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2615
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Are there cherry trees in Cherry Springs State Park?
|
[
{
"docid": "6016829#0",
"text": "Cherry Springs State Park is an Pennsylvania state park in Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States. The park was created from land within the Susquehannock State Forest, and is on Pennsylvania Route 44 in West Branch Township. Cherry Springs, named for a large stand of Black Cherry trees in the park, is atop the dissected Allegheny Plateau at an elevation of . It is popular with astronomers and stargazers for having \"some of the darkest night skies on the east coast\" of the United States, and was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of Parks as one of \"25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks\".",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6016829#21",
"text": "Cherry Springs State Park and the surrounding Susquehannock State Forest have recovered from the clearcutting of the lumber era. However, the composition of the forests has changed, so that there are now more hardwoods, including sugar maple and black cherry, and fewer eastern white pine and eastern hemlock. The park also has apple trees from the CCC orchard. Over 400 species of birds have been found in Pennsylvania, including 186 that breed in the state. Birds such as ospreys, hawks, owls, nightjars, and bald eagles have returned to the park and state forest, and saw-whet owls have been studied in the park.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#9",
"text": "When lumbermen reached the Cherry Springs area in the late 1880s, eastern white pine and eastern hemlock covered the surrounding mountains. Lumberjacks harvested the trees and sent them down the creeks to the West Branch Susquehanna River to the Susquehanna Boom and sawmills at Williamsport. Clearcutting allowed silt to choke the streams, and nothing was left except the dried-out tree tops, which became a fire hazard. As a result, large swaths of land burned and were left barren, and much of the central part of the state became known as the \"Pennsylvania Desert\". The Cherry Springs Hotel itself burned in 1897 and the property was abandoned.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#37",
"text": "Cherry Springs State Park is on Pennsylvania Route 44 in West Branch Township, southwest of Galeton. The following state parks are within of Cherry Springs State Park:",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "2439362#2",
"text": "Spring in Inokashira Park is the season of the blooming Cherry blossom trees that line the pond. Looking from the Nanai Bridge, which crosses the pond near the center, the branches of the cherry trees extending from the shore bloom so densely as to all but cover the surface of the pond. The pale color of the blossoms contrasts with the sky and water's surface. During the blooming period of cherry blossoms the park receives many visitors. In addition, on the west side of the park there are many flowers to be seen in the flowering plum grove before the blooming period of the cherry trees. On the north side of the plum grove, on the edge of the pond, there is a spring, but its flow is nowadays weak.",
"title": "Inokashira Park"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#7",
"text": "Edgcomb and his wife received of land in exchange for building the hotel and running it for three years. When the contract expired in 1821, they sold their land and left the area, but the hotel and land that Edgcomb had cleared became known as \"Edgcomb's Clearing\". The Jersey Shore and Coudersport Turnpike was constructed along the wagon path between 1825 and 1834, and tolls were collected for travel on the road until 1860. The park is in West Branch Township, which was incorporated from Eulalia Township in 1856. A post office was opened at Edgcomb's Clearing in 1873; the locals petitioned the United States Post Office to change the name to \"Cherryville\", for a nearby group of Black Cherry trees. However, since there was already a Cherryville, Pennsylvania, post office in Lehigh Township in Northampton County, the name \"Cherry Spring\" was chosen as a compromise. In time an \"s\" was added, hence the name \"Cherry Springs\". There are also at least two springs in the park.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#17",
"text": "Cherry Springs began attracting stargazers in the early 1990s. In 1999 the \"Dark Sky Fund\" was established and continues \"to enhance the stargazing and astronomy experience\" by funding improvements at the park. In 2000 Cherry Springs was officially named a \"Dark Sky Park\" by the DCNR, and that same year it became part of the Hills Creek State Park complex, an administrative grouping of eight state parks in Potter and Tioga counties. The headquarters for Cherry Springs are at nearby Lyman Run State Park. The National Public Observatory picked it \"as the pilot for the Stars-n-Parks program\" in April 2001. The DCNR acquired the Cherry Springs Airport in 2006 \"to expand the overall Dark Sky observation area and allow for increased programming opportunities\" at the park, and closed it in 2007. On June 11, 2008, the International Dark-Sky Association named Cherry Springs State Park the second \"International Dark Sky Park\". (The first was Natural Bridges National Monument in Utah.) In 2018, the section of Pennsylvania Route 44 passing through the park was named Highway to the Stars, following an effort led by photographer Curt Weinhold, a Potter County resident, and legislation sponsored by State Representative Martin Causer and approved by Governor Tom Wolf.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#2",
"text": "Cherry Springs State Park was named Pennsylvania's first dark sky park by the DCNR in 2000. The adjoining Cherry Springs Airport, built in 1935, was closed and its land was added to the park in 2006, to expand its stargazing area. On June 11, 2007, the International Dark-Sky Association named it the second \"International Dark Sky Park\"; under optimum conditions the Milky Way casts a discernible shadow. Cherry Springs has received national press coverage and hosts two star parties a year, which attract hundreds of astronomers. There are regular stargazing and educational programs for the public at the park, and the Woodsmen's Show attracts thousands each summer. Cherry Springs also offers rustic camping, picnic facilities, and trails for mountain biking, hiking, and snowmobiling. The surrounding state forest and park are home to a variety of flora and fauna.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
},
{
"docid": "328501#36",
"text": "Japan gave 3,020 cherry blossom trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the nations' then-growing friendship, replacing an earlier gift of 2,000 trees which had to be destroyed due to disease in 1910. These trees were planted in Sakura Park in Manhattan and line the shore of the Tidal Basin and the roadway in East Potomac Park in Washington, D.C. The first two original trees were planted by first lady Helen Taft and Viscountess Chinda on the bank of the Tidal Basin. The gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965. In Washington, D.C. the cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction (and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival) when they reach full bloom in early spring. Just outside of Washington, D.C., the suburb of Kenwood in Bethesda, Maryland has roughly 1,200 trees that are popular with locals and tourists.",
"title": "Cherry blossom"
},
{
"docid": "6016829#15",
"text": "The park has had several names through the years, starting with its 1922 establishment as \"Cherry Springs Scenic Drive\" and the associated \"Cherry Springs 'Class B' public campground\". The 1941 Pennsylvania Department of Highways official map of Potter County shows it as \"Cherry Springs State Park\". On November 11, 1954, the Pennsylvania Geographic Board officially named it \"Cherry Springs State Forest Picnic Area\". Forrey's 1984 \"History of Pennsylvania's State Parks\" and the 1986 NRHP nomination form still used this name, but Forrey clarified that it was \"under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of State Parks\". Cupper's 1993 \"Our Priceless Heritage: Pennsylvania's State Parks 1893–1993\" refers to it as \"Cherry Springs State Park\", and this remains the official name as of 2009.\nIn the post-war era, the park was long known chiefly for its isolated location and primitive camping facilities. In August 1952 it played host to the first Woodsmen's Carnival, an annual celebration of the lumbering industry, which was again active in the second growth forests in the area. The festival, originally sponsored by the Penn-York Lumbermen's Club, features lumberjack competitions as a reminder of the past, as well as displays of new equipment. In 1987 the Galeton Rotary Club took over sponsorship, and renamed the event the Woodsmen's Show in 1990.",
"title": "Cherry Springs State Park"
}
] |
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] |
2616
|
Does Mike O'Malley have kids?
|
[
{
"docid": "683737#21",
"text": "O'Malley resides in Los Angeles with his wife Lisa. They have three children: Fiona, Seamus and Declan.",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "46255393#5",
"text": "O'Malley married schoolteacher Joyce Ervin on August 3, 1960. The couple lived in Conyers, Georgia and had three children named Karen, Joseph II and Mike. O'Malley began working at General Wholesale Company in 1970 and retired from the company in 1994. O'Malley was a member of the Holy Spirit Catholic Church in Conyers. After death, he was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy.",
"title": "Joe O'Malley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "683737#23",
"text": "A long time fan of Boston band Buffalo Tom, O'Malley is a close friend of lead singer Bill Janovitz. They have often supported causes together. O'Malley requested that the band create a title song for his own short-lived television show \"The Mike O'Malley Show\", as well as for the sitcom \"Yes, Dear\" which he co-starred on. According to O'Malley, his love of the band was shared with his wife and was \"the glue\" that kept them together during their long distance relationship.",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#9",
"text": "In 2008, O'Malley became the spokesman for Time Warner Cable's digital cable. In 2009, O'Malley began playing the recurring character, Burt Hummel, the father of a gay student, on \"Glee\". It is a role which has pleasantly surprised him and lead to \"Entertainment Weekly\"'s Tim Stack to say, \"If Mike O'Malley doesn't win an Emmy for playing Burt Hummel, I will be sorely disappointed.\" Chris Colfer, who plays Burt's son Kurt, has credited his off-screen relationship with O'Malley with improving the quality of their scenes together.",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#0",
"text": "Michael Edward O'Malley (born October 31, 1966) is an American actor and writer who has appeared in many films and television series. Born in Boston and raised in New Hampshire, O'Malley hosted the early 1990s children's game show \"Nickelodeon Guts\" before moving to Los Angeles later that decade to star in his own sitcom for NBC called \"The Mike O'Malley Show\". He is probably best known for his role as Jimmy Hughes on \"Yes, Dear\", the CBS series which aired from 2000 to 2006. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his role as Burt Hummel on the Fox series \"Glee\".",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#4",
"text": "O'Malley was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Nashua, New Hampshire, the son of Marianne (a career counselor) and Tony O'Malley (an executive in the defense industry).",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#6",
"text": "His first role came as the host of Nickelodeon children's game show \"Get the Picture\" when he was 24 years old, later moving on to \"Nickelodeon Guts\" and later \"Global GUTS\" from 1992 to 1995. On the advice of colleague and friend Marc Summers, he moved to Los Angeles after the cancellation of \"GUTS\" to further pursue his acting career. O'Malley starred in \"Life with Roger\", a series which aired from 1996 to 1997. In 1999, two episodes of \"The Mike O'Malley Show\" aired before the show was canceled; thirteen episodes were filmed. During the 1990s, he also appeared as \"The Rick\", a popular character in a series of ads for the ESPN network.",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#10",
"text": "Beginning in 2010, O'Malley portrayed a recurring character on \"Parenthood\". He also hosted \"The World's Funniest Office Commercials\" in 2010. On July 8, 2010, O'Malley received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor – Comedy Series for playing Burt Hummel on \"Glee\". Prior to its second season, O'Malley was made a series regular on \"Glee\". On August 8, 2010, O'Malley won the Teen Choice Award for Best Parental Unit. He returned to recurring guest star status for the show's third season.",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#7",
"text": "Beginning in 2000, O'Malley starred as Jimmy Hughes on the CBS comedy \"Yes, Dear\". The show ran until 2006. Along with \"Yes, Dear\" costar Anthony Clark, O'Malley appeared in the Alan Jackson music video \"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\". From 2000 to 2002, O'Malley also provided the voice of Darryl MacPherson for The WB's \"Baby Blues\".",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
},
{
"docid": "683737#22",
"text": "Kerry O'Malley, his younger sister, is an actress and Broadway veteran. She received critical attention for her role in Stephen Sondheim's \"Into the Woods\" and appeared in several episodes of Showtime's \"Brotherhood\".",
"title": "Mike O'Malley"
}
] |
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] |
2617
|
What is the largest artery in the human body?
|
[
{
"docid": "54176#23",
"text": "Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the heart. Venules and veins collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery, the aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver.",
"title": "Human body"
},
{
"docid": "1004483#0",
"text": "In human anatomy, the artery of Adamkiewicz (also arteria radicularis magna) is the largest anterior segmental medullary artery. It typically arises from a left posterior intercostal artery at the level of the 9th to 12th intercostal artery, which branches from the aorta, and supplies the lower two thirds of the spinal cord via the anterior spinal artery.",
"title": "Artery of Adamkiewicz"
},
{
"docid": "2089#0",
"text": "The aorta ( ) is the main artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.",
"title": "Aorta"
},
{
"docid": "3091684#6",
"text": "The aorta is an artery that conveys oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. It is one of the largest arteries in the body. The aorta gives off several paired branches as it descends. In descending order, these include the",
"title": "Descending thoracic aorta"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4482423#0",
"text": "In human anatomy, the greater pancreatic artery (great pancreatic artery or arteria pancreatica magna), is the largest artery that supplies the pancreas. It arises from the splenic artery.",
"title": "Greater pancreatic artery"
},
{
"docid": "4485716#3",
"text": "At 42 letters, the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is also the artery with the longest name in the human body.",
"title": "Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery"
},
{
"docid": "8449849#0",
"text": "An elastic artery (conducting artery or conduit artery) is an artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse. This elasticity also gives rise to the Windkessel effect, which helps to maintain a relatively constant pressure in the arteries despite the pulsating nature of the blood flow. Elastic arteries include the largest arteries in the body, those closest to the heart. They give rise to medium-sized vessels known as distributing arteries (or \"muscular arteries\").",
"title": "Elastic artery"
},
{
"docid": "6672301#0",
"text": "The intercostal arteries are a group of arteries that supply the area between the ribs (\"costae\"), called the intercostal space. The highest intercostal artery (supreme intercostal artery or superior intercostal artery) is an artery in the human body that usually gives rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to their corresponding intercostal space. It usually arises from the costocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. Some anatomists may contend that there is no supreme intercostal artery, only a supreme intercostal vein.",
"title": "Intercostal arteries"
},
{
"docid": "295054#0",
"text": "In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the aortic arch, while on the right side it arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery.",
"title": "Subclavian artery"
},
{
"docid": "6287369#1",
"text": "The submental artery is the largest of the cervical branches of the facial artery, given off just as that vessel leaves the submandibular gland: it runs forward upon the mylohyoid, just below the body of the mandible, and beneath the digastric muscle.",
"title": "Submental artery"
}
] |
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2618
|
How many episodes of 30 Rock were there?
|
[
{
"docid": "7034890#1",
"text": "\"30 Rock\" was a critical success, winning several major awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008, and 2009), and achieving the top ranking on many critics' year-end best of 2006 and 2007 lists. On July 14, 2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most in a single year for a comedy series. Despite the acclaim, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run. During the course of the series, 138 episodes aired over seven seasons.",
"title": "List of 30 Rock episodes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "15938543#10",
"text": "The pilot episode garnered 8.13 million viewers, finishing third in its timeslot of 8:00pm Eastern Standard Time. After three further low rated airings on the following three Wednesdays, including a series low of 4.61 million viewers, NBC decided to move \"30 Rock\" to Thursdays at 9:30pm. Its first airing on a Thursday night was on November 16, 2006. Along with this change, the even lower rated comedy \"Twenty Good Years\" was put on hiatus and later cancelled. \"30 Rock\"'s first Thursday airing was viewed by 5.19 million viewers. The series then received ratings of a consistent amount of around 5.5 million viewers till the episode \"Hard Ball\" when a series low, set by the episode \"Jack the Writer,\" was met with just 4.61 million viewers watching the episode. After a further three episodes, which were higher rated than \"Hard Ball,\" NBC moved \"30 Rock\" to 9:00pm on Thursdays, serving as a lead-in to \"Scrubs\". Upon its first airing at 9:00pm, the episode \"Fireworks,\" a \"supersized\" episode attracted the attention of 5.37 million viewers. \"30 Rock\" aired at 9:00pm for four episodes. The season finale, \"Hiatus,\" was watched by 4.72 million people. The first season averaged 5.8 million viewers for all 21 episodes. Out of all regular primetime programming that aired during the 2006–2007 American television season, \"30 Rock\" ranked #102 out of #142 according to the Nielsen ratings system.",
"title": "30 Rock (season 1)"
},
{
"docid": "22163617#12",
"text": "\"Apollo, Apollo\" was generally, though not universally, well received among critics. Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for \"The Star-Ledger\" wrote that the episode was \"easily the best \"30 Rock\" of the season, and one of the series' best episodes to date\". He complimented Robert Carlock for \"[zooming] in on the narcissistic worldview\" of the Dennis character as it \"cranked those qualities up to appropriately absurd \"30 Rock\" proportions.\" In addition, Sepinwall wrote that all of the elements featured in the episode \"all came together\". Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad was similarly laudatory, writing that it was \"one of the most explosively hysterical and imaginative half hours of TV this season, and one of this show's best episodes ever\". \"Time\" contributor James Poniewozik was favorable to the episode, observing that it was \"[e]asily the funniest \"30 Rock\" in months, and probably the whole season.\" Poniewozik said it \"nailed it, from the too-many-good-jokes ... to the sweet heart at the center of each character.\" \"The A.V. Club\"'s Nathan Rabin enjoyed Adam West's cameo, but noted that Tracy's plot \"felt awfully shticky and sitcommy to me.\" He opined that \"Apollo, Apollo\" was \"pretty great\" for Jane Krakowski's Jenna, and in conclusion, Rabin said \"I had initially pegged this episode as good but not great and essentially minor in the grand scheme of things but while writing this post I came to realize just how much of it I loved. \"30 Rock\" is pretty great even when it's not that great.\" Rick Porter, a contributor for Zap2it, said he \"loved\" the episode, writing that it made \"perfect sense\" for Kenneth to see everyone around him as muppets, and noted that Liz's commercial was a \"strong ending\" to the episode.",
"title": "Apollo, Apollo"
},
{
"docid": "5174671#50",
"text": "Below, \"Rank\" refers to how well \"30 Rock\" rated compared to other television series which aired during primetime hours of the corresponding television season; for example, in its first year, 101 television series were rated higher. The television season tends to begin in September of any given year and end during May of the following year. \"Viewers\" refers to the average number of viewers for all original episodes (broadcast in the series' \"Regular Timeslot\") of \"30 Rock\" aired during the television season. Although the viewer average may be higher for some seasons than others, the rank will not necessarily be higher. This is due to the number of programs aired during primetime. In some seasons, more regular programs may be aired during primetime than in others.",
"title": "30 Rock"
},
{
"docid": "5174671#1",
"text": "\"30 Rock\" episodes were produced in a single-camera setup (with the exception of the two live episodes that were taped in the multiple-camera setup), and were filmed in New York. The pilot episode premiered on October 11, 2006, and seven seasons followed. The series stars Fey with a supporting cast that includes Alec Baldwin, Tracy Morgan, Jane Krakowski, Jack McBrayer, Scott Adsit, Judah Friedlander, Katrina Bowden, Keith Powell, Lonny Ross, John Lutz, Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, and Maulik Pancholy.",
"title": "30 Rock"
},
{
"docid": "5174671#11",
"text": "Inside scenes for \"30 Rock\" were mostly filmed at Silvercup Studios in Long Island City, Queens, NYC (Studio 8H in 30 Rock in Manhattan for two live episodes). In the episodes \"Cleveland\" and \"Hiatus\", Battery Park City, Manhattan, and Douglaston, Queens, doubled for Cleveland, Ohio and Needmore, Pennsylvania, respectively. In the episode \"Gavin Volure\", stock footage of the Arkansas Governor's Mansion was used for exterior shots of the home of Steve Martin's character.",
"title": "30 Rock"
},
{
"docid": "20379317#6",
"text": "Scenes for this episodes were primarily filmed on October 5, 2007 at Silvercup Studios in Long Island City, Queens, New York. During the commercial breaks in this episode, commercials for American Express were aired featuring \"30 Rock\" cast members, who were in character. These commercials featured Kenneth giving out \"Secret Rodney\" Christmas gifts to various other \"30 Rock\" characters. The commercials were aired in order to deter viewers, who were viewing the episode with Digital Video Recorders, from fast-forwarding through the commercial break.",
"title": "Cougars (30 Rock)"
},
{
"docid": "18516143#8",
"text": "Robert Canning of IGN thought that the episode \"was \"30 Rock\"’s best episode of the season [so far], if not the best episode ever from this young series.\" Canning also said that \"this was just a fantastic, funny episode of \"30 Rock\". It was also an episode that once again proved the character of Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski), who was completely absent from this half-hour, simply isn't necessary when you've got Tracy Jordan talking to a pigeon on a trash can.\" Canning rated this episode \"9.5 out of 10.\" Matt Webb Mitovich of \"TV Guide\" wrote that \"it's not surprising that – in my opinion, at least – it fell \"juuuuuuust\" a bit short. It's almost as if the funniest parts of the Edie Falco story were played by [Kristen] Wiig in the Lifetime movie.\" He thought that \"the 'Liz suspects the neighbor is a terrorist' story played out rather well.\" Jeff Labrecque of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that \"Overall, [this was] another splendid [episode]. My only beef was with the Verizon bit. \"30 Rock\" normally does a splendid job of balancing the corporate elements of television, often utilizing it for comic fodder. But the winking cell phone banter lacked subtlety, and it seemed to me like the show was trying to have its cake and eat it, too.\"",
"title": "Somebody to Love (30 Rock)"
},
{
"docid": "29198203#7",
"text": "On July 30, 2010, the NBC network announced that an episode of \"30 Rock\"s fifth season would be filmed and broadcast live on two occasions in the evening of October 14, 2010. The decision was made in part due to lagging ratings for all of NBC's Must-See TV line-up. The idea was originally conceived during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, when the cast performed two live versions of the season two episode \"Secrets and Lies\" as a benefit at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City. When asked by \"Entertainment Weekly\" the reason for doing a live episode, Fey said \"[The live performance] was what made us think that it would be fun to do [a live episode]. And how far we've come... Now we're going to do it on TV.\" In this same interview, Fey revealed that the episode would also be performed in front of a live audience. \"It will be exciting for us to do it for a live audience and see if we get live laughter.\" Fey noted that the experience \"was so fun to feel the different timing of the show live and the audience response, which you just don't get in a single-camera show.\" In another interview, Fey revealed that the staff have talked about doing a live show for years \"because we felt we had sort of interesting personnel for it.\" Following the conclusion of the writers' strike they spoke to NBC about performing live and attempted to film it during the fourth season; however, they were unable to schedule it. For the fifth season, the writing staff began planning the live performance and waited until McCarthy-Miller—a recurring \"30 Rock\" director—was available to helm it. Fey and Carlock said in separate discussions that another decision to do this episode of \"30 Rock\" was based on the cast having theater and improvisation experience. Alec Baldwin had previously performed in the East and West live broadcasts of the \"Will & Grace\" premiere episode, \"Alive and Schticking\".",
"title": "Live Show"
},
{
"docid": "23483182#10",
"text": "Robert Canning of IGN scored this season an 8.4 out of 10 rating, noting it was \"impressive\" and that \"30 Rock\" \"is no longer a fresh new series and a bit of the Season 4 doldrums could be felt mid season. But the great start and fantastic finish proved that there's still a lot of great comedy to be found on the stages of \"30 Rock\".\" Aaron Barnhart of \"The Kansas City Star\" deemed the first episode of the season, \"Season 4\" as \"one of the weakest\" episodes from \"30 Rock\" that he has ever seen, and found the episode boring. In his review of the third episode, \"Stone Mountain\", Leonard Pierce of \"The A.V. Club\" gave it a \"C\" grade, and not entirely favorable to the first two episodes, Pierce commented that \"30 Rock\" \"needs to give us something fast to get rid of the worst-season-ever stink that's starting to gather.\"",
"title": "30 Rock (season 4)"
},
{
"docid": "16701759#8",
"text": "Jeff Labrecque of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that \"after three months of strike-enforced exile, [this episode of] \"30 Rock\" generated the expectations and excitement normally reserved for a season premiere,\" also saying that \"the show [is] in midseason form.\" Matt Webb Mitovich of \"TV Guide\" said that he would \"be lying if [he] said this was a \"super\"-great episode.\" Webb Mitovich went on to say that \"[He] did like, though — and thought they should have done a lot more with — the \"parallels\" between the \"MILF\" events and the strategizing staff.\" Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad thought that \"It's almost as if this was the season opener\" and that this episode was \"ambitious.\" Michael N of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a grade of B. Robert Canning of IGN said that \"the overall story arc was less than what we had anticipated from this critical favorite making its post-writers-strike return, the episode was still pretty damn funny.\" Canning also said that this was \"an episode that was divided between a less-than-average story and many hilarious moments.\" Canning criticized how \"\"30 Rock\" has never really given [Pete Hornberger and Scott Adsit] (the character or the actor) the showcase that he deserves.\"",
"title": "MILF Island"
}
] |
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] |
2619
|
What is a matrix in algebra?
|
[
{
"docid": "20556859#62",
"text": "Matrices can be generalized in different ways. Abstract algebra uses matrices with entries in more general fields or even rings, while linear algebra codifies properties of matrices in the notion of linear maps. It is possible to consider matrices with infinitely many columns and rows. Another extension are tensors, which can be seen as higher-dimensional arrays of numbers, as opposed to vectors, which can often be realised as sequences of numbers, while matrices are rectangular or two-dimensional arrays of numbers. Matrices, subject to certain requirements tend to form groups known as matrix groups. Similarly under certain conditions matrices form rings known as matrix rings. Though the product of matrices is not in general commutative yet certain matrices form fields known as matrix fields.",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
},
{
"docid": "40956141#0",
"text": "In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition, matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of matrices (such as matrix exponentiation and matrix logarithm, and even sines and cosines etc. of matrices), and the eigenvalues of matrices (eigendecomposition of a matrix, eigenvalue perturbation theory).",
"title": "Matrix analysis"
},
{
"docid": "20556859#0",
"text": "In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular \"array\" of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in \"rows\" and \"columns\". For example, the dimensions of the matrix below are 2 × 3 (read \"two by three\"), because there are two rows and three columns:\nProvided that they have the same size (each matrix has the same number of rows and the same number of columns as the other), two matrices can be added or subtracted element by element (see Conformable matrix). The rule for matrix multiplication, however, is that \"two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of columns in the first equals the number of rows in the second\" (i.e., the inner dimensions are the same, n for an (\"m\"×n)-matrix times an (n×\"p\")-matrix, resulting in an (\"m\"×\"p\")-matrix. There is no product the other way round, a first hint that matrix multiplication is not commutative. Any matrix can be multiplied element-wise by a scalar from its associated field.",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
},
{
"docid": "20556859#7",
"text": "The size of a matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns that it contains. A matrix with \"m\" rows and \"n\" columns is called an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix or \"m\"-by-\"n\" matrix, while \"m\" and \"n\" are called its \"dimensions\". For example, the matrix A above is a 3 × 2 matrix.",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
},
{
"docid": "20556859#16",
"text": "Familiar properties of numbers extend to these operations of matrices: for example, addition is commutative, that is, the matrix sum does not depend on the order of the summands: A + B = B + A.\nThe transpose is compatible with addition and scalar multiplication, as expressed by (\"c\"A) = \"c\"(A) and (A + B) = A + B. Finally, (A) = A.\n\"Multiplication\" of two matrices is defined if and only if the number of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix. If A is an \"m\"-by-\"n\" matrix and B is an \"n\"-by-\"p\" matrix, then their \"matrix product\" AB is the \"m\"-by-\"p\" matrix whose entries are given by dot product of the corresponding row of A and the corresponding column of B:",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
},
{
"docid": "20556859#22",
"text": "A submatrix of a matrix is obtained by deleting any collection of rows and/or columns. For example, from the following 3-by-4 matrix, we can construct a 2-by-3 submatrix by removing row 3 and column 2:",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
},
{
"docid": "20556859#52",
"text": "The determinant of a product of square matrices equals the product of their determinants: \nAdding a multiple of any row to another row, or a multiple of any column to another column, does not change the determinant. Interchanging two rows or two columns affects the determinant by multiplying it by −1. Using these operations, any matrix can be transformed to a lower (or upper) triangular matrix, and for such matrices the determinant equals the product of the entries on the main diagonal; this provides a method to calculate the determinant of any matrix. Finally, the Laplace expansion expresses the determinant in terms of minors, that is, determinants of smaller matrices. This expansion can be used for a recursive definition of determinants (taking as starting case the determinant of a 1-by-1 matrix, which is its unique entry, or even the determinant of a 0-by-0 matrix, which is 1), that can be seen to be equivalent to the Leibniz formula. Determinants can be used to solve linear systems using Cramer's rule, where the division of the determinants of two related square matrices equates to the value of each of the system's variables.",
"title": "Matrix (mathematics)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "15180479#10",
"text": "The projection matrix has a number of useful algebraic properties. In the language of linear algebra, the projection matrix is the orthogonal projection onto the column space of the design matrix formula_26.(Note that formula_27 is the pseudoinverse of X.) Some facts of the projection matrix in this setting are summarized as follows:\nThe projection matrix corresponding to a linear model is symmetric and idempotent, that is, formula_33. However, this is not always the case; in locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), for example, the hat matrix is in general neither symmetric nor idempotent.",
"title": "Projection matrix"
},
{
"docid": "1239237#0",
"text": "In mathematics, a matrix unit is an idealisation of the concept of a matrix, with a focus on the algebraic properties of matrix multiplication. The topic is comparatively obscure within linear algebra, because it entirely ignores the numeric properties of matrices; it is mostly encountered in the context of abstract algebra, especially the theory of semigroups.",
"title": "Matrix unit"
},
{
"docid": "126474#5",
"text": "In linear algebra, a real symmetric matrix represents a self-adjoint operator over a real inner product space. The corresponding object for a complex inner product space is a Hermitian matrix with complex-valued entries, which is equal to its conjugate transpose. Therefore, in linear algebra over the complex numbers, it is often assumed that a symmetric matrix refers to one which has real-valued entries. Symmetric matrices appear naturally in a variety of applications, and typical numerical linear algebra software makes special accommodations for them.",
"title": "Symmetric matrix"
},
{
"docid": "2714149#17",
"text": "In linear algebra, a real symmetric matrix represents a self-adjoint operator over a real inner product space. The corresponding object for a complex inner product space is a Hermitian matrix with complex-valued entries, which is equal to its conjugate transpose. Therefore, in linear algebra over the complex numbers, it is often assumed that a symmetric matrix refers to one which has real-valued entries. Symmetric matrices appear naturally in a variety of applications, and typical numerical linear algebra software makes special accommodations for them.",
"title": "Symmetry in mathematics"
},
{
"docid": "690246#3",
"text": "The all-ones matrix arises in the mathematical field of combinatorics, particularly involving the application of algebraic methods to graph theory. For example, if \"A\" is the adjacency matrix of a \"n\"-vertex undirected graph \"G\", and \"J\" is the all-ones matrix of the same dimension, then \"G\" is a regular graph if and only if \"AJ\" = \"JA\". As a second example, the matrix appears in some linear-algebraic proofs of Cayley's formula, which gives the number of spanning trees of a complete graph, using the matrix tree theorem.",
"title": "Matrix of ones"
},
{
"docid": "18464794#0",
"text": "In linear algebra, a Moore matrix, introduced by , is a matrix defined over a finite field. When it is a square matrix its determinant is called a Moore determinant (this is unrelated to the Moore determinant of a quaternionic Hermitian matrix). The Moore matrix has successive powers of the Frobenius automorphism applied to the first column, so it is an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix",
"title": "Moore matrix"
},
{
"docid": "125280#0",
"text": "In mathematics, matrix multiplication or matrix product is a binary operation that produces a matrix from two matrices with entries in a field, or, more generally, in a ring or even a semiring. The matrix product is designed for representing the composition of linear maps that are represented by matrices. Matrix multiplication is thus a basic tool of linear algebra, and as such has numerous applications in many areas of mathematics, as well as in applied mathematics, statistics, physics, economics, and engineering. In more detail, if is an matrix and is an matrix, their matrix product is an matrix, in which the entries across a row of are multiplied with the entries down a column of and summed to produce an entry of . When two linear maps are represented by matrices, then the matrix product represents the composition of the two maps.",
"title": "Matrix multiplication"
},
{
"docid": "2931687#0",
"text": "In mathematics, a logarithm of a matrix is another matrix such that the matrix exponential of the latter matrix equals the original matrix. It is thus a generalization of the scalar logarithm and in some sense an inverse function of the matrix exponential. Not all matrices have a logarithm and those matrices that do have a logarithm may have more than one logarithm. The study of logarithms of matrices leads to Lie theory since when a matrix has a logarithm then it is in a Lie group and the logarithm is the corresponding element of the vector space of the Lie algebra.",
"title": "Logarithm of a matrix"
}
] |
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2620
|
What is pluralistic ignorance?
