greenwich Village.",
"title": "Sarah Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "48937892#6",
"text": "By age 20, Silverman had two children, and would soon have two more. She was involved in the community of Providence and social betterment programs. She founded and served as president of the Ladies Auxiliary of the Jewish Orphanage of Rhode Island. By 1906, she was involved in the American Zionist Movement and rose to the national position of vice president of the Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. Relief work during World War I awakened her to the broad variety of social needs and she became an advocate of health care, poverty relief, and finding a permanent solution for Jewish refugees. In 1915, Silverman founded the second Hadassah chapter in New England in Providence. She was a \"skilled propagandist\", developing a wide following between 1915 and 1919, and was known as a vigorous leader and talented orator.",
"title": "Ida Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "10213087#3",
"text": "Mark discovers that he has an 18-year-old daughter, Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin), who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother. Mark permits her to move in with him, which angers Lexie. When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her, she puts an end to their relationship. Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy, so Mark takes her to LA to be treated. He and Addison once again sleep together, but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he doesn't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together, but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship. When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption, Mark and Callie offer to raise it together. Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle, leaving Mark distraught. He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague, Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son. She reconsiders having the baby adopted, but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what, gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington.",
"title": "Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"docid": "47601474#33",
"text": "In 1966, Silverman married former VP of BBC America and theatre and television producer and executive Mary Silverman (née Delson); the couple had one child, Ben, chairman and \nco-CEO of Propagate and former NBC co-chairman. With Mary, Silverman also raised artist and illustrator Sarah Delson. In 1980 Silverman married Martha Caplin, a founding member and 1st Violin, Primavera Quartet and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. The couple has one child, Rena, a journalist and photography writer.",
"title": "Stanley Silverman"
},
{
"docid": "54123810#3",
"text": "In January 1969, she married her childhood friend and furniture store heir, Richard \"Dick\" Simons. The couple moved to Palm Beach, Florida and had one son, Evan Marc Simons (born 1970). In 1972, they divorced. She was introduced to her second husband, Florida banker David L. Paul, by real estate developer Sol Atlas; they divorced 2 months later. In 1977, she married recently divorced New York financier and millionaire Jeffrey Silverman. Silverman adopted Evan and the couple also adopted a daughter, Jessica. In 1995, they divorced after Silverman's affair with Sol Wachtler. Jeffrey Silverman remarried but later committed suicide.",
"title": "Joy Silverman"
}
] |
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2788
|
When was Kant born?
|
[
{
"docid": "14631#5",
"text": "Kant was born on April 22, 1724 into a Prussian German family of Lutheran Protestant faith in Königsberg, East Prussia. Baptized 'Emanuel', he later changed his name to 'Immanuel' after learning Hebrew. He was brought up in a Pietist household that stressed religious devotion, humility, and a literal interpretation of the Bible. His education was strict, punitive and disciplinary, and focused on Latin and religious instruction over mathematics and science. Kant maintained Christian ideals for some time, but struggled to reconcile the faith with his belief in science. In his \"Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals\", he reveals a belief in immortality as the necessary condition of humanity's approach to the highest morality possible. However, as Kant was skeptical about some of the arguments used prior to him in defence of theism and maintained that human understanding is limited and can never attain knowledge about God or the soul, various commentators have labelled him a philosophical agnostic.",
"title": "Immanuel Kant"
},
{
"docid": "14631#0",
"text": "Immanuel Kant (; ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time and causation are mere sensibilities; \"things-in-themselves\" exist, but their nature is unknowable. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. He drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited \"a priori\" (\"beforehand\"), and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality. Kant believed that reason is the source of morality, and that aesthetics arise from a faculty of disinterested judgment. Kant's views continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of epistemology, ethics, political theory, and post-modern aesthetics.",
"title": "Immanuel Kant"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14631#4",
"text": "Kant's mother, Anna Regina Reuter (1697–1737), was born in Königsberg (since 1946 the city of Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia) to a father from Nuremberg. (Her surname is sometimes erroneously given as Porter.) Kant's father, Johann Georg Kant (1682–1746), was a German harness maker from Memel, at the time Prussia's most northeastern city (now Klaipėda, Lithuania). Immanuel Kant believed that his paternal grandfather Hans Kant was of Scottish origin. While scholars of Kant's life long accepted the claim, there is no evidence that Kant's paternal line was Scottish; it is more likely that the Kants got their name from the village of Kantwaggen (today part of Priekulė) and were of Curonian origin. Kant was the fourth of nine children (four of whom reached adulthood).",
"title": "Immanuel Kant"
},
{
"docid": "46665667#0",
"text": "Tarun Kant, an institute chair professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) in Mumbai since December 2009, was born on 1 July 1946 in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received a BSc degree from Allahabad University in 1962, a B.Tech (Hons.) degree in civil engineering from IIT Bombay in 1967 and an M.Tech in civil engineering, specializing in structural engineering, from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) in 1969. Kant spent about 18 months at a consulting engineering firm in Mumbai before becoming a lecturer at IIT Bombay in January 1971. He received a PhD degree in 1977. Kant became an assistant professor in 1978 and a professor in 1986. At IIT Bombay, he has been a department head (2000–2002), dean of planning (2001–2003) and chair of the Joint Entrance Examination (1998) and the Central Library (1995–1999).",
"title": "Tarun Kant"
},
{
"docid": "833796#1",
"text": "Hermann Kant was born on June 14, 1926, in Hamburg, Germany the son of a factory worker and a gardener born into poverty. His younger brother, Uwe Kant, became a well-known children's author. Because of the impending bombing of Hamburg during the Second World War, the family moved to Parchim in 1940, where his paternal grandfather lived as a master potter. After passing elementary school he began an electrician apprenticeship in Parchim, which he completed in 1944. On December 8, 1944, he was drafted into the German Military. He became a Polish POW, was held in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison and later was transferred to a labor camp, which was located on the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto. He was the co-founder of the antifascist committee and teacher at the Antifa Central School. During this time he met the writer Anna Seghers, who would have a lasting impression on him. After being released as a prisoner of war in 1949, he moved to East Germany and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.",
"title": "Hermann Kant"
},
{
"docid": "14631#18",
"text": "Although fond of company and conversation with others, Kant isolated himself, and resisted friends' attempts to bring him out of his isolation. It has been noted that in 1778, in response to one of these offers by a former pupil, Kant wrote:\nWhen Kant emerged from his silence in 1781, the result was the \"Critique of Pure Reason\". Although now uniformly recognized as one of the greatest works in the history of philosophy, this \"Critique\" was largely ignored upon its initial publication. The book was long, over 800 pages in the original German edition, and written in a convoluted style. It received few reviews, and these granted it no significance. Kant's former student, Johann Gottfried Herder criticized it for placing reason as an entity worthy of criticism instead of considering the process of reasoning within the context of language and one's entire personality. Similar to Christian Garve and Johann Georg Heinrich Feder, he rejected Kant's position that space and time possessed a form that could be analyzed. Additionally, Garve and Feder also faulted Kant's Critique for not explaining differences in perception of sensations. Its density made it, as Herder said in a letter to Johann Georg Hamann, a \"tough nut to crack\", obscured by \"all this heavy gossamer\". Its reception stood in stark contrast to the praise Kant had received for earlier works, such as his \"Prize Essay\" and shorter works that preceded the first Critique. These well-received and readable tracts include one on the earthquake in Lisbon that was so popular that it was sold by the page. Prior to the change in course documented in the first Critique, his books sold well, and by the time he published \"Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime\" in 1764 he had become a notable popular author. Kant was disappointed with the first Critique's reception. Recognizing the need to clarify the original treatise, Kant wrote the \"Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics\" in 1783 as a summary of its main views. Shortly thereafter, Kant's friend Johann Friedrich Schultz (1739–1805) (professor of mathematics) published \"Erläuterungen über des Herrn Professor Kant Critik der reinen Vernunft\" (Königsberg, 1784), which was a brief but very accurate commentary on Kant's \"Critique of Pure Reason\".",
"title": "Immanuel Kant"
},
{
"docid": "59399505#1",
"text": "Justice Surya Kant was born on February 10, 1962, in a middle class family in District Hisar in Haryana. An avid debater, he graduated from the Government Post Graduate College, Hisar in 1981 and earned a Bachelor's Degree in Law from Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak in 1984. He went on to earn another distinction by standing First Class First in his Master's Degree in Law from the Directorate of Distance Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra in 2011. \nJustice Surya Kant started his law practice at the district courts in Hisar in 1984 and later shifted to the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Chandigarh in 1985. There, he specialised in constitutional, service and civil matters and represented multiple universities, boards, corporations, banks and the High Court. He was appointed as the youngest Advocate General of Haryana on July 7, 2000 and was designated as Senior Advocate in March 2001. He held the office of Advocate General till his elevation as a permanent Judge to the Punjab and Haryana High Court on January 9, 2004. He was also nominated as a member of the National Legal Services Authority on February 23, 2007 for two consecutive terms. Justice Surya Kant is a passionate environmentalist associated with various national and international NGOs and law associations. He has also organized and attended several prestigious national and international conferences. On October 5, 2018, Justice Surya Kant took oath as the Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court. The notification to this effect was issued on 03/10/2018.",
"title": "Surya Kant (judge)"
},
{
"docid": "3032305#2",
"text": "Kant is an industrial and service center. Among notable local enterprises is the Abdysh Ata Brewery, whose products are well known throughout Kyrgyzstan.\nDuring the Soviet era, Kant and its surrounding area were home to a large number of ethnic Germans who had been forcibly relocated to Central Asia in 1941 from the Volga region when the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished. Most left for Germany during the 1990s and after the demise of the Soviet Union when the factories where they had worked shut down. Several other nearby settlements, such as \"Luxemburg\" and Bergtal, still carry their German names, but retain only very small remnants of their Volga German and Russian Mennonite founders.",
"title": "Kant, Kyrgyzstan"
},
{
"docid": "14631#91",
"text": "Kant's mausoleum adjoins the northeast corner of Königsberg Cathedral in Kaliningrad, Russia. The mausoleum was constructed by the architect Friedrich Lahrs and was finished in 1924 in time for the bicentenary of Kant's birth. Originally, Kant was buried inside the cathedral, but in 1880 his remains were moved to a neo-Gothic chapel adjoining the northeast corner of the cathedral. Over the years, the chapel became dilapidated and was demolished to make way for the mausoleum, which was built on the same location.",
"title": "Immanuel Kant"
},
{
"docid": "26724924#1",
"text": "Kavi Kant was born in \"Prashnora Brahman Family\" on 20 November 1867 in Chavand, a village in Amreli Prant of Baroda state, to Motibahen and Ratnaji Bhatt. His family's influence left him with a deep interest in both education and philosophy. He was a student of both Hindu and Biblical philosophy. He took his primary education at Mangrol, Morbi and Rajkot. He completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1888 from Bombay University with Logic and Moral philosophy subjects. He served as a teacher at Surat in 1889. From 1890 to 1898, he served as Professor and then Vice principle at Kalabhavan, Vadodara. He was on tour to Kashmir in 1923. While returning to Lahore from Rawalpindi in train, he died en route on 16 June 1923.",
"title": "Kavi Kant"
},
{
"docid": "3281504#0",
"text": "Hari Kant (born August 23, 1969 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a former field hockey goalkeeper from Canada. The resident of Toronto, Ontario earned his first international cap for the Men's National Team in 1989 against Australia in Sydney.",
"title": "Hari Kant"
}
] |
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] |
2789
|
What are the main types of algebra?
|
[
{
"docid": "283867#1",
"text": "Two common classes of algebraic types are product types (i.e., tuples and records) and sum types (i.e., tagged or disjoint unions or \"variant types\").",
"title": "Algebraic data type"
},
{
"docid": "18716923#9",
"text": "Today, algebra has grown until it includes many branches of mathematics, as can be seen in the Mathematics Subject Classification\nwhere none of the first level areas (two digit entries) is called \"algebra\". Today algebra includes section 08-General algebraic systems, 12-Field theory and polynomials, 13-Commutative algebra, 15-Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory, 16-Associative rings and algebras, 17-Nonassociative rings and algebras, 18-Category theory; homological algebra, 19-K-theory and 20-Group theory. Algebra is also used extensively in 11-Number theory and 14-Algebraic geometry.",
"title": "Algebra"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5847302#6",
"text": "The following structures consist of a set with a binary operation. The most common structure is that of a \"group\". Other structures involve weakening or strengthening the axioms for groups, and may additionally use unary operations.The main types of structures with one set having two binary operations are \"rings\" and \"lattices\". The axioms defining many of the other structures are modifications of the axioms for rings and lattices. One major difference between rings and lattices is that their two operations are related to each other in different ways. In ring-like structures, the two operations are linked by the distributive law; in lattice-like structures, the operations are linked by the absorption law.The following structures have the common feature of having two sets, \"A\" and \"B\", so that there is a binary operation from \"A\"×\"A\" into \"A\" and another operation from \"A\"×\"B\" into \"A\".Many structures here are actually hybrid structures of the previously mentioned ones.There are many examples of mathematical structures where algebraic structure exists alongside non-algebraic structure.Some algebraic structures find uses in disciplines outside of abstract algebra. The following is meant to demonstrate some specific applications in other fields.",
"title": "Outline of algebraic structures"
},
{
"docid": "6766624#9",
"text": "Generalized algebraic data types were introduced independently by and prior by as extensions to ML's and Haskell's algebraic data types. Both are essentially equivalent to each other. They are similar to the \"inductive families of data types\" (or \"inductive datatypes\") found in Coq's Calculus of Inductive Constructions and other dependently typed languages, modulo the dependent types and except that the latter have an additional positivity restriction which is not enforced in GADTs.",
"title": "Generalized algebraic data type"
},
{
"docid": "41033059#0",
"text": "The algebraic stress model arises in computational fluid dynamics. Two main approaches can be undertaken. In the first, the transport of the turbulent stresses is assumed proportional to the turbulent kinetic energy; while in the second, convective and diffusive effects are assumed to be negligible. Algebraic stress models can only be used where convective and diffusive fluxes are negligible, i.e. source dominated flows. In order to simplify the existing EASM and to achieve an efficient numerical implementation the underlying tensor basis plays an important role. The five-term tensor basis that is introduced here tries to combine an optimum of accuracy of the complete basis with the advantages of a pure 2d concept. Therefore a suitable five-term basis is identified. Based on that the new model is designed and validated in combination with different eddy-viscosity type background models.",
"title": "Explicit algebraic stress model"
},
{
"docid": "2045417#6",
"text": "These eigenbivectors are associated with certain null vectors in the original spacetime, which are called the principal null directions (at a given event).\nThe relevant multilinear algebra is somewhat involved (see the citations below), but the resulting classification theorem states that there are precisely six possible types of algebraic symmetry. These are known as the Petrov types:The possible transitions between Petrov types are shown in the figure, which can also be interpreted as stating that some of the Petrov types are \"more special\" than others. For example, type I, the most general type, can \"degenerate\" to types II or D, while type II can degenerate to types III, N, or D.",
"title": "Petrov classification"
},
{
"docid": "6473570#0",
"text": "Algebra is one of the main branches of mathematics, covering the study of structure, relation and quantity. Algebra studies the effects of adding and multiplying numbers, variables, and polynomials, along with their factorization and determining their roots. In addition to working directly with numbers, algebra also covers symbols, variables, and set elements. Addition and multiplication are general operations, but their precise definitions lead to structures such as groups, rings, and fields.An algebraic equation is an equation involving only algebraic expressions in the unknowns. These are further classified by degree.",
"title": "Outline of algebra"
},
{
"docid": "5847302#0",
"text": "In mathematics, there are many types of algebraic structures which are studied. Abstract algebra is primarily the study of specific algebraic structures and their properties. Algebraic structures may be viewed in different ways, however the common starting point of algebra texts is that an algebraic object incorporates one or more sets with one or more binary operations or unary operations satisfying a collection of axioms.",
"title": "Outline of algebraic structures"
},
{
"docid": "248808#16",
"text": "The earliest successful attempt to define an algebraic variety abstractly, without an embedding, was made by André Weil. In his \"Foundations of Algebraic Geometry\", Weil defined an abstract algebraic variety using valuations. Claude Chevalley made a definition of a scheme, which served a similar purpose, but was more general. However, Alexander Grothendieck's definition of a scheme is more general still and has received the most widespread acceptance. In Grothendieck's language, an abstract algebraic variety is usually defined to be an integral, separated scheme of finite type over an algebraically closed field, although some authors drop the irreducibility or the reducedness or the separateness condition or allow the underlying field to be not algebraically closed. Classical algebraic varieties are the quasiprojective integral separated finite type schemes over an algebraically closed field.",
"title": "Algebraic variety"
},
{
"docid": "2394027#19",
"text": "Roughly speaking, the difference between complex algebraic spaces and analytic spaces is that complex algebraic spaces are formed by gluing affine pieces together using the étale topology, while analytic spaces are formed by gluing with the classical topology. In particular there is a functor from complex algebraic spaces of finite type to analytic spaces. Hopf manifolds give examples of analytic surfaces that do not come from a proper algebraic space (though one can construct non-proper and non-separated algebraic spaces whose analytic space is the Hopf surface). It is also possible for different algebraic spaces to correspond to the same analytic space: for example, an elliptic curve and the quotient of C by the corresponding lattice are not isomorphic as algebraic spaces but the corresponding analytic spaces are isomorphic.",
"title": "Algebraic space"
},
{
"docid": "19378200#6",
"text": "There are three main sorts of algebraic objects for which this can be done: groups, associative algebras and Lie algebras.",
"title": "Representation theory"
}
] |
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] |
2790
|
Who played Dumbledore in the first Harry Potter film?
|
[
{
"docid": "44174851#17",
"text": "Jude Law was cast as Albus Dumbledore after director David Yates decided that the role should be played by a younger actor, not Michael Gambon (who played the role in six of the \"Harry Potter\" films). A number of other actors were considered, including Christian Bale, Benedict Cumberbatch, Mark Strong, and Jared Harris (son of Richard Harris, who played Dumbledore in the first two \"Harry Potter\" films).",
"title": "Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald"
},
{
"docid": "138483#0",
"text": "Richard St. John Harris (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in many films, appearing as Frank Machin in \"This Sporting Life\", for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, King Arthur in the 1967 film \"Camelot\" and the subsequent 1981 revival of the show. He played an aristocrat captured by Native Americans in \"A Man Called Horse\" (1970), a gunfighter in Clint Eastwood's Western film \"Unforgiven\" (1992), Emperor Marcus Aurelius in \"Gladiator\" (2000), and Albus Dumbledore in the first two \"Harry Potter\" films: \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (2001) and \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" (2002), the latter of which was his final film role. Harris had a number-one hit in Australia and Canada and a top ten hit in the United Kingdom, Ireland and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webb's song \"MacArthur Park\".",
"title": "Richard Harris"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45322#1",
"text": "Dumbledore was portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (known as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" in the USA) and \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\". After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining \"Harry Potter\" films. Jude Law portrayed Dumbledore in the prequel film \"\".",
"title": "Albus Dumbledore"
},
{
"docid": "163618#23",
"text": "In 2004, he began playing Albus Dumbledore, Hogwarts's headmaster in the third installment of J. K. Rowling's franchise, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", taking over the role after the death of Richard Harris. (Harris had also played Maigret on television four years before Gambon took that role.) Gambon reprised the role of Dumbledore in \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", which was released in November 2005 in the United Kingdom and the United States. He returned to the role again in the fifth film, 2007's \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\", and the sixth film, \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\". He appeared in the seventh film; \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Parts I and II\", released in two parts in 2010 and 2011. Gambon told an interviewer that, when playing Dumbledore, he does not \"have to play anyone really. I just stick on a beard and play me, so it's no great feat. I never ease into a role—every part I play is just a variant of my own personality. I'm not really a character actor at all...'\"",
"title": "Michael Gambon"
},
{
"docid": "17069410#8",
"text": "Several members of the Harry Potter film series lent their voices (some for the first time) to their characters in game. Among these, Bonnie Wright played Ginny Weasley, Warwick Davis played Professor Flitwick, and Tom Felton played Draco Malfoy.\nIn \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", Dumbledore prepares Harry for the final battle that he knows is fast approaching as Voldemort is tightening his grip on both the Muggle and wizarding worlds. Together they work to find the key to unlock Voldemort's defences, and to this end, Dumbledore recruits his old friend and colleague, the well-connected and unsuspecting bon vivant Professor Horace Slughorn, whom he believes holds crucial information.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "32645186#3",
"text": "In conjunction with the release of the \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" film in 2009, the organisation launched a \"What Would Dumbledore Do\" campaign, asking fans to tweet about the lessons they learned from Harry Potter's headmaster Albus Dumbledore using #dumbledore, attend the film release wearing a nametag with one thing Dumbledore taught them, and apply those lessons in their lives.",
"title": "Harry Potter Alliance"
},
{
"docid": "4830336#1",
"text": "McManus briefly played Aberforth Dumbledore in the fifth Harry Potter film, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" in 2007. He also had roles in \"Silver Dream Racer\" (1980), \"Just Ask for Diamond\" (1988), \"Buddy's Song\" (1991) and \"Easy Virtue\" (2008), and featured in the 2014 film \"Pride\", directed by Matthew Warchus.",
"title": "Jim McManus (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "45322#44",
"text": "The character of Albus Dumbledore has been compared to other archetypal \"wise old man\" characters. Dumbledore acts much like Merlin from \"The Sword in the Stone\", in the manner of an \"absent-minded professor\"; both Merlin and Dumbledore educate a story's main character in a castle. As writer Evelyn Perry notes, \"Dumbledore resembles Merlin both personally and physically; he is an avid lover of books and wisdom who wears flowing robes and a long, white beard.\" Dumbledore has also been compared with Gandalf from Tolkien's \"Lord of the Rings\". Dave Kopel draws comparisons between Rowling's writing and John Bunyan's \"The Pilgrim’s Progress\" and states that, among the Christian symbols that Rowling has used in her books, Dumbledore acts like \"the bearded God the Father\" figure in which Harry puts his faith to be saved from Voldemort and his servants. IGN also listed Dumbledore as their fifth favourite \"Harry Potter\" character, saying that \"[f]or a character that was introduced into popular culture a mere twelve years ago, it speaks volumes that Professor Dumbledore has already taken his place among the great mentor figures in literature and film\". IGN's Joe Utichi called Dumbledore his third favourite \"Harry Potter\" character, calling the revelation that he wasn't so \"infallible\" one of the most heartbreaking themes of the final book. Actor Michael Gambon received some criticism for his louder, more aggressive, portrayal of the character, who is depicted as exhibiting a more subdued, unflappable calm in the books. This has been attributed to Gambon's policy of not reading the source material from which his films are adapted.",
"title": "Albus Dumbledore"
},
{
"docid": "391371#11",
"text": "Cho was played by Scottish actress Katie Leung in the film series starting from the character's debut in \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\". In \"Order of the Phoenix\", she exposes Dumbledore's Army to Umbridge while under the influence of the Veritaserum potion, as opposed to her friend Marietta in the novel.",
"title": "Dumbledore's Army"
},
{
"docid": "45322#3",
"text": "The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he \"is the epitome of goodness.\" Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her, as he \"knows pretty much everything\" about the \"Harry Potter\" universe. Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets \"that he has always had to be the one who knew, and who had the burden of knowing. And he would rather not know.\" As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter, \"Dumbledore is a very wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life. He allows Harry to get into what he wouldn't allow another pupil to do, and he also unwillingly permits Harry to confront things he’d rather protect him from.\" In a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore \"more as a John Gielgud type, you know, quite elderly and – and quite stately.\" During his time as a student, Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House. Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old. However, on her website, she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881, making him either 115 or 116 when he died.",
"title": "Albus Dumbledore"
},
{
"docid": "2387806#75",
"text": "In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four \"Harry Potter\" books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900). Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" where characters from the book are specified as such. After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, and Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (titled \"\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"\" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as \"Home Alone\" and \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision.",
"title": "Harry Potter"
}
] |
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] |
2791
|
When was Vatican II?
|
[
{
"docid": "1801364#7",
"text": "In 1962, the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) convened, focusing on the social responsibility of Christians and on opening the Church to theological development and dialogue. Vatican II encouraged that sermons be translated and read to communities in their local languages and that the Church be more involved in addressing social problems, such as those occurring in Central and South America. For Ruiz, his participation in the Second Vatican Council allowed time for reflection on the decisions and actions carried out under his administration, which brought him a long way from the somewhat naïve enthusiasm which he’d had during his first years as bishop. It was Vatican II which inspired Ruiz to translate scripture into local indigenous languages and into practice, with an emphasis on inculturation.",
"title": "Samuel Ruiz"
},
{
"docid": "28134#0",
"text": "The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or , addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world. The council, through the Holy See, was formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and was closed under Pope Paul VI on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1965.",
"title": "Second Vatican Council"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32029278#35",
"text": "Tagle served from 1995 to 2001 as one of more than 50 members of the editorial board of the five-volume, 2,500-page \"History of Vatican II\". Completed after discussions at 14 international conferences with contributions from over 100 scholars, it is seen as the seminal work on the Second Vatican Council. It has been criticized by some conservatives for providing an overly progressive reading of the Council. Its principal editors, Alberto Melloni and Giuseppe Alberigo, are identified with the Bologna School of ecclesiastical history which views the Second Vatican Council as a \"rupture\" with the past, a position criticized by Pope Benedict XVI and others, who hold that Vatican II represents \"continuity\" with the past. Tagle's contribution, written in 1999 when he was not yet a bishop, was a 66-page chapter in the fourth volume of the \"History\" called \"A November Storm: The 'Black Week'\" which covered the final days of the Council's third session in 1964, when several actions by Pope Paul VI caused alarm among reform forces.",
"title": "Luis Antonio Tagle"
},
{
"docid": "24454707#21",
"text": "In late 1942, senior Italian officials first approached the Vatican with peace feelers. In the eyes of the Vatican, \"the neutrality of the Vatican, achieved at such cost, was paying a dividend at last\". When Mussolini sent his son-in-law, Count Ciano, as ambassador to the Vatican in 1943, the Germans and others speculated about the possibility of Ciano negotiating a separate peace. The British for their part doubted any such intentions and wanted nothing to do with Ciano.",
"title": "Vatican City in World War II"
},
{
"docid": "34686067#10",
"text": "He was in Rome on October 11, 1962 for Opening Day of the Second Vatican Council, and went on to chronicle that major event through 1965. His film \"The World of Vatican II\" covers the opening and closing of Vatican II; and is a literal \"travelogue in drawings\" of many countries where Catholicism was facing new challenges at that time; and how and by whom they were being met. He followed Papal journeys, Council activations, and ministries in the Church world through the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1990s, he was in Chicago and South Africa with the Parliament of the World's Religions. Drawings he made in South Africa were published by \"Notre Dame\" Magazine and accompanied an article by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in \"U.S. Catholic\" Magazine.",
"title": "Franklin McMahon"
},
{
"docid": "32697986#9",
"text": "Some 35 of the signers met at the St. Charles Hotel in Washington, D.C. on December 19, 1984, to determine a course of action. The meeting included 18 nuns of the Vatican 24. They said the Vatican, in its stern reaction, \"seeks to stifle freedom of speech and public discussion in the Roman Catholic Church and create the appearance of a consensus where none exists.\" The group issued a statement describing the current Church stance as not in the spirit of the Vatican II which said, \"Let there be unity in what is necessary, freedom in what is unsettled and charity in any case.\" Sister Donna Quinn, a past president of the National Coalition of American Nuns, said, \"We believe we have a right to speak out when we have a differing opinion, and this is something European men do not understand.\"",
"title": "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion"
},
{
"docid": "54390272#0",
"text": "The Second Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, was held in Vatican City from 24 November to 8 December 1985 on the topic of The Twentieth Anniversary of the Conclusion of the Second Vatican Council. The synod was a gathering of 165 bishops and other participants to celebrate, verify, and promote the council, also known as Vatican II. The participants evaluated the implementation of the changes heralded by Vatican II in the past, and discussed how best to apply them in the future. The bishops discussed topics including secularism, evangelization, the universal call to holiness, formation of seminarians, catechism, liturgy, communion, the role of the laity, ecumenism, the preferential option for the poor, and Catholic social teaching.",
"title": "Second Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops"
},
{
"docid": "24454707#23",
"text": "With the German occupation of Rome in 1943, after the fall of Mussolini, came rumors of a plot to kidnap the Pope; modern scholars are still at odds over the authenticity of such allegations. The Vatican City itself was never occupied; in fact, the chief concern within the Vatican was the potential for lawlessness in the period between the German and Allied occupation, not the potential for German occupation. However the Vatican Police Force in conjunction with the Swiss Guard maintained order.",
"title": "Vatican City in World War II"
},
{
"docid": "32408#17",
"text": "The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory. One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality. The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was: \"that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war\".",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "2452248#17",
"text": "When Pope John Paul II died on Saturday, April 2, 2005, Katie Couric and Matt Lauer anchored the weekend editions of \"Today\". Lauer anchored from Vatican City with Campbell Brown offering reports by his side. On the day of the Pope's death, Couric anchored a special report on a Vatican statement updating the Pope's dire condition and Lauer reported for the special report anchored by Brian Williams, when the Pope was officially declared dead. Lauer returned to New York City as Couric traveled to Vatican City to co-anchor coverage of the Pope's funeral with Williams.",
"title": "Weekend Today"
},
{
"docid": "50993468#9",
"text": "In 1960 Archbishop Luis Concha Córdoba entrusted the administration of the seminary to the Society of Saint-Sulpice, a religious order headquartered in France. The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, came to an end in December 1965 and produced noticeable changes in the way Catholic priests were being formed. In the years that followed, there was a significant decline in the number of vocations to the Catholic priesthood, and a large number of priests left the priesthood. At that time the Seminary of Bogotá became notable nationally because few dioceses in the time after Vatican II had enough vocations to support their own seminary. The seminary benefited from professors from foreign countries, as a result of its sponsorship by the Sulpicians, as well as seminarians from many different areas of Colombia, often places that could not support a seminary of their own. Indeed, from around 1965 until 1985, the seminary served students from the departments of Santander, Boyacá, Cauca, Amazonas, Putumayo, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Meta, and other regions. There were also seminarians from Venezuela, Peru and Central America.",
"title": "Major Seminary of Bogotá"
}
] |
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] |
2792
|
How old is Natalie Evans?
|
[
{
"docid": "44009954#0",
"text": "Natalie Jessica Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park, (born 29 November 1975) is a British Conservative Party politician serving as Leader of the House of Lords. She was made a life peer in 2014.",
"title": "Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4133032#6",
"text": "In 1999, Natalie reappears as a new self-confident business woman, running a dating agency. Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson), unaware of Natalie's history, uses her agency, \"Romantic Relations\". Despite Natalie's attempts to set Barry up with other female hopefuls, she eventually becomes attracted to him herself and they begin dating. Natalie's reappearance is met unfavourably by Bianca and fights ensue. However, they eventually call a truce and become friends again. Natalie's business does not prosper and closes soon after.\nDespite initial problems caused by Natalie's overbearing mother who tries to take over the wedding plans, Natalie and Barry marry on New Year's Eve in 1999, in a joint wedding with Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite). They live with Barry's father Roy Evans (Tony Caunter) and stepmother Pat Evans (Pam St. Clement) and are relatively happy until Natalie becomes pregnant. Preferring to concentrate on her career, and unable to make Barry realise how she feels, Natalie plans an abortion. When Barry comes to the clinic, pledging to support her decision, Natalie changes her mind and does not have the termination. Barry is overjoyed and agrees to give up work and look after the baby so she can work, giving birth to son Jack (Samuel and Joseph Timson) early in 2002—the birth is traumatic as Jack was born feet first. Motherhood is hard for Natalie; she begins to feel that she has two children, Jack and Barry. When Barry's half-brother, Nathan Williams (Doug Allen), moves in briefly, he makes Natalie an unsuspecting pawn in his vendetta. Determined to ruin Barry, Nathan tries to seduce Natalie and they kiss briefly but she soon realises that Nathan wants to ruin Barry and banishes him from their lives. Barry forgives Natalie; their marriage remains intact but Natalie grows increasingly unhappy with Barry's immaturity.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#0",
"text": "Natalie Evans (also Price) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Lucy Speed between 18 January 1994 and 10 May 2004. Natalie first appeared in January 1994, depicted initially as an unhappy, insecure teenager; she was among various regular characters brought in to increase the cast following the BBC's decision to increase episode output to 3 per week. She featured most often with the characters Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) and Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer); Natalie's affair with Ricky ending his relationship with Bianca was one of the prominent storylines aired in the Winter of 1995. Despite producers offering to extend Speed's contact, she opted to leave the serial in 1995.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#15",
"text": "After a four-year absence, Lucy Speed decided that she wanted to return to the series. She mentioned this to her former castmate Ross Kemp, who played Grant Mitchell in the serial and he initiated contact between Speed and then executive-producer, Matthew Robinson. Robinson had been thinking of introducing a new love-interest for the character Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson) and he had already considered the possibility that the love interest could be Natalie. Speed has commented “It was good timing. He thought I and the character fit the bill.” Natalie made her reappearance on-screen on 8 March 1999 and a relationship between the two characters was developed. A friendship was also re-established between the characters Natalie and Bianca in a special four-hander episode – although “the closeness was never quite the same”.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#16",
"text": "Natalie's relationship with Barry Evans- frequently described as a “bumbling buffoon” – was central to the character upon her return to the serial. Speed has explained her character's initial attraction to Barry: \"I think it has a lot to do with her childhood. Natalie really adored her dad but he couldn't put up with that horrible wife of his, Andrea… and so he walked out on the family. Andrea is a total nightmare control freak, and it says a lot about who Natalie is, why she had no confidence in herself. Her mother probably emotionally abused her. So Barry represented safety and a secure family environment…She feels safe with him and she felt she made the right choice at the time, although of course she was apprehensive about it.”",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#3",
"text": "At age 11 when she was in secondary school, Natalie met Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer). They became friends, but Bianca often sidelined her in favour of Tiffany Raymond (Martine McCutcheon), whom Bianca treated with more respect than Natalie. In fact, Tiffany joined Bianca in teasing Natalie. Natalie resented Tiffany and was pleased when she moved away after leaving school at 16 in 1993.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "12798000#1",
"text": "Natalie Evans (also Price) is played by Lucy Speed between 1994 and 2004. Natalie first appears in Januarye 1994, depicted initially as an unhappy, insecure teenager; she was among various regular characters brought in to increase the cast following the BBC's decision to increase episode output to 3 per week. She features most often with the characters Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) and Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer); Natalie's affair with Ricky ending his relationship with Bianca was one of the prominent storylines aired in the Winter of 1995. Despite producers offering to extend Speed's contact, she opted to leave the serial in 1995. Executive producer Matthew Robinson reintroduced the character in 1999 as a business woman and a love interest for Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson). Speed left once again in 2004, with Natalie departing in the wake of Barry's murder by Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks).",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1994)"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#11",
"text": "The character has been described by \"EastEnders\" author, Rupert Smith, as an “eternal victim” – a female character who endures much misfortune and misery, but lacks the “pluck” of her “feistier sisters”. Early on in her narrative, Natalie was shown to be an insecure and lonely individual– a “gloomy kid” from a broken family with an uncaring, criticising and resentful mother, Andrea (Cindy O'Callaghan). The character was often seen to be “shunted aside by stronger personalities”, such as her best friend Bianca – who was shown to bully and torment Natalie, telling her “that she was plain and wouldn't attract boys”, although in later years Natalie was shown to stand up to Bianca's bullying.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#23",
"text": "The storyline reached its climax in March 2003. On-screen the character's plans to abscond with Ricky and her son (on the night of her surprise birthday party) were thwarted by Barry's discovery of the affair – leading to a public confrontation between the three protagonists. Shaun Williamson who played Barry has commented “Barry is absolutely devastated as his whole life is ripped apart. He can’t believe Nat has betrayed him. He loves his life with Natalie and Jack, and would do anything to make it work as a family again. Losing Natalie is going to be really difficult for Barry, but I think the hardest thing will be losing his son.” The storyline signified the end of the characters’ three-year marriage and in a final plot twist Natalie opted to finish with Ricky and leave Walford alone, having discovered that he had recently slept with his ex-wife Samantha.",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "4133032#10",
"text": "The actress Lucy Speed – seventeen at the time – was chosen to play the part. Speed claims that she was cast due to her “cranky” attitude during her audition. She comments “I showed up there with an attitude, not giving ‘a stuff’ whether I got the damn part and they responded to that. They liked it, liked my feistiness, they thought it was the quality they were looking for...Natalie was a pretty gloomy kid, not a sunny show-biz kid which is all they'd been seeing until I walked through the door. So I got the part.”",
"title": "Natalie Evans"
},
{
"docid": "37106903#1",
"text": "The film begins on November 28, 1981 on Catalina Island, California, where 43-year-old Natalie Wood (Justine Waddell) falls off her yacht, \"Splendour\", and drowns. Flashing back to 1943, five-year-old, then named Natasha (Grace Fulton), grows up in a violent household in Santa Rosa, California. Her overbearing mother, Maria Gurdin (Alice Krige), is obsessed with making her daughter a film star. When a film is shooting in town, Maria arranges a role for Natasha. She kills a butterfly in order to get Natasha to cry on cue. Her performance impresses the director, Irving Pichel (John Noble), and a year later she reluctantly moves to Hollywood to start her career. Her mother dictates every career move, and gives her a new name: Natalie Wood. In 1946, Natalie is working on three films at a time, and is not allowed to enjoy spare time with her friends. Three years later, teenaged Natalie (Elizabeth Rice) is unable to prevent her neglected older sister, Olga (Leanne Simic), from leaving home. While working on the set of \"The Green Promise\", Natalie breaks her wrist. Fearing that her daughter will lose roles if she has it treated, Maria rejects medical help. Natalie's wrist does not heal properly as a result.",
"title": "The Mystery of Natalie Wood"
}
] |
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2793
|
What countries did the Anglo-Saxons inhabit?
|
[
{
"docid": "37780#121",
"text": "Outside Anglophone countries, both in Europe and in the rest of the world, the term \"Anglo-Saxon\" and its direct translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and other countries such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand – areas which are sometimes referred to as the Anglosphere. The term \"Anglo-Saxon\" can be used in a variety of contexts, often to identify the English-speaking world's distinctive language, culture, technology, wealth, markets, economy, and legal systems. Variations include the German \"Angelsachsen\", French \"Anglo-Saxon\", Spanish \"anglosajón\", Portuguese \"Anglo-saxão\", Russian \"англосаксы\", Polish \"anglosaksoński\", Italian \"anglosassone\", Catalan \"anglosaxó\" and Japanese \"Angurosakuson\". As with the English-language use of the term, what constitutes the \"Anglo-Saxon\" varies from speaker to speaker.",
"title": "Anglo-Saxons"
},
{
"docid": "37780#0",
"text": "The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century, and the direct ancestors of the majority of the modern British people. They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language; the cultural foundations laid by the Anglo-Saxons are the foundation of the modern English legal system and of many aspects of English society; the modern English language owes over half its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to the language of the Anglo-Saxons. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after their initial settlement and up until the Norman conquest.\nThe early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today, including regional government of shires and hundreds. During this period, Christianity was established and there was a flowering of literature and language. Charters and law were also established. The term \"Anglo-Saxon\" is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. In scholarly use, it is more commonly called Old English.",
"title": "Anglo-Saxons"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22368461#75",
"text": "Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo-Saxon settlement. These questions include: How many migrants were there? When did the \"Saxons\" gain political ascendency? What happened to the 'Romano-Brittonic' peoples in the south-east of Britain? The Anglo-Saxons were a mix of invaders, migrants and acculturated indigenous people. The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry. The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal, with scholars embracing the evidence for both migration and acculturation. Heinrich Härke explains the nature of this agreement: \"It is now widely accepted that the Anglo-Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent, but the outcome of insular interactions and changes. But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms\".",
"title": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain"
},
{
"docid": "9038381#1",
"text": "Germans have resided in the United Kingdom throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons were partly from what is now Northern Germany, and created the notion of England as a Germanic country. Likewise, the English language was descended from their dialects. The Anglo-Saxons arrived in what later became England from the 440s. Examples include the Hanseatic merchants of the Middle Ages and also the sixteenth-century Protestant refugees who emigrated to Great Britain to flee the instability caused by the religious wars following the Reformation. By the end of the seventeenth century, a significant German community had developed, consisting mostly of businessmen, mainly from Hamburg; sugar bakers and other economic migrants.",
"title": "Germans in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "12446#65",
"text": "The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in Anglo-Saxon (or English) displacement and cultural assimilation of the indigenous culture, the Brythonic-speaking British culture, causing the foundation of a new kingdom, England. As in what became England, indigenous Brythonic Celtic culture in some of the south-eastern parts of what became Scotland (approximately the Lothian and Borders region) and areas of what became the Northwest of England (the kingdoms of Rheged, Elmet, etc.) succumbed to Germanic influence c.600—800, due to the extension of overlordship and settlement from the Anglo-Saxon areas to the south. Cultural and linguistic assimilation occurred less frequently between the Germanic Anglo-Saxons and the indigenous people who resided in the Roman dominated areas of England, particularly in the regions that remained previously unconquered. Anglo-Saxons occupied Somerset, the Severn valley, and Lancaster by c. 700 where they remained dominant. Over time, the Anglo-Saxons, with their distinct culture and language, displaced much of the extant Roman influence of old.\nOn the European continent, the eastern remnant of Francia developed into the Kingdom of Germany, which became the most important part of the Holy Roman Empire proclaimed by Otto I in 962 AD. The Holy Roman Empire included all remaining Germanic-speaking groups from the 10th century. In the Late Medieval to Early Modern period, some groups split off the Empire before a \"German\" ethnicity had formed, consisting of Low Franconian (Dutch, Flemish) and Alemannic (Swiss) populations.",
"title": "Germanic peoples"
},
{
"docid": "3736#22",
"text": "At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.\nAnglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, for being Christianised—traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.",
"title": "British Isles"
},
{
"docid": "37780#13",
"text": "What happened to the indigenous Brittonic people is also subject to question. Heinrich Härke and Richard Coates point out that they are invisible archaeologically and linguistically. But based on a fairly high Anglo-Saxon figure (200,000) and a low Brythonic one (800,000), Brythonic people are likely to have outnumbered Anglo-Saxons by at least four to one. The interpretation of such figures is that while \"culturally, the later Anglo-Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British, . . . their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British\". The development of Anglo-Saxon culture is described by two processes. One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia, North Africa and parts of the Islamic world, where a powerful minority culture becomes, over a rather short period, adopted by a settled majority.",
"title": "Anglo-Saxons"
},
{
"docid": "37688819#3",
"text": "Most of southern, eastern and central England has shown a somewhat close genetic similarity with modern populations in the Low Countries, Germany and Denmark, which has been interpreted as representing a major contribution by peoples originally from Germany or Denmark such as the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians, Franks, later Danes and the previous Belgae Celts who had inhabited the same areas of Britain, or prior immigrants from before the aforementioned peoples arrived while the populations of areas such as Wales and southwestern England are closer to populations of modern-day western France \n\"'We might be seeing the result of Anglo-Saxon invasions pushing other peoples down into Cornwall or Wales,' Bruce Winney suggests. 'Or we might be seeing how Britain was recolonised after the ice ages. The West of our islands may have been peopled by movement up the coastal areas from Atlantic-facing Europe, whilst the southeast was influenced by pre-Anglo-Saxon movements from the area that now spans Denmark to Belgium. These patterns may then have been reinforced by the Anglo-Saxon invasions much later.'\"",
"title": "People of the British Isles"
},
{
"docid": "9652708#4",
"text": "Following the virtual abandonment of the Roman city, the area's strategic location on the River Thames meant that the site was not deserted for long. From the late 5th century, Anglo-Saxons began to inhabit the area.",
"title": "Anglo-Saxon London"
},
{
"docid": "19097669#8",
"text": "In this sub-Roman Britain, as Anglo-Saxon culture spread across southern and eastern Britain and Gaelic through much of the north, the demonym \"Briton\" became restricted to the Brittonic-speaking inhabitants of what would later be called Wales, Cornwall, North West England (Cumbria), and parts of Scotland such as Strathearn, Morayshire, Aberdeenshire and Strathclyde. In addition the term was also applied to Brittany in what is today France and Britonia in north west Spain, both regions having been colonised by Britons in the 5th century fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island. The \"Historia Brittonum\" claimed legendary origins as a prestigious genealogy for Brittonic kings, followed by the \"Historia Regum Britanniae\" which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the Kings of England.",
"title": "British people"
}
] |
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] |
2794
|
What place has the most rainfall?
|
[
{
"docid": "19009110#59",
"text": "Cherrapunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is the confirmed wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of . The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was in 1861. The 38-year average at nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is . The wettest spot in Australia is Mount Bellenden Ker in the north-east of the country which records an average of per year, with over of rain recorded during 2000. The Big Bog on the island of Maui has the highest average annual rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands, at .Mount Waiʻaleʻale on the island of Kauaʻi achieves similar torrential rains, while slightly lower than that of the Big Bog, at of rain per year over the last 32 years, with a record in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth, with a reported 350 days of rain per year. \nLloró, a town situated in Chocó, Colombia, is probably the place with the largest rainfall in the world, averaging per year. The Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendaó, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest estimated places on Earth, averaging per year; in 1974 the town received , the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendaó receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. Quibdó, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: per year. Storms in Chocó can drop of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than what falls in many cities in a year's time.",
"title": "Rain"
},
{
"docid": "2009032#1",
"text": "Cherrapunji has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but for now nearby Mawsynram currently holds that distinction. Cherrapunji still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however: it received in July 1861 and between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.",
"title": "Cherrapunji"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25678212#19",
"text": "The annual average rainfall maxima across the continent lie across the northwest from northwest Brazil into northern Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, then along the Atlantic coast of the Guyanas and far northern Brazil, as well as within the southern half of Chile. Lloró, a town situated in Chocó, Colombia, is probably the place with the largest measured rainfall in the world, averaging 13,300 mm per year (523.6 in). In fact, the whole Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendo, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest places on earth, averaging 11,394 mm per year (448 in); in 1974 the town received 26,303 mm (86 ft 3½ in), the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendo receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. The months of January and February have somewhat less frequent storms. On average, Tutunendo has 280 days with rainfall per year. Over ⅔ of the rain (68%) falls during the night. The average relative humidity is 90% and the average temperature is 26.4 °C. Quibdó, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: per year. Storms in Chocó can drop 500 mm (19.7 in) of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than falls in many cities in a year's time. The Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina.",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
},
{
"docid": "754800#8",
"text": "Although no rain gauge exists on the mountain, data at nearby Mount Bellenden Ker suggest an annual average rainfall of around , and an estimated potential maximum as high as , both of which would make the mountain one of the wettest places in the world. Even in what constitutes the \"dry\" in most of tropical Australia, rainfall on the summit is very heavy at around in May and in August, whilst in the wettest month of March estimated averages are as high as and maxima around . Calculations based on available lowland data (from Innisfail, Cairns and Port Douglas) would suggest \"daily\" rainfalls could have been potentially as high as during a cyclone in 1911 - which if accurate would be the highest daily rainfall in the world.",
"title": "Mount Bartle Frere"
},
{
"docid": "84358#35",
"text": "Rainfall amounts can vary greatly across the United Kingdom: generally the further west and the higher the elevation, the greater the rainfall. The mountains of Wales, Scotland, the Pennines in Northern England and the moors of South West England are the wettest parts of the country, and in some of these places as much as of rain can fall annually, making these locations some of the wettest in Europe. The wettest spot in the United Kingdom is Crib Goch, in Snowdonia, which has averaged rain a year over the past 30 years. Most rainfall in the United Kingdom comes from North Atlantic depressions which roll into the country throughout the year from the west or southwest and are particularly frequent and intense in the autumn and winter. They can on occasions bring prolonged periods of heavy rain, and flooding is quite common.",
"title": "Climate of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "450825#4",
"text": "The town has 900 mm precipitation per year, the highest annual rainfall of any Lesotho district capitals. From the nearby Indian Ocean clouds move up almost daily, so that in Qacha's Nek fog often prevails. In the summer, the average temperature is 17 °C. Because of its climate, Qacha's Nek is green longer than most other places in Lesotho every year, and is very refreshing. There is an increasing population of fauna like snails, and the place has always had several species of rare flora.",
"title": "Qacha's Nek"
},
{
"docid": "10015662#2",
"text": "Villa Puerto Edén has an extremely wet subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfc\") and is widely reputed to be the place in the world with the highest frequency of rainfall, though according to Guinness World Records the highest frequency of rain in a year occurred at Bahia Felix, a little further south, with only eighteen rainless days in the whole of 1916. The annual rainfall is almost exactly equal to that of Little Port Walter in the similarly wet Alaska Panhandle, but is more evenly spread across the year, with a minimum average monthly rainfall of as against in Little Port Walter.",
"title": "Villa Puerto Edén"
},
{
"docid": "18955693#9",
"text": "Mean annual rainfall in the country ranges from although most places in Vietnam receive between . The majority of rainfall occurs during the rainy season, which is responsible for 80%–90% of the annual precipitation. Generally, northern parts of the country receive more rainfall than southern parts of the country. Islands located in the north general receive less rainfall than the adjacent mainland while in the south, this is reversed where islands such as Phu Qouc receive more rainfall than the adjacent mainland. The annual average number of rainy days ranges from 60–200 in which most days have rainfall averaging less than . The amount of rainy days in a month usually corresponds with the mean monthly precipitation although in the north and north central coast, drizzle is common in winter (despite being the drier season), leading to higher amounts of rain days. For example, there are more rainy days in the drier season during winter in Yen Bai Province due to drizzle than there are rainy days in the main rainy season. Drizzle is a weather phenomenon that is characteristic of the weather in winter in the north and north central coast. Days with thunderstorms occur 20–80 days per year, which are more common in the south and north, and more common in mountainous areas than coastal delta. Thunderstorms can occur year round although they are the most common during the rainy season. In the highest peaks in the north in Sa Pa, Tam Dao, and Hoang Lien Son, snowfall can occur.",
"title": "Climate of Vietnam"
},
{
"docid": "3887151#5",
"text": "The quantity of rainfall during the year is relatively small, between 600–750 mm. The reasons for this are the geographical position(the place where Bogdanci is located), the distance from the sea, the temperatures and the frequently winds are the most important factor for this little quantity of rain, because they clear the clouds of the sky. November and December are also known as months of the rain. During the summer (June, July, August and September the quantity of rain is the smallest for the whole year). From this we can see that the rainfall is bigger during the vegetation and it goes down when the vegetation is gone, which is pretty bad for the agriculture. The snow (fall) is less than the rainfall. There are around 9 days during the whole year, that the snow cover stays on the earth. The part of the snow in the entire quantity of rainfall() is 7.5%. There are around 55 ice days during the year in bogdanci. The ice, during the vegetation period has a negative influence. The hail is rare, and they appears in the spring (march, April, may).",
"title": "Bogdanci"
},
{
"docid": "11876534#4",
"text": "The district has an average annual rainfall of 8 metres. A peak rainfall in the highlands is realised of over 10 metres. Olsobip, one of the northernmost settlements in the district, is probably one of the wettest places on earth, a fact that cannot be established scientifically, due to the absence of a weather station. The district is landlocked, and is heavily reliant on its high rainfall for shipping.",
"title": "North Fly District"
},
{
"docid": "10906237#13",
"text": "In Hawaii, Mount Waiʻaleʻale (\"Waialeale\"), on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall. It has the highest average annual rainfall on Earth, with per year. Storm systems affect the region with heavy rains between October and March. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (\"Koolau\") and leeward (\"Kona\") regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east-to-northeast trade winds and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover. On the island of Oahu, clouds and often rain can usually be observed around the windward mountain peaks, while the southern parts of the island (including most of Honolulu and Waikiki) receive dramatically less rainfall throughout the year.",
"title": "Precipitation types"
}
] |
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] |
2795
|
How much did The Last House on the Left gross?
|
[
{
"docid": "21001056#19",
"text": "On its opening day, \"The Last House on the Left\" grossed $5,630,345, on 2,800 screens across 2,402 theaters, putting it slightly ahead of \"Watchmen\", the previous weekend's top film, with approximately $5,304,344. From March 13 - 15, \"The Last House on the Left\" took in an additional $5,318,215 and $3,170,125, respectively, to round out its opening weekend with $14,118,685. By comparison, the 1972 original earned an estimated $3.1 million, in unadjusted dollars, during its entire box office run. Adjusting for inflation, that would be approximately $16,468,225 in 2009. As of August 18, 2009 the film has grossed $45,286,226 worldwide.",
"title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)"
},
{
"docid": "461335#1",
"text": "Craven's directorial debut, the film was made on a modest budget of $87,000, and was filmed in New York City and rural Connecticut in 1971. It was released theatrically in the United States on August 30, 1972, and was a major box office success, grossing over $3 million domestically. Although its confrontational violence resulted in its being heavily censored and sometimes banned in other countries, the film was generally well received by critics. The film was remade under the same title in 2009.",
"title": "The Last House on the Left (1972 film)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21001056#2",
"text": "The film was released on March 13, 2009. \"The Last House on the Left\" was met with mixed reviews from critics. Audience opinion ranked the film at a \"B\" level, from a scale of \"A to F\"; the film would ultimately gross $45,286,228 worldwide.",
"title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)"
},
{
"docid": "21001056#1",
"text": "The film rights were picked up by Rogue Pictures in 2006, with the remake being the first film produced by Wes Craven's new production studio Midnight Pictures. Craven, who wrote and directed the 1972 original, was interested to see what kind of film could be produced on a large budget, as the limited funds in 1972 forced him to eliminate scenes he had wanted to film to tell a complete story. Alleca's original script included elements of the supernatural, which prompted the studio to reject it and bring in Ellsworth to perform a rewrite. One of the elements director Iliadis wanted to avoid with this film, given its graphic nature, was turning it into torture porn — a subgenre of horror popularized by the \"Saw\" franchise. For Craven and Iliadis, \"The Last House on the Left\" primarily illustrates how even the most normal of families can be driven to evil acts if pushed too far.",
"title": "The Last House on the Left (2009 film)"
},
{
"docid": "280738#64",
"text": "\"The Last Hurrah\", (Columbia, 1958), again set in present-day of the 1950s, starred Spencer Tracy, who had made his first film appearance in Ford's \"Up The River\" in 1930. Tracy plays an aging politician fighting his last campaign, with Jeffrey Hunter as his nephew. Katharine Hepburn reportedly facilitated a rapprochement between the two men, ending a long-running feud, and she convinced Tracy to take the lead role, which had originally been offered to Orson Welles (but was turned down by Welles' agent without his knowledge, much to his chagrin). It did considerably better business than either of Ford's two preceding films, grossing $950,000 in its first year although cast member Anna Lee stated that Ford was \"disappointed with the picture\" and that Columbia had not permitted him to supervise the editing.",
"title": "John Ford"
},
{
"docid": "1570843#17",
"text": "The film premiered on July 22, 1977, in Tucson, Arizona, where it earned $2 million by October 1977, the same month the film gained a wider release. \"The Hills Have Eyes\" ultimately earned $25 million, and was a greater box office success than \"The Last House on the Left\". Craven noted that the film managed to break box office records at some of the individual theaters that it opened in. The film's gross was impeded by the financial success of the Burt Reynolds film \"Smokey and the Bandit\" (1977). Locke characterized the film as neither a huge hit nor a box office bomb, and was pleased with the amount of money it generated.",
"title": "The Hills Have Eyes (1977 film)"
},
{
"docid": "21407645#4",
"text": "\"The Last of the Knucklemen\" grossed $180,000 at the box office in Australia, which is equivalent to $703,800 in 2009 dollars. Reviews however were strong. Burstall:\nI don't think they knew how to market it. A lot of women said to me, 'I'd never go to a picture that had the title The Last of the Knucklemen'. But nobody ever looked at it as an analysis of the way men work. It's a right-wing view of unionism.",
"title": "The Last of the Knucklemen"
},
{
"docid": "461335#7",
"text": "Sean S. Cunningham made his directorial debut with the white coater film \"The Art of Marriage\". His film grossed $100,000 and attracted the company Hallmark Releasing (unaffiliated with Hallmark Cards Inc.). Cunningham made the film \"Together\" as a \"better version\" of film. Wes Craven, who had no money at the time, was put on the job of synchronizing dailies for Cunningham's re-shoot. He soon began editing the film with Cunningham and they became good friends. Hallmark Releasing bought the film for $10,000 and it was considered a \"hit.\" Hallmark Releasing wanted them to do another film with a bigger budget and gave them $90,000 to shoot a horror film.",
"title": "The Last House on the Left (1972 film)"
},
{
"docid": "17729627#12",
"text": "The event did a 0.55 pay-per-view buyrate, just above average for WCW's core PPV audience at the time. The show did double the business of the previous month's WCW pay-per-view, Battlebowl, with Starrcade considered a mild success due to being the last of four consecutive monthly pay-per-views, an unusual practice at the time. As highly promoted as Starrcade was, it only drew about 15-20,000 more buys than poorly promoted WCW pay-per-views earlier in the year. The live event gross was $65,000 and the pay-per-view gross for WCW and Turner was $1.35 million. Paid attendance was about 7,000, with 1,000 comps, and a large amount of $8 tickets sold.",
"title": "Starrcade (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "2029825#32",
"text": "The film broke the Memorial Day weekend record with $102,750,665 in its four-day opening weekend. The film's release was also a new single-day record for Friday openings. The opening weekend gross was surpassed six weeks later by \"\", making \"The Last Stand\"'s opening the second-highest of 2006. Internationally, \"The Last Stand\" topped the box office in 26 countries with a total gross of $76.1 million overall, but suffered competition from \"The Da Vinci Code\", which retained the top spot in most markets, and beat \"The Last Stand\" in international gross that weekend with $91 million. The film's second weekend dropped 67 percent to $34 million, which was the steepest post-Memorial Day opening drop on record. \"X-Men: The Last Stand\" eventually grossed $234,362,462 in the domestic box office and $224,997,093 internationally, for a worldwide total of $459,359,555, the fourth-highest in domestic grosses and seventh-highest worldwide for 2006. \"X-Men: The Last Stand\" was also the highest-grossing film in the franchise, until it was surpassed by \"X-Men: Days of Future Past\" eight years later.",
"title": "X-Men: The Last Stand"
}
] |
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] |
2796
|
Where is Herzegovina?
|
[
{
"docid": "21105835#0",
"text": "Herzegovina ( or ; Serbo-Croatian: \"Hercegovina\", Херцеговина, ) is the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. While there is no official border distinguishing it from the Bosnian geographical region, it is sometimes asserted that the borders of the region are Dalmatia to the southwest, Montenegro to the east, Mount Maglić to the northeast, and Mount Ivan to the north. Measurements of the area range from , or around 22% of the total area of the present-day country, to , around 24% of the country.",
"title": "Herzegovina"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "845769#13",
"text": "The West Herzegovina Canton has a central location in Herzegovina, and as such has favorable traffic characteristics. The future route of the motorway of the E73 corridor, where there is also a connection with the A1 motorway from Dubrovnik to Zagreb, which means the entire West Herzegovina Canton in encircled by two EU corridors, the E73 and the E65. The crossroad of these corridors is in the hinterland of Ploče port, making the Canton of West Herzegovina the \"portal of the South East Europe\".",
"title": "West Herzegovina Canton"
},
{
"docid": "6322234#0",
"text": "East Herzegovina (, Источна Херцеговина) is the eastern part of the historical Herzegovina region in Bosnia and Herzegovina, east of the Neretva river, part of the Republika Srpska entity. Major towns are Trebinje, Nevesinje, Foča and Bileća, predominantly inhabited by ethnic Serbs (see Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina). West Herzegovina is the western part, west of the Neretva river, and is today administratively part of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton and West Herzegovina Canton, predominantly inhabited by ethnic Croats, located in the Federation of B&H entity. The easternmost parts of historical Herzegovina (the Duchy of St. Sava and Sanjak of Herzegovina) lie in Montenegro, in so-called \"Old Herzegovina\", which became part of the Principality of Montenegro in 1878. In 1991, local ethnic Serbs of the region declared the territory of SAO East Herzegovina independent and joined other Serb territories into Republika Srpska by 1992. The meso-region has since been named Trebinje Region (Regija Trebinje/).",
"title": "East Herzegovina"
},
{
"docid": "32456301#0",
"text": "ǂHaba (ǂHabá) is a variety of the Khoe languages spoken in Botswana. Traditionally included in the Gǁana dialect cluster, it appears to be closer to Naro. It is endangered, with most ǂHaba speaking Naro.",
"title": "ǂHaba language"
},
{
"docid": "34025570#0",
"text": "The Croatian Coalition was the coalition of two Croat parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990 and Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This coalition was involved in Bosnia and Herzegovina general election, 2010 where it ran for seats and parliament and presidential election.\nThey main opposition was coalition which was formed by Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Peasant Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina - New Croatian Initiatieve and Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina.",
"title": "Croatian Coalition (2010)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "7823019#0",
"text": "Ňagov is a village and municipality in the Medzilaborce District in the Prešov Region of far north-eastern Slovakia.",
"title": "Ňagov"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "711738#0",
"text": "ǂʼAmkoe, formerly called by the dialectal name ǂHoan (Eastern ǂHȍã, ǂHûân, ǂHua, ǂHû, or in native orthography \"ǂHȍȁn\"), is a severely endangered Kxʼa language of Botswana. West ǂʼAmkoe, Taa (or perhaps the Tsaasi dialect of Taa), and Gǀui form the core of the Kalahari Basin sprachbund, and share a number of characteristic features, including some of the largest consonant inventories in the world. ǂʼAmkoe was shown to be related to the Juu languages by Honken and Heine (2010), and as a result was classified along with the !Kung language in the Kxʼa language group.",
"title": "ǂʼAmkoe language"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
}
] |
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] |
2797
|
What was the largest Viking ship?
|
[
{
"docid": "30404950#0",
"text": "Draken Harald Hårfagre () is a large Viking longship built in the municipality of Haugesund, Norway. \"Draken Harald Hårfagre\" brings the seafaring qualities of a warship from the old Norse sagas to life. It is a ship that combines ocean-crossing sailing capabilities with a warship's use of oars.",
"title": "Draken Harald Hårfagre"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "723505#0",
"text": "The Gokstad ship is a 9th-century Viking ship found in a burial mound at Gokstad in Sandar, Sandefjord, Vestfold, Norway. It is currently on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway.\nIt is the largest preserved Viking ship in Norway.",
"title": "Gokstad ship"
},
{
"docid": "3228043#1",
"text": "The museum is most famous for the completely whole Oseberg ship, excavated from the largest known ship burial in the world. Other \nmain attractions at the Viking Ship Museum are the Gokstad ship and Tune ship. Additionally, the Viking Age display includes sledges, beds, a horse cart, wood carving, tent components, buckets and other grave goods.",
"title": "Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)"
},
{
"docid": "3840160#3",
"text": "The Viking Ship Museum overlooking the inlet of Roskilde Fjord was built in 1969 with the main purpose of exhibiting the five newly discovered Skuldelev ships. In the late 1990s, excavations for the shipyard expansion of the museum uncovered a further 9 ships from the Viking Age and early medieval period. It is the largest discovery of prehistoric ships in Northern Europe and includes the longest Viking warship ever found; the \"Roskilde 6\" at 36 metres. The excavations are not yet completed.",
"title": "Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)"
},
{
"docid": "44563788#10",
"text": "Expansion of Viking settlements in the 9th and 10th centuries was due to exploration of rivers. The ships used by these Norsemen were essential to this exploration and allowed expansion and colonization. The traditional Viking ship is believed to be a \"Gokstad\" ship. It was close to 28 meters long and five meters wide. These long narrow ships could accommodate 50–60 seamen who powered the ship by rowing. The ships were built from strong oak, and split with axes so the grain in between the ship's planks meshed together. Pine was also a material that was used to build ships. Typically, in western and northern Norway, Vikings would use pine to build their ships, but it would depend on the areas's resources. There was a relatively short mast that was used for gathering speed rather than steering, which was instead accomplished with a single rudder in the stern. These boats are known to draft close to a meter of water. Viking longships were built with speed and resilience in mind, which allowed Norse builders to craft strong yet elegant ships. This can also relate to early \"hit-and-run\" Viking raid tactics, which they needed fast ships to execute with. Later adaptations of these \"long ships\" were built with a deeper hull for transporting goods, but what they added in hull depth and durability they sacrificed in speed and mobility.",
"title": "Viking raid warfare and tactics"
},
{
"docid": "18622103#2",
"text": "In 2000, Viking purchased KD River Cruises of Europe, which brought Viking's fleet total to 26, making it the largest river cruising fleet in the world. The company revamped the ships, aiming for its target demographic of older North Americans who wanted to see the world simply; the lack of frills like gyms and pools, and the standardization, also maximized the number of people the ships could accommodate and Viking's profit. The company also partnered that year with sales agents in the UK, and the US, and opened its own sales office in California. It hired its first marketing firm the next year, focusing on North America. The company expanded into China in 2004 with Yangtze River cruises. By 2007 it was operating 23 ships in Europe, Russia, and China. In 2009, Viking started to use ships with hybrid diesel-electric engines that the company said use an estimated 20% less fuel than conventional engines.",
"title": "Viking Cruises"
},
{
"docid": "178269#9",
"text": "The Gokstad Ship, Norway's largest preserved Viking ship, was discovered during an excavation at Gokstad Mound in 1880. The Vikings first settled here due to its speedy route from Sandefjord and along the coast. Viking settlements and grave sites dating to the 1400s have been discovered in Sandefjord.",
"title": "Sandefjord"
},
{
"docid": "230387#5",
"text": "During the 1970s Viking expanded greatly and overtook Silja Line as the largest shipping consortium on the Northern Baltic Sea. Between 1970 and 1973 Slite and Sally took delivery of five nearly identical ships built at Meyer Werft Germany, namely MS \"Apollo\" and MS \"Diana\" for Slite, and MS \"Viking 1\", MS \"Viking 3\" and MS \"Viking 4\" for Sally. MS \"Viking 5\", delivered in 1974, was an enlargened version of the same design. These so-called Papenburg sisters can be considered to be one of the most successful ships designs of all times (the shipyard built three additional sisters of the original design for Transbordadores for ship services in Mexico: \"Coromuel\", \"Puerto Vallarta\" and \"Azteca\"). In 1973 Viking Line started service on the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route, directly competing with Silja Line for the first time. The next year Sally began Viking Line traffic between Helsinki and Stockholm. For the next decade this route stayed in their hands, whereas on other routes the three companies operated together.",
"title": "Viking Line"
},
{
"docid": "3296743#0",
"text": "SS \"Viking\" was a wooden-hulled sealing ship made famous by its role in the 1931 film \"The Viking\". During her use in the seal hunt in Newfoundland, the ship was commissioned by the film crew. During production, an explosion destroyed the ship, resulting in the largest loss of life of a film production crew in film history.\nIn 1881, \"Viking\" was built by the Nylands Shipyard at Christiania, Norway, the same location where another famous Newfoundland vessel, \"Southern Cross\", was constructed. \"Viking\" was a vessel of 310 gross tons and equipped with a auxiliary engine. She was launched in 1882 from the Nylands Shipyard.",
"title": "SS Viking"
},
{
"docid": "10120316#0",
"text": "Havhingsten fra Glendalough (\"The Sea Stallion from Glendalough\" or just \"Sea Stallion\") is a reconstruction of \"Skuldelev 2\", one of the Skuldelev ships and the second-largest Viking longship ever to be found. The original vessel was built in the vicinity of Dublin around 1042, using oak from Glendalough in County Wicklow, Ireland, hence the ship's name. The reconstruction was built in Denmark at the shipyard of the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde between 2000 and 2004 and is used for historical research purposes.",
"title": "Havhingsten fra Glendalough"
},
{
"docid": "57130894#0",
"text": "Myklebustskipet is the remains of a burned Viking ship that was found in a burial mound in the farm Myklebust in Nordfjordeid, Norway. Only the nails are intact, but from the number of the nails the ship may have been at least 25 meters long, perhaps the largest Viking ship that has been found in Norway so far. There were found sound stitches, mastering and a lot of shields in the burial mound, which was excavated in 1874 by the archaeologist Anders Lorange.",
"title": "Myklebust Ship"
}
] |
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] |
2798
|
How old is George Strait?
|
[
{
"docid": "169979#0",
"text": "George Harvey Strait Sr. (born May 18, 1952) is an American country music singer, songwriter, actor, and music producer. George Strait is known as the \"King of Country\" and is considered one of the most influential and popular recording artists of all time. He is known for his neotraditionalist country style, cowboy look, and being one of the first and main country artists to bring country music back to its roots and away from the pop country era in the 1980s.",
"title": "George Strait"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "169979#33",
"text": "In October 2012, Strait released the single \"Give It All We Got Tonight\", which was included on his album \"Love Is Everything\", released on May 14, 2013. The song initiated a \"60 for 60\" movement by Strait's label, to make the song his sixtieth number-one single on all country charts while he was still 60 years old. The song reached the top of the \"Mediabase\" charts in May 2013. The album's next single \"I Believe\" reached No. 50 on The U.S. Country Airplay chart, making it Strait's first single to miss the Top 40. Strait won the 2013 CMA Entertainer of the Year award.",
"title": "George Strait"
},
{
"docid": "16117865#0",
"text": "Troubadour is the twenty-fifth studio album by American country music singer George Strait. It was released on April 1, 2008 (see 2008 in country music) on MCA Nashville Records. The album comprises twelve tracks, including two duets. The lead-off single, \"I Saw God Today\", was the highest-debuting single of Strait's career, and his forty-third Number One on the \"Billboard\" country charts. The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA. At the 51st Grammy Awards, \"Troubadour\" earned the Grammy Award for Best Country Album, the first Grammy win of Strait's career. The album was intended to include the song \"Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven\", but after Strait decided not to include it on the album, it was later recorded by Kenny Chesney, and was released as the first single from his album \"Lucky Old Sun\".",
"title": "Troubadour (George Strait album)"
},
{
"docid": "169979#16",
"text": "Strait and his family were struck with tragedy when his 13-year-old daughter, Jenifer, was killed in a one-car, non-alcohol-related accident. She was riding in a Ford Mustang driven by Gregory Wilson Allen, 18, of Staples, Texas. Allen was subsequently charged with a Class A misdemeanor for vehicular homicide. Mike Cox, spokesman for the Texas Department of Public Safety in Austin, said, \"The responding trooper determined the cause of accident to be excessive speed and that the car did not negotiate the turn properly. Jenifer was riding in the front passenger seat, and none of the four occupants was wearing seat belts at the time. When the vehicle flipped over onto its passenger's side, Jenifer was partially ejected, killing her on impact. The incident caused Strait to greatly limit his contact with the media. He stopped doing interviews for many years after the accident as he and his family did not wish to discuss Jenifer's death.",
"title": "George Strait"
},
{
"docid": "38919257#6",
"text": "However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that the release \"isn't necessarily ambitious,\" but at the same time \"it is remarkably satisfying.\" Roughstock's Dan MacIntosh alluded to how that \"much like the old saying about how the worst day of fishing is always better than the best day of work, even a subpar George Strait album is likely better than much of what’s heard on today’s radio.\" At Taste of Country, Billy Dukes evoked that the effort is \"hampered by a strong sameness.\"",
"title": "Love Is Everything (George Strait album)"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "169979#6",
"text": "He grew up in nearby Pearsall, in Frio County, where his father was a junior high school mathematics teacher and the owner of a cattle ranch outside of Big Wells, Texas. The family worked at the ranch on the weekends and in the summers. When George was in the fourth grade, his father and mother were divorced, and his mother moved away with his sister, Pency. George and his brother John Jr. (1950–2009), were raised by their father.",
"title": "George Strait"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
}
] |
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] |
2799
|
What does a population mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "22949#0",
"text": "In biology, a population is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area where inter-breeding is potentially possible between any pair within the area, and where the probability of interbreeding is greater than the probability of cross-breeding with individuals from other areas.",
"title": "Population"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4358807#12",
"text": "In his paper, \"Content Ex Machina\" Bach argues against over-interpreting what he labels the \"contextualist platitude\" which he defines as: “Generally what a speaker means in uttering a sentence, even if the sentence is devoid of ambiguity, vagueness, or indexicality, goes beyond what the sentence means.” Bach asserts that context does not establish meaning but is merely one of several conversational principles. He states that “context does not determine (in the sense of constitute), but merely enables the hearer to determine (in the sense of ascertain) what the speaker means.” Context provides constraints on what a speaker can reasonably mean and on what a hearer can reasonably interpret a speaker to mean. “contextualist platitude” does not preclude the “older picture of language and communication” and “a fairly standard semantic-pragmatic distinction.” Pragmatic considerations and context do not contribute to the content of what is said. Bach admits that there is meaning in utterances beyond the semantic content of a sentence, but he maintains that context does not determine speaker meaning but rather constrains how a speaker can expect to be understood and helps the hearer understand what is said. “We need the level of locutionary act and, correlatively, a strict, semantic notion of what is said in order to account for (the content of) what a speaker does in uttering a sentence independently of whatever communicative intention (if any) he has in uttering it and regardless of how the content of that intention may depart from the semantic content of the sentence.”",
"title": "Kent Bach"
},
{
"docid": "42712106#0",
"text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.",
"title": "X̂"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "258680#0",
"text": "Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is \"ĥo\" (pronounced ).",
"title": "Ĥ"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#0",
"text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "3217319#0",
"text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).",
"title": "Ơ"
},
{
"docid": "2513714#0",
"text": "The letter Ʊ (minuscule: ʊ), called Latin upsilon, is a letter of the Latin alphabet. While its form superficially resembles an upside-down capital Greek letter omega (), it is derived from the Greek lowercase upsilon (υ).",
"title": "Ʊ"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "14596479#0",
"text": "Ẑ is a Latin script letter, the letter Z with a circumflex, used for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ѕ in ISO 9 family of transliteration standards. The lower case version of the letter is ẑ.",
"title": "Ẑ"
},
{
"docid": "377207#0",
"text": "Nǁng or Nǁŋǃke, commonly known by the name of its dialect Nǀuu (Nǀhuki), is a moribund Tuu (Khoisan) language once spoken in South Africa. It is no longer spoken on a daily basis, as the speakers live in different villages. The dialect name ǂKhomani is used for the entire people by the South African government, but the descendents of ǂKhomani-dialect speakers now speak Khoikhoi. As of January 2013, only three speakers of the Nǀuu dialect and two of the ǁʼAu dialect remain.",
"title": "Nǁng language"
}
] |
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] |
2801
|
How many bananas do Americans consume each year?
|
[
{
"docid": "46408565#0",
"text": "Commercial banana production in the United States is relatively limited in scale and economic impact. While Americans eat of bananas per person per year, the vast majority of the fruit is imported from other countries, chiefly Central and South America, where the US has previously occupied areas containing banana plantations, and controlled the importation of bananas via various fruit companies, such as Dole and Chiquita.",
"title": "Banana production in the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14710084#3",
"text": "Although a small number of banana plants still exist in greenhouses and produce fruit every year, Iceland imports nearly all of the bananas consumed in the country, with imports now amounting to over 18 kg \"per capita\" \"per annum\". The Agricultural University of Iceland maintains the last such farm with 600-700 banana plants in its tropical greenhouse, which were received as donations from producers when they shut down (then the \" Horticultural College\"). Bananas grown there are consumed by the students and staff and are not sold.",
"title": "Banana production in Iceland"
},
{
"docid": "931370#29",
"text": "Yam, coffee, chocolate, banana, mango, papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, 40 million tons of bananas were consumed worldwide each year, along with 13 million tons of mango. Central American coffee exports were worth US$3 billion in 1970. Much of the genetic variation used in evading the damage caused by new pests is still derived from resistant wild stock. Tropical forests have supplied 250 cultivated kinds of fruit, compared to only 20 for temperate forests. Forests in New Guinea alone contain 251 tree species with edible fruits, of which only 43 had been established as cultivated crops by 1985.",
"title": "Tropical rainforest"
},
{
"docid": "7510188#2",
"text": "Banana prices had gone up little in 20 years. A United Nations study had concluded that no more than seventeen cents of each United States dollar spent by North Americans on bananas went to producing countries. At the time the banana trade was highly concentrated with only three US companies participating: United Brands Company (formerly United Fruit), Standard Fruit, and the Del Monte Corporation.",
"title": "Union of Banana Exporting Countries"
},
{
"docid": "222700#21",
"text": "The USDA states that the average American will consume 160 pounds of sugar each year; almost a half-pound of sugar per day. One of the most prevalent ways that sugar is consumed is through drinks. Most people do not notice the amount of sugar that one given drink can have.",
"title": "Gatorade"
},
{
"docid": "47959478#3",
"text": "Since 1974, 800,000 bottles of Banana Flavored Milk are sold each day in Korea and around 6 billion bottles have been sold across the country. According to Binggrae, 150 billion Korean won worth of these bottles have been sold in 2014 only. The bottle's design is said to be inspired by traditional Korean jars. According to the company, it initially came up with a polystyrene bottle to differentiate its product from glass bottles and plastic packages that were prevalent milk containers in 1970s. The bottle has an overhanging lip which prevents the milk from dripping onto the drinker's face. Banana Flavored Milk got its flavor because the Korean government wanted to encourage Korean citizens to drink more milk. At the time Binggrae introduced its product, bananas were expensive and considered a luxury. They believed consumers would be enticed to purchase their milk for a taste of the fruit.",
"title": "Banana Flavored Milk"
},
{
"docid": "49791284#2",
"text": "In 2012 the volume of global gross banana exports reached a record high of , 1.1 million tonnes (or 7.3 percent) above 2011 level.\nBananas are the most popular fruit in the United States, with more consumed annually than apples and oranges combined.\nIn spite of the multitude of banana species across the world, even only taking into account the cultivated ones, industrial production is dominated by the Cavendish banana.",
"title": "Banana industry"
},
{
"docid": "11979055#2",
"text": "Bananas are a popular fruit consumed worldwide with a yearly production of over 165 million tonnes in 2011. Once the peel is removed, the fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and the peel is generally discarded. Because of this removal of the banana peel, a significant amount of organic waste is generated.",
"title": "Banana peel"
},
{
"docid": "14710084#1",
"text": "In 1941, the first bananas in Iceland were produced. They have been produced since that time, about 100 clusters a year each about 5–20 kg, but are not currently sold. In the wake of World War II, the combination of inexpensive geothermal power (which had recently become available) and high prices for imported fruit led to the construction of a number of greenhouses where bananas were produced commercially from 1945 to as late as 1958 or 1959. In 1960, the government removed import duties on fruit. Domestically grown bananas were no longer able to compete with imported ones and soon disappeared from the market. Icelandic banana production was much slower due to low levels of sunlight; Icelandic bananas took two years to mature, while it only takes a few months near the equator.",
"title": "Banana production in Iceland"
},
{
"docid": "20811083#0",
"text": "Banana production in Brazil accounts for approximately 10% of the entire world banana production, making Brazil a major banana-producing country in the world. Production has steadily increased over the years, rising from 5.4 million tonnes in 1997 to almost 7 million tonnes in 2007. In 2000, Brazil was fourth, behind India, Uganda and Ecuador, in banana production. By 2006, Brazil became the second largest banana-producer, behind only India, followed by China, Ecuador and the Philippines. Most of the bananas produced are consumed domestically. Gross exports has increased from 12.5 thousand tonnes in 1995 to more than 220 thousand tonnes in 2002 and 2003, mostly to neighbours Argentina and Uruguay, but these figures are still far behind industry leaders such as Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Philippines and Colombia which export more than a million tonnes of bananas annually.",
"title": "Banana production in Brazil"
}
] |
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2802
|
Do you need a visa to enter Ukraine?
|
[
{
"docid": "26482500#2",
"text": "For traveling to certain countries, Ukrainians do not need to use a passport, as they may use their Ukrainian identity card or internal passport.\nDocuments which give the right to leave Ukraine and to enter Ukraine and certify the identity of a citizen of Ukraine while staying abroad are:It's important to know, that the special rules of arriving in a particular country should be studied carefully. Thus, in most countries that do not require visas or issue visas, upon arrival you must have a passport, which is valid for at least 3 months from of arrival to this country.",
"title": "Visa requirements for Ukrainian citizens"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#0",
"text": "Visitors to Ukraine must obtain a visa from one of the Ukrainian diplomatic missions or online unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "39520337#8",
"text": "The Academy accepts the citizens of foreign countries who have an education that meets high school level in Ukraine. For postgraduate school foreign citizens with master's degree (or Ukrainian equivalent) are accepted. Foreign citizens admission is based on intergovernmental agreements, foreign trade agreements, contracts between the Academy and foreign organizations, institutions and individuals. To arrive in Ukraine you must apply for Ukrainian visa at the Embassy or Consulate of Ukraine in your country. You can get the Ukrainian visa only when you receive the invitation from our Academy and the visa support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.",
"title": "Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture"
},
{
"docid": "5612265#67",
"text": "EU sanctions against Russia related to its military intervention in eastern Ukraine have been extended until July, 2016. On 1 January 2016, the DCFTA entered into force.On 22 November 2010 the European Council and Ukraine announced \"an action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel\". This roadmap outlined major improvements in Ukrainian border control, migration and asylum policies. According to \"The Wall Street Journal\", for the EU, \"the visa-free regimes are a key tool for binding their neighbors closer and for advancing reforms in those countries\". Negotiations for an amendment to the 2007 Visa Facilitation agreement, which expanded the subset of individuals eligible for simplified visa procedures to include students, NGO representatives and holders of official passports, were finalised in December 2011, and the Visa Facilitation Agreement was ratified by the Verkhovna Rada on 22 March 2013. On 18 April 2013 the European Parliament followed suit, and the European Council finalised the agreement on 13 May 2013. In December 2011 former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych expected negotiations for full visa-free travel to be completed by the end of 2014. The European Commission stated in November 2013 that Ukraine must strengthen its anti-discrimination laws before the visa-free regime is established. The Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) adopted the remaining four bills needed for the transition to the second (implementation) phase of the Visa Liberalisation Action Plan in May 2014 (including bills on improving anti-discrimination laws). When addressing MPs before the vote on these bills Verkhovna Rada Chairman and acting President Oleksandr Turchynov predicted then that \"the visa-free regime will be introduced by the end of this year\". However, Ukraine should have adopted bills that addresses for six conditions needed for the fulfilment of the Visa Liberalization Action Plan before 15 December 2015. On that day the EU will decide whether the country will get the visa-free regime in 2016. In December 2015, the Commission issued a progress report that found that Ukraine met all the conditions for its citizens be granted visa free travel to the Schengen Area. The European Commission formally proposed Ukraine be granted visa free travel in April 2016. This was later delayed by the EU, postponing the possible date of an agreement to September 2016. The Committee of Permanent Representatives gave its approval in November 2016. Visa-free scheme, that will allow Ukrainians with a biometric passport to visit the Schengen Area for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period, would come into force once it is agreed and formally adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council. In December, the EU agreed that European Commission or an EU state will be able to suspend the visa waiver for Ukrainians for up to nine months in case of emergencies such as if \"[Ukraine fails] to cooperate in taking back illegal migrants, there’s a spike in the number of asylum applications, or a security issue arises\". The visa-free regime deal was agreed by the EU Parliament and Council on 28 February 2017, approved by the MEPs on 6 April and by the European Council on 11 May. It entered into force on 11 June 2017.",
"title": "Ukraine–European Union relations"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#13",
"text": "Ukrainian citizens can enter most of the countries whose citizens are granted visa-free access to Ukraine without a visa but they require a visa for Canada, Ireland, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom and the United States.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
},
{
"docid": "25965216#2",
"text": "Emirati citizens do not need a visa to enter other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and also have the right to work in those countries. Similarly, citizens of other GCC states, with the current exception of Qatar, do not need a visa to enter the UAE. GCC citizens (with the exception of Qataris) can use a GCC national identity card (rather than a passport) to enter the UAE.",
"title": "Visa requirements for Emirati citizens"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#1",
"text": "Citizens of the following 5 countries can enter Ukraine without a visa for an indefinite stay.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#7",
"text": "Visa on arrival facility was terminated on 1 January 2019. Previously holders of passports of eligible countries could enter Ukraine by obtaining a visa on arrival at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport for a stay up to 15 days.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#10",
"text": "The Autonomous Republic of Crimea was annexed by Russian Federation after its military intervention of 2014. \nOn 4 June 2015 the Government of Ukraine has adopted the resolution No. 367 \"About the statement of the Order of entrance on temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine and departure from the territory\". According to the document, entrance of foreigners and persons without citizenship on temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine and departure from the territory is carried out through checkpoints according to passport documents and the special permission given by territorial authority, which, however, is not issued to regular visitors. Hence, most foreigners can only enter Crimea from Russia, whereby no border control is carried out and no trace of the entry left in the person's passport. Nevertheless, if somehow discovered doing this, such as by trying to enter \"mainland\" Ukraine from Crimea, Ukrainian law provides that tourists having entered Crimea from Russia can face an entry ban and/or imprisonment.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
},
{
"docid": "11949053#14",
"text": "On 24 August 2018 the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel during her meeting with the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan said “Georgian and Ukrainian citizens don’t need visa to enter the European Union, and we will do everything possible to reach visa liberalisation with Armenia as well.”",
"title": "Armenia–European Union relations"
},
{
"docid": "27632777#2",
"text": "Holders of passports of the following 65 jurisdictions can enter Ukraine without a visa for a stay up to 90 days within any 180 day period, except where otherwise noted.",
"title": "Visa policy of Ukraine"
}
] |
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] |
2803
|
How many Nazi concentration camps were there in Poland?
|
[
{
"docid": "16354915#32",
"text": "A network of slave-labour camps – 457 complexes with dozens of subsidiary camps, scattered over a broad area of German-occupied Poland – exploited to the fullest the labor of their prisoners, in many cases working inmates to their death. At the Gross-Rosen concentration camp (to which Polish nationals were brought in from the annexed part of Poland) the number of subcamps was ninety seven (97). Under Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Auschwitz III (Monowitz) with thousands of prisoners each, the number of satellite camps was forty-eight (48). Stutthof concentration camp had forty (40) subcamps officially and as many as 105 subcamps in operation, some as far as Elbląg, Bydgoszcz and Toruń, from the main camp. The \"Deutsche Reichsbahn\" acquired new infrastructure in Poland worth in excess of 8,278,600,000 złoty, including some of the largest locomotive factories in Europe, the H. Cegielski – Poznań renamed DWM, and Fablok in Chrzanów renamed \"Oberschlesische Lokomotivwerke Krenau\" as well as the locomotive parts factory Babcock-Zieleniewski in Sosnowiec renamed Ferrum AG later tasked with making parts to V-1 i V-2 rockets also. Under the new management, formerly Polish companies began producing German engines BR44, BR50 and BR86 as early as 1940 with the use of slave labor.",
"title": "Economy of Nazi Germany"
},
{
"docid": "512508#1",
"text": "German-occupied Poland contained 457 camp complexes. Some of the major concentration and forced labour camps consisted of dozens of subsidiary camps scattered over a broad area. At the Gross-Rosen concentration camp (to which Polish nationals were expelled from the annexed part of Poland) the number of subcamps was 97. Under Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Auschwitz III (Monowitz) with thousands of prisoners each, the number of satellite camps was 48; their detailed descriptions are provided by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Stutthof concentration camp had 40 subcamps officially and as many as 105 subcamps in operation, some as far as Elbląg, Bydgoszcz and Toruń, at a distance of from the main camp.",
"title": "German camps in occupied Poland during World War II"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5230286#101",
"text": "From 1934 to 1939 the government of Poland established a camp for the internment of political opponents, Ukrainian nationalists and Communists in Bereza Kartuzka (now in Belarus).During World War II, Nazi Germany established many of its concentration camps in Poland. After World War 2, the Soviet Army and the Communist government of Poland used some of the former German concentration camps as POW camps and they were later used as internment camps where Polish opponents of the Communists and the Soviets, as well as Ukrainians and ethnic Germans or their sympathizers, were imprisoned.",
"title": "List of concentration and internment camps"
},
{
"docid": "42685705#17",
"text": "A network of Nazi concentration camps were established on German-controlled territories, many of them in occupied Poland, including one of the largest and most infamous, Auschwitz (Oświęcim). Those camps were officially designed as labor camps, and many displayed the motto \"Arbeit macht frei\" (\"Work brings freedom\"). Only high-ranking officials knew that one of the purposes of some of the camps, known as extermination camps (or death camps), was mass murder of the undesirable minorities; officially the prisoners were used in enterprises such as production of synthetic rubber, as was the case of a plant owned by IG Farben, whose laborers came from Auschwitz III camp, or Monowitz. Laborers from concentration camps were literally worked to death. in what was known as extermination through labor.",
"title": "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)"
},
{
"docid": "514725#21",
"text": "Though most Nazi concentration and extermination camps were destroyed after the war, some of them were turned into permanent memorials. In Communist Poland, some camps such as Majdanek, Jaworzno, Potulice and Zgoda were used by the Soviet NKVD to hold German prisoners of war, suspected or confirmed Nazis and Nazi collaborators, anti-Communists and other political prisoners, as well as civilian members of the German-speaking, Silesian and Ukrainian ethnic minorities. Currently, there are memorials to the victims of both Nazi and communist camps at Potulice; they have helped to enable a German-Polish discussion on historical perceptions of World War II. In East Germany, the concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen were used for similar purposes. Dachau concentration camp was used as a detention centre for the arrested Nazis.Organization",
"title": "Nazi concentration camps"
},
{
"docid": "39106700#0",
"text": "The Catholic Church in Poland was brutally suppressed by the Nazis during the German Occupation of Poland (1939-1945). Repression of the Church was at its most severe in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, where churches were systematically closed and most priests were either killed, imprisoned, or deported. From across Poland, thousands of priests died in prisons and concentration camps; thousands of churches and monasteries were confiscated, closed or destroyed; and priceless works of religious art and sacred objects were lost forever. Church leaders were targeted as part of an overall effort to destroy Polish culture. At least 1811 Polish clergy died in Nazi concentration camps. An estimated 3000 clergy were killed in all. Hitler's plans for the Germanization of the East saw no place for the Christian Churches.",
"title": "Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland"
},
{
"docid": "42685705#32",
"text": "Aside from being sent to Nazi concentration camps, most ethnic Poles died through shelling and bombing campaigns, mass executions, forced starvation, revenge murder, ill health, and slave labour. Along with Auschwitz II-Birkenau, the main six extermination camps in occupied Poland were used predominantly to exterminate Jews. Stutthof concentration camp was used for mass extermination of Poles. A number of civilian labour camps (\"Gemeinschaftslager\") for Poles (\"Polenlager\") were established inside Polish territory. Many Poles died in German camps. The first non-German prisoners at Auschwitz were Poles who were the majority of inmates there until 1942 when the systematic killing of the Jews began. The first killing by poison gas at Auschwitz involved 300 Poles and 700 Soviet prisoners of war. Many Poles and other Central and Eastern Europeans were also sent to concentration camps in Germany: over 35,000 to Dachau, 33,000 to the camp for women at Ravensbrück, 30,000 to Mauthausen and 20,000 to Sachsenhausen.",
"title": "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)"
},
{
"docid": "512508#3",
"text": "Before the September 1939 Nazi German–Soviet Invasion of Poland, the concentration camps built in the Third Reich held mainly German Jews and political enemies of the Nazi regime. Everything changed dramatically with the onset of World War II. The Nazi concentration camps (\"Konzentrationslager\", KL or KZ) set up across the entire German-occupied Europe were redesigned to exploit the labor of foreign captives and prisoners of war at high mortality rate for maximum profit. Millions of ordinary people were enslaved as part of the German war effort. The Jewish Virtual Library estimates that the number of camps reached 15,000 eventually, using civilians arrested and ambushed at random in occupied countries. According to research by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conducted more recently, Nazi Germany created some 42,500 camps and ghettos in which an estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned and often pressed into slavery. All types of confinement were used as source of labour supply.",
"title": "German camps in occupied Poland during World War II"
},
{
"docid": "18671#41",
"text": "In Lesser Poland, like in all provinces of the occupied country, the Nazis ruled with savage brutality, killing hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, both Polish and Jewish (see: World War II crimes in Poland, Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland, Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles, German AB-Aktion in Poland, Sonderaktion Krakau). The Auschwitz concentration camp, located at the border of Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia, was opened on 14 June 1940, and on 1 October 1941, the Germans opened Majdanek concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin. The third concentration camp in Lesser Poland was in Kraków's district of Płaszów. In late 1939 and early 1940, in Lesser Poland's spa of Zakopane, and in Kraków, several Gestapo–NKVD Conferences took place, during which the mutual cooperation between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union was discussed.",
"title": "Lesser Poland"
},
{
"docid": "512508#13",
"text": "The Germans pressed large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews into forced labour. The labourers, imprisoned in German \"Arbeitslager\" camps and subcamps across Poland and the Reich, worked for a broad range of war-related industries from armaments production and electronics to army uniforms and garments. At most camps, including Buchenwald, the Poles and Polish Jews deported from Pomerania and Silesia were denied recognition as Polish nationals. Their true numbers can never be known. Only 35,000 Poles who were still alive in 1945 came back to Poland and registered as Buchenwald survivors, others remained in the West.\nThe Gross-Rosen population accounted for 11% of the total number of inmates in Nazi concentration camps by 1944, and yet by 1945 nothing remained of it due to death march evacuation. Auschwitz run about 50 subcamps with 130,000-140,000 Poles on record, used as slave labour. Over half of them perished there; others were shipped to other complexes. There were hundreds of \"Arbeitslager\" camps in operation, where at least 1.5 million Poles performed hard labour at any given time. Many of the subcamps were transient in nature, being opened and closed according to the labour needs of the occupier. There were also around 30 \"Polenlager\" camps among them, formally identified in Silesia as permanent (see list) such as Gorzyce and Gorzyczki. Many of the 400,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by Germans during the 1939 invasion of Poland were also imprisoned in these camps, although many of them were sent as forced labourers to the heartland of Germany. Several types of labor camps in this category were distinguished by German bureaucracy.",
"title": "German camps in occupied Poland during World War II"
}
] |
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] |
2804
|
What is the oldest steamboat still operating on the Mississippi?