|
[
{
"docid": "1098754#0",
"text": "In social psychology, pluralistic ignorance is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it. This is also described as \"no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes\". In short, pluralistic ignorance is a bias about a social group, held by the members of that social group.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#10",
"text": "Pluralistic ignorance can be contrasted with the false consensus effect. In pluralistic ignorance, people privately disdain but publicly support a norm (or a belief), while the false consensus effect causes people to wrongly assume that most people think like they do, while in reality most people do not think like they do (and express the disagreement openly). For instance, pluralistic ignorance may lead a student to drink alcohol excessively because she believes that everyone else does that, while in reality everyone else also wishes they could avoid binge drinking, but no one expresses that due to the fear of being ostracized. A false consensus for the same situation would mean that the student believes that most other people do not enjoy excessive drinking, while in fact most other people do enjoy that and openly express their opinion about it.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "526636#4",
"text": "The false-consensus effect can be contrasted with pluralistic ignorance, an error in which people privately disapprove but publicly support what seems to be the majority view (regarding a norm or belief), when the majority in fact shares their (private) disapproval. While the false-consensus effect leads people to wrongly believe that the majority agrees with them (when the majority, in fact, openly disagrees with them), the pluralistic ignorance effect leads people to wrongly believe that they disagree with the majority (when the majority, in fact, covertly agrees with them). Pluralistic ignorance might, for example, lead a student to engage in binge drinking because of the mistaken belief that most other students approve of it, while in reality most other students disapprove, but behave in the same way because they share the same mistaken (but collectively self-sustaining) belief. In a parallel example of the false-consensus effect, a student who likes binge drinking would believe that a majority also likes it, while in reality most others dislike it and openly say so.",
"title": "False consensus effect"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#3",
"text": "The theory of pluralistic ignorance was studied by Floyd Henry Allport and his students Daniel Katz and Richard Schanck. He produced studies of racial stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude change, and his pursuit of the connections between individual psychology and social systems helped to found the field of organizational psychology. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, in her spiral of silence theory, argued that media biases lead to pluralistic ignorance.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#8",
"text": "Pluralistic ignorance has been linked to a wide range of deleterious consequences. For example, victims of pluralistic ignorance see themselves as deviant members of their peer group: less knowledgeable than their classmates, more uptight than their peers, less committed than their fellow board members, less competent than their fellow nurses (see the Dunning–Kruger effect operating in the opposite direction). This can leave them feeling bad about themselves and alienated from the group or institution of which they are a part. In addition, pluralistic ignorance can lead groups to persist in policies and practices that have lost widespread support: This can lead college students to persist in heavy drinking, corporations to persist in failing strategies, and governments to persist in unpopular foreign policies. At the same time, it can prevent groups from taking actions that would be beneficial in the long run: actions to intervene in an emergency, for example, or to initiate a personal relationship.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#5",
"text": "Another case of pluralistic ignorance concerns drinking on campus in countries where alcohol use is prevalent at colleges and universities. Students drink at weekend parties and sometimes at evening study breaks. Many drink to excess, some on a routine basis. The high visibility of heavy drinking on campus, combined with reluctance by students to show any public signs of concern or disapproval, gives rise to pluralistic ignorance: Students believe that their peers are much more comfortable with this behavior than they themselves feel.\nHans Christian Andersen's fairy tale \"The Emperor's New Clothes\" is a famous fictional case of pluralistic ignorance. In this story two con artists come into the Emperor's kingdom and convince him that they make the finest clothes in all of the land that can only be seen by anyone who was not stupid. The con artists continued to steal gold, silk and other precious items for their \"unique creation\". Out of fear for being seen as stupid, all of the emperor's men and townspeople kept silent about the fact they could not see the emperor's clothes until finally a small child comes forth and says that the emperor isn't wearing any clothes. Once the child is willing to admit that he cannot see any clothes on the emperor, the emperor and townspeople finally admit that the emperor has been tricked and that there was never an outfit being made.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#2",
"text": "Prentice and Miller found that, on average, private levels of comfort with drinking practices on campus were much lower than the perceived average. In the case of men, they found a shifting of private attitudes toward this perceived norm, a form of cognitive dissonance. Women, on the other hand, were found to have an increased sense of alienation on the campus but lacked the attitude change detected in men, presumably because norms related to alcohol consumption on campus are much more central for men than for women. Research has shown that pluralistic ignorance plagues not only those who indulge, but also those who abstain: from gambling, smoking and drinking and among some who follow vegetarianism. The latter has found that pluralistic ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network, not cognitive dissonance.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "1098754#7",
"text": "Men's conceptions of how they are expected to conform to norms of masculinity present additional examples of pluralistic ignorance. Specifically, most men are uncomfortable with other men \"bragging about sexual acts and giving details,\" but erroneously believe themselves to be in the minority for their discomfort. Similarly, men underestimate other men's \"desire to make sure they have consent when sexually active.\" This \"role-conflict\" can have deleterious consequences for men's physical and mental health, as well as for society.",
"title": "Pluralistic ignorance"
},
{
"docid": "2711536#2",
"text": "A phenomenon known as false consensus is closely related to the idea of pluralistic ignorance, and refers to the incorrect belief that others are similar, when in reality they are not. For example, heavy drinkers will think that most others consume as much as they do, and will use this belief to justify their behavior. Berkowitz, an independent consultant who works full-time to promote these ideas, describes false consensus and pluralistic ignorance as \"mutually reinforcing and self-perpetuating...the majority is silent because it thinks it is a minority, and the minority is vocal because it believes that it represents the majority\" (p. 194).",
"title": "Social norms approach"
},
{
"docid": "1791712#4",
"text": "Individuals' behaviours are guided by what they perceive to be society's expectations and their peers' norms. People measure the appropriateness of their actions by how far away they are from those social norms. However, what is perceived as the norm may or may not actually be the most common behaviour. In some cases of pluralistic ignorance, most people falsely believe the social norm is one thing, but in fact very few people hold that view.",
"title": "Normality (behavior)"
}
] |
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2621
|
How many countries in the world use common law?
|
[
{
"docid": "154708#7",
"text": "Common law is currently in practice in Ireland, most of the United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, India (excluding Goa), Pakistan, South Africa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Hong Kong, the United States (on a state level excluding Louisiana), and many other places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law.",
"title": "List of national legal systems"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5254#94",
"text": "and many other generally English-speaking countries or Commonwealth countries (except the UK's Scotland, which is bijuridicial, and Malta). Essentially, every country that was colonised at some time by England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom uses common law except those that were formerly colonised by other nations, such as Quebec (which follows the law of France in part), South Africa and Sri Lanka (which follow Roman Dutch law), where the prior civil law system was retained to respect the civil rights of the local colonists. Guyana and Saint Lucia have mixed Common Law and Civil Law systems.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "218798#24",
"text": "Customary law is also used in some Third World countries, such as those in Africa, usually used alongside common or civil law. For example, in Ethiopia, despite the adoption of legal codes based on civil law in the 1950s according to Dolores Donovan and Getachew Assefa there are more than 60 systems of customary law currently in force, \"some of them operating quite independently of the formal state legal system.\" They offer two reasons for the relative autonomy of these customary law systems: one is that the Ethiopian government lacks sufficient resources to enforce its legal system to every corner of Ethiopia; the other is that the Ethiopian government has made a commitment to preserve these customary systems within its boundaries.",
"title": "Custom (law)"
},
{
"docid": "193178#2",
"text": "Worldwide, 178 countries have at least one official language, and 101 of these countries recognise more than one language. Many of the world's constitutions mention one or more official or national languages. Some countries use the official language designation to empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in their native languages. In countries that do not formally designate an official language, a \"de facto\" national language usually evolves. English is the most common official language, with recognized status in 51 countries. Arabic, French, and Spanish are also widely recognized.",
"title": "Official language"
},
{
"docid": "5254#2",
"text": "Today, one-third of the world's population lives in common law jurisdictions or in systems mixed with civil law, including Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Burma, Cameroon, Canada (both the federal system and all its provinces except Quebec), Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom (including its overseas territories such as Gibraltar), the United States (both the federal system and 49 of its 50 states), and Zimbabwe. Some of these countries have variants on common law systems.",
"title": "Common law"
},
{
"docid": "5086709#3",
"text": "People who study comparative criminal justice study different forms and use of punishment across societies, including capital punishment. Fifty-nine countries retain the death penalty as reported in 2007. Comparativists study the different ways in which execution is carried out across the world including hanging, shooting, beheading, injection, electrocution, and even stoning. Comparativists find that in many developing countries such as Iran, Indonesia, Belarus, and many others, that violent methods of execution such as hanging beheading, shooting, and stoning are much more common ways of carrying out the death penalty, and in many cases the only ways. However in western culture as well as developed countries such as the United States less brutal execution such as lethal injection is utilized. Even prison sentences can come harshly. In many countries such as Burma a person can be sentenced to prison for merely disagreeing with the government. Presumably ridiculous sentences such as multiple life sentences or sentences of hundreds, even thousands of years are meant to prohibit the chance of parole in the future. Although it may seem preposterous, western cultures carry out the same type of sentencing.\nEven though similar sentences are used across the globe leniency is varied widely between societies. Many governments such as the one mentioned above in Burma provide swift and heavy punishment to assert their roles of power.",
"title": "Comparative criminal justice"
},
{
"docid": "266293#1",
"text": "In civil cases many trials require fewer than twelve jurors. Juries are almost never used in civil cases outside the United States and Canada. Other states with a common law tradition sometimes use them in defamation cases, in cases involving a governmental eminent domain power, and in cases involving alleged wrongful conviction. Civil law countries generally do not use civil juries. Civil juries are available in the United States and Canada in almost all cases where the only remedy sought is money damages.",
"title": "Petit jury"
},
{
"docid": "17541#23",
"text": "In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
}
] |
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] |
2622
|
Who are the Gorgons?
|
[
{
"docid": "80990#0",
"text": "In Greek mythology, a Gorgon (; plural: Gorgons, \"Gorgon\"/\"Gorgo\") is a mythical creature portrayed in ancient Greek literature. While descriptions of Gorgons vary across Greek literature and occur in the earliest examples of Greek literature, the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair made of living, venomous snakes, as well as a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone. Traditionally, while two of the Gorgons were immortal, Stheno and Euryale, their sister Medusa was not and she was slain by the demigod and hero Perseus.",
"title": "Gorgon"
},
{
"docid": "80990#2",
"text": "Gorgons were a popular image in Greek mythology, appearing in the earliest of written records of Ancient Greek religious beliefs such as those of Homer, which may date to as early as 1194–1184 BC. Because of their legendary and powerful gaze that could turn one to stone, images of the Gorgons were put upon objects and buildings for protection. An image of a Gorgon holds the primary location at the pediment of the temple at Corfu, which is the oldest stone pediment in Greece, and is dated to c. 600 BC.",
"title": "Gorgon"
},
{
"docid": "33097914#15",
"text": "All descendants of Medusa, gorgons are a vicious race of all-female serpentines who have sharp fangs, snake-like tongues, impenetrable scaly skin, and dragon-like tails. They have the ability to shape-shift, making them perfect politicians, strategists, or anything else that duplicity is an asset. In battle, gorgons are not very strong on defense against supernatural opponents, but have superior regenerative abilities that make them very resilient and virtually immortal. Their bite is highly venomous. Ninjutsu is their main fighting style.",
"title": "Epoch (Top Cow)"
},
{
"docid": "80990#21",
"text": "Of the three Gorgons of classical Greek mythology, only Medusa is mortal.\nThe \"Bibliotheca\" (2.2.6, 2.4.1, 2.4.2) provides a good summary of the Gorgon myth. Much later stories claim that each of three Gorgon sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, had snakes for hair, and that they had the power to turn anyone who looked at them to stone. According to Ovid (\"Metamorphoses\"), a Roman poet writing in 8 AD, who was noted for accuracy regarding the Greek myths, Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, and he explained that this was due to Athena (Roman Minerva) cursing her. Medusa had copulated with Poseidon (Roman Neptune) in a temple of Athena after he was aroused by the golden color of Medusa's hair. Athena therefore changed the enticing golden locks into serpents. Diodorus and Palaephatus mention that the Gorgons lived in the Gorgades, islands in the Aethiopian Sea. The main island was called Cerna and, according to Henry T. Riley, these islands may correspond to Cape Verde. According to Pseudo-Hyginus the \"Gorgo Aix\" (Γοργώ Aιξ), daughter of Helios, was killed by Zeus during the Titanomachy. From her skin, a goat-like hide rimmed with serpents, he made his famous aegis, and placed her fearsome visage upon it. This he gave to Athena. Then Aix became the goat Capra (Greek: \"Aix\"), on the left shoulder of the constellation Auriga. A primeval Gorgon was sometimes said to be the father of Medusa and her sister Gorgons by the sea Goddess Ceto. This figure may have been the same as Gorgo Aix as the primal Gorgon was of an indeterminable gender.",
"title": "Gorgon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7647960#45",
"text": "Archduke Gorgon was a villain who was seen primarily in Great Mazinger, but first appeared in Mazinger Z starting in episode 68 and was a main villain for the rest of the series. He resembles a centaur somewhat, as from the waist up he is a green-skinned man, but below the waist has the body of a saber-toothed tiger. However, his human half is attached to the rear part of the tiger, so it still has its own head. Gorgon was sent by the Mikene Empire to overlook the development of events between Dr. Hell and Mazinger Z, so that everything went according to the plans of the Emperor of Darkness. Hence, he plays an ambivalent role, both of alliance and treason with Hell. He provides him with powerful Warrior Beasts, but his true goal is to use Hell's forces to eliminate Mazinger and then take over with Mikene's own. Allegedly, they forge a deal in the Island of Bardos to collaborate in Mazinger's destruction, but at the end of the series, when the time comes Gorgon leaves Hell to his own fate alone. During this period, he interacts with Hell's henchmen, Baron Ashura and Count Blocken, who are intimidated by him and usually adopt a submissive attitude, except for Ashura's last attempt to regain his honor when he confronts Gorgon asking him to grant him a monster to fight, and eventually dies trying. Ashura dies in the arms of Gorgon, who finally acknowledges his bravery.",
"title": "List of Mazinger characters"
},
{
"docid": "33455218#4",
"text": "The Gorgon Painter’s ‘name vase’ depicts the Greek myth of Perseus and the Gorgons. This particular myth was quite common and is seen on many pieces of pottery by many different artists, it is considered the most popular myth represented on pottery at this time. This particular depiction shows Perseus fleeing the gorgons after fulfilling his duty to kill Medusa. Although this dinos is the most well-known work attributed to The Gorgon Painter, it is not the only work. The Gorgon Painter often used gorgons in his works as shown in the image of the plate, as well as animals rather than established geometric shapes.",
"title": "Gorgon Painter"
},
{
"docid": "12157447#31",
"text": "In the 1968 \"Doctor Who\" story \"The Mind Robber\", the Second Doctor and his companions (Jamie McCrimmon and Zoe Heriot) travel to the Land of Fiction. In a Labyrinth the Doctor and Zoe encounter Medusa, but when the Doctor denies her reality she becomes a statue. The Gorgons also appear in the \"Doctor Who\" spin-off series \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\", with Elizabeth Sladen as former companion Sarah Jane Smith. In \"Eye of the Gorgon\", the Gorgon being portrayed as an alien parasite using a human host to try and create a portal to its world so that its species can invade. It is revealed that these aliens were the basis for the myth, having come to Earth three thousand years ago. One was the fabled Medusa who was killed by Perseus, another was killed about fifty years before the events of the episode by an archeologist and the last was killed when Maria Jackson used a mirror to reflect the Gorgon's attempt to turn Sarah Jane to stone back on it.",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons"
},
{
"docid": "1894852#3",
"text": "The son of archivist Milena and architect Korath (brother of the previous king Agon), Gorgon Petragon is a cousin of king Black Bolt and a member of the Royal Family of the Inhumans. As is custom among the Inhumans, Gorgon was exposed to the Terrigen Mists as a teenager, gaining increased strength, while his feet were transformed to hooves, capable of generating highly destructive seismic waves. As an adult, Gorgon became Black Bolt's personal bodyguard and is responsible for training youths recently exposed to the Terrigen Mists in the use of their newly acquired powers and abilities.",
"title": "Gorgon (Inhuman)"
},
{
"docid": "1894852#0",
"text": "Gorgon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Gorgon is also a member of the Royal Family of the Inhumans, a race of superpowered beings that inhabit the hidden city of Attilan.",
"title": "Gorgon (Inhuman)"
},
{
"docid": "58904#37",
"text": "Python was the earth-dragon of Delphi, she always was represented in the vase-paintings and by sculptors as a serpent. Pytho was the chthonic enemy of Apollo, who slew her and remade her former home his own oracle, the most famous in Classical Greece.\nMedusa and the other Gorgons were vicious female monsters with sharp fangs and hair of living, venomous snakes whose origins predate the written myths of Greece and who were the protectors of the most ancient ritual secrets. The Gorgons wore a belt of two intertwined serpents in the same configuration of the caduceus. The Gorgon was placed at the center, highest point of one of the pediments on the Temple of Artemis at Corfu.",
"title": "Serpent (symbolism)"
},
{
"docid": "33455218#0",
"text": "The Gorgon Painter was one of the early Attic black-figure vase painters. He was active between 600 and 580 BC. His name vase, \"The Dinos of the Gorgon Painter\" is currently on display in the Louvre and depicts Perseus fleeing the gorgons.",
"title": "Gorgon Painter"
}
] |
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] |
2623
|
How large is Montague Island?
|
[
{
"docid": "7063592#0",
"text": "Montague Island lies in the Gulf of Alaska at the entrance to Prince William Sound, Alaska. The island has a land area of 790.88 km² (305.36 sq mi), making it the 26th largest island in the United States. As of the 2000 census, Montague did not have a permanent resident population, making it at that time the largest uninhabited island in the United States. Since then, the 2010 abandonment of the Coast Guard station on Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands, which at 344.7 square miles is larger than Montague Island, causes Attu to claim that title. Montague Island is well known among sport fishing out of the Seward port as it is referred to as 'The Land of the Giants'. In 2007 it produced a 350 lb halibut and many boats full of fish over 100 lbs. Montague Island was named by Captain James Cook in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, one of his greatest supporters.",
"title": "Montague Island (Alaska)"
},
{
"docid": "2889479#0",
"text": "Montague Island is a continental island contained within the Montague Island Nature Reserve, a protected nature reserve that is located offshore from the South Coast region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The nearest town located onshore from the reserve and island is , situated approximately to the northwest.",
"title": "Montague Island (Australia)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2889479#1",
"text": "Montague Island is the second largest island off the New South Wales east coast other than Lord Howe Island. It has been classified by the National Trust as a Landscape Conservation Area for its scenic, scientific and historical values. The Montague Island Light buildings are entered on the Register of the National Estate because of the architectural quality of the tower and residences.",
"title": "Montague Island (Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "21647901#0",
"text": "Montague Island, known in Spanish as Isla Montague, is an island at the mouth of the Colorado River in the municipality of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, and is part of the Colorado River Delta and part of a broader region called the Salton Trough. It is about in length along its longest axis.",
"title": "Montague Island (Baja California)"
},
{
"docid": "21647901#3",
"text": "At least seven species of water birds are known to breed on Montague Island. The island is one of two known active breeding colonies of elegant tern in Mexico. During two years, a large number of nests were destroyed by tidal flooding, but there were only low levels of nests lost to predation. The birds nesting on Montague Island have reacted strongly to El Niño, with brown boobies being replaced by blue-footed boobies, and an increase in nesting of least, elegant, and royal terns, as well as black skimmers.",
"title": "Montague Island (Baja California)"
},
{
"docid": "28662051#0",
"text": "The Montague Island Light is an heritage-listed active lighthouse located on Montague Island, an island in the Tasman Sea, offshore from Narooma on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. The lighthouse is located at the highest point of the island. It was designed by James Barnet and NSW Colonial Architect and built from 1878 to 1881 by J. Musson and completed By W. H. Jennings. It is also known as the Montague Island Lightstation and its setting. The property is owned by the Office of Environment and Heritage, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999, and the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004.",
"title": "Montague Island Light"
},
{
"docid": "2889479#7",
"text": "The island is home to a large colony of little penguins on the island. As the island has no foxes or feral cats, the penguins have no predators other than other seabirds and seals. With the restoration of native habitat and the provision of penguin breeding boxes, penguin numbers have increased, and there are now approximately 12,000 on the island. The female usually lays two eggs, and during a good year, both chicks will survive. The birds come ashore at dusk after feeding at sea, and visitors to the island can watch the birds from a platform near the jetty.",
"title": "Montague Island (Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "21647901#2",
"text": "The climate in the region of the Island is extremely hot and arid, with average annual rainfall of 2.4 in (60 mm). Montague Island, as part of the Colorado river delta, has had its ecology radically altered by diversion and use of water upstream in the river. The only water reaching the delta, with the exception of occasional floods, is agricultural wastewater.",
"title": "Montague Island (Baja California)"
},
{
"docid": "1980589#20",
"text": "Montague is home to several sports / recreation programs and teams. It has running tracks, recreational trails, parks, and playing fields for soccer, rugby, football, field hockey, softball and baseball. The community also has a swimming pool / fitness centre along with basketball courts and nearby tennis courts. The Eastern Eagles Soccer Complex, on the southern edge of the community, is home to the regional soccer teams, the Eastern Eagles. The Eastern Eagles host a soccer tournament for other teams on Prince Edward Island and those from out of province every summer. In 2009, the Cavendish Farms Wellness Centre opened, giving a new home to the Montague Norsemen hockey teams and replacing the aging Iceland Arena. It also gave Montague junior B and senior hockey teams, the Montague Maniacs and Montague Marines. The community is also home to the Montague Curling Club, which takes in curlers from all of Kings County. Montague Regional High School and Montague Intermediate School are also home to many male and female sports teams.",
"title": "Montague, Prince Edward Island"
},
{
"docid": "28662051#2",
"text": "In 1770 Captain James Cook sailed along the NSW coast. In his journal he described a camel shaped mountain which he called Mt Dromedary. Cook failed to recognise the island due to the distance from the coast, believing it to be a headland connected to Mt.nDromedary. In 1790 the convict ship \"Surprise\" established that Montague was an island during an inshore trip along the coast. It is possible that the island was named after George Montague Dunk, Earl of Halifax, during this voyage.",
"title": "Montague Island Light"
}
] |
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2624
|
Is Hebrew similar to Arabic?
|
[
{
"docid": "752702#40",
"text": "Many Jewish immigrants to Israel spoke a variety of Arabic in their countries of origin and pronounced the Hebrew rhotic as an alveolar tap , similar to Arabic '. Gradually, many of them began pronouncing their Hebrew rhotic as a voiced uvular fricative , a sound similar or (depending on the Arabic dialect) identical to Arabic '. However, in modern Sephardic and Mizrahi poetry and folk music an alveolar rhotic continues to be used.",
"title": "Guttural R"
},
{
"docid": "5531820#35",
"text": "The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is similar to that of other Mizrahi communities and is influenced both by Sephardi Hebrew and by the Syrian dialect of Levantine Arabic. The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is less archaic than the Iraqi Hebrew of Iraqi Jews and closer to standard Sephardic Hebrew. That affects especially the interdentals. Nevertheless, Syrian and Iraqi Hebrew are very closely related because of their location and geographic proximity, as is the case with most eastern Jewish communities in the Arabic world other than Yemenite Jews. Particular features are as follows:The retention of distinct emphatic sounds such as and differentiates Syrian pronunciation from many other Sephardic/Mizrahi pronunciations, which have failed to maintain these phonemic or phonological distinctions, such as between and .",
"title": "Syrian Jews"
},
{
"docid": "26919#5",
"text": "The similarity of the Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic languages was accepted by Jewish and Islamic scholars since medieval times. The languages were familiar to Western European scholars due to historical contact with neighbouring Near Eastern countries and through Biblical studies, and a comparative analysis of Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic was published in Latin in 1538 by Guillaume Postel. Almost two centuries later, Hiob Ludolf described the similarities between these three languages and the Ethiopian Semitic languages. However, neither scholar named this grouping as \"Semitic\".",
"title": "Semitic languages"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "745944#2",
"text": "The phonology of Samaritan Hebrew is very similar to that of Samaritan Arabic, and is used by the Samaritans in prayer. Today, the spoken vernacular among Samaritans is evenly split between Modern Israeli Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic, depending on whether they reside in Holon (Israel) or in Shechem (i.e. Nablus, in Palestine’s Area A).",
"title": "Samaritan Hebrew"
},
{
"docid": "13702#18",
"text": "In print, Arabic numerals are employed in Modern Hebrew for most purposes. Hebrew numerals are used nowadays primarily for writing the days and years of the Hebrew calendar; for references to traditional Jewish texts (particularly for Biblical chapter and verse and for Talmudic folios); for bulleted or numbered lists (similar to \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"etc.\", in English); and in numerology (gematria).",
"title": "Hebrew numerals"
},
{
"docid": "1681802#3",
"text": "Classical Arabic still preserves forms similar to the reconstructed Ancient Hebrew forms, e.g. \"ʼarḍ\" \"earth\", \"kalb\" \"dog\", \"ʻayn\" \"eye\", \"ṣidq\" \"sincerity\". (Some modern dialects insert an epenthetic vowel between the final two consonants, similar to what happened in Hebrew.",
"title": "Segolate"
},
{
"docid": "45549646#9",
"text": "In addition, when Eliezer Ben Yehuda, the pioneer of the Hebrew language's modern revival, began creating new Hebrew words to adapt to the modern world, he preffered borrowing words from Arabic and Aramaic (both Semitic languages, like Hebrew) than languages that were more linguistically removed from Hebrew. This modern revival, in addition to centuries of osmosis between the two neighbor-languages, have resulted in striking similarities in the two language's grammar and vocabulary.",
"title": "Arabic language in Israel"
},
{
"docid": "39104407#1",
"text": "As in the rest of the Arabic world at the time, Arabic was the typical language for Jewish writing, except for belles lettres. Practically all Jewish works about philosophy, theology, mathematics, were written in Arabic, typically in Hebrew characters. This type of writing has been called Judeo-Arabic, although there was little difference in the language used by Jews and non-Jews at this time. The choice of Hebrew as the poetic language can be seen as an expression of Jewish self-assertion. Contemporary Arabic poets considered their language, the language of the Qur'an, the most beautiful language, and Arabic verse as the highest form of poetry; Jewish poets thought similarly of their sacred writings and composed poetry in Biblical Hebrew Apart from Dunash's metrical innovations, the Hebrew of these poems tried to emulate the diction and style of Classical Hebrew, abolishing elements that had introduced into the language after the canonization of the Bible. This classical approach was facilitated by advances in the study of Hebrew grammar and biblical interpretation.",
"title": "Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus"
},
{
"docid": "1654755#9",
"text": "Hebrew: As other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loanwords e.g. \"table\" (Heb. ), \"luck\" (Heb. ), \"rich\" (Heb. ). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: and are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic , respectively); is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian ). Classical Hebrew () and (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains and )",
"title": "Judeo-Tat"
},
{
"docid": "13927537#99",
"text": "The country's laws are published in Hebrew, and eventually English and Arabic translations are published. Publishing the law in Hebrew in the official gazette (\"Reshumot\") is enough to make it valid. Unavailability of an Arabic translation can be regarded as a legal defense only if the defendant proves he could not understand the meaning of the law in any conceivable way. Following appeals to the Israeli Supreme Court, the use of Arabic on street signs and labels increased dramatically. In response to one of the appeals presented by Arab Israeli organizations, the Supreme Court ruled that although second to Hebrew, Arabic is an official language of the State of Israel, and should be used extensively. Today most highway signage is trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic, and English).",
"title": "Israeli Jews"
}
] |
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] |
2626
|
When did the rivalry between Florida and Tennessee college football begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "12359424#0",
"text": "The Florida–Tennessee football rivalry, sometimes referred to as the \"Third Saturday in September\", is an American college football rivalry between the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida and Tennessee Volunteers football team of the University of Tennessee, who first met on the football field in 1916. The Gators and Vols have competed in the same athletic conference since Florida joined the now-defunct Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1910, and the schools were founding members of the Southeastern Conference in 1932. Despite this long conference association, a true rivalry did not develop until the early 1990s due to the infrequency of earlier meetings; in the first seventy-six years (1916–91) of the series, the two teams met just twenty-one times. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) expanded to twelve universities and split into two divisions in 1992. Florida and Tennessee were placed in the SEC's East Division and have met on a home-and-home basis every season since. Their rivalry quickly blossomed in intensity and importance in the 1990s and early 2000s as both programs regularly fielded national championship contending teams under coaches Phil Fulmer of Tennessee and Steve Spurrier at Florida.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "12359424#5",
"text": "Florida and Tennessee have played on the third Saturday of September almost every year since 1992, giving the rivalry its nickname. Notable exceptions were in 2001, when the game was postponed until December 1 due to the September 11 terrorist attacks, and in 2014, when the addition of two new members to the SEC temporarily scrambled the dates of many traditional conference rivalries and moved the Florida–Tennessee game to October. The rivalry has sometimes served as the conference opener and is often the first significant test of the season for one or both of the teams.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12359424#2",
"text": "Florida and Tennessee's football teams first met in 1916, when both schools were members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. They each joined the Southern Conference in the 1920s, and were founding members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in 1932. Despite these common affiliations, a true rivalry did not develop between the programs for a long time because they played so sparingly.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "29590482#0",
"text": "The Florida–LSU football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida and LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University. Although both universities were founding members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in December 1932, the Gators and Tigers did not meet on the gridiron until 1937, and have been annual opponents only since 1971. When the SEC instituted divisional play in 1992, Florida was placed in the SEC Eastern Division and LSU in the Western Division, and Florida and LSU were selected as permanent cross-division rivals. The Gators and Tigers have combined to win five national championships and eleven SEC titles over the past two decades.",
"title": "Florida–LSU football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "12359424#14",
"text": "One result of the SEC's 1992 expansion and split into divisions was the beginning of an annual match-up between Florida and Tennessee at a time when both programs rose to national prominence. Under head coaches Steve Spurrier and Phillip Fulmer, the Gators and Volunteers were annual contenders for conference and national championships, with both teams usually fielding wide-open offenses led by top quarterbacks such as Danny Wuerffel and Peyton Manning, among many other highly decorated players on both sides of the ball.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "12359424#16",
"text": "The rivalry held national championship implications over each of the following seasons, with both teams entering the contests ranked in the top 10 every year. Though they were not always the favorite, Florida won five straight against Tennessee from 1993 to 1997, winning four SEC titles and a consensus national championship in 1996. The 1994, 1995, and 1996 contests featured match-ups between starting quarterbacks Danny Wuerffel and Peyton Manning, who never beat Florida during his celebrated college career. But though Florida beat Tennessee in 1997, upset losses to LSU and Georgia propelled Tennessee to their own SEC championship in Manning's senior year. Tennessee broke Florida's winning streak in 1998 with a 20–17 overtime win and went on to win their second straight SEC championship and a national championship. In 1999, Florida upset the Vols in Gainesville to close out the decade.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "12359424#6",
"text": "As long-time members of the same conference, Tennessee and Florida have long competed in many other sports besides football. Men's basketball in particular became a heated rivalry for a time in the mid- to late-2000s, when coach Bruce Pearl's Volunteer squads challenged coach Billy Donovan's national championship-winning Gator teams for supremacy in the SEC's Eastern Division. However, the basketball rivalry cooled after Pearl left Tennessee in 2011 (Pearl is currently head coach of another SEC school, Auburn) and Donovan left Florida in 2015, and the schools' football rivalry has consistently received more attention from fans and media over the years.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "7357018#28",
"text": "The Gators and Vols first met on the gridiron in 1916, and have competed in the same conference since Florida joined the now-defunct Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1912. However, a true rivalry has developed only relatively recently due to infrequent match-ups in past decades; in the first seventy-six years (1916–1991), the two teams met just twenty-one times.\nThis changed in 1992, when the Southeastern Conference (SEC) expanded to twelve universities and split into two divisions. Florida and Tennessee were both placed in the SEC's Eastern Division, and have met annually on the football field since 1992. The rivalry quickly blossomed in intensity and importance, as both squads were perennial championship contenders throughout the 1990s. The games' national implications diminished in the 2000s, as first Tennessee and then Florida suffered through sub-par seasons. However, the intensity of each meeting still remains one of the highest in college football. Florida won the 2017 meeting 26–20 on a pass play as time expired.",
"title": "Tennessee Volunteers football"
},
{
"docid": "12359424#76",
"text": "While the rivalry faded in national importance in the mid-2010s, the contests themselves were quite memorable, as four UF-UT games in a row featured a dramatic fourth quarter rally.Series record sources: \"2011 Florida Gators Football Media Guide\", \"2011 Tennessee Football Media Guide\", and College Football Data Warehouse.",
"title": "Florida–Tennessee football rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "14385143#0",
"text": "The South Florida–UCF rivalry, officially known as the War on I–4, is a college rivalry between the University of Central Florida Knights and University of South Florida Bulls. The rivalry is best known for its college football matchup, and originated in a series of football games played from 2005 to 2008. In 2013, when UCF joined the American Athletic Conference, the schools began competing annually in all sports, with the yearly football game played on Thanksgiving weekend. In 2016, the schools officially adopted the \"War on I-4\" as an official competition series. Each year, the team with the most wins across all sports receives an I–4 road sign trophy; the winner of the football game also receives a similar trophy.",
"title": "South Florida–UCF rivalry"
}
] |
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] |
2628
|
When does America's Worst Cooks air?
|
[
{
"docid": "25785720#0",
"text": "Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3, 2010, on the Food Network. The show takes 12 to 16 contestants (referred to as \"recruits\") with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp, to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set. The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including: baking, knife skills, temperature, seasoning and preparation. The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three-course meal for three food critics.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25785720#10",
"text": "Casting for season 2 of \"Worst Cooks in America\" was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010. The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2. Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011. In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "2624083#10",
"text": "In 2010, Burrell and Chef Beau MacMillan hosted a Food Network reality series named \"Worst Cooks in America\". Burrell and her co-host lead contestants through a \"culinary boot camp\" on their journey to become better cooks. The first season premiered on January 3, 2010. Chef Burrell won the challenge when her recruit, Rachel Coleman, edged out MacMillan's recruit, Jenny Cross.",
"title": "Anne Burrell"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#16",
"text": "•Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12.In episode 5, contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated, Lacey on Chef Anne's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler's team.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#15",
"text": "Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "8423668#13",
"text": "Following the end of \"Dinner: Impossible\" (which continues in reruns), Irvine embarked on two new projects with Food Network. In late 2010, the Food Network began advertising the second season of \"Worst Cooks in America\" featuring Irvine (replacing Chef Beau MacMillan) training a cadre of would-be cooks in competition with Chef Anne Burrell. The show premiered on 3 January 2011. In advance of the show's premiere, Irvine teamed with Cat Cora to battle Burrell and Michael Symon in the special \"Battle Deep Freeze\" on \"Iron Chef America\".",
"title": "Robert Irvine"
},
{
"docid": "1600027#1",
"text": "Florence was a presenter on \"Globe Trekker\", hosted \"Food 911\" and \"How to Boil Water\", co-hosted Worst Cooks in America with Anne Burrell and currently hosts \"Tyler's Ultimate\" ,\"The Great Food Truck Race\" and has a new show premiering in August 2018 called Bite Club on the Food Network. He was featured on the ABC TV show Shaq's Big Challenge, which aired on July 17, 2007 and Momma's Boys, a reality show produced by Ryan Seacrest. He has also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a nationwide Sandwich Showdown. He has appeared a number of times on The Today Show, and was featured on The View in 2008. Florence serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance, an organization that works to promote and to support quality after-school programs. In 2007, Florence and fellow chef Joey Altman co-hosted a celebrity chef cook-off to benefit Afterschool Alliance.",
"title": "Tyler Florence"
},
{
"docid": "2624083#13",
"text": "The third season of Worst Cooks in America premiered on February 12, 2012. Chef Bobby Flay was the new co-host/chef for season three. Chef Burrell again won the competition, when her recruit Kelli Powers edged out Flay's recruit, Vinnie Caligiuri. Season four started on Sunday February 17, 2013. Season four concluded with Flay's team finally defeating Burrell's team, when his recruit from Team Bobby/the blue team, Alina Bolshakova, edged out Burrell's recruit, the red team's Rasheeda Brown.",
"title": "Anne Burrell"
},
{
"docid": "5680082#49",
"text": "In August 2017, Hilton was a contestant on \"Worst Cooks in America Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3\". He won the competition and was crowned \"Best of the Worst\".",
"title": "Perez Hilton"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#1",
"text": "The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
}
] |
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] |
2631
|
When did Venezuela become a republic?
|
[
{
"docid": "17878686#11",
"text": "Word of Spain's troubles in 1808 in the Napoleonic Wars soon reached Caracas, but only on 19 April 1810 did its \"cabildo\" (city council) decide to follow the example set by the Spanish provinces two years earlier. On 5 July 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this did not last either, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest. Only as part of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of Gran Colombia).",
"title": "History of Venezuela"
},
{
"docid": "562862#1",
"text": "The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on April 19, 1810, marked the beginnings of the war. On July 5, 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest. Only as part of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of Gran Colombia).",
"title": "Venezuelan War of Independence"
},
{
"docid": "41616785#4",
"text": "News of Spanish losses in the 1808 Napoleonic Wars soon reached Latin America, but only on 19 April 1810 did the \"cabildo\" (city council) of Caracas decide to follow the example set by the Spanish provinces two years earlier. On 5 July 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an \"Admirable Campaign\" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813, but this did not last long either, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest.",
"title": "Spain–Venezuela relations"
},
{
"docid": "6880728#5",
"text": "The independence movement for Venezuela began with the establishment of the Caracas Junta in 1810. After the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence in 1811, the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barinas, Margarita, and the newly separated ones of Barcelona, Trujillo, and Mérida established a Republic of Venezuela, which claimed the area of the Captaincy General. The provinces of Maracaibo and Guayana, along with the city of Coro, rejected the republic, and after a year of war against the royalists, this First Republic collapsed. The provinces that had created the Venezuelan Republic were reconquered by Frigate Captain Domingo de Monteverde, who usurped power from the appointed Captain General Fernando Miyares. Because of this the Cádiz Cortes erected the Province of Maracaibo into a separate Captaincy General with Miyares at its head, but did ratify Monteverde as Captain General of the smaller Venezuela. During this period, the Province of Maracaibo elected a representative to the Cortes, José Domingo Rus, who served from March 3, 1812, to May 10, 1814, and continued to represent the province before the crown after Ferdinand VII abolished the Cortes. With Ferdinand VII's return, Venezuela was reunited in one captaincy general.",
"title": "Captaincy General of Venezuela"
},
{
"docid": "174712#10",
"text": "Venezuela historiography recognizes four \"republics,\" or major regime changes since the country was founded in 1811. The First Republic, known as the \"Venezuelan Confederation\" lasted until 1812. The Second Republic is the restored republican regime that was instituted by Simón Bolívar after his Admirable Campaign in 1813, and which lasted until 1814. The Third Republic refers to the period after 1816 in which various patriot guerrilla bands joined under Bolívar's leadership in the Llanos of Venezuela and set up an independent government. This process culminated in the Congress of Angostura, but shortly thereafter the Congress declared Venezuela to be part of a larger Gran Colombia. Gran Colombia lasted only a decade and at its dissolution Venezuela became once again the \"Republic of Venezuela,\" which is considered the start of the Fourth Republic. In 1864 the country was then restructured into the \"United States of Venezuela\", before reverting once again to the name, \"Republic of Venezuela\" in 1953. Although both periods began with the implementation of new constitutions (the fourth and twenty-fourth constitutions, respectively), both have been deemed by Venezuelan historiography as a continuation of the Fourth Republic.",
"title": "Fifth Republic Movement"
},
{
"docid": "3229791#0",
"text": "The First Republic of Venezuela (\"Primera República de Venezuela\" in Spanish) was the first independent government of Venezuela, lasting from July 5, 1811, to July 25, 1812. The period of the First Republic began with the overthrow of the Spanish colonial authorities and the establishment of the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19, 1810, initiating the Venezuelan War of Independence, and ended with the surrender of the republican forces to the Spanish Captain Domingo de Monteverde. The congress of Venezuela declared the nation's independence on July 5, 1811, and later wrote a constitution for it. In doing so, Venezuela is notable for being the first Spanish American colony to declare its independence.",
"title": "First Republic of Venezuela"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14443303#0",
"text": "Colombia–Venezuela relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The relationship has developed since the early 16th century, when Spanish empire colonizers created the Province of Santa Marta (now Colombia) and the Province of New Andalucia (now Venezuela). The countries share a history for achieving their independence under Simón Bolívar and becoming one nation—the Gran Colombia—which dissolved in the 19th century. Following then, the overall relationship between the two countries has vacillated between cooperation and bilateral struggle.",
"title": "Colombia–Venezuela relations"
},
{
"docid": "32374#15",
"text": "Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate Ecuador and later become the second president of Bolivia. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela; Páez became the first president of the new republic. Between one-quarter and one-third of Venezuela's population was lost during these two decades of warfare, which by 1830, was estimated at about 800,000.",
"title": "Venezuela"
},
{
"docid": "53862126#1",
"text": "Venezuela has been considered the Bolivarian Republic following the adoption of the new Constitution of 1999, when the state was renamed in honor of Simón Bolívar. Since Chávez's election into office, Venezuela developed into a dominant-party system, dominated by the United Socialist Party of Venezuela and where numerous other parties exist. Following the 2017 Venezuelan Constitutional Assembly election, the Bolivarian government removed official political opposition from Venezuela, raising concerns of an emerging dictatorship.",
"title": "Fifth Republic of Venezuela"
},
{
"docid": "2474817#5",
"text": "Historians use the name Third Republic of Venezuela to refer to the period from about 1817 to 1819, when a rump government, organized by Bolívar began functioning in the Venezuelan \"Llanos\". The year before, various Venezuelan guerilla forces managed to permanently establish themselves in the \"Llanos\" and captured the city of Angostura, which became their headquarters. This period culminated with the formation of the Congress of Angostura in 1819, which wrote a new constitution for Venezuela, replacing the one from 1811, which in theory, was still valid, although suspended since the collapse of the first republic in 1812. The congress decreed the union of Venezuela with New Granada in a new republic, known as \"Gran Colombia\", bringing an end to the Third Republic.",
"title": "Second Republic of Venezuela"
},
{
"docid": "924177#5",
"text": "A second triumvirate followed on April 3, 1812. The presidency was disestablished in 1813, when Simon Bolivar established the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819). In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on January 13, 1830. Presidents of Venezuela who served under the 1864 constitution (starting with Juan Crisóstomo Falcón) bore the title of \"President of the Union\", instead of the usual \"President of the Republic\" still used today. Aside from that, all heads of state of the country since 1811 have held the title of \"President of Venezuela.\"",
"title": "Elections in Venezuela"
}
] |
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] |
2632
|
When was the World Wrestling Council established?
|
[
{
"docid": "1255408#0",
"text": "The World Wrestling Council (WWC) is a professional wrestling promotion based in Puerto Rico. It was originally established as Capitol Sports Promotions in 1973 by Carlos Colón Sr., Victor Jovica, and Gorilla Monsoon. It was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance until 1988. By the mid-1990s, the promotion had changed its name to the World Wrestling Council.",
"title": "World Wrestling Council"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "186694#0",
"text": "World Championship Wrestling Inc. (WCW) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion, historically based in Atlanta, Georgia. WCW was established in 1988 when Turner Broadcasting System purchased the nearly bankrupt Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), which had been one of the major territories of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). Turner initially renamed the company the Universal Wrestling Corporation and shortly afterward renamed it again as World Championship Wrestling, after the name of JCP's flagship television show. In its early years, WCW was buoyed by established NWA performers such as Ric Flair and Dusty Rhodes, along with emerging stars like Lex Luger, and Sting, who would go on to be dubbed \"The Franchise of WCW\".",
"title": "World Championship Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "758676#2",
"text": "On September 18, 1956, The Fabulous Moolah became the third NWA World Women's Champion. At that time, the WWE did not exist and did not become a company until 1963 when it was established as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). Moolah, who bought the rights to the championship in the 1970s, defended the championship as the NWA World Women's Champion up until May 19, 1984; by this time, the WWWF had been renamed to World Wrestling Federation (WWF). In 1983, the WWF disaffiliated with the NWA and Moolah sold the championship's rights to the WWF in 1984, and she was recognized as the WWF Women's Champion. Instead of beginning her reign in 1984, the WWF claimed the lineage of her reign from when she first became champion in 1956. The preceding champions and the title changes between 1956 and when Moolah lost it in 1984 are not recognized by WWE (although they are recognized by the NWA). As a result, The Fabulous Moolah's first reign is considered to have lasted 28 years by the promotion.",
"title": "WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)"
},
{
"docid": "39517765#2",
"text": "Presided by Richard Negrin, produced by Hugo Savinovich and Danny Nieves Gerena as their Director of talents relations the World Wrestling League was founded in late 2012 and began its media exposition, with Josian Omed Vázquez Díaz as promotion's press manager, on January 21, 2013. The promotion was officially launched in a press conference held at the Water Club hotel in San Juan. In this event, WWL announced the signing of several high-profile Puerto Rican wrestlers, including former champions of the International Wrestling Association and World Wrestling Council Eric Pérez, Roberto Rubio and José \"Monster Pain\" Torres. The company also presented its business plan, noting that it intended to have an international scope instead of directly competing with other promotions in Puerto Rico. A series of alliances were made with several international promotions including Wrestling Alliance Revolution (WAR) in Ecuador, Leader Wrestling Assotiation (LWE) in Peru, Dominican Wrestling Entertainment (DWE) in the Dominican Republic and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in the United States. During the following months, the promotion focused on creating its final roster and production team, which saw the exclusion of Víctor Siebens, owner of the Puerto Rico Wrestling Association, who had served as producer during the first months and the inclusion of Danny Nieves Gerena who was the promoter of NWA Chicago to fill the role. In February, two of the IWA's and WWC's main producers in the past, Héctor Moyano, Sr. and his eponymous son joined to work on the production of the television show, \"Campeones del Ring\", which was launched on Tele Isla and CW Puerto Rico the following week. Axel Cruz was contracted to serve as the promotions main announcer along Moyano, with Joe Don Smith and Harold Santy serving as counterparts for the English announce table. However, the announcing staff was changed due to the death of Moyano due to illness, with José Laureano joining it before his demise. In mid-February the WWL announced the inclusion of then NWA World Champion Kahagas and WXW World Champion Joe \"Hercules\" Gómez to the roster of its first show. This was followed by alliances with Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA) in Mexico and Pro Wrestling Revolution (PWR) in California, with both of these companies agreeing for their champions to expose the titles outside of their territories. On February 16, the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum was selected to host WWL's first show, \"Idols of Wrestling\".",
"title": "World Wrestling League"
},
{
"docid": "5642540#0",
"text": "The history of WWE dates back to the early 1950s when it was founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1952 as Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC). It underwent several name changes throughout the years, from World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) to World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002.",
"title": "History of WWE"
},
{
"docid": "518909#0",
"text": "The World Dance Council Ltd (WDC), is a registered limited company, the legal successor to the \"International Council of Ballroom Dancing\", and was established at a meeting organized by Phillip J. S. Richardson on 22 September 1950 in Edinburgh. For a period from 1996 to 2006, the WDC was known as the \"World Dance & Dance Sport Council Ltd\" (WD&DSC).[http://www.wikidancesport.com/wiki/1047/world-dance-council [1]] The mission of the World Dance Council is to inspire, stimulate and promote excellence in education for the World Dance Council and Amateur League (WDC and AL) community",
"title": "World Dance Council"
},
{
"docid": "14600141#1",
"text": "World Wrestling Professionals was formed in 1990 in the Eastern Cape City of Nelson Mandela Bay. It hosted a number of local shows all year round, and slowly grew to the No 1 Wrestling Federation in South Africa. It was formed by former professional wrestler Mark Beale, with the goal of taking South African wrestling to another level. In 2004 after years of hard work on the Road in the hope of getting the product noticed, his idea for a wrestling show was picked up by the South African Broadcaster and was given a National Contract by SABC2. The show called WWP Thunderstrike ran for a number of years on the Channel, and was eventually put on hold due to in house politics. The WWP then moved on to India to film a Weekly show on colors TV called 100% De Dana Dan, which established the WWP Brand in the Middle East. The WWP Branded Show WWP G-Force was then filmed and distributed to various networks, and has been shown all over Africa.\nThe WWP Launched the biggest Pro Wrestling Event on the African Continent, called the WWP Wrestling Extravaganza \"WRESTLEMONSTER\", which became a instant hit in South Africa, and has drawn in excess of 18000 spectators to the event. It continues to grow and in 2019 WRESTLEMONSTER 5 will be held",
"title": "World Wrestling Professionals"
},
{
"docid": "758676#0",
"text": "The WWE Women's Championship was a women's professional wrestling championship in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) promotion. The lineage of the Women's Championship dates back to September 18, 1956, when The Fabulous Moolah became the NWA World Women's Champion. The WWE did not exist at that time, and although they did not create their own women's championship until 1984 with The Fabulous Moolah as the first WWF Women's Champion, they claim 1956 for the championship's establishment and do not recognize any title changes from when Moolah became champion in 1956 until she lost it in 1984. This made the Women's Championship the oldest active professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment history until its retirement in 2010 after unification with the WWE Divas Championship. The final champion was Layla.",
"title": "WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)"
},
{
"docid": "14495418#8",
"text": "It was in Puerto Rico, however, where The Mercenaries gained the greatest success, when his friends Carlos Colon and Victor Rivera established the World Wrestling Council the previous year. Signing with the promotion in early 1975, he and Martin would defeat Vikingo and Ciclon Sudamericano for the WWC North American Tag Team Championship in Caguas, Puerto Rico on April 8, 1975. Feuding with Jose Rivera and Carlos Colon during the next several months, he and Martin remained the top \"\"heels\"\" in the promotion headlining the majority of the WWC events with Rivera and Colon for much of the year. In one of the biggest cards of the year, which featured the return of WWC mainstays Eric the Red, Bob Ellis and Dick Steinborn, the Martel brothers lost a hair vs. hair match to Jose Rivera and Carlos Colon on May 31, 1975. They would also be allied with Kurt Von Hess for a short time while he toured Puerto Rico during the summer.",
"title": "Michel Martel"
},
{
"docid": "27977658#1",
"text": "The 1990 Anniversary show commemorated the 57th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company \"Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre\" (Spanish for \"Mexican Wrestling Promotion\"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance. With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname \"The Cathedral of Lucha Libre\" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled \"Super Viernes\" show.",
"title": "EMLL 57th Anniversary Show"
},
{
"docid": "1255408#2",
"text": "Capitol Sports Promotions, with Carlos Colón, Victor Jovica and Gorilla Monsoon as promoters/co-owners of the organization, was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) until late 1988, when Gorilla Monsoon left. The company then went bankrupt (as confirmed by Victor Quiñones in an interview with prwrestling.com). Following this, Thomas Collado became the owner in 1976, before Carlos Colon and Victor Jovica.",
"title": "World Wrestling Council"
}
] |
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] |
2633
|
What does a Park Ranger do?
|
[
{
"docid": "499846#11",
"text": "The duties of the modern park ranger are as varied and diverse as the parks where they serve and in recent years have become more highly specialized. Regardless of the regular duties of any one discipline, the goal of all rangers remains to protect the park resources for future generations and to protect park visitors. This goal is accomplished by the professionalism and sometimes overlapping of the different divisions. For example, an interpretive ranger may perform a law enforcement role by explaining special park regulations to visitors and encouraging them to be proper stewards of natural and cultural history. Law enforcement rangers and other park employees may contribute to the mission of the interpretive ranger by providing information to park visitors about park resources and facilities. The spirit of teamwork in accomplishing the mission of protecting the parks and people is underscored by the fact that in many cases, for the U.S. National Park Rangers in particular, all park rangers share a common uniform regardless of work assignment.The Adopt A Ranger Foundation has calculated that worldwide about 150,000 rangers are needed for the protected areas in developing and transitions countries. There is no data on how many rangers are employed at the moment, but probably less than half the protected areas in developing and transition countries have any rangers at all and those that have them are at least 50% short. This means that there would be a worldwide ranger deficit of 105,000 rangers in the developing and transition countries.",
"title": "Park ranger"
},
{
"docid": "499846#0",
"text": "A park ranger, park warden, or forest ranger is a person entrusted with protecting and preserving parklands – national, state, provincial, or local parks. \"Parks\" may be broadly defined by some systems in this context, and include protected culturally or historically important built environments, and is not limited to the natural environment. Different countries use different names for the position. \"Warden\" is the favored term in Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Within the United States, the National Park Service refers to the position as a park ranger. The U.S. Forest Service refers to the position as a forest ranger. Other countries use the term \"park warden\" or \"game warden\" to describe this occupation. The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers are often required to be proficient in more than one.",
"title": "Park ranger"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7988824#2",
"text": "DCNR Rangers act much like a national park ranger does. They routinely check on cabins and campsites, offer insightful answers to visitors questions, and help to maintain calmness throughout the parks. They have full arrest powers while in park lands and carry sidearms. However, they do not have jurisdiction over Pennsylvania State Game Lands, which are patrolled by Wildlife Conservation Officers employed by the Pennsylvania Game Commission. DCNR rangers enforce game laws as well as fishing and boating laws in state parks. However, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission is completely independent of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Both agencies are independent of DCNR, but work in cooperation with each other.",
"title": "Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources"
},
{
"docid": "43488203#1",
"text": "The City of Los Angeles Park Rangers provides public assistance and emergency services in Los Angeles City parks, including first aid, park policing, search and rescue, and are trained wildland firefighters. They have various responsibilities in public parks and provide not only emergency and public safety services but also informational services at several parks. Park rangers receive law enforcement training and have certified peace officer status in California. All Park Rangers are required to obtain a Basic P.O.S.T certificate to remain employed. Park Rangers attend the Los Angeles Police Departments academy. The Ranger Division is a participating agency in P.O.S.T which sets the standards of training for peace officers. In 1996 due to spikes in violent crime in city parks patrolled by the Rangers, the union representing the rangers requested that the Rangers be trained to carry semi-automatic handguns similar to the Police but the request was eventually denied due to opposition from the LAPD and the Parks Department. In 2000 the Parks and Recreation Department and the LAPD attempted to change the duties of the Park rangers by signing an agreement that would make the LAPD responsible for all arrests made in city parks and that Rangers would only be allowed to make arrests if someone's life was in danger. After strong opposition from the Park rangers, the city council eventually rejected the proposed agreement and Park rangers continued with their original peace officer status.",
"title": "Los Angeles Park Ranger Division"
},
{
"docid": "16111558#5",
"text": "After years of concern of pay, the National Park Service and the Office of Personnel Management agreed to consolidate the two series into a single group, to be used only for professional positions and temporary or seasonal positions. The agreement also required that the park service begin using other appropriate technical series for lower paid positions. The protection ranger series was changed to \"GL\"-0025 in 2005.\nThe duties of the modern park ranger are as varied and diverse as the parks where they serve, and in recent years have become more highly specialized - though they often intertwine. Regardless of the regular duties of any one discipline, the goal of all rangers remains to protect the park resources for future generations and to protect park visitors. This goal is accomplished by the professionalism and sometimes overlapping of the different functions and specialties. For example, an interpretive ranger may be trained in and perform fire suppression, emergency medicine, or search and rescue. Law enforcement rangers and other park employees may contribute to the mission of the interpretive ranger by helping park visitors make a personal connection to park resources, and appropriately utilize facilities. The spirit of teamwork in accomplishing the mission of stewardship is underscored by the fact that in many cases, the U.S. National Park Service in particular, park rangers share a common uniform regardless of work assignment.",
"title": "National Park Service ranger"
},
{
"docid": "43600236#4",
"text": "County Park Rangers act as the public safety branch for the Santa Clara County Parks, ensuring the safety of park visitors and protection of park resources. County Park Rangers are considered \"generalists\" and perform the full range of Park Ranger duties including enforcing State laws and Department rules as peace officers, providing information to visitors, checking in campground and picnic reservations, conducting interpretive and public education programs, responding to medical emergencies and accidents to provide medical aid, performing search and rescue activities, fighting wildland fires within County Parks, managing volunteer events, performing resource management work in the areas of habitat conservation & restoration, and performing maintenance work. Park Rangers patrol the parks by truck, foot, boat, bike, and motorcycle. County Park Rangers also serve as boating safety officers and investigate vessel accidents and boating under the influence (BUI) violations on County reservoirs.",
"title": "Santa Clara County Parks and Recreation Department"
},
{
"docid": "11496036#0",
"text": "The \"Junior Ranger Programs\" are activities prepared especially for 5- to 12-year-old visitors to the properties of the National Park Service. Children and their families participate in the program by completing prepared activity books which are generally free, but in a few cases can cost up to $3. The activity books direct children to areas they might otherwise miss, or to things of special interest to the age group. The booklets contain information that helps children and their families discover the importance of a park on their own terms, and decide what the park means to them personally. After completing the specified amount of pages for the child's age group, the participant is awarded a patch, badge and/or certificate, unique to each park. The Yellowstone National Park was the first to start the Junior Ranger program.",
"title": "Junior Ranger Program"
},
{
"docid": "16111558#3",
"text": "They are a fine, earnest, intelligent, and public-spirited body of men, these rangers. Though small in number, their influence is large. Many and long are the duties heaped upon their shoulders. If a trail is to be blazed, it is \"send a ranger.\" If an animal is floundering in the snow, a ranger is sent to pull him out; if a bear is in the hotel, if a fire threatens a forest, if someone is to be saved, it is \"send a ranger.\" If a Dude wants to know the why, if a Sagebrusher is puzzled about a road, it is \"ask the ranger.\" Everything the ranger knows, he will tell you, ex-cept about himself.\nHorace Albright, second director of the National Park Service, called Harry Yount, gamekeeper of Yellowstone National Park, the \"father of the ranger service, as well as the first national park ranger\". Yount was hired in 1880 to enforce the prohibition on hunting in the park. In addition to these duties, he would act as a guide and escort for visiting officials, such as he did in 1880 for the Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz. Although he was paid a yearly salary of $1,000 (out of the park's overall $15,000 yearly budget) he resigned at the end of 1881. Before leaving, he suggested to the superintendent of Yellowstone that \"...the game and natural curiosities of the park be protected by officers stationed at different points of the park with authority to enforce observance of laws of the park maintenance and trails.\" Yount pointed out that it was nearly impossible for one person to protect the game properly over the park's vast expanse.",
"title": "National Park Service ranger"
},
{
"docid": "16111558#0",
"text": "National Park Service rangers are among the uniformed employees charged with protecting and preserving areas set aside in the National Park System by the United States Congress and the President of the United States. While all employees of the agency contribute to the National Park Service mission of preserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources set aside by the American people for future generations, the term \"park ranger\" is traditionally used to describe all National Park Service employees who wear the uniform. Broadly speaking, all National Park Service rangers promote stewardship of the resources in their care - either voluntary stewardship via resource interpretation, or compliance with statute or regulation through law enforcement. These comprise the two main disciplines of the ranger profession in the National Park Service.",
"title": "National Park Service ranger"
}
] |
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] |
2634
|
What are the branches of government?
|
[
{
"docid": "445321#2",
"text": "All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the U.S. Constitution, federal statutes, or treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate, and are organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The various states are then typically subdivided into counties. Louisiana uses the term parish and Alaska uses the term borough for what the Census terms county equivalents in those states.",
"title": "Political divisions of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1222540#2",
"text": "The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into three branches: the executive branch, composed of the Federal Executive Council, presided by the Governor-General, which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia, led by the Prime Minister; the legislative branch, composed of the Parliament of Australia's House of Representatives and Senate; and the judicial branch, composed of the High Court of Australia and the federal courts. Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution, the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters (chapters I to III). The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics, and has been characterised as a \"Washminster mutation\".",
"title": "Government of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "28561#0",
"text": "The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislative branches overlap.",
"title": "Separation of powers"
},
{
"docid": "28561#15",
"text": "Complete separation of powers systems are almost always presidential, although theoretically this need not be the case. There are a few historical exceptions, such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France. Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today: It is run by a seven-member executive branch, the Federal Council. However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament (but not dependent on parliament) and although the judiciary has no power of review, the judiciary is still separate from the other branches.\nAustralia does not maintain a strict separation between the legislative and executive branches of government—indeed, government ministers are required to be members of parliament—but the federal judiciary strictly guards its independence from the other two branches. However, under influence from the American constitution, the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately, and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers. State governments have a similar level of separation of power, but this is generally on the basis of convention, rather than constitution.",
"title": "Separation of powers"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13965029#11",
"text": "Phillips' retirement speech generated debate in Victoria on judicial independence. In the Australian experience, government is separated into three branches, the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Each branch is independent of the others, and is recognised in the Australian Constitution at the federal level. Phillips on his retirement was critical of the intrusion of the executive into the work of the courts, being the judicial branch. For example, the Supreme Court was referred to as \"Business Unit 19\" by the Victorian Government. Phillips did not suggest that the Victorian Government would attempt to influence directly a decision of the court. However, there appeared to be \"What is evolving ...a perception of the court as some sort of unit of functionary within the Department of Justice”.",
"title": "John David Phillips"
},
{
"docid": "2653890#6",
"text": "Despite the uncertainty of Hamilton's original message, the executive branch has played a major role in the United States since its genesis. The Executives have become known as the \"most dangerous\" branch of government because they are the main decision makers regarding all national policies and ideas. The legislative and judiciary branches assist in those decisions, but the president - along with Congress - make the final judgments. To the public, the power seems to remain within the Executives, which goes against what Hamilton originally addressed in Federalist 67, but it also shows the division of branches and their capability.",
"title": "Federalist No. 67"
},
{
"docid": "1208849#10",
"text": "The administrative agencies that are funded from public money may exercise powers granted by Congress. Without appropriate controls and oversight this practice may result in a bureaucracy (in the original literal sense). Some critics have argued that a central paradox at the heart of the American political system is democracy's reliance on what the critics view as undemocratic bureaucratic institutions that characterize the administrative agencies of government.",
"title": "Fourth branch of government"
},
{
"docid": "1234174#6",
"text": "The Constitution also partially prevents the government from expanding its own power by creating a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers. Articles One, Two, and Three of the Constitution create three separate branches of government, equal in level power, but different in responsibility, that all control the government. In assuming each branch would want to expand its powers, it was necessary that each have the ability to fend off power grabs from other branches. The three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial— compete with each other through certain powers that allow them to “check” the others and “balance” the government. Examples of this include the legislative branch's power to override Presidential Vetoes and the judicial branch's power to declare laws created by the legislative branch unconstitutional. James Madison writes in Federalist No. 51 “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others.” Without the capacity of each branch to check the others, power would concentrate with a small minority and could potentially allow the minority to infringe upon the rights of the people. This would be antithetical to the purpose of the Constitution, hence a system of checks and balances was set in place.",
"title": "Limited government"
},
{
"docid": "1208849#15",
"text": "Per Engelhardt: “Classically, … the three branches of government … were to check and balance one another so that power would never become centralized …. The founding fathers [never envisioned] that a \"fourth branch of government\", the national security state, would arise, dedicated to the centralization of power in an atmosphere of total secrecy. In the post-9/11 years, it has significantly absorbed the other three branches.”",
"title": "Fourth branch of government"
},
{
"docid": "37671308#0",
"text": "The legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico is responsible for enacting, amending, and repealing the laws of Puerto Rico. Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the legislative power on the Legislative Assembly—which together with other agencies form the legislative branch. Article IV vests the executive power on the Governor —whom by its nature forms the executive branch— while Article V vests the judicial power on the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico—which by its nature forms the judicial branch. Although the Constitution does not establish such law, the legislative branch is also composed of other agencies which are subject to the Legislative Assembly but are not part of it.",
"title": "Legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "50801786#0",
"text": "The Republic of Honduras is organized according to Title I: On the State of the Honduran Constitution of 1982. According to Title V: Branches of the Government, the three administrative branches are the legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative branch is the Congress of Deputies, which is elected by direct vote. Executive power is held by the president or, in the event of their death, by the vice-president. The judicial branch is composed of a supreme court, a court of appeals and other courts specified by the law.",
"title": "Executive branch of the government of Honduras"
},
{
"docid": "30871984#0",
"text": "The Madisonian model is a structure of government in which the powers of the government are separated into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. This came about because the delegates saw the need to structure the government in such a way to prevent the imposition of tyranny by either majority or minority. James Madison proposed this governmental scheme so that the power and influence of each branch would be balanced by those of the others. The separation of powers is a result of Congress passing laws, the president enforcing laws, and the courts interpreting the laws. The three branches of government are independent from each other, yet cooperate by necessity. In the Federalist Paper No. 51, Madison illustrated his beliefs on how a balance in the power was necessary for a government to exist.",
"title": "Madisonian model"
}
] |
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] |
2636
|
When was the Argentina national basketball team formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "54348874#0",
"text": "The Argentina national basketball team represents Argentina in basketball international competitions, and is controlled by the Argentine Basketball Federation. (). The national team was formed in 1921, playing its first game v. Uruguay that same year.",
"title": "History of the Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "54393269#0",
"text": "Basketball was introduced in Argentina in 1912 by the \"Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes\" (Young Men's Christians Association – YCMA), with the first Federation created in 1921 to organise the competitions. In 1929, the Argentine Basketball Federation (\"Confederación Argentina de Basketball\") was established. The body currently controls the Argentina national team.",
"title": "Basketball in Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "2937490#4",
"text": "The practice of basketball in Argentina was started by \"Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (Young Men's Christians Association – YCMA)\" in 1912., with the first Federation (\"Federación Argentina\") established to organise competitions not only in Buenos Aires but in several cities around Argentina. Argentina played its first international game against Uruguay in 1921.",
"title": "Argentina national basketball team"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "54348874#3",
"text": "The practice of basketball in Argentina was started by \"Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (Young Men's Christian Association – YCMA)\" in 1912. Canadian Professor Paul Phillip was in charge to teach basketball at the YMCA headquarters in Paseo Colón Avenue, Buenos Aires.\nThe first basketball clubs in Argentina were YMCA, Hindú and Independiente. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. In 1913 the first games between Argentine and Uruguayan YCMA are played. One year later, the YCMA organised the first internal championship. In 1919 the Uruguay national team played a game v. local team Nacional, in Buenos Aires.",
"title": "History of the Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "54348874#5",
"text": "In successive years, other clubs such as Ñaró, Estudiantes (LP), River Plate, Gimnasia y Esgrima, Universitario and Racing) registered their teams to the Federation. On August 30, 1929, the Argentine Basketball Federation (current \"Confederación Argentina\") was established, with founder members from Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, La Rioja, North Federation and Bahía Blanca. The Federación Argentina focused on the spread of basketball in Buenos Aires as in the rest of the provinces of Argentina.",
"title": "History of the Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "2937490#5",
"text": "In 1950 Argentina won its first and only World Championship to date, with a squad formed entirely by amateur players, after defeating France (twice), Brazil, Chile, Egypt and the United States in the decisive match.",
"title": "Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "2937490#8",
"text": "Since its establishment, the Argentina national team had worn white kits. In 2002, two light blue horizontal stripes (similar to the National flag) were added to the jerseys. In 2014, Argentina adopted a vertical striped model, in the style of football and field hockey representatives. The jersey debuted in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup.The roster for the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup.",
"title": "Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "54348874#21",
"text": "Two months after the 1967 World Championship, Argentina, lead again by coach Casimiro González Trilla who had replaced Alberto López, took a team with 5 centers and only two guards to the Pan American Games held in Winnipeg (the team finished 6th of 10). In times were the lack of high stature players was a big problem for the national team, 3 players that could have solved the problem either declined to play for the national team, or abandoned basketball altogether: Alberto Desimone never returned to the national team despite his success in Italy, Zoilo Domínguez ended his basketball career, and Tomás Sandor after training more than a month with the NBA's Washington Bullets took a job as an engineer in San Francisco, ending his basketball career. Moreover, Guillermo Riofrío often declined citations.",
"title": "History of the Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "2937490#7",
"text": "2001 was the year when the \"Golden Generation\" raised, winning the first Argentina´s FIBA Americas Championship -held in Neuquen-, where they defeated all of its rivals in the competition. In 2002 the team made history by being the first team to defeat a United States roster composed entirely of NBA players during the 2002 FIBA World Championship. Argentina would reach the finals for the first time since the first World Championship in 1950, But the most important achievement for the squad came in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens when Argentina won their first gold medal (including another victory over the United States at the semifinals). The Olympics title in 2004 is the higher honor and important title of Argentina in the history of the sport in the country.",
"title": "Argentina national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "54393269#4",
"text": "The practice of basketball in Argentina was started by \"Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (Young Men's Christians Association – YCMA)\" in 1912. Canadian Professor Paul Phillip was in charge to teach basketball at the YMCA headquarters in Paseo Colón Avenue, Buenos Aires.\nThe first basketball clubs in Argentina were YMCA, Hindú and Independiente. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. In 1913 the first games between Argentine and Uruguayan YCMA are played. One year later, the YCMA organised the first internal championship. In 1919 the Uruguay national team played a game v. local team Nacional, in Buenos Aires.",
"title": "Basketball in Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "2596728#7",
"text": "Basketball is a very popular sport, mostly in the provinces of Argentina. The Basketball Clubs' Association organizes the Liga Nacional de Básquet, the top level league in the country. Although the National team won the first FIBA World Championship in 1950, the sport did not gain country-wide popularity until the 2000s, when the national team conquered the Olympic gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and had a good performance in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 World Championships finishing on the second, fourth and fifth position respectively. The national team also won the bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Argentine NBA star Manu Ginóbili also won NBA Championship rings in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 as a member of the San Antonio Spurs, the 2007 victory included his compatriot Fabricio Oberto.",
"title": "Sport in Argentina"
}
] |
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2637
|
When was Ignazio Silone born?