|
[
{
"docid": "178690#46",
"text": "The \"Belle of Louisville\" is the oldest operating steamboat in the United States, and the oldest operating Mississippi River-style steamboat in the world. She was laid down as \"Idlewild\" in 1914, and is currently located in Louisville, Ky.",
"title": "Steamboat"
},
{
"docid": "334071#24",
"text": "The \"Belle of Louisville\" is the oldest operating Mississippi River-style steamboat and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1989. Previously named the \"Idlewild\" and \"Avalon\", the \"Belle\" is based in downtown Louisville, Kentucky.",
"title": "Paddle steamer"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "178690#47",
"text": "Five major commercial steamboats currently operate on the inland waterways of the United States. The only remaining overnight cruising steamboat is the 432 passenger \"American Queen\", which operates week-long cruises on the Mississippi, Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers 11 months out of the year. The others are day boats: they are the steamers \"Chautauqua Belle\" at Chautauqua Lake, New York, \"Minne Ha-Ha\" at Lake George, NY, operating on Lake George; the \"Belle of Louisville\" in Louisville, Kentucky, operating on the Ohio River; and the \"Natchez\" in New Orleans, Louisiana, operating on the Mississippi River. For modern craft operated on rivers, see the Riverboat article.",
"title": "Steamboat"
},
{
"docid": "178690#69",
"text": "Built in 1856, PS \"Skibladner\" is the oldest steamship still in operation, serving towns along lake Mjøsa in Norway.",
"title": "Steamboat"
},
{
"docid": "12084927#6",
"text": "\"River Queen\" was still operating in 1910 on the Potomac River, by that time among the oldest side-wheelers still in service. In July 1911, newspapers reported the burning of the \"River Queen\" \"to the water's edge\" following the explosion of a signal lantern on board. The press reported that \"For the past year or two the \"River Queen\" has been used as an excursion boat for Negroes.\"",
"title": "River Queen (steamboat)"
},
{
"docid": "15912690#0",
"text": "The Mississippi Queen was the second-largest paddle wheel driven river steamboat ever built, second only to the larger \"American Queen\". The ship was the largest such steamboat when she was built in 1976 by the Delta Queen Steamboat Company at Jeffboat in Indiana and was a seven-deck recreation of a classic Mississippi riverboat. She was later owned by the Majestic America Line. The \"Mississippi Queen\" had 206 state rooms for a capacity of 412 guests and a crew of 157. It was 116 meters (382 ft) long, 21 meters (68 ft) wide, and displaces 3,709 metric tonnes (3,364 tons).",
"title": "Mississippi Queen (steamboat)"
},
{
"docid": "14881496#1",
"text": "The Rogue River meets the Pacific Ocean at Gold Beach, and flows all the way from the Cascade Mountains. R. D. Hume was a pioneering businessman at Wedderburn and Gold Beach, then known as Ellensburg. By 1881, he had established a fish cannery and built a steam schooner, \"Mary D. Hume\", to support the cannery operation. Hume was still conducting steamboat operations on the Rogue River in 1901, and in that year, Capt. E.D. Burns built the sternwheel steamboat \"Rogue River\" in Portland, and brought her down the coast to compete against Hume's operation. \"Mary D. Hume\" passed through several owners and was still in operation as late as 1939, when she was the oldest commercial vessel in service in the Pacific Northwest.",
"title": "Steamboats of the Oregon Coast"
},
{
"docid": "18597120#57",
"text": "The ninth and current \"Natchez\", the \"Str. Natchez\", is a sternwheel steamboat based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Built in 1975, she is sometimes referred to as the \"Natchez IX\". She is operated by the New Orleans Steamboat Company and docks at the Toulouse Street Wharf. Day trips include harbor and dinner cruises along the Mississippi River.\nIt is modeled not after the original \"Natchez\", but instead by the steamboats \"Hudson\" and \"Virginia\". Its steam engines were originally built in 1925 for the steamboat \"Clairton\", from which the steering system and paddlewheel shaft also came. From the S.S. \"J.D. Ayres\" came its copper bell, made of 250 melted silver dollars. The bell has on top a copper acorn that was once on the \"Avalon\", now known as the \"Belle of Louisville\", and on the \"Delta Queen\". It also features a steam calliope, made by the Frisbee Engine Company, that has 32 notes. The wheel is made of white oak and steel, is by , and weighs 26 tons.[2] The whistle came from a ship that sank in 1908 on the Monagabola River. It was launched from Braithwaite, Louisiana. It is long and wide. It has a draft of six feet and weighs 1384 tons. It's mostly made of steel, due to United States Coast Guard rules.[3]\nIn 1982 the \"Natchez\" won the Great Steamboat Race, which is held every year on the Wednesday immediately before the first Saturday in May, as part of the Kentucky Derby Festival held in Louisville, Kentucky.[4] It has partaken in other races, and has never lost.[5] Those it has beaten include the \"Belle of Louisville\", the \"Delta Queen\", the \"Belle of Cincinnati\", the \"American Queen\", and the \"Mississippi Queen\".",
"title": "Steamboats of the Mississippi"
},
{
"docid": "19579#80",
"text": "Steamboat transport remained a viable industry, both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century. Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line, which, from 1859 to 1898, operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans.",
"title": "Mississippi River"
}
] |
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] |
2806
|
Where was the first Pteranodon fossil found?
|
[
{
"docid": "24825#31",
"text": "While the first \"Pteranodon\" wing bones were collected by Marsh and Cope in the early 1870s, the first \"Pteranodon\" skull was found on May 2, 1876, along the Smoky Hill River in Wallace County (now Logan County), Kansas, USA, by Samuel Wendell Williston, a fossil collector working for Marsh. A second, smaller skull soon was discovered as well. These skulls showed that the North American pterosaurs were different from any European species, in that they lacked teeth and had bony crests on their skulls. Marsh recognized this major difference, describing the specimens as \"distinguished from all previously known genera of the order Pterosauria by the entire absence of teeth.\" Marsh recognized that this characteristic warranted a new genus, and he coined the name \"Pteranodon\" (\"wing without tooth\") in 1876. Marsh reclassified all the previously named North American species from \"Pterodactylus\" to \"Pteranodon\". He considered the smaller skull to belong to \"Pteranodon occidentalis\", based on its size. Marsh classified the larger skull, YPM 1117, in the new species \"Pteranodon longiceps\", which he thought to be a medium-sized species in between the small \"P. occidentalis\" and the large \"P. ingens\". Marsh also named several additional species: Pteranodon comptus and \"Pteranodon nanus\" were named for fragmentary skeletons of small individuals, while \"Pteranodon gracilis\" was based on a wing bone that he mistook for a pelvic bone. He soon realized his mistake, and re-classified that specimen again into a separate genus, which he named \"Nyctosaurus\". \"P, nanus\" was also later recognized as a \"Nyctosaurus\" specimen.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#29",
"text": "\"Pteranodon\" was the first pterosaur found outside of Europe. Its fossils first were found by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870, in the Late Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of western Kansas. These chalk beds were deposited at the bottom of what was once the Western Interior Seaway, a large shallow sea over what now is the midsection of the North American continent. These first specimens, YPM 1160 and YPM 1161, consisted of partial wing bones, as well as a tooth from the prehistoric fish \"Xiphactinus\", which Marsh mistakenly believed to belong to this new pterosaur (all known pterosaurs up to that point had teeth). In 1871, Marsh named the find \"\"Pterodactylus oweni\"\", assigning it to the well-known (but much smaller) European genus \"Pterodactylus\". Marsh also collected more wing bones of the large pterosaur in 1871. Realizing that the name he had chosen had already been used for Harry Seeley's European pterosaur species \"Pterodactylus oweni\" in 1864, Marsh re-named his giant North American pterosaur Pterodactylus occidentalis, meaning \"Western wing finger,\" in his 1872 description of the new specimen. He also named two additional species, based on size differences: Pterodactylus ingens (the largest specimen so far), and Pterodactylus velox (the smallest).",
"title": "Pteranodon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24825#26",
"text": "It is likely that, as in other polygynous animals (in which males compete for association with harems of females), \"Pteranodon\" lived primarily on offshore rookeries, where they could nest away from land-based predators and feed far from shore; most \"Pteranodon\" fossils are found in locations which at the time, were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#24",
"text": "Specimens assigned to \"Pteranodon\" have been found in both the Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of the Niobrara Formation, and the slightly younger Sharon Springs deposits of the Pierre Shale Formation. When \"Pteranodon\" was alive, this area was covered by a large inland sea, known as the Western Interior Seaway. Famous for fossils collected since 1870, these formations extend from as far south as Kansas in the United States to Manitoba in Canada. However, \"Pteranodon\" specimens (or any pterosaur specimens) have only been found in the southern half of the formation, in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota. Despite the fact that numerous fossils have been found in the contemporary parts of the formation in Canada, no pterosaur specimens have ever been found there. This strongly suggests that the natural geographic range of \"Pteranodon\" covered only the southern part of the Niobrara, and that its habitat did not extend farther north than South Dakota.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#25",
"text": "Some very fragmentary fossils belonging to pteranodontian pterosaurs, and possibly \"Pteranodon\" itself, have also been found on the Gulf Coast and East Coast of the United States. For example, some bone fragments from the Mooreville Formation of Alabama and the Merchantville Formation of Delaware may have come from \"Pteranodon\", though they are too incomplete to make a definite identification. Some remains from Japan have also been tentatively attributed to \"Pteranodon\", but their distance from its known Western Interior Seaway habitat makes this identification unlikely.\n\"Pteranodon longiceps\" would have shared the sky with the giant-crested pterosaur \"Nyctosaurus\". Compared to \"P. longiceps\", which was a very common species, \"Nyctosaurus\" was rare, making up only 3% of pterosaur fossils from the formation. Also less common was the early toothed bird, \"Ichthyornis\".",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#13",
"text": "The diet of \"Pteranodon\" is known to have included fish; fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one \"Pteranodon\", and a fossilized fish bolus has been found between the jaws of another \"Pteranodon\", specimen AMNH 5098. Numerous other specimens also preserve fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso, indicating that fish made up a majority of the diet of \"Pteranodon\" (though they may also have taken invertebrates).",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#0",
"text": "Pteranodon (; from Greek πτερόν ( pteron, \"wing\") and ἀνόδων (anodon, \"toothless\") is a genus of pterosaur that included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 8 meters (26 feet). They lived during the late Cretaceous geological period of North America in present-day Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. More fossil specimens of \"Pteranodon\" have been found than any other pterosaur, with about 1,200 specimens known to science, many of them well preserved with nearly complete skulls and articulated skeletons. It was an important part of the animal community in the Western Interior Seaway.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#38",
"text": "\"Pteranodon\" fossils are known primarily from the Niobrara Formation of the central United States. Broadly defined, \"Pteranodon\" existed for more than four million years, during the late Coniacian to early Campanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The genus is present in most layers of the Niobrara Formation except for the upper two; in 2003, Kenneth Carpenter surveyed the distribution and dating of fossils in this formation, demonstrating that \"Pteranodon sternbergi\" existed there from 88 to 85 million years ago, while \"P. longiceps\" existed between 86 and 84.5 million years ago. A possible third species, which Kellner named \"Geosternbergia maysei\" in 2010, is known from the Sharon Springs member of the Pierre Shale Formation in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota, dating to between 81.5 and 80.5 million years ago.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "37799200#19",
"text": "The next year, O. C. Marsh led a paleontological expedition into the western United States on behalf of Yale University. Late that November they visited the area around Fort Wallace. Among the fossils found by Marsh's crew in western Kansas were the far ends of two pterosaur wing metacarpals. These were the first scientifically documented fossils of the pterosaur that would later be named Pteranodon. This formal naming occurred six years later, in 1876.",
"title": "History of paleontology in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "24825#43",
"text": "Because fossils identifiable as \"P. sternbergi\" are found exclusively in the lower layers of the Niobrara Formation, and \"P. longiceps\" fossils exclusively in the upper layers, a fossil lacking the skull can be identified based on its position in the geologic column (though for many early fossil finds, precise data about its location was not recorded, rendering many fossils unidentifiable).",
"title": "Pteranodon"
}
] |
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] |
2807
|
Is the Asian black bear the same as a Sun Bear?
|
[
{
"docid": "616975#55",
"text": "Along with sun bears, Asiatic black bears are the most typically used species in areas where bears are either used in performances or as pets. Asian black bears have an outstanding learning ability in captivity, and are among the most common species used in circus acts. According to Gary Brown:",
"title": "Asian black bear"
},
{
"docid": "616975#8",
"text": "Biologically and morphologically, Asiatic black bears represent the beginning of the arboreal specializations attained by sloth bears and sun bears. Asiatic black bears have karyotypes nearly identical to those of the five other ursine bears, and, as is typical in the genus, they have 74 chromosomes. From an evolutionary perspective, Asiatic black bears are the least changed of Old World bears, with certain scientists arguing that it is likely that all other lineages of ursine bear stem from this species. Scientists have proposed that Asiatic black bears are either a surviving, albeit modified, form of \"Ursus etruscus\", specifically the early, small variety of the Middle Villafranchian (Upper Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene) or a larger form of \"Ursus minimus\", an extinct species that arose 4,000,000 years ago. With the exception of the age of the bones, it is often difficult to distinguish the remains of \"Ursus minimus\" with those of modern Asiatic black bears.",
"title": "Asian black bear"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51054#4",
"text": "The ancestors of American black bears and Asian black bears diverged from sun bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asian species, though later specimens grew to sizes comparable to grizzly bears. From the Holocene to the present, American black bears seem to have shrunk in size, but this has been disputed because of problems with dating these fossil specimens.",
"title": "American black bear"
},
{
"docid": "399740#6",
"text": "Sloth bear fur is completely black (rusty for some specimens), save for a whitish Y- or V-shaped mark on the chest. This feature is sometimes absent, particularly in Sri Lankan specimens. This feature, which is also present in Asian black bears and sun bears, is thought to serve as a threat display, as all three species are sympatric with tigers (tigers usually do not carry out attacks on an adult bear if the bear is aware or facing the cat). The coat is long, shaggy, and unkempt, despite the relatively warm environment in which the species is found, and is particularly heavy behind the neck and between the shoulders, forming a mane which can be long. The belly and underlegs can be almost bare. Sloth bears are usually about the same size as an Asian black bear but are immediately distinctive for their shaggier coat, whitish claws, as well as their typically rangier build. Their head and mouth is highly distinct from that of a black bear with a longer, narrower skull shape (particularly the snout), loose-looking, flappier lips and paler muzzle colour. In few areas of overlap, sloth bear confusion with sun bears is unlikely, given the latter species considerably smaller size, much shorter fur, wrinkled folding skin (especially around the back), bolder chest marking and drastically different, more compact head structure and appearance.",
"title": "Sloth bear"
},
{
"docid": "616975#17",
"text": "The Asiatic black bear's range overlaps with that of sloth bears in central and southern India, sun bears in Southeast Asia and brown bears in the southern part of the Russian Far East. Ussuri brown bears may attack black bears, though Himalayan brown bears seem to be intimidated by the black species in direct encounters. They will eat the fruit dropped by black bears from trees, as they themselves are too large and cumbersome to climb.",
"title": "Asian black bear"
},
{
"docid": "616975#11",
"text": "Asiatic black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, and have on occasion produced hybrid offspring. According to Jack Hanna's \"Monkeys on the Interstate\", a bear captured in Sanford, Florida was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asiatic black bear and a male American black bear, and Scherren's \"Some notes on hybrid bears\" published in 1907 mentioned a successful mating between an Asiatic black bear and a sloth bear. In 1975, within Venezuela's \"Las Delicias\" Zoo, a female black bear shared its enclosure with a male spectacled bear, and produced several hybrid descendants. In 2005, a possible black bear–sun bear hybrid cub was captured in the Mekong River watershed of eastern Cambodia. An Asiatic black bear/brown bear hybrid, taken from a bile farm, is housed at the Animals Asia Foundation's China Moon Bear Rescue .",
"title": "Asian black bear"
},
{
"docid": "51054#2",
"text": "Despite living in North America, American black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5.05 million years ago (mya). American and Asian black bears are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than to the other modern species of bears. According to recent studies, the sun bear is also a relatively recent split from this lineage.",
"title": "American black bear"
},
{
"docid": "51054#24",
"text": "An American black bear has better eyesight and a better sense of hearing compared to humans. Their keenest sense is their sense of smell, which is about seven times greater than a domestic dog's. American black bears are excellent and strong swimmers, doing so for pleasure and to feed (largely on fish). They regularly climb trees to feed, escape enemies and hibernate. Four of the eight modern bear species are habitually arboreal (the most arboreal species, the American and Asian black bears and the sun bear, being fairly closely related). Their arboreal abilities tend to decline with age. American black bears may be active at any time of the day or night, although they mainly forage by night. American black bears living near human habitations tend to be more extensively nocturnal and American black bears living near brown bears tend to be more extensively diurnal. Their social behavior is somewhat similar to that of canids.",
"title": "American black bear"
},
{
"docid": "616975#12",
"text": "Asiatic black bears are diurnal, though they become nocturnal near human habitations. They may live in family groups consisting of two adults and two successive litters of young. They will walk in a procession of largest to smallest. They are good climbers of rocks and trees, and will climb to feed, rest, sun, elude enemies and hibernate. Some older bears may become too heavy to climb. Half of their life is spent in trees and they are one of the largest arboreal mammals. In the Ussuri territory in the Russian Far East, black bears can spend up to 15% of their time in trees. Asiatic black bears break branches and twigs to place under themselves when feeding on trees, thus causing many trees in their home ranges to have nest-like structures on their tops. Asiatic black bears will rest for short periods in nests on trees standing fifteen feet or higher. Asiatic black bears do not hibernate over most of their range. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows hibernate. Black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug out hollow trees (sixty feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes. They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asiatic black bears tend to den at lower elevations and on less steep slopes than brown bears. Female black bears emerge from dens later than do males, and female black bears with cubs emerge later than barren females. Asiatic black bears tend to be less mobile than brown bears. With sufficient food, Asian black bears can remain in an area of roughly 1–2 sq km, and sometimes even as little as 0.5–1 sq km.",
"title": "Asian black bear"
},
{
"docid": "616975#9",
"text": "Asiatic black bears are close relatives to American black bears, with which they share a European common ancestor; the two species are thought to have diverged 3,000,000 years ago, though genetic evidence is inconclusive. Both American and Asiatic species are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than other species of bear. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species. The first mtDNA study undertaken on Asiatic black bears suggested that the species arose after the American black bears, while a second study could not statistically resolve the branching order of sloth bears and the two black species, suggesting that these three species underwent a rapid radiation event. A third study suggested that American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged as sister taxa after the sloth bear lineage and before the sun bear lineage. Further investigations on the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence indicate that the divergence of continental and Japanese black bear populations might have occurred when bears crossed the land bridge between the Korean peninsula and Japan 500,000 years ago, which is consistent with paleontological evidence.",
"title": "Asian black bear"
}
] |
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] |
2808
|
Who is the highest paid player on the Washington Redskins?
|
[
{
"docid": "4723402#0",
"text": "Albert George Haynesworth III (born June 17, 1981) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons. He played college football at the University of Tennessee. Drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the first round (15th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft, he spent his first seven NFL seasons with the Titans. An All-Pro selection in 2007 and 2008, and considered \"the most dominant defensive tackle in the league\" at that time, Haynesworth was a highly coveted free agent following the 2008 season. He signed a seven-year, $100 million contract with the Washington Redskins in February 2009, but played less than two full seasons with Washington. The Redskins' acquisition of Haynesworth has since been widely derided as the worst free agent signing in NFL history.",
"title": "Albert Haynesworth"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1911579#12",
"text": "On December 16, 1945, in the 1945 NFL Championship Game, Waterfield led the Rams to a 15–14 victory over Sammy Baugh's Washington Redskins in below zero weather in Cleveland. One sports writer opined that Waterfield \"literally\" beat the Redskins \"singlehanded.\" Waterfield was responsible for both Cleveland touchdowns on passes of 37 and 44 yards, and his punts kept the Redskins pinned deep in their territory. Rams owner Dan Reeves announced that, before the game, Waterfield had signed a three-year contract for $20,000 per year, which made him the highest-paid player in pro football.",
"title": "Bob Waterfield"
},
{
"docid": "735304#9",
"text": "As expected, Baugh was drafted in the first round (sixth overall) of the 1937 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins, the same year the team moved from Boston. He signed a one-year contract with the Redskins and received $8,000, making him the highest paid player on the team.",
"title": "Sammy Baugh"
},
{
"docid": "1284267#53",
"text": "On April 26, 2013, the Packers and Rodgers agreed to a 5-year, $110 million contract extension making him the highest paid player in NFL history. The Packers began their 2013 season against the reigning NFC champions, the San Francisco 49ers, the team that also ended their playoff run the previous season. Rodgers went 21 for 37 in completions, 333 yards, three touchdowns and an interception in the 34–28 loss. The following week, Rodgers had a career-high 480 passing yards to tie the franchise record in the 38–20 home-opener win against the Washington Redskins. He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his effort against the Redskins. His 335 passing yards in the first half set a club record. He also became the first quarterback since Y. A. Tittle in 1962 to throw for at least 480 yards, four touchdowns and no interceptions in a game. For his performance he was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for Week 2. The following week, Rodgers saw his NFL record of 41 consecutive games without throwing multiple interceptions come to an end in a loss to the Bengals by the score of 34–30.",
"title": "Aaron Rodgers"
},
{
"docid": "24268296#1",
"text": "During his time with the Redskins, he set numerous franchise records and appeared in the 2017 Pro Bowl. After two years of being unable to agree with the Redskins on a long-term deal, signing two franchise tags in the process, he signed a three-year, fully guaranteed $84 million contract as a free agent with the Vikings in 2018. At the time, this deal made him the highest paid player on a per-year basis in NFL history.",
"title": "Kirk Cousins"
},
{
"docid": "35269134#23",
"text": "On April 22, 2016, two days after his release from the Panthers, Norman signed a five-year, $75 million deal with the Washington Redskins. The contract made him the highest paid cornerback in NFL history at the time, surpassing the contract Darrelle Revis signed with the New York Jets in 2015. During the team's training camp, Norman announced that he would appear regularly during that season's \"Fox NFL\" broadcast. In Week 3, Norman faced off against Odell Beckham Jr. and the New York Giants, which generated media attention due to their previous controversial matchup in 2015. He recorded his first interception as a Redskin against quarterback Cody Kessler in the Week 4 win over the Cleveland Browns. In a Week 16 win against the Chicago Bears, he recorded two interceptions on quarterback Matt Barkley. He started in every game during the season, finishing with 67 tackles, 19 passes defended, two forced fumbles, and three interceptions. After the season, he was ranked as the 59th best player by his peers in the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.",
"title": "Josh Norman"
},
{
"docid": "4231834#0",
"text": "Vernon Davis (born January 31, 1984) is an American football tight end for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers sixth overall in the 2006 NFL Draft. Upon entering the league, Davis signed a five-year, 23 million deal that made him the highest paid tight end at the time. In 2009, Davis co-led the NFL in touchdown receptions.",
"title": "Vernon Davis"
},
{
"docid": "41378767#3",
"text": "Prior to the 2014 season, three Redskins were voted onto the NFL Network's Top 100 Players of 2014. Pierre Garçon was voted by his peers as the 80th best player overall in the league while DeSean Jackson and Trent Williams landed at spots 63 and 60, respectively. While Williams improved in rank from #99 in 2013, teammates Robert Griffin III and Alfred Morris, who were voted 15th and 64th the previous season, did not make the 2014 list.",
"title": "2014 Washington Redskins season"
},
{
"docid": "8509953#9",
"text": "The Redskins made Gilbert their franchise player, but rather than sign the one-year $3.4 million tender offer, Gilbert sat out the 1997 season. After the 1997 season the Redskins again made Gilbert a franchise player, this time offering a one-year contract for $2.97 million (the average of the 5 highest paid DTs). Gilbert objected and asked for arbitration saying the Redskins did not have the right to place their franchise player tag on him for a second straight year. On March 17, 1998, the NFLPA and the NFL had an all-day hearing to resolve the case.",
"title": "Sean Gilbert"
},
{
"docid": "407078#18",
"text": "After Graham's potential replacements struggled during the 1955 training camp and preseason, Brown convinced Graham to come back and play one more year. He was offered a salary of $25,000 ($ today), making him the highest-paid player in the NFL. The Browns lost the opener against the Washington Redskins, but went on to a 9–2–1 regular-season record and another chance at a championship. Graham threw two touchdowns and ran for two more as the Browns beat the Rams 38–14. When Brown took Graham out of the game in the fourth quarter, the crowd in the Los Angeles Coliseum gave him a standing ovation. It was the final performance of a 10-year career in which Graham's team reached the championship each year and won seven. \"Nothing would induce me to come back\", he said later. He was the NFL's passing leader and Most Valuable Player in 1955. He also won the Hickok Belt, awarded to the best professional athlete of the year. Without Graham, the Browns floundered the following year and posted a 5–7 record, their first-ever losing season.",
"title": "Otto Graham"
},
{
"docid": "2638064#8",
"text": "Fueling Peters' angst was that he was only the third highest-paid offensive lineman on the team despite being the Bills' only Pro Bowl blocker. Before the 2007 season, Buffalo gave two sizable contracts to free agent offensive linemen. Left guard Derrick Dockery was lured away from the Washington Redskins with a 7-year, $49 million contract with $18 million signing bonus, the third largest in NFL history at his position. Right tackle Langston Walker came in from the Oakland Raiders, signing a 5-year, $25 million contract with a $10 million bonus. When comparing Peters to players on other teams, the Seattle Seahawks' left tackle, Walter Jones, the NFC's starting left tackle in last year's Pro Bowl, was under a contract signed in 2005 for $50 million over seven years. However, Jones was a five-time Pro Bowl selection prior to signing his 2005 contract, while Peters had been selected to only one Pro Bowl.",
"title": "Jason Peters"
}
] |
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] |
2809
|
How did Paul I of Russia die?
|
[
{
"docid": "148206#1",
"text": "Paul remained overshadowed by his mother for most of his life. His reign lasted four years, ending with his assassination by conspirators. He adopted the laws of succession to the Russian throne—rules that lasted until the end of the Romanov dynasty and of the Russian Empire. He also intervened in the French Revolutionary Wars and, toward the end of his reign, added Kartli and Kakheti in Eastern Georgia into the empire which was confirmed by his son and successor Alexander I.",
"title": "Paul I of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "148206#0",
"text": "Paul I (; \"Pavel Petrovich\") ( – ) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. Officially, he was the only son of Peter III and Catherine the Great, though Catherine hinted that he was fathered by her lover Sergei Saltykov, who also had Romanov blood, being a descendant of the first Romanov tsar's sister, Tatiana Feodorovna Romanova.",
"title": "Paul I of Russia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35035214#1",
"text": "Pavel Kridener was born on January 31, 1784, in St. Petersburg, Russia. He was the son of the famous Barbara von Krüdener, a Baltic German mystic and author. His father was Baron Bourkhardt-Alexis-Constantine Krüdener, with whom Barbara did not have a good relationship. Pavel was baptized Paul in honor of Grand Duke (later Emperor) Paul I of Russia (Russian: Па́вел I Петро́вич), his godfather. His father was appointed by Catherine the Great as Ambassador to the Republic of Venice in 1785, and Pavel spent the first two years of his life there. He subsequently followed his father's assignments in Munich until 1787, Copenhagen until 1794 and finally Madrid until 1800. His father was then appointed by Paul I as Ambassador to Prussia, under Frederick William III of Prussia. Friedrich Ancillon, a prominent Prussian historian, became his tutor.",
"title": "Pavel Kridener"
},
{
"docid": "3949225#9",
"text": "Catherine the Great died in 1796, and Paul became Emperor. He decided to enlarge Pavlovsk into a palace suitable for a royal residence, adding two new wings on either side of the main building, and a church attached to the south wing. Between 1797 and 1799, he lavished money and the finest materials on Brenna's interiors. The reign of Emperor Paul did not last long. He alienated the nobles, and became increasingly fearful of conspiracies. His fears were justified; the Emperor Paul was murdered by members of his court in 1801, and his son Alexander became Emperor. Pavlovsk Palace became the residence of the Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759–1828), the mother of both Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.",
"title": "Pavlovsk Palace"
},
{
"docid": "27126603#7",
"text": "The death of Catherine in November 1796, before she could appoint Alexander as her successor, brought his father, Paul I, to the throne. Alexander disliked him as a ruler even more than he did his grandmother. He wrote that the country had become a \"plaything for the insane\" and that \"absolute power disrupts everything\". It is likely that seeing two previous rulers abuse their autocratic powers in such a way pushed him to be one of the more progressive Romanov czars of the 19th and 20th centuries. Among the rest of the country, Paul was immensely unpopular. He accused his wife of conspiring to become another Catherine II and seize power from him as his mother did from his father. He also suspected Alexander of conspiring against him, despite his son's earlier refusal to Catherine II to seize power from Paul.",
"title": "Alexander I of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "2367120#28",
"text": "On , Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna came to say farewell to her father. She and her husband, Prince Sergei Putiatin, fled Russia through Ukraine. A week later, Grand Duke Paul was offered, through the Danish Ambassador, Harald Scavenius, to be smuggled out of the country and taken to Vienna wearing an Austrian uniform with a convoy of returning prisoners of war. The Grand Duke flatly refused, preferring to die rather than put on an enemy uniform.",
"title": "Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "148206#6",
"text": "In 1772, her son and heir, Paul, turned eighteen. Paul and his adviser, Panin, believed he was the rightful tsar of Russia, as the only son of Peter III. His adviser had also taught him that the rule of women endangered good leadership, which was why he was so interested in gaining the throne. Distracting him, Catherine took trouble to find Paul a wife among the minor princesses of the Holy Roman Empire. She chose Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstad, who acquired the Russian name \"Natalia Alexeievna\"), a daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. The bride's older sister, Frederika Louisa, was already married to the Crown Prince of Prussia. Around this time, Catherine allowed Paul to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. Wilhelmina died in childbirth on 15 April 1776, three years after the wedding. It soon became even clearer to Catherine that Paul wanted power, including his separate court. There was talk of having both Paul and his mother co-rule Russia, but Catherine narrowly avoided it. A fierce rivalry began between them, as Catherine knew she could never truly trust him and Paul wanted his mother's power.",
"title": "Paul I of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "148206#8",
"text": "Catherine the Great and her son and heir, the future Paul I, maintained a distant relationship throughout Catherine's reign. The aunt of Catherine's husband, Empress Elizabeth, took up the child as a passing fancy. Elizabeth proved an obsessive but incapable caretaker, as she had raised no children of her own. Paul was supervised by a variety of caregivers. Roderick McGrew briefly relates the neglect to which the infant heir was sometimes subject: \"On one occasion he fell out of his crib and slept the night away unnoticed on the floor.\" Even after Elizabeth's death, relations with Catherine hardly improved. Paul was often jealous of the favours she would shower upon her lovers. In one instance the empress gave to one of her court favourites 50,000 rubles on her birthday, while Paul received a cheap watch. Paul's early isolation from his mother created a distance between them which later events would reinforce. She never considered inviting him to share her power in governing Russia. And once Paul's son Alexander was born, it appeared that she had found a more suitable heir. The use made of his name by the rebel Yemelyan Pugachev, who impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult.",
"title": "Paul I of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "870329#1",
"text": "Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Emperor Paul I (r. 1796-1801) succeeded her. Painfully aware that Catherine had considered bypassing him to name his son, Alexander, as tsar, Paul instituted primogeniture in the male line as the basis for succession. It was one of the lasting reforms of Paul's brief reign. He also chartered a Russian-American Company, which eventually led to Russia's acquisition of Alaska. Paul limited landowner's right to serf labour to three days in a week, alleviating the condition of the serfs.",
"title": "History of Russia (1796–1855)"
},
{
"docid": "44319#29",
"text": "There is considerable speculation as to the actual paternity of Paul I. It is suggested that he was not Peter's son at all but that his mother had engaged in an affair, to which Elizabeth had consented, with a young officer, Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov who would have been Paul's real father. In any case, Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul to have been fathered by anyone but himself. He also did not take any interest in parenthood. Elizabeth most certainly took an active interest. She removed the young Paul and acted as if she were his mother instead of Catherine. The Empress had ordered the midwife to take the baby and to follow her. Catherine was not to see her child for another month and then only briefly for the churching ceremony. Six months later, Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. The child had in effect become a ward of the state and, in a larger sense, the property of the state, to be brought up by Elizabeth as she believed he should be: as a true heir and great-grandson of her father, Peter the Great.",
"title": "Elizabeth of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "148206#26",
"text": "In spite of Russia's failure to honour the terms of the Treaty of Georgievsk, Qajar Iran reinvaded Georgia and captured and sacked Tbilisi. Georgian rulers felt they had nowhere else to turn now as Georgia was again re-subjugated by Iran. Tbilisi was captured and burnt to the ground, and eastern Georgia reconquered. However, Agha Mohammad Khan, Persia's ruler, was assassinated in 1797 in Shusha, after which the Persian grip on Georgia softened again. Erekle, King of Kartli-Kakheti, still dreaming of a united Georgia, died a year later. After his death, a civil war broke out over the succession to the throne of Kartli-Kakheti, and one of the rival candidates called on Russia to intervene and decide matters. On 8 January 1801, Tsar Paul I signed a decree on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, which was confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801. The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg, Garsevan Chavchavadze, reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Alexander Kurakin. In May 1801, Russian General Carl Heinrich von Knorring removed the Georgian heir to the throne, David Batonishvili, from power and deployed a provisional government headed by General Ivan Petrovich Lazarev.",
"title": "Paul I of Russia"
}
] |
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] |
2810
|
Who played the voice of Violet Parr in The Incredibles?
|
[
{
"docid": "2069641#0",
"text": "Violet Parr is a fictional character who appears in Pixar's animated superhero film \"The Incredibles\" (2004) and its sequel \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). The eldest child of Bob and Helen Parr (Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl), Violet is born with the superhuman ability to render herself invisible, as well as generate force fields. Voiced by Sarah Vowell, Violet is a shy junior high school student who longs to fit in among her peers, a task she believes is hindered by her superpowers. Throughout the course of the films, Violet gradually matures and becomes more confident in herself as both a young woman and superhero.",
"title": "Violet Parr"
},
{
"docid": "537885#15",
"text": "In 2004, Vowell provided the voice of Violet Parr, a shy teenager, in the Pixar animated film \"The Incredibles\", and returned to her role for the film's sequel, \"Incredibles 2\", in 2018. Additionally, Vowell has also lent her voice to the character for various related video games and \"Disney on Ice\" presentations in the years following the film's release. The makers of \"The Incredibles\" discovered Vowell from episode 81 – \"Guns\" \"This American Life\", where she and her father fire a homemade cannon. Pixar made a test animation for Violet using audio from that sequence, which was included on the DVD of \"The Incredibles\". She also wrote and was featured in a documentary included on the same DVD entitled \"Vowellett - An Essay by Sarah Vowell\", where she reflects on the differences between being superhero Violet and being an author of history books on the subject of assassinated presidents, and what it means to her nephew Owen. Vowell also played Fernanda, Theacher \"Aunt\" Deborah and Mary Kelly in \"The School Future\".",
"title": "Sarah Vowell"
},
{
"docid": "2069641#8",
"text": "Vowell stars in a documentary about her work in the film, \"Vowellet: An Essay by Sarah Vowell\", which is included as a bonus feature on \"The Incredibles\"' 2004 DVD release. In the \"video essay\", Vowell discusses the various differences between voicing a superhero and becoming an action figure while she was writing about presidential assassinations, contrasting the two distinct careers. The animators also animated Violet to some of Vowell's dialogue from the documentary. Bird, who voices costume designer Edna Mode, was the only other actor Vowell recorded with while working on both films. The director would sometimes temporarily provide the voices of other characters for Vowell to act opposite of, such as Elastigirl in lieu of actress Holly Hunter. For \"Incredibles 2\", Vowell had not been allowed to read to entire script while recording her dialogue, having only been allowed to preview small excerpts in which Violet is speaking or having conversations with other characters. Until watching the film for the first time, Vowell had been under the impression that \"Incredibles 2\" would mostly be about Violet's anger at her father until experiencing the film's other storylines and characters. Despite 14 years separating the releases of the first and second films, Vowell did not find resuming the role to be difficult, identifying Violet as a character to whom she feels \"closely tied\", having played her for approximately one-third of her life. Syfy Wire's Heather Mason observed that Vowell shares her dry sense of humor with Violet. To-date, the \"Incredibles\" films remain Vowell's only animated film roles.",
"title": "Violet Parr"
},
{
"docid": "2069641#4",
"text": "Screenwriter and director Brad Bird conceived Violet as \"a teenage girl who just wants to be invisible\". In early drafts of the screenplay, Violet is depicted as an infant as opposed to a teenager, since parents Bob and Helen Parr were originally intended to be introduced as retired superheroes who have just begun to attempt to live normal lives much earlier during the film. Violet is voiced by American author and actress Sarah Vowell, who related that she was offered the role unexpectedly. While beginning to cast the film's main characters, Bird had been listening to the National Public Radio program \"This American Life\", to which Vowell is a frequent contributor. During one of Vowell's regular appearances on the show, Bird heard her contribute an anecdote about a cannon she had helped her father, a gunsmith, build. Bird wanted to cast Vowell based on her description of the event, deciding that she was \"perfect\" for the part and immediately calling her to offer her the role. Vowell had already earned a reputation for declining several voice acting jobs prior to \"The Incredibles\", to the point at which her agent warned Bird, \"She's a serious writer and she wouldn't do this, so don't waste your time!\" However, Vowell states that she simply avoided pursuing animated roles in general because she was content being a writer and found few animated projects particularly interesting prior to \"The Incredibles\".\nThe animators animated a rough test sequence to some of Vowell's dialogue from the radio segment about her father's cannon, in which Violet is depicted being startled by a gun that repeatedly fires in her hands. Despite experiencing some hesitation due having never voiced an animated character before, Vowell accepted the role after receiving an e-mail from the film's producer, agreeing to participate in \"The Incredibles\" because she believes that Pixar is consistently \"the best at what they do\", comparing the offer to \"if Nelson Mandela showed up asking for your help to fight racism\". Additionally, she had also been a long-time fan of Bird's work as a filmmaker. Vowell ultimately decided to accept the role based on a sole image she had been sent of the character: a drawing of Violet surrounded by her schoolmates, all of whom appear to be happy and outgoing apart from Violet herself, who is instead hunched over and hiding behind her long hair. Vowell concluded, \"I can be that kid. I was that kid. I love that archetype of the morose, shy, smart-alecky teenage girl.\"",
"title": "Violet Parr"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5902254#1",
"text": "Robert Parr (a.k.a. Mr. Incredible) (voiced by Craig T. Nelson in the films, Richard McGonagle in \"\", and Jeff Bergman in \"Lego The Incredibles\") possesses superhuman strength, stamina, and durability. He is married to Helen Parr, the superheroine known as Elastigirl, and they have three children together: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack.",
"title": "List of The Incredibles characters"
},
{
"docid": "5902254#34",
"text": "Anthony \"Tony\" Rydinger (voiced by Michael Bird) is a junior high school teenager, attending the same school as Violet Parr. Violet harbors a secret crush on him. In the end of \"The Incredibles\", with boosted confidence, Violet manages to attract Tony's attention and he asks her out on a date, which she accepts.",
"title": "List of The Incredibles characters"
},
{
"docid": "58960675#3",
"text": "In Amendola's film dubbing roles, she voiced Mikaela Banes in the \"Transformers\" film franchise, Violet Parr in \"The Incredibles\" and \"Incredibles 2\" and Gretchen Ross in \"Donnie Darko\".",
"title": "Alessia Amendola"
},
{
"docid": "5902254#36",
"text": "Kari McKeen (voiced by Bret Parker) is a friend of the Parrs, whom Violet calls upon to babysit Jack-Jack while the rest of the family are flying to save Mr. Incredible (in \"The Incredibles\"). She has taken numerous babysitting classes and feels more than adequately prepared to care for Jack-Jack in any capacity, and assures Helen Parr to that effect. She has one scene in the film, and she is heard later on Mrs. Parr's voice mail, complaining that some \"very weird things\" are happening; she does apparently learn all of Jack-Jack's powers as she has a defense for all of them after one day. Her eventful night with the baby (see above) is documented in the \"Jack-Jack Attack\" short included on the DVD release, ending with Rick Dicker erasing her memory of the incident.",
"title": "List of The Incredibles characters"
},
{
"docid": "2069641#26",
"text": "Violet has garnered positive reviews from film critics. \"The Washington Post\"'s Jennifer Frey described Violet as \"instantly familiar as the teenage girl who pines for the cute boy, fights with her little brother and is so uncertain of herself\". In addition to praising Pixar's decision to cast the lesser-known Vowell as Violet, Joshua Tyler of CinemaBlend dubbed Violet his \"favorite character\" in \"The Incredibles\", praising her many \"goose-bump worthy moments as she starts to accept who she is.\" Commending the multidimensionality of the film's characters in general, Hollywood.com's Julia Emmanuele observed that, through Violet, audiences \"understand how awkward and insecure being a teenager can be, even without the addition of superpowers.\" Vulture.com's Abraham Riesman described Vowell's voice acting as \"terrific\". In addition to praising Vowell's performance, Carla Meyer of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" wrote that the character ultimately \"emerges as the most sympathetic member of the family\". In a retrospective review, Jonathon Dornbush of IGN cited \"Violet’s sense of isolation and misunderstanding\" among the main reasons why \"The Incredibles\" remains \"a deeply relatable, enduring film\" and \"one of Pixar's best\". \"Slate\" film critic David Edelstein acknowledged the difficulty of animating Violet's hair while calling her ability to create force fields as \"to die for\".",
"title": "Violet Parr"
},
{
"docid": "57764961#3",
"text": "In \"The Incredibles\" (2004), Helen is seen as Elastigirl in the time before superheroes are banned. She married Bob Parr (Mr. Incredible) and starts a family: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack. She gives up her vigilante job to become a housewife while her husband worked. When Bob starts to act sneakily, Helen suspects an affair and confronts him. Later, when she discovered her husband is in trouble, she pilots a jet to rescue him, accompanied by Violet and Dash.",
"title": "Helen Parr (The Incredibles)"
}
] |
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] |
2811
|
Who designed the Vienna State Opera House?
|
[
{
"docid": "379066#1",
"text": "The opera house was the first major building on the Vienna Ringstrasse commissioned by the Viennese \"city expansion fund\". Work commenced on the house in 1861 and was completed in 1869, following plans drawn up by architects August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll. It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style by the renowned Czech architect and contractor Josef Hlávka.",
"title": "Vienna State Opera"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "379066#9",
"text": "Due to the appalling conditions at Theater an der Wien, the opera company leadership tried to raise significant quantities of money to speed up reconstruction of the original opera house. Many private donations were made, as well as donations of building material from the Soviets, who were very interested in the rebuilding of the opera. The mayor of Vienna had receptacles placed in many sites around Vienna for people to donate coins only. In this way, everyone in Vienna could say they had participated in the reconstruction and feel pride in considering themselves part owners.",
"title": "Vienna State Opera"
},
{
"docid": "28676266#6",
"text": "In 1906, the company provided the Vienna State Opera with stage equipment. Forty years later, the company rebuilt the opera house's roof. Other roof projects include Vienna's Stephansdom in 1948, the Munich Olympic facilities in 1969, the Prater Stadium in Vienna in 1985, and the Reichstag dome in Berlin, for which the company won a European Steel Design award in 1999. Waagner-Biro won another award in 2003 for the British Museum's Queen Elizabeth II Great Court.",
"title": "Waagner-Biro"
},
{
"docid": "379066#20",
"text": "2009 marked the 140th anniversary of the Vienna Opera House. To celebrate this milestone an idea designed to reach out and embrace a new audience was conceived. A giant 50 sqm screen was placed on the side of the opera house facing Kärntnerstraße. In four months live broadcasts of over 60 famous operas were transmitted in this way, including performances of \"Madama Butterfly\", \"The Magic Flute\" and \"Don Giovanni\". This successful venture brought a new wave of operatic excitement to the many tourists and locals who experienced this cultural event. During daytime the screen displays a replica of the Opera House's façade, as it obstructs a considerable part of the building, along with information about upcoming performances.",
"title": "Vienna State Opera"
},
{
"docid": "12966295#2",
"text": "In 1984, Austrian culture minister Helmut Zilk designated Drese as director of the Vienna State Opera in Vienna. Drese began his tenure in 1986 and chose Claudio Abbado as the State Opera's music director. In the following five years, the State Opera experienced a very fruitful period. Abbado conducted both new productions and revivals, among them \"Un ballo in maschera\" (staged by Gianfranco de Bosio, designed by Emmanuele Luzzati), \"L'Italiana in Algeri\" (staged and designed by Ponnelle), \"Carmen\" (revival of the 1978 Franco Zeffirelli-production), \"Pelléas et Mélisande\" (staged by Antoine Vitez and designed by Yannis Kokkos), \"Il viaggio a Reims\" (staged by Luca Ronconi and designed by Gae Aulenti), \"Don Carlo\" (staged and designed by Pier Luigi Pizzi), \"Don Giovanni\" (staged by Luc Bondy, with Ruggero Raimondi as the Don), \"Le nozze di Figaro\" (staged by Jonathan Miller). Drese initiated cycle of all the major Mozart-operas.",
"title": "Claus Helmut Drese"
},
{
"docid": "52174010#2",
"text": "In 1921, concerts were added to the festival program. Concerts of the world's best orchestras, singers and soloists still today represent an important pillar of Salzburg Festival. In 1922, Richard Strauss and Franz Schalk brought opera to the festival. Both were famous conductors and since 1919 functioned also as general managers of Vienna State Opera. They chose four works of Salzburg born genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for the first season — the three Da Ponte operas and \"Die Entführung aus dem Serail\" [The Abduction from the Seraglio]. In the founding years the festival did not have the means to produce entire opera productions. So Strauss and Schalk brought the settings, the singers, the orchestra and the chorus from Vienna State Opera to Salzburg. The press critically noted that the opera program of the festival constituted ″the summer residence of Vienna State Opera″. Nevertheless, the performances were superb due to the orchestra, the chorus and the great singers. They came from all over Europa and created excellent ensembles for the Mozart operas, later on also for works by Donizetti, Johann Strauß and Richard Strauss. An important role was also given to set designer Alfred Roller who dominated the visual aspect of the first Salzburg Festival opera performances.",
"title": "Salzburg Festival: history and repertoire, 1922–1926"
},
{
"docid": "379066#5",
"text": "Towards the end of World War II, on March 12, 1945, the opera was set alight by an American bombardment. The front section, which had been walled off as a precaution, remained intact including the foyer, with frescoes by Moritz von Schwind, the main stairways, the vestibule and the tea room. The auditorium and stage were, however, destroyed by flames as well as almost the entire décor and props for more than 120 operas with around 150,000 costumes. The State Opera was temporarily housed at the Theater an der Wien and at the Vienna Volksoper.",
"title": "Vienna State Opera"
},
{
"docid": "2188183#3",
"text": "In the years up to and through the First World War the Volksoper attained a position as Vienna's second prestige opera house. In 1919, Felix Weingartner became Artistic Director and Principal Conductor. He was followed as Director by Hugo Gruder-Guntram. After 1929, it focused on light opera, and under Gruder-Guntram undertook a number of summer tours to Abbazia in 1935, Cairo and Alexandria in 1937 and throughout Italy in 1938, with guest appearances from Richard Tauber. After the Second World War, the Vienna Volksoper became the alternative venue to the devastated Vienna State Opera. In 1955 the Volksoper returned to its former role of presenting opera, operetta, and musicals.",
"title": "Vienna Volksoper"
},
{
"docid": "16710463#2",
"text": "He was the architect of the Opernpassage in Vienna, a pedestrian underpass of the most busy crossroads of the city near the opera house. It was built in 1955 and opened on 4 November 1955, one day before the reopening of the Vienna State Opera after World War II. Since then it has been a symbol of the modern spirit in architecture and urban planning in Vienna. Cooperating with the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments in Austria the City of Vienna undertook a complete restoration of the structure, which was reopened on 17 September 2013.",
"title": "Adolf Hoch"
},
{
"docid": "379066#7",
"text": "The Austrian Federal Chancellor Leopold Figl made the decision in 1946 to have a functioning opera house again by 1949. An architectural competition was announced, which was won by Erich Boltenstern. The submissions had ranged from a complete restructuring of the auditorium to a replica of the original design; Boltenstern decided on a design similar to the original with some modernisation in keeping with the design of the 1950s. In order to achieve a good acoustic, wood was the favoured building material, at the advice of, among others, Arturo Toscanini. In addition, the number of seats in the parterre (stalls) was reduced, and the fourth gallery, which had been fitted with columns, was restructured so as not to need columns. The façade, entrance hall and the \"Schwind\" foyer were restored and remain in their original style.",
"title": "Vienna State Opera"
}
] |
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] |
2812
|
What is the strength of a hydrogen bond?
|
[
{
"docid": "2485027#6",
"text": "A hydrogen bond (H-bond), is a specific type of interaction that involves dipole-dipole attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative, partially negative oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or fluorine atom (not covalently bound to said hydrogen atom). It is not a covalent bond, but instead is classified as a strong non-covalent interaction. It is responsible for why water is a liquid at room temperature and not a gas (given water's low molecular weight). Most commonly, the strength of hydrogen bonds lies between 0 - 4 kcal/mol, but can sometimes be as strong as 40 kcal/mol In solvents such as chloroform or carbontetrachloride one observes e.g. for the interaction between amides additive values of about 5 kJ/mol. According to L. Pauling the strength of a hydrogen bond is essentially determined by the electrostatic charges. Measurements of thousands complexes in chloroform or carbontetrachloride have led to additive free energy increments for all kind of donor-acceptor combinations.",
"title": "Non-covalent interactions"
},
{
"docid": "13609#6",
"text": "Hydrogen bonds can vary in strength from weak (1–2 kJ mol) to strong (161.5 kJ mol in the ion ). Typical enthalpies in vapor include:",
"title": "Hydrogen bond"
},
{
"docid": "13609#1",
"text": "Hydrogen bonds can be intermolecular (occurring between separate molecules) or intramolecular (occurring among parts of the same molecule). Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor atoms which constitute the bond, their geometry, and environment, the energy of a hydrogen bond can vary between 1 and 40 kcal/mol. This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than fully covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins.",
"title": "Hydrogen bond"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13609#33",
"text": "A symmetric hydrogen bond is a special type of hydrogen bond in which the proton is spaced exactly halfway between two identical atoms. The strength of the bond to each of those atoms is equal. It is an example of a three-center four-electron bond. This type of bond is much stronger than a \"normal\" hydrogen bond. The effective bond order is 0.5, so its strength is comparable to a covalent bond. It is seen in ice at high pressure, and also in the solid phase of many anhydrous acids such as hydrofluoric acid and formic acid at high pressure. It is also seen in the bifluoride ion [F−H−F].",
"title": "Hydrogen bond"
},
{
"docid": "2843344#0",
"text": "A symmetric hydrogen bond is a special type of hydrogen bond in which the proton is spaced exactly halfway between two identical atoms. The strength of the bond to each of those atoms is equal. It is an example of a 3-center 4-electron bond. This type of bond is much stronger than \"normal\" hydrogen bonds, in fact, its strength is comparable to a covalent bond. It is seen in ice at high pressure (Ice X), and also in the solid phase of many anhydrous acids such as hydrofluoric acid and formic acid at high pressure. It is also seen in the bifluoride ion [F−H−F]. Much has been done to explain the symmetric hydrogen bond quantum-mechanically, as it seems to violate the duet rule for the first shell: The proton is effectively surrounded by four electrons. Because of this problem, some consider it to be an ionic bond.",
"title": "Symmetric hydrogen bond"
},
{
"docid": "188688#10",
"text": "Hydrogen bond: A hydrogen bond is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative electron donor that contain a pair of electrons such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. The strength of hydrogen bond depends on the chemical nature and geometric arrangement of each group.",
"title": "Active site"
},
{
"docid": "13609#11",
"text": "Theoretically, the bond strength of the hydrogen bonds can be assessed using NCI index, non-covalent interactions index, which allows a visualization of these non-covalent interactions, as its name indicases, using the electron density of the system.",
"title": "Hydrogen bond"
},
{
"docid": "16702705#5",
"text": "Sometimes grouped into the chemical mechanism of adhesion, hydrogen bonding can increase adhesive strength by the dispersive mechanism. Hydrogen bonding occurs between molecules with a hydrogen atom attached to a small, electronegative atom such as fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen. This bond is naturally polar, with the hydrogen atom gaining a slight positive charge and the other atom becoming slightly negative. Two molecules, or even two functional groups on one large molecule, may then be attracted to each other via Keesom forces.",
"title": "Dispersive adhesion"
},
{
"docid": "37403337#24",
"text": "In general, acidity of donor sites correlates well with the strength of the donor. For example, it is a common strategy to add electron-withdrawing aryl substituents on a thiourea catalyst, which can increase its acidity and thus the strength of its hydrogen bonding. However, it is still unclear how donor strength correlates with desired reactivity. Importantly, more acidic catalysts are not necessarily more effective. For instance, ureas are less acidic than thioureas by roughly 6 pKa units, but it is not generally true that ureas are significantly worse are catalyzing reactions.",
"title": "Hydrogen-bond catalysis"
},
{
"docid": "33306#17",
"text": "The hydrogen bonds are also the reason why the melting and boiling points of water are much higher than those of other analogous compounds like hydrogen sulfide (). They also explain its exceptionally high specific heat capacity (about 4.2 J/g/K), heat of fusion (about 333 J/g), heat of vaporization (), and thermal conductivity (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/m/K). These properties make water more effective at moderating Earth's climate, by storing heat and transporting it between the oceans and the atmosphere. The hydrogen bonds of water are of moderate strength, around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% of the hydrogen bond is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% reflects partial covalent character.",
"title": "Water"
},
{
"docid": "16022113#9",
"text": "Although these properties are interrelated, they are not interdependent. A metal hydride can be a thermodynamically a weak acid and a weak H donor; it could also be strong in one category but not the other or strong in both. The H strength of a hydride also known as its hydride donor ability or hydricity corresponds to the hydride's Lewis base strength. Not all hydrides are powerful Lewis bases. The base strength of hydrides vary as much as the pKa of protons. This hydricity can be measured by heterolytic cleaving hydrogen between a metal complex and base with a known pK then measuring the resulting equilibrium. This presupposes that the hydride doesn't heterolytically or homolytically react with itself to reform hydrogen. A complex would homolytically react with itself if the homolytic M-H bond is worth less than half of the homolytic H-H bond. Even if the homolytic bond strength above that threshold the complex is still susceptible to radical reaction pathways.",
"title": "Transition metal hydride"
}
] |
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] |
2813
|
Are ceiling fans good for saving energy?
|
[
{
"docid": "881901#6",
"text": "Meanwhile, electric ceiling fans became very popular in other countries, particularly those with hot climates, such as India and the Middle East, where a lack of infrastructure and/or financial resources made energy-hungry and complex freon-based air conditioning equipment impractical. In 1973, Texas entrepreneur H. W. (Hub) Markwardt began importing highly efficient ceiling fans to the United States that were manufactured in India by Crompton Greaves, Ltd. Crompton Greaves had been manufacturing ceiling fans since 1937 through a joint venture formed by Greaves Cotton of India and Crompton Parkinson of England, and had perfected the world's most energy efficient ceiling fans thanks to its patented 20 pole induction motor with a highly efficient heat-dissipating cast aluminum rotor. These Indian manufactured ceiling fans caught on slowly at first, but Markwardt's Encon Industries branded ceiling fans (which stood for ENergy CONservation) eventually found great success during the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s, since they consumed far less energy (under 70 watts of electricity) than the antiquated shaded pole motors used in most other American made fans. The fans became very effective energy saving appliances for residential and commercial use by supplementing expensive air conditioning with a cooling wind-chill effect. Fans used for comfort create a wind chill by increasing the heat transfer coefficient, but do not lower temperatures directly.\nDue to this renewed commercial success using ceiling fans effectively as an energy conservation application, many American manufacturers also started to produce, or significantly increase production of, ceiling fans. In addition to the imported Encon ceiling fans, the Casablanca Fan Company was founded in 1974. Other American manufacturers of the time included the Hunter Fan Co. (which was then a division of Robbins & Myers, Inc), FASCO (F. A. Smith Co.), and Emerson Electric; which was often branded as Sears-Roebuck.",
"title": "Ceiling fan"
},
{
"docid": "49848926#9",
"text": "Most households in India are cooled by fans, and less than 10% of households have air conditioning. The average rating of the fans installed and sold in the market is between 75-80W, whereas energy efficient fans provide the same level of comfort at about 45-50W. Considering that almost 30 million fans are sold every year, the potential to reduce demand is significant. Replacing the country's 35 crore inefficient ceiling fans in with BEE 5-Star-rated ceiling fans could save 47 billion KWh and reduce load by over 12,250 MW.",
"title": "Energy Efficiency Services Limited"
},
{
"docid": "49848926#10",
"text": "Under the National Energy Efficient Fan Programme, EESL provides BEE 5 Star rated ceiling fans which are 30% more energy efficient than conventional fans. Fans will be sold for Rs. 1,150 per fan. EESL has distributed 6.2 lakh energy efficient fans under this scheme which will save 2.4 lakh kWh and Rs 8.2 lakh per day to the consumers. The price difference is Rs. 500 which is the primary reason for its low penetration, along with the lack of awareness. With the usage of these energy efficient fans it is estimated that consumer’s electricity bills will reduce by about Rs. 700-730 per year, and recover the extra cost in less than 2 years.",
"title": "Energy Efficiency Services Limited"
},
{
"docid": "39234326#9",
"text": "The hot climate at Le Port led the team in charge of the INNOVAL project to prepare a cooling strategy for different seasons. During the winter, natural ventilation is sufficient to cool offices and during the mid-season between the winter and the summer, natural ventilation is completed with ceiling fans. However, during the summer, natural ventilation coupled with ceiling fans are not sufficient, consequently, air conditioning has to be used. In buildings in Reunion Island, a significant percentage of the energy consumed is due to air conditioning, therefore, the air conditioning system selected here is an efficient one with a Variable Refrigerant Flow ensuring reliability and energy savings. Moreover, a software tool automatically regulates the power of cooling in relation to office use. Finally, while in Reunion Island, people are used to cooling below 24 °C, the air conditioning of the building cannot cool below 26 °C which is adequate with ceiling fans and natural ventilation. Indeed, with the assistance of ceiling fans, the felt temperature is reduced by 5 °C allowing a final felt temperature of 21 to 22 °C. In order to optimize the refrigerated unit power, the temperature adjustment consists of applying a difference of 5 °C between the outside and the inside. For example, if the outside temperature is 34 °C, the temperature adjustment will be 29 °C. All these choices in operation have led to a decrease from 100 kW to 30 kW in the power required by the refrigerated unit.",
"title": "INNOVAL"
},
{
"docid": "881901#0",
"text": "A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan mounted on the ceiling of a room or space, usually electrically powered, suspended from the ceiling of a room, that uses hub-mounted rotating blades to circulate air. Ceiling fans typically rotate more slowly than other types of circulating fans, such as electric desk fans. They cool people effectively by introducing slow movement into the otherwise still, hot air of a room. Fans never actually cool air, unlike air-conditioning equipment, they in fact heat the air due to the waste heat from the motor and friction, but use significantly less power (cooling air is thermodynamically expensive). Conversely, a ceiling fan can also be used to reduce the stratification of warm air in a room by forcing it down to affect both occupants' sensations and thermostat readings, thereby improving climate control energy efficiency.",
"title": "Ceiling fan"
},
{
"docid": "36273188#10",
"text": "Big Ass Fans entered the commercial business market in 2008, debuting a line of fans ranging from to in diameter. The following year, it began manufacturing fans in sizes suitable for residential settings. In late 2011, Big Ass Fans acquired a manufacturer of energy efficient residential fans. Haiku models incorporate direct current, permanent magnetics and aerodynamic airfoils making them 80% more efficient than conventional ceiling fans. They held the top 10 spots on Energy Star's Most Efficient 2014 list. In 2014, the company added smart technology SenseME to the Haiku ceiling fan. Haiku with SenseME integrates with the Nest Learning Thermostat through a smartphone app.",
"title": "Big Ass Fans"
},
{
"docid": "39308049#11",
"text": "Finally, large ceiling fans are installed in every room, even those using air conditioning. Ceiling fans ensure that even in the absence of the necessary breezes, the airflow needed to feel comfortable in the room is provided for the users. This solution significantly reduces the amount of energy consumed. The overall consumption of the ceiling fans and the split system (the latter used to cool the technical rooms) is only 3.7kWh/m².yr compared to a classic air conditioning system in a standard building consuming 80kWh/m².yr.",
"title": "ENERPOS"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29618220#6",
"text": "Besides the advantages presented above, parallel radiant cooling panels offer other advantages as well, such as compact design, vertical shaft space area savings, and quick accommodation of dynamic controls. Energy savings in DOAS/radiant ceiling cooling panel system can by linked to: cooling coil load reduction, chiller energy reduction, pumping energy consumption and fan energy consumption reduction. In general, due to the total energy recovery and small supply air quantity of DOAS, the chiller energy consumption can be reduced significantly compared to the conventional VAV system. In a study of a pilot DOAS/radiant ceiling cooling panel system, hourly energy simulation predicts that the annual electrical energy consumption of the pilot DOAS/radiant panel cooling system is 42% less than that of the conventional VAV system with economizer control.",
"title": "Dedicated outdoor air system"
},
{
"docid": "881901#12",
"text": "For heating, ceiling fans should usually be set to turn the opposite direction (usually clockwise; the blades should spin with the downward turned side leading) and on a low speed (or the lowest speed the fan is able to circulate the air down to the floor). Air naturally stratifies—that is, warmer air rises to the ceiling while cooler air sinks. Unfortunately, this means it is colder on or near the floor where human beings spend most of their time. A ceiling fan, with its direction of rotation set so that air is drawn upward, pulls up the colder air below, forcing the warmer air nearer the ceiling to move down to take its place, without blowing a stream of air directly at the occupants of the room. This action works to even out the temperature in the room, making it cooler nearer the ceiling, but warmer nearer the floor. Thus the thermostat in the area can be set a few degrees lower to save energy, while maintaining the same level of comfort. It is important to run the fan at a low speed (or a lowest speed the fan is able to circulate the air down to the floor) to minimize the wind chill effect described above. However if the ceiling is high enough, or the lowest speed downdraft would not create wind chill effect, it can be left on downdraft year around.",
"title": "Ceiling fan"
},
{
"docid": "881901#16",
"text": "The way in which a fan is operated depends on its manufacturer, style, and the era in which it was made. Operating methods include:Many styles of ceiling fans have been developed over the years in response to several different factors such as growing energy-consumption consciousness and changes in decorating styles. The advent and evolution of electronic technology has also played a major role in ceiling fan development. Following is a list of major ceiling fan styles and their defining characteristics:A typical ceiling fan weighs between 15 and 50 pounds when fully assembled. While many junction boxes can support that weight while the fan is hanging still, a fan \"in operation\" exerts many additional stresses—notably torsion—on the object from which it is hung; this can cause an improper junction box to fail. For this reason, in the United States the National Electric Code (document NFPA 70, Article 314) states that ceiling fans must be supported by an electrical junction box listed for that use. It is a common mistake for homeowners to replace a light fixture with a ceiling fan without upgrading to a proper junction box.",
"title": "Ceiling fan"
}
] |
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2815
|
Where is Pergamon?
|
[
{
"docid": "23334#3",
"text": "Pergamon lies on the north edge of the Caicus plain in the historic region of Mysia in the northwest of Turkey. The Caicus river breaks through the surrounding mountains and hills at this point and flows in a wide arc to the southwest. At the foot of the mountain range to the north, between the rivers Selinus and Cetius, there is the massif of Pergamon which rises 335 metres above sea level. The site is only 26 km from the sea, but the Caicus plain is not open to the sea, since the way is blocked by the Karadağ massif. As a result, the area has a strongly inland character. In Hellenistic times, the town of Elaia at the mouth of the Caicus served as the port of Pergamon. The climate is Mediterranean with a dry period from May to August, as is common along the west coast of Asia Minor.",
"title": "Pergamon"
},
{
"docid": "23334#61",
"text": "Pergamon's other notable structure is the great temple of the Egyptian gods Isis and/or Serapis, known today as the \"Red Basilica\" (or \"Kızıl Avlu\" in Turkish), about south of the Acropolis at (39 7' 19\" N, 27 11' 1\" E). It consists of a main building and two round towers within an enormous \"temenos\" or sacred area. The temple towers flanking the main building had courtyards with pools used for ablutions at each end, flanked by stoas on three sides. The forecourt of the Temple of Isis/Sarapis is still supported by the Pergamon Bridge, the largest bridge substruction of antiquity.",
"title": "Pergamon"
},
{
"docid": "23334#0",
"text": "Pergamon ( or ), Pergamos or Pergamum () ( or ), was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Aeolis. It is located from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern-day Bakırçay) and northwest of the modern city of Bergama.",
"title": "Pergamon"
},
{
"docid": "22676874#0",
"text": "The Pergamon Bridge is a Roman substruction bridge over the Selinus river (modern \"Bergama Çayı\") in the ancient city of Pergamon (today Bergama), modern-day Turkey. The wide structure, the largest of its kind in antiquity, was designed during Hadrian's reign (AD 117–138) in order to form a passageway underneath a large court in front of the monumental \"Red Basilica\" temple complex. The two intact tubes, which consist of supporting walls covered with barrel vaults, still serve their purpose to this day.",
"title": "Pergamon Bridge"
},
{
"docid": "37593462#0",
"text": "The Metropolis of Pergamon () was an ecclesiastical territory (diocese) of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in western Asia Minor, modern Turkey. Christianity in the city of Pergamon (modern Bergama), was introduced already from 1st century AD, while the local Christian community comprised one of the seven Churches of Asia mentioned at the Book of Revelation, written by John of Patmos. The bishopric of Pergamon was twice promoted to a metropolis: during the 13th–14th centuries, as well as for a short period in 1922. Today the \"Metropolis of Pergamon and Adramyttium\" is the see of a titular metropolitan.",
"title": "Metropolis of Pergamon"
},
{
"docid": "15179197#0",
"text": "Pergamon is an ancient Greek city in modern Turkey. Pergamon may also refer to:",
"title": "Pergamon (disambiguation)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "242180#0",
"text": "The Pergamon Museum () is situated on the Museum Island in Berlin. The building was designed by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann and was constructed over a period of twenty years, from 1910 to 1930. The Pergamon Museum houses monumental buildings such as the Pergamon Altar, the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, the Market Gate of Miletus reconstructed from the ruins found in Anatolia, as well as the Mshatta Facade.",
"title": "Pergamon Museum"
},
{
"docid": "1161336#11",
"text": "Contrary to popular belief, the Pergamon Altar is not a temple, but probably the altar of a temple, although altars were generally located outdoors in front of their temples. It is supposed that the Athena temple located on the acropolis terrace above it may have been its cultic point of reference, and the altar possibly served solely as a place of sacrifice. This theory is supported by several statue bases and consecrating inscriptions found in the vicinity of the altar and whose donors named Athena. Another possibility is that both Zeus and Athena were jointly honored. It could also be that the altar had an independent function. In contrast to a temple, which always had an altar, an altar did not necessarily have to have a temple. Altars could, for example, be quite small and placed in houses or, less commonly, have gigantic dimensions as in the case of the Pergamon Altar. The few remnants of inscriptions do not supply enough information to determine to which god the altar was dedicated.",
"title": "Pergamon Altar"
},
{
"docid": "6382400#12",
"text": "Pergamon in particular is a characteristic example of Hellenistic architecture. Starting from a simple fortress located on the Acropolis, the various Attalid kings set up a colossal architectural complex. The buildings are fanned out around the Acropolis to take into account the nature of the terrain. The agora, located to the south on the lowest terrace, is bordered by galleries with colonnades (columns) or \"stoai\". It is the beginning of a street which crosses the entire Acropolis: it separates the administrative, political and military buildings on the east and top of the rock from the sanctuaries to the west, at mid-height, among which the most prominent is that which shelters the monumental Pergamon Altar, known as \"of the twelve gods\" or \"of the gods and of the giants\", one of the masterpieces of Greek sculpture. A colossal theatre, able to contain nearly 10,000 spectators, has benches embedded in the flanks of the hill.",
"title": "Hellenistic art"
},
{
"docid": "23334#40",
"text": "The most famous structure from the city is the monumental altar, which was probably dedicated to Zeus and Athena. The foundations are still located in the Upper city, but the remains of the Pergamon frieze, which originally decorated it, are displayed in the Pergamon museum in Berlin, where the parts of the frieze taken to Germany have been installed in a partial reconstruction.",
"title": "Pergamon"
}
] |
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] |
2817
|
Can we revive old species?
|
[
{
"docid": "7034418#17",
"text": "Abe returns, this time to assist Munch, the last of the gabbit species on all of Oddworld. His species has been fished to extinction by the Vykkers because their eggs are a delicacy marketed as \"gabbiar\" for the dominant species on the planet, and Munch seeks to find the last known can of gabbiar eggs in order to revive his species. Like Abe, Munch was the embodiment of the \"disturbing, sad reality that's happening in our world today [turned] into a character that people like\" in the dysfunctional 21st century. Where Disney \"won the 20th century, that's not the future, because kids just don't dig that anymore, we're dealing with different kids... it's a dysfunctional world... if we can embody dysfunctional characters that are really endearing, then we think that's what people are really going to connect with.\" Munch's conceptualisation came from hundreds of design concepts based on combining imagery of cats in UCLA medical labs and facial cream testing divisions with images of rabbits used in pharmaceutical testing and the \"pure evil\" of U.S. radiation experiments on unwitting elderly citizens seeking medical assistance. The theme of species extinction came from Lanning's experiences as a child growing up, fishing on the Connecticut river and watching species of fish literally die out due to acid rain and factories built nearby. He wanted Munch to embody loneliness and loss to hit the heart strings of the audience, and as with Abe, he begins the game at the \"conceptual position of biggest loser, the most downtrodden, hopeless possible position\" because \"the Oddworld series is all about big, corporate bullies picking on the little guy,\" and Lanning wanted \"every hero we built on Oddworld [to] come out of that soil,\" so his story was again couched in \"the dark side of globalisation\" that would be the basis of all Oddworld stories:",
"title": "Oddworld Inhabitants"
},
{
"docid": "2965243#20",
"text": "Animal species can be preserved in gene banks, which consist of a cryogenic facilities used to store live sperm, eggs, or embryos in ultracold conditions. The Zoological Society of San Diego has established a \"frozen zoo\" to store frozen tissue from the world's rarest and most endangered species samples using cryopreservation techniques. At present, there has been more than 355 species, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.Cryopreservation can be performed as oocyte cryopreservation before fertilization, or as embryo cryopreservation after fertilization. Cryogenically preserved specimens can potentially be used to revive breeds that are endangered o rextinct, for breed improvement, crossbreeding, research and development. This method can be used for virtually indefinite storage of material without deterioration over a much greater time-period relative to all other methods of ex situ conservation. However, cryo-conservation can be an expensive strategy and requires long term hygienic and economic commitment for germplasms to remain viable. Cryo-conservation can also face unique challenges based on the species, as some species have a reduced survival rate of frozen germplasm, but cryobiology is a field of active research and many studies concerning plants are underway.",
"title": "Captive breeding"
},
{
"docid": "39379960#25",
"text": "The passenger pigeon numbered in the billions before being wiped out due to commercial hunting and habitat loss. The non-profit Revive & Restore obtained DNA from the passenger pigeon from museum specimens and skins; however, this DNA is degraded because it is so old. For this reason, simple cloning would not be an effective way to perform de-extinction for this species because parts of the genome would be missing. Instead, Revive & Restore focuses on identifying mutations in the DNA that would cause a phenotypic difference between the extinct passenger pigeon and its closest living relative the band-tailed pigeon. In doing this, they can determine how to modify the DNA of the band-tailed pigeon to change the traits to mimic the traits of the passenger pigeon. In this sense, the de-extinct passenger pigeon would not be genetically identical to the extinct passenger pigeon, but it would have the same traits. The de-extinct passenger pigeon hybrid is expected to be ready for captive breeding by 2024 released into the wild by 2030.",
"title": "De-extinction"
},
{
"docid": "41825123#23",
"text": "There are many species that have gone extinct as a direct result of human activity. Some examples include the dodo, the great auk, the Tasmanian tiger, the Chinese river dolphin, and the passenger pigeon. An extinct species can be revived by using allelic replacement of a closely related species that is still living. By only having to replace a few genes within an organism, instead of having to build the extinct species' genome from scratch, it could be possible to bring back several species in this way, even Neanderthals.",
"title": "Molecular paleontology"
},
{
"docid": "39379960#16",
"text": "It's been argued that revived species can be utilised as a tool to support other conservation initiatives by acting as a \"flagship species\" - a charismatic organism that generates popular support and funds for conserving entire ecosystems. Along this vein, it is thought that resurrecting the aurochs would boost the European \"rewilding\" movement, in turn, transforming abandoned farmland into wildlife corridors. De-extinction would act as a kind of \"flagship technology' where the excitement stirred from the possibility of seeing an extinct species in the wild strengthens the focus on preserving ecosystems. Similarly, the conservationist Josh Donlan claims that if the passenger pigeon were resurrected, there would inevitably be a legal impetus for the protection of its habitat under the Endangered Species Act.",
"title": "De-extinction"
},
{
"docid": "39379960#0",
"text": "De-extinction, or resurrection biology, or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism, which is either a member of, or resembles an extinct species, or breeding population of such organisms. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although selective breeding has also been proposed. Similar techniques have been applied to endangered species.",
"title": "De-extinction"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1059617#15",
"text": "Tree species succession may change tree species' composition once the old-growth stage has been achieved. For example, an old boreal forest may contain some large aspen trees, which may die and be replaced by smaller balsam fir or black spruce. Consequently, the forest will switch back to understory reinitiation stage. If old-growth stage is seen as an end point of stand development, it can be easily evaluated using structural or static attributes. However, in some forest ecosystems, this can lead to decisions regarding the preservation of unique stands or attributes that will disappear over the next few decades because of natural succession processes. Consequently, using stand dynamics to define old-growth forest is more useful in cases where the species that constitute old-growth forest can have long lifespan or in ecosystem where succession is very slow.",
"title": "Old-growth forest"
},
{
"docid": "20078038#6",
"text": "In the end, Dorothy and her friends face a choice. They rescue Old Magda and Imogene the cow from being buried alive; then they learn that they can revive one or the other, but not both. Saving the old witch can lead to the antidote for Dorothy's giantism; but Dorothy finds she cannot allow her bovine companion to die. Once recovered, however, Imogene supplies the golden milk that restores Magda too. The antidote is obtained, and Dorothy is restored to her normal size. Old Magda reforms, and Imogene gets her tour of the Emerald City.",
"title": "The Giant Garden of Oz"
},
{
"docid": "37033134#1",
"text": "While all the species on the list are threatened with extinction, the scientists who chose them had another criterion: all the species have no obvious benefit for humans and therefore have no vested interests trying to save them. Iconic and charismatic species, such as tigers and pandas—along with economically important species—have many defenders, while these apparently \"worthless\" species had none. The title of the report, \"Priceless or Worthless?\", is based on that shared quality of the species. The report's co-author, Ellen Butcher, stated one of the guiding principles of the list, \"If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival. But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist.\"",
"title": "The world's 100 most threatened species"
},
{
"docid": "55301396#4",
"text": "President Rodrigo Duterte expressed his interest to revive the program on October 2016. The plan met opposition from MASIPAG, a group of farmers and scientist, saying that revival of the program will bring back issues such as debt, replacement of traditional varieties with newer ones, and the promotion of pesticide use which they say will harm animals, farmers and crops and insisted that only large firms benefited from the program. The Department of Agriculture notes that the old variety used in the Masagana 99 program is already phaseout and the Masagana 99 can use newer varieties of rice and insists that environmentally friendly pesticides will be promoted under the potentially revived Masagana 99.",
"title": "Masagana 99"
},
{
"docid": "40251468#9",
"text": "Refinement: \nRussell and Burch wrote \"\"Suppose, for a particular purpose, we cannot use replacing techniques. Suppose it is agreed that we shall be using every device of theory and practice to reduce to a minimum the number of animals we have to employ. It is at this point that refinement starts, and its object is simply to reduce to an absolute minimum the amount of distress imposed on those animals that are still used.\"\" Amongst areas of experiments that can be refined are the procedure to be used, the appropriateness of the species (its suitability for the procedure and its responses to a laboratory environment in general). \nRefinements techniques may include:",
"title": "The Three Rs"
}
] |
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] |
2818
|
When was the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1480924#1",
"text": "The ILGWU was founded on June 3, 1900 in New York City by seven local unions, with a few thousand members between them. The union grew rapidly in the next few years but began to stagnate as the conservative leadership favored the interests of skilled workers, such as cutters. This did not sit well with the majority of immigrant workers, particularly Jewish workers with a background in Bundist activities in Tsarist Russia, or with Polish and Italian workers, many of whom had strong socialist and anarchist leanings.",
"title": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1480924#0",
"text": "The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first U.S. unions to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s. The union, generally referred to as the \"ILGWU\" or the \"ILG,\" merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in 1995 to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) in 2004 to create a new union known as UNITE HERE. The two unions that formed UNITE in 1995 represented 250,000 workers between them, down from the ILGWU's peak membership of 450,000 in 1969.",
"title": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
},
{
"docid": "1480924#51",
"text": "The ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in 1995, to form UNITE. In 2004, that organization merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees union to form UNITE HERE.",
"title": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
},
{
"docid": "1074387#1",
"text": "UNITE was formed in 1995 as a merger between the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU). \nIn 2004, UNITE announced that it would merge with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) to form UNITE HERE. In 2009 most of the apparel and laundry workers in UNITE HERE broke away to form a separate union known as Workers United, which affiliated with the Service Employees International Union.",
"title": "Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees"
},
{
"docid": "13880325#27",
"text": "In the summer and fall of 1928, Gold began building support for a new international union of fur workers. He met with the leaders of eight non-New York City fur workers' locals as well as a left-wing group of fur workers who were attempting to disaffiliate from what remained of the Joint Council. Included in the new union were 15,000 dressmakers and other garment workers comprising the left wing of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. The new Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union was formed on January 1, 1929. Louis Hyman was elected President, and Ben Gold was elected Secretary-Treasurer. The thirty-nine member General Executive Board included African Americans, Russians, Poles, Greeks, women and even a youth delegate.",
"title": "Ben Gold"
},
{
"docid": "4989234#20",
"text": "In 1935, Charles P. Howard, president of the ITU, joined with John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers; David Dubinsky of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union; Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America; Thomas McMahon of the United Textile Workers; John Sheridan of the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers; Harvey Fremming of the Oil Workers Union and Max Zaritsky of the Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers to form the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL.",
"title": "International Typographical Union"
},
{
"docid": "1525610#23",
"text": "The ACWA merged with the TWUA in 1976 to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union (UHCMW) merged into the union in 1983. The ACTWU merged with the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in 1995 to create the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), which later merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) to become UNITE HERE.",
"title": "Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America"
},
{
"docid": "1480924#50",
"text": "The union also found it nearly impossible to organize garment workers in communities such as Los Angeles, even when going after established manufacturers such as Guess?. Organizing on a shop by shop basis proved largely futile, given the proliferation of \"fly by night\" contractors, the number of workers willing to take striking or fired workers' jobs, the uncertain immigration status of many workers and the kinship connections that bound many workers to their foremen and other low-level managers. The union found itself in 1995 in nearly the same position that it had been in more than ninety years earlier, but without any prospect of the sort of mass upsurge that had produced the general strikes of 1909 and 1910.",
"title": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
},
{
"docid": "1480924#3",
"text": "The first, in 1909, was known as \"the Uprising of 20,000\" and lasted for fourteen weeks. It was largely spontaneous, sparked by a short walkout of workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, involving only about 20% of the workforce. That, however, only prompted the rest of the workers to seek help from the union. The firm locked out its employees when it learned what was happening.",
"title": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"
},
{
"docid": "56796233#7",
"text": "For a time she worked in a grocery store in Los Angeles, before moving to New York. Through her high-profile appearances and activism with human rights organizations, Lü came to the attention of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), who hired her in 1990. She worked as an organizer and educator with the ILGWU until 1996 when the organization merged the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees. In 1996, she switched to building computer systems; today she sells real estate.",
"title": "Lü Jinghua"
},
{
"docid": "1673648#0",
"text": "The Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) was a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and in campaigning for women's suffrage among men and women workers.",
"title": "Women's Trade Union League"
}
] |
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] |
2819
|
What was the last Confederate victory in the Civil War?
|
[
{
"docid": "983739#0",
"text": "The Battle of Natural Bridge was fought during the American Civil War in what is now Woodville, Florida near Tallahassee on March 6, 1865. A small band of Confederate troops and volunteers, mostly composed of teenagers from the nearby Florida Military and Collegiate Institute that would later become Florida State University, and the elderly, protected by breastworks, prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Bridge on the St. Marks River. The Natural Bridge is a one-quarter mile long stretch along which the St. Marks River runs underground, after dropping into a sinkhole. This action prevented the Union Army from capturing the Florida capital and made Tallahassee the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to be captured by Union forces during the war. The battle has been described as the last Confederate victory in the American Civil War, and it was the second largest American Civil War battle in Florida.",
"title": "Battle of Natural Bridge"
},
{
"docid": "128338#9",
"text": "Plymouth has the historical distinction of being the site of the second-largest battle in North Carolina and its last Confederate victory, the Battle of Plymouth (1864), during the American Civil War. The Confederate ironclad warship CSS \"Albemarle\" — and its eventual sinking on October 27, 1864 while moored at a dock in Plymouth — are the centerpieces of this history.",
"title": "Plymouth, North Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "249708#0",
"text": "The Battle of Palmito Ranch is considered by some criteria as the final battle of the American Civil War. It was fought May 12 and 13, 1865, on the banks of the Rio Grande east of Brownsville, Texas and a few miles from the seaport of Los Brazos de Santiago. Since the Confederacy had ceased to exist, it is also argued that this battle should be classified as a postwar action.",
"title": "Battle of Palmito Ranch"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18121698#12",
"text": "On February 13, 1864, a force of about 350 Union troops supported by two howitzers attacked a Confederate outpost in the Indian Territory. The outpost was guarded by about 90 poorly armed Confederate soldiers. The outpost was located where the Dragoon Road crossed the Middle Boggy River. The Confederates resisted, holding off the Union troops for about half an hour, then fled on foot toward Fort Washita. The Union Army claimed victory because 49 Confederates were killed, while the Union forces suffered no deaths. The encounter had no strategic impact on the outcome of the Civil War. This was the last significant skirmish of the war in Indian Territory. It was a defeat for the Confederates, but the mistreatment of civilians and killings of wounded soldiers by the Union troops strengthened the resolve of Confederates and their sympathizers to continue the fight.",
"title": "Indian Territory in the American Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "6696528#19",
"text": "Georgia was relatively free from warfare until late 1863. A total of nearly 550 battles and skirmishes occurred within the state, with the majority occurring in the last two years of the conflict. The first major battle in Georgia was a Confederate victory at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863, which was the last major Confederate victory in the west. In 1864 Union general William T. Sherman's armies invaded Georgia as part of the Atlanta Campaign. Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston fought a series of battles, the largest being the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, trying to delay Union armies for as long as possible as he retreated toward Atlanta. Johnston's replacement, Gen. John Bell Hood, attempted several unsuccessful counterattacks at the Battle of Peachtree Creek and the Battle of Atlanta, but Sherman captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864.",
"title": "Georgia in the American Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "21650#35",
"text": "Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. In April 1865, after losing the Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense downriver.\nThe first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War. For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been \"First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox.\"",
"title": "North Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "21546927#36",
"text": "Cherokee Brigadier General Stand Watie commanded the Confederate Indians when he surrendered on June 23. This was the last significant Confederate active force.\nWatie formed the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. He was a guerrilla fighter commanding Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, and Osage Indian soldiers. They earned a notorious reputation for their bold and brave fighting. Yearly, Federal troops all over the western United States hunted for Watie, but they never captured him. He surrendered on June 23 at Fort Towson, in the Choctaw Nations area at the village of Doaksville (now a ghost town) of the Indian Territory, being the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War.",
"title": "Conclusion of the American Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "49020196#10",
"text": "The Confederacy was also faced with the issue of slavery, very much contested despite its victory in what came to be known as \"The War of the Southern Revolution.\" With the rest of the world abolishing slavery, Confederates started feeling that they were out of step. Virginia abolished slavery in its territory, followed by Kentucky and North Carolina, and later Maryland and Tennessee. A new political force named the Jeffersonian Party called for abolition of slavery and gained the support of such prominent persons as Stephen Dodson Ramseur, Robert E. Rodes, John Pegram and, later, Leonidas Polk. Finally, Confederate slavery was fully abolished in 1885, the Liberation Bill being adopted with little opposition under the presidency of James Longstreet. Southerners having resolved this by themselves, rather than having the decision forced upon them by a victorious hostile army, helped avoid any lingering bitterness, and no organization resembling the Ku Klux Klan arose.",
"title": "If the South Had Won the Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "1185044#15",
"text": "CSS \"Shenandoah\" had struck her colors twice. This marked the last surrender of the American Civil War and the last official lowering of the Confederate flag. The very last act of the Civil War was Captain Waddell walking up the steps of Liverpool Town Hall with a letter to present to the mayor surrendering his vessel to the British government. In so doing, the \"Shenandoah\" became the only Confederate warship to circumnavigate the globe.",
"title": "CSS Shenandoah"
},
{
"docid": "2229267#15",
"text": "Union casualties were seven men killed and twenty-nine wounded. The Confederates' losses were nineteen killed, twenty-eight wounded, and two hundred eighteen captured. The death of Brigadier General Tyler is noted as the last Confederate general to die in a battle. The Confederates who died were buried in what is now known as the Fort Tyler Cemetery in town on the east side of the river. It is believed but not confirmed that the Union dead were buried there as well. In addition, at least 50 other unknown Civil War soldiers are interred there.",
"title": "Battle of West Point"
},
{
"docid": "4469560#10",
"text": "In a separate battle on Easter Sunday, April 16, Wilson was victorious in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia, in which Upton's division clashed with Confederate forces at Columbus, capturing the city and its naval works and burning, then scuttling the incomplete ironclad ram, CSS \"Jackson\". This engagement is widely regarded as the \"Last Battle of the Civil War.\" On April 20, Wilson's men captured Macon, Georgia, without resistance, and Wilson's Raid came to an end. This was only six days before General Joseph E. Johnston's surrender of all Confederate troops in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida to William Tecumseh Sherman, in North Carolina.",
"title": "Wilson's Raid"
}
] |
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] |
2820
|
What is the longest canal in the world?
|
[
{
"docid": "5623#27",
"text": "In ancient China, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Spring and Autumn Period (8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The Caoyun System of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Zhuodu (Beijing) and Yuhang (Hangzhou). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than wide.",
"title": "Canal"
},
{
"docid": "49824#0",
"text": "The Grand Canal, known to the Chinese as the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (\"Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé\"), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest as well as the oldest canal or artificial river in the world. Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, but the various sections were first connected during the Sui dynasty (581–618 AD). Dynasties in 1271-1633 significantly rebuilt the canal and altered its route to supply their capital Beijing.",
"title": "Grand Canal (China)"
},
{
"docid": "12430037#2",
"text": "The honour for the first summit-level canal therefore goes to the Grand Canal of China. This was started in the 4th century BCE with major extensions in 329 CE, and used single locks until the 10th century when pound locks were introduced. But it was the rerouting of the canal in the 1280s to shorten the connection to the new capital Beijing at the start of the Yuan dynasty, crossing the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, that established it as a summit-level canal. It remained into the modern era as the longest canal in the world at .",
"title": "Summit-level canal"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "208265#25",
"text": "In winter, a section of the Rideau Canal passing through central Ottawa becomes officially the world's largest and second longest skating rink. The cleared length is and has the equivalent surface area of 90 Olympic ice hockey rinks. It runs from the Hartwell locks at Carleton University to the locks between the Parliament Buildings and the Château Laurier, including Dow's Lake in between. It serves as a popular tourist attraction and recreational area and is also the focus of the Winterlude festival in Ottawa. Beaver Tails, a fried dough pastry, are sold along with other snacks and beverages, in kiosks on the skateway. In January 2008, Winnipeg, Manitoba, achieved the record of the world's longest skating rink at a length of 8.54 kilometres but with a width of only 2 to 3 metres wide on its Assiniboine River and Red River at The Forks. In response, the Rideau Canal was rebranded as \"the world's largest skating rink\". The Rideau Canal Skateway was added to the Guinness Book of World Records in 2005 for being the largest naturally frozen ice rink in the world.",
"title": "Rideau Canal"
},
{
"docid": "1247088#1",
"text": "The northern end is about from the northern end of the Grand Junction Canal at Braunston, Northamptonshire and the southern end about .\nAt 3,076 yards (2,813m) long it is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the UK canal network after Standedge Tunnel and Dudley Tunnel (and the ninth-longest canal tunnel in the world). At its deepest point it is \"ca.\"143 feet (\"ca.\"43m) below ground level.",
"title": "Blisworth Tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "24346771#0",
"text": "A canal tunnel is a tunnel for a (shipping) canal. The longest canal tunnel in the world is the Rove Tunnel in France, currently disused. The proposed Stad Ship Tunnel in Norway, while shorter, will be significantly wider and deeper, as it is designed to accommodate seagoing vessels.",
"title": "Canal tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "193449#14",
"text": "The ship canal took six years to complete at a cost of just over £15 million, equivalent to about £1.65 billion in 2011. It is still the longest river navigation canal and remains the world's eighth-longest ship canal, only slightly shorter than the Panama Canal in Central America. More than 54 million cubic yards (41,000,000 m³) of material were excavated, about half as much as was removed during the building of the Suez Canal. An average of 12,000 workers were employed during construction, peaking at 17,000. Regular navvies were paid d per hour for a 10-hour working day, equivalent to about £16 per day in 2010. In terms of machinery, the project made use of more than of temporary rail track, 180 locomotives, more than 6000 trucks and wagons, 124 steam-powered cranes, 192 other steam engines, and 97 steam excavators. Major engineering landmarks of the scheme included the Barton Swing Aqueduct, the first swing aqueduct in the world, and a neighbouring swing bridge for road traffic at Barton, both of which are now Grade II* listed structures. In 1909 the canal's depth was increased by to , equalling that of the Suez Canal.",
"title": "Manchester Ship Canal"
},
{
"docid": "893248#0",
"text": "The Hood Canal Bridge (officially William A. Bugge Bridge) is a floating bridge in the northwest United States, located in western Washington. It carries State Route 104 across Hood Canal of Puget Sound and connects the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas. At in length (floating portion ), it is the longest floating bridge in the world located in a saltwater tidal basin, and the third longest floating bridge overall. First opened in 1961, it was the second concrete floating bridge constructed in Washington. Since that time, it has become a vital link for local residents, freight haulers, commuters, and recreational travelers. The convenience it provides has had a major impact on economic development, especially in eastern Jefferson County.",
"title": "Hood Canal Bridge"
},
{
"docid": "4301442#31",
"text": "In January 2008, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized The Forks as the home of the longest skating rink in the world. The 8.54-kilometre-long Assiniboine Credit Union River Trail on the Assiniboine River and the Red River is almost 1 kilometer longer than the previous record-holding rink. The 7.8-kilometre long rink on the Rideau Canal in Ottawa, Ontario had lost its World Record title which it had held since 1971. Then in 2008 the rivers beat their own record which made the longest rink go to about 9.3-kilometres. The Rideau Canal still held the record for the \"world's largest naturally frozen ice rink\" by the Guinness Book of World Records because \"its entire length receives daily maintenance such as sweeping, ice thickness checks and there are toilet and recreational facilities along its entire length\". In 2013 the Assiniboine Credit Union River Trail lost its record to the Lake Windermere Whiteway at Invermere, British Columbia, Canada.",
"title": "The Forks, Winnipeg"
},
{
"docid": "707567#7",
"text": "Hood Canal is spanned by the Hood Canal Bridge, the third longest floating bridge in the world at . According to the Washington State Department of Transportation, the Hood Canal Bridge is the only floating bridge constructed on saltwater, although there are others, such as Nordhordland Bridge and Bergsøysund Bridge. The Hood Canal Bridge accommodates sixteen and a half foot tides.",
"title": "Hood Canal"
}
] |
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2821
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How many native English speakers are there in the world?