|
[
{
"docid": "648679#0",
"text": "Ignazio Silone (; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, a political leader, Italian novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature ten times.",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "648679#10",
"text": "Ignazio Silone was married to Darina Laracy (1917-2003), an Irish student of Italian literature and journalist. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978.Three of Silone's poems were included by Hanns Eisler in his \"Deutsche Sinfonie\", along with poetry by Bertolt Brecht.",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
},
{
"docid": "648679#1",
"text": "Silone was born in a rural family, in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region. His father, Paolo Tranquilli, died in 1911 and in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, he lost many of his family members, including his mother, Marianna Delli Quadri. He left his hometown and finished high school. In 1917, Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
},
{
"docid": "648679#3",
"text": "Silone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union and settled in Switzerland in 1930. While there, he declared his opposition to Joseph Stalin and the leadership of Comintern; consequently, he was expelled from the PCI. He suffered from tuberculosis and severe clinical depression and spent nearly a year in Swiss clinics; in Switzerland, Aline Valangin helped and played host to him and other migrants. As he recovered, Silone began writing his first novel, \"Fontamara\", published in German translation in 1933. The English edition, first published by Penguin Books in September 1934, went through frequent reprintings during the 1930s, with the events of the Spanish Civil War and the escalation towards the outbreak of World War II increasing attention for its subject material.",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
},
{
"docid": "30747419#3",
"text": "Silone was a founding member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), a group which broke away from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and formed in 1921. Silone became one of its covert leaders during the rule of the National Fascist Party. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1929 for being a member of the PCI. Romolo was not a militant; he was, in Silone's words, 'a vaguely anti-fascist young man whose education and feelings were Catholic... Why did he confess he was a Communist? Why did he affirm his confession before the judge of a special tribunal which used his confession to condemn him to 12 years in prison? He wrote to me: \"I have tried to act as I thought you would have in my place\".' Romolo is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Berardo Viola who sacrifices himself and becomes the hero. Romolo died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.",
"title": "Fontamara"
},
{
"docid": "41998479#2",
"text": "Josephine Silone's birth is given variously as 1852, and as November 15, 1859. She was the second daughter of Alexander and Parthenia Reeve Silone, and was born in Mattituck, NY. During her childhood, her family lived with her maternal grandfather, a freed slave, Lymas Reeves. Her mother taught her to read from the Bible. She started school at the age of six, and was rapidly advanced by her teachers.",
"title": "Josephine Silone Yates"
},
{
"docid": "648679#2",
"text": "He was a founding member of the breakaway Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI and died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
},
{
"docid": "51864223#0",
"text": "Elisabeth Darina Laracy Silone (30 March 1917 - 25 July 2003) was an Irish journalist, translator and anti-fascist.\nShe was the wife of the writer Ignazio Silone from 1944 until his death in 1978 .",
"title": "Darina Laracy"
},
{
"docid": "648679#8",
"text": "In the 1990s, Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents which implicated that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1919 until 1930. It is believed that the reason he broke from the Fascist police is because of the torture the inflicted upon his brother. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled \"L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia\".",
"title": "Ignazio Silone"
},
{
"docid": "8206763#1",
"text": "Collino was born in Turin. Up to the age of 14, he worked under his father, Damẻ, from whom he learned wood carving. Along with his brother, Filippo Collino (1737–1801), Ignazio worked in a restrained formal style, intermediate between Baroque and Neoclassicism. He went to apprentice with the bronze sculptor François Ladotte (Francois Ladatte) and in drawing with Claudio Francesco Beaumont in 1744. With Ladotte, he completed a \"Saint Sebastian\".",
"title": "Ignazio Collino"
}
] |
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] |
2638
|
What was Kenny G's first album?
|
[
{
"docid": "9026549#0",
"text": "Kenny G Live is the first live album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1989, and peaked at number 2 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart and number 16 on the \"Billboard\" 200.\nThis album was recorded live at Humphrey's Concerts By The Bay in San Diego, California.",
"title": "Kenny G Live"
},
{
"docid": "1000323#0",
"text": "Kenny G is the debut studio album by American jazz saxophonist Kenny G, released in 1982. It was released by Arista Records in 1982 and reached number 10 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart.",
"title": "Kenny G (album)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19615020#0",
"text": "Rhythm & Romance is the fifteenth studio album (and 1st album under Concord Records) by Kenny G. The first bossa nova album in 2 albums in total made by the artist. It peaked number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and number 14 on the \"Billboard 200\". There was the tour supporting for the album, it called An Evening of Rhythm & Romance.",
"title": "Rhythm & Romance (Kenny G album)"
},
{
"docid": "27926451#1",
"text": "American smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G recorded the song for the \"Heart and Soul\", which was released on June 29, 2010. Unlike most of Kenny G's jazz numbers, \"Fall Again\" is a rhythm and blues ballad. Kenny G plays the saxophone with Thicke on vocals. Kenny G said, \"His (Robin Thicke's) voice is so emotional and soulful, the combination of his voice and my saxophone really hits the perfect tones for my new album.\" Mark Edward Nero of About.com mentioned Kenny G \"is a jazz saxophonist, not an R&B singer. But K.G. has a new, R&B-inspired album\", and \"Robin Thicke is featured on the first single, Fall Again\".",
"title": "Fall Again"
},
{
"docid": "644622#5",
"text": "Kenny G signed with Arista Records as a solo artist in 1982, after label president Clive Davis heard his rendition of ABBA's \"Dancing Queen\". He released his self-titled first album with the help of The Jeff Lorber Fusion. The album received warm reviews from critics. He achieved success quite early on, with both \"G Force\" and \"Gravity\", his second and third studio albums respectively, achieving platinum status in the United States. At that time he collaborated with Kashif on many tracks, such as the single \"Love on the Rise\", which was released in 1985 and went on to chart. His fourth studio album, \"Duotones\", sold over five million copies in the U.S. alone. It featured the songs \"Songbird\", with reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single \"Don't Make Me Wait for Love\", which featured vocals from Lenny Williams, charted at No. 15 on the Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1987. Kenny G worked in the mid-to-late 1980s with jazz and R&B artists such as George Benson, Patti LaBelle and Aretha Franklin. The 1987 hit-single \"Love Power\", a Dionne Warwick duet with Jeffrey Osborne that featured G as a guest saxophonist, peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 5 on R&B/Hip-Hop songs. His first live album, titled \"Kenny G Live\", included popular songs, among which \"Going Home\" achieved great success in the People's Republic of China. G has collaborated with a wide variety of artists, such as Andrea Bocelli, Aaron Neville, Toni Braxton, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Natalie Cole, Steve Miller, Weezer, Dudley Moore, Lee Ritenour, The Rippingtons, Michael Bolton, Celine Dion, Frank Sinatra, Bebel Gilberto and Smokey Robinson. Influenced by saxophonist Grover Washington Jr., his albums are usually classified as smooth jazz.",
"title": "Kenny G"
},
{
"docid": "644622#19",
"text": "G's 14th studio album, \"Brazilian Nights\" was announced on October 28, 2014. According to G, the album was inspired by Cannonball Adderley's bossa nova recordings, Paul Desmond, and Stan Getz. The album was released in January 2015. It helped Kenny G get back to the \"Billboard\" 200, at number 86. He started The Brazilian Tour for the album, traveling throughout North America and many countries in Asia later in the year.",
"title": "Kenny G"
},
{
"docid": "51503050#1",
"text": "Kenny G had his inspiration for the album when he was touring and traveling in Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro. Explaining this, he claimed he loved the Bossa nova genre, the people in Brazil and the nights of dancing and singing. He decided to take the Bossa nova sounds into his new album. The album's deluxe edition also contains 4 live versions of Kenny G's biggest hits, such as \"Forever in Love\" and \"Heart and Soul\".\nThe album brought Kenny G back to the Billboard 200 after 5 years. It's also Kenny's eighth No.1 album in the Billboard Jazz Albums.",
"title": "Brazilian Nights"
},
{
"docid": "2813032#0",
"text": "Classics in the Key of G is the first cover album and ninth studio album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records on June 28, 1999, and reached number 1 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 13 on the Internet Albums chart, number 17 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and number 27 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.",
"title": "Classics in the Key of G"
},
{
"docid": "27484035#0",
"text": "Heart and Soul is the sixteenth studio album by Kenny G, which was released on June 29, 2010. Kenny and renowned studio master Walter Afanasieff (Christina Aguilera, Michael Bolton, Mariah Carey, Céline Dion, Whitney Houston, Mika, Barbra Streisand) produced and arranged the album. On December 1, 2010, it was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Album.\nThe album was also commercially successful, which debuted and peaked at number one in the Billboard Jazz Albums chart on July 17, 2010. It debuted and peaked at number thirty-three in the \"Billboard\" 200 on July 17, 2010.",
"title": "Heart and Soul (Kenny G album)"
},
{
"docid": "9033785#0",
"text": "The Moment is the eighth studio album by American saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1996, and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 2 on the \"Billboard\" 200, number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart.",
"title": "The Moment (Kenny G album)"
}
] |
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] |
2639
|
What's the 'strongest' Magic card?
|
[
{
"docid": "1959087#2",
"text": "The \"Black Lotus\" card can be played at zero cost, and grants three mana (the game's primary resource) when sacrificed (discarded from play). Thus, the card gives the player an enormous jump in the early stages of a \"Magic\" game. Former Pro player and Magic writer Zvi Mowshowitz has declared Black Lotus as the best card of its type of all time, claiming every deck in the history of the game is better with a Black Lotus in it. It has since been banned from all official tournament formats save for Vintage, but even there, it is limited to one copy per deck, compared to the normal allowance of four. The illustration on Black Lotus was painted by Christopher Rush, who was at the time a Wizards of the Coast employee. The Black Lotus illustration is a depiction of a black lotus flower over a foliage backdrop.",
"title": "Power Nine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17093242#19",
"text": "Methodical and ruthless, Chaor is the perfect leader for the UnderWorlders. He is a despotic ruler, a tyrant with brains and an uncontrollable temper. Chaor is a strong, brave and wise leader who expects loyalty above and appreciates when his UnderWorlders go into harm's way to display bravery and loyalty. Chaor's magical powers – the strongest among UnderWorlders – are based on fire and power and designed to cause maximum harm.",
"title": "History of Chaotic Trading Card Game"
},
{
"docid": "6284550#21",
"text": "In this new \"Negima!?\" series, the \"Pactio\" system that allows Negi to perform provisional contracts is revised. The Pactio system gives the new \"Negima!?\" series a more magical girl-like kind of style to the original one. Pactio Cards are now split into three types: Armor (Rare), Cosplay, and Dud (Suka). Typically, the Armor/Rare card is the strongest, bringing forth the true powers of the partner. The Cosplay card gives powers to the partner too, despite being weaker than the Armor ones. The strength comparison is clearly displayed with Nodoka's power. Her Cosplay card gives her one book that reads thoughts, while her Rare card gives her multiple books that can gather information. The Dud card transforms the partner into a super deformed, defenseless version of his/herself, wearing an animal costume (in Nodoka's case, she becomes a seal). Transformation can only be performed through Negi's activation spell; and a card is chosen at random. Duration of Pactio Power is dependent on satiation (the contract ends when the partner becomes hungry). The powers for each provisional contract differ from person to person.",
"title": "Negima!?"
},
{
"docid": "21783582#56",
"text": "Camo slots his cards on the chameleon on his left leg called the Bio Visor which grabs and slots with its tongue.Kamen Rider Strike is the 5th strongest Kamen Rider. He is a close-range fighter armed with a cobra-like scepter and is cunning in battle. Strike, when used by JTC, is one of the more successful Riders, venting more Riders than anyone else in the series. However, he chooses his battles carefully, not wanting to fight at a clear disadvantage. Xaviax manages to upgrade the Strike deck to include two empty contract cards and captures Metalgelas and Evildiver to allow him to use Thrust and Sting's Advent Cards as well as having the Unite Vent card to fuse them into the powerful Cerebeast. This ability was lost when JTC was vented.",
"title": "List of Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight characters"
},
{
"docid": "24357022#2",
"text": "The Zolīte playing deck consists of all the Aces, Kings, Queens, Jacks, Tens and Nines plus the 8 of diamonds and 7 of diamonds. This gives a total of 26 cards. The Queens, Jacks and all Diamonds are permanent trumps giving a total of 14 trumps. The Queen of Clubs is the strongest card in the deck followed in order of strength by the Queen of Spades, Hearts and Diamonds and then the Jack of Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds and then the Ace, Ten, King, 9, 8, 7 of diamonds . The remaining 12 cards are suits of Clubs, Spades and Hearts comprising in order of strength the Ace, Ten, King and 9. All suits are of equal strength.",
"title": "Zole"
},
{
"docid": "1959087#14",
"text": "The Power Nine are among the very few widely recognized cards never to have received updated artwork from their original printing. As a way to rectify this, since 2003, the winner of the annual Vintage Championship has received a unique, oversized Power Nine card featuring brand-new art. These prize cards are considerably larger than actual cards, and therefore cannot be used in play. The five Mox cards feature artwork that represent the settings of the Magic expansions released in their corresponding years. Their artist, Volkan Baga, has also illustrated two other Mox cards—Mox Opal and the reissued Mox Diamond—in the same style. The following cards have been given to the winners:",
"title": "Power Nine"
},
{
"docid": "53919029#16",
"text": "The are strongest order of Magic Knights, the selection of most of its members later revealed to have been part of Patry's design as a majority are reincarnated elves.",
"title": "List of Black Clover characters"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "1630381#2",
"text": "Vernon first fell in love with magic when he was seven years old after his father took him to see a magic show. The first real magic book he ever owned was an early edition of perhaps the most famous card book of them all, \"The Expert at the Card Table\", by S. W. Erdnase. By the time he was 13 he had memorized the contents of the book. He also had a famous encounter with another up-and-coming young magician from his town, Cliff Green, who asked Vernon, \"What kind of magic do you do?\" Vernon responded by asking the boy to name a card. Upon pulling a pack of cards from his pocket, Vernon turned over the top card of the deck to reveal the named card and replied to the speechless Green \"That's the kind of magic I do. What kind of magic do you do?\"",
"title": "Dai Vernon"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2640
|
When was the Arab Republic of Egypt founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "23094850#2",
"text": "On 22–26 July 1952, the Free Officers, a group of disaffected officers in the Egyptian army founded by Gamal Abdel Nasser, and headed by General Muhammad Naguib, initiated the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 with the overthrowing King Farouk, whom the military blamed for Egypt's poor performance in the 1948 war with Israel and lack of progress in fighting poverty, disease, and illiteracy in Egypt. In the following two years, the Free Officers consolidated power, and, following a brief experiment with civilian rule, abrogated the 1953 constitution, and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953, Muhammad Naguib as Egypt's first President.",
"title": "History of the Republic of Egypt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31912046#17",
"text": "For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic (UAR). When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives, and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Although the Arabism instilled in the country by Nasser was not deeply embedded in society, a certain kinship with the rest of the Arab world was firmly established and Egypt saw itself as the leader of this larger cultural entity. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism stressed Egyptian sovereignty and leadership of Arab unity instead of the eastern Arab states.",
"title": "Egyptians"
},
{
"docid": "8087628#42",
"text": "In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"docid": "459040#11",
"text": "Though Syria withdrew from the U.A.R. in 1961, Egypt continued to use the official name of the United Arab Republic until 1971, when the country was renamed officially as the Arab Republic of Egypt. In 1972, when Egypt formed the Federation of Arab Republics along with Syria, and Libya, the U.A.R. flag (whose design Syria would reuse for their own flag, eight years later) was replaced by a common flag for the Federation, once again based on the Arab Liberation flag. The two green stars in the white band were replaced by the Hawk of Qureish, which had been the coat of arms of Syria prior to the formation of the U.A.R. in 1958. The Hawk of Qureish was also adopted as the Federation's coat of arms. The shade of red used in the red band was lightened slightly.",
"title": "Flag of Egypt"
},
{
"docid": "363121#14",
"text": "For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic. When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Pan-Arab politics. Nasser's successor Anwar Al Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms \"Arab,\" \"Arabism,\" and \"Arab unity,\" save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also Liberal age and Republic sections.) Sadat only engaged in Parhaonism for international consumption as when he arranged for the mummy of King Ramses the Great to go to Paris for restoration work in 1974, he insisted the French provide an honor guard at Charles de Gaulle airport to fire a 21 gun salute as befitting a head of state when the coffin containing his corpse touched French soil. Domestically, Pharaonism was discouraged under Sadat who closed the mummy room in the Egyptian Museum for offending Muslim sensibilities, through in private Sadat was said to remark that \"Egyptian kings are not be made a spectacle of\" suggesting a degree of respect for the ancient past. Pharaonism largely exists in Egypt today for the tourist industry, and most Egyptians do not deeply identify with ancient Egypt.",
"title": "Pharaonism"
},
{
"docid": "15091191#7",
"text": "Similarly, when Egypt and Syria united to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) under the banner of pan-Arabism in 1958, Iraqi politicians found themselves in a vulnerable position. Iraqi leaders had no interest in uniting with Egypt and instead proposed and ratified their own pan-Arab union with Hashemite Jordan in May 1958. Great Britain and the United States openly supported this union, but many Iraqis were suspicious of its purpose and regarded the Arab Union of Iraq and Jordan as another \"tool of their Western overlord\".",
"title": "14 July Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "38667910#35",
"text": "In 1964, Egypt, Iraq and North Yemen formed a Unified Political Command in order to prepare the gradual merger in a new \"United Arab Republic\", however, both projects failed in 1966 and 1967. In 1971 and 1972 Muammar Gaddafi attempted to unite Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Syria to form the Federation of Arab Republics. This loose union lasted until 1977 when it split due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar Gaddafi and Habib Bourguiba attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the Arab Islamic Republic. The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of unity of the Maghreb states. This would later become the Arab Maghreb Union.",
"title": "Arab nationalism"
},
{
"docid": "13588#40",
"text": "In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen) known as the United Arab States.",
"title": "History of Egypt"
},
{
"docid": "25522710#9",
"text": "It was not until the Nasser era – more than a decade later – that Arab nationalism, and by extension Arab socialism, became a state policy imposed on the Egyptians by the new dictatorship. Under Nasser, Egypt united with Syria to form the United Arab Republic in 1958, then became known as the \"Arab\" Republic of Egypt in 1961. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Nasser's successor Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms \"Arab\", \"Arabism\" and \"Arab unity\", save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also Egyptian Liberal age and Egyptian Republic.)",
"title": "Coptic identity"
},
{
"docid": "27547048#5",
"text": "In 1958 Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. Stamps were labeled \"United Arab Republic\" or more commonly . After Syria's withdrawal from the union in 1961, Egypt retained its \"United Arab Republic\" name until 1971.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt"
},
{
"docid": "1467150#2",
"text": "The \"Eagle of Saladin\" holds a scroll on which the name of the state appears in Arabic script, \"Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah\" (\"Arab Republic of Egypt\"). The eagle carries on its breast a shield with the flag's colors — but with a vertical instead of a horizontal configuration. When appearing on the national flag, the eagle is rendered entirely in gold and white. During the union with Syria in the United Arab Republic (1958–1961), and in the ten years afterwards when Egypt retained the union's official name, the two green stars of the union's flag appeared in the white band of the eagle's shield. Between 1972–1984 the eagle was replaced by the golden Hawk of Quraish, as part of the symbolism of the Federation of Arab Republics.",
"title": "Coat of arms of Egypt"
}
] |
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] |
2641
|
What is the population of Boden?
|
[
{
"docid": "13905082#0",
"text": "Boden is a locality and the seat of Boden Municipality in Norrbotten County, Sweden with 18,277 inhabitants in 2010. It is part of the larger area around coastal city Luleå some southeast.",
"title": "Boden, Sweden"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13905082#5",
"text": "The army and the municipality are the two largest employers in Boden. As the military is continuously disarming, with the five regiments united into one garrison, the population has decreased by 2,000 people over the past ten years.",
"title": "Boden, Sweden"
},
{
"docid": "13106924#6",
"text": "The \"Big Band Boden e.V. \" is known far beyond the bounds of the Westerwald and cheers concertgoers with a varied musical programme. From classic swing numbers (Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller and others) and vocal classics (Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Michael Bublé) to soul, funk and pop classics, there is a broad programme on offer that has already entertained the 10,000 spectators at the Loreley.Owing to its central location in western Germany and the well developed transport connections, Boden is easy to reach. Along the community runs \"Bundesstraße\" 255, linking Montabaur and Marburg. The nearest Autobahn interchange is \"Montabaur\" an der A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt). The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line. The Kannenbäckerstrasse links Boden to Neuhäusel and runs through the Kannenbäckerland.",
"title": "Boden, Germany"
},
{
"docid": "42987045#2",
"text": "From 1910 and on, the garrison was developed from a pure fortress garrison to a training centre for troops serving in the whole of upper Norrland. More than 60 percent of Norrbotten Regiment were to be used for the field army in case of mobilisation right before the First World War. On 1 January 1914, 709 permanently employed soldiers and officers were stationed in Boden, and 4,710 conscripts were trained in the garrison during the year, this in a locality with a population of 4,952.",
"title": "Boden Garrison"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "38503933#4",
"text": "Alex Boden's education was at Willoughby Public School and North Sydney Boys High School. His father's premises were owned by the pharmacists Washington H. Soul, Pattinson and Co. and one day, while the young Alex was still at school, his father asked his landlord what was the best career for a boy. ' Buyin' and sellin' ' was Dr. Pattinson's counsel. In a greatly expanded sense it could be said that Alex Boden followed this advice.",
"title": "Alexander Boden"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "7809443#9",
"text": "Bondo has a population () of 204, of which 10.3% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of −0.5%.\n, the gender distribution of the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The age distribution, , in Bondo is: 17 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 8 teenagers or 4.4% are 10 to 14, and 4 teenagers or 2.2% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 16 people or 8.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 24 people or 13.3% are 30 to 39, 18 people or 9.9% are 40 to 49, and 29 people or 16.0% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 19 people or 10.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 30 people or 16.6% are 70 to 79, there are 13 people or 7.2% who are 80 to 89, and there are 3 people or 1.7% who are 90 to 99.",
"title": "Bondo, Switzerland"
},
{
"docid": "576409#12",
"text": "According to the 2010 Census, the residence population stood at 11,194,379, an increase of 605,100 (5.71%) from 2000. The male-female ratio was 101.94:100. Children aged up to 14 numbered 1,915,800 (17.11% of the population), citizens 15 to 64 numbered 8,370,600 (74.78%), and 65+ numbered 908,000 (8.11%). The urban area of Baoding has a population of around 1,006,000 (2009). The overwhelming majority of the population is Han Chinese. The language of Baoding is Mandarin Chinese — specifically, the Baoding dialect of Ji-Lu Mandarin. Despite Baoding's proximity to Beijing, the Chinese spoken in Baoding is not particularly close to the Beijing dialect — rather, it is more closely related to Tianjin dialect.",
"title": "Baoding"
}
] |
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] |
2642
|
Is railroading still a thing?
|
[
{
"docid": "1944030#49",
"text": "One possible reason for this difference in design principles between American and European carbuilding practice could be the average distance between stations on the two continents. While most European railroads connected towns and villages that were still very closely spaced, American railroads had to travel over much greater distances to reach their destinations. Building passenger cars with a long passageway through the length of the car allowed the passengers easy access to the restroom, among other things, on longer journeys.",
"title": "Rail transportation in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "737838#0",
"text": "A railfan, rail buff, or train buff (American English), railway enthusiast or railway buff (Australian/British English), trainspotter or anorak (British English, usually derogatory) is a person interested, recreationally, in rail transport. Railfans of many ages can be found worldwide. Railfans often combine their interest with other hobbies, especially photography and videography, radio scanning, model railroading, studying railroad history and participating in railway station and rolling stock preservation efforts. Magazines dedicated to railfanning include \"Trains\" and \"Railfan & Railroad\".",
"title": "Railfan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "737838#28",
"text": "Another appeal of the railroads is the business side of railroading. Railroads were long central to economic growth and commerce, and still are to some extent. The history of railroads and railroaders (such as James J. Hill) is a fascination for some, whether they view them in a positive way as capitalist heroes or in a negative way as robber barons.",
"title": "Railfan"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "19205443#3",
"text": "In 1872, the Coleman Brothers purchased the Buena Vista and Storms ranches, and other properties in the area, as they were developing the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad, known affectionately as the \"Never Come Never Go.\" Completed in 1876, the Railroad connected the area to the transcontinental railroad at Colfax, spurring its agricultural development. Among other things, the Colemans established a saw mill and cleared land of trees to build the Railroad and to feed the Railroad's steam locomotives. Stations in the area were established at Storms Ranch, just south of present Lakewood Lane; at Buena Vista, just south of the present intersection of You Bet Road and Highway 174; and at Peardale. The Railroad provided a good means of transporting agricultural products to market. Still standing at the intersection of Mount Olive and Lower Colfax Roads is the Pacific Fruit Packing Shed, built in 1930 alongside the railroad tracks, to replace an earlier shed which collapsed in a snowstorm.",
"title": "Chicago Park, California"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "34559818#0",
"text": "The Ŭnsan Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Ŭnsan on the P'yŏngra Line to Taegŏn.",
"title": "Ŭnsan Line"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
}
] |
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] |
2643
|
How old is Ruby?