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[
{
"docid": "622156#0",
"text": "Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.\nWith 258 million native speakers, the United States comprises the majority of the global total. As pictured in the pie graph below, most native speakers of English are Americans.",
"title": "English-speaking world"
},
{
"docid": "8569916#26",
"text": ", 400 million people spoke English as their first language, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish. However, when combining native and non-native speakers it may, depending on the estimate used, be the most commonly spoken language in the world. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on oceanic islands in all the major oceans.",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "56240936#3",
"text": "The relative success of English-language films can also be explained by considering that the English language is widely considered to be a universal language—it is the first language of 400 million people, the second language of another 400 million, and a foreign language of an additional 700 million; English is thus understood by 1,500 million people, which is almost 20% of all the people in the world. The Chinese language, especially the standard variant, have over twice as many native speakers as English, but a lot fewer foreign-language speakers, thus making it a less globalized and potentially less commercially profitable language outside of China.",
"title": "List of highest-grossing non-English films"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8569916#3",
"text": "English is the third most-spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers. English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and South Asia. It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English has a vast vocabulary, though counting how many words any language has is impossible. English speakers are called \"Anglophones\".",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "8569916#27",
"text": "The countries in which English is spoken can be grouped into different categories by how English is used in each country. The \"inner circle\" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms of English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "8569916#29",
"text": "Estimates of the number of English speakers who are second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the \"outer circle\" countries are countries such as the Philippines, Jamaica, India, Pakistan, Singapore, and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business,\nand where English is routinely used for school instruction and official interactions with the government.",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "622156#4",
"text": "Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide.",
"title": "English-speaking world"
},
{
"docid": "8569916#30",
"text": "Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English in the process of growing up through day by day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by speakers who are not native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may have grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "8569916#32",
"text": "Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use English. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries.",
"title": "English language"
},
{
"docid": "22523448#8",
"text": "Despite the fact that today, about 80% of English language teachers in the world are non-native English-speaking teachers, English is no longer considered to be an exclusive possession of native speakers, and it \"belongs to all people who speak it, whether native and nonnative, whether ESL or EFL, whether standard or non-standard\" (Norton 1997), NNESTs encounter discriminatory practices all around the world. There have been several research studies exploring the hiring preferences of administrators which empirically demonstrated the importance of 'nativeness' as a job requirement. In addition, online job repositories such as Dave's ESL Café, Chronicle of Higher Education, or TESOL's Online Career Center host job advertisements which include 'nativeness' as a job requirement.\nDiscriminatory practices against NNESTs in English language teaching generated a series of institutionalized anti-discriminatory practices such as \"Statement on Nonnative Speakers of English and Hiring Practices\" and \"Position Statement against Discrimination of Nonnative Speakers of English in the Field of TESOL\". In addition, it was decided in ASEAN 2005 Conference to establish \"Centers for English Language Training\" in South-East Asian countries to support local solutions to local needs by means of local tools.",
"title": "NNEST"
}
] |
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] |
2822
|
When did The Young and the Restless first air?
|
[
{
"docid": "191587#0",
"text": "The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin. First broadcast on March 26, 1973, \"The Young and the Restless\" was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week. The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980. In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights. The series is also syndicated internationally.",
"title": "The Young and the Restless"
},
{
"docid": "40573270#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)"
},
{
"docid": "191587#10",
"text": "Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973, the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television. \"The Young and the Restless\" originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating \"a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre.\" Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns. \"The Young and the Restless\" stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions. The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces. Conboy said he used lighting to create \"artistic effects\". Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody. \"The Young and the Restless\"' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas. When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.",
"title": "The Young and the Restless"
},
{
"docid": "52830659#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2016, by order of first appearance. In the first half of the year, characters were introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps until her replacement in the summer of 2016 by supervising producer Mal Young Young was first credited as executive producer on July 13, 2016. Co-executive producer and head writer Charles Pratt Jr. oversaw the creation and introduction of the characters until his replacement by Sally Sussman Morina. Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and is aired on December 7, 2016.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2016)"
},
{
"docid": "52842417#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Mal Young and co-executive producer/head writer Sally Sussman. In October 2017, Sussman departed as co-executive producer and head writer; Young remained as executive producer and was promoted as head writer.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2017)"
},
{
"docid": "37953896#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters through October are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writer Josh Griffith; characters after October are introduced by Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2013)"
},
{
"docid": "34330216#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell. Lucy Romalotti, Primrose DeVille and Caleb Atkinson all debuted in January, while Angelo Veneziano first appeared in February. Davis Holloway debuted in July while Moses Winters debuted in October.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2011)"
},
{
"docid": "44864152#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and co-executive producer/head writer Charles Pratt, Jr.\nMarco Annicelli was a primary antagonist in Victor Newman's plan to bring down his rival, Jack Abbott. He was portrayed by Peter Bergman, who portrayed Jack at the same time.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2015)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8293591#26",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American soap opera that first aired in Australia on the Nine Network from 1 April 1974 to 23 February 2007. Nine paired \"The Young and the Restless\" with \"Days of Our Lives\", with the two shows airing one after the other. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States (varying slightly between states), due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. As was the case with \"Days of Our Lives\", Nine aired a one-hour special on 14 September 2004 titled, \"The Young and the Restless: The Next Chapter\", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US.",
"title": "Screening of soap operas in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "706395#6",
"text": "After a year-long vacation from acting, she returned to her role on \"The Young and the Restless\" in March 1999. After a successful return as Ashley Abbott, which included Davidson's second Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress, Davidson was fired from the show. In December 2006, Davidson told \"TV Guide\" that she was fired from \"The Young and the Restless\" due to lack of storyline. Her last airdate as Ashley was January 11, 2007. According to co-star Melody Thomas Scott, the firing was protested behind the scenes of \"The Young and the Restless\" and was seen as unfair. Scott said: \"That was so heartbreaking. We're still upset about that. That was a blow. Terrible. Eileen Davidson was such a part of the core of the show and such a brilliant actress; beautiful and always prepared. It was crazy. I'm not the only one who feels that way.\" In a surprise move a few months later, Davidson signed a three-year contract with \"The Young and the Restless\"'s sister soap \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" to once again play her \"The Young and the Restless\" character Ashley Abbott at the request of \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" executive producer Bradley Bell. She first aired on March 9, 2007. Ken Corday called Davidson about a week before she was fired from \"The Young and the Restless\" to get permission to use a picture of her on \"Days of Our Lives\". The picture, which featured Davidson as Susan, was shown in December 2006.",
"title": "Eileen Davidson"
}
] |
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] |
2823
|
When was the British Admiralty founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "2988#25",
"text": "It evolved from *Admiralty Navy War Council, (1909–1912) which in turn became the Admiralty War Staff, (1912–1917) before finally becoming the Admiralty Naval Staff in 1917. It was the former senior command, operational planning, policy and strategy department within the British Admiralty. It was established in 1917 and existed until 1964 when the department of the Admiralty was abolished, and the staff departments function continued within the Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence until 1971 when its functions became part of the new Naval Staff, Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence.",
"title": "Admiralty"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5215876#3",
"text": "This name \"Admiralty\" reflects the area's association with the large British Naval Base (in the Sembawang area) that was established between 1923 and 1941. Given that the residence of the Rear Admiral of the British Navy was located in this area, the road name probably reflects the Naval High Command. When the British began the construction of the Naval Base they laid out and developed Admiralty Road in 1923 which ran through the Naval Base area. The base was the key British installation in the region and was projected as the Asian bastion of the British Empire between the world wars.",
"title": "Admiralty, Singapore"
},
{
"docid": "2258905#3",
"text": "Admiralty House was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, a protégé of Sir Robert Taylor, and opened in 1788. Built at the request of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Howe, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1782–83 for \"a few small rooms of my own\", it was the official residence of First Lords of the Admiralty until 1964, and has also been home to several British Prime Ministers when 10 Downing Street was being renovated. U.S. President John F. Kennedy attended a meeting there with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1962 to discuss the allies' reaction to the communist threat and more wide-ranging matters.",
"title": "Admiralty House, London"
},
{
"docid": "54775688#2",
"text": "In September 1917 the Admiralty dually became responsible for the control of the ships of the British Merchant Navy together with the movements of the British Fleet. It established the Mercantile Movements Division under the control of a Director of Mercantile Movements to administer this arrangement. However, in the case of convoys a different system had to be devised, This was owing to the difficulty of transmitting information and the problems it caused unless complete control over any convoy when it was finally at sea had to come under jurisdiction of the Admiralty when this was agreed to the movements of convoys for the majority of there journey would then be directed by the Mercantile Movements Division and convoys were usually “plotted” from day to day.",
"title": "Mercantile Movements Division (Royal Navy)"
},
{
"docid": "4142821#0",
"text": "The Board of Admiralty was established in 1628 when Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission. As that position was not always occupied, the purpose was to enable management of the day-to-day operational requirements of the Royal Navy; at that point administrative control of the navy was still the responsibility of the Navy Board, established in 1546. This system remained in place until 1832, when the Board of Admiralty became the sole authority charged with both administrative and operational control of the navy when the Navy Board was abolished. The term Admiralty has become synonymous with the command and control of the Royal Navy, partly personified in the Board of Admiralty and in the Admiralty buildings in London from where operations were in large part directed. It existed until 1964 when the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was finally abolished and the functions of the Lords Commissioners were transferred to the new Admiralty Board and the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Board of Admiralty"
},
{
"docid": "4677623#1",
"text": "The shipyard was founded as the Galley Yard by Peter the Great during the Great Northern War on 5 November 1704 and located in the open ground along the Neva River behind the Admiralty building. It was administered by the Russian Admiralty, hence its later name. In 1721 it was renamed \"Galley Wharf\" and in 1800 the \"New Admiralty Yard\", supplementing and in 1841 soon replacing the \"Galley Wharf\". In 1908, it was renamed the Admiralty Shipyard. In 1937 its two sections were known as \"Admiralty\" and \"Sudomekh\", Shipyards No. 194 and No. 196, respectively. In 1966 it once again became the \"New Admiralty Shipyard\" as in 1800 and, in 1972, the \"Leningrad Admiralty Association\". The latest name changes occurred in 1992 – \"State Enterprise \"Admiralty Wharves\"\" – and in 2001 – \"Federal State Unitary Enterprise \"Admiralty Wharves\"\". Finally, in 2008, it became an open stock company – OAO \"Admiralty Wharves\".",
"title": "Admiralty Shipyard"
},
{
"docid": "27547609#22",
"text": "The Admiralty proved reluctant to allow the Canadian government to exercise full control over its fleet. This contentious issue of jurisdiction beyond the three-mile limit was resolved at the Imperial Conference of 1911, with the formation of the Canadian Atlantic and Pacific Stations, covering the waters North of 30°, and ranging from 40° to 160° West. It was also decided that the new colonial navies, Canadian and Australian, although exclusively controlled by their respective governments, would act on behalf of the British Government on occasions when on foreign stations. If and when the Dominion ships were placed \"at the disposal of the Imperial Government by the Dominion authorities\" in times of war, they would form part of the British Royal Navy and remain under control of the Admiralty for the duration of the war. It was up to the Dominions themselves to decide what naval assets were placed at Britain’s disposal, as Laurier had pledged.",
"title": "Origins of the Royal Canadian Navy"
},
{
"docid": "52869248#1",
"text": "King Alfred the Great first established a navy for England in the ninth century. Navies during the very early middle ages were temporary naval formations of merchant ships requisitioned by the monarch as a feudal duty. In 1050 King Edward the Confessor established a framework for naval service to the crown by assigning ports located on the English Channel the name given to them was the Cinque Ports that consisted of a readily available Cinque Port Fleet. The King's council controlled naval matters until the institution of a Lord Admiral or High Admiral formed after 1360. Prior to 1414 naval and judicial administration and operations was divided into specific geographical areas each commanded by an admiral responsible for one of the three seas, North, South and West that surround the British Isles. They were Northern Admiralty, (1294-1412) the Northern and Southern Admiralty, (1364-1414) the Northern and Western Admiralty, (1364-1414), the Western Admiralty, (1294-1412) and the Southern Admiralty, (1294-1412), and the Southern Northern and Western Admiralty, (1360-1369). In 1414 these remaining regional admiralty \"North and West\" was abolished and its functions and jurisdiction were centralized under a single Admiralty Office. However regional commands didn't entirely disappear such as the Narrow Seas Admiralty, established in 1412 it remained within the navy as a sub-commands to the higher office of the Lord High Admiral usually administered by a vice-admiral.",
"title": "Admiralty in the 16th century"
},
{
"docid": "9411640#0",
"text": "The Admiralty Yard Craft Service was the civilian service which operated auxiliary vessels for the British Admiralty, mainly in HM Dockyards or the vicinity. It was renamed the Port Auxiliary Service (PAS) on 1 October 1958 and the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service in 1976",
"title": "Admiralty Yard Craft Service"
},
{
"docid": "42139371#3",
"text": "The Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation, formalised prior to 1914, was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. In 1916, during World War I, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the internal counter-espionage section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5) and the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), names by which the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service are frequently known in popular culture today.",
"title": "British intelligence agencies"
},
{
"docid": "2988#11",
"text": "Full operational control of the Royal Navy was finally handed over to the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) by an order in Council, effective October 1917, under which he became responsible for the issuing of orders affecting all war operations directly to the fleet. It also empowered the CNS to issue orders in their own name, as opposed to them previously being issued by the Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty in the name of the Board. In 1964, the Admiralty—along with the War Office and the Air Ministry—were abolished as separate departments of state, and placed under one single new Ministry of Defence. Within the expanded Ministry of Defence are the new Admiralty Board which has a separate Navy Board responsible for the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy, the Army Board and the Air Force Board, each headed by the Secretary of State for Defence. This structure remained in place until the department was abolished in 1964; the operational control and this system still remains in place with the Royal Navy today. For the organisational structure of the admiralty department and how it developed through the centuries see the following articles below.",
"title": "Admiralty"
}
] |
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2824
|
What historic site means?
|
[
{
"docid": "2699646#0",
"text": "Historic site or Heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with the official national historic site status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, or national significance.",
"title": "Historic site"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "146649#12",
"text": "Many factors contribute to creating a setting in which visitors to living history sites can become active participants in their historical education. Two of the most important are the material culture and the interpreters. Material culture both grounds the audience in the time and place being portrayed, and provides a jumping-off point for conversation. “Interpreters” are the individuals who embody historical figures at living history sites. It is their responsibility to take the historical research that has been done on the sites and decide what meaning it has. These meanings are often a melding of fact and folklore.",
"title": "Living history"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "42712106#0",
"text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.",
"title": "X̂"
},
{
"docid": "14596479#0",
"text": "Ẑ is a Latin script letter, the letter Z with a circumflex, used for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ѕ in ISO 9 family of transliteration standards. The lower case version of the letter is ẑ.",
"title": "Ẑ"
},
{
"docid": "32412381#1",
"text": "Čungāx̌ corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Cancer. \"Čungāx̌\" literally means \"crab\" in Pashto.",
"title": "Čungāx̌"
},
{
"docid": "2513714#0",
"text": "The letter Ʊ (minuscule: ʊ), called Latin upsilon, is a letter of the Latin alphabet. While its form superficially resembles an upside-down capital Greek letter omega (), it is derived from the Greek lowercase upsilon (υ).",
"title": "Ʊ"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
}
] |
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] |
2825
|
How many copies of the Origin of Species were printed in its first year?
|
[
{
"docid": "29932#24",
"text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, \"An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species\", while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his \"Principles of Biology\" (1864).",
"title": "On the Origin of Species"
},
{
"docid": "1616231#46",
"text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" was first published on 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, 1,192 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book would be widely circulated.",
"title": "Publication of Darwin's theory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29932#27",
"text": "In the United States, botanist Asa Gray, an American colleague of Darwin, negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print \"Origin\". Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.",
"title": "On the Origin of Species"
},
{
"docid": "1626472#22",
"text": "In December 1859 the botanist Asa Gray negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, however, he learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print \"Origin\". Darwin wrote in January, \"I never dreamed of my Book being so successful with general readers: I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending the sheets to America.\" and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5 per cent royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this was the first printing alone as there were four that year.",
"title": "Reactions to On the Origin of Species"
},
{
"docid": "29954924#2",
"text": "Howe began a tour at President Hayes' home in Fremont Nov 21, 1885, and finished March 1887. It took two years before the first volume was issued, which was highly acclaimed, but sold poorly. He applied to the Ohio Legislature for assistance, and they bought 1200 copies for $12,000, allowing him to complete the three volume set, instead of the two originally planned, in 1891. Sales lagged, because everyone expected the State to give copies to schools and libraries. Howe was deeply in debt from the project when he died in October, 1893. The State, in the 71st General Assembly, agreed to buy the copyright and printing plates for $20,000, due to a petition from Senators Sherman, Brice, and Thurman, Governors Cox, Foster, Foraker, and McKinley, and many others, relieving Howe's widow of debt. The state re-printed the books for a number of years.",
"title": "Historical Collections of Ohio"
},
{
"docid": "1959106#1",
"text": "\"The Seven Storey Mountain\" was published in 1948 and was surprisingly successful. The first printing was planned for 7,500 copies, but pre-publication sales exceeded 20,000. By May 1949, 100,000 copies were in print and, according to \"Time\" magazine, it was among the best-selling non-fiction books in the country for the year 1949. The original hardcover edition eventually sold over 600,000 copies, and paperback sales exceed three million by 1984. A British edition, edited by Evelyn Waugh, was title Elected Silence. The book has remained continuously in print, and has been translated into more than fifteen languages. The 50th-anniversary edition published in 1998 by Harvest Books, included an introduction by Merton's editor, Robert Giroux, and a note by biographer and Thomas Merton Society founder, William Shannon.",
"title": "The Seven Storey Mountain"
},
{
"docid": "19863870#6",
"text": "Anticipating high demand, Deseret Book prepared a very large first printing of 35,000. It sold quickly with 10,000 copies in the first month, including 5,000 to the LDS Church's Public Communications department to place in U.S. libraries. Nearly 20,000 copies sold in the first year and the entire original printing was sold out within three years.",
"title": "The Story of the Latter-day Saints"
},
{
"docid": "56409841#5",
"text": "Romains began writing \"Men of Good Will\" in 1931 and announced the project in 1932. The original French publishers were Flammarion and each of the 27 volumes sold, in its first printing, at least 40,000 copies. By 1946, around 85,000 copies had been sold of the first volume. Romains wrote two volumes each year at around 600 pages between them. There were 14 volumes in the first American editions, in which publishers Alfred A. Knopf combined each of the two annual volumes into one. The Knopf editions were translated into English by Warre B. Wells (volumes 1–3) and Gerard Hopkins (volumes 4–14).",
"title": "Men of Good Will"
},
{
"docid": "1836373#10",
"text": "In \"an act of faith\", Vanguard Press printed 15,000 copies of the book for its first printing. To promote the book, Henle bought a full-page advertisement in \"Publishers Weekly\", which reproduced the book's two-page spread of a reindeer pulling a cart and featured the line, \"Book publishers, hitch on! This is the start of a parade that will take you places!\" Approximately two years later, Vanguard printed 6,000 more copies. By 1943, it had printed 31,600 copies, and Geisel's royalties were no more than $3,500. Although Geisel later moved to Random House, Vanguard continued to publish \"Mulberry Street\" and his second book, \"The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins\", until 1988, when Random House bought Vanguard.",
"title": "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street"
},
{
"docid": "4774149#28",
"text": "The company did not keep detailed records on how many copies were printed. The preface to the 1935 volume says that the print run for the first volume was 1,500 copies, but no further information was included in later editions. In the 1970s printings were in the tens of thousands. The hardest volume to find is the 1904 \"Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents, Washington to Lincoln\". It is not known whether the run was smaller or whether collectors of Washington and Lincoln have kept them off the market by retaining them. The second scarcest is \"Fruits of Solitude\", which may have been easy to lose because it had the fewest number of pages. The difficulty of finding the volume \"Memorable Speeches\" led one family member to joke that the speeches were so unmemorable that everyone threw them out. The Chicago publisher Reilly & Britton, a Chicago publisher, was given rights to reissue some of the earliest titles as “The Patriotic Classics.”",
"title": "RR Donnelley"
}
] |
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] |
2827
|
What countries are on the Balkan Peninsula?
|
[
{
"docid": "39608254#0",
"text": "The following list is for all of the countries to occupy Balkan territory with the exception of and , the information contained is for all airports on those territories.\nSometimes the European part of is considered part of the Balkan Peninsula. The Istanbul Atatürk Airport is located there. It had 67,981,446 passengers in 2018, placing it on the top spot in the list. The ( ) Romanian airports that are considered to be on the Balkan Peninsula are Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport in Constanța and Tulcea Airport in Tulcea. They have respectively 129,235 and 158 passenger traffic.",
"title": "List of the busiest airports in the Balkans"
},
{
"docid": "3415#23",
"text": "Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula, bordering five countries—Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north. The land borders have a total length of , and the coastline has a length of . Its total area of ranks it as the world's 105th-largest country. Bulgaria's geographic coordinates are 43° N 25° E. The most notable topographical features are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope Mountains. The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the Danube defines the border with Romania. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast.",
"title": "Bulgaria"
},
{
"docid": "4829#18",
"text": "The term is criticized for having a geopolitical rather a geographical meaning and definition, as a multiethnic and political area in the Southeastern part of Europe. The geographical term of a peninsula defines that the water border must be longer than land, with the land side being the shortest in the triangle, but that's not the case with the Balkan Peninsula. Both Eastern and Western water cathetus from Odessa to Cape Matapan (ca. 1230-1350 km) and from Trieste to Cape Matapan (ca. 1270-1285 km) are shorter than land cathetus from Trieste to Odessa (ca. 1330-1365 km). The land has a too wide line connected to the continent to be technically proclaimed as a peninsula - Szczecin (920 km) and Rostock (950 km) at the Baltic Sea are closer to Trieste than Odessa yet it is not considered as another European peninsula. Since the late 19th and early 20th-century literature is not known where is exactly the Northern border between the peninsula and the continent, with an issue, whether the rivers are suitable for its definition. In the studies the Balkans natural borders, especially Northern border, are often avoided to be addressed, considered as a \"fastidious problem\" by André Blanc in \"Geography of the Balkans\" (1965), while John Lampe and Marvin Jackman in \"Balkan Economic History\" (1971) noted that \"modern geographers seem agreed in rejecting the old idea of a Balkan Peninsula\". Another issue is the name because the Balkan Mountains which are mostly located in Northern Bulgaria are not dominating the region by length and area like the Dinaric Alps. An eventual Balkan peninsula can be considered a territory South of the Balkan Mountains, with a possible name \"Greek-Albanian Peninsula\", but Greece is rarely defined as a Balkan nation both geographically and in international relations. The term influenced the meaning of Southeast Europe which again is not properly defined by geographical factors yet historical borders of the Balkans.",
"title": "Balkans"
},
{
"docid": "888364#3",
"text": "This concept is based on the boundaries of the Balkan peninsula. The countries that have been described as being entirely within the region are: Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Montenegro.",
"title": "Southeast Europe"
},
{
"docid": "4829#13",
"text": "The Balkans are usually said to comprise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, while Greece and Turkey are often excluded. Its total area is usually given as 666,700 square km (257,400 square miles) and the population as 59,297,000 (est. 2002).",
"title": "Balkans"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4829#1",
"text": "The concept of the Balkan peninsula was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808, who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea. The term of Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for European Turkey in the 19th century, the former provinces of the Ottoman Empire in Southeast Europe. It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition, further promoted during the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the early 20th century. The definition of the Balkan peninsula natural borders are not coinciding with the technical definition of a peninsula and hence modern geographers are rejecting the idea of a Balkan peninsula, while the scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region. The term steadily got, especially since the 1990s, a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of Balkanization, and hence for the region is rather used alternative term Southeast Europe.",
"title": "Balkans"
},
{
"docid": "364825#0",
"text": "The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and , \"Stara planina\", \"Old Mountain\"; , ) is a mountain range in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The Balkan range runs 560 km from the Vrashka Chuka Peak on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea. The highest peaks of the Balkan Mountains are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev at 2,376 m, which makes the mountain range the third highest in the country, after Rila and Pirin. The mountains are the source of the name of the Balkan Peninsula.",
"title": "Balkan Mountains"
},
{
"docid": "4829#0",
"text": "The Balkans, also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical and historical. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria from the Serbian-Bulgarian border to the Black Sea coast. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea on the northwest, the Ionian Sea on the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south and southeast, and the Black Sea on the east and northeast. The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined. The highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala, , in the Rila mountain range.",
"title": "Balkans"
},
{
"docid": "19078#0",
"text": "Macedonia () is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid 19th century. Nowadays the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. It covers approximately and has a population of 4.76 million.",
"title": "Macedonia (region)"
},
{
"docid": "183584#7",
"text": "Countries within the CFA zone were allowed to impose tariffs, regulate trade and manage transport services. Zambia, Malawi, Uganda and Tanzania achieved independence in the post-colonial era. This period also saw the break down of the Federation of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland as well as the East African High Commission. Balkanization was a result of the movement towards a closed economy. Countries were adopting antitrade and anti-market policies. Tariff rates were 15% higher than OECD countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, countries took approaches to subsidize their own local industries yet the market within the country was small-scale. Transport networks were fragmented; regulations on labor and capital flow were more regulated; prices were under control. Between 1960 and 1990, balkanisation led to disastrous results. The GDP of these regions were one-tenth of OECD countries. Balkanisation also resulted in what van de Valle called \"typically fairly overvalued exchanged rates\" in Africa. Balkanization contributed to what Bates, Chatsworth & Williamson claimed to be a lost decade in Africa.",
"title": "Balkanization"
},
{
"docid": "4829#9",
"text": "The Balkan Peninsula is bounded by the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea (including the Ionian and Aegean seas) and the Marmara Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east. Its northern boundary is often given as the Danube, Sava and Kupa Rivers. The Balkan Peninsula has a combined area of about (slightly smaller than Spain). It is more or less identical to the region known as Southeastern Europe.",
"title": "Balkans"
}
] |
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] |
2830
|
What is the biggest icebreaker ship in existence?
|
[
{
"docid": "483060#18",
"text": "In May 2007, sea trials were completed for the nuclear-powered Russian icebreaker NS . The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad, and the ship was launched in 1993 as NS \"Ural\". This icebreaker was intended to be the sixth and last of the \"Arktika\" class, and currently is the world's largest icebreaker.",
"title": "Icebreaker"
},
{
"docid": "47268788#1",
"text": "The first ship, (\"Арктика\" – Arctic), was laid down in November 2013 and is expected to enter service in 2019. Launched on 16 June 2016, the ship will be the world's largest and the most powerful icebreaker surpassing the \"50 Let Pobedy\".\nThe second ship of this class, \"Sibir\" – (\"Сибирь\" – Siberia), was laid down on 26 May 2015 at Baltic Shipyard. On 1 July 2016, the hull of \"Sibir\", one third of the ship and weighing 3,500 t, was shifted to the place of the launched \"Arktika\" icebreaker, where construction will be completed. The shift made place for the start of the construction of the hull of the icebreaker \"Ural\" – (\"Урал\" – Ural). Construction of the Ural started on 25 July 2016.",
"title": "Project 22220 icebreaker"
},
{
"docid": "3593553#0",
"text": "The \"Arktika\" class is a Russian (former Soviet) class of nuclear-powered icebreakers. Formerly known as \"Project 10520 nuclear-powered icebreaker\", they were the largest and most powerful icebreakers until the 2016 launch of the ship named Arktika. Ships of the \"Arktika\" class are owned by the federal government, but were operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO) until 2008, when they were transferred to the fully government-owned operator Atomflot. Of the ten civilian nuclear-powered vessels built by Russia (and the Soviet Union), six have been of this type. They are used for escorting merchant ships in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia as well as for scientific and recreational expeditions to the Arctic.",
"title": "Arktika-class icebreaker"
},
{
"docid": "483169#13",
"text": "On 17 August 1977, NS \"Arktika\" (\"Arctic\") became the first surface ship ever to reach the North Pole. \"Arktika\" was withdrawn from service in 2008 after clocking up 175,000 hours of reactor operation time and covering more than 1 million nautical miles. Rather than be scrapped, there are calls for her to be converted to a museum ship, like her predecessor \"Lenin\".",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "483169#22",
"text": "Russia is planning to start building new icebreakers, Project 22220 after 2010.\nIn June 2008 the head of the state nuclear corporation Rosatom, Sergei Kiriyenko, said \"It is important to not only use the existing fleet of icebreakers, but also to build new ships, and the first nuclear icebreaker of a new generation will be built by 2015. This should be an icebreaker capable of moving in rivers and seas\", he said. He went on saying that the Iceberg Design Bureau in St. Petersburg would prepare the design of the icebreaker by 2009. According to the BBC the LK-60 (ЛК60Я) will be the biggest nuclear-powered icebreaker that was ever built. Vladimir Putin said in 2010, Russia builds at least three nuclear icebreakers of the new generation in the period from 2012 to 2020. Sergei Kiriyenko, head of the state nuclear corporation Rosatom ordered the responsible operator Atomflot to build up to three nuclear icebreakers until 2016. The construction of a nuclear-powered icebreaker takes eight years, the fuel endurance is about 25 years and the reactor can be refueled. According to the Transport Ministry, Russia needs six new icebreakers in the future.",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker"
},
{
"docid": "32494597#22",
"text": "After the newest and most powerful state-owned icebreakers, \"Voima\" and \"Jääkarhu\", were handed over to Soviet Union as war reparations, Finland was left with four old steam-powered icebreakers and the small diesel-electric \"Sisu\", which had been rejected due to the extensive damage it had sustained in the war. The newest steam-powered icebreaker, \"Tarmo\", was almost 40 years old and along with the others long overdue for replacement — even the largest Finnish icebreakers were not wide and powerful enough to assist the biggest post-war cargo ships. There was also a severe shortage of coal and occasionally the Finnish icebreakers had to rely on firewood. The steam-powered icebreakers were completely overhauled for the last time in 1951–1952 when they finally received modern navigation equipment — even as late as 1952 some had neither gyrocompass, sonar nor radar — and their crew spaces were rebuilt to modern standards. There were talks about converting the furnaces of \"Sampo\" from coal to oil, but it was not deemed necessary as the old icebreaker was due to decommissioning in the near future.",
"title": "Sampo (1898 icebreaker)"
},
{
"docid": "48972336#5",
"text": "On 24 May 1956, Wärtsilä and Sudoimport, the Soviet foreign trade organization with a monopoly for the foreign trade of ships, signed a shipbuilding contract for the construction of two polar icebreakers. While only half as powerful as the 44,000hp \"Lenin\", the new icebreakers featured the most powerful diesel-electric power plant ever installed on a ship at the time. The Soviet negotiators had additional requirements for deep draught and fuel consumption, which Wahlforss promised Wärtsilä to reach. In practice, the demands put the company's engineering expertise to a tough test. At the end, however, Wärtsilä could deliver what Wahlforss had promised. Few years later, Wärtsilä received a follow-up order for three more icebreakers of the same design.",
"title": "Moskva (1959 icebreaker)"
},
{
"docid": "6735773#0",
"text": "SS \"Manhattan\" was an oil tanker constructed at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts that became the first commercial ship to cross the Northwest Passage in 1969. Having been built as an ordinary tanker in 1962, she was refitted for this voyage with an icebreaker bow in 1968–69. Registered in the United States at the time, she was the largest US merchant vessel as well as the biggest icebreaker in history.",
"title": "SS Manhattan (1962)"
},
{
"docid": "35892208#1",
"text": "When the Treaty of Tartu was signed on 14 October 1920, Finland agreed to return the Russian icebreakers that the Finnish White Guard had seized during the Civil War in 1918. As a result, the largest and most powerful state-owned icebreaker of Finland at that time, \"Wäinämöinen\", was handed over to Estonia in 1922. Since both the size of the ships calling at the Finnish winter ports and the amount of exported goods, especially forest products, had increased considerably since the First World War, there was a definite need for a large and powerful icebreaker. One of the key issues was the beam of the existing icebreakers, , which was not enough for the new ships used to transport goods across the Atlantic Ocean.",
"title": "Jääkarhu"
},
{
"docid": "43805663#3",
"text": "In 1972, the ship was among the three icebreaking escorts for a convoy of seven cargo ships travelling to Mokka Fjord and Eureka. This was the largest convoy to sail that far north. In 1974, \"J.E. Bernier\", with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Sûreté du Québec detachment on board, was sent to eject occupiers of a vessel that had went aground on Île d'Orléans in the Saint Lawrence River. As the icebreaker came alongside the grounded ship, the illegal occupiers escaped over the stern and fled. In 1976, \"J.E. Bernier\" transited the Panama Canal to replace on the West Coast of Canada after \"Camsell\" was damaged. The icebreaker spent the summer working in the western Arctic and Beaufort Sea, during which the ship supported the research vessel before severe conditions north of Alaska forced \"Parizeau\" to turn back. The icebreaker returned to Quebec City via the Northwest Passage, circumnavigating North America. In 1980, the icebreaker returned to the West Coast to replace \"Camsell\" again and to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the transfer of the Arctic archipelago to Canada from the United Kingdom. The ceremony was hosted by the Governor General of Canada Edward Schreyer aboard the icebreaker. The ship once again circumnavigated North America on her return to Quebec.",
"title": "CCGS J.E. Bernier"
},
{
"docid": "1502748#22",
"text": "The icebreaking capability of the double acting tankers proved to be superior to other ships since the beginning — in shuttle service between Primorsk, Russia, and the Finnish refineries the tankers require no icebreaker assistance and have even acted as an icebreaker for other merchant ships that have utilized the wide channel opened by the Aframax tanker. However, this has not been intentional — when the world's largest 1A Super class ice tanker \"Stena Arctica\", also owned by Neste Shipping, became stuck in ice outside the port of Primorsk during the winter of 2009–2010, a decision was made to leave the assisting to Russian icebreakers.",
"title": "La Noumbi"
},
{
"docid": "483169#5",
"text": "The icebreakers have also been used for a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic. On August 17, 1977, was the first surface vessel in the world to reach the North Pole. Since 1989, some icebreakers have been used for Arctic tourist cruises.",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker"
},
{
"docid": "483169#27",
"text": "Since 1989 the nuclear-powered icebreakers have also been used for tourist purposes carrying passengers to the North Pole. Each participant pays up to US$ 25,000 for a cruise lasting three weeks. The NS \"Sibir\" was used for the first two tourist cruises in 1989 and 1990. In 1991 and 1992, the tourist trips to the North Pole were undertaken by NS \"Sovyetski Soyuz\". During the summer of 1993 the NS \"Yamal\" was used for three tourist expeditions in the Arctic. The NS \"Yamal\" has a separate accommodation section for tourists. The nuclear-powered icebreaker \"50 Let Pobedy\" (known in English as the \"50 Years of Victory\") contains an accommodation deck customised for tourists.",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker"
}
] |
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] |
2832
|
Where did the San Ciriaco hurricane make landfall?
|
[
{
"docid": "2524705#31",
"text": "Hurricane San Ciriaco set many records on its path. Resulting in at least 3,369 deaths in Puerto Rico, the storm was the deadliest hurricane to hit the island and the strongest at the time, until the Hurricane San Felipe Segundo made landfall in 1928 as a Category 5 hurricane. It was also among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded.",
"title": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "2524705#0",
"text": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, also known as the 1899 Puerto Rico Hurricane or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899, was the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record, and the second-longest-lived tropical cyclone globally on record (in terms of tropical duration) after Hurricane John in the Pacific. The third tropical cyclone and first major hurricane of the season, this storm was first observed southwest of Cape Verde on August 3. It slowly strengthened while heading steadily west-northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean and reached hurricane status by late on August 5. During the following 48 hours, it deepened further, reaching Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) before crossing the Leeward Islands on August 7. Later that day, the storm peaked winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). The storm weakened slightly before making landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) on August 8. Several hours later, it emerged into the southwestern Atlantic as a Category 3 hurricane. The system paralleled the north coast of Dominican Republic and then crossed the Bahamas, striking several islands. Thereafter, it began heading northward on August 14, while centered east of Florida. Early on the following day, the storm re-curved northeastward and appeared to be heading out to sea. However, by August 17, it turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina early on the following day. No stronger hurricane has made landfall on the Outer Banks since the San Ciriaco hurricane.",
"title": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "2524705#6",
"text": "The hurricane weakened slightly while moving west-northward across the Caribbean Sea and made landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico late on August 8 with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). August 8 was the namesday of Saint Cyriacus, hence the hurricane's nickname. Several weather stations across the island reported low barometric pressures, with a reading as low as in Guayama. Wind shifts were also experienced across the island, primarily in the south and the west. The storm crossed Puerto Rico in approximately six hours and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on August 8, while weakening to a Category 3 hurricane, with winds decreasing to 120 mph (195 km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for more than nine days. Continuing west-northward, the hurricane brushed the north coast of Dominican Republic on August 9. Thereafter, the system moved slowly northwestward through the Bahamas, striking Inagua on August 10 and Andros Island on August 12. According to telephone and telegraph reports from the Weather Bureau, the storm was predicted to make landfall in Florida.",
"title": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "55075505#7",
"text": "The 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane1899 San Ciriaco hurricane hit Puerto Rico, whose economy relied on coffee. The crop had already been facing problems with a decrease in prices and competing countries, but the hurricane wiped out any chance of rebounding from the losses of the previous years. The winds stripped the berries from the trees and the coffee exports of 1899 were only 10 percent of the average export. The losses amounted to 12 million dollars in revenue from 1899 to 1901. This left a dismal outlook on the future for farmers. Sugar was also affected by the storm, although the results were not as drastic. Only a third of the sugar crop could be harvested in 1899, but the soil was reinvigorated. The storm only affected the older haciendas, which would have been retired soon regardless of the hurricane. This allowed for newer technologies to be introduced to the sugar system and U.S. involvement increased. Overall, San Ciriaco helped and hurt the agriculture of Puerto Rico.",
"title": "Hurricanes and the Making of Caribbean History"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1920311#8",
"text": "On St Cyriacus' feast day, 8 August 1899, a category four hurricane made landfall on the island of Puerto Rico and was named after him. It was known as the Hurricane San Ciriaco.",
"title": "Cyriacus"
},
{
"docid": "352992#21",
"text": "The storm was named the \"San Calixto\" hurricane in Puerto Rico because the eye of the cyclone made landfall there on October 14, the Christian feast day of Pope Callixtus I, venerated by the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Callixtus (\"San Calixto\" in Spanish). Since European arrival in the Americas in 1492, all storms and hurricanes were named after the name of the saint of the day the storm hit Puerto Rico; for example, the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were also named after the feast day on which they occurred.",
"title": "Great Hurricane of 1780"
},
{
"docid": "10617602#0",
"text": "The 1932 San Ciprian hurricane was a powerful Atlantic tropical cyclone that struck Puerto Rico during the 1932 Atlantic hurricane season. The ninth tropical cyclone, fourth hurricane and third major hurricane of the 1932 season, the San Ciprian Hurricane formed on September 25 east of the Leeward Islands and moved due west where it quickly gained hurricane strength a day later. After peaking as a Category 4 storm, the hurricane crossed the entire length of Puerto Rico at Category 4 strength. The hurricane later struck the Dominican Republic as a Category 1 storm. Weakened by its three landfalls, the storm continued to trek westward as a weak tropical storm before making its fourth and fifth landfalls in Belize and mainland Mexico. The storm then dissipated on October 3.",
"title": "1932 San Ciprian hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "10617602#2",
"text": "A possible Cape Verde-type hurricane, the San Ciprian storm was detected by ships as a tropical storm on September 25. A strong high pressure system to the north kept the storm moving due west. It reached hurricane strength hours later as it passed the islands of Antigua and St. Barthelemy at 3 p.m. On September 26, the hurricane passed through the rest of the Leeward Islands as it gained strength. During its journey, the hurricane quickly strengthened to Category 4 status and its winds peaked at 145 mph (230 km/h). At 10 p.m., the hurricane made landfall near Ceiba, with the eye passing directly over the Ensenada Honda harbor. After striking Puerto Rico, the storm continued westward where it made its second landfall near Santo Domingo on September 27. The storm weakened as it crossed into Haiti as a tropical storm. After impacting Hispaniola, the storm continued westward where it brushed past Jamaica to the south. On October 1, the tropical storm made landfall in Belize (then known as British Honduras) and crossed over the Yucatan Peninsula before making its final landfall near Veracruz, Mexico. It dissipated on October 3.",
"title": "1932 San Ciprian hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "2524705#8",
"text": "Instead, the storm eventually turned northeastward and moved parallel to the coast of the Southeastern United States for a few days. By early on August 17, however, the hurricane re-curved northwestward. At 01:00 UTC on August 18, it made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Five hours later, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. Around midday on August 18, it fell to Category 1 hurricane intensity while re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Thereafter, the storm drifted slowly east-northeastward before accelerating to the northeast after 12:00 UTC on August 19. It moved parallel to Long Island and New England, until curving just north of due east late on the following day.",
"title": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "2524705#5",
"text": "Thereafter, the storm strengthened and reached winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on August 4. Intensification halted until late on the following day, at which time the storm reached hurricane status. Around 18:00 UTC on August 6, it became a Category 2 hurricane. Early the next day, the system deepened to a Category 3. While approaching the Lesser Antilles, it continued to strengthen, reaching Category 4 status around midday on August 7. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane passed through the Lesser Antilles and made landfall on Guadeloupe. At 18:00 UTC on August 7, the system attained its peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of , observed by a weather station on Montserrat.",
"title": "1899 San Ciriaco hurricane"
}
] |
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] |
2833
|
Is Rockwood Hall still standing?
|
[
{
"docid": "42947572#13",
"text": "Chase National Bank had acquired Rockwood's mortgage and began foreclosing on the property. In 1938, John Jr. purchased Rockwood Hall Country Club and its 220 acres from Chase Bank for $244,374 in bankruptcy court. By 1941, John Jr. found no use for the site and its buildings were deteriorating severely, so he prepared to demolish the buildings. In late 1941 and early 1942, John Jr. ordered the demolition of the mansion, coachhouse, greenhouses, powerhouse, barn, chicken house, pigeonhouse, sheds, and boathouse; only excluding the two gatehouses. Debris was to be dumped into the Hudson River, and care was taken to not damage the property's retaining walls, trees, shrubs, roads, and terraces. The last remaining structures are the gatehouse on U.S. Route 9 and the terraced foundation of the mansion.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16799591#1",
"text": "Rockwood was born in Holliston, Massachusetts to Luther Rockwood and Ruth Perry, Rockwood. He married Nancy Ruth Haven on April 4, 1827. His interests were temperance, anti-slavery, military tactics and medicine. His wife Nancy Haven was a first cousin to Brigham Young and Willard Richards. In 1836, Brigham Young and Joseph Young stayed at the Rockwood home in Holliston, Mass. (still standing) and left a copy of the Book of Mormon with Albert, who went by \"AP,\" and Nancy.",
"title": "Albert P. Rockwood"
},
{
"docid": "53870086#2",
"text": "The historic district extends along Rockwood Road from Boardman Street southeasterly, ending just before the railroad tracks. Although the latter were important to the community's growth, and there is still a commuter rail stop there, it no longer has a historic station house. Most of the buildings in the district are residences built between about 1850 and 1900, although there are examples of older and newer buildings. The oldest buildings in the district are probably Mann House at 16 Rockwood Road (c. 1806), and the Darius Ware House at 29 Rockwood Road, which dates to about 1814. The only originally non-residential building in the district is the Norfolk Grange Hall, which was built as a Baptist church in 1863, and was the first church to be built away from the historic Town Hill area.",
"title": "Rockwood Road Historic District"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#9",
"text": "Rockefeller intended the house to be his summer retreat, yet in his later years it became his year-round home. In 1922, Rockefeller died within Rockwood Hall, leaving the property empty. His funeral took place in Rockwood Hall, with a service by the rector of Saint Mary's Episcopal Church, which Rockefeller regularly attended. The gates of the estate were closed and guarded by policemen during the affair.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#10",
"text": "Rockefeller's heirs put the property up for sale, however no individual buyer could be found. At this point, the mansion was closed, its furnishings were removed, and about 20 caretakers were tending to the property. The first breakup of his property was a sale to Frank Vanderlip. In 1924, Vanderlip purchased 57 acres of Rockwood Hall's riverfront property to add to his estate, Beechwood. The bulk of the estate was purchased that same year by a group of investors, who formed Rockwood Hall, Inc. Their company purchased the property (with 210 acres west of Route 9 and 600 acres east) for around $1 million. The group converted the estate into a country club with a golf course, a swimming pool, and other facilities. The company formed Rockwood Hall Country Club and took out a mortgage with the Equitable Trust Company of New York, which was acquired by Chase Bank in 1930. Its 18-hole golf course was designed by Emmet & Tull in 1929. Rockwood Hall Country Club hired noted Australian golfer Joe Kirkwood Sr. to be the club's first golf professional.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#12",
"text": "The Rockwood Hall club was building up debts, especially during the Great Depression, which began in 1929. The club was ultimately not financially successful, and declared bankruptcy in 1936. During the summer of 1937, Rockwood Hall Country Club leased the house and grounds to the Washington Irving Country Club and the coachhouse and stable to the Washington Irving Theater during Rockwood's foreclosure suit. The coachhouse and stable were remodeled and began showing summer productions beginning in 1938 and ending by 1940.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#38",
"text": "In 2014 and 2015, the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture, a nearby non-profit farm, tended sheep and goats at Rockwood Hall. The effort was described as an experiment in land management to improve landscape health and ecosystem function, as well as possibly to increase access to land for beginning farmers by allowing them access to parks and other public lands. During the project, a shepherd would rotate the flock every few days through a series of paddocks, coaxing the animals to graze invasive plants like akebia and porcelain berry. The project gave the center additional land and forage for sheep, and helped control invasive plants and improve soil health. Local supporters of the project included New York Life, which supplied water, and the nearby retirement community Kendal on Hudson. From July to November 2014, the farm tended 50 sheep and 7 goats in the pastures of Rockwood Hall. In 2015, 10 Boer goats, 30 Tunis sheep, and 50 Finn Dorset sheep were moved to Rockwood Hall to graze.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "16799591#17",
"text": "Rockwood practiced plural marriage and fathered 22 children. He died in Sugar House, Utah Territory, at his home on Elizabeth Street at approximately 1200 East and 2500 in Salt Lake City, Utah (no longer standing), where he was surrounded by his family and friends.",
"title": "Albert P. Rockwood"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#3",
"text": "Importer and merchant Edwin Bartlett obtained the property around 1848, demolished the farmhouse, and built Rockwood, an English Gothic castle of locally-quarried stone. Bartlett hired Gervase Wheeler to design the house, which was built in 1849.\nBartlett sold the house to his business partner William Henry Aspinwall in 1860; Aspinwall made it his summer home and improved the property and house, and purchased enough land to make his estate . Aspinwall would often travel from New York City to the property via his yacht \"Firefly\", which he could moor to his dock at Rockwood Hall.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
},
{
"docid": "42947572#0",
"text": "Rockwood Hall was a Gilded Age mansion in Mount Pleasant, New York, on the Hudson River. It was best-known as the home of William Rockefeller, brother of John D. Rockefeller, both co-founders of the Standard Oil Company. Other owners of the house or property included Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, William Henry Aspinwall, and Lloyd Aspinwall. The property was once up to in size; the mansion at its height had 204 rooms, making it the second-largest private house in the U.S. at the time, only behind the Biltmore mansion in North Carolina. The estate is currently an section of the Rockefeller State Park Preserve.",
"title": "Rockwood Hall"
}
] |
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] |
2834
|
How big is Burkina Faso?