|
[
{
"docid": "17106013#2",
"text": "After her drug and alcohol addicted mother abandons her, child services forces 17-year-old Ruby Cooper to move in with her sister, Cora, who had left for college when Ruby was young. Ruby is upset about this arrangement and continues to wear the key to her old home on a chain around her neck. After learning she will be transferring to a new high school, Ruby attempts to run away but is found out. Nate Cross, Jamie and Cora's next-door neighbor, covers for her. Over the span of the story, Ruby slowly becomes closer to Nate.",
"title": "Lock and Key (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "40825232#1",
"text": "Ruby is the main character of this novel and the story is told entirely from her point of view. She is a 14‑year-old girl. Near the beginning of the book she has a vision of some of the townspeople swimming around her and one person happens to be someone she had never seen before. Ruby gets bullied at school (mainly by June Crouse) as a result of this incident. To make things worse, she has a unique brother who is seen as a freak by others. She receives suspicion after the townspeople learn that her house would be saved from being flooded (Later on, it is revealed that Ruby had to move anyway since the water went further than expected). Her best friend and cousin is Sarah Carson who was always there for Ruby. However, in that year, Sarah moved to another town and leaving Ruby to face her troubles on her own. Later on in the story Ruby falls in love with Troy Rutherford, who happens to be her first love.",
"title": "The Town That Drowned"
},
{
"docid": "25259624#1",
"text": "Fifteen-year-old Ruby reluctantly moves from Boston to Los Angeles after her mother passes away from cancer. She explains that her father, famous actor Whip Logan, divorced her mother before she was even born and the only time she ever saw him was in the movie theater. Another reason why Ruby is sad about leaving is her boyfriend Ray, whom she's in love with. Whip is extremely eager towards Ruby's arrival and insists on spending as much time with her as possible; making her resent the fact that he was never involved in her life before her mother's death. She starts her new high school, but feels out of place with the other students. She does however meet a fellow sophomore named Colette whose mother is also a celebrity. As time goes by, Ruby learns that Ray has been cheating on her with her best friend Lizzie. Whip is able to comfort her and eventually make her feel better. Ruby learns that while she was little, her aunt would arrange secret visit between her and Whip, and that her mother didn't want him involved in her life because he was gay. Ruby and Max, her father's assistant and also his partner in the story, have a very close relationship. The book ends with Ruby making up with Lizzie after she and Ray break up, and winning a leading part in Pygmalion in school along with her boyfriend Wyatt.",
"title": "One of Those Hideous Books Where the Mother Dies"
},
{
"docid": "25768#0",
"text": "Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted,\nreflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto in Japan.",
"title": "Ruby (programming language)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "55669757#1",
"text": "Karp began writing professionally in 2011 at the age of 10 when Molly McAleer, co-founder of Hello Giggles, asked her to contribute to the website by writing \"Ruby's Corner\", a weekly column that covered a variety of topics involving her observations and life experiences. She has also written articles for Mashable titled \"I'm 13 and None of My Friends Use Facebook\", which went viral, and \"How 13-Year-Olds Really Use Snapchat\". In 2017, she published her first book, \"Earth Hates Me\", an inside look at being a teenager. She has also written for Refinery29 as well as the \"Sparklife\" section of the education-oriented blog \"SparkNotes\".",
"title": "Ruby Karp"
},
{
"docid": "8877654#6",
"text": "\"Love, Ruby Lavender\" (Harcourt Brace), was published in 2001 and is about a nine-year-old girl, Ruby, who lives in Halleluia, Mississippi. In this book, her grandmother of a best friend takes a vacation to Hawaii, leaving Ruby to put up with Melba Jane, who has not stop bothering her since the accident with Melba's father and Ruby's grandfather last summer. Ruby writes to and receives many letters from her grandmother, chronicling her summer. The novel was an ALA Notable Children's Book, a BookSense 76 Pick, an NCTE Notable Children's Trade Book in the Language Arts, a New York Public Library 100 Titles For Reading and Sharing title, and a Parent's Guide Children's Media Award Winner.",
"title": "Deborah Wiles"
},
{
"docid": "30139863#1",
"text": "Ruby Button, played by Anna Shaffer, is the younger sister of Duncan Button (Dean Aspen). She made her first on-screen appearance on 3 January 2011. In December 2010, the \"Liverpool Echo\" announced that eighteen-year-old Shaffer would be joining the cast as Ruby. They said the character \"will cause mayhem at the expense of her brother\". Ruby has been described as \"sneaky\". Shaffer also announced her character during the Hollyoaks Christmas Music Show in 2010. Jaci Stephen writing for the \"Daily Mail\" said that Ruby obtaining drugs was the serial's latest in their drug obsession and said it was boring. In a poll run by \"Inside Soap\" to see which Hollyoaks character out of Ruby, Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest), Rae Wilson (Alice Barlow) and Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter) readers most wanted Silas Blissett to kill off next. Ruby came in second place with 21% of the vote.",
"title": "List of Hollyoaks characters (2011)"
},
{
"docid": "30024856#3",
"text": "In December 2010, the \"Liverpool Echo\" reported that eighteen-year-old Shaffer would be joining the cast of \"Hollyoaks\" as Ruby, the sister of Duncan Button (Dean Aspen). Shaffer originally auditioned for the role of Leanne Holiday, but she was later cast as Ruby. Shaffer relocated to Liverpool, where \"Hollyoaks\" is filmed, for the role. She began filming her scenes in late 2010. Shaffer made her first on-screen appearance as Ruby in the episode broadcast on 3 January 2011. In May 2011, it was speculated that Shaffer would be leaving \"Hollyoaks\". However, this was denied and a show spokesperson told Digital Spy \"We don't want to spoil the storylines for the viewers, however we can confirm that Anna Shaffer is with \"Hollyoaks\" for the foreseeable future.\"",
"title": "Ruby Button"
},
{
"docid": "35708018#1",
"text": "The story focuses on Ruby Leander, a nineteen-year-old runaway, who finds a baby in the trash at an Oklahoma rest stop. She makes a split-second decision to take the child as her own, rescuing it from a life of abandonment like her own. Ten years later, she has built a life for herself and her daughter, Lark, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She works as a manicurist and has a steady relationship with boyfriend of three years, Chaz, and is expecting his child. Ruby has told her daughter that her father died in an accident. However, she is forced to face her past when she reads an article in a magazine that shows her daughter as a missing child, thought to have been kidnapped by carjackers. She must decide whether to come clean about Lark's origins or continue to live the lie. She decides to tell Lark how she found her in a car seat dumped in a trash can, that she is not her biological mother, and that the childcare authorities were not involved in any way with her apparently illegitimate adoption.",
"title": "Mothers and Other Liars"
},
{
"docid": "2255162#3",
"text": "Ruby Keene, an 18-year-old dancer at the Majestic Hotel in nearby Danemouth, is reported missing. Josie Turner, Ruby's cousin, dancer and bridge hostess at the Majestic, identifies the dead girl as Ruby. Josie had hurt her ankle, and had Ruby fill in for her as hostess and exhibition dancer with Raymond Starr, the hotel's tennis and dance instructor. Ruby went missing the previous night; Josie had to perform the midnight exhibition dance with Raymond, despite her ankle.",
"title": "The Body in the Library"
},
{
"docid": "52822432#10",
"text": "Ruby Kahn-Bennet--Ruby is the daughter of Zoe and Jane. She is 18 years old, and has little interest in pursuing a college degree after graduation. Instead, she spends the summer after graduation working at her parents' restaurant while taking an SAT preparatory class. During this time, she falls in love with Henry, who is also attending her SAT class, and they begin a relationship that quickly becomes serious.",
"title": "Modern Lovers (novel)"
}
] |
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] |
2644
|
When was the Nehemiah Corporation of America founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "3161730#0",
"text": "Nehemiah Corporation of America is a non-profit organization based in Sacramento, California specializing in homeownership, affordable housing and community development. It started in 1994 as a small organization, but grew to prominence later in the 1990s after it developed a program that allowed home buyers to make down payments on their purchases using funds that were derived from the home sellers. This program, the Nehemiah Program, became popular and was widely emulated, giving birth to what came to be known as the seller-funded down-payment assistance industry. The industry attracted criticism from U.S. federal agencies (particularly the Government Accountability Office and the Internal Revenue Service) and was ultimately shut down in 2008 by a change in federal law.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3161730#11",
"text": "The Milken Institute performed a study of the Nehemiah Program and published a report on it in April 2004 (herein, the \"Milken study\"). Although the report did not explicitly identify the parties who had commissioned the study, its Acknowledgement page listed the Nehemiah Corporation of America, the United States Conference of Mayors, and CitiesFirst. The study generally found that the nationwide surge in home prices in the United States \"created additional wealth\" for recipients of the Nehemiah Program and that an expansion of homeownership had \"positive tax consequences\" for the counties in which the recipients lived.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#5",
"text": "In March 1997, the Nehemiah Progressive Housing Development Corporation filed for approval of its Nehemiah Program with HUD's Sacramento field office. (Here, \"approval\" means that lenders would have written assurance, via an \"approval letter\", that monies received by the borrower from the Nehemiah Program satisfied HUD's guidelines for gift funds.) Nehemiah received a provisional 60-day approval, followed by a six-month approval for a demonstration program. However, similar filings in other HUD field offices were not being approved, so Nehemiah filed for a nationwide approval at HUD's headquarters in Washington. When that approval was not forthcoming, Nehemiah sued HUD in a federal court.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#27",
"text": "The Nehemiah Community Foundation was founded in 2000 and provides grants to various individuals and non-profit and faith-based organizations. The Foundation developed a Wealth Empowerment Program, which provides instructional and other resources related to individual finance and home ownership. In 1997, the Foundation created, and is a co-sponsor of, the Nehemiah Emerging Leaders Program, which facilitates management training for young adults in the Sacramento area.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#26",
"text": "The Nehemiah Community Reinvestment Fund (NCRF) was founded in 1997. It provides funds (via loans and investment capital) to real-estate development projects intended to revitalize low income neighborhoods. As of the end of the 2013 fiscal year, the Fund had assets of approximately $11.0 million, about half of which were held in \"program-related investments\".",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#10",
"text": "In March 2001, HUD asked its OIG to re-examine the performance of FHA insured loans that received down-payment assistance from private nonprofit organizations. The OIG's report was published in September 2002 (herein, the \"OIG 2002 report\"). It found that the default rate for Nehemiah-assisted loans was about double that of other FHA insured loans. It also found that, although the number of loans that had received down-payment assistance from any private nonprofit organization (not just Nehemiah) was a relatively small percentage of the entire FHA pool (at about 4%), the percentage was increasing. For the most recent six months of the OIG's data collection, those loans represented about one in seven of all new FHA insured loans. The report also found that Nehemiah-assisted loans comprised about half of all private-nonprofit-assisted loans (in the full data period).",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#15",
"text": "Legislative responses began in early 2004, when a subcommittee of the House Committee on Financial Services held hearings on a bill that would create a so-called Zero Downpayment Program administered by the FHA. The president of the Nehemiah Corporation gave testimony at those hearings, expressing concern about a provision in the bill that would allow FHA to assess mortgage-insurance premiums that were higher than those required from borrowers who did provide a down payment. With those higher premiums, Nehemiah's president wrote, \"we might as well simply continue to offer the zero down payment option primarily through the down payment assistance industry\". The bill did not become law. Similar bills were introduced in 2005, 2006 and 2007, but also did not become law.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#2",
"text": "The Nehemiah Program is not to be confused with the Nehemiah Housing Opportunity Grants (\"NHOP\") program enacted in 1988 by Title VI of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1987. NHOP ceased operation in 1991 and was unrelated to the program described here.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#1",
"text": "Since 2008, the Nehemiah Corporation has been operating as a social enterprise organization. Via its affiliates and subsidiaries, it has been providing real-estate development capital for low-income neighborhoods, as well as providing instructional and other resources related to individual finance and home ownership. It also sponsors management training for young adults.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
},
{
"docid": "3161730#21",
"text": "In April 2012, an \"ex relatio\" complaint was filed in a federal District Court against five mortgage banks. Although Nehemiah was not a party to this complaint, the allegations related to the banks' treatment of Nehemiah-assisted down payments. In July 2014, the court dismissed the claim, citing a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.",
"title": "Nehemiah Corporation of America"
}
] |
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] |
2645
|
When was Han Hyo-joo born?
|
[
{
"docid": "8179015#0",
"text": "Han Hyo-joo (born February 22, 1987) is a South Korean film and television actress. She is best known for her leading roles in television drama series: \"Spring Waltz\" (2006); \"Brilliant Legacy\" (2009); \"Dong Yi\" (2010) and \"W\" (2016); as well as the film \"Cold Eyes\" (2013), for which she won Best Actress at the 34th Blue Dragon Film Awards, and romance film \"The Beauty Inside\" (2015).",
"title": "Han Hyo-joo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8179015#1",
"text": "Han Hyo-joo was born in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province. Her mother was an elementary school teacher before becoming an inspector for public schools, and her father was an air force officer. As a child, she was good in sports, particularly track and field. In her sophomore year of high school, she moved to Seoul and attended Bulgok High School, despite the objections of her strict and conservative father. She then entered Dongguk University, where she joined the theater and film department.",
"title": "Han Hyo-joo"
},
{
"docid": "8179015#12",
"text": "In 2015, Han starred in the musical biopic \"C'est Si Bon\", which depicted the ups and downs of the folk music group Twin Folio, which was active from the 1960s to 80s. Famous for its live performances, C'est Si Bon was the name of a popular music lounge located in Mugyo-dong in the 1970s, where Twin Folio got its start; Han played the group's muse. This was followed by romantic comedy film \"The Beauty Inside\", where Han's character falls in love with a man who changes to different people every day.",
"title": "Han Hyo-joo"
},
{
"docid": "8179015#2",
"text": "Han was first discovered in a teenage beauty pageant organized by food corporation Binggrae in 2003. She began her acting career in the sitcom \"Nonstop 5\" and the gangster comedy film \"My Boss, My Teacher\". Han later raised her profile by starring in \"Spring Waltz\", the fourth and final installment of TV director Yoon Seok-ho's \"season drama\" series.",
"title": "Han Hyo-joo"
},
{
"docid": "42200881#0",
"text": "Han Joo-wan (born January 10, 1984) is a South Korean actor. He began his acting career in indie short films such as Leesong Hee-il's queer \"Suddenly, Last Summer\" and Lee Sang-woo's \"Exit\" (the latter from Jeonju International Film Festival's annual \"Short! Short! Short!\" omnibus project). Han rose to mainstream popularity in 2013 in the highly rated ensemble TV drama \"Wang's Family\", which led to him being cast in 2014 period drama \"Gunman in Joseon\".",
"title": "Han Joo-wan"
},
{
"docid": "57324064#0",
"text": "Joo Hyun-hee (; born 3 January 1982) is a South Korean badminton player. Joo has joined the Daekyo team when she was in the junior group age. She was part of the Korean girls' team that competed at the 1999 and 2000 Asian Junior Championships, winning the bronze and silver medal respectively. She also won the bronze medal in the girls' doubles event in both competitions. Joo later helped the national junior mixed team won the silver medal at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Guangzhou, China. In the senior international level, she was the runner-up at the 2005 and 2007 Canada International.",
"title": "Joo Hyun-hee"
},
{
"docid": "19436654#1",
"text": "Gong Hyo-jin was born in 1980 in Sinwol-dong, Gangseo District, Seoul, South Korea. When she was a junior in high school, she moved to Australia with her mother and younger brother, while her father remained in Korea to support the family. Gong attended high school at John Paul College in Brisbane. Gong has spoken fondly of her memories of her time there, and in 2011 she was designated as one of the goodwill ambassadors for \"Year of Friendship,\" the 50th anniversary of bilateral relations between Australia and South Korea.",
"title": "Gong Hyo-jin"
},
{
"docid": "577802#1",
"text": "Han, whose mother later became a follower of Sun Myung Moon, was born on January 6, 1943 (lunar calendar). Han attended an all-girls high school in Korea but did not go on to college. She speaks Japanese and English as well as Korean. In April 1960, at the age of 17, Han, by then a member of the Unification Church (which was officially founded in 1954), married Moon who was then 40 years old. \nHan has 14 children, 10 of whom are still living, and as of 1993 had 20 grandchildren and 38 as of 2011. The children are: \ndaughter Ye Jin Moon (1960-); sons Hyo Jin Moon (1962-2008); Hae Jin Moon (1964-1964); daughter In Jin Moon (1965-); son Heung Jin Moon (1966-1984); daughter Un Jin Moon (1967); sons Hyun Jin Moon (1969-); Kook Jin Moon (1970-); Kwon Jin Moon (1970-); daughter Sun Jin Moon (1976-); sons Young Jin Moon (1976-1999); Hyung Jin Moon (1979-); daughters Yeon Jin Moon (1981-); and Jeung Jin Moon (1982-). In Korean culture, as well as other East Asian cultures, a married woman keeps her original family name, with the children taking their father's.",
"title": "Hak Ja Han"
},
{
"docid": "3749361#0",
"text": "Han Ga-in (born Kim Hyun-joo on February 25, 1982) is a South Korean actress. She starred in television series \"Yellow Handkerchief\" and \"Terms of Endearment\" early in her career, and became a sought-after model in commercials. Her projects in 2012 were hugely successful, with her period drama \"Moon Embracing the Sun\" topping the TV ratings chart, and her film \"Architecture 101\" becoming a box office hit.",
"title": "Han Ga-in"
},
{
"docid": "59158767#1",
"text": "Joo was born on May 7, 1990 in Willoughby, Ohio. He was raised in Mentor, Ohio. He attended Mentor High School, but also attended Euclid High School where he completed two years in a commercial art program, graduating in 2008. Joo later attended Lakeland Community College for a short time.",
"title": "Johnny Joo"
}
] |
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] |
2646
|
Do the Romani have a specific language?
|
[
{
"docid": "7796495#7",
"text": "There are three simple stop positions in the Romani language. These come from the Indo-Aryan and are maintained in every dialect of this language. The positions are as follows; labial /p/, dental /t/, and velar /k/. Along with these stop positions, there are also palatal positions which are unique to the Romani language. Specific voicing alterations have changed grammatical endings and different dialects have different ways of interpreting vowels. Some have morphed into newer versions of the Romani language and others have implemented other elements like screams.",
"title": "Baltic Romani"
},
{
"docid": "26152#78",
"text": "Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the Romani language, an Indo-Aryan language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate loanwords and calques into Romani from the languages of those countries and especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the \"Ciganos\" of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and Scandinavian Travellers have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the mixed languages Caló, Angloromany, and Scandoromani. Most of the speaker communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe.",
"title": "Romani people"
},
{
"docid": "7796495#8",
"text": "In the Romani language, the noun changes the endings of sentences to show meaning. It is used to illustrate how that specific word acts in sentence and is similar to Latin. Romani verbs are similar to those in the Italian, Spanish, and Latin languages. Depending on who is committing the action, the verb ending changes. There are many different verb endings in Romani which change the meaning of words. There are also different verb endings according to past and present tense in the language. The language also has grammatical genders as there are both masculine and feminine words. There are definite articles in this language along with, \"different articles for masculine and feminine nouns, for subject and non-subject and for singular and plural articles\".",
"title": "Baltic Romani"
},
{
"docid": "146609#0",
"text": "Romani (; also Romany; ) is any of several languages of the Romani people belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. According to Ethnologue, seven varieties of Romani are divergent enough to be considered languages of their own. The largest of these are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself.",
"title": "Romani language"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3787354#3",
"text": "Language standardization is presently also being pursued in the revival of the Romani language among various groups – in Spain, Great Britain and elsewhere – which have ceased to speak the language. In these cases, a specific dialect is not revived, but rather a standardized form derived from many dialects is developed. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of Standard Romani with the extant Caló words inserted back, aiming to both the Gitano tradition and communication with other Romani people.",
"title": "Romani language standardization"
},
{
"docid": "4538473#2",
"text": "The Romani people are today found in many countries. Typically, Romani adopt given names that are common in the country of their residence. Seldom do modern Romani use traditional names from their own language, such as Papush, Luludi, Patrin, etc. Being the only Indo-Aryan language that has been spoken exclusively around Europe since the Middle Ages, speakers use many terms for their language. They generally refer to their language as \"řomani čhib\" translated as ‘the Romani language’, or \"řomanes\", ‘in a Rom way’. The English term, Romani, has been used by scholars since the 19th Century, where previously they had used the term 'Gypsy Language'.",
"title": "Romani society and culture"
},
{
"docid": "8873294#3",
"text": "The Romani people originate from Northern India, most likely from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab. Linguistic evidence indicates that the roots of Romani language lie in India; the language shares grammatical characteristics with Indian languages, as well as a large part of the basic lexicon, such as body parts or daily routines. More specifically, Romani shares its basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.\nThe results of a genetic study in 2012 suggest that the Romani originated in North Western India and migrated as a group. The study indicates that the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of North India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestors of modern European Roma.",
"title": "Romani people in the Czech Republic"
},
{
"docid": "4538473#1",
"text": "Linguistic and phonological research has traced the Roma people's first place of origin to places in the Indian subcontinent, specifically linking Proto-Romani groups to Central India. Many report in extracts from popular literature that Romani emerged from the North-west regions of India, rather than from Central India. Features of phonological developments which emerged during the early transition stage from Old to Middle Indic prove that the history of Romani began in Central India. \nThe Romani language shares many features with the Central Indo-Aryan languages such as the Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi and Rajasthani languages; it also shares connections with Northern Indo-Aryan languages like Kashmiri, and the language itself contains a cluster of Persian and Arabic words. Linguists use these phonological similarities as well as features of phonological developments which emerged during the early transition stage from Old to Middle Indic to conclude that the history of Romani began in Central India.\nOther factors such as blood groups and unwritten customs also suggest Central Indian origins of the Roma. The Roma find issues with documenting their own exact origin due to a lack of finding specific records left by ancestors. Their history however is retold by clan family customs, such as singing and storytelling. \nRecords cannot identify exactly why the Roma migrated from India; there are a number of possible motives, such as famine and military invasions on the part of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) and/or Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030 CE).",
"title": "Romani society and culture"
},
{
"docid": "7796495#12",
"text": "Baltic languages, such as Baltic Romani, have unique rules that their numerals follow when they are written. Their numerals govern their nominals but not to the degree that Slavic languages do. Baltic genitives mark partial objects and sometimes subjects and also play a prominent role in the syntax of numeral constructions. Baltic languages are very similar as both Latvian and Latvian Romani share the same opposition of preverbs and verb particles.",
"title": "Baltic Romani"
},
{
"docid": "146609#7",
"text": "Romani shares a number of features with the Central Zone languages. The most significant isoglosses are the shift of Old Indo-Aryan \"r̥\" to \"u\" or \"i\" (Sanskrit ', Romani ' 'to hear') and \"kṣ-\" to \"kh\" (Sanskrit ', Romani ' 'eye'). However, unlike other Central Zone languages, Romani preserves many dental clusters (Romani ' 'three', ' 'brother', compare Hindi ', '). This implies that Romani split from the Central Zone languages before the Middle Indo-Aryan period. However, Romani shows some features of New Indo-Aryan, such as erosion of the original nominal case system towards a nominative/oblique dichotomy, with new grammaticalized case suffixes added on. This means that the Romani exodus from India could not have happened until late in the first millennium.",
"title": "Romani language"
},
{
"docid": "2127241#9",
"text": "The origins of the Romani language are in India, and the core of the vocabulary and grammar still resemble modern Indic languages like Urdu, Kashmiri, and Punjabi. Linguists have been investigating the dialects of Romani since the second half of the eighteenth century, and although there are no ancient written records of the language, it has been possible to reconstruct the development of Romani from the medieval languages of India to its present forms as spoken in Europe. Although the language remains similar at its core, it is sometimes quite difficult for Romani people from different regions to understand one another if they have not had any exposure to other dialects before.",
"title": "Angloromani language"
}
] |
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] |
2647
|
How many units of the Sega Genesis were sold?
|
[
{
"docid": "2639573#30",
"text": "Sega sold 30.75 million Genesis units worldwide. Of these, 3.58 million were sold in Japan, and sales in Europe and the U.S. are roughly estimated at 8 million and 18–18.5 million as of June 1997 (at which time Sega was no longer manufacturing the system) respectively. In 1998, Sega licensed the Genesis to Majesco Entertainment in North America so it could re-release the console. Majesco began reselling millions of formerly unsold cartridges at a budget price, together with 150,000 units of the second model of the Genesis. It released the Sega Genesis 3, projecting to sell 1.5 million units of the console by the end of 1998. An estimated 3 million Genesis units were sold by Tec Toy in Brazil.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#3",
"text": "30.75 million first-party Genesis units were sold worldwide. In addition, Tec Toy sold an estimated three million licensed variants in Brazil, Majesco projected it would sell 1.5 million licensed variants of the system in the United States, and much smaller numbers were sold by Samsung in South Korea. By the mid-2010s, licensed third-party Genesis rereleases were still being sold by AtGames in North America and Europe. Many games have been rereleased in compilations or on online services such as the Nintendo Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam. The Genesis was succeeded in 1994 by the Sega Saturn.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2639573#49",
"text": "The Mega-CD sold only 100,000 units during its first year in Japan, falling well below expectations. Although many consumers blamed the add-on's high launch price, it also suffered from a tiny software library; only two games were available at launch. This was due in part to the long delay before Sega made its software development kit available to third-party developers. Sales were more successful in North America and Europe, although the novelty of FMV and CD-enhanced games quickly wore off as many of the system's later games were met with lukewarm or negative reviews. In 1995, Sega announced a shift in focus to its new console, the Saturn, and discontinued all advertising for Genesis hardware, including the Sega CD. The add-on sold 2.24 million units worldwide.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#28",
"text": "In order to extend the life of the Genesis, Sega released two add-ons to increase its capabilities: a CD-based peripheral known as the Sega CD (Mega-CD outside North America), and a 32-bit peripheral known as the Sega 32X. 2.24 million Sega CD units were sold worldwide, and an estimated 665,000 32X units were sold by the end of 1994.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#29",
"text": "Following the launch of the next-generation 32-bit Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, sales of 16-bit hardware and software continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995. Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis and did not have the inventory to meet demand for the product. Sega was able to capture 43% of the dollar share of the U.S. video game market and claimed to have sold more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995, while Genesis software such as \"Vectorman\" remained highly successful, but Kalinske estimated that \"we could have sold another 300,000 Genesis systems in the November/December timeframe.\" Nakayama's decision to focus on the Saturn over the Genesis, based on the systems' relative performance in Japan, has been cited as the major contributing factor in this miscalculation. By contrast, Nintendo concentrated on the 16-bit home console market, as well as its successful handheld, the Game Boy. As a result, Nintendo took in 42% of the video game market dollar share, without launching a 32-bit console to compete directly with the PlayStation or the Saturn. Following tensions with Sega Enterprises, Ltd. over its focus on the Saturn, Kalinske, who oversaw the rise of the Genesis in 1991, grew uninterested in the business and resigned in mid-1996.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "58798706#26",
"text": "In spite of the launch of the PlayStation and the Saturn, sales of 16-bit hardware/software continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995. Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis, and did not have the inventory to meet demand for the product. Sega was able to capture 43% of the dollar share of the U.S. video game market and sell more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995, but Kalinske estimated that \"we could have sold another 300,000 Genesis systems in the November/December timeframe.\" Nakayama's decision to focus on the Saturn over the Genesis, based on the systems' relative performance in Japan, has been cited as the major contributing factor in this miscalculation. According to Sega Technical Institute head Roger Hector, after Sony's release of the PlayStation, the atmosphere at Sega became political, with \"lots of finger-pointing\".",
"title": "History of Sega"
},
{
"docid": "29035#17",
"text": "In spite of the launch of the PlayStation and the Saturn, sales of 16-bit hardware/software continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995. Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis, and did not have the inventory to meet demand for the product. Sega was able to capture 43% of the dollar share of the U.S. video game market and sell more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995, but Kalinske estimated that \"we could have sold another 300,000 Genesis systems in the November/December timeframe.\" Nakayama's decision to focus on the Saturn over the Genesis, based on the systems' relative performance in Japan, has been cited as the major contributing factor in this miscalculation.",
"title": "Sega Saturn"
},
{
"docid": "29032#2",
"text": "While the Sega CD became known for several well-received games such as \"Sonic CD\" and \"\", its game library contained a large number of Genesis ports and poorly-received FMV games. 2.24 million Sega CD units were sold by March 1996, after which Sega discontinued the system to focus on the Sega Saturn. Retrospective reception is mixed, with praise for individual games and additional functions, but criticism for its lack of deep games, high price, and support from Sega.",
"title": "Sega CD"
},
{
"docid": "541025#0",
"text": "The Sega CD, originally released as the in most regions outside of North America and Brazil, is an add-on device for the Sega Genesis video game console, designed and produced by Sega. It was released in Japan in 1991, North America in 1992 and in PAL regions in 1993. The device adds a CD-ROM drive to the console, allowing the user to play CD-based games and providing additional hardware functionality. It can also play audio CDs and CD+G discs. While the add-on did contain a faster central processing unit than the Genesis, as well as some enhanced graphics capabilities, the main focus of the device was to expand the size of games. Known for several games such as \"Sonic CD\" and for the controversy of violent video games including \"Night Trap\", the Sega CD sold 2.24 million units worldwide. It was officially discontinued in 1996.",
"title": "List of Sega CD games"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#55",
"text": "Sega released a combined, semi-portable Genesis/Sega CD unit called the Genesis CDX (marketed as the Multi-Mega in Europe). This unit retailed at $399.95 in the U.S. (roughly $100 more than the individual Genesis and Sega CD units put together, since the Sega CD dropped its price to $229 half a year before), and was bundled with \"Sonic CD\", \"Sega Classics Arcade Collection\", and the Sega CD version of \"Ecco the Dolphin\". The CDX features a small LCD screen that, when the unit is used to play audio CDs, displays the current track being played. With this feature and the system's lightweight build (weighing two pounds), Sega marketed it in part as a portable CD player.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
}
] |
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] |
2648
|
Is pankration still an Olympic sport?
|
[
{
"docid": "24245#39",
"text": "The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not list pankration among Olympic sports, but the efforts of Savvidis E. A. Lazaros, founder of modern Pankration Athlima, the technical examination programma, the endyma, the shape of the Palaestra and the terminology of Pankration Athlima, the sport was accepted by FILA, known today as United World Wrestling, which governs the Olympic wrestling codes, as an associated discipline and a \"form of modern Mixed Martial Art\". Pankration was first contested at the World Combat Games in 2010. The international federation is United World Wrestling. Under UWW the pankration competitions have two styles:There are also pro tournaments and federations like MFC modern fighting pankration. These competitions are similar to professional mixed martial arts. There are many UFC stars with pankration backgrounds like American UFC champion Demetrious Johnson, Russians Ali Bagautinov, and Khabib Nurmagomedov. Johnson's coach, Matt Hume, is the founder and head trainer at AMC Pankration in Kirkland, WA.",
"title": "Pankration"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24245#0",
"text": "Pankration (; ) was a sporting event introduced into the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and was an empty-hand submission sport with scarcely any rules. The athletes used boxing and wrestling techniques, but also others, such as kicking and holds, locks and chokes on the ground. The only things not acceptable were biting and gouging out the opponent's eyes.",
"title": "Pankration"
},
{
"docid": "24245#8",
"text": "By the Imperial Period, the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport (spelled in Latin as \"pancratium\") into their Games. In 393 A.D., the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by edict by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. Pankration itself was an event in the Olympic Games for some 1,400 years.",
"title": "Pankration"
},
{
"docid": "228344#4",
"text": "In Ancient Greece, there was a sport called pankration, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to those found in modern MMA. Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, first featured in the 33rd Olympiad in 648 BC. All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging, which were banned. The fighters, called pankratiasts, fought until someone could not continue or signaled submission by raising their index finger; there were no rounds. According to E. Norman Gardiner, 'No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration.' From its origins in Ancient Greece, pankration was later passed on to the Romans.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts"
},
{
"docid": "735092#10",
"text": "Freestyle wrestling is an international discipline and an Olympic sport, for both men and women. This style allows the use of the wrestler's or his opponent's legs in offense and defense. Freestyle wrestling has its origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling and the prime victory condition in this style involves the wrestler winning by throwing and pinning his opponent on the mat. American high school and college wrestling is conducted under different rules and is termed scholastic and collegiate wrestling. \nPankration, from the Greek words \"pan\" and \"kratos\" meaning \"the one who controls everything\", is a world heritage martial art with the distinction of being the only martial sport in the ancient Olympic Games from 648 BC to 393 AD. Modern amateur pankration is a form of mixed martial arts (MMA) that incorporates techniques from multiple systems. Matches are fought with both grappling holds and by striking techniques.",
"title": "Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "19098431#26",
"text": "The pankration was introduced in the 33rd Olympiad (648 BC). Boys' pankration became an Olympic event in 200 BC, in the 145th Olympiad.\nAs well as techniques from boxing and wrestling, athletes used kicks, locks, and chokes on the ground. Although the only prohibitions were against biting and gouging, the pankration was regarded as less dangerous than boxing.",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"docid": "24245#9",
"text": "There were neither weight divisions nor time limits in pankration competitions. However, there were two or three age groups in the competitions of antiquity. In the Olympic Games specifically there were only two such age groups: men (andres – ἄνδρες) and boys (paides – παῖδες). The pankration event for boys was established at the Olympic Games in 200 B.C.. In pankration competitions, referees were armed with stout rods or switches to enforce the rules. In fact, there were only two rules regarding combat: no eye gouging or biting. Sparta was the only place eye gouging and biting was allowed. The contest itself usually continued uninterrupted until one of the combatants submitted, which was often signalled by the submitting contestant raising his index finger. The judges appear, however, to have had the right to stop a contest under certain conditions and award the victory to one of the two athletes; they could also declare the contest a tie.",
"title": "Pankration"
},
{
"docid": "24245#4",
"text": "Pankration, as practiced in historical antiquity, was an athletic event that combined techniques of both boxing (pygmē/pygmachia – πυγμή/πυγμαχία) and wrestling (palē – πάλη), as well as additional elements, such as the use of strikes with the legs, to create a broad fighting sport very similar to today's mixed martial arts competitions. There is evidence that, although knockouts were common, most pankration competitions were probably decided on the ground where both striking and submission techniques would freely come into play. Pankratiasts were highly skilled grapplers and were extremely effective in applying a variety of takedowns, chokes and joint locks. In extreme cases a pankration competition could even result in the death of one of the opponents, which was considered a win.",
"title": "Pankration"
},
{
"docid": "11544727#9",
"text": "Powers, as an executive producer, has a television special and film under development. Since 2000, he has been active in a non-profit youth development program with the ancient Greek Olympic sport of pankration as its activity platform.",
"title": "Johnny Powers (wrestler)"
},
{
"docid": "758041#1",
"text": "The name was based on \"pankration\", a fighting sport in the Ancient Olympic Games. Suzuki and Funaki practised catch wrestling. They based the promotion and its rules on professional wrestling. The promotion's champions were called \"King of Pancrase\".",
"title": "Pancrase"
},
{
"docid": "24245#37",
"text": "The preparation of pankratiasts included a very wide variety of methods, most of which would be immediately recognizable by the trainers of modern high level athletes, including competitors in modern mixed martial arts competitions. These methods included among others the periodization of training; a wealth of regimens for the development of strength, speed-strength, speed, stamina, and endurance; specialized training for the different stages of competition (i.e., for anō pankration and katō pankration), and methods for learning and engraining techniques. Among the multitude of the latter were also training tools that appear to be very similar to Asian martial arts Forms or \"kata\", and were known as \"cheironomia\" (χειρονομία) and \"anapale\" (ἀναπάλη). Punching bags (\"kōrykos\" κώρυκος \"leather sack\") of different sizes and dummies were used for striking practice as well as for the hardening of the body and limbs. Nutrition, massage, and other recovery techniques were used very actively by pankratiasts.At the time of the revival of the Olympic Games (1896), pankration was not reinstated as an Olympic event.",
"title": "Pankration"
}
] |
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] |
2649
|
Is Austin a tech city?