|
[
{
"docid": "3470#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2018 population estimate by the United Nations was 19,751,651. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Roughly 40% of the population speaks the Mossi language. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as \"Burkinabé\" ( ). Its capital is Ouagadougou.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42489952#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great part they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures. Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim, while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian. In contrast many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors. The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America.",
"title": "Art of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3677#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and desert in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves—the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park—contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, common warthogs, and antelopes. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, \"Lycaon pictus\" occurred in Burkina Faso, but, although the last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated from Burkina Faso. Tourism is not well developed.",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "331015#44",
"text": "Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great part they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures. Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim, while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian. In contrast many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors. The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America.",
"title": "African art"
},
{
"docid": "3470#4",
"text": "Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words \"Burkina\" and \"Faso\" both stem from different languages spoken in the country: \"Burkina\" comes from Mossi and means \"upright\", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while \"Faso\" comes from the Dyula language and means \"fatherland\" (lit. \"father's house\"). The \"bè\" suffix added onto \"Burkina\" to form the demonym \"Burkinabè\" comes from the Fula language and means \"men or women\". The CIA summarizes the etymology as \"name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\".",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#81",
"text": "According to the Global Hunger Index, a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's hunger levels, Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013. It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance. However, only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention. Only 11.4 percent of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals. Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012. Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development, further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#91",
"text": "Poverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity. As one of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso has around 43.7% of its population living under the poverty line and ranked 185 out of 188 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2015. The Human Development Index is a measure of quality of life, taking into account three main areas of human development: longevity, education, and economic standard of living. These high levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso, combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis continue to contribute to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity. The global food crisis of 2007–2008 was a drastic surge in food prices that lead to high rates of hunger, malnutrition, and political and economic instability in nations across the globe. This strongly affected Burkina Faso because around 80% of Burkina's population is rural, relying on subsistence farming to make a living. For instance, when natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail, farmers in Burkina Faso become dependent on grain purchases. Because of the global food crisis, local grain prices dramatically increased, limiting farmers' access to grain through market exchanges.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#106",
"text": "Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina Faso's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 persons per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3677#2",
"text": "This is a list of the extreme points of Burkina Faso, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of . The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than . Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. Its elevation extremes are a lowest point at the Mouhoun (Black Volta) River (200 m) and highest point at Tena Kourou (749 m).",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "17985543#8",
"text": "According to the Ministry of Finance, gold has become the top export commodity. In 2011, it earned Burkina Faso 127 billion CFA (US$247 million). Between 2007 and 2011, it brought in 440 billion CFA, accounting for 64.7 percent of all exports and 8 percent of GDP. Production rose from 23 tonnes in 2010 to 32 tonnes in 2011. Gold mines are spread across the country's northern, western, southwestern and central regions.\nBurkina Faso's gold industry employs slave laborers and does not spare children. In 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor reported that gold mining becoming an even more fruitful industry, it has resulted in \"an increased number of children working in gold mines and thousands of students leaving school.\"\nA December 2014 report further corroborates the fact that child labor and forced labor are common practices in Burkina Faso's mining industry. The mentioned DOL report contains a \"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor\" and Burkina Faso is listed among 74 other countries where such labor conditions have been observed.",
"title": "Mining industry of Burkina Faso"
}
] |
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2835
|
Which is colder North Pole or South Pole?
|
[
{
"docid": "20611127#25",
"text": "The South Pole is at an altitude of but feels like .. Centrifugal force from the spin of the planet pulls the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole because of the elevation difference. The North Pole is a few feet from sea level.",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "24873453#10",
"text": "In the temperate and polar regions, seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight, which in turn often causes cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals. These effects vary with latitude and with proximity to bodies of water. For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continent of Antarctica and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans. The North Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the water. The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"docid": "21836#49",
"text": "Winter temperatures at the northernmost weather station in Greenland can range from about , averaging around , with the North Pole being slightly colder. However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy, located at 87.45°N, on December 30, 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between during the storm. Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (). The highest temperature yet recorded is , much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only . A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15, 2016 when temperatures hit freezing. Yet again, February 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world's northernmost weather station in Greenland, reached and spent 24 straight hours above freezing. Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of . This same temperature of was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time.",
"title": "North Pole"
},
{
"docid": "20611127#24",
"text": "During the southern winter (March–September), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and from May 11 to August 1, between extended periods of twilight, it is completely dark (apart from moonlight). In the summer (September–March), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of 23.5° in December. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about ), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation). Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole, primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass, while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean, which acts as a reservoir of heat.",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "21836#48",
"text": "The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate (\"ETf\") due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing.",
"title": "North Pole"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19003265#30",
"text": "In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately . The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative \"hot spot\" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.",
"title": "Neptune"
},
{
"docid": "44475#19",
"text": "One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is hotter at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation. Uranus's south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager 2's flyby in 1986. The labelling of this pole as \"south\" uses the definition currently endorsed by the International Astronomical Union, namely that the north pole of a planet or satellite is the pole that points above the invariable plane of the Solar System, regardless of the direction the planet is spinning. A different convention is sometimes used, in which a body's north and south poles are defined according to the right-hand rule in relation to the direction of rotation.",
"title": "Uranus"
},
{
"docid": "21836#2",
"text": "While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (unlike the South Pole). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, the Russians have also annually established a base, Barneo, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of Arctic ice shrinkage, with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later.",
"title": "North Pole"
},
{
"docid": "492071#12",
"text": "The sea water has a stable temperature and is separated into four distinct layers as follows. The top are surface water which has a temperature of in summer and in winter. The next layer is formed by the inflows from the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea coming through the Bering Strait; it extends up to the North Pole. The warmest, deep Atlantic layer has the temperatures between 0 and 1 °C (32 to 34 °F), and water at the bottom is a bit colder at −0.4 to −0.8 °C (31.3 to 30.6 °F). The average salinity varies between 28‰ and 32‰ (parts per thousand) from south to north. Typical air temperatures (at Tuktoyaktuk) are in January and in July.",
"title": "Beaufort Sea"
},
{
"docid": "13981116#7",
"text": "Pomerantz saw the potential of the South Pole as an observing platform remarkably early. Its proximity to the South magnetic pole of the Earth means that charged cosmic rays can be detected there without the deflections they experience when detected at lower latitudes. Astronomical observations near the Earth's poles can be done over long periods, without the diurnal variations at lower latitudes. The South Pole is at an altitude of nearly , so the astronomical seeing should be comparable to other high-altitude observatories; the extreme cold in Antarctica also corresponds to relatively little water vapor in the atmosphere there, which is a particular advantage for infrared astronomy. Finally, the South Pole lies at the top of a very deep, nearly permanent ice sheet that has been used to advantage in experiments such as the IceCube Neutrino Detector.",
"title": "Martin A. Pomerantz"
}
] |
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] |
2836
|
How many people joined the Anushilan Samiti?
|
[
{
"docid": "22192360#0",
"text": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti was a branch of the Anushilan Samiti founded in the city of Dhaka in November 1905. Initially a group of eighty under the leadership of Pulin Behari Das, it \"spread like wildfire\" throughout the province of East Bengal. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin’s headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism. The \"Dhaka Anushilan Samiti\" embarked on a radical program of political terrorism. It broke with the \"Jugantar group\" due to differences with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a base for a revolution with a mass base. The Dhaka group saw this as slow and insufficient, and sought immediate action and result. It was responsible for a number of political assassinations, most notably the murder of D.C. Allen. However, it reached a temporary halt after the arrest and deportation of Pulin Das and the Barisal Conspiracy Case in 1913. Dhaka Anushilan decided not to participate in the German plot of World War I. After the war, it continued in its violent movement, and some of its members went on to form the Neo-violence group.",
"title": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#20",
"text": "Anushilan and Jugantar each were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. \"Anushilan Samiti\" was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar, was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups, acting under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions together. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktolla conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries that was described by Frost. The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the \"Anushilan Samiti\" were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports. According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti had at one point 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, with 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, Bihar, and the United Provinces. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents shows a primary division between, on the one hand the two active leadersBarin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file on the other. Higher leaders including Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Erstwhile members of \"Anushilan\", particularly those of the Maniktala group, had suggested that the each group were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However historian Peter Heehs concludes the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India. He concludes the Maniktala society had links between the other groups and the Manicktalla society, such as the Anushilan and Atmannati Samitis, were more often competitive than co-operative. An internal circular of circa 1908 written by Pulin Behari Das, describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions, with central \"Samitis\" linked with a few small Samitis.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#6",
"text": "By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. One was founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister Pramatha Mitra, another was led by Bengali woman Sarala Devi and the third was founded by Aurobindo Ghosh. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time. By 1905 the work of Aurobindo and his brother, Barin, enabled Anushilan Samity to spread throughout Bengal. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including \"Bande Mataram\" and \"Jugantar\", had a widespread influence on Bengal youth. The 1905 partition of Bengal stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's Bhadralok community, helping Anushilan acquire a support base of educated, politically-conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. Its program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and \"lathis\" (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The Dhaka branch of Anushilan was led by Pulin Behari Das, and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam. More than 500 branches were opened in eastern Bengal and Assam, linked by \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, soon overshadowing its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach indicate a membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan devolved its aims from the Swadeshi to that of political terrorism.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4131168#36",
"text": "Through the 1920s and 1930s, many Anushilan members began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, and later the Communist Party of India. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as M. N. Roy, became an influential member of the Communist International, helping to find the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilanite Marxists, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, felt hesitant over joining the Communist Party. Holding sharp differences with the CPI and Royist ideologies, the Anushilan marxists decided to join Congress Socialist Party (CSP), but keeping a separate identity within the party. The RSP, which derived from the \"Samiti\", held a strong influence in parts of Bengal. The psrty sent two parliamentarians in the 1952 Lok Sabha elections, both previously \"Samiti\" members. In 1969 RSP sympathizers in East Pakistan formed the Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal (SKSD). RSP and SKSD have maintained close ties since. The RSP is a minor partner in the Left Front which ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 34 uninterrupted years. It also holds influence in South India, notably in parts of Kerala. The SUCI, another left wing party with a presence in Bengal, was founded in 1948 by Anushilan members.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#28",
"text": "The great majority of the Anushilan Samiti had joined the CSP, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the HSRA joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#26",
"text": "A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, and later the Communist Party of India (CPI). The majority of the Anushilan Marxists did however, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, feel hesitant over joining the Communist Party. The Anushilanites distrusted the political lines formulated by the Communist International.They shared some critiques against the leadership of Joseph Stalin and the Comintern, but the Anushilan Marxists did not embrace Trotskyism.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#22",
"text": "A large proportion of the cadre of the \"Samiti's\" component groups came from upper castes. By 1918, nearly ninety percent of the revolutionaries killed or convicted were from the Hindu castes of \"Brahmin\"s,\" Kayastha\"s or \"Vaishya\"s. As the \"Samiti\" spread its influence to other parts, particularly north India, it began to draw people of other religions and of varying religious commitments. For example, many who joined the Hindustan Republican Socialist Association were Marxists and many were militant atheists. By the late 1930s, the membership had changed somewhat in the participation of members with more secular outlook. Wings of the \"Samiti\" also included prominent participation from women. Amongst the most famous of the latter were Pritilata Waddedar who led a Jugantor attack during the Chittagong Armoury raid, and Kalpana Dutta who manufactured bombs at Chittagong.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#22",
"text": "A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, and later the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilan Marxists did however, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, feel hesitant over joining the Communist Party.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#19",
"text": "A large portion of the Anushilan movement was attracted to left-wing politics during the 1930s, and those who did not join left-wing parties identified with Congress and the Congress Socialist Party. During the mass detentions of the 1930s surrounding the civil-disobedience movement, many members were won over to the Congress. Jugantar was formally dissolved in 1938; many former members continued to act together under Surendra Mohan Ghose, who was a liaison between other Congress politicians and Aurobindo Ghose in Pondicherry. During the late 1930s, Marxist-leaning members of the Anushilan in the CSP announced the formation of the Revolutionary Socialist Party.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "1526372#8",
"text": "During the summer of 1938 a meeting took place between the Marxist sector of the Anushilan movement and the CSP. Present in the meeting were Jai Prakash Narayan (leader of CSP),Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Kumar Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan marxists then held talks with Acharya Narendra Deva, a former Anushilan militant. The Anushilan marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party. With them came the Anushilan Samiti, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the membership of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji. The Anushilan marxists were however soon to be disappointed by developments inside the CSP. The party, at that the time Anushilan marxists had joined it, was not a homogeneous entity. There was the Marxist trend led by J.P. Narayan and Narendra Deva, the Fabian socialist trend led by Minoo Masani and Asoka Mehta and a Gandhian socialist trend led by Ram Manohar Lohia, and Achyut Patwardan. To the Anushilan marxists differences emerged between the ideological stands of the party and its politics in practice. These differences surfaced at the 1939 annual session of the Indian National Congress at Tripuri. At Tripuri, in the eyes of the Anushlian marxists, the CSP had failed to consistently defend Subhas Chandra Bose. Jogesh Chandra Chatterji renounced his CSP membership in protest against the action by the party leadership.",
"title": "Congress Socialist Party"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#27",
"text": "During the summer of 1938 a meeting took place between Jayaprakash Narayan (leader of CSP), Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan Marxists then discussed the issue with Acharya Narendra Deva. The Anushilan Marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
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2837
|
What was the fastest steam locomotive?
|
[
{
"docid": "3674433#1",
"text": "The F7s are major contenders for the fastest steam locomotives ever built, as they ran at over daily. One run in January 1941 recorded by a reporter for \"Trains\" magazine saw achieved twice—in the midst of a heavy snowstorm. Baron Gérard Vuillet, a French railroading expert, once recorded a run between Chicago and Milwaukee where the locomotive reached and sustained an average for . However, the British locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 \"Mallard\" is officially accepted to be the world's fastest, with a run recorded at but authenticated at 126 mph in 1938.",
"title": "Milwaukee Road class F7"
},
{
"docid": "267455#0",
"text": "Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley (19 June 1876 – 5 April 1941) was an English railway engineer. He was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). He was the designer of some of the most famous steam locomotives in Britain, including the LNER Class A1 and LNER Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific engines. An A1 Pacific, \"Flying Scotsman\", was the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service, and an A4, number 4468 \"Mallard\", still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world (126 mph).",
"title": "Nigel Gresley"
},
{
"docid": "51147580#7",
"text": "The most famous steam locomotive operating on the British main line is the 1923 built \"Flying Scotsman\". After being taken into public ownership in 2004, following a decade long refit it returned to mainline service in 2016. The fastest steam locomotive ever built, the 1938 built \"Mallard\", was also certified for main line operation briefly in the 1980s.",
"title": "Mainline steam trains in Great Britain"
},
{
"docid": "7337761#14",
"text": "The fastest steam locomotive\nLocomotive 498.106 ČSD, nicknamed Albatross, reached top speed 162 km/h on railway test circuit Velim (August 27, 1964)",
"title": "Czech rail records"
},
{
"docid": "1250505#4",
"text": "It was also optimised for speed it is named after the LNER A4 class 4468 Mallard locomotive, the fastest steam locomotive in the world, once again displaying the company's fondness for railway-oriented nomenclature. (For instance, see the company name itself.) In fact the Locomotive name came from the phrase \"To run like a train\" and it was this theme that was used to name Mallard BASIC no other Locomotive product was named after anything railway-oriented.",
"title": "Mallard BASIC"
},
{
"docid": "174685#0",
"text": "The Class A4 is a class of streamlined 4-6-2 steam locomotive designed by Nigel Gresley for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1935. Their streamlined design gave them high-speed capability as well as making them instantly recognisable, and one of the class, 4468 \"Mallard\", holds the world record as the fastest steam locomotive. Thirty-five of the class were built to haul express passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line route from London Kings Cross via York to Newcastle, and later via Newcastle to Edinburgh, Scotland. They remained in service on the East Coast Main Line until the early 1960s when they were replaced by Deltic diesel locomotives. Several A4s saw out their remaining days until 1966 in Scotland, particularly on the Aberdeen - Glasgow express trains, for which they were used to improve the timing from 3.5 to 3 hours.",
"title": "LNER Class A4"
},
{
"docid": "716938#0",
"text": "London and North Eastern Railway locomotive numbered 4468 \"Mallard\" is a Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster Works, England in 1938. It is historically significant as the holder of the world speed record for steam locomotives at .",
"title": "LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3671122#2",
"text": "They hauled the fastest scheduled steam-powered trains in the world. Running at 100 mph or greater was required to keep these schedules; the class A locomotives were designed to cruise at over and be able to achieve . A run with a dynamometer car behind the locomotive was made on May 15, 1935 by locomotive No. 2 between Milwaukee and New Lisbon, Wisconsin. Over a stretch the speed of was recorded. This was the fastest authenticated speed reached by a steam locomotive at the time, making No. 2 the rail speed record holder for steam and the first steam locomotive to top . There are reports, without evidence or accurate records, that these locomotives could exceed . Such speeds would have placed the class A in contention with the LNER Class A4 and German BR 05 for the crown of fastest steam locomotive until that time, but no records have been unearthed. The successor Milwaukee Road class F7 was even more powerful, with a claimed top speed of .",
"title": "Milwaukee Road class A"
},
{
"docid": "5521877#87",
"text": "If running is achieved, \"Tornado\" would also become the second fastest operational steam locomotive in the world. Regular steam operation was last seen in Britain in 1967 with the Merchant Navy class Pacific locomotives operating on the Waterloo to Bournemouth route. The fastest operational steam locomotive in the world is Deutsche Reichsbahn 18.201, allowed to run in Germany up to .",
"title": "LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado"
},
{
"docid": "24109303#12",
"text": "On 11 May 1936, high-speed steam locomotive 05 002, hauling three express carriages and a test van, reached 200.4 km/h at the 52 km mark between Vietznitz and Paulinenaue, a world record for steam locomotives.\nOn 15 May 1933, Germany’s first high-speed diesel train, DRG 877 \"Fliegender Hamburger\" (\"Flying Hamburger\"), was introduced on the line. With a travel time of two hours and 18 minutes the \"Fliegender Hamburger\" had an average speed of for the , between Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and Berlin Lehrter station. The \"Fliegender Hamburger\" was the world's fastest scheduled rail service. The majority of travellers still travelled in ordinary steam-hauled express trains with a travel time of three and a half to four hours. With the outbreak of World War II, military priorities meant that high-speed projects were abandoned.",
"title": "Berlin–Hamburg Railway"
},
{
"docid": "1186922#27",
"text": "The locomotives were cross balanced and ran on drivers. They had an oil-fired grate and a rated boiler pressure of , which gave the boiler a high capacity in relation to the cylinders. Designed for a light-weight train of five to six passenger cars, they were considered as probably the fastest steam locomotives ever built in the United States, possibly capable of matching any locomotive in the world. The fleet covered their schedule in 400 minutes with several stops en route, at an average speed of more than on some sections and often arriving with one or two minutes to spare.",
"title": "4-4-2 (locomotive)"
}
] |
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] |
2838
|
What was the first car classified as an SUV?
|
[
{
"docid": "47696#24",
"text": "According to Robert Casey, the transportation curator at the Henry Ford Museum, the 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was the first true sport utility vehicle in the modern understanding of the term, although Jeep already used the term literally in their 1974 brochures, for the original SJ Cherokee. Developed under the leadership of AMC's François Castaing and marketed to urban families as a substitute for a traditional car (and especially station wagons, which were still fairly popular at the time), the Cherokee had four-wheel drive in a more manageable size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer) as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon. With the introduction of more luxurious models and a much more powerful 4-liter engine, sales of the Cherokee increased even higher as the price of gasoline fell, and the term \"sport utility vehicle\" began to be used in the national press for the first time. \"The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down.\"",
"title": "Sport utility vehicle"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47696#54",
"text": "The production of luxury models increased in the late-1990s with vehicles such as the Lincoln Navigator and Cadillac Escalade. These luxury SUVs generated higher profit margins than non-luxury SUVs did. For some auto makers, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Some of these models are not traditional SUVs based on light truck as they are classified as crossovers.",
"title": "Sport utility vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "8669149#5",
"text": "Heavier-duty SUVs are typically designed with a truck-style chassis with separate body, while lighter-duty (including cross-over models) are more similar to car construction, which are typically built with a unitary construction (where the body actually forms the structure). Originally designed and built to be work vehicles using a truck chassis, SUVs were not comprehensively re-designed to be safely used as passenger vehicles. The British television Fifth Gear programme staged a crash between a first generation (1989–98) Land Rover Discovery with a separate chassis and body, and a modern Renault Espace IV with monocoque (unit) design. This traditional truck-based SUV offered less protection for occupants than that offered in the modern multi-purpose vehicle with unitary construction. In some SUV fatalities involving truck-based construction, lawsuits against the automakers \"were settled quietly and confidentially, without any public scrutiny of the results—or the underlying problems with SUV design\", thus hiding the danger of vehicles such as the Ford Bronco and Explorer compared to regular passenger cars.",
"title": "Criticism of sport utility vehicles"
},
{
"docid": "997419#18",
"text": "The Aspen was the first truck-based SUV commercialized under the Chrysler brand, although the PT Cruiser was the first truck-based Chrysler brand vehicle as classified under Corporate Average Fuel Economy's (CAFE) regulation. With this introduction, as of 2007, all American automobile brands had an SUV in their range. The truck was unveiled at the 2005 North American International Auto Show. The Aspen came equipped with three rows of seating for eight passengers and available all-wheel drive. It was available in only one trim, Limited.",
"title": "Dodge Durango"
},
{
"docid": "44534832#4",
"text": "Bentley's first production SUV was first previewed as the Bentley EXP 9 F concept car at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. The concept car was based upon the Volkswagen Group MLB platform, powered by a 6.0-litre W12 engine producing 600 hp. The production version was announced in July 2013. The Bentley EXP 9 F's design proved to be controversial, and it received a mixed response from the automobile press. After some criticism for the design of the EXP 9 F, Bentley announced that it would change the styling for the production version of the SUV, the Bentayga.\nThe initial design of the EXP 9 F was redesigned to achieve \"more traditional SUV proportions and less retro surfacing.\" Almost four years after the Bentley EXP 9 F concept was unveiled, the Bentayga began production at Bentley's factory in Crewe, England.",
"title": "Bentley Bentayga"
},
{
"docid": "251887#19",
"text": "The SUV models generated higher profit-margins than passenger cars, and automakers introduced new luxury models during the late 1990s, starting with Lincoln Navigator in 1997, besides traditional models like the Grand Cherokee. For some manufacturers such as Porsche and BMW, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Luxury SUVs catered particularly to the U.S. market where station wagons were unpopular, often being produced in North America (such as BMW Spartanburg) instead of the luxury marque's home country. Some of these models were a unibody construction, instead of the body-on-frame construction traditionally used by off-road vehicles.",
"title": "Luxury vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "251887#16",
"text": "Long before the luxury SUV segment became popular in the 1990s, the vehicle in this segment was the 1966 Jeep Super Wagoneer, which was marketed at the time as a station wagon. It was the first off-road SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment. Standard equipment included bucket seating, a center console, air conditioning, seven-position tilt steering wheel, a vinyl roof and gold colored trim panels on the body sides and tailgate. By the late 1970s, optional equipment included an electric sunroof, The 1978 Jeep Wagoneer Limited was the spiritual successor to the Super Wagoneer and was the first four-wheel drive car to use leather upholstery.",
"title": "Luxury vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "173290#51",
"text": "Following the entry of China's Geely as a shareholder of PROTON in 2017, the carmaker has announced the launch of the Proton SUV Sport utility vehicle., which will be the first SUV under the marque. The car is based on the hugely successful Geely Boyue, with touches of local design elements introduced for the Malaysian market. The first batch of the locally named Proton X70 will be imported from China, with localisation plans afoot with the expansion of their Tanjong Malim plant .",
"title": "PROTON Holdings"
},
{
"docid": "1241710#5",
"text": "The first imported car to win the award was the Japanese Honda Accord for 1977. In 1982, the award was shared for the first time between badge engineered cars and, in 1991, between completely different types of cars. Over the years, the COTY criteria has been further refined and, for 2004, it was amended to allow any Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) to be eligible for the first time, permitting the Australian-made Ford Territory to take the title. For 2011, the Honda CR-Z instead became the first hybrid to win the award.",
"title": "Wheels Car of the Year"
},
{
"docid": "251887#20",
"text": "During the mid-2000s, SUVs from luxury car brands grew at almost 40 percent in the United States to more than 430,000 vehicles (excluding SUV-only brands like Hummer and Land Rover), at a time when luxury car sales suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30 percent of major luxury brands' U.S. sales were SUVs. Crossover SUVs became increasingly popular in the mid-2000s, and manufacturers also began to produce luxury versions of crossovers. The Lexus RX was the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US. Some luxury crossovers are built on a platform shared with sedans or hatchbacks, for example the Infiniti FX is based upon the Nissan FM platform that also underpins other Infiniti cars. While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, more recent crossovers, such as the Infiniti FX and BMW X6, have been designed with a sporting appearance.",
"title": "Luxury vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "21651366#5",
"text": "The first car sold from the house is a SUV, called DR5, with Chery components and Bosch electronic. This model was presented as a prototype at the 31º Bologna Motor Show in 2006.\nDr5 was the first DR model, launched in November 2007, and for the occasion Massimo Di Risio celebrated the moment with the symbolic gesture of punching the chassis number on the first car produced.",
"title": "DR Automobiles"
}
] |
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] |
2841
|
How large is an Anatolian Shepard?
|
[
{
"docid": "1181418#5",
"text": "The general appearance of the Anatolian Shepherd Dog is a tall, rugged and powerful livestock guardian dog with a dense double coat, a broad strong head, well-developed muscular shoulders, and a long tail with a slight curl (reaching to the hock), that is carried high and curled over the dog's back when the dog is alert. The physique embodies balance and strength. Movement of the Anatolian Shepherd Dog should be supple and powerful. A low head carriage which shows the head, neck and topline being level when moving - creating the impression that the dog is stalking - is an important characteristic of the breed.\nAs with many breeds, there are several breed standards for the Anatolian Shepherd Dog, and therefore there is some variance in the described size and weight. They weigh between 40 and 70 kg (90 and 150 pounds), with females on the smaller side and males on the larger side. The coat may be any colour, although most common are white cream, \"sesame,\" and white with large coloured spots that do not cover more than 30% of the body. Known as \"piebald\", these colours may or may not be accompanied by a black mask and/or ears.\nThey have a thick double coat that is somewhat wiry, and needs to be brushed 1-2 times a week in warm weather due to excessive shedding. They have very thick hair on their neck to protect their throat. They look as if they are heavier than they actually are, due to the thick coat.",
"title": "Anatolian Shepherd"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18323435#20",
"text": "It also claimed that white smoke trails such as seen behind the missile on the footage usually occur from land-to-air missile launches, and never with air-to-air missiles.\n“This is not a full list of inconsistencies in the obviously edited video footage. [The footage does not give] a clear picture of when and where the video was recorded. If watched carefully, one can clearly see two roads parallel to the shoreline,” the Russian Foreign Ministry said. “But there aren't such roads in the indicated area of Abkhazia’s coast. Abkhazia's famous sand beaches - 100 meters in width - are not seen in the footage, even though they can be seen by satellite.”",
"title": "2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "16361229#14",
"text": "The Illusive Man explains that the Collectors reside beyond the Omega-4 Relay, a place from which no ship has ever returned, and tasks Shepard with assembling a team to stop them. Shepard is also given command of a new starship, the \"Normandy SR-2\", piloted once again by Joker and equipped with an onboard AI named EDI. Shepard recruits Mordin Solus, former squad member Garrus Vakarian, Jack, and (optionally) Grunt, before the Illusive Man informs him/her that another human colony is under attack. With the help of Mordin's studies on Collector biology, Shepard defends the colony, but is unable to stop a large portion of the population from being captured. Shepard can then recruit former squad member Tali'Zorah, Thane Krios, and Samara (later optionally replaced by Morinth), before being sent to explore a supposedly disabled Collector ship. There, Shepard learns that the Collectors were originally Protheans that were turned into slaves of the Reapers. With EDI's help, Shepard also finds out how to bypass the Omega-4 Relay before being ambushed by the Collectors. Although Shepard's squad escapes, his/her relationship with the Illusive Man is strained due to his prior knowledge of the trap.",
"title": "Mass Effect 2"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
] |
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] |
2843
|
Who created the game Return to Castle Wolfenstein?
|
[
{
"docid": "26569#0",
"text": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein is a first-person shooter video game published by Activision, released on November 19, 2001 for Microsoft Windows and subsequently for PlayStation 2, Xbox, Linux and Macintosh. The game serves as both a remake and a reboot to the \"Wolfenstein\" series. It was developed by Gray Matter Interactive and Nerve Software developed its multiplayer mode. id Software, the creators of \"Wolfenstein 3D\", oversaw the development and were credited as executive producers. The multiplayer side eventually became the most popular part of the game, and was influential in the genre. Splash Damage created some of the maps for the Game of the Year edition. A sequel, titled \"Wolfenstein\", was released on August 18, 2009.",
"title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "33430#25",
"text": "Although id Software did not develop another \"Wolfenstein\" game, as their development focus shifted to \"Doom\" shortly after release, and has never returned to the series, multiple \"Wolfenstein\" titles have been produced by other companies, sometimes using game engines developed by id. The first of these newer \"Wolfenstein\" games was \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" in 2001, a reboot of the series, and the latest is the 2017 \"\".",
"title": "Wolfenstein 3D"
},
{
"docid": "26569#29",
"text": "\"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" received favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, it scores 88/100 (based on 32 reviews), and on GameRankings it scores 86.75% (based on 50 reviews). \"Eurogamer\"'s Tom Bramwell called \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" \"a worthy addition to the stable of id Software affiliated shoot 'em ups. The single player game is average to good and takes quite a while to finish, but the game really earns its salt by shipping with a first class multiplayer element.\"",
"title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "11651198#3",
"text": "The \"Wolfenstein\" series of video games started with the 1981 stealth-adventure video game \"Castle Wolfenstein\". It was developed by American programmer Silas Warner, a pioneer in the early eras of video gaming, especially the stealth genre. It was published by his (then) company M.U.S.E. Inc. (Muse Software). The player controls an unnamed American prisoner of war as he steals war files containing information about secret German war plans while avoiding or sometimes killing guards, and tries to escape the fortified Nazi stronghold Castle Wolfenstein, set during World War II. The game is often credited as one of the first video games of the stealth genre, since it focuses more on avoiding or disarming enemies, and killing them is considered a last resort.",
"title": "Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "11651198#5",
"text": "Silas Warner, an American programmer and an employee of software company Muse Software, was a pioneer of early video game development, especially the stealth genre. He had access to computers in college, and when he worked for the IBM Mainframe architectures before joining Muse Software. The computer he used for game-development, P.L.A.T.O., was one of the firsts with multiple functioning terminals and an example of early computer networks. Warner developed, with P.L.A.T.O., a series of classic video games like his flight simulator and arcade shooter. Inspired by the arcade shooter video game \"Berzerk\" and the 1961 war film \"Guns of Navarone\", he developed \"Castle Wolfenstein\", a stealth-adventure video game in which the player controls an unnamed American prisoner of war as he steals German files containing secret war plans, while avoiding, disarming or at times killing hostile guards and trying to escape the fortified Nazi stronghold 'Castle Wolfenstein', set in World War II. The game was published in 1981 by Warner's company M.U.S.E. Inc. (Muse Software).",
"title": "Wolfenstein"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11651198#4",
"text": "Ten more titles, \"Beyond Castle Wolfenstein\", \"Wolfenstein 3D\", \"Wolfenstein 3D: The Spear of Destiny\", \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\", \"\", \"Wolfenstein RPG\", \"Wolfenstein\", \"\", \"\" and \"\" have been published as games of the \"Wolfenstein\" series since the release of \"Castle Wolfenstein\" in 1981 by M.U.S.E. Inc.",
"title": "Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "302327#18",
"text": "\"Castle Wolfenstein\" inspired the game \"Wolfenstein 3D\" and its prequel \"Spear of Destiny\" by id Software, which were both released in 1992 and helped popularize the first-person shooter genre. Id went on to release \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" in 2001, \"\" in 2003, \"Wolfenstein\" in 2009. \"\", using the Id game engine id Tech 5, but developed and published by MachineGames and Bethesda Softworks, respectively, was released in 2014.",
"title": "Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "26569#28",
"text": "In the United States, \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" sold 350,000 copies and earned $17 million by August 2006. It was the country's 48th best-selling computer game between January 2000 and August 2006. Combined sales of all \"Wolfenstein\" computer games released between January 2000 and August 2006 had reached 660,000 units in the United States by the latter date. \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" received a \"Silver\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. By January 2002, Activision reported that shipments of \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" to retailers had surpassed one million units.",
"title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "26569#20",
"text": "There are many different releases of \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\". The original release, version 1.0, came in a game box featuring a book-like flap. A Collector's Edition, packaged in a metal case, was released at the same time. The contents of the Collector's Edition changed depending on when it was purchased and could include a poster and fabric patch, a poster and a bonus CD, or just the bonus CD. The Game of the Year Edition (2002 - v.1.33) came with the original \"Wolfenstein 3D\", game demos, and seven new multiplayer maps (Trenchtoast, Tram Siege, Ice, Chateau, Keep, The Damned, and Rocket.) The Platinum Edition (2004 - v.1.41) included \"\", a stand-alone multiplayer expansion, and \"Wolfenstein 3D\". \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein: Tides of War\" also came with the original \"Wolfenstein 3D\" as an unlockable after beating the campaign, and included some enhancements like surround sound.",
"title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "26569#34",
"text": "A multiplayer-only spinoff of the series, \"Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory\", was originally planned as a full-fledged expansion pack for \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\" developed by Splash Damage. The single player component of the game was never completed and thus was removed entirely. The developers at that point decided the multiplayer part would be released as a free, downloadable standalone game. \"Enemy Territory\" is a team-based networked multiplayer game which involves completing objectives through teamwork using various character classes.",
"title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "11651198#1",
"text": "The first two games in the series, \"Castle Wolfenstein\" and \"Beyond Castle Wolfenstein\", were stealth-based and featured a 2D top-down perspective. The third game in the franchise, \"Wolfenstein 3D\", developed by id Software, introduced a first-person perspective with faster-paced action. Because of this, it is widely regarded to have helped popularize the first-person shooter genre. In 2001, the series was rebooted with \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\", developed by Gray Matter Interactive. It was followed in 2003 by \"\", by Splash Damage. Raven Software's \"Wolfenstein\" followed in 2009. After ZeniMax Media acquired id Software, Swedish developer MachineGames released \"\" in 2014 and a standalone expansion \"\" in 2015. A direct sequel to \"The New Order\" entitled \"\" was released on October 27, 2017.",
"title": "Wolfenstein"
},
{
"docid": "2283811#3",
"text": "Following Market Garden's success, Activision and id Software asked Splash Damage to produce three additional multiplayer maps for the \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein Game of the Year Edition\". The same year, Splash Damage partnered with the two companies to develop \"\", a stand-alone expansion based on \"Return to Castle Wolfenstein\". The Windows version of \"Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory\" was released online for free on 29 May 2003, with Linux and Mac versions following later. \"Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory\" won several Game of the Year and Editor's Choice awards and remains one of the most popular online first-person shooter titles.",
"title": "Splash Damage"
}
] |
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] |
2844
|
Which countries are spanned by the Himalayas?
|
[
{
"docid": "35871437#0",
"text": "The Himalaya are a vast mountain chain in Asia that span multiple countries, including China and India. The Himalaya contain the highest peaks in the world, Mount Everest and K2. These peaks have been attracting mountaineers from around the world since 1920. The Himalaya are also important in art, literature, and religion.",
"title": "List of Himalayan topics"
},
{
"docid": "37966#3",
"text": "The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people, and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers — the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra — rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people. The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region, helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of the Indian subcontinent; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism.",
"title": "Himalayas"
},
{
"docid": "18641442#4",
"text": "Trans himalaya is created due to the collision with the eurasian plate.This Zone is the Northern most area in the country in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. It is an extension of Tibetan plateau around the Himalayas. The Main Himalayan Ranges are as follows:To the south of the main Himalayas lies the Pir Panjal Range at an average height of . From Gulmarg in the northwest it follows the southern rim of the Kashmir valley to the Banihal Pass. Here the Pir Panjal meets the ridgeline that separates the Kashmir valley from the Warvan Valley. The major passes here in Pir Panjal are the Pir Panjal Pass due west of Srinagar, the Banihal Pass which lies at the top of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir valley, and the Sythan Pass linking Kashmir with Kishtwar and Salooni.",
"title": "Indian Himalayan Region"
},
{
"docid": "24271268#0",
"text": "The Himalayan states are a group of countries straddling the Himalayan mountain range in Asia. The area is divided between the Western Himalaya and the Eastern Himalaya. Two sovereign states, Nepal and Bhutan, are located almost entirely within the mountain range. The range also covers the southern Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, the Indian Himalayan states of North and Northeast India and northern Pakistan.",
"title": "Himalayan states"
},
{
"docid": "602639#22",
"text": "WWF has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200 Ecoregion. Conservation International has upscaled the Eastern Himalaya hotspot to include all the eight states of Northeast India, along with the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, southern China and Myanmar.",
"title": "Northeast India"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35871437#1",
"text": "Geographically, the Himalayan states lie in the Indian subcontinent. The countries and territories include:The main religions in the Himalayas are Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. Some of the important religious places in the Himalayas are:",
"title": "List of Himalayan topics"
},
{
"docid": "37966#9",
"text": "The next Himalayan Indian state, Himachal Pradesh, it is noted for its hill stations, particularly Shimla, the summer capital of the British Raj, and Dharmasala, the centre of the Tibetan community in exile in India. This area marks the start of the Punjab Himalaya and the Sutlej river, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the Indus, cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form most of the southern portion of the Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir. The twin peaks of Nun Kun are the only mountains over in this part of the Himalayas. Beyond lies the renown Kashmir Valley and the town and lakes of Srinagar. Finally, the Himalayas cross the Line of Control into Pakistan and reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of Nanga Parbat, which rises over above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000 m summits.",
"title": "Himalayas"
},
{
"docid": "18641442#0",
"text": "The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is the section of the Himalayas within India, spanning 10 Indian states (administrative regions) namely, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and hill regions of 2 states viz. Assam and West Bengal of Indian Republic. The region is responsible for providing water to a large part of the Indian subcontinent and contains various flora and fauna.",
"title": "Indian Himalayan Region"
},
{
"docid": "37966#7",
"text": "In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the Kanchenjunga massif on the border with India, the third highest mountain in the world, the most easterly summit and the highest point of India. The eastern side of Kanchenjunga is in the Indian state of Sikkim. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to Lhasa, Tibet, which passes over the Nathu La pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan. The highest mountain in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of Namche Barwa, situated in Tibet inside the great bend of the Yarlang Tsangpo river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the Kangri Garpo mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo including Gyala Peri, however, are also sometimes also included in the Himalayas.",
"title": "Himalayas"
},
{
"docid": "12448#18",
"text": "The Ganges basin ranges from the Himalaya and the Transhimalaya in the north, to the northern slopes of the Vindhya range in the south, from the eastern slopes of the Aravalli in the west to the Chota Nagpur plateau and the Sunderbans delta in the east. A significant portion of the discharge from the Ganges comes from the Himalayan mountain system. Within the Himalaya, the Ganges basin spreads almost 1,200 km from the Yamuna-Satluj divide along the Simla ridge forming the boundary with the Indus basin in the west to the Singalila Ridge along the Nepal-Sikkim border forming the boundary with the Brahmaputra basin in the east. This section of the Himalaya contains 9 of the 14 highest peaks in the world over 8,000m in height, including Mount Everest which is the high point of the Ganges basin. The other peaks over 8,000m in the basin are Kangchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Annapurna and Shishapangma. The Himalayan portion of the basin includes the south-eastern portion of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the entire state of Uttarakhand, the entire country of Nepal and the extreme north-western portion of the state of West Bengal.",
"title": "Ganges"
}
] |
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] |
2846
|
Who was first commander of the Royal Observer Corps?
|
[
{
"docid": "2166955#10",
"text": "In 1929 the control of the Observer Corps passed from the county police forces to the Air Ministry, although Chief Constables retained responsibility for personnel and recruitment matters. 1 March 1929 saw the establishment of the new \"Headquarters of the Observer Corps\" at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge in the west of London, and Air Commodore Edward A D Masterman CB CMG CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) was appointed as the first commandant of the Observer Corps. \"Air Cdre\" Masterman held this appointment until his retirement on 1 March 1936, and was succeeded by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CG CMG OBE AFC RAF (Rtd), who would lead the Observer Corps through the critical period during the Second World War which saw the RAF emerge bruised but victorious following the Battle of Britain of 1940.",
"title": "Royal Observer Corps"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19635516#0",
"text": "The Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps (CROC) was the Royal Air Force commander of the Royal Observer Corps. All the holders of the post were RAF officers in the rank of Air Commodore, initially retired reserve officers then Auxiliary officers and, since the end of World War II, serving officers. The ROC was a uniformed civilian branch initially under the control of the Air Defence of Great Britain organization, then Fighter Command and latterly Strike Command. The Royal Observer Corps existed from 1925 until it was stood down in 1995. Most of the commandants, with only three exceptions, were qualified RAF pilots, two being air navigators and the other a General Duties (Ground) Supply Branch officer. If a Royal Observer Corps officer had ever held the appointment, they would have held the rank of \"Observer Commodore\".",
"title": "Commandant Royal Observer Corps"
},
{
"docid": "17970324#7",
"text": "In 1934 on leaving the Royal Air Force he was employed as the Deputy Commandant of the Observer Corps under Air Commodore Edward Masterman CB CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) at RAF Uxbridge. Between 1935 and 1936 he was appointed Commandant of Southern Area of the Observer Corps during the massive and crucial expansion and development of the Corps during the inter war years.\nWhen Air Commodore Masterman stood down as Commandant ROC in April 1936 Warrington-Morris replaced him and took control of the Observer Corps during the important period immediately prior to the Second World War. He oversaw the move of HQ Observer Corps to RAF Bentley Priory and the Corps' adoption by RAF Fighter Command. He also controlled the Corps during the memorable events of the Battle of Britain and was still at the helm when the Observer Corps was granted the title \"Royal\" to become the Royal Observer Corps and became a uniformed branch of the RAF. He was Mentioned in Despatches in July 1940.",
"title": "Alfred Warrington-Morris"
},
{
"docid": "867248#10",
"text": "When the Corps' first Commandant Air Commodore Edward Masterman CB CBE AFC RAF(R’td) had stood down in April 1936, Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CB CMG OBE AFC MiD RAF(R’td) replaced him and took control of the Observer Corps during the important period immediately prior to the Second World War. He oversaw the move of HQ Observer Corps to Bentley Priory and the Corps’ adoption by RAF Fighter Command. He also controlled the Corps during the memorable events of the Battle of Britain and was still at the helm when the Observer Corps was granted the title \"Royal\" to become the Royal Observer Corps and became a uniformed branch of the RAF. Warrington-Morris was Mentioned in Despatches in July 1940.",
"title": "RAF Bentley Priory"
},
{
"docid": "8288949#4",
"text": "Between 1 March 1929 when he retired from the RAF and 1 April 1936, Masterman was the Commandant of the Observer Corps and was the first former RAF officer to hold this appointment. Headquarters Royal Observer Corps was located at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge, only relocating to RAF Bentley Priory after Masterman retired. He was succeeded as Commandant Observer Corps by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris.",
"title": "Edward Masterman"
},
{
"docid": "17970324#1",
"text": "Following his regular military service he became the second Commandant of the Observer Corps and commanded the Corps through its adoption by the Royal Air Force Fighter Command, the crucial operations during the Battle of Britain and the change to the Royal Observer Corps.",
"title": "Alfred Warrington-Morris"
},
{
"docid": "2166955#21",
"text": "As a result of their role during the Battle of Britain, in April 1941 the Observer Corps was granted the title \"Royal\" by King George VI, and the \"Royal Observer Corps\" (ROC) became a uniformed civil defence organisation administered by RAF Fighter Command. Also during that same year, in a change from the policy of the Observer Corps, the ROC undertook to recruit women personnel for the first time. Initially, the only uniforms provided were RAF overalls, (\"boiler suits\"), with an ROC breast badge, commonly referred to as the \"soup plate\" because of its shape and size. Standard issue RAF No.2 Battledress uniforms were issued in a rolling programme over the next two years. For the remainder of the war, the ROC would provide an essential part of Great Britain's air defences.",
"title": "Royal Observer Corps"
},
{
"docid": "19009021#6",
"text": "On 1 February 1949 Jordan took over the appointment as Commandant Royal Observer Corps at RAF Bentley Priory from Air Commodore the Earl of Bandon. In April 1949 Jordan was additionally appointed Aide de Camp to King George VI. Jordan was Commandant ROC when, on 1 March 1950 the Air Officer Commanding in Chief, RAF Fighter Command assumed direct administrative control of the Corps. Under this change Headquarters Royal Observer Corps continued to operate in its existing form but assumed a status that was comparable with that of a Fighter Command group headquarters.",
"title": "Richard Jordan (RAF officer)"
},
{
"docid": "2166955#23",
"text": "These Seaborne Observers, under the command of Group Commandant C.G. Cooke, undertook specialist training at the Royal Bath Hotel, Bournemouth, prior to being temporarily seconded to the Royal Navy with the rank of Petty Officer (Aircraft Identifier). The Seaborne Observers continued to wear their ROC uniform, but in addition wore a \"SEABORNE\" shoulder flash and Royal Navy brassard bearing the letters \"RN\". During the D-day landings, two Seaborne Observers were allocated to all participating US Navy vessels and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships. The Seaborne Observers assumed control of each ship's anti aircraft batteries with the intention of reducing the previously high incidence of \"friendly fire\" (\"collateral damage\"), between allied vessels and allied aircraft. The success of the Seaborne Observers in undertaking this role can be measured by a signal sent from Wing Commander P.B. Lucas, Air Staff Officer, who stated that:",
"title": "Royal Observer Corps"
},
{
"docid": "8288949#5",
"text": "Following his retirement as Commandant, Air Commodore Masterman immediately rejoined the Royal Observer Corps as a civilian part-time volunteer with the rank of Observer Captain and served as the ROC's Western Area Commandant between 1937 and 1942, although by special permission of Warrington-Morris, he was permitted to wear his RAF Air Commodore's uniform and rank braid after April 1941 when the Observer Corps became the Royal Observer Corps and part of RAF Fighter Command.",
"title": "Edward Masterman"
}
] |
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2847
|
When was the Smithsonian Institute founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "21832158#4",
"text": "The original library was founded by an Act of Congress on August 10, 1846, when the Smithsonian Institution was named a trust instrumentality of the United States. The Act created a Board of Regents for the Institution, and called for a building to house a museum with geological and mineralogical cabinets, a chemical laboratory, a gallery of art, lecture rooms, and a library.",
"title": "Smithsonian Libraries"
},
{
"docid": "48583855#0",
"text": "Conservation and restoration at the Smithsonian Institution deals with the care of the 138 million artifacts located in the collections of Smithsonian Institution. Work is conducted by one research center, the Museum Conservation Institute (MCI), and by conservators at the Smithsonian's museums, galleries, zoo. Smithsonian conservators provide myriad services to their units, including exhibit preparation of the museum collection and loan objects, advising on object care, training for future generations of conservationists, engaging in routine preventive care on a daily basis, conducting research projects related to the collections, and examining objects for evidence of manufacturing techniques and previous restorations\nAll conservation labs collectively further the mission of the Smithsonian Institution, \"the increase and diffusion of knowledge.\" Founded in 1846 the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum and research complex, consisting of 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and nine research facilities.",
"title": "Conservation and restoration at the Smithsonian Institution"
},
{
"docid": "46383382#22",
"text": "The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation that was created with the funds from British scientist James Smithson in 1846. The institution is composed of 19 museums and one zoo in Washington, D.C. The Smithsonian's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013. The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall. Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are the National Air and Space Museum, the National Museum of African Art, the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of the American Indian, the Sackler and Freer galleries, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Arts and Industries Building, the S. Dillon Ripley Center, and the Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as \"The Castle\"), which serves as the institution's headquarters. The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building near Washington's Chinatown. The Renwick Gallery, which is located in a separate building near the White House, is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington, the National Postal Museum near Union Station, and the National Zoo in Woodley Park.",
"title": "Arts and culture of Washington, D.C."