|
[
{
"docid": "1998#41",
"text": "The Greater Austin metropolitan statistical area had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $86 billion in 2010. Austin is considered to be a major center for high tech. Thousands of graduates each year from the engineering and computer science programs at the University of Texas at Austin provide a steady source of employees that help to fuel Austin's technology and defense industry sectors. The region's rapid growth has led \"Forbes\" to rank the Austin metropolitan area number one among all big cities for jobs for 2012 in their annual survey and WSJ Marketwatch to rank the area number one for growing businesses. By 2013, Austin was ranked No. 14 on \"Forbes\"' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers (directly below Dallas, No. 13 on the list). As a result of the high concentration of high-tech companies in the region, Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late 1990s and subsequent bust. Austin's largest employers include the Austin Independent School District, the City of Austin, Dell, the U.S. Federal Government, NXP Semiconductors, IBM, St. David's Healthcare Partnership, Seton Family of Hospitals, the State of Texas, the Texas State University, and the University of Texas at Austin.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "16906534#0",
"text": "Silicon Hills is a nickname for the cluster of high-tech companies in the Austin metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas. The name is analogous to Silicon Valley, but refers to the hilly terrain on the west side of Austin. High tech industries in the area include enterprise software, semiconductors, corporate R&D, biotechnology, gaming, and a variety of startup companies.",
"title": "Silicon Hills"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1998#2",
"text": "Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers, and a vibrant LGBT community. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series \"Austin City Limits\". The city also adopted \"Silicon Hills\" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan \"Keep Austin Weird\", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. In the late 19th century, Austin was known as the \"City of the Violet Crown\", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term \"Violet Crown\" in their name. Austin is known as a \"clean-air city\" for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "54538010#1",
"text": "Austin formerly operated its City Hall at 124 West 8th Street. Antoine Predock and Cotera + Reed Architects designed a new city hall building, which was intended to reflect what \"The Dallas Morning News\" referred to as a “crazy-quilt vitality, that embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high-tech swagger.” The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage. The City Hall at 301 W 2nd St opened in November 2004.",
"title": "Austin City Hall (Austin, Texas)"
},
{
"docid": "1998#101",
"text": "Austin formerly operated its city hall at 128 West 8th Street. Antoine Predock and Cotera Kolar Negrete & Reed Architects designed a new city hall building, which was intended to reflect what \"The Dallas Morning News\" referred to as a \"crazy-quilt vitality, that embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high-tech swagger.\" The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage. The city hall, at 301 West Second Street, opened in November 2004. The mayor of Austin is Steve Adler.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "1998#42",
"text": "Other high-tech companies with operations in Austin include 3M, Apple, Amazon, AMD, Apartment Ratings, Applied Materials, ARM Holdings, Bigcommerce, BioWare, Blizzard Entertainment, Buffalo Technology, Cirrus Logic, Cisco Systems, Dropbox, eBay, PayPal, Electronic Arts, Flextronics, Facebook, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Hoover's, HomeAway, Hostgator, Intel Corporation, National Instruments, Nvidia, Oracle, Polycom, Qualcomm, Inc., Rackspace, RetailMeNot, Rooster Teeth, Samsung Group, Silicon Laboratories, Spansion, United Devices, and Xerox. In 2010, Facebook accepted a grant to build a downtown office that could bring as many as 200 jobs to the city. The proliferation of technology companies has led to the region's nickname, \"Silicon Hills\", and spurred development that greatly expanded the city.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "1998#18",
"text": "After the mid-20th century, Austin became established as one of Texas' major metropolitan centers. In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Austin's population as 14.5% Hispanic, 11.9% black, and 73.4% non-Hispanic white. In the late 20th century, Austin emerged as an important high tech center for semiconductors and software. The University of Texas at Austin emerged as a major university.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "8244912#8",
"text": "The Lone Star State helped popularize this musical style throughout the world and made the Texas cowboy an international icon that would forever be identified with country music. Although many people may think of country music when they think of the Lone Star State, Texas actually encompasses a wide variety of ethnic musical genres and regional styles.\nTexas has a vibrant live music scene in Austin boasting more music venues per capita than any other U.S. city, befitting the city's official slogan as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\". Austin's music revolves around the many nightclubs on 6th Street and an annual film, music, and multimedia festival known as South by Southwest. The longest-running concert music program on American television, \"Austin City Limits\", was videotaped at the University of Texas at Austin campus. \"Austin City Limits\" and Waterloo Records run the Austin City Limits Music Festival, an annual music and art festival held at Zilker Park in Austin.",
"title": "Culture of Texas"
},
{
"docid": "3354353#0",
"text": "Austin Energy is a publicly owned utility providing electrical power to the city of Austin, Texas and surrounding areas. Established in 1895, the utility is a department of the City of Austin and returns its profits to the city's general fund to finance other city services. Austin Energy is the United States' 8th largest public utility, serving more than 440,000 customers and more than one million residents (as of 2015) within a service area of approximately , including Austin, Travis County and a small portion of Williamson County.",
"title": "Austin Energy"
},
{
"docid": "1998#48",
"text": "According to the Nielsen Company, adults in Austin read and contribute to blogs more than those in any other U.S. metropolitan area. Austin residents have the highest internet usage in all of Texas. In 2013, Austin was the most active city on Reddit, having the largest number of views per capita. Austin was selected as the No. 2 Best Big City in \"Best Places to Live\" by \"Money\" magazine in 2006, and No. 3 in 2009, and also the \"Greenest City in America\" by MSN. According to \"Travel & Leisure\" magazine, Austin ranks No. 1 on the list of cities with the best people, referring to the personalities and attributes of the citizens. In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by \"CBS Money Watch\". In 2015, \"Forbes\" listed Austin as #1 Boom Town because of its economic strength, including jobs among other appealing attributes.",
"title": "Austin, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "40058848#0",
"text": "The Austin City Hall, at 90 South St. in Austin, Nevada, was built in 1866, when Austin was prosperous as a new silvermining city, and served as a city hall and jail. It has also been known as Austin Station House, as Austin American Legion Hall, and as Austin VFW Hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It was deemed significant for serving Austin during most of the 1864-1881 period during which Austin was legally a city. The building was transferred to the local Knights of Pythias chapter and extended in c.1904; it was bought by the local American Legion chapter in 1947, and, as of 2003, continued to serve as a location for American Legion and for VFW meetings.",
"title": "Austin City Hall (Austin, Nevada)"
}
] |
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2650
|
Where is Bosnia?
|
[
{
"docid": "3114713#0",
"text": "Bosnia (/Босна; ) is the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, encompassing roughly 81% of the country; the other eponymous region, the southern part, is Herzegovina. \"Bosnia\" is an informal term for the whole country.",
"title": "Bosnia (region)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3463#17",
"text": "Bosnia is first mentioned \"as a land (horion Bosona)\" in Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus' \"De Administrando Imperio\" in the mid 10th century, at the end of a chapter (Chap. 32) entitled \"Of the Serbs and the country in which they now dwell\". This has been scholarly interpreted in several ways and used especially by the Serb national ideologists to prove Bosnia as originally a \"Serb\" land. Other scholars have asserted the inclusion of Bosnia into Chapter 32 to merely be the result of Serbian Grand Duke Časlav's temporary rule over Bosnia at the time, while also pointing out Porphyrogenitus does not say anywhere explicitly that Bosnia is a \"Serb land\". In fact, the very translation of the critical sentence where the word \"Bosona\" (Bosnia) appears is subject to varying interpretation.",
"title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"
},
{
"docid": "32456301#0",
"text": "ǂHaba (ǂHabá) is a variety of the Khoe languages spoken in Botswana. Traditionally included in the Gǁana dialect cluster, it appears to be closer to Naro. It is endangered, with most ǂHaba speaking Naro.",
"title": "ǂHaba language"
},
{
"docid": "18273013#0",
"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations () are the bilateral relations between the two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Russia. Bosnia is one of the countries where Russia has contributed troops for the NATO-led stabilization force. Russia recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 April 1992.",
"title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "711738#0",
"text": "ǂʼAmkoe, formerly called by the dialectal name ǂHoan (Eastern ǂHȍã, ǂHûân, ǂHua, ǂHû, or in native orthography \"ǂHȍȁn\"), is a severely endangered Kxʼa language of Botswana. West ǂʼAmkoe, Taa (or perhaps the Tsaasi dialect of Taa), and Gǀui form the core of the Kalahari Basin sprachbund, and share a number of characteristic features, including some of the largest consonant inventories in the world. ǂʼAmkoe was shown to be related to the Juu languages by Honken and Heine (2010), and as a result was classified along with the !Kung language in the Kxʼa language group.",
"title": "ǂʼAmkoe language"
},
{
"docid": "711738#2",
"text": "ǂʼAmkoe is spoken in three areas in southeastern Botswana, corresponding to three dialects. Recent surveys found the following locations: \nNǃaqriaxe and ǂHoan are closest, collectively referred to as West ǂʼAmkoe; Sasi is referred to as East ǂʼAmkoe.",
"title": "ǂʼAmkoe language"
},
{
"docid": "715630#0",
"text": "Gǁana (pronounced in English, and also spelled \"ǁGana, Gxana, Dxana, Xgana\") is a Khoe dialect cluster of Botswana. It is closely related to Naro, and includes the well-known dialect Gǀwi, which has the majority of speakers.",
"title": "Gǁana language"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "3217319#0",
"text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).",
"title": "Ơ"
}
] |
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] |
2651
|
Who is Guy Fox?
|
[
{
"docid": "12707#0",
"text": "Guy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York, England; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic.",
"title": "Guy Fawkes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "4694623#3",
"text": "Eric Cartman has an intense dislike for the television program \"Family Guy\". When he learns that an episode of the show is to feature a depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, he exploits fears of retaliation to urge Fox, the network on which \"Family Guy\" airs, to pull the episode. Cartman pretends to be a sickly Danish kid with a broken leg, telling the Fox executives that his father was killed by terrorists during the \"Jyllands-Posten\" Muhammad cartoons controversy and pleading that they pull the \"Family Guy\" episode. His story touches the executives, who encourage him to try to persuade the writers to yield. Kyle, who likes \"Family Guy\", arrives at the Fox Studio to foil Cartman's plans, but is knocked unconscious by an ally of Cartman's, a kid resembling Bart Simpson who, also wanting to destroy \"Family Guy\", restrains Kyle in a supply shed.",
"title": "Cartoon Wars Part II"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "28025488#0",
"text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.",
"title": "ㅅ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49691423#0",
"text": "ㅖ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅖ is U+3156.",
"title": "ㅖ"
}
] |
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2652
|
How large are pomelos?
|
[
{
"docid": "379788#5",
"text": "The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia.\nTypically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white (or, more rarely, pink or red) flesh, and a very thick albedo (rind pith). It is a large citrus fruit, in diameter, usually weighing . Leaf petioles are distinctly winged.\nThe typical pomelo is much larger than the grapefruit, and also has a much thicker rind. It tastes like a sweet, mild grapefruit (believed to be a hybrid of \"Citrus maxima\" and the orange). The flesh has none, or very little, of the common grapefruit's bitterness. The enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded.",
"title": "Pomelo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44212519#0",
"text": "Pomelo the Garden Elephant is a series of French children's books about a tiny elephant who lives under a dandelion and has many misadventures because his trunk is unusually long. Pomelo first appeared in the children's book \"Pomelo est bien sous son pissenlit\" in 2003. Written by Ramona Badescu and with illustrations by Benjamin Chaud, the book was first published in France by Albin Michel Jeunesse and has been translated into twelve languages.",
"title": "Pomelo the Garden Elephant"
},
{
"docid": "49246509#7",
"text": "The tree grows with a twisted trunk of to varying heights of . It has needles on the branchlets, aged limbs and trunk. Its leaves are large with petioles in the shape of wings, a dull green colour, and an elliptical or oblong egg shape. The flowers are sweet-smelling, and fruits are formed in globular, egg, or pear shapes, with the width varying from . The colour of the juicy pulp is pink or red. Segments of the fruit are easy to remove. The outer skin of the fruit is a greenish-yellow colour. In matured fruit, the number of seeds varies from eight to ten. The fruit contains vitamin C and beta carotene.",
"title": "Devanahalli pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "39527518#0",
"text": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase (, \"epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:CoM transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate transferase\", \"coenzyme M-epoxyalkane ligase\", \"epoxyalkyl:CoM transferase\", \"epoxypropane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxypropyl:CoM transferase\", \"EaCoMT\", \"2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\", \"(R)-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (cyclizing\", \"(R)-1,2-epoxypropane-forming)\") is an enzyme with systematic name \"(R)-(or (S)-)2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction",
"title": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase"
},
{
"docid": "379788#0",
"text": "The pomelo, Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis, is the largest citrus fruit from the Rutaceae family. It is a natural (non-hybrid) citrus fruit, similar in appearance to a large grapefruit, native to South and Southeast Asia. The pomelo is one of the original citrus species from which the rest of cultivated citrus hybridized. The popular fruit is used in many Chinese festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia.",
"title": "Pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
] |
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] |
2653
|
What was the first Point and Click video game?
|
[
{
"docid": "26757970#0",
"text": "An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving. The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres. Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult. \"Colossal Cave Adventure\" is identified as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include \"Zork\", \"King's Quest\", \"The Secret of Monkey Island\", and \"Myst\".",
"title": "Adventure game"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26757970#31",
"text": "As computers gained the ability to use pointing devices and point-and-click interfaces, graphical adventure games moved away from including the text interface and simply provided appropriate commands the player could interact with on-screen. The first known game with such an interface was \"Enchanted Scepters\" (1984) from Silicon Beach Software, which used drop-down menus for the player to select actions from while using a text window to describe results of those actions. In 1985, ICOM Simulations released \"Déjà Vu\", the first of its MacVenture series, utilized a more complete point-and-click interface, including the ability to drag objects around on the current scene, and was a commercial success. LucasArts' \"Maniac Mansion\", released in 1987, used a novel \"verb-object\" interface, showing all possible commands the player could use to interact with the game along with the player's inventory, which became a staple of LucasArts' own adventure games and in the genre overall. The point-and-click system also worked well for game consoles, with games like Chunsoft's \"Portopia Serial Murder Case\" (1985) and Square's \"Suishō no Dragon\" (1986), both on the Nintendo Entertainment System using the controller input instead of text-based actions.",
"title": "Adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "2367370#0",
"text": "Clock Tower is a survival horror point-and-click adventure video game series created by Hifumi Kono. The series includes four games in total. The first entry, \"Clock Tower\" (1995), was developed by Human Entertainment and released on the Super Famicom exclusively in Japan. Human Entertainment developed two more entries, \"Clock Tower\" (1996) and \"\" (1998), which were released on the PlayStation and localized outside Japan. The fourth and most recent title, \"Clock Tower 3\" (2002), was by Sunsoft and Capcom for the PlayStation 2. Gameplay in the series generally involves the player hiding and escaping from enemy pursuers without any weapons to defeat them. Scissorman is a reoccurring antagonist and sometimes the sole enemy in the game.",
"title": "Clock Tower (series)"
},
{
"docid": "37446267#2",
"text": "Robinson works from home as an independent video game developer under her own indie game label \"Ivy Games\". She started in 2005. The first game she ever designed, \"Spooks\", was about a dead girl who tries to save a goldfish. The game was designed on MS Paint. When she first started designing video games she kept it a secret from her friends because she thought it was \"super geeky.\" She develops the concept, mechanics, and artwork, but she hires computer programmers to code the game logic. Many of her games have a retro design feel. Her early games were released as freeware. These freeware games included \"Spooks\", \"Little Girl in Underland\", \"Nanobots,\" She has released two independently funded games: [Puzzle Bots] \"(a point and click puzzle adventure game) and\" [Gravity Ghost] \"(a game about a ghost girl on a mission to save the galaxy).\" In the game Gravity Ghost she experimented with alternative forms of game story-telling, which allows the player to learn how to navigate the fictional world as the same rate as the character. She has stressed the importance of the introspective journey to this particular game. She has done artwork for Blackwell Unbound.",
"title": "Erin Robinson"
},
{
"docid": "11134447#3",
"text": "\"Clock Tower\" is a point-and-click adventure game with 3D graphics. The player may use a PlayStation controller or mouse to move the cursor on the screen. The cursor will change shape when placed over certain objects, which the player can click to interact with. Clicking in any location will guide the player character in that direction. Moving the cursor to the top of the screen will reveal the player's inventory. Clicking an item and then clicking an object on the screen will use the item on that object or in that location. Some items such as keys are used automatically when clicked.\nThe player character has three levels of strength. The strength level is indicated by the cursor which will either be white, flashing yellow, or red. Strength will decrease after extreme actions or being attacked by the game's enemy, Scissorman, and recovers with time. When the character's life is being threatened, the cursor will blink red, indicating panic mode. If the character is being chased, click points are only effective on objects that will make Scissorman retreat. In escape mode, actions do not lower strength and recovery is suspended. This mode stays active until Scissorman is somehow forced to retreat. If the player's strength reaches zero, then it is game over and the player must continue from the last room they entered with one level of strength.",
"title": "Clock Tower (1996 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "32408640#19",
"text": "\"Quest for Glory\" (1992) was produced by Sierra Entertainment, known for point-and-click adventure games, and combined CRPG and adventure-game mechanics into a unique, genre-bending mix. The series featured involved stories, complex puzzles, and arcade-like combat. The last of its five titles was released in 1998. It was originally conceived as a tetralogy built around the themes of the four cardinal directions, the four classical elements, the four seasons and the four mythologies. The designers felt that the series' storyline made \"\" too difficult, and so inserted a fifth game, \"\", into the canon and renumbered the series.",
"title": "History of Western role-playing video games"
},
{
"docid": "865747#4",
"text": "In another interview, David Gray also admitted to being inspired by \"Captain Comic\" by Michael Denio, stating \"This was the first computer game I saw with large cartoon like characters that moved fluidly and I tried to emulate it.\" He also mentioned that the Windows Point-and-Click port was inspired by \"Beneath a Steel Sky\".",
"title": "Hugo's House of Horrors"
},
{
"docid": "217046#32",
"text": "1995 saw the release by publisher U.S. Gold of \"\" by video game developers Clipper Software, a classic point-and-click adventure game. In 2005, Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side-scrolling platform game \"The Three Musketeers\" for Windows XP and Windows Vista. In July 2009, a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title . In 2009, Canadian developer Dingo Games self-published \"\" for Windows and Mac OS X. It is the first game to be truly based on the novel (in that it closely follows the novel's story). 2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game \"The Three Musketeers \"The Queen's Pendants\"\" (\"Настольная игра \"Три мушкетера\"\") from French designer Pascal Bernard by the Russian publisher Zvezda. In 2010 a co-operative game called \"Mousquetaires du Roy\" was released by Ystari and Rio Grande. The alternative spelling of \"Roy\" was taken from the old French and is rumoured to be preferred over the regular spelling because the publisher's desire to have a letter \"Y\" in the name of the games they publish. Designed by François Combe and Gilles Lehmann for 1-5 players, the medium heavy game depicts the quest to retrieve the Queen's diamonds, while at the same time fending off disasters back in Paris. A sixth player expansion, called \"Treville\" was also made available in 2010.",
"title": "The Three Musketeers"
},
{
"docid": "4467335#1",
"text": "The game is a first-person adventure game similar to \"Myst\" with a point and click interface however, the player may also pan around a location by clicking and dragging the mouse. Clicking the mouse to go in a certain direction results in a transition video showing the player's movement.",
"title": "Morpheus (1998 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2654
|
What's the largest volcanic geyser?
|
[
{
"docid": "13034#17",
"text": "Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale, containing thousands of hot springs, and approximately 300 to 500 geysers. It is home to half of the world's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins. It is located mostly in Wyoming, USA, with small portions in Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone includes the world's tallest active geyser (Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin), as well as the renowned Old Faithful Geyser, Beehive Geyser, Giantess Geyser, Lion Geyser, Plume Geyser, Aurum Geyser, Castle Geyser, Sawmill Geyser, Grand Geyser, Oblong Geyser, Giant Geyser, Daisy Geyser, Grotto Geyser, the Fan & Mortar Geysers, & the Riverside Geyser, all in the Upper Geyser Basin which alone contains nearly 180 geysers.",
"title": "Geyser"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13434097#0",
"text": "The Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley is the hydrothermal system created on 10 June 1886 by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera, on the North Island of New Zealand. It encompasses Lake Rotomahana, the site of the Pink and White Terraces, as well as the location of the Waimangu Geyser, which was active from 1900 to 1904. The area has been increasingly accessible as a tourist attraction and contains Frying Pan Lake, which is the largest hot spring in the world, and the steaming and usually pale blue Inferno Crater Lake, the largest geyser-like feature in the world although the geyser itself cannot be seen since it plays at the bottom of the lake.",
"title": "Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley"
},
{
"docid": "13034#18",
"text": "The Valley of Geysers (\"Dolina Geyzerov\" in Russian) located in the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia is the only geyser field in Eurasia and the second largest concentration of geysers in the world. The area was discovered and explored by Tatyana Ustinova in 1941. Approximately 200 geysers exist in the area along with many hot-water springs and perpetual spouters. The area was formed due to a vigorous volcanic activity. The peculiar way of eruptions is an important feature of these geysers. Most of the geysers erupt at angles, and only very few have the geyser cones that exist at many other of the world's geyser fields. On June 3, 2007, a massive mudflow influenced two thirds of the valley. It was then reported that a thermal lake was forming above the valley. Few days later, waters were observed to have receded somewhat, exposing some of the submerged features. Velikan Geyser, one of the field's largest, was not buried in the slide and has recently been observed to be active.",
"title": "Geyser"
},
{
"docid": "34340#36",
"text": "The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin. Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin. A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone. Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year. Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 thermal features altogether. Half of the world's geysers and hydrothermal features are concentrated in Yellowstone.\nIn May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.",
"title": "Yellowstone National Park"
},
{
"docid": "13034#20",
"text": "The Taupo Volcanic Zone is located on New Zealand's North Island. It is long by and lies over a subduction zone in the Earth's crust. Mount Ruapehu marks its southwestern end, while the submarine Whakatane volcano ( beyond White Island) is considered its northeastern limit. Many geysers in this zone were destroyed due to geothermal developments and a hydroelectric reservoir, but several dozen geysers still exist. In the beginning of the 20th century, the largest geyser ever known, the Waimangu Geyser existed in this zone. It began erupting in 1900 and erupted periodically for four years until a landslide changed the local water table. Eruptions of Waimangu would typically reach and some superbursts are known to have reached . Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth's crust below the zone may be as little as thick. Beneath this lies a film of magma wide and long.",
"title": "Geyser"
},
{
"docid": "245174#17",
"text": "The West Thumb Geyser Basin , including Potts Basin to the north, is the largest geyser basin on the shores of Yellowstone Lake. The heat source of the thermal features in this location is thought to be relatively close to the surface, only 10,000 feet (3,000 m) down. West Thumb is about the same size as another famous volcanic caldera, Crater Lake in Oregon, but much smaller than the great Yellowstone Caldera which last erupted about 640,000 years ago. West Thumb is a caldera within a caldera.",
"title": "Geothermal areas of Yellowstone"
},
{
"docid": "13434097#12",
"text": "North of this area, on the slope of Mt Haszard, is Inferno Crater, filled with a striking pale blue lake of highly acidic water with a pH as low as 2.2. The crater was blasted into the side of the mountain as part of the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption event and remains the site of the largest geyser-like feature in the world. Although the actual geyser plays at the bottom of the lake and cannot be seen, a handful of active fumaroles are visible on the shore and the cliff face behind the lake. The water level of this up-to- lake follows a complicated rhythmic cycle that is interconnected with the nearby Frying Pan Lake.",
"title": "Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley"
},
{
"docid": "41066648#0",
"text": "Inferno Crater Lake is a large hot spring located in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley on the North Island of New Zealand, and the largest geyser-like feature in the world. The actual geyser is not visible, as it plays underwater at the bottom of the lake, however, fumaroles are visible on the lake's shore and the rock wall behind it.",
"title": "Inferno Crater Lake"
},
{
"docid": "34442175#3",
"text": "After the volcanic eruption at Mount Tarawera and Lake Rotomahana of 10 June 1886, Alfred and his brothers Arthur and Joe joined the rescue operations. Alfred established himself as a local guide, and worked in this capacity for the next few years. He also contested the Eastern Maori electorate in the and came third of four candidates. He never accepted that the Pink and White Terraces at Lake Rotomahana were destroyed, and become involved in the public debates concerning their fate. In 1903 he was appointed as head guide of the trip to Waimangu Geyserthen the largest geyser in the world organised by Department of Tourist and Health Resorts. On 30 August 1903, the geyser suddenly erupted killing Joe and three other tourists in vicinity.",
"title": "Alfred Warbrick"
},
{
"docid": "13034#21",
"text": "Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in Iceland, it is home to some famous geysers in the world. Geysers and hot springs are distributed all over the island. Many of the geysers are located in Haukadalur. Geysers are known to have existed in at least a dozen other areas on the island. \"The Great Geysir\", which first erupted in the 14th century, gave rise to the word \"geyser\". By 1896, Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day, but in 1916, eruptions all but ceased. Throughout much of the 20th century, eruptions did happen from time to time, usually following earthquakes. Some man-made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions. Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened the giant for a time but it is not currently erupting regularly. The nearby Strokkur geyser erupts every 5–8 minutes to a height of some .",
"title": "Geyser"
}
] |
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] |
2655
|
When was the character Zatanna Zatara first introduced?
|
[
{
"docid": "559328#3",
"text": "Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Murphy Anderson, Zatanna first appeared in \"Hawkman\" #4 (November 1964). When she is introduced, she is on a quest to find her father Zatara who made his first appearance in \"Action Comics\" #1 but had not been published regularly for several years. The storyline crossed multiple comics published by DC at the time, culminating in issues of \"Justice League of America\", also written by Fox.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "559328#0",
"text": "Zatanna Zatara () is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Gardner Fox and Murphy Anderson, and first appeared in \"Hawkman\" #4 (November 1964).",
"title": "Zatanna"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "559328#38",
"text": "Zatanna is a recurring character in the final three seasons of \"Smallville\", portrayed by actress Serinda Swan, marking her first appearance in live-action. The character first appeared late in season eight, in the episode \"Hex\". She is described as the daughter of the deceased John Zatara, \"the world's greatest magician\". Zatanna is introduced at the Ace of Clubs, the scene of Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack)'s birthday party. To enliven things, Zatanna uses magic to make characters' inner desires come true—Chloe is physically transformed to resemble her cousin, Lois Lane (Erica Durance), for example, and Clark (Tom Welling) becomes \"normal\". Zatanna later approaches Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) and offers him a deal: she will grant him a wish if he returns her father's magical book to her. Once she acquires the Book of Zatara from Green Arrow, whom she recognizes as Oliver, she reveals her aim is to use it to resurrect her father. Because Clark is vulnerable to magic, and Oliver lacks the power to stop her, Zatanna has to realize for herself that her father sacrificed himself so she could live. She later goes to Oliver to explain herself, and decides to help him if he encounters any supernatural foes along the way by leaving him her phone number. Swan reprises the role in the ninth season of \"Smallville\" in the episode titled \"Warrior\". In season ten episodes which feature the government attempting to hunt down the Justice League, Zatanna's picture is shown among their targets. Although not portrayed by Swan, an actor in costume represents Zatanna in the episode \"Icarus\". In the episode \"Fortune\", Zatanna is used as a plot device; the episode establishes her as having sent an enchanted bottle of wine to Clark and Lois on the night of their engagement party, which sets the events of that episode in motion.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "559328#31",
"text": "The 1978 \"DC Super Dictionary\" invented a character, Conjura, who had the same magic ability as Zatanna, in addition to possessing a time-traveling amulet.In the Amalgam Comics universe, Zatanna is merged with Scarlet Witch of the Avengers to form a character known as Wanda Zatara, the White Witch.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "698413#12",
"text": "At the conclusion of Alan Moore's \"American Gothic\" storyline in \"Swamp Thing\" (Vol. 2) #50 (which was tied to the events of the \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\"), John Constantine comes to get Zatanna, Mento and Sargon the Sorcerer to come together to help demonic and divine forces in other hellish dimensions battle the entity known as the 'Great Evil Beast'. The séance is held at Wintersgate Manor, the home of Baron Winters in Georgetown, Washington D.C., which is also a temporal threshold to other planes of reality. Because Constantine had previously taken Zatanna to a \"tantric studies meeting,\" Zatara will not let Zatanna out of his sight with Constantine present, and by his very presence, is forced to take part in the seance to which he was not invited. The Beast, which is so tall its thumb alone looms over Hell, takes notice of their group twice. The first glimpse dooms Sargon, whom Zatara convinces to 'die like a Sorcerer' and not break the holding of hands. Sargon burns to death nobly. The second glance literally heats up Zatanna. Zatara willingly takes the effect onto himself, dying (his smoldering hat lands on the table) but sparing his daughter's life.",
"title": "Zatara"
},
{
"docid": "7475213#0",
"text": "Zachary Zatara is a fictional character in the DC Universe. Zachary is a descendant of the Homo Magi just like his cousin Zatanna and uncle John Zatara. He first appeared in \"Teen Titans (vol. 3)\" # 34, and was created by Geoff Johns and Tony Daniel.",
"title": "Zachary Zatara"
},
{
"docid": "698413#11",
"text": "Zatanna, Zatara's daughter from a \"Homo magi\" mother, was introduced in a multipart crossover in which she attempted to find her father, and he attempted to stop her at every turn because he knew that a spell had been placed upon them both that would cause them to both die if they saw one another. This adventure includes Zatara confronting an evil warlock on a world where nothing changes or grows older. Zatara steals his adversary's teleportation crystal in a somewhat-successful attempt to stop the man from invading Earth. Zatara ends up trapped in the land of Kharma by a sorceress called Allura, whom he had trapped in the Sword of Paracelsus. Allura turned out to have a good twin, also called Allura, who forced her to remove the spell.",
"title": "Zatara"
},
{
"docid": "559328#12",
"text": "In \"Detective Comics\" #833 (August 2007), it is stated that Zatanna's father was a friend of Thomas Wayne. Zatara trained Bruce Wayne in the art of escape, and Bruce and Zatanna were childhood friends although Batman believes that he has never met her in \"Justice League of America\" #51, and her only memory of meeting him is while she was disguised. Bruce helps Zatanna investigate the death of one of her former assistants; all clues point to a performer named Ivar Loxias. Loxias is revealed to be the Joker in disguise; he shoots Zatanna in the throat and incapacitates Batman. Zatanna is able to heal herself by writing a curing spell in her own blood, and she is instrumental in foiling the Joker's scheme. Bruce puts Zatanna's betrayal behind him, allowing the two to renew their friendship.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "698413#13",
"text": "Since then he has made sporadic appearances in the afterlife, including resurrecting Mason O'Dare in \"Starman\" #80, and the \"Seven Soldiers: Zatanna\" miniseries. In the \"Reign of Hell\" mini-series, Zatara is part of a general resistance movement operating in Hell. He is caught up in the various conflicts and is slain a second time in Hell by a rampaging Lobo. As with most of the 'dead', he risks becoming fodder for Hell, a torment where the physicallity of the damned is used for general resources such as building material. By manipulating his blood to form words, he asks Zatanna to consign his soul to the 'abyss', a realm Hell cannot affect. Zatanna does so, tormented that she must now destroy her father's essence.",
"title": "Zatara"
},
{
"docid": "559328#5",
"text": "She briefly was featured in backup features in \"Adventure Comics\" and \"Supergirl\" from 1971 to 1973. Zatanna assists the Justice League of America on a few missions before being elected to membership in \"Justice League of America\" #161 (Dec. 1978). Soon after Zatanna joined the group, the identity of her mother was revealed in a multi-issue storyline. Zatanna teamed with Superman in \"DC Comics Presents\" and with Batman in \"The Brave and the Bold\". A ten-page short story in \"DC Special Blue Ribbon Digest\" #5 (Nov.–Dec. 1980) revealed new details about Zatara's origin and how Zatanna's quest to locate her father began. During her tenure with the Justice League, her power level diminishes, so that she can only control the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water. She starred in a backup feature in \"World's Finest Comics\" #274–278 and the limitation of her powers is reversed in \"World's Finest Comics\" #277 (March 1982). She assists Wonder Woman and several other superheroines in fighting an extraterrestrial threat.",
"title": "Zatanna"
}
] |
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] |
2656
|
Where is the Australian soap opera Neighbours filmed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1704758#0",
"text": "Ramsay Street is the fictional cul-de-sac in which the characters of the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" live. The street is set in the equally fictional Melbourne suburb of Erinsborough. \"Neighbours\" storylines primarily centre on the residents of the Street, which was named after the grandfather of original character Max Ramsay (Francis Bell). A storyline within the show saw the name of the street nearly changed to Ramsbottom Street. Harold Bishop (Ian Smith) led a protest against it and won.",
"title": "Ramsay Street"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8293591#3",
"text": "\"Neighbours\" is an Australian soap opera that first aired on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. The first season aired at 5:30 pm in Sydney, at 6:00 pm in Melbourne and Adelaide, and at 7.00 pm in Brisbane. \"Neighbours\" underperformed in Sydney, where it was then moved to a 3.30 pm timeslot. By September 1985, the show was cancelled by Seven after 170 episodes. \"Neighbours\" was then picked up by rival network Ten, where it began screening with episode 171 on 20 January 1986 at 7:00 pm. In March 1992, the show moved to the 6:30 pm timeslot to avoid direct competition from rival soap opera \"Home and Away\" on the Seven Network. In 2011, Ten moved \"Neighbours\" to its digital secondary channel 10 Peach (formerly Eleven), due to poor ratings. The show began screening on 10 Peach on 11 January 2011, the channel's launch day. \"Neighbours\" currently airs at 6:30 pm each weeknight, and is the longest running drama series in Australian television.",
"title": "Screening of soap operas in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "43531340#0",
"text": "Matthew James \"Matt\" Turner is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Josef Brown. The actor was cast shortly after he completed a guest stint on rival soap opera \"Home and Away\". Brown relocated to Melbourne for filming and he shot his first scenes as Matt in October 2012. The character was created and introduced to \"Neighbours\" along with his family, as part of a major overhaul of the show's cast. He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 7 February 2013. Brown departed \"Neighbours\" on 25 March 2015, following Matt's death. Brown reprised the role for one episode on 9 August 2016.",
"title": "Matt Turner (Neighbours)"
},
{
"docid": "914291#56",
"text": "The Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\" was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. The show's storylines concern the domestic and professional lives of the people who live and work in the fictional suburb of Erinsborough, Melbourne. Seven decided to commission the show following the success of Watson's other soap opera, \"Sons and Daughters\". \"Neighbours\" underperformed in the Sydney market and it struggled for four months before Seven cancelled it. The show was immediately bought by rival network, Ten. Ten began screening \"Neighbours\" on 20 January 1986. \"Neighbours\" has since become the longest running series in Australian television and attained great success in the United Kingdom and launched the careers of several international stars, including Kylie Minogue and Guy Pearce.",
"title": "Television in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "24837269#0",
"text": "\"Neighbours\" is an Australian television soap opera that has aired since 18 March 1985. The series, its writers and directors have been nominated for a variety of different accolades, including 83 Logie Awards, 31 AWGIE Awards, over 250 \"Inside Soap\" Awards, 11 \"All About Soap\" Awards and 15 National Television Awards. The series has won 31 Logie Awards, making it the second most successful recipient behind fellow soap opera \"Home and Away\".",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Neighbours"
},
{
"docid": "5902864#0",
"text": "\"Neighbours\" is a long-running Australian television soap opera that was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. The following is an alphabetical list of all the regular characters and cast members that have appeared in the soap.",
"title": "List of past Neighbours characters"
},
{
"docid": "363882#12",
"text": "In 2007, he made a cameo appearance in the Australian soap opera, \"Neighbours\", in scenes filmed in London with Natalie Bassingthwaighte.",
"title": "Julian Clary"
},
{
"docid": "4732861#0",
"text": "Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. It was created by TV executive Reg Watson, who proposed the idea of making a show that focused on realistic stories and portrayed adults and teenagers who talk openly and solve their problems together. Seven decided to commission the show following the success of Watson's shorter-lived soap \"Sons and Daughters\", which aired on the network. Although successful in Melbourne, \"Neighbours\" underperformed in the Sydney market and struggled for months before Seven cancelled it. The show was immediately bought by rival network Ten. After taking over production of the show, the new network had to build replica sets because Seven destroyed the originals to prevent its rival from obtaining them. Ten began screening \"Neighbours\" on 20 January 1986, beginning where the previous series left off and commencing with episode 171. \"Neighbours\" has since become the longest running drama series in Australian television and in 2005, it was inducted collectively into the Logie Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Neighbours"
},
{
"docid": "27571231#0",
"text": "Natasha \"Tash\" Williams is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", played by Valentina Novakovic. The role of Natasha is Novakovic's first acting job and she relocated from Sydney to Melbourne for filming. Natasha was introduced to \"Neighbours\" along with her father, Michael Williams (Sandy Winton) and she made her debut screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 5 May 2010. In November 2012, Novakovic confirmed that she would be leaving \"Neighbours\" and she filmed her final scenes in December. Natasha departed on 29 March 2013.",
"title": "Natasha Williams (Neighbours)"
},
{
"docid": "27009#98",
"text": "Attempts to replicate the success of daily teen-oriented serials \"Neighbours\" and \"Home and Away\" saw the creation of \"Echo Point\" (1995) and \"Breakers\" (1999) on Network Ten. These programs foregrounded youthful attractive casts and appealing locations but the programs were not long-running successes and \"Neighbours\" and \"Home and Away\" remained the most visible and consistently successful Australian soap operas in production. In their home country, they both attracted respectable although not spectacular ratings in the early 2000s. By 2004, \"Neighbours\" was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode – considered at that time a low figure for Australian prime time television. By March 2007, the Australian audience for \"Neighbours\" had fallen to fewer than 700,000 a night. This prompted a revamp of the show's cast, its visual presentation, and a move away from the recently added action-oriented emphasis to refocus the show on the domestic storylines it is traditionally known for. During this period \"Neighbours\" and \"Home and Away\" continued to achieve significant ratings in the UK. This and other lucrative overseas markets, along with Australian broadcasting laws that enforce a minimum amount of domestic drama production on commercial television networks, help ensure that both programs remain in production. Both shows get higher total ratings in the UK than in Australia (the UK has three times the total population of Australia) and the UK channels make a major contribution to the production costs.",
"title": "Soap opera"
},
{
"docid": "9688520#0",
"text": "\"Neighbours\" is a long-running Australian television soap opera that was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985. The following is an alphabetical list of recurring characters and cast members that have appeared in the soap. Recurring characters who later became regular characters are not included, neither are characters that were regular and returned as recurring.",
"title": "Recurring characters of Neighbours"
}
] |
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2657
|
What are the seven virtues?
|
[
{
"docid": "945930#12",
"text": "Augustine of Hippo, discussing the morals of the church, described them:\nThe \"cardinal\" virtues are not the same as the three theological virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity (Love), named in 1 Corinthians 13. \n\"And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love.\"\nBecause of this reference, a group of seven attributes is sometimes listed by adding the four cardinal virtues (prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice) and three theological virtues (faith, hope, charity).\nTogether, they comprise what is known as the seven virtues. While the first four date back to Greek philosophers and were applicable to all people seeking to live moral lives, the \"theological virtues\" appear to be specific to Christians as written by Paul in The New Testament.",
"title": "Cardinal virtues"
},
{
"docid": "1439959#0",
"text": "The \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" defines virtue as \"a habitual and firm disposition to do the good.\" Traditionally, the seven Christian virtues or heavenly virtues combine the four classical cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance and courage (or fortitude) with the three theological virtues of faith, hope and charity. These were adopted by the Church Fathers as the seven virtues.",
"title": "Seven virtues"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1439959#6",
"text": "It should be noted, however, that these seven virtues do not correspond to the seven heavenly virtues arrived at by combining the cardinal and theological virtues. Furthermore, efforts in the Middle Ages to set the seven heavenly virtues in direct opposition to the seven capital sins are both uncommon and beset with difficulties. “[T]reatises exclusively concentrating on both septenaries are actually quite rare.” and “examples of late medieval catalogues of virtues and vices which extend or upset the double heptad can be easily multiplied.” And there are problems with this parallelism.",
"title": "Seven virtues"
},
{
"docid": "1439959#2",
"text": "The moral virtues are attitudes, dispositions, and good habits that govern one's actions, passions, and conduct according to reason; and are acquired by human effort. Immanuel Kant said, \"Virtue is the moral strength of the will in obeying the dictates of duty\". The cardinal virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.Philosophers recognized the interrelatedness of the virtues such that courage without prudence risks becoming mere foolhardiness. Aquinas found an interconnection of practical wisdom (\"prudentia\") and moral virtue. This is frequently termed \"the Unity of the Virtues.\" Aquinas also argued that it not only matters what a person does but how the person does it. The person must aim at a good end and also make a right choice about the means to that end. The moral virtues direct the person to aim at a good end, but to ensure that the person make the right choices about the means to a good end, one needs practical wisdom.",
"title": "Seven virtues"
},
{
"docid": "945930#14",
"text": "Later, in the High Middle Ages, some authors opposed the seven virtues (cardinal plus theological) to the seven capital sins. However, “treatises exclusively concentrating on both septenaries are actually quite rare.” and “examples of late medieval catalogues of virtues and vices which extend or upset the double heptad can be easily multiplied.” And there are problems with this parallelism.\nJesuit scholars Daniel Harrington and James Keenan in their \"Paul and Virtue Ethics\" (2010) argue for seven \"new virtues\" to replace the classical cardinal virtues in complementing the three theological virtues, listed as \"be humble, be hospitable, be merciful, be faithful, reconcile, be vigilant, and be reliable\", although they don't explain why it has to be an either/or matter of replacing the cardinal virtues rather than supplementing them.",
"title": "Cardinal virtues"
},
{
"docid": "1439959#4",
"text": "A list of seven virtues that oppose the seven deadly sins appeared later in an epic poem titled \"Psychomachia\", or \"Battle/Contest of the Soul\". Written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, a Christian governor who died around 410 AD, it entails the battle between good virtues and evil vices. The enormous popularity of this work in the Middle Ages helped to spread the concept of holy virtue throughout Europe.",
"title": "Seven virtues"
},
{
"docid": "45519#61",
"text": "With Christianity, historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches, including the Lutheran Church, recognize seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins. \nConfession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest, who in turn will forgive the person in the name (in the person) of Christ, give a penance to (partially) make up for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards.",
"title": "Seven deadly sins"
},
{
"docid": "1815969#12",
"text": "The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way: \"What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues (which they presuppose) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues, especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations.\"",
"title": "Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit"
},
{
"docid": "1439959#5",
"text": "After Pope Gregory released his list of seven deadly sins in 590 AD, the seven virtues became identified as chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, patience, kindness, and humility. Practicing them is said to protect one against temptation from the seven deadly sins.",
"title": "Seven virtues"
},
{
"docid": "49901#1",
"text": "The four classic cardinal virtues are temperance, prudence, courage, and justice. Christianity derives the three theological virtues of faith, hope and love (charity) from 1 Corinthians. Together these make up the seven virtues. Buddhism's four brahmavihara (\"Divine States\") can be regarded as virtues in the European sense. The Japanese Bushidō code is characterized by up to ten virtues, including rectitude, courage, and benevolence.",
"title": "Virtue"
}
] |
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] |
2658
|
What day was Tsar Nicolas killed?
|
[
{
"docid": "2316167#2",
"text": "On July 18, 1918, the day after the shooting at Yekaterinburg of the last Tsar, Nicholas II and family, members of the extended Russian royal family, the Romanovs, including a nun, and their servants, met a brutal death here being thrown down a mineshaft near Alapayevsk by Bolsheviks. All except Grand Duke Sergey Mikhaylovich (who was the first one to die; he was shot before they could throw him in) survived the fall, hand-grenades were thrown down after them killing Grand Duke Sergey's secretary, Fyodor Remez. Other victims died a slow death including the Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna (born Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine), a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Grand Duchess Elizabeth was the sister of Empress Alexandra; when her husband, the Tsar's uncle, was murdered in 1905, she gave all her wealth to the poor and became a nun, but she was shown no mercy. Killed with her was a nun who had accompanied her - Varvara Yakovleva.",
"title": "Alapayevsk"
},
{
"docid": "33941427#0",
"text": "The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) and all those who chose to accompany them into imprisonment—notably Eugene Botkin, Anna Demidova, Alexei Trupp and Ivan Kharitonov, according to the conclusion of the investigator , were shot and bayoneted to death in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. According to the official state version in the USSR, former Tsar Nicholas Romanov, along with members of his family and retinue, was executed by firing squad, by order of the Ural Regional Soviet, due to the threat of the city being occupied by Whites (Czechoslovak Legion). By the assumption of a number of researchers, this was done according to instructions by Lenin, Yakov Sverdlov and Felix Dzerzhinsky. Their bodies were then taken to the Koptyaki forest where they were stripped and mutilated. In 1919, White Army investigation (of Sokolov) failed to find the gravesite, concluding that the imperial family's remains had been cremated at the mineshaft called Ganina Yama, since evidence of fire was found.. In 1979 and 2007, the remains of the bodies were found in two unmarked graves in a field called Porosenkov Log.",
"title": "Execution of the Romanov family"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "75392#27",
"text": "The \"Yurovsky Note\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed in Edvard Radzinsky's 1992 book, \"The Last Tsar\". According to the note, on the night of the deaths the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when the White Army reached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \"What?\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds). The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross, but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception of Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught, but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement, while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels.",
"title": "Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "66524#7",
"text": "Following the October Revolution, the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II were sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were executed by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919.",
"title": "Yekaterinburg"
},
{
"docid": "512244#19",
"text": "Shevchenko was arrested along with other members of the society on 5 April 1847. Tsar Nicholas read Shevchenko's poem, \"Dream\". Vissarion Belinsky wrote in his memoirs that, Nicholas I, knowing Ukrainian very well, laughed and chuckled whilst reading the section about himself, but his mood quickly turned to bitter hatred when he read about his wife. Shevchenko had mocked her frumpy appearance and facial tics, which she had developed fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. After reading this section the Tsar indignantly stated \"I suppose he had reasons not to be on terms with me, but what has she done to deserve this?\" In the official report of Orlov Shevchenko was accused in using \"Little-Russian language\" (archaic Russian name for Ukrainian language) of outrageous content instead of being grateful to be redeemed out of serfdom. In the report Orlov claimed that Shevchenko was expressing a cry over alleged enslavement and disaster of Ukraine, glorified the Hetman Administration (Cossack Hetmanate) and Cossack liberties and \"with incredible audacity poured slander and bile on persons of Imperial House\".",
"title": "Taras Shevchenko"
},
{
"docid": "740412#26",
"text": "The Tsar had been formally sentenced to death by the Executive Committee of \"Narodnaya Volya\" on August 25, 1879, on the heels of the execution of former \"Zemlevolets\" Solomon Wittenberg, who had attempted to build a mine to sink a ship carrying the Tsar into Odessa harbor the previous year. An initial plan called for the use of dynamite to destroy a train carrying the Tsar, which ended with an explosion that destroyed a freight car and led to a derailment. A February 1880 attempt used a quantity of dynamite to attempt to blow up the Tsar in a palace dining room. The resulting explosion killed 11 guards and soldiers and wounded 56, but missed the Tsar, who was not in the dining hall as expected.",
"title": "Narodnaya Volya"
},
{
"docid": "30172853#86",
"text": "The executioners drew handguns and began shooting; Nicholas was the first to die. Yurovsky took credit afterwards for firing the first shot that killed the Tsar, but his protege – Grigory Nikulin – said years later that Mikhail Medvedev had fired the shot that killed Nicholas. \"He fired the first shot. He killed the Tsar,\" he said in 1964 in a tape-recorded statement for the radio. Nicholas was shot several times in the chest (sometimes incorrectly said to have been shot in his head, but his skull bore no bullet wounds when it was discovered in 1991). Anastasia, Tatiana, Olga, and Maria survived the first hail of bullets; the sisters were wearing over 1.3 kilograms of diamonds and precious gems sewn into their clothing, which provided some initial protection from the bullets and bayonets. First they were stabbed with bayonets and then shot at close range in their heads.",
"title": "Nicholas II of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "444096#18",
"text": "Although the Tsar was not at the Winter Palace and did not give the order for the troops to fire, he was widely blamed for the inefficiency and callousness with which the crisis had been handled. While it was unrealistic for the marchers to expect Nicholas to ride out into the Palace Square to meet them, his absence from the city, against at least some advice, reflects a lack of imagination and perception that he was to show on other occasions. The killing of people, many of whom had seen the Tsar as their \"Little Father\", resulted in a surge of bitterness towards Nicholas and his autocratic rule. A widely quoted reaction was \"we no longer have a Tsar\".",
"title": "Bloody Sunday (1905)"
},
{
"docid": "26179557#0",
"text": "Nicolas Bochatay (August 27, 1964 – February 22, 1992) was a Swiss speed skier who died during the 1992 Winter Olympics. Bochatay was killed when he collided with a snow grooming vehicle on the morning of the speed skiing finals. He was the nephew of Olympic skier Fernande Bochatay.",
"title": "Nicolas Bochatay"
},
{
"docid": "33941427#50",
"text": "On Thursday, 26 August 2010, a Russian court ordered prosecutors to reopen an investigation into the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, although the Bolsheviks believed to have shot them in 1918 had died long before. The Russian Prosecutor General's main investigative unit said it had formally closed a criminal investigation into the killing of Nicholas because too much time had elapsed since the crime and because those responsible had died. However, Moscow's Basmanny Court ordered the re-opening of the case, saying that a Supreme Court ruling blaming the state for the killings made the deaths of the actual gunmen irrelevant, according to a lawyer for the Tsar's relatives and local news agencies.",
"title": "Execution of the Romanov family"
},
{
"docid": "49562#46",
"text": "On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists exhumed the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceaușescus. The body believed to be Elena's had decayed too much to allow for a positive identification, but Nicolae was easily identifiable, wearing the bullet-riddled black winter coat he had been wearing when he was killed. DNA was able to conclusively prove his identity. His family organized a funeral service for the couple, and they were reburied together at Ghencea, under a modest tombstone.",
"title": "Nicolae Ceaușescu"
}
] |
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] |
2660
|
When was Buick founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "42254#4",
"text": "The first two Buick automobiles were made in 1899 and 1900 at the \"Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company\" by chief-engineer Walter Marr, but company owner David Dunbar Buick was reluctant to begin making automobiles, being satisfied with stationary and marine engine production, so Marr left Buick in 1901 to found his own automobile company under his own name. His replacement was Eugene Richard, who applied for a patent in 1902 for Marr's valve-in-head (overhead valve) engine, which patent, number 771,095, was awarded to Richard in the name of Buick in 1904. In 1903, the third Buick automobile was made, this time by Richard, but in 1904 Buick, whose company was now called \"Buick Motor Company,\" moved to Flint, Michigan, and Richard stayed behind. Marr was rehired in Flint as chief engineer, to begin making automobiles in production. That year, 37 Buick automobiles were made, production increasing to 750 in 1905, 1,400 in 1906, 4,641 in 1907, and 8,800 in 1908, taking the number one spot away from close competitors Oldsmobile, Ford, and Maxwell.\nDavid Buick incorporated his company as the Buick Motor Company on May 19, 1903, in Detroit, Michigan. Buick had been financed by friend and fellow automobile enthusiast, Benjamin Briscoe, who sold control of the business to James H. Whiting (1842–1919), in September, 1903. of Flint Wagon Works, in Flint, Michigan. Whiting moved Buick to Flint that summer, to a location across the street from his factory, with the idea of adding Buick's engines to his wagons. David Buick stayed on as a manager, and re-hired Walter Marr as chief engineer. The engine Buick and Marr developed for this automobile was a two-cylinder valve-in-head engine of 159 cubic inches, with each cylinder horizontal and opposed to the other by 180 degrees. Whiting built only a few automobiles in 1904, by bringing Buick engines across the street where his workers shoehorned them into his wagons, before running out of capital, causing him to bring in William C. Durant that year as controlling investor. Durant spent the next four years turning Buick into the biggest-selling automobile brand in the US. Durant was co-owner, also in Flint, with Josiah Dallas Dort, of the Durant-Dort Carriage Company, which was the largest carriage-making company in the country and one of the largest in the world. Durant moved most production to the former Durant-Dort Imperial Wheel plant in Jackson, Michigan in 1905. Buick continued car production in Jackson through 1907, when Factory #1 was completed in Flint. The Jackson plant continued production with Buick trucks through 1912. David Buick sold his stock upon departure in 1906, and died in modest circumstances 25 years later. In 1907, Durant agreed to supply motors to R. S. McLaughlin in Canada, an auto maker, and in 1908 he founded General Motors.",
"title": "Buick"
},
{
"docid": "42254#25",
"text": "In 1984, Buick was the official car of the XXIII Olympiad. A reorganization split manufacturing & engineering from sales and marketing. The first pilot Buick is produced at \"Buick City\", a state-of-the art assembly center built inside the walls of Buick's home plant at Flint. Buick had its best model year sales to date with 906,626 vehicles sold plus Buick worldwide sales topped one million for the first time. To close out 1984, Lloyd Reuss ended his tenure as general manager of the Buick Motor Division.",
"title": "Buick"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32465050#0",
"text": "The Buick Club of America (BCA), founded in 1966, is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and restoration of automobiles built by the Buick Motor Division of General Motors Corporation. The Buick Club promotes activities, resources, and friendships. The Buick Club has 8,000+ worldwide members and 70+ local Chapters in nine regions. These chapters promote local networking among Buick enthusiasts. The Club also has seven divisions based on vehicle types instead on geographic locations. One must be a member of the national organization to be a member of a division or chapter.",
"title": "Buick Club of America"
},
{
"docid": "4690876#2",
"text": "In 1901, the automobile industry was in its infancy when Briscoe helped finance David Buick's first car. In return for the finance, Briscoe gained a 97% interest in the Buick Motor Company. He sold Buick in 1904 to James H. Whiting (1842–1919), owner of Flint (Michigan) Wagon Works, and used the money to help found the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company, makers of the Maxwell automobile. This was probably his greatest success in the industry. By 1909 they were the third-biggest American make, with 9,400 sales. The company was backed by J. P. Morgan & Co. and Richard Irvin & Co., but in the panic of 1907, Briscoe had the first of many bad experience with bankers and was forced to do his own financing.",
"title": "Benjamin Briscoe"
},
{
"docid": "1453999#2",
"text": "The origins of the Limited name date to 1936 when Buick added names to its entire model lineup to celebrate the engineering improvements and design advancements over their 1935 models. It shared its chassis with the top-level Cadillac D body vehicles. Buick had released a new line of cars that were technically superior to their predecessors by offering such features as all-steel passenger compartment tops (GM's Turret Top design), improved front suspension, improved hydraulic safety braking system, alloy engine pistons and an improved engine cooling system.\nBuick's Series 40 was named the Special, the Series 50 became the Super, the Series 60 was named the Century, the Series 80 was named the Roadmaster, and the Series 90 — Buick's largest and most luxurious vehicle — was named the Limited. The engine was a I8",
"title": "Buick Limited"
},
{
"docid": "42254#62",
"text": "GM Taiwan was founded in August 1989. In the early 1990s, Buick, along with other GM brands, was very popular and frequently seen on Taiwanese streets. Park Avenue, 3rd and 4th generation Regal, and 6th generation Skylark used to be sold in Taiwan. In December 2004, General Motors signed a memorandum of understanding with Yulon, a firm based in Taiwan, for the licensed manufacture of Buick vehicles there. In July 2005, Yulon GM Motor Co. Ltd. (Yulon GM), a joint venture with 51 percent equity stake held by Yulon Motor and 49 percent by GM, was founded.",
"title": "Buick"
},
{
"docid": "42254#64",
"text": "Buicks were sold in Mexico from 1921 to 1962, when a protectionist policy on behalf of the government restricted the percentage of imported parts that could be used in the manufacture of vehicles and the sale of imported cars. From then onwards, all GM products were sold by Chevrolet dealerships. In 1990, after a heavy modification to the protectionist policy of the sixties, GM started assembling the Buick Century in Mexico, at the plant in Ramos Arizpe, in the state of Coahuila, just south of Texas, and selling it through Mexican Chevrolet dealerships, so it was not uncommon for many people to call it \"Chevrolet Century\". In 1997, GM stopped production of Buicks in Mexico and the brand was not sold there until 2009.",
"title": "Buick"
},
{
"docid": "1139282#16",
"text": "There was also a rare “Stage 2” option produced. This was a dealer-installed package (known as a \"dealer option\"), first offered in 1969. It included a cam, headers, intake manifold, high compression forged pistons, hollow pushrods, and some calibration changes to the ignition and carburetor . In 1970(?) the Stage 2 package was designed for the 455 and included special round exhaust port Stage 2 heads, matching Kustom brand headers, a radical cam, high compression forged pistons, Edelbrock B4B aluminum intake, Holley carburetor #4781 850 cfm, and other equipment for racing. Few Stage 2s even exist and Buick only ever factory assembled 1 Stage 2 test unit, it was a factory GSX clone test mule with 4-speed manual transmission used for speed testing. That GSX test mule was equipped with 4.78 gearing and was driven on the streets and tracks on the West Coast. The Stage 2 package's existence was not made public until 1972 when the Stage 2 parts could be ordered in any combination. There is little documentation about any Stage 2 cars that were sold. Three are known to exist and all three of these cars were built as Stage 1 cars at the factory. One was owned by Kenne-Bell a factory backed Buick high performance specialist based in California . Sponsored by Reynolds Buick .This car was used as a test car in the development of the Stage 2 components in conjunction with Buick engineering . The second Stage 2 was known as the Jones-Benisek car. The Jones/Benisek car is known to have been delivered as a Stage 1 car .The Stage 2 hood and scoop was added later . The Stage 2 iron heads were purchased by the owner at a local Buick Dealer. The car had a very successful drag racing career with many wins and some world records also. The third Stage 2 is known as Wiley Coyote and as the Turner car. It was originally owned by Bob Thetford and campaigned as \"Wiley Coyote\" in the NHRA. Sponsored by Kenne-Bell and Dunn Buick in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Later it was owned by Jim Turner and was very successful in NMCA winning 5 National Records.",
"title": "Buick Gran Sport"
},
{
"docid": "538868#55",
"text": "All Electras were powered by Buick's 455 cu. in. (7.5 L) engine between 1971 and 1976. The 1971 model had , but that was reduced to by the 1976 model year; increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits reduced engine output, and an industry-wide 1972 change in rating systems reduced the horsepower numbers produced by any given engine. Even at its weakest state, the Buick-built 455 engine still produced of torque at 2000 rpm. The 455 was the standard engine on the Electra, but there were some built with Buick 350s during the GM strike, when 455 production halted. The 350 engine also came with a price rebate. The 455 engine disappeared after the 1976 model year, in favor of smaller, more efficient engines.",
"title": "Buick Electra"
},
{
"docid": "961424#8",
"text": "David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish-born immigrant who moved to Detroit with his parents at the age of two in 1856–57. He quit school to supplement the family's income after his father's 1860 death. In the 1880s, he was a plumbing supplier in the Detroit area, inventing a process that created a cheaper white bathtub. Buick produced a method for permanently coating cast iron with vitreous enamel which allowed the production of \"white\" baths at lower cost. He later sold his plumbing business and the patents to American Standard. Using the profits from this sale, Buick started working on gasoline engines, and later automobiles. He eventually moved his operations from Detroit to the Flint Wagon Works. William Durant managed the fledgling Buick Manufacturing Company, making it the number one car-building company in the country by 1908. Durant later built on the foundation of Buick's company to create General Motors. In honor of Buick's contributions to Flint's manufacturing base, the Flint City Commission proposed naming I-475 after Buick. The freeway passed by the city's Buick plant and many of the employees would use the new freeway on their commutes to work. The Michigan Legislature passed Concurrent Resolution 22 in 1969 to add the name.",
"title": "Interstate 475 (Michigan)"
}
] |
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] |
2661
|
What is the mascot of the Georgetown Hoyas?
|
[
{
"docid": "3493898#4",
"text": "Georgetown's nickname is The Hoyas, but its mascot is \"Jack the Bulldog.\" Various breeds of dogs have been used by the sports teams as mascots since the early 1900s. Several notable bull terriers like Sergeant Stubby and \"Hoya\" were used at football games in the 1920s, as was a Great Dane in the 1940s. However, in 1951, the school suspended its football program because of the increasing cost of the game financially and academically, which left the school without an official live mascot.",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"docid": "3493898#2",
"text": "The University admits that the precise origin of the term \"Hoya\" is unknown. At some point before 1893, and likely before 1891, students versed in classical languages combined the Greek \"hoia\" or \"hoya\", meaning \"what\" or \"such\", and the Latin \"saxa\" to form \"Hoya Saxa!\", or \"What Rocks!\" This cheer may either refer to the stalwart defense of the football team, or to the baseball team, which was nicknamed the \"Stonewalls\", or to the actual stone wall that surrounds the campus. Father William McFadden, S.J., campus Jesuit and the team's in-house announcer at the Capital One Arena, has disputed the Greek and Latin origin, suggesting the classical words were retroactively applied to a nonsensical cheer.\nAfter World War I, the term \"Hoya\" was increasingly used on campus, including for the newspaper and the school mascot. In 1920, students began publishing the campus's first sports newspaper under the name \"The Hoya\", after successfully petitioning the Dean of the College to use it instead of the proposed name, \"The Hilltopper\". \"Hilltoppers\" was also a name sometimes used for the sports teams. By the fall of 1928, the newspaper had taken to referring to the sports teams as the Hoyas. This was influenced by a popular half time show at football games, where the mascot, a dog nicknamed \"Hoya,\" would entertain fans.",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"docid": "18471549#0",
"text": "Jack the Bulldog is the official mascot of the Georgetown University Hoyas athletic teams. Jack has been the name of at least five live Bulldogs since 1962, when the name first came into use, though Georgetown counts seven official bulldog mascots including the two living ones. The current incarnation of Jack is an English Bulldog born in 2013 whose full name is John B. Carroll.",
"title": "Jack the Bulldog"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "101681#62",
"text": "The school's teams are called \"Hoyas\", a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime before 1893, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed Greek and Latin chant of \"Hoya Saxa\", translating roughly as \"what (or such) rocks.\" The school's baseball team, then called the Stonewalls, began in 1870, and football in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams. By the 1920s, the term \"Hoyas\" was used to describe groups on campus, and by 1928, campus sports writers started using it instead of the older team name, the \"Hilltoppers.\" The name was picked up in the local publications, and became official shortly after. Jack the Bulldog has been the mascot of Georgetown athletics programs since 1962, and the school fight song is \"There Goes Old Georgetown\".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"docid": "18471549#2",
"text": "Jack was not always the name of the Georgetown Hoyas' mascot, nor was the mascot always a bulldog, as other types of dogs, particularly bull terriers, were associated with the sports teams before 1962. In 2009, the American Kennel Club ranked Jack as the 8th most popular dog in American culture. Today, Georgetown is among thirty-nine American universities to use a bulldog as their mascot, with Georgia, Butler, Mississippi State, Yale and James Madison being the only others with a live bulldog. Jack is also portrayed by a costumed character Bulldog mascot, a tradition dating to 1977.",
"title": "Jack the Bulldog"
},
{
"docid": "3493898#6",
"text": "In 1999, Scott R. Pilarz, S.J., with the help of the Hoya Blue fan club, revived the tradition of an official live bulldog named Jack, to work along with the costumed mascot. When Pilarz left for the University of Scranton in 2003, taking Jack with him, Georgetown secured a new bulldog puppy and found another Jesuit, Christopher Steck, S.J., to care for him. The current bulldog is named \"John S. Carroll,\" a play on the name of Georgetown's founder, which name allows for continuation of the \"Jack the Bulldog\" nickname. After Jack injured his leg in 2012, two Georgetown parents donated a younger bulldog puppy, who the school refers to as \"Jack Jr.\"",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"docid": "41308483#5",
"text": "The most unusual event of this season took place on February 28, 1981, during the final regular-season game. Big East rival Connecticut was visiting McDonough Gymnasium when, during a timeout, Connecticuts Jonathan the Husky mascot started a fistfight with Georgetowns Jack the Bulldog mascot, leading to Jonathans ejection from McDonough. Thanks to senior center Mike Fraziers heroics, which included a block and rebound at the end of the game to preserve a 60-58 Georgetown victory, over a hundred Georgetown students gathered outside Fraziers on-campus apartment for an informal post-game pep rally.",
"title": "1980–81 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "3493898#1",
"text": "The team name is derived from the mixed Greek and Latin chant \"Hoya Saxa\" (meaning \"What Rocks\"), which gained popularity at the school in the late nineteenth century. The name \"Hoyas\" came into use in the 1920s. Most teams have their athletic facilities on the main campus of Georgetown University. The men's basketball team plays most of their home games at the Capital One Arena in downtown Washington, D.C. and the baseball team plays at Shirley Povich Field in Cabin John, Maryland. Lee Reed took over as the school's athletic director in April 2010.",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"docid": "3493898#3",
"text": "Georgetown's unique team name has caused opponents to mock Georgetown with chants including \"What's a Hoya?\" Harrison High School, located in Kennesaw, Georgia, is the only other institution in the country licensed to share this name. However, Georgetown Preparatory School, which separated from the University in 1927, uses the name \"Little Hoyas\" for its sports teams and shares the University's blue and gray color scheme.",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"docid": "3493898#0",
"text": "The Georgetown Hoyas are the athletics teams that officially represent Georgetown University in college sports. Part of the NCAA's Division I, the Hoyas field 23 varsity level sports teams, most of which participate in the Big East Conference, with the exception of the Division I FCS Patriot League in football. In late 2012, Georgetown and six other Catholic, non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference. The rowing and sailing teams also participate in east coast conferences. The men's basketball team is the school's most famous and most successful program, but Hoyas have achieved success in a wide range of sports.",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
}
] |
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] |
2662
|
Are mud dobbers a kind of paper wasps?