},
{
"docid": "65828#0",
"text": "The Smithsonian Institution ( ), established on August 10, 1846 \"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge,\" is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson. Originally organized as the \"United States National Museum,\" that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967.",
"title": "Smithsonian Institution"
},
{
"docid": "108956#61",
"text": "The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation's official museums and galleries in Washington, D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections are open to the public free of charge. The Smithsonian's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013. The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall. Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are: the National Air and Space Museum; the National Museum of African Art; the National Museum of American History; the National Museum of the American Indian; the Sackler and Freer galleries, which both focus on Asian art and culture; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; the Arts and Industries Building; the S. Dillon Ripley Center; and the Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as \"The Castle\"), which serves as the institution's headquarters.\nThe Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building, near Washington's Chinatown. The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House. Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include: the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington; the National Postal Museum near Union Station; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park.",
"title": "Washington, D.C."
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "65828#3",
"text": "The British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829) left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835, the estate passed \"to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men\", in accordance with Smithson's will. Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest. Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns (about $500,000 at the time, which is ).",
"title": "Smithsonian Institution"
},
{
"docid": "13110047#5",
"text": "At the same time as his work on the Scott Building, Alexander was asked to take up the challenge of completing the Smithsonian Institution Building, the progress of which had bogged down under architect James Renwick, Jr. In August 1853, Alexander accepted, and by 1855, the Smithsonian Building was complete. During construction, Alexander slightly altered Renwick's original design by placing the Smithsonian's main lecture hall on the second floor. The change allowed for superior acoustics and a wider space than could be found on the first floor. To support the large lecture hall and the central core of the building, Alexander arranged for the installation of fireproof masonry-encased iron structural columns. These would prove their value on January 24, 1865, when a fire broke out on the roof above the lecture hall. The resulting blaze destroyed the hall and damaged much of the rest of the structure. Thanks to the fireproof columns, however, the Smithsonian building did not collapse.",
"title": "Barton S. Alexander"
},
{
"docid": "1254072#2",
"text": "Adams served as the ninth secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. from 1984 to 1994. He was installed as Smithsonian Secretary on September 17, 1984, becoming the head of an Institution with thirteen museums, a National Zoo, and scientific and cultural research facilities in nine states and the Republic of Panama. As the successor to S. Dillon Ripley, Adams sought to prepare the Institution for the 21st century, focus on scholarship, increase public programs, and emphasize a broader representation and involvement of diverse ethnic and cultural communities in the Smithsonian and its programs. Adams oversaw construction of the Quadrangle, a building project that brought together two museums and many disparate offices into a single structure, but he also sounded the alarm to the US Congress about the state of the Institution's aging infrastructure and began the systematic renovation of existing facilities. These \"bricks and mortar\" projects included renovation of the Freer Gallery of Art, the construction of the Mathias Laboratory at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.",
"title": "Robert McCormick Adams Jr."
},
{
"docid": "37505054#1",
"text": "In 1972, the eighth secretary of the Smithsonian, S. Dillon Ripley, established the Office of Horticulture, with the intention of extending the Smithsonian's research and education efforts to its outdoor spaces. Ripley hired James R. Buckler as its first director and the first horticulturalist at the Institution. The office was created at a time when gardening was increasing in popularity across the United States, and its educational mission was buoyed by this surge of interest from the public. Buckler's first assignment was to research and plan for the Victorian garden that was installed between the Smithsonian Castle and Independence avenue in celebration of the United States Bicentennial in 1976. The popularity of the Victorian garden would later provide design inspiration for the Enid A. Haupt Garden's central parterre.",
"title": "Smithsonian Gardens"
},
{
"docid": "65828#37",
"text": "The Smithsonian Institution was established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress. More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The Smithsonian Office of Protection Services oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for National Capital Parks together with the United States Park Police.",
"title": "Smithsonian Institution"
}
] |
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] |
2848
|
What river runs through the Rhone valley?
|
[
{
"docid": "80790#9",
"text": "At Martigny, where it receives the waters of the Drance on its left bank, the Rhône makes a strong turn towards the north. Heading toward Lake Geneva, the valley narrows, a feature that has long given the Rhône valley strategic importance for the control of the Alpine passes. The Rhône then marks the boundary between the cantons of Valais (left bank) and Vaud (right bank), separating the Valais Chablais and Chablais Vaudois. It enters Lake Geneva near Le Bouveret.",
"title": "Rhône"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28578267#33",
"text": "To connect these towns and to allow the easy movement of Roman armies between Italy and Spain or up the Rhone Valley, Roman engineers constructed a series of new roads, solidly built and regularly maintained. The oldest was the Via Domitia, built in 118 BC, which went all the way from the Col de Montgenèvre, the easiest crossing point of the Alps, through Sisteron, Apt and Cavaillon to Tarascon on the Rhone River, and then along the coast to Narbonne and to Spain. The Via Aurelia ran from Italy to the Rhone Valley, passing through Cimiez, Fréjus, and Aix. The Via Agrippa ran up the Rhone Valley from Arles to Lyon, through Avignon, Orange, and Valence. It was completely rebuilt six times during the high Roman Empire.",
"title": "History of Provence"
},
{
"docid": "16691019#0",
"text": "The river Valserine is a tributary of the Rhone that flows for from the Col de la Faucille in the Jura Mountains to its confluence with the Rhone at Bellegarde-sur-Valserine. The Valserine valley has great charm and includes the \"Pont-des-Pierres\" that spans the river between Montanges and Mulaz, and the pertes de la Valserine, a canyon in which during the dry season the Valserine runs underground.",
"title": "Valserine"
},
{
"docid": "18664917#0",
"text": "The Cèze is a French river, a tributary of the Rhone. It runs through the departments of Lozère and Gard in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its source is in the Cévennes mountains, near Saint-André-Capcèze. It flows through Bessèges, Saint-Ambroix, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, and it flows into the Rhone at Codolet, southwest of Orange.",
"title": "Cèze"
},
{
"docid": "6841560#6",
"text": "Between Mülenen and Kandersteg, the river is followed by the Lötschberg railway line on its climb to the northern portal of the Lötschberg tunnel, which passes under the Gastertal on its way to Brig and the Rhone Valley. A road also follows the valley to Kandersteg and beyond into the Gastertal, but unlike the railway this is a dead-end, with no through road route across the mountains.",
"title": "Kander (Switzerland)"
},
{
"docid": "21804970#3",
"text": "The municipality of Obergoms occupies the uppermost reaches of the valley of the Rhone, extending up to and including the Rhone glacier that feeds the river. It is surrounded on all but its downstream boundary by high mountains, and forms the junction of routes over the Grimsel, Furka, Nufenen and the Gries Passes, as well as the lower level route down the Rhone valley towards Brig. With the exception of the Gries Pass, which is traversed only by a track, all these passes carry paved roads. The Furka–Oberalp railway line also passes through the municipality, with its current route entering the western portal of the Furka Base Tunnel at Oberwald, whilst its earlier route, now preserved as a heritage railway, passes over the Furka Pass.",
"title": "Obergoms"
},
{
"docid": "40296351#0",
"text": "The Dorlay is a French river that flows through the Loire department. It is a tributary of the Gier, which in turn is a tributary of the Rhone. The Gier valley was formerly heavily industrialized with coal and iron mines and factories.",
"title": "Dorlay"
},
{
"docid": "40286923#2",
"text": "The Gier rises at La Jasserie on the Perdrix mountain at about in the Pilat massif.\nThe \"Saut du Gier\" waterfall near the head of the river is in the Pilat Regional Natural Park.\nThe river runs for before joining the Rhone at Givors.\nThe Gier receives the Janon from its left at Saint-Chamond. \nThe Janon from Terrenoire (now part of Saint-Étienne) to Saint-Chamond, and then the Gier from Saint-Chamond to Givors, create a valley in the coal basin between the Pilat massif to the south and the Riverie chain of the Monts du Lyonnais to the north.",
"title": "Gier (river)"
},
{
"docid": "40288790#5",
"text": "The Gier rises at La Jasserie on the Perdrix mountain at about .\nThe river runs along the north side of the massif for before joining the Rhone at Givors.\nThe Gier receives the Janon from its left at Saint-Chamond. \nThe Janon from Terrenoire (now part of Saint-Étienne) to Saint-Chamond and then the Gier from Saint-Chamond to Givors create a valley in the coal basin that runs between the Pilat massif and the Riverie chain of the Monts du Lyonnais.",
"title": "Mont Pilat"
},
{
"docid": "1329096#3",
"text": "The river runs behind Lodge Park, a National Trust property, and through Larkethill Wood, where it flows under another lane, before passing Kilkenny Farm.\nThe Leach valley shows as a substantial dip in the B4425 Cirencester-Burford road. The river has an embankment at the bottom of the valley, but has not increased in size. Through all this section the river is often nearly invisible under summer vegetation. It then passes Swyre Farm with another road crossing, then Dean Farm, before reaching a very picturesque winding valley, crossed by the Westwell-Hatherop road. This section is notably a bourn in an unremarkable depression, which normally runs in the winter, but often disappears in the summer. (In recent dry winters - writing at summer 2007 - this section remained dry. Even more unusually, as of July 2007, it was running which has not happened during the summer for many years. The bourn section had been running continuously for long enough to have taken on the appearance of a river, with a scoured bed and water plants.)",
"title": "River Leach"
},
{
"docid": "2640608#4",
"text": "The Rhone river runs south along the eastern border of the commune and Le Verdet stream flows from the north to the south of the commune into the Rhone.",
"title": "Anglefort"
}
] |
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] |
2849
|
When did the American Football League end?
|
[
{
"docid": "18951490#13",
"text": "The rival American Football League arose in 1960 and challenged the NFL's dominance. The AFL began in relative obscurity but eventually thrived, with an initial television contract with the ABC network. The AFL's existence forced the conservative NFL to expand to Dallas and Minnesota in an attempt to destroy the new league. Meanwhile, the AFL introduced many new features to Professional Football in the United States: official time on the scoreboard clock, rather than on a watch in the referee's pocket, as the NFL did; optional two-point conversions by pass or run after touchdowns; names on the jerseys of players; and several others, including expansion of the role of minority players, actively recruited by the league in contrast to the NFL. The AFL also signed several star college players that had also been drafted by NFL teams. Competition for players heated up in 1965, when the AFL New York Jets signed rookie Joe Namath to a then-record US$437,000 contract. A five-year, $40 million NBC television contract followed, which helped to sustain the young league. The bidding war for players ended in 1966, when NFL owners approached the AFL regarding a merger, and the two leagues agreed on one that would take full effect in 1970. This agreement provided for a common draft that would take place each year, and it instituted an annual World Championship game to be played between the champions of each league. That game began play at the end of the 1966 season. Once the merger was completed, it was no longer a championship game between two leagues, and reverted to the NFL championship game, which came to be known as the Super Bowl.",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"docid": "2357#0",
"text": "The American Football League (AFL) was a major professional American football league that operated for ten seasons from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the older National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. It was more successful than earlier rivals to the NFL with the same name, the 1926, 1936 and 1940 leagues, and the later All-America Football Conference (which existed between 1944 and 1950 but only played between 1946 and 1949).",
"title": "American Football League"
},
{
"docid": "2357#36",
"text": "The American Football League stands as the only professional football league to successfully compete against the NFL. When the two leagues merged in 1970, all ten AFL franchises and their statistics became part of the new NFL. Every other professional league that had competed against the NFL before the AFL–NFL merger had folded completely: the three previous leagues named \"American Football League\" and the All-America Football Conference. From an earlier AFL (1936–1937), only the Cleveland Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams) joined the NFL and are currently operating, as are the Cleveland Browns and the San Francisco 49ers from the AAFC. A third AAFC team, the Baltimore Colts (not related to the 1953–1983 Baltimore Colts or to the current Indianapolis Colts franchise), played only one year in the NFL, disbanding at the end of the 1950 season. The league resulting from the merger was a 26-team juggernaut (since expanded to 32) with television rights covering all of the Big Three television networks and teams in close proximity to almost all of the top 40 metropolitan areas, a fact that has precluded any other competing league from gaining traction since the merger; failed attempts to mimic the AFL's success included the World Football League (1974–75), United States Football League (1983–85), XFL (2001) and United Football League (2009–2012).",
"title": "American Football League"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19724809#1",
"text": "Like the competitor 'AA' and the third \"American Football League\", the \"Dixie League\" suspended operations after the Pearl Harbor attack by Japan, on the \"Day of Infamy\" - Sunday, December 7, 1941; unlike the AFL, the football minor league reorganized after the end of the War and resumed competition in the first post-war season year of 1946. The following year, the 'D.L.' collapsed when one of its member teams purchased the assets of a defunct team in the other pro football minor loop, the \"American Association\" (which then changed its name to the \"American Football League\" in 1946)... and opted to jump leagues.",
"title": "Dixie League (American football)"
},
{
"docid": "11374737#2",
"text": "The season ended when the Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship game, and was defeated by the National Football League's Green Bay Packers in the first ever AFL-NFL World Championship Game which is now known as the Super Bowl.",
"title": "1966 American Football League season"
},
{
"docid": "11378747#1",
"text": "The season ended when the San Diego Chargers defeated the Boston Patriots in the AFL championship game – to this date the only major league championship won by the Chargers and the city of San Diego.",
"title": "1963 American Football League season"
},
{
"docid": "23966918#1",
"text": "In 1928, a dispute broke out between the American Soccer League and the United States Football Association regarding participation in the National Challenge Cup. The League decided to boycott the cup, but three teams, Bethlehem Steel, the Newark Skeeters and the New York Giants all entered the competition. When the league suspended the three teams, the USFA offered to bankroll the creation of a new league, the Eastern Professional Soccer League. This new league included the three ex-American Soccer League teams, four teams from the Southern New York Football Association and one newly created team, New York Hakoah. By the fall of 1929, the onset of the Great Depression and the competition between the ASL and EPSL had created significant financial problems for both leagues and the USFA. Consequently, the USFA and the two leagued came to an agreement to end the dispute on October 9, 1929. The two leagues entered into discussions to merge. By the first week of November 1929, the merger was complete with the new league taking the name of the Atlantic Coast Soccer League. The new league decided to run a two-part 1930 season. Oddly enough, they decided to play the first games of the 1930 season during the weekend of November 6, 1929. The first half of the season ended the last weekend of April 1930. During the summer of 1930, the league resumed the name American Soccer League, beginning the second half of the season in September and ending the first weekend of January 1931. Although the league attempted to continue operations as it had before the dispute with the USFA, it began to fail during the 1930 season. The dispute between the ASL and USFA financially weakened the league and its teams. The onset of the Great Depression in 1929 further exacerbated these problems. This resulted in significant changes in the lineup of teams in the league.",
"title": "1930 American Soccer League"
},
{
"docid": "11553617#23",
"text": "November 1926 wasn't much brighter for the house of cards that was the American Football League. The Brooklyn Horsemen left the league when it merged with its NFL cousins, the Lions, and played the last three games of its existence (three shutout losses) as the Horsemen. By the middle of the month, the Boston Bulldogs called it quits, as did Rock Island a week later. By Thanksgiving of 1926, there were only four teams operating in the AFL (New York, Chicago, the Wildcats, and Philadelphia), with only the Quakers making a profit for the year (boosted in part by huge attendances stemming from the United States Sesquicentennial celebration and the very large stadium capable of hosting them) and Pyle was spending money to keep the other three teams afloat.",
"title": "American Football League (1926)"
},
{
"docid": "11379937#1",
"text": "The season ended when the Houston Oilers defeated the Los Angeles Chargers 24–16 in the inaugural AFL Championship game.",
"title": "1960 American Football League season"
},
{
"docid": "11368946#1",
"text": "The season ended when the New York Jets (11–3) defeated the Oakland Raiders (12–2) in the AFL championship game on December 29 at Shea Stadium in New York City. Two weeks later, the Jets defeated the National Football League's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in one of the biggest sports upsets in history. Because the AFL lost the first two Super Bowl games, the planned merger between the NFL and the AFL was in jeopardy. The Jets win helped keep the merger alive.",
"title": "1968 American Football League season"
},
{
"docid": "16364609#0",
"text": "The 1926 American Football League season is the only season of the existence of the first American Football League. It started with nine teams, with the initial game of the season being played in front of 22,000 fans in Cleveland, Ohio, but by the end of the season (December 14, 1926), only four teams were still in existence: three teams owned or subsidized by league founder C. C. Pyle and star Red Grange (New York Yankees, Los Angeles Wildcats, and Chicago Bulls) and league champion Philadelphia Quakers. The initial lineup of teams included the traveling Wildcats and a charter member of the National Football League, the Rock Island Independents, which became a second traveling team after having poor attendance in its first three games.",
"title": "1926 American Football League season"
},
{
"docid": "11378115#1",
"text": "The season ended when the Buffalo Bills defeated the San Diego Chargers in the AFL Championship game. Two years later, the AFL would join the NFL to form the AFL-NFL World Championship game, known today as the Super Bowl.",
"title": "1964 American Football League season"
}
] |
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2850
|
Did Jane Austen publish Pride and Prejudice?
|
[
{
"docid": "14416180#23",
"text": "The novels of Jane Austen were unknown in China until 1917 when Wei Yi mentioned Austen in her book \"Brief Profiles of Famous Western Novelists\" where she was described as \"one of the celebrated English novelists\". Only a few western novels were translated in China during the 19th century, and it was not until 1898 when Lin Shu translated \"Camille\" by Alexandre Dumas, which unexpectedly become a bestseller, that Chinese publishers became interested in western books. Austen was first translated into Chinese in 1935, when two editions of \"Pride and Prejudice\" were published in Beijing and Shanghai. After 1949 Austen was out of favor in the People's Republic of China as a \"bourgeois\" author whose work was considered frivolous. In the 1950s most of the foreign books published in the People's Republic were translations of Soviet books, and Western authors were only translated into Chinese if they were \"revolutionary\" writers like Lord Byron or if their books portrayed Western societies in an unflattering light like Charles Dickens; Austen did not serve either purpose very well. In 1956, Austen was first translated in the People's Republic when \"Pride and Prejudice\" was published in Beijing, with an introduction by the translator explaining how the translation was justified on Marxist grounds as the novel showed the decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism in England. In 1965 Dong Hengxun, an academic, condemned Austen in an article titled \"The Description of Love in \"Pride and Prejudice\"\" in the \"Guangming Daily\" as \"artistically insignificant\". Austen was banned along with other Western authors in China during the Cultural Revolution and during the 1980s, translations of Austen were grudgingly allowed, though officially Austen remained out of favor. The first Chinese academic in the People's Republic to write favorably of Austen was Zhu Hong, who complained in his 1986 essay \"The Pride and Prejudice against Jane Austen\" that ordinary people liked Austen well enough, but academics had to condemn her because of the Party line, which led him to ask for books to be judged on artistic grounds only. In the 1990s Communist Party condemnations of Austen ceased, and a number of Chinese students produced dissertations on Austen, with Austen being very popular with female students. In 2011 one Chinese academic, Zhang Helong, wrote about Austen's \"huge popularity\" in modern China. In 2017, \"The Economist\" noted that in China: \"... Austen is seen as having a particular affinity with Chinese culture, where “manners matter” as they did in Georgian England.\" \"Pride and Prejudice\" has been translated into Chinese at least 50 times while \"Sense and Sensibility\" has been translated 10 times in the last decades. Austen's ideal hero as a property-owning gentleman has resonance in China, where a well-off man with good education and manners who owes land is the considered the ideal man. In 2010, Sadoff wrote that the growing appeal of Austen in Asia ensures that market for Austen films continues to grow, and it is possible Asia would soon replace the United States as the largest market for Austen films, if it has not already done so.",
"title": "Jane Austen in popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "14416180#17",
"text": "Austen went out of favour in Japan during the militarist period in the early Showa era (1931-1945) when a xenophobic, ultra-nationalist mood prevailed, and the government discouraged people from reading foreign books. But during the period of the American occupation (1945–52), almost every Austen book was translated into Japanese except \"Mansfield Park\" (which was not translated until 1978), and Austen started to be widely taught in Japanese high schools. The translation of \"Sense and Sensibility\" in 1947, followed by a translation of \"Pride and Prejudice\" in 1950 were published by the prestigious publishing house Iwanami Shoten, and both books sold very well. The success of the Iwanami versions of \"Sense and Sensibility\" and \"Pride and Prejudice\" was the moment that Austen became respectable in Japan. In 1963, the critic Yamamoto Kenkichi, in his essay “The Smile of \"Pride and Prejudice\"” that proved to be influential, criticized Japanese literature for being overtly solemn and praised Austen for her “natural ease”, which led him to conclude: “Collins, Wickham, Mrs. Bennet, Lady Catherine, how she turns her laughter on these minor characters. They are observed with some malice, certainly, but in a pleasant, mischievous, irreverent manner which ultimately accords salvation to even these fools”. Austen has been regarded as a major writer in Japan since the 1950s, and in 2007, the Jane Austen Society of Japan was founded to provide a space for Japanese Janeites. In 2015-2016, \"manga\" versions of \"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Emma\", and \"Sense and Sensibility\" were published in Japan.",
"title": "Jane Austen in popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "22218319#0",
"text": "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is a 2009 parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith. It is a mashup combining Jane Austen's classic novel \"Pride and Prejudice\" (1813) with elements of modern zombie fiction, crediting Austen as co-author. It was first published in April 2009 by Quirk Books and in October 2009 a Deluxe Edition was released, containing full-color images and additional zombie scenes. The novel was adapted into a 2016 film starring Lily James and Sam Riley.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies"
},
{
"docid": "15782#55",
"text": "Austen's novels have resulted in sequels, prequels and adaptations of almost every type, from soft-core pornography to fantasy. From the 19th century, her family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations. The first dramatic adaptation of Austen was published in 1895, Rosina Filippi's \"Duologues and Scenes from the Novels of Jane Austen: Arranged and Adapted for Drawing-Room Performance\", and Filippi was also responsible for the first professional stage adaptation, \"The Bennets\" (1901). The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of \"Pride and Prejudice\" starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson. BBC television dramatisations since the 1970s have attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations and settings. The British critic Robert Irvine noted that in American film adaptations of Austen's novels, starting with the 1940 version of \"Pride and Prejudice\" and continuing on to today, class is subtly downplayed as the United States is officially an egalitarian nation where all people are equal and the society of Regency England depicted by Austen that is grounded in a hierarchy based upon the ownership of land and the antiquity of the family name is one that Americans cannot embrace in its entirety.",
"title": "Jane Austen"
},
{
"docid": "15782#33",
"text": "During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen published four generally well-received novels. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish \"Sense and Sensibility\", which, like all of Jane Austen's novels except \"Pride and Prejudice\", was published \"on commission\", that is, at the author's financial risk. When publishing on commission, publishers would advance the costs of publication, repay themselves as books were sold and then charge a 10% commission for each book sold, paying the rest to the author. If a novel did not recover its costs through sales, the author was responsible for them. The alternative to selling via commission was the selling the copyright, where an author received a one-time payment from the publisher for the manuscript, which occurred with \"Pride and Prejudice\". Austen's experience with \"Susan\" (the manuscript that became \"Northanger Abbey\") where she sold the copyright to the publisher Crosby & Sons for £10, who did not publish the book, forcing her to buy back the copyright in order to get her work published, left Austen leery of this method of publishing. The final alternative, of selling by subscription, where a group of people would agree to buy a book in advance, was not an option for Austen as only authors who were well known or had an influential aristocratic patron who would recommend an up-coming book to their friends, could sell by subscription. \"Sense and Sensibility\" appeared in October 1811, and was described as being written \"By a Lady\". As it was sold on commission, Egerton used expensive paper and set the price at 15 shillings.\nReviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among young aristocratic opinion-makers; the edition sold out by mid-1813. Austen's novels were published in larger editions than was normal for this period. The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of handmade paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or less to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist. Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued. Austen's novels were published in larger editions, ranging from about 750 copies of \"Sense and Sensibility\" to about 2,000 copies of \"Emma\". It is not clear whether the decision to print more copies than usual of Austen's novels was driven by the publishers or the author. Since all but one of Austen's books were originally published \"on commission\", the risks of overproduction were largely hers (or Cassandra's after her death) and publishers may have been more willing to produce larger editions than was normal practice when their own funds were at risk. Editions of popular works of non-fiction were often much larger.",
"title": "Jane Austen"
},
{
"docid": "28497848#5",
"text": "As previously noted, the novel \"Pride and Prejudice and Zombies\" combines Jane Austen's classic 1813 novel \"Pride and Prejudice\" with elements of modern zombie fiction, crediting Austen as co-author. It was first published in April 2009 by Quirk Books and in October 2009 a Deluxe Edition was released, containing full-color images and additional zombie scenes.",
"title": "Mashup (book)"
},
{
"docid": "4006014#2",
"text": "In 1796, Lefroy began a flirtation with English novelist Jane Austen, who was a friend of an older female relative. Jane Austen wrote two letters to her sister Cassandra mentioning \"Tom Lefroy\", and some have suggested that it may have been he whom Austen had in mind when she invented the character of Mr. Darcy in \"Pride and Prejudice\", as the courtship between Tom Lefroy and Jane Austen took place over the year or so that \"Pride and Prejudice\" was written. In his 2003 biography, \"Becoming Jane Austen\", Jon Spence suggests that Jane Austen actually used her and Tom LeFroy's personalities as the models for Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, but not in an expected way. Spence suggests that Jane Austen used Tom Lefroy's more gregarious personality as the model for the novel's heroine Elizabeth Bennet, and her own measured demeanor was used as the model for the male protagonist, Mr. Darcy. So while the exact influence of Tom Lefroy on \"Pride and Prejudice\" continues to be debated, it does seem certain that his presence in Austen's life is in some way reflected in the novel.",
"title": "Thomas Langlois Lefroy"
},
{
"docid": "14727869#1",
"text": "Janeitism did not begin until after the publication of J. E. Austen-Leigh's \"A Memoir of Jane Austen\" in 1870, when the literary elite felt that they had to separate their appreciation of Austen from that of the masses. The term \"Janeite\" was originally coined by the literary scholar George Saintsbury in his 1894 introduction to a new edition of \"Pride and Prejudice\". As Austen scholar Deidre Lynch explains, \"he meant to equip himself with a badge of honor he could jubilantly pin to his own lapel\". In the early twentieth century, Janeitism was \"principally a male enthusiasm shared among publishers, professors, and literati\". Rudyard Kipling even published a short story entitled \"The Janeites\" about a group of World War I soldiers who were secretly fans of Austen's novels.",
"title": "Janeite"
},
{
"docid": "24162#0",
"text": "Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 romantic novel by Jane Austen. It charts the emotional development of the protagonist Elizabeth Bennet, who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential. The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners, education, marriage and money during the Regency era in Britain.",
"title": "Pride and Prejudice"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "15782#34",
"text": "Austen made £140 from \"Sense and Sensibility\", which provided her with some financial and psychological independence. After the success of \"Sense and Sensibility\", all of Austen's subsequent books were billed as written \"By the author of \"Sense and Sensibility\"\" and Austen's name never appeared on her books during her lifetime. Egerton then published \"Pride and Prejudice\", a revision of \"First Impressions\", in January 1813. Austen sold the copyright to \"Pride and Prejudice\" to Egerton for £110. To maximise profits, he used cheap paper and set the price at 18 shillings. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. Had Austen sold \"Pride and Prejudice\" on commission, she would had made a profit of £475, or twice her father's annual income. By October 1813 Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition. \"Mansfield Park\" was published by Egerton in May 1814. While \"Mansfield Park\" was ignored by reviewers, it was very popular with readers. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.",
"title": "Jane Austen"
},
{
"docid": "28980064#5",
"text": "Herendeen's second novel \"Pride/Prejudice\" is a slash fiction contribution to the immense catalogue of mash-ups, sequels, fan fiction, retellings, updatings, spin-offs and homages to Jane Austen's celebrated novel. \"Pride/Prejudice\" narrates Austen's original story unearthing the \"forbidden\" intimacies between Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley and between Elizabeth Bennet and Charlotte Lucas. Salon's reviewer Laura Miller noted that Herendeen's language in \"Pride/Prejudice\" is the most successful of the Austen derivatives in \"approximating Austen's style without aping it.\"",
"title": "Ann Herendeen"
}
] |
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] |
2851
|
Does Norfolk County in Ontario border the U.S.?
|
[
{
"docid": "76198#0",
"text": "Norfolk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2010 census, the population was 670,850. Its county seat is Dedham. The county was named after the English county of the same name. Two towns, Cohasset and Brookline, are exclaves.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Massachusetts"
},
{
"docid": "76198#5",
"text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (11%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Massachusetts by total area. The county is not completely contiguous; the towns of Brookline and Cohasset are each part of Norfolk County but are separated from the majority of Norfolk County (and each other) by either water or other counties. At the county's formation, Hingham and Hull were to be part of it, but joined Plymouth County instead, leaving Cohasset as the initial exclave of Norfolk County and an enclave of Plymouth County. Brookline became the second exclave of Norfolk County in 1873 when the neighboring town of West Roxbury was annexed by Boston (thus leaving Norfolk County to join Suffolk County) and Brookline refused to be annexed by Boston after the Brookline-Boston annexation debate of 1873.\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 650,308 people, 248,827 households, and 165,967 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,628 people per square mile (628/km²). There were 255,154 housing units at an average density of 639 per square mile (247/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 89.02% White or European American, 3.18% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 5.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.78% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. 1.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.6% were of Irish, 13.4% Italian, 7.7% English and 5.0% descendants of colonists ancestry according to Census 2000. 85.7% spoke English, 2.3% Chinese in any dialect, 2.0% Spanish, 1.0% Italian and 1.0% French as their first language.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Massachusetts"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26946180#47",
"text": "Houghton is a former township in Norfolk County. Its township seat was Fairground, a small village today. It is located in the southwest of Norfolk, bordering on the former Norfolk townships of Middleton to the northeast, and North and South Walsingham to the east. Fairground is a small community in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada where the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show took place in the early 19th century.",
"title": "Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#0",
"text": "Norfolk County is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada with a 2016 population of 64,044. The largest community in Norfolk County is Simcoe, Ontario with a 2016 population of 13,922. The other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi, Waterford and Port Rowan, and there are many smaller communities. For several years in the late 20th century, the county was merged with Haldimand County but the merged entity was dissolved in 2000.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#29",
"text": "Norfolk County's primary tourist attractions are the ports, towns and villages along Lake Erie, which the municipality promotes as \"Ontario's South Coast\". These towns include Port Dover, Turkey Point and Long Point. Fishing is another key attraction for tourist, as well as birding, hiking, camping and cycling. Main festivals include the Norfolk County Fair & Horse Show (October), Waterford Pumpkin Festival (October), the Friday the 13th motorcycle rally at Port Dover, and Simcoe Christmas Panorama (December). Agri-tourism is another expanding attraction for tourists coming to Norfolk County, with a few wineries in development and numerous farmgate retailers. Wilsonville’s Whistling Gardens, in the northeast Norfolk County, is Ontario’s newest publicly accessible botanical garden and one of the few that are privately run in Canada. In 2014, it was named one of Norfolk’s Top 10 Amazing Places on a social mapping tool created by Ontario’s UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "4892372#1",
"text": "Since 1840, the fair has been active in Norfolk County on the complex. It is considered to be the fourth largest fair in Ontario. Out of all the festivals, the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show is considered be the 88th best festival in Canada and has repeatedly been named as one of the Top 100 Festivals in Ontario. Operated by the Norfolk County Agricultural Society with 400 volunteers organizing the event on an annual basis, this autumn fair attracts almost 100 community organizations and local businesses. More than half a million visitors come to the Norfolk County Fairgrounds annually while the annual event attracts 120,000 people from outside the local community. Being the leading producer of vegetables in Ontario, the Norfolk County Fair helps to demonstrate the best of Norfolk County's produce to the rest of the province.",
"title": "Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show"
},
{
"docid": "4898749#1",
"text": "Unlike the majority of Haldimand or Norfolk County, Nanticoke is a highly industrialized community. Its industries supplied up to 4000MW of electric energy to Southern Ontario through the Nanticoke Generating Station. This community is southeast of Simcoe in neighbouring Norfolk County and south of Brantford. Nanticoke's residential area is bordered on the west by the Nanticoke Industrial Park, home to the U. S. Steel Canada Lake Erie Works and a number of smaller businesses, including Nelson Steel, Charles Jones Industrial, ESM, and Air Products. The neighbouring Esso Refinery Nanticoke on the northeast and the Nanticoke Generating Station on the southeast are not part of the Industrial Park land, although this is frequently confused due to their proximity.",
"title": "Nanticoke, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#23",
"text": "On January 1, 2001, the regional municipality was dissolved and two single-tier municipalities, the Town of Haldimand and the Town of Norfolk, were formed. These municipalities immediately changed their official names to Haldimand County and Norfolk County—and special advisor Milt Farrow later said in published interviews that he should have recommended those names. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, both municipalities are not true \"county\" governments in the traditional sense; they are legally classified as cities. The Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario are quite small for the most part.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#2",
"text": "Located on the Norfolk Sand Plain in the Carolinian Life Zone, Norfolk County's soil type is sandy loam, the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt. However, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include fruits and vegetables, lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "26946180#21",
"text": "Norfolk County has banned the placement of new wind turbines after becoming a \"willing host\" for them back in 2003. One of the council members were worried about Norfolk County becoming \"industrialized\" and \"unnatural.\" Many leaders in Norfolk County envision the county as being an agricultural hub for Southern Ontario even by the middle of the 22nd century. The nearest high school is Valley Heights Secondary School which is to the northeast. Students from here grab the same high school bus as the students from Houghton.",
"title": "Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#60",
"text": "[[Category:Former counties in Ontario]]\n[[Category:Norfolk County, Ontario| ]]\n[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]\n[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2000]]\n[[Category:Southwestern Ontario]]",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "406723#24",
"text": "The Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the \"Town of Norfolk.\" Moreover, many smaller communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in \"Norfolk County\". The newly formed municipality's first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County.",
"title": "Norfolk County, Ontario"
}
] |
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] |
2852
|
Is Final Fantasy Type-0 a sequel to another game?
|
[
{
"docid": "5069239#30",
"text": "While working on \"Final Fantasy XV\", Tabata decided to make a high-definition remaster of \"Type-0\" for eighth-generation consoles. Developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive, \"Final Fantasy Type-0 HD\" was originally announced at E3 2014, and released worldwide in March 2015. After \"Type-0\"s release, Tabata stated in an interview that he wished to explore the distant history of Orience after the events of the game. Trademarks for \"Type-1\", \"Type-2\" and \"Type-3\" were registered shortly after the \"Type-0\" trademark, but it was suggested that they were simply a protective measure. During interviews given in 2014, Tabata commented that he wished to work on \"Type-1\" after completing \"XV\", and later explained the conceptual \"Type\" series as a means of publishing \"Final Fantasy\" games too experimental for the main series. He hoped to continue with the \"Type\" series if \"Type-0 HD\" was commercially successful.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0"
},
{
"docid": "46496464#4",
"text": "During the production of \"Final Fantasy Type-0\", the development team explored the possibility of a high-definition port of the game. The idea never went beyond experimentation as the team was focused on keeping the game as a portable experience. The team also experimented with a sequel on eighth generation consoles, but production was halted when the development team were transferred to \"Final Fantasy XV\". After some time working on \"XV\", original director Hajime Tabata decided to develop \"Type-0 HD\" for eighth-generation consoles. The game began development in mid-2012, around the same time \"XV\" was shifted onto PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Xbox One. Tabata came on board in July of that year as director and producer, though his involvement was fairly minor due to his directing duties for \"XV\". The main development was handled by HexaDrive, who had previously collaborated successfully with Square Enix on \"The 3rd Birthday\", and had developed the high-definition remasters of \"Ōkami\" and \"\". The remaster was intended as an incentive for \"Final Fantasy\" players in both Japan and the west to purchase eighth generation consoles before \"XV\"s release. The original plan was for a port to both the seventh generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles, and eighth generation consoles. After the PS4 proved popular at the 2013 Tokyo Game Show, and as Tabata had no development experience with seventh generation console hardware, the team focused on the eighth generation versions. According to art director Yusuke Naora, moving from the PlayStation Portable to eighth-generation hardware proved hard for the team. Despite early claims, no version of \"Type-0 HD\" was developed for the PlayStation Vita. According to Tabata, this was due to difficulties in porting between console and Vita development environments, and his wish for a playing experience he could only envision on home consoles.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0 HD"
},
{
"docid": "5069239#13",
"text": "\"Final Fantasy Type-0\" was originally titled \"Final Fantasy Agito XIII\", envisioned as a game for mobile devices. It was conceived in 2005 as part of \"Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy\", a subseries of \"Final Fantasy\" games linked by a common mythos. \"Agito XIII\" was the final original \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" game to be created. The decision to make it a mobile game was based on the popularity of \"\". Hajime Tabata, who contributed to the \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" mythos, was searching for a new project after finishing \"Before Crisis\" and became the game's director. \"Before Crisis\" producer Kosei Ito acted as producer before his move to Capcom prior to 2009. Beginning development in 2006, it was first announced at that year's Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). It was said to offer on-the-go access to the \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" universe, using gameplay functions exclusive to mobile phones of the time. The concept was to deliver a game for mobile platforms equivalent to a console game from the main \"Final Fantasy\" series, and to make it available in its entirety upon release rather than in episodic format.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5069239#29",
"text": "\"Type-0\" affected several other works in multiple ways. During its development, several staff members and voice actors who had worked on \"Final Fantasy X\" reunited. Their meeting triggered the development of \"Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD Remaster\". In the September 2013 issue of \"Famitsu Weekly\", Square Enix revealed \"Final Fantasy Agito\", an online companion game to \"Type-0\" for iOS and Android mobile devices. The game was released in May 2014, and a localization was announced alongside that of \"Type-0\". Its servers were closed down in November 2015, with its localization being cancelled as a result. A new online game set in the \"Type-0\" universe, \"Final Fantasy Awakening\", released in Asian and English-speaking territories between 2016 and 2018.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0"
},
{
"docid": "5070173#3",
"text": "\"Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy\" currently consists of seven titles across multiple platforms, including sequels and spin-offs of the original entries. The entries in the \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" series share the same mythology, interpreted differently and referred to in varying degrees for each of the game worlds.\"Final Fantasy XIII\" and its sequels have a strong connection to the mythos, making extensive use of its terminology and involving many of its deities. The universe of \"Final Fantasy Type-0\" used the terminology and made minor reference to the mythos while focusing on the human side of events, although these references were added during later story development. While the mythos is still present in \"Final Fantasy XV\", it was \"disconnected\" from the core framework, with specific terminology being removed and its emphasis reduced to become a background element for the world and story.",
"title": "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "5070173#16",
"text": "After the release of \"Final Fantasy XIII\", the creators wanted to expand on the game's setting and tell more stories about the characters, so \"XIII-2\" and \"Lightning Returns\" were developed. For these games, Japanese developer tri-Ace was brought in to help with the games' design and graphics. The three games and their respective tie-in media were referred to as the \"Lightning Saga\" by Square Enix staff after the games' central character. While there was speculation that \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" would end with \"Lightning Returns\", Kitase repeatedly stated that there was still room for further titles beyond the \"XIII\" universe. Alongside that, Tabata created \"Agito\" around his original ideas for \"Type-0\" as a mobile title. \"Agito\" acted as both a prequel to \"Type-0\" and an alternate story set within its world. The game was co-developed by mobile game developer Tayutau K. K. Later, Chinese developer Perfect World were brought in to develop \"Awakening\". \"Final Fantasy XV\" eventually had help from multiple developers, including HexaDrive, XPEC Entertainment and Umbra. In contrast to \"Final Fantasy XIII\", Tabata decided against creating any sequels to \"Final Fantasy XV\", instead expanding the base game through downloadable content.",
"title": "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "5070173#15",
"text": "\"Agito XIII\" and \"Versus XIII\" both began production in 2006. By 2008, \"Agito XIII\" had been moved onto the PlayStation Portable, then later renamed \"Final Fantasy Type-0\". The stated reason for the change of title was that \"Final Fantasy XIII\" and \"Type-0\" shared little besides the core mythos. The title change also resulted in the \"XIII\" numeral being dropped from the series title as it \"would have been an issue\". Late in its development, \"Final Fantasy XIII\" also changed from being an exclusive when an Xbox 360 version was announced, significantly delaying its release. A port for Microsoft Windows was considered, but not followed up due to platform-specific concerns and the company's view of the video game market. Later, \"Final Fantasy XIII\" and its sequels would receive PC ports through Steam. As early as 2007, Square Enix considered re-branding \"Versus XIII\" as a numbered entry in the main series due to the rapidly growing scale of the project. The game was eventually re-branded in 2011. As part of its later marketing, \"Final Fantasy XV\" was deliberately distanced from the \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" brand to remove the consequent limitation on their target audience, although lore and design elements were retained. The game was also moved fully onto eighth generation consoles and developed using the company's new Luminous Studio engine. The PS3 version was abandoned due to concerns about the console's continued viability. \"Type-0\"s western release was delayed due to the flagging PSP market in western territories. A high-definition port to the same platforms as \"Final Fantasy XV\" was co-developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive, and was eventually announced for a western release.",
"title": "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "52759#36",
"text": "Due to its commercial and critical success, Square Enix released a direct sequel to \"Final Fantasy X\" in 2003, titled \"Final Fantasy X-2\". The sequel is set two years after the conclusion of \"Final Fantasy X\", establishing new conflicts and dilemmas and resolving loose ends left by the original game. Although the sequel did not sell as well as the original, 5.4 million units versus over 8 million units, it can still be considered a commercial success. As a result of the title's popularity, Yoshinori Kitase and Kazushige Nojima decided to establish a plot-related connection between \"Final Fantasy X\" and \"Final Fantasy VII\", another well-received\" Final Fantasy\" game. In 2013, after the release of the HD Remaster, Nojima stated that he would like to see a second sequel to \"X\", and if there were demand for it, it could happen. The minigame of blitzball has made it into other games, such as \"Final Fantasy X-2\", and was mentioned as a possibility for \"\".",
"title": "Final Fantasy X"
},
{
"docid": "5069239#15",
"text": "In 2008, it was decided to make \"Type-0\" a PSP exclusive, cancelling the mobile version of the game as the developers did not want to wait for mobile technology to reach a level which could handle their full vision for the game. Full development began that year by the same team who developed \"Crisis Core\", but was again slowed as most of them were completing work on \"The 3rd Birthday\". Because of these conflicting projects, \"Type-0\" came close to being cancelled outright. Between 2009 and 2011, the title was changed to distance it from \"Final Fantasy XIII\", since after the platform change the two games had little in common other than their shared mythos. One of the titles considered and rejected was \"Final Fantasy Live\", referring to the game's multiplayer element. The new title, \"Final Fantasy Type-0,\" was intended to indicate the game's separation from the main series. It was also the beginning of an alternative numbering system parallel to the main series. The game made its first official public appearance under the new title at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in Tokyo, along with a new trailer that was released to the public on January 27, 2011.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0"
},
{
"docid": "5070173#5",
"text": "\"Final Fantasy Type-0\" received a manga adaptation illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa. It began publication in the November 2011 of \"Young Gangan\" and was collected into a single volume and released in April 2012. The manga was translated into English and released as part of the western collector's edition for \"Type-0 HD\", available exclusively through Square Enix's online store. A second manga following one of the game's secondary characters, , began serialization in May 2012. The latter manga was created by Shiozawa under direct supervision by Tetsuya Nomura. The manga ended in January 2014, with a bonus chapter released in February of the same year. It will be released in the west in July 2015, licensed by Yen Press. Two novels detailing an alternate version of \"Type-0\", titled , were released in April and June 2012. \"Agito\" received another \"Change the World\" novel adaptation focusing on two of the game's supporting characters. Ultimania guides and companion books have been released for the majority of released games.",
"title": "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy"
},
{
"docid": "5069306#26",
"text": "Initially announced in 2006 alongside \"XIII\" and \"Type-0\", the game was publicly rebranded at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo, with regular updates on the title beginning the following year. A demo titled \"Final Fantasy XV: Episode Duscae\" was released in March 2015 as a limited addition to \"Final Fantasy Type-0 HD\". The game's localization was handled by Dan Inoue, who used different accents for characters to denote their origins on different parts of Eos. In addition to English, Japanese and European languages, the game was localized for Latin America with Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese text: this was the first time a \"Final Fantasy\" title was localized into these languages.",
"title": "Final Fantasy XV"
},
{
"docid": "5069239#1",
"text": "The game was originally announced as a title for mobile phones and the PSP called It was directed by Hajime Tabata, who took up the project after completing \"\". Initially designed to provide players with easy access to the \"Fabula Nova Crystallis\" universe, the mobile version was eventually cancelled and the game's title was changed to distance it from the subseries' flagship title \"Final Fantasy XIII\". Releasing to strong sales, it received praise for its story and gameplay, but was criticized for its camera control and artificial intelligence. Further games related to \"Type-0\" have also been developed, including a high definition remaster that released internationally in March 2015.\n\"Final Fantasy Type-0\" is an action role-playing video game in which the player controls the 14 members of Class Zero, who are sent on missions across Orience. Outside environments such as the Vermillion Peristylium (Class Zero's home base) and dedicated missions, the game world of Orience is navigated via a scaled-down world map. Class Zero are sent on missions across Orience during the course of the game. The player initially travels to preset destinations in the world on an airship supplied by the Peristylium, but gains their own airship to freely navigate the world map with after defeating a powerful enemy guarding it. The main gameplay is presented in a mission-based structure. The two types of missions encountered are story-based missions, and \"Practice\" missions, which act as side-quests. During missions, optional orders are issued which can be obeyed or ignored as the player chooses. Should they be accepted, the characters receive a temporary power boost, and completing the objectives yields rewards. Players can also engage in real-time strategy battles on the world map, with the player taking control of allied military divisions. Missions involve liberating cities and towns from enemy forces. Timed aerial missions are also available where the characters shoot down attacking dragons using their airship's weapons.",
"title": "Final Fantasy Type-0"
}
] |
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] |
2854
|
When was the first Pteranodon fossil found?
|
[
{
"docid": "24825#31",
"text": "While the first \"Pteranodon\" wing bones were collected by Marsh and Cope in the early 1870s, the first \"Pteranodon\" skull was found on May 2, 1876, along the Smoky Hill River in Wallace County (now Logan County), Kansas, USA, by Samuel Wendell Williston, a fossil collector working for Marsh. A second, smaller skull soon was discovered as well. These skulls showed that the North American pterosaurs were different from any European species, in that they lacked teeth and had bony crests on their skulls. Marsh recognized this major difference, describing the specimens as \"distinguished from all previously known genera of the order Pterosauria by the entire absence of teeth.\" Marsh recognized that this characteristic warranted a new genus, and he coined the name \"Pteranodon\" (\"wing without tooth\") in 1876. Marsh reclassified all the previously named North American species from \"Pterodactylus\" to \"Pteranodon\". He considered the smaller skull to belong to \"Pteranodon occidentalis\", based on its size. Marsh classified the larger skull, YPM 1117, in the new species \"Pteranodon longiceps\", which he thought to be a medium-sized species in between the small \"P. occidentalis\" and the large \"P. ingens\". Marsh also named several additional species: Pteranodon comptus and \"Pteranodon nanus\" were named for fragmentary skeletons of small individuals, while \"Pteranodon gracilis\" was based on a wing bone that he mistook for a pelvic bone. He soon realized his mistake, and re-classified that specimen again into a separate genus, which he named \"Nyctosaurus\". \"P, nanus\" was also later recognized as a \"Nyctosaurus\" specimen.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#29",
"text": "\"Pteranodon\" was the first pterosaur found outside of Europe. Its fossils first were found by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870, in the Late Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of western Kansas. These chalk beds were deposited at the bottom of what was once the Western Interior Seaway, a large shallow sea over what now is the midsection of the North American continent. These first specimens, YPM 1160 and YPM 1161, consisted of partial wing bones, as well as a tooth from the prehistoric fish \"Xiphactinus\", which Marsh mistakenly believed to belong to this new pterosaur (all known pterosaurs up to that point had teeth). In 1871, Marsh named the find \"\"Pterodactylus oweni\"\", assigning it to the well-known (but much smaller) European genus \"Pterodactylus\". Marsh also collected more wing bones of the large pterosaur in 1871. Realizing that the name he had chosen had already been used for Harry Seeley's European pterosaur species \"Pterodactylus oweni\" in 1864, Marsh re-named his giant North American pterosaur Pterodactylus occidentalis, meaning \"Western wing finger,\" in his 1872 description of the new specimen. He also named two additional species, based on size differences: Pterodactylus ingens (the largest specimen so far), and Pterodactylus velox (the smallest).",
"title": "Pteranodon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24825#24",
"text": "Specimens assigned to \"Pteranodon\" have been found in both the Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of the Niobrara Formation, and the slightly younger Sharon Springs deposits of the Pierre Shale Formation. When \"Pteranodon\" was alive, this area was covered by a large inland sea, known as the Western Interior Seaway. Famous for fossils collected since 1870, these formations extend from as far south as Kansas in the United States to Manitoba in Canada. However, \"Pteranodon\" specimens (or any pterosaur specimens) have only been found in the southern half of the formation, in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota. Despite the fact that numerous fossils have been found in the contemporary parts of the formation in Canada, no pterosaur specimens have ever been found there. This strongly suggests that the natural geographic range of \"Pteranodon\" covered only the southern part of the Niobrara, and that its habitat did not extend farther north than South Dakota.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#26",
"text": "It is likely that, as in other polygynous animals (in which males compete for association with harems of females), \"Pteranodon\" lived primarily on offshore rookeries, where they could nest away from land-based predators and feed far from shore; most \"Pteranodon\" fossils are found in locations which at the time, were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#38",
"text": "\"Pteranodon\" fossils are known primarily from the Niobrara Formation of the central United States. Broadly defined, \"Pteranodon\" existed for more than four million years, during the late Coniacian to early Campanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The genus is present in most layers of the Niobrara Formation except for the upper two; in 2003, Kenneth Carpenter surveyed the distribution and dating of fossils in this formation, demonstrating that \"Pteranodon sternbergi\" existed there from 88 to 85 million years ago, while \"P. longiceps\" existed between 86 and 84.5 million years ago. A possible third species, which Kellner named \"Geosternbergia maysei\" in 2010, is known from the Sharon Springs member of the Pierre Shale Formation in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota, dating to between 81.5 and 80.5 million years ago.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#0",
"text": "Pteranodon (; from Greek πτερόν ( pteron, \"wing\") and ἀνόδων (anodon, \"toothless\") is a genus of pterosaur that included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 8 meters (26 feet). They lived during the late Cretaceous geological period of North America in present-day Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. More fossil specimens of \"Pteranodon\" have been found than any other pterosaur, with about 1,200 specimens known to science, many of them well preserved with nearly complete skulls and articulated skeletons. It was an important part of the animal community in the Western Interior Seaway.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#34",
"text": "In 1910, Eaton became the first scientist to publish a more detailed description of the entire \"Pteranodon\" skeleton, as it was known at the time. He used his findings to revise the classification of the genus once again based on a better understanding of the differences in pteranodont anatomy. Eaton conducted experiments using clay models of bones to help determine the effects of crushing and flattening on the shapes of the arm bones Williston had used in his own classification. Eaton found that most of the differences in bone shapes could be easily explained by the pressures of fossilization, and concluded that no \"Pteranodon\" skeletons had any significant differences from each other besides their size. Therefore, Eaton was left to decide his classification scheme based on differences in the skulls alone, which he assigned to species just as Marsh did, by their size. In the end, Eaton recognized only three valid species: \"P. occidentalis\", \"P. ingens\", and \"P. longiceps\".",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "37799200#19",
"text": "The next year, O. C. Marsh led a paleontological expedition into the western United States on behalf of Yale University. Late that November they visited the area around Fort Wallace. Among the fossils found by Marsh's crew in western Kansas were the far ends of two pterosaur wing metacarpals. These were the first scientifically documented fossils of the pterosaur that would later be named Pteranodon. This formal naming occurred six years later, in 1876.",
"title": "History of paleontology in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "24825#25",
"text": "Some very fragmentary fossils belonging to pteranodontian pterosaurs, and possibly \"Pteranodon\" itself, have also been found on the Gulf Coast and East Coast of the United States. For example, some bone fragments from the Mooreville Formation of Alabama and the Merchantville Formation of Delaware may have come from \"Pteranodon\", though they are too incomplete to make a definite identification. Some remains from Japan have also been tentatively attributed to \"Pteranodon\", but their distance from its known Western Interior Seaway habitat makes this identification unlikely.\n\"Pteranodon longiceps\" would have shared the sky with the giant-crested pterosaur \"Nyctosaurus\". Compared to \"P. longiceps\", which was a very common species, \"Nyctosaurus\" was rare, making up only 3% of pterosaur fossils from the formation. Also less common was the early toothed bird, \"Ichthyornis\".",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#4",
"text": "Adult male \"Pteranodon\" were among the largest pterosaurs, and were the largest flying animals known until the late 20th century, when the giant azhdarchid pterosaurs were discovered. The wingspan of an average adult male \"Pteranodon\" was . Adult females were much smaller, averaging in wingspan. The largest specimen of \"Pteranodon longiceps\" from the Niobrara Formation measured from wingtip to wingtip. An even larger specimen is known from the Pierre Shale Formation, with a wingspan of , though this specimen may belong to the distinct genus and species \"Geosternbergia maysei\". While most specimens are found crushed, enough fossils exist to put together a detailed description of the animal.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
}
] |
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] |
2855
|
When did The Big Bang Theory first air on television?
|
[
{
"docid": "11269605#5",
"text": "The first and second pilots of \"The Big Bang Theory\" were directed by James Burrows, who did not continue with the show. The reworked second pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered on September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007. The show is filmed in front of a live audience, and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions. Production was halted on November 6, 2007, due to the Writers Guild of America strike. Nearly three months later, on February 4, 2008, the series was temporarily replaced by a short-lived sitcom, \"Welcome to The Captain\". The series returned on March 17, 2008, in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
},
{
"docid": "27382568#0",
"text": "The first season of the American sitcom \"The Big Bang Theory\" was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007, to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only \"Big Bang Theory\" DVD set not to have one. The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Two of the main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory (season 1)"
},
{
"docid": "17718706#0",
"text": "The pilot episode and series premiere of \"The Big Bang Theory\" originally aired on CBS in the United States on September 24, 2007. It was written by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, and directed by James Burrows. It marks the first appearance of all five main characters in the series, and also guest stars Vernée Watson as Althea and Brian Patrick Wade as Kurt.",
"title": "Pilot (The Big Bang Theory)"
},
{
"docid": "27382568#5",
"text": "The second pilot of \"The Big Bang Theory\" was directed by James Burrows, who did not continue with the show. This reworked pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory (season 1)"
},
{
"docid": "11269605#46",
"text": "\"The Big Bang Theory\" premiered in the United States on September 24, 2007 on CBS. The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007. On February 14, 2008, the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4. In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016, though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten. On January 22, 2018, it was announced that Nine had acquired the rights to Season 1–8.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11269605#38",
"text": "\"The Big Bang Theory\" started off slowly in the ratings, failing to make the top 50 in its first season (ranking 68th), and ranking 40th in its second season. When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, however, \"The Big Bang Theory\" ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10) along with a then-series-high 12.83 million viewers. After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights, CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8:00 ET for the 2010–2011 schedule, to be in direct competition with NBC's Comedy Block and Fox's \"American Idol\" (then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011). During its fourth season, it became television's highest rated comedy, just barely beating out eight-year champ \"Two and a Half Men\". However, in the age 18–49 demographic (the show's target age range), it was the second highest rated comedy, behind ABC's \"Modern Family\". The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
},
{
"docid": "41935324#0",
"text": "The eighth season of the American sitcom \"The Big Bang Theory\" first aired on CBS with a one-hour premiere on Monday, September 22, 2014. It returned to its previous Thursday time slot on October 30 for the season's seventh episode. It concluded on May 7, 2015. On March 12, 2014, \"The Big Bang Theory\" was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 season for a total of ten seasons.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory (season 8)"
},
{
"docid": "11269605#44",
"text": "\"The Big Bang Theory\" started off quietly in Canada, but managed to garner major success in later seasons. \"The Big Bang Theory\" is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates. Now immensely popular in Canada, \"The Big Bang Theory\" is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
},
{
"docid": "11269605#40",
"text": "Showrunner Steve Molaro, who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season, credits some of the show's success to the sitcom's exposure in off-network syndication, particularly on TBS, while Michael Schneider of \"TV Guide\" attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier. Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro, in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships, such as the on-again, off-again relationship between Leonard and Penny. Throughout much of the 2012–13 season, \"The Big Bang Theory\" placed first in all of syndication ratings, receiving formidable competition from only \"Judge Judy\" and \"Wheel of Fortune\" (first-run syndication programs). By the end of the 2012–13 television season, \"The Big Bang Theory\" had dethroned \"Judge Judy\" as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1, \"Judy\" descending to second place for that season with a 7.0. \"The Big Bang Theory\" did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013–14 television season, beaten out by \"Judge Judy\".",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
},
{
"docid": "46909804#0",
"text": "The ninth season of the American sitcom \"The Big Bang Theory\" started airing on CBS on Monday, September 21, 2015. It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 5, 2015 for the season's seventh episode. It concluded on May 12, 2016. On March 12, 2014, \"The Big Bang Theory\" was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 season for a total of ten seasons. Laura Spencer was upgraded to the main cast during the season as Dr. Emily Sweeney, after being a recurring cast member for two seasons.",
"title": "The Big Bang Theory (season 9)"
}
] |
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] |
2856
|
Who is Dexter's sister?
|
[
{
"docid": "7430872#4",
"text": "Dexter is contacted by his foster sister Debra (Jennifer Carpenter), a vice officer in the Miami Metro Police Department. Dexter, a blood spatter analyst for the department, assists Debra in investigating an apparent serial killer targeting prostitutes. Dexter examines the latest victim and is shocked to find no trace of blood on the dismembered corpse. At the police station, Dexter discusses another murder case being handled by James Doakes (Erik King), a detective who dislikes him. Later, Dexter watches Jamie Jaworski, a murderer who escaped justice due to a faulty warrant, and breaks into his home to find evidence. Once he confirms that Jaworski is guilty, Dexter meets with his girlfriend Rita Bennett (Julie Benz), a former victim of domestic abuse victim; Rita has two young children, Astor and Cody. While on a date with Rita, Dexter finds another murder scene with no traces of blood, this time with the victim's head missing. Dexter theorizes that the killer murders his victims in extreme cold, explaining the absence of blood, and might be using a stolen refrigerated truck. Dexter allows Debra to pitch the theory, but their superior officer, Lt. María LaGuerta (Lauren Vélez), dismisses it.",
"title": "Dexter (episode)"
},
{
"docid": "8776276#125",
"text": "On a visit to his sister, Dexter and Debra both feel as if they have been drugged; just before he passes out, Dexter sees Hannah standing over him. When he later regains consciousness, Dexter begins investigating Hannah, and finds that she has changed her name and married Miles Foster (Julian Sands), a wealthy businessman. Dexter goes to see Hannah, who says that she had wanted him to kill Foster, but changed her mind after realizing she is still in love with Dexter. Foster warns him to stay away from Hannah, and has him beaten up. Dexter goes to Foster's boat to protect Hannah, but finds that she has already killed him. The two of them dispose of the body, and promise to watch out for each other. The two end up having sex and rekindle their relationship.",
"title": "List of Dexter characters"
},
{
"docid": "2588300#0",
"text": "Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for playing Debra Morgan, the adoptive sister of the title character of the Showtime series \"Dexter\", for which she earned a Saturn Award in 2009, and also for playing Rebecca Harris in the CBS television series \"Limitless\".",
"title": "Jennifer Carpenter"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "99823#0",
"text": "Dexter's Laboratory is an American comic science fiction animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network. It follows Dexter, a boy-genius and inventor with a hidden laboratory in his room, which he keeps secret from his parents. He is in a constant battle with his older sister Dee Dee, who always finds a way to get inside Dexter's lab and foil his experiments. Dexter engages in a bitter rivalry with a fellow boy-genius named Mandark, who is Dexter's neighbor and classmate. Prominently featured in the series' first two seasons are the superhero-based secondary characters Monkey, Dexter's pet lab-monkey/superhero, and The Justice Friends, a trio of superheroes who share an apartment.",
"title": "Dexter's Laboratory"
},
{
"docid": "7688547#3",
"text": "Dexter succeeds in managing his double life until he investigates the \"Tamiami Slasher\", who has murdered three prostitutes. Dexter's adoptive sister, Deborah, who is also on the force and wants to be promoted to Homicide — and knowing that her brother has eerie \"hunches\" — asks him for help in solving the case. Dexter eventually decides to help Deborah due to his moral code, but still feels a compelling pull to the killer due to similar desires. After a lucid dream, Dexter drives around Miami and spots a refrigerated truck. When he follows the truck, the killer throws a severed head at his car.",
"title": "Darkly Dreaming Dexter"
},
{
"docid": "8776276#98",
"text": "In season 6, he reappears in the episode \"Nebraska\" as the sole survivor of his family who has been murdered by who was reported to be the Trinity Killer. While Dexter suspects that Jonah was the perpetrator, with evidence supporting, Jonah's guilt emerges in a confrontation which shows that he killed his mother for instigating his sister's suicide. No longer truly fitting the Code of Harry, Dexter tells him to forgive himself and returns to Miami.Rebecca Mitchell is the daughter of Arthur and Sally. Though she is a 15-year-old teenager her room resembles that of a young child. After running away once Arthur now has locks on the outside of the door and on the windows. Arthur sometimes calls her \"Vera\", the name of his deceased sister. When Dexter asks her about this and tries to console her, she asks him to take her away, saying she would do \"anything\", implying she will give him sexual favors to do so (which Dexter flatly refuses). Both Becca and her mother believe he will take Becca up on her offer, however, the latter hopes that Dexter will not allow Arthur to find out. She is last seen in tears being taken out of her home by the police when they uncover that Arthur is Trinity.",
"title": "List of Dexter characters"
},
{
"docid": "7688547#4",
"text": "The killer begins sending messages to Dexter, who finds the crimes fascinating. Dexter is torn between helping Deborah and allowing the killer to continue his spree. Meanwhile due to his strange dreams Dexter wants to kill somebody so he follows a man whom he suspects of raping and killing five teenage girls and kills that man after confirming that the man did those crimes. The killer kidnaps Deborah and brings Dexter to the scene, revealing that his sister is being held in the same shipping container Dexter's mother Laura was held in. The killer is Dexter's biological brother, Brian, who was separated from Dexter after their mother's murder at the hands of a drug dealer. As Deborah's spiteful colleague, Migdia LaGuerta, arrives on the scene, Brian is disappointed that Dexter refuses to kill Deborah. Dexter allows Brian to kill LaGuerta and helps him get away out of loyalty to his brother. In the epilogue Dexter stands at LaGuerta's funeral and feels sad but cannot get himself to cry.",
"title": "Darkly Dreaming Dexter"
},
{
"docid": "22487426#1",
"text": "Nine months after the previous book, Dexter and Rita's daughter Lily is born. The birth brings remarkable changes in Dexter; apart from feeling genuine love and emotions for the first time, he also does not feel his \"Dark Passenger's\" compulsion to kill and vows to swear off his dark hobby in order to be a good father for his daughter. Dexter is called to a crime scene by his sister Deborah, who is in the middle of a jurisdictional fight with the FBI over a reported kidnapping. Dexter believes that the large quantity of blood found there was planted, and that the missing girl in question, Samanatha Aldovar, is faking her disappearance in order to get money from her parents. Dexter runs tests and discovers that the blood type does not match Samantha.",
"title": "Dexter Is Delicious"
},
{
"docid": "30351683#8",
"text": "Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) asks Dexter to talk to her son VJ Patterson (Felix Dean) who is starting secondary school, about attending Summer Bay High. Dexter begins filming people with a video camera and is caught by Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) who is a member of a surfing gang named The River Boys. Dexter is kidnapped by two of the gang's members, who leave him in the forest. Dexter later returns home. Sometime afterwards Dexter and his group of friends go on a camping trip. Dexter is interested romantically in April but she is already dating Dexter's friend Xavier Austin (David Jones Roberts). Dexter takes Kate Hanlon (Mikayla Southgate) on the trip to make April jealous. April later begins a relationship with Dexter Behind Xavier's back. Xavier finds out about Dexter's relationship with April when he sees them kissing. Xavier is furious and punches Dexter in the nose. The two later become friends again. Dexter finds out that he has a sister, Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman). Shortly afterwards Dexter sees naked pictures of Sasha around school and is furious.Dexter and April plan to sleep with each other after the upcoming year 12 formal. Dexter attends the year 12 formal. Dallas Phillips (Emma Griffin) kisses Dexter just as April enters. April later ends their relationship. Dexter becomes a nurse at Summer Bay Hospital. His first patient is Dallas's son William (Daniel Place). Dexter finds out that Dallas is living in her car and gets her a job at the Gelato Bar. Dexter is jealous when April begins to date Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing). Dexter and the rest of the Walker family discover that Sasha has been assaulted repeatedly by her boyfriend Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites). Dexter and Xavier look for Stu with the intention of confronting him but he has disappeared. Stu is later found dead.",
"title": "Dexter Walker"
},
{
"docid": "38927523#62",
"text": "Series 3\nDexter turns up at The Dumping Ground looking for his sister, however his sister, Sasha (Annabelle Davis) tells him he has to go and she gets him out of The Dumping Ground. Sasha realises Dexter took her room key, so she goes home for it and Dexter needs Sasha's help to get nappies. Sasha ends up going shopping with May-Li (Stacy Liu) and she catches Dexter shoplifting nappies and Dexter tells her he couldn't find any money. After catching Dexter trying to shoplift, Sasha goes home and Murphy (Thomas and Oliver Waldram) is all alone. Dexter turns up unexpectedly, asking for Sasha. Dexter later throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector's (Shameem Ahmed) car in order to be taken into care, but his family are given the support of Social Services.",
"title": "List of The Dumping Ground characters"
},
{
"docid": "16283455#5",
"text": "Deborah Morgan: Dexter's adoptive sister and a police detective with the homicide department of Miami Police Department. Deborah has recently learned of Dexter's \"hobby\", and feels conflicted about keeping it a secret. Further complicating her feelings is the fact that Dexter saved her boyfriend, Kyle Chutsky, from a particularly brutal serial killer in \"Dearly Devoted Dexter",
"title": "Dexter by Design"
}
] |
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] |
2857
|
Who was the first female skater to land the triple axel?
|
[
{
"docid": "11447412#2",
"text": "Yukari Nakano and Ludmila Nelidina both landed a triple axel in their free skating, together becoming the first female skaters to perform the jump in international competition since Midori Ito landed it at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Nakano landed it first and Nelidina, who skated after her, also performed it successfully.",
"title": "2002 Skate America"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11623058#2",
"text": "Nelidina landed a triple axel in competition at the 2002 Skate America. Together with Yukari Nakano, who also completed a triple axel at that competition, Nelidina was the first female skater in 10 years to perform a triple axel in international competition. She is the first European lady skater to land a triple axel in competition, the other skaters having been from Japan and the United States.",
"title": "Ludmila Nelidina"
},
{
"docid": "11152#20",
"text": "The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a \"quad\"). The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando, who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002, and Alexandra Trusova, who landed the first quad Toe Loop (and only the second quad Salchow) in March 2018, both at the Junior level. Alexandra Trusova also was the first female to ever land 2 quadruple jumps in competition, the quad salchow and the quad toe loop. She was only 13 years old at the time.",
"title": "Figure skating"
},
{
"docid": "4200439#5",
"text": "At her first senior international event, the 2002 Skate America, Nakano became the third female skater in the history of the sport to land a triple axel in an ISU sanctioned competition, and the first to have done so in ten years. She went on to land a triple axel-double toe loop combinations at the 2002 Japanese Nationals, the West Japan Championships 2002, and the Kanto Gakusei Freeskating Championships 2004.",
"title": "Yukari Nakano"
},
{
"docid": "9159762#47",
"text": "Nagasu has worked on improving her jumps to avoid under-rotations. She has added a triple axel jump to her programs, landing two fully rotated triple axel jumps at the 2017 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic with the negative grade of execution. She is the second US woman skater to have landed a triple axel jump internationally after Tonya Harding. In 2018, she became the first U.S. woman skater to have landed the triple axel in an Olympic competition.\"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\"",
"title": "Mirai Nagasu"
},
{
"docid": "24825401#1",
"text": "At the 2015 World Championships, she became the first female skater to land four triple jumps in a short program (triple Axel, triple lutz, and a triple toe-triple toe combination).",
"title": "Elizaveta Tuktamysheva"
},
{
"docid": "3521306#56",
"text": "In the 2008–09 season, she executed the 3A-2T combination in international competition, first getting full credit for it at the 2008–09 Grand Prix Final. At that same competition, Asada became the first female skater to land two 3A in the same program. She is also the only woman to have landed three 3A jumps in the same competition at an ISU competition. She has a Guinness World Record for the most triple axels performed by a female skater in competition.",
"title": "Mao Asada"
},
{
"docid": "3521306#1",
"text": "She held the world record for the ladies' short program score, until the record was broken by Evgenia Medvedeva at the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final. A former prodigy, Asada is the fifth woman and the first junior girl to land the triple axel, accomplishing this feat at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. She won her first Grand Prix Final at the age of 15. Considered by many to be the best figure skater in the world at that time, Asada was 87 days too young to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She is the first figure skater in a singles discipline from Asia to win multiple world championships. At the 2013 Skate America, she became the first singles skater, male or female, to win all seven of the current events on the Grand Prix series. She holds 15 Grand Prix series titles, the third most of all time. At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Asada successfully accomplished 8 triple jumps in her individual free skate, becoming the first lady to ever do so, even though 2 were downgraded for lacking rotations. Due to her artistic interpretation, international success since the young age of 15, rare ability to accomplish the triple Axel, and collection of ISU titles surpassing any other ladies singles figure skater during her time, she has established herself as one of the most highly recognized athletes in Japan and is widely considered to be among the best ladies figure skaters of all time.",
"title": "Mao Asada"
},
{
"docid": "11820371#4",
"text": "Although other skaters had practiced triple axels before then, McKellen was the first skater to attempt them in public performances. He landed several in exhibition in 1974–1975, as King of the Lake Placid Winter Festival exhibition and during the exhibitions following his third National championship win in Providence. The triple axel was not landed in competition until Vern Taylor did it in 1978.",
"title": "Gordon McKellen"
},
{
"docid": "1387322#6",
"text": "Orser became the second man to land the triple Axel when he performed it in winning his Canadian junior title in 1979, at a time when few senior skaters were even attempting it. Over the next few years, Orser performed the jump more frequently and more consistently than any other skater of the time. Orser became the first man to land the triple axel at the Olympics when he landed it in his free skate at the 1984 Winter Olympics. He won the silver medal behind Scott Hamilton, and then won the silver at 1984 Worlds, again behind Hamilton. Only Orser's low placements in the compulsory figures prevented him from winning both titles.",
"title": "Brian Orser"
}
] |
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] |
2859
|
When was the Philip Livingston Magnet Academy established?
|
[
{
"docid": "16922829#0",
"text": "The former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy is located along Northern Boulevard in the West Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building predominantly in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with some Art Deco touches inside, erected during the 1930s. Additions were made in the 1960s. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Philip Livingston Junior High School, the only purpose-built public school building in the city so recognized.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16922829#55",
"text": "In response to the protesters' concerns, the school district applied for grants from the Magnet Schools Assistance Program, established by the federal government under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The intent was to remake the school as a magnet school and thus ease racial segregation. By the early 1970s this had been done and the school was officially renamed Philip Livingston Magnet Academy.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#47",
"text": "Cultural activities were also held in the auditorium. The recently established Albany Symphony Orchestra, then known as the People's Symphony of Albany, rehearsed there and sometimes performed concerts. In 1934, its founder John Carabella, premiered his original work \"The Helderbergs\", \"a symphonic poem dedicated to the citizens of Albany\", at Philip Livingston.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#56",
"text": "However, over the last quarter of the 20th century the school itself began to decline. The building began showing signs of aging, at the same time as financial shortfalls led to maintenance being deferred. Within it, educational achievement began to decline as disciplinary problems rose. By the end of the century it was on the state's Persistently Dangerous Schools list. Pressure from parents in Arbor Hill led to the establishment of private charter schools in the area, and enrollment at Philip Livingston began to fall as that option became available to parents.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#46",
"text": "The building did more than just educate students through early adolescence. Until the city canceled the program at Philip Livingston in 1938 due to declining enrollment, it hosted night school classes as well. Arbor Hill residents came to the school to cast their votes in election.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#45",
"text": "Philip Livingston soon became one of the city's distinctive buildings, despite its location away from downtown. \"Because of its great size, impressive appearance and splendid location,\" a 1936 guidebook to the Albany schools said, \"it is considered Albany's outstanding school building ... It is the embodiment of the ideals of beauty and utility.\"",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#34",
"text": "The school was built in response to increasing demands on the educational system, and changes in educational theory. During the 77 years it was open, it went from being a junior high school to a magnet school.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#52",
"text": "The school continued in its role as a community and cultural center throughout the postwar years. Despite its access to larger and better space, the orchestra continued to give concerts there as late as the mid-1950s. For years, a local church raised money through performances of its gospel choir. A performance of \"The Mikado\" was staged there in 1958, and touring glee clubs and a cappella groups found the Philip Livingston auditorium an ideal venue.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#35",
"text": "Albany established its public school system in 1796, shortly after American independence. In 1832 it built it first school building. Over the next century the state expanded the funding options available for local schools if they expanded their offerings in turn, such as providing secondary education. By the 1920s Albany's school district operated 25 elementary schools and its high school.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
},
{
"docid": "16922829#58",
"text": "In 2005 the district diverted $19 million meant for maintenance to Philip Livingston to other schools instead. Two years later the superintendent proposed remodeling the building into a high school dedicated to engineering, nanotechnology and environmental science, but the school board rejected the idea. Parents, believing that the district was unwilling to make the necessary investments in the aging school, increasingly chose to send their children to the new charter schools in the Arbor Hill neighborhood.",
"title": "Philip Livingston Magnet Academy"
}
] |
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] |
2861
|
How many characters are in written Chinese?
|
[
{
"docid": "91225#0",
"text": "Written Chinese () comprises Chinese characters used to represent the Chinese language. Chinese characters do not constitute an alphabet or a compact syllabary. Rather, the writing system is roughly logosyllabic; that is, a character generally represents one syllable of spoken Chinese and may be a word on its own or a part of a polysyllabic word. The characters themselves are often composed of parts that may represent physical objects, abstract notions, or pronunciation. Literacy requires the memorization of a great many characters: educated Chinese know about 4,000. The large number of Chinese characters has in part led to the adoption of Western alphabets as an auxiliary means of representing Chinese.",
"title": "Written Chinese"
},
{
"docid": "160987#1",
"text": "Chinese is written almost exclusively in Chinese characters. It requires over 3,000 characters for general literacy, but up to 40,000 characters for reasonably complete coverage. Japanese uses fewer characters — general literacy in Japanese can be expected with 1,945 characters. The use of Chinese characters in Korea is becoming increasingly rare, although idiosyncratic use of Chinese characters in proper names requires knowledge (and therefore availability) of many more characters. However, even today, students in South Korea are taught 1,800 characters.",
"title": "CJK characters"
},
{
"docid": "91225#32",
"text": "Because the majority of modern Chinese words contain more than one character, there are at least two measuring sticks for Chinese literacy: the number of characters known, and the number of words known. John DeFrancis, in the introduction to his \"Advanced Chinese Reader\", estimates that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes 4,000 to 5,000 characters, and 40,000 to 60,000 words. Jerry Norman, in \"Chinese\", places the number of characters somewhat lower, at 3,000 to 4,000. These counts are complicated by the tangled development of Chinese characters. In many cases, a single character came to be written in multiple ways. This development was restrained to an extent by the standardization of the seal script during the Qin dynasty, but soon started again. Although the \"Shuowen Jiezi\" lists 10,516 characters—9,353 of them unique (some of which may already have been out of use by the time it was compiled) plus 1,163 graphic variants—the \"Jiyun\" of the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled less than a thousand years later in 1039, contains 53,525 characters, most of them graphic variants.",
"title": "Written Chinese"
},
{
"docid": "2061136#43",
"text": "Although there are more than 40,000 Chinese characters in written Chinese, many are rarely used. Studies have shown that full literacy in the Chinese language requires a knowledge of only between three and four thousand characters.",
"title": "History of education"
},
{
"docid": "32675303#2",
"text": "It is difficult to establish exactly how many different Chinese characters are in use today; the new HSK, a widely used proficiency test for Standard Chinese as a second language, tests over 2,600 different characters, whilst in 1988 the People's Republic of China published the \"List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese\" which contains 7,000 different characters. In Japan, where a smaller set of characters are in general usage, the Japanese Ministry of Education prescribes the teaching of 2,136 kanji in primary and secondary school in a list called the jōyō kanji, meaning \"regular-use Chinese characters\".",
"title": "Character amnesia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12799449#7",
"text": "Traditional Chinese characters are only still used primarily by those in Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong and many overseas communities, comprising a small minority of the Chinese-speaking population (~50 million people). However, they also remain in use in mainland China for artistic, scholarly and advertising purposes. Simplified Chinese has come to dominate the written form of Chinese used nearly all over the world, due to the size and rising influence of mainland China. The United Nations has also used simplified Chinese since 1973. Moving back to traditional characters on the mainland has the potential to be difficult, confusing, and time-consuming.The long history of Chinese characters and the role of the Chinese Communist Party in the design and adoption of simplified characters means that there is often a strong political aspect to the debate on the usage of traditional and simplified Chinese characters.\nIn recent years, the official Campaign of Simplification of Chinese Language has caused many controversial discussions in the general public to higher level of the government in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and amongst some international organisations.",
"title": "Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters"
},
{
"docid": "91231#8",
"text": "Many characters have multiple readings, with instances denoting different morphemes, sometimes with different pronunciations.\nIn modern Standard Chinese, one fifth of the 2,400 most common characters have multiple pronunciations.\nFor the 500 most common characters, the proportion rises to 30%.\nOften these readings are similar in sound and related in meaning.\nIn the Old Chinese period, affixes could be added to a word to form a new word, which was often written with the same character.\nIn many cases the pronunciations diverged due to subsequent sound change.\nFor example, many additional readings have the Middle Chinese departing tone, the major source of the 4th tone in modern Standard Chinese.\nScholars now believe that this tone is the reflex of an Old Chinese *-s suffix, with a range of semantic functions.\nFor example,\nAnother common alternation is between voiced and voiceless initials (though the voicing distinction has disappeared on most modern varieties).\nThis is believed to reflect an ancient prefix, but scholars disagree on whether the voiced or voiceless form is the original root.\nFor example,",
"title": "Chinese characters"
},
{
"docid": "91225#19",
"text": "In the 20th century, written Chinese divided into two canonical forms, called simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. Simplified Chinese was developed in mainland China in order to make the characters faster to write (especially as some characters had as many as a few dozen strokes) and easier to memorize. The People's Republic of China claims that both goals have been achieved, but some external observers disagree. Little systematic study has been conducted on how simplified Chinese has affected the way Chinese people become literate; the only studies conducted before it was standardized in mainland China seem to have been statistical ones regarding how many strokes were saved on average in samples of running text.",
"title": "Written Chinese"
},
{
"docid": "2278861#3",
"text": "The result is a syllabary of 2082 syllables, about 80% of which are single morphemes—that is, in 80% of cases there is no difference between GC and standard written Chinese, and in running text, that figure rises to 90–95%, as the most common morphemes tend to be uniquely identified. For example, \"kai\" can only mean 開 \"kāi\" 'open', and \"sam\" can only mean 三 \"sān\" 'three'. Chao notes, \"These syllables then are morphemes, or words with definite meanings, or clusters of meanings related by extensions. About 20 percent of the syllables are homophones under each of which there will be more than one morpheme, [which are traditionally] usually written with different characters [...] The degree of homophony is so low that it will be possible to write text either in literary or colloquial Chinese with the same character for each syllable [...] as has been tested in texts of various styles.\" Chao compares General Chinese to how Chinese was written when the writing system was still productive: \"This amounts to a 100 percent use of writing Chinese by 'phonetic loan' [...] The situation is that when the ancients wrote a character by sound regardless of meaning, it was a 'loan character', whereas if a modern schoolboy writes one, he is punished for writing the wrong character!\"",
"title": "General Chinese"
},
{
"docid": "91231#3",
"text": "In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (\"shinjitai\"), while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (\"kyūjitai\"), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. Interestingly enough, many Chinese simplified forms were copied from \"shinjitai\" forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used, they are in traditional form, essentially identical to those used in Taiwan and Hong Kong where the official writing system is traditional Chinese. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade; a total of 1,800 characters are taught, though these characters are used only in certain cases (on names, signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use as native alphabetical hangul supplanted them in most aspects of Korean society.",
"title": "Chinese characters"
}
] |
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] |
2862
|
What is the longest novel ever written?
|
[
{
"docid": "1101767#0",
"text": "This is a list of the longest novels over 500,000 words published through a mainstream publisher. The longest novel is \"Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus\", originally published (1649–54) in ten parts, each part in three volumes. \"Artamène\" is generally attributed to Madeleine de Scudéry.",
"title": "List of longest novels"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18066583#0",
"text": "Poor Fellow My Country is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Xavier Herbert. At 1,463 pages, it is the longest Australian work of fiction ever written. Primarily, it is the story of Jeremy Delacy and his illegitimate grandson Prindy in the years leading up to World War II. The novel's subject matter includes Aboriginal affairs and Australian patriotism and Australian nationalism, issues also dealt with in Herbert's 1938 novel \"Capricornia\".",
"title": "Poor Fellow My Country"
},
{
"docid": "1261812#0",
"text": "To Green Angel Tower is the third and final novel in Tad Williams' \"Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn\" trilogy. At over 520,000 words, it is one of the longest novels ever written. Due to the length of the novel, the paperback version had to be split into two separate volumes, known as \"To Green Angel Tower: Part 1\" and \"Part 2\". In the United Kingdom, the two paperback volumes were titled \"To Green Angel Tower: Siege\" and \"To Green Angel Tower: Storm\". The saga follows a young man named Simon as he is caught up in an epic adventure.",
"title": "To Green Angel Tower"
},
{
"docid": "27515210#6",
"text": "His last novel, \"Count Ten\" (1940) is his longest and most heavily marketed; it follows thirty years of the life of its protagonist, Eric Marsden. In Edmund Wilson’s estimation, the novel is \"very much inferior on the whole to the ones that had gone before.\" Wilson also thought that it showed \"what seemed internal evidence of having been written earlier,\" giving off the air of \"one of those autobiographical novels that young men begin in college and carry around for years in old trunks.\"",
"title": "Hans Otto Storm"
},
{
"docid": "1101767#7",
"text": "Excluded are self-published, printed-on-demand, vanity works, unpublished novels like Henry Darger's, novel sequences like the \"Chronicles of Barsetshire\", novel cycles such as those set in the \"James Bond\" universe, and record-grabbing stunts written solely for the title of the longest work.",
"title": "List of longest novels"
},
{
"docid": "56409841#0",
"text": "Les Hommes de bonne volonté () is an epic roman-fleuve by French writer Jules Romains, published in 27 volumes between 1932 and 1946. It has been classified both as a novel cycle and a novel and, at two million words and 7,892 pages, has been cited as one of the longest novels ever written.",
"title": "Men of Good Will"
},
{
"docid": "61489#4",
"text": "The novel as a whole is one of the longest ever written, with approximately 1,500 pages in unabridged English-language editions, and 1,900 pages in French. Hugo explained his ambitions for the novel to his Italian publisher:\nMore than a quarter of the novel—by one count 955 of 2,783 pages—is devoted to essays that argue a moral point or display Hugo's encyclopedic knowledge, but do not advance the plot, nor even a subplot, a method Hugo used in such other works as \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" and \"Toilers of the Sea\". One biographer noted that \"the digressions of genius are easily pardoned\". The topics Hugo addresses include cloistered religious orders, the construction of the Paris sewers, argot, and the street urchins of Paris. The one about convents he titles \"Parenthesis\" to alert the reader to its irrelevance to the story line.",
"title": "Les Misérables"
},
{
"docid": "56409841#2",
"text": "Structurally, \"Men of Good Will\" is a \"roman-fleuve\"—a long work across several volumes with continuation of plot and related characters that may mean it forms a single novel. It has been described as a novel cycle or novel sequence, and as a novel, by different writers. Its full extent, at 2,000,000 words, across 7,892 pages, 779 chapters and 27 volumes, means it has been described as one of the longest novels ever written—sometimes the single longest.",
"title": "Men of Good Will"
},
{
"docid": "56709082#0",
"text": "Alberto Jesús Laiseca (February 11, 1941 - December 22, 2016) was an Argentine author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. He is one of the most respected writers of his generation. He published 13 novels and numerous short stories, as well as several essays and non-fiction books. He also published a book of brief poems based on Classical Chinese poetry, \"Poemas chinos\" (\"Chinese Poetry\", 1987). Most of his short stories have been collected in book collections. His monumental novel \"Los sorias\" (1998) -which had remained unpublished for twenty years after its completion- is currently considered, due to its extension, as the longest novel ever written in Argentine literature.",
"title": "Alberto Laiseca"
},
{
"docid": "165654#23",
"text": "Wolfe saw less than half of his work published in his lifetime, there being much unpublished material remaining after his death. He was the first American writer to leave two complete, unpublished novels in the hands of his publisher at death. Two Wolfe novels, \"The Web and the Rock\" and \"You Can't Go Home Again\", were edited posthumously by Edward Aswell of Harper & Brothers. The novels were \"two of the longest one-volume novels ever written\" (nearly 700 pages each). In these novels, Wolfe changed the name of his autobiographical character from Eugene Gant to George Webber.",
"title": "Thomas Wolfe"
},
{
"docid": "3821456#0",
"text": "Gérard de Villiers (; 8 December 1929 – 31 October 2013) was a French writer, journalist and publisher whose \"SAS\" series of spy novels have been major bestsellers. According to the \"New York Times\", \"His works have been translated and are especially popular in Germany, Russia, Turkey, and Japan. The \"SAS\" series has sold a reported 120 million copies worldwide, which would make it one of the top-selling series in history, on a par with Ian Fleming's James Bond books. \"SAS\" may be the longest-running fiction series ever written by a single author.\"",
"title": "Gérard de Villiers"
}
] |
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2863
|
When was Philip Melanchthon born?
|
[
{
"docid": "39209#0",
"text": "Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and molder of Protestantism. After Luther himself, he is the primary founder of Lutheranism.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#2",
"text": "He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497, at Bretten where his father Georg Schwarzerdt was armorer to Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine. His birthplace, along with almost the whole city of Bretten, was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on its site in 1897.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "39209#15",
"text": "Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the \"Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos\" (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that \"to be justified\" means \"to be accounted just\", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of \"to be made just\" and \"to be accounted just\". Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for several honourable calls to Tübingen (September 1534), to France, and to England, but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#4",
"text": "Philipp was only eleven when in 1508 both his grandfather (17 October) and father (27 October) died within eleven days. He and a brother were brought to Pforzheim to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#18",
"text": "The last eventful and sorrowful period of his life began with controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). It is true, Melanchthon rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor tried to force upon the defeated Protestants; but in the high pressure negotiations concerning the so-called Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions that would long be debated. In agreeing to various Roman usages, Melanchthon started from the opinion that they are adiaphora if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted, but he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#14",
"text": "The composition now known as the \"Augsburg Confession\" was laid before the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation. While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#3",
"text": "In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was influenced by his great-uncle Johann Reuchlin, a Renaissance humanist; it was Reuchlin who suggested Philipp follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from \"Schwartzerdt\" (literally \"black earth\"), into the Greek equivalent \"Melanchthon\" (Μελάγχθων).",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#17",
"text": "During his sojourn in Tübingen in 1536 Melanchthon was severely attacked by Cordatus, preacher in Niemeck, because he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his \"Loci\" (1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism which went even beyond that of Augustine of Hippo, and in its place taught more clearly his so-called Synergism. He repulsed the attack of Cordatus in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues by stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject, and in the Antinomian Controversy of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#23",
"text": "But all his caution and reservation did not hinder his opponents from continually working against him, accusing him of synergism and Zwinglianism. At the Colloquy of Worms in 1557 which he attended only reluctantly, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to avenge themselves by thoroughly humiliating Melanchthon, in agreement with the malicious desire of the Roman Catholics to condemn all heretics, especially those who had departed from the Augsburg Confession, before the beginning of the conference. As this was directed against Melanchthon himself, he protested, so that his opponents left, greatly to the satisfaction of the Roman Catholics who now broke off the colloquy, throwing all blame upon the Protestants. The Reformation in the sixteenth century did not experience a greater insult, as Friedrich Nietzsche says. Nevertheless, Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a synod of the Evangelical party and drawing up for the same purpose the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against the attacks of his enemies.",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
},
{
"docid": "39209#8",
"text": "Opposed as a reformer at Tübingen, he accepted a call to the University of Wittenberg from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there at the age of 21. He studied the Scriptures, especially of Paul, and Evangelical doctrine. Attending the disputation of Leipzig (1519) as a spectator, he nonetheless participated with his comments. After his views were attacked by Johann Eck, Melanchthon replied based on the authority of Scripture in his \"Defensio contra Johannem Eckium\" (Wittenberg, 1519).",
"title": "Philip Melanchthon"
}
] |
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