|
[
{
"docid": "1468845#0",
"text": "Mud dauber (or \"mud wasp\") is a name commonly applied to a number of wasps from either the family Sphecidae or Crabronidae that build their nests from mud. Mud daubers belong to different families and are variable in appearance. Most resemble long, slender wasps about in length. The name refers to the nests that are made by the female wasps, which consist of mud molded into place by the wasp's mandibles. Mud daubers are not normally aggressive, but can become belligerent when threatened. Stings are uncommon.",
"title": "Mud dauber"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "429555#3",
"text": "Most social wasps of the family Vespidae make nests from paper, but some stenogastrine species, such as \"Liostenogaster flavolineata\", use mud. A small group of eusocial crabronid wasps, of the genus \"Microstigmus\" (the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.",
"title": "Paper wasp"
},
{
"docid": "1468845#3",
"text": "All three species may occupy the same sites year after year, creating large numbers of nests. Mud dauber nests can last many years in protected locations and are often used as nest sites by other kinds of wasps and bees, as well as other types of insects.",
"title": "Mud dauber"
},
{
"docid": "12182643#0",
"text": "The blue mud dauber (\"Chalybion californicum\") is a metallic blue species of mud dauber wasp that is the primary predator of black widow spiders. Females build their own nests, but occasionally refurbish nests abandoned by other mud dauber wasps, particularly \"Sceliphron\". It is not normally aggressive. It is similar in shape and colour to the steel-blue cricket hunter (\"Chlorion aerarium\"). Like other types of wasps, males do not have an ovipositor, therefore cannot sting.",
"title": "Blue mud dauber"
},
{
"docid": "44132791#11",
"text": "The ruby-tailed wasp possesses an ovipositor, which evolved from the usual stinging apparatus of most Hymenopterans. Ruby-tailed wasps have been reported to parasitize a variety of hosts, and thus their ovipositor has evolved to be a multi-tool for infiltrating the nests of different wasps. For example, in parasitizing the mud nest of a digger wasp, the female ruby-tailed wasp will first wet a point of the dry mud before attempting to saw through it with her ovipositor. After several repetitions, she will succeed, and can then deposit her egg near or in the host wasp larval cell or cocoon. In the case of parasitizing paper wasp or mason bee, the ruby-tailed wasp’s strong, indented ovipositor is used in a similar fashion to cut through the nest substrate to get to the host young. After the egg is deposited, the ruby-tailed wasp will cover the hole with the original nest material to leave minimal traces of its infiltration. It is essential that both she and her egg remain undetected to ensure the success of her offspring.",
"title": "Chrysis ignita"
},
{
"docid": "301710#5",
"text": "The black and yellow mud daubers are solitary parasitoid wasps that build nests out of mud. These sphecid wasps collect mud balls at puddle and pool edges for constructing nests. Frequently, nests are built inside weather, or environmental element, sheltered locations; frequently shaded areas on and within both naturally-occurring, as well as man-made structures. Examples offered but only representing a small list, include locales such as under and inside types of bridges, barns, opening and enclosing-garages, open-air porches, or under housing eaves. These nests comprise up to 25 vertically arranged, individual cylindrical cells. After initial creation and coverage of the clutch, this sphecid wasp uses more mud as a means covering and protecting the whole cluster of cells, thereby forming a smooth-like appearance, and uniform nest. The entire nest may attain an area equal to, or larger than, the size of an average human fist.",
"title": "Black and yellow mud dauber"
},
{
"docid": "1468845#4",
"text": "One disadvantage to making nests is that most, if not all, of the nest-maker’s offspring are concentrated in one place, making them highly vulnerable to predation. Once a predator finds a nest, it can plunder it cell by cell. A variety of parasitic wasps, ranging from extremely tiny chalcidoid wasps to larger, bright green chrysidid wasps attack mud dauber nests. They pirate provisions and offspring as food for their own offspring.",
"title": "Mud dauber"
},
{
"docid": "47023732#0",
"text": "Sceliphron laetum is a wasp in the family Sphecidae, the mud-dauber wasps. Like other members of this genus, it is a solitary species and builds cells out of mud in which to rear its young, provisioning them with paralysed spiders, and laying an egg in each. This wasp is native to Australia and southeastern Asia.",
"title": "Sceliphron laetum"
},
{
"docid": "2220573#0",
"text": "The organ pipe mud dauber (\"Trypoxylon politum\") is a predatory wasp in the family Crabronidae. They are fairly large wasps, ranging from 3.9–5.1 mm, and have been recorded to fly from May to September. Female and male are similar in colour, a shiny black with pale yellow to white hind hindtarsomere. The organ pipe mud dauber feeds mainly on three genera of spider: Neoscona, Araneus, and Eustala. Melittobia, a parasitoid wasp, is a common ectoparasite of \"T. politum\" prepupae. Other sources of parasitism include the Bombyliid fly Anthrax, Chrysidid wasps, and various species of scavenger flies (Miltogramminae). The tufted titmouse (\"Parus bicolor\") is a known predator of \"T. politum\", and may feed on them more commonly than previously thought as the holes made by the titmouse are similar in shape and size to those made by T. politum leaving the nest after pupation.",
"title": "Organ pipe mud dauber"
},
{
"docid": "1914673#0",
"text": "Sceliphron is a genus of Hymenoptera of the Sphecidae family of wasps, commonly referred to as mud daubers. They are solitary and build nests made of mud. Nests are frequently constructed in shaded niches, often just inside of windows or vent openings, and it may take a female only a day to construct a cell requiring dozens of trips carrying mud. Females will add new cells one by one to the nest after each cell is provisioned. They provision these nests with spiders, such as crab spiders, orb-weaver spiders and jumping spiders in particular, as food for the developing larvae. Each mud cell contains one egg and is provided with several prey items. Females of some species lay a modest average of 15 eggs over their whole lifespan . Various parasites attack these nests, including several species of cuckoo wasps, primarily by sneaking into the nest while the resident mud dauber is out foraging.",
"title": "Sceliphron"
}
] |
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] |
2663
|
What family does the purple heart plant belong to?
|
[
{
"docid": "1910762#0",
"text": "Tradescantia pallida is a species of spiderwort (a genus of New World plants) more commonly known as wandering jew or walking jew, a name it shares with the closely related species \"T. fluminensis\" and \"T. zebrina\". Other common names include purple secretia, purple-heart, and purple queen. It is native to the Gulf Coast region of eastern Mexico. Edward Palmer collected the type specimen near Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas in 1907.",
"title": "Tradescantia pallida"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "473055#0",
"text": "Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife, or purple lythrum.",
"title": "Lythrum salicaria"
},
{
"docid": "53151342#0",
"text": "Caladenia hillmanii, commonly known as purple-heart fingers, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a ground orchid with a single leaf and one or two bright pink flowers with a reddish-purple labellum with darker bars.",
"title": "Caladenia hillmanii"
},
{
"docid": "32484905#0",
"text": "Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, the purple gromwell, is a herbaceous perennial rhizomatous plant of the genus \"Lithospermum\", belonging to the family Boraginaceae.",
"title": "Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum"
},
{
"docid": "32149007#0",
"text": "Galactites tomentosa (purple milk thistle) is a biennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus \"Galactites\" of the Asteraceae family.",
"title": "Galactites tomentosa"
},
{
"docid": "27711384#0",
"text": "Striga hermonthica, commonly known as purple witchweed or giant witchweed, is a hemiparasitic plant that belongs to the family Orobanchaceae. It is devastating to major crops such as sorghum (\"Sorghum bicolor\") and rice (\"Oryza sativa\"). In sub-Saharan Africa, apart from sorghum and rice, it also infests maize (\"Zea mays\"), pearl millet (\"Pennisetum glaucum\"), and sugar cane (\"Saccharum officinarum\").",
"title": "Striga hermonthica"
},
{
"docid": "48730573#0",
"text": "Strobilanthes dyeriana, the Persian shield or royal purple plant, is a species of flowering plant in the acanthus family Acanthaceae, native to Myanmar (formerly Burma). Growing to tall and broad, it is a tropical evergreen shrub, cultivated for its dark green foliage with bright, metallic-purple stripes radiating outward from the central leaf vein. In proper conditions, it will also produce pale purple flowers.",
"title": "Strobilanthes dyeriana"
},
{
"docid": "29573790#0",
"text": "Triphysaria micrantha is a species of flowering plant in the broomrape family known by the common name purplebeak owl's-clover. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the grasslands of the Central Valley and the foothills to the east and west. It an annual herb producing a hairy, glandular, purple-colored stem up to about 15 centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family it is a facultative root parasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria to tap nutrients. Its greenish to red-purple leaves are up to 2.5 centimeters long and are sometimes divided into a few narrow, pointed lobes. The inflorescence is a spike of flowers a few centimeters in length. Each flower has a narrow purple upper lip and a wide lower lip which is divided into yellowish or white pouches, often with purple markings on the lower parts.",
"title": "Triphysaria micrantha"
},
{
"docid": "15388783#0",
"text": "Utricularia purpurea, the eastern purple bladderwort, is a medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus \"Utricularia\". \"U. purpurea\" is endemic to North and Central America. It has been suggested that \"U. purpurea\" may have partially lost its appetite for carnivory. Richards (2001) did an extensive study in the field on it and noted that trapping rates of the usual \"Utricularia\" prey were significantly lower than in other species in the genus. Richards concludes that this species can still trap and digest arthropod prey in its specialized bladder traps, but does so sparingly. Instead, it harbors a community of algae, zooplankton, and debris in the bladders that indicates \"U. purpurea\" favors a mutualistic interaction in place of a predator–prey relationship.",
"title": "Utricularia purpurea"
},
{
"docid": "344175#0",
"text": "The purple frog (\"Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis\") is a frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. It can be found in the Western Ghats in India. Names in English that have been used for this species are purple frog, Indian purple frog, or pignose frog. Although the adult frog was formally described in October 2003, the taxon was recognized much earlier by its tadpole, which had been described in 1918.",
"title": "Purple frog"
},
{
"docid": "23989586#0",
"text": "Linaria purpurea is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name purple toadflax. It is native to Italy, but it can be found growing wild as an introduced species in parts of western North America, including California, western Washington, and British Columbia, and it is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is a perennial herb growing 30 to 70 centimeters tall with linear leaves 2 to 5 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is between 1 and 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is usually light to medium purple in color. This plant is poisonous to livestock, the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera use this plant as a food source.",
"title": "Linaria purpurea"
}
] |
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2664
|
Where was the premier of America: Imagine the World Without Her held?
|
[
{
"docid": "43146299#11",
"text": "D'Souza released the trailer for \"America: Imagine the World Without Her\" on , 2014. He later screened the trailer to at the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, DC on , 2014. The filmmakers hired Christian marketing firms to create a sermon, replete with video clips, based on the documentary, and make it available for download. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said on , 2014 that over 1,000 preachers had downloaded the sermon and that insiders expected the number to reach 5,000 before the film's release. The filmmakers also emailed 120,000 evangelical churches asking them to promote the film and hired the company Faithit.com to contact 80,000 Christian consumers. In the following July, D'Souza and fellow filmmaker Bruce Schooley traveled to the state of Texas to promote the documentary on radio and television programs owned by Glenn Beck.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "176906#22",
"text": "Lions Gate Entertainment released \"America\" in three theaters on June 27, 2014 and expanded its distribution on the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on July 4, 2014. CinemaScore reported that the opening-weekend audiences gave the film an \"A+\" grade. The film grossed , which made it the highest-grossing documentary in the United States in 2014.",
"title": "Dinesh D'Souza"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43146299#15",
"text": "Lionsgate, which handled home entertainment distribution for D'Souza's previous film \"\", acquired rights to distribute \"America: Imagine the World Without Her\" in theaters in the United States. Historically, it distributed in theaters two political documentaries, \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" (2004) and \"Religulous\" (2008). The UK-based Manifest Film Sales acquired rights to distribute \"America\" outside the United States with the goal of screening the documentary at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, but the screening did not take place.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#13",
"text": "Since \"America: Imagine the World Without Her\" and its predecessor \"2016: Obama's America\" share \"America\" in their titles, several film websites, including Rotten Tomatoes, Yahoo! Movies, and MovieTickets.com, had difficulty presenting results for the newer documentary. While these websites resolved the results, the filmmakers contacted the search engine Google to complain about a lack of immediate search results pertaining to the documentary. Other results, including \"2016: Obama's America\" and \"\" and \"\", were being shown instead. They expressed concern that a lack of results, including showtimes, would affect the documentary's gross. D'Souza claimed that the lack of search results was politically motivated on Google's part. A preliminary fix stopped listing results for either of D'Souza's documentaries. Google said the term \"America\" being common in film titles prevented specific results, and it updated its Knowledge Graph to show results for the 2014 documentary.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#7",
"text": "\"America: Imagine the World Without Her\" is directed by Dinesh D'Souza and John Sullivan. The two wrote a screenplay with Bruce Schooley based on D'Souza's book of the same title. The documentary was produced under the director's company D'Souza Entertainment. Sullivan said he was inspired by the History Channel miniseries \"The Men Who Built America\", \"I really thought that there was something in that style which allows you to tell a bigger story.\" The director said the fiscal success of \"\" allowed the filmmakers to raise financing for \"America\". Re-enactment scenes were filmed in Camden, South Carolina. Actor John Koopman III, a resident of Colchester, Connecticut who had portrayed General George Washington at state and national parks throughout the United States, was cast to portray Washington in the documentary. Koopman brought his own historical wardrobe and horse for filming, which took place in Camden over the course of four days.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#1",
"text": "\"America: Imagine the World Without Her\" was marketed to political conservatives and through Christian marketing firms. Lionsgate released the film in three theaters on , 2014 and expanded its distribution on the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on July 4, 2014. The film grossed , which made it the highest-grossing documentary in the United States in 2014, though D'Souza's previous documentary \"2016: Obama's America\" had grossed over . Most professional film critics called the film poorly-made and partisan. Political commentators were critical of D'Souza's rebuttal of Howard Zinn's criticisms, the filmmaker's treatment of Saul Alinsky, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, and D'Souza's depiction of his own criminal prosecution. On the other hand, conservative commentators expressed a mix of full and qualified support for the documentary and D'Souza's intentions.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#0",
"text": "America: Imagine the World Without Her is a 2014 American political documentary film by Dinesh D'Souza based on his book of the same name. It is a follow-up to his film \"\" (2012). In the film, D'Souza contends that parts of United States history are improperly and negatively highlighted by liberals, which he seeks to counter with positive highlights. Topics addressed include appropriation of Native American and Mexican lands, slavery, and matters relating to foreign policy and capitalism. D'Souza collaborated with John Sullivan and Bruce Schooley to adapt his book of the same name into a screenplay. D'Souza produced the film with Gerald R. Molen and directed it with Sullivan. The film combined historical reenactments with interviews with different political figures.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#16",
"text": "Lionsgate gave the film a limited release in three theaters in the U.S. cities Atlanta and Houston on , 2014. The cities were selected for premiering \"America\" since \"2016: Obama's America\" performed well in them in 2012. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said \"America\" \"opened to solid numbers\" with $39,000 for a theater average of $13,000. The distributor then planned a wide release for the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on , 2014. On , 2014, Lionsgate expanded the release to . For the weekend of , 2014, it grossed and ranked 11th at the box office. The film concluded its theatrical run after with a total gross of . \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said the gross was \"a very strong showing for a documentary film\". For 2014, \"America\" was the highest-grossing documentary in the United States. The film did not perform as well as \"2016: Obama's America\", which grossed over . To date, \"America\" ranks as the sixth highest-grossing political documentary in the United States.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#12",
"text": "D'Souza wrote the book \"America: Imagine the World Without Her\", on which the documentary is based. Shortly before the film's release, the warehouse club Costco pulled the book from its shelves, saying its action was due to low sales. D'Souza called Costco's explanation \"preposterous\" and noted that his book had only been out a few weeks and was ranked #1 on Amazon.com's bestseller list, while Costco continued to stock hundreds of much lower-selling books. D'Souza asserted the book was pulled because one of Costco's co-founders, James Sinegal, supported Obama's politics. Rush Limbaugh and other media voices on the political right supported D'Souza with widespread criticism of Costco. Costco reordered the book and cited the documentary's release and related interest for the reorder.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#9",
"text": "The filmmakers also sought to license the song \"It's America\" recorded by Rodney Atkins, but the licensing was denied by one of the songwriters due to the political premise of the documentary. They instead involved Dave Mustaine, founder of Megadeth, who recorded a heavy metal guitar version of \"The Star Spangled Banner\" for the film. The filmmakers also licensed the song \"America\" by Imagine Dragons and \"Home\" by Phillip Phillips.",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
},
{
"docid": "43146299#6",
"text": "D'Souza conducted interviews with the following individuals:",
"title": "America: Imagine the World Without Her"
}
] |
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] |
2666
|
What was the first song video to air on MTV?
|
[
{
"docid": "26359438#0",
"text": "MTV Classic (formerly VH1 Classic) is a music channel from Viacom International Media Networks Europe. The channel launched in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 July 1999 as VH1 Classic. The channel focuses on music videos and music specials from the 1960s onwards, sometimes featuring music videos and concert footage from as early as at least the 1940s or 1950s, such as Bing Crosby's \"White Christmas\" from 1942. The channel has also occasionally aired videos from the 2000s and early 2010s. \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" by The Buggles, the first video to air on the original MTV in 1981, was also the first music video to be played when the channel was rebranded as MTV Classic on 1 March 2010. Every November and December on some dates of each year, MTV Classic will play Christmas-themed music branded as MTV Xmas.",
"title": "MTV Classic (UK & Ireland)"
},
{
"docid": "3162782#1",
"text": "The Buggles had the honor of the inaugural video, with the appropriate \"Video Killed the Radio Star.\" Although the fledgling network broadcast 208 video segments in its first 24 hours, only 116 videos were actually played as many were repeated. For instance, \"You Better You Bet\" by The Who, which was also the first video to be repeated, \"Just Between You and Me\" by April Wine, and \"In the Air Tonight\" by Phil Collins were each played five times. Rod Stewart made the most total appearances that day with 16, with 11 of his videos being played.",
"title": "List of first music videos aired on MTV"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8519142#2",
"text": "MTV International's first music video to air was Paris Hilton's \"Stars Are Blind\". MTV International showed a variety of remixes and original versions of songs from internationally known artists and locally known artists from various countries, as well as live performances of songs. The channel allowed viewers to vote for their favorite videos. MTV International was the first MTV Network to be fully broadcast on the internet. MTV International played both old and new videos that are currently shown on other networks like MTV Hits and MTV Jams.",
"title": "MTV International"
},
{
"docid": "31089985#14",
"text": "Four MVs for the new songs were filmed, which were released to music video channels in February and March. On MTV Japan, an hour's length episode of \"MTV A Class\" was dedicated to these, which was first aired on March 19. \"Wonder Woman\" was the first video to be released, and was debuted on Space Shower on February 18. \"Make It Happen\" was debuted on online streaming service GyaO! on February 17, and was debuted on TV on MTV Japan on February 21. \"#1\" was first aired on March 9 as a Space Shower exclusive video. \n, A Music video for unusual was made March 9, 2011. It begins with Yamashita Tomohisa in a white jacket then it disappears by its own fire affect. Throughout the music video, Namie and Yamashita Tomohisa dance together, there are affections what make new scenes, the video ends with namie in the white jacket. This video was reported that it was filmed 28 February 2011 to 1 March 2011.",
"title": "Checkmate! (album)"
},
{
"docid": "22060525#4",
"text": "At the first annual \"MTV Video Music Awards\", which aired on September 14, 1984, the song was nominated for \"Best Group Video\", losing to ZZ Top's \"Legs\". The song was also nominated for \"Record of the Year\" at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards, losing to Tina Turner's \"What's Love Got to Do With It\". The group would perform the song at the ceremony. The longform music video would win for \"Best Music Video, Long Form\" at the 28th Annual Grammy Awards\"",
"title": "The Heart of Rock & Roll"
},
{
"docid": "3162782#0",
"text": "This is a list of the first music videos broadcast on MTV's first day, August 1, 1981. MTV's first day on the air was rebroadcast on VH1 Classic in 2006 and again in 2011 (the latter celebrating the channel's 30th anniversary). The first hour on the air was broadcast again on August 1, 2016 and was called MTV Hour One, as part of VH1 Classic's planned re-launch as MTV Classic, MTV itself, and additionally streamed on the channel's Facebook page.",
"title": "List of first music videos aired on MTV"
},
{
"docid": "5651272#5",
"text": "The video debuted on MTV's \"Total Request Live\" in February 2000. It was Iglesias' first video to make it to number one on the popular chart show. Some airing of the video on MTV cut out the section of the video featuring the Thunderpuss 2000 remix. Music stations such as Much Music and various stations throughout Europe aired a version which featured the full album version of the song.",
"title": "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song)"
},
{
"docid": "2494008#12",
"text": "The music video is notable for being the first Spanish-only video to be aired on MTV. The channel also showed a whole episode of their \"Making the Video\" series in Spanish, with English subtitles. The remix version of the song, known as \"La Tortura (Shaketon Remix)\", has its own video (also directed by Haussman) featuring some previously unseen scenes. This video can be seen on \"Oral Fixation Volumes 1 & 2\" bonus DVD. The video was marked \"Vevo Certified\" by joint venture music video website Vevo for reaching more than 100 million views on YouTube. The music video of the song was nominated for Best Female Video, Best Dance Video and Viewer's Choice Award on the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards.2005 NRJ Awards",
"title": "La Tortura"
},
{
"docid": "4644377#5",
"text": "The video first aired in March 1991, although MTV didn't air it until it had become too popular not to. A music critic J.D. Considine praised the video, writing that \"the \"Baby Baby\" clip defines the way most of us imagine her. It was hardly typical video fare, with no special effects or exotic locales; all it offered was Grant and a good-looking guy cavorting and acting cute as she lip-synced to the song. Yet there was something genuinely appealing about the image it conveyed, something that made viewers want to see the thing again\". It received a nomination for Best Female Video at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost to Janet Jackson's \"Love Will Never Do\".",
"title": "Baby Baby (Amy Grant song)"
},
{
"docid": "90138#43",
"text": "The first video to be banned by MTV was Queen's 1982 hit \"Body Language\". Due to thinly veiled homoerotic undertones plus lots of skin and sweat (but apparently not enough clothing, save that worn by the fully clothed members of Queen themselves), it was deemed unsuitable for a television audience at the time. However, the channel did air Olivia Newton-John's 1981 video for the hit song \"Physical\", which lavished camera time on male models working out in string bikinis who spurn her advances, ultimately pairing off to walk to the men's locker rooms holding hands, though the network ended the clip before the overt homosexual \"reveal\" ending in some airings. The video for \"Girls on Film\" by Duran Duran, which featured topless women mud wrestling and other depictions of sexual fetishes, was banned by the BBC. MTV did air the video, albeit in a heavily edited form.",
"title": "Music video"
},
{
"docid": "18856#61",
"text": "From 1998 to 2001, MTV also aired several other music video programs from its studios in Times Square and on location at various beach-themed locations each summer. These programs included \"Say What? Karaoke\", a game show hosted by Dave Holmes that evolved from \"Say What?\", MTV's earlier program that ran the lyrics of music videos across the screen. \"TRL Wannabes\" aired from 1999 to 2000 and featured a selection of music videos that just missed the \"TRL\" top ten. \"VJ for a Day\", hosted by Raymond Munns, continued this concept in early 2001. \"VJ for a Day\" was an extension of an annual event, \"Wanna be a VJ\", which aired each spring from 1998 to 2000 to select a new VJ to host programs on MTV.",
"title": "MTV"
}
] |
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] |
2667
|
When was Power League Wrestling founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "43753435#0",
"text": "Power League Wrestling (PLW) is an American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. It was founded in Swansea, Massachusetts by Bob Evans and Mark Amaral in 1991, and later taken over by Amaral, Carlos Arenas, Paul Lauzon, and Tommy Degnan. It is the first and longest running \"indy\" promotion in the state of Rhode Island and one of the few successful groups outside the Greater Boston Area.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43753435#14",
"text": "The \"1998 Power House Brawl\" was held at Johnson & Wales University on December 13, 1998. It was a benefit show for U.S. Marine Corps' \"Toys for Tots program\". Troy Young defeated Amazin' Jay to win the PLW New England Championship and Derik Destiny won the 1998 Power House Brawl by eliminating Gino Martino. In late-1999, Tommy Degnan brought PLW into a joint promotion called International Independent Wrestling with Mike Biggs' Independent Wrestling Alliance and Anthony Rufo's Unified Championship Wrestling. This venture greatly expanded PLW's territory allowing it to tour throughout Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. PLW pulled out of the project when Mark Amaral and Carlos Arenas wanted to return to running shows full-time.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#31",
"text": "Since 1994, Power League Wrestling has held events for over 50 different charities in Southern New England. The promotion was personally thanked by Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Almond and Pawtucket mayor James Doyle, for their involvement in the \"RI Remembers Sept. 11th Fund\" and the Pawtucket Fire Relief Fund respectively, as well as from the Rhode Island Foundation and 94HJY when PLW's annual Power-Fest supercard was held as a benefit show for The Doc Fund in May 2003. In addition, it has received recommendation letters from \"Cumberlandfest\" organizer Frank Geary and the West Warwick Police Department. Notable charity and benefit shows have included:",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#4",
"text": "Inspired by their time in the OWF, \"Brutal\" Bob Evans and \"Maniacal\" Mark Amaral decided to start their own half-hour program with just wrestling matches under the Power League Wrestling banner. The promotion held its first television taping at Joseph G. Luther Elementary School in Swansea, Massachusetts in October 1991. \"The Fighter\" Joe O. and The Brutal Brigade (\"Brutal\" Bob Evans and Maniacal Mark) won championship tournaments in November to become the inaugural PLW Heavyweight and Tag Team Champions respectively. Scott Z. was crowned the first-ever PLW New England Champion after winning a tournament at Luther School the following month.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#3",
"text": "PLW had its origins in 1990 as the \"backyarding\" Outdoor Wrestling Federation (OWF), which was featured on \"Talking Wrestling\", a weekly cable access television program, hosted by wrestling journalist Cody Boyns. The final ten minutes of the show would highlight bouts from the promotion. The OWF received its name due to Boyns hosting its earliest events in his own backyard. A wrestling ring was eventually built and the matches were moved indoors to the television studio in 1991.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43226116#0",
"text": "Memphis Power Pro Wrestling (Power Pro Wrestling) was a Memphis, Tennessee based professional wrestling promotion that was founded by Randy Hales. It was affiliated with Memphis Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation. It was the first developmental territory for the World Wrestling Federation. The roster featured WWF-contracted wrestlers sent for training and experience like Kurt Angle and Matt Bloom (Tensai/Albert), and Memphis wrestling legends Bill Dundee and Jerry Lawler. It operated from April 1998 to April 2001.",
"title": "Power Pro Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "32287867#1",
"text": "It was founded as Independent Wrestling League on August 13, 2010 by Martín Amaro, with Octavio Rivero as the head booker. In late 2010 Rivero was replaced by Amaro's niece, Ángeles Rubio, under whom IWL started a working agreement with Perros del Mal Producciones. Rubio would leave the promotion for personal reasons in April 2011.\nHe was followed as the head booker by wrestler Fantasma de la Ópera, who started a working relationship with AAA. On May 28, 2011, it was announced that Fantasma de la Ópera would be replaced by Valerie Richter. In a press conference held on June 21, 2011, Richter announced that the company would change its name to International Wrestling League.",
"title": "International Wrestling League"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#5",
"text": "The promotion's weekly half-hour television series was first on Heritage Cable, serving the Swansea area as well as numerous towns in Rhode Island. Evans was the producer of \"Power League Wrestling TV\" until he turned his position over to Tommy Degnan in September 1992. Degnan had been producing a \"hometown\" version of the PLW show on Pawtucket public access the previous month, as Heritage Cable broadcast in only a few select communities, and accepted Evans' offer to oversee the regular show. In addition to becoming PLW's ring announcer, Degnan would remain a key figure in the promotion for many years. Carlos Arenas and Paul Lauzon joined Amaral as co-bookers following Evens departure from the company. The initial quality of the show was described by Degnan as very \"bush league\" due to budget limitations. The wrestlers performed in a makeshift wooden ring, with the \"audience\" made up of the other wrestlers, and performed hours of matches in a single night to full up a month's worth of episodes. These shows were shot on location and later edited at the producer's home where voice over commentary was added. Episodes also included recorded interviews and music videos highlighting past matches. Some of their on-air interviews were filmed at T. F. Green Airport and Saint Anne's Hospital.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#9",
"text": "On June 21, at Power-Fest 1997 in Pawtucket, \"Defenseman\" Derek Molhan defeated Jason the Slasher in a Steel Cage match to win the PLW Heavyweight Championship with WALE radio host Cody Boyns as special guest referee. Also on the card, The Knights of the Realm (Daedilus Dimmak & The Mighty Bosch) defeated The Pillars of Power (Sub Zero & The Exterminator) and John 3:16 & Vertabreaker in a Triangle match for the PLW Tag Team titles.",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "43753435#28",
"text": "Power-Fest 2012 was a benefit show for Pawtcket's Fairlawn Little League Complex on June 8, 2012. The event featured a \"champion vs. champion\" bout between PLW Heavyweight Champion Scott Levesque and PLW New England Champion Nicholas Night, which Night won via disqualification. Matt Storm & T.J. Richter (with Rich Bass) defeated Uncle Ulysses and Mini McGraw to win the PLW Tag Team Championship. That year's Great Outdoors Tour visited Cumberlandfest 2012, Lees Pond Park Festival, and Lions Fall Festival. Their appearance at the East Providence Heritage Festival was covered by \"The Providence Journal\".",
"title": "Power League Wrestling"
}
] |
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] |
2668
|
What is Kenya's GDP?
|
[
{
"docid": "16657#18",
"text": "Between 2013 to 2017 under Uhuru Kenyatta government, the GDP growth averaged 5% per annum. In 2018 Kenya's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about US$85.98 billion. Per capita GDP averages somewhat more than US$1,790 annually. Adjusted in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, per capita GDP in 2018 is about US$3,657. The country's real GDP growth averaged 5.7 percent in the first quarter of 2018 and nearly 6.3 percent in the second quarter of 2018, compared with 4.7 percent in the first quarter of 2017.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "16657#0",
"text": "Kenya's economy is market-based with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises and maintains a liberalised external trade system. The country is generally perceived as Eastern Africa's hub for Financial, Communication and Transportation services. Major industries include: agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining and minerals, industrial manufacturing, energy, tourism and financial services. As of 2019 estimates, Kenya had a GDP of $98.264 billion making it the 65th largest economy in the world. Per capita GDP was estimated at $1,991.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16657#19",
"text": "Real GDP is expected to continue to improve, largely because of expansions in tourism, telecommunications, transport, and construction and a recovery in agriculture. The Kenya Central Bank forecast for 2018 is above 6 percent GDP growth. GDP composition by sector, according to 2018 estimates, is as follows: agriculture, 25.7 percent; manufacturing, 14.0 percent; trade, restaurants, and hotels, 13.8 percent; transport and communications, 6.9 percent; government services, 15.6 percent; and other, 24.0 percent.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "188171#72",
"text": "Telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade now comprises 62% of GDP. 22% of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security—an important catalyst of economic growth) A small portion of the population relies on food aid. Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector, accounting for 16% of GDP. The service, industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25% of the labour force but contribute 75% of GDP.\nKenya also exports textiles worth over $400million under Agoa.",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "188171#79",
"text": "Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts.",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "16657#17",
"text": "After Mwai Kibaki took over as president in 2003,the GDP growth quickly picked up to 2.3% in 2004 reaching an all time high of 7% in 2007.GDP growth slumped to 1% in 2008 due to post election violence,then picked up to 2.9% in 2009 before averaging 5% between 2009 to 2013 when the Grand Coalition government came to an end.In the last year of Kibaki and the grand coalition government in 2013,Kenya's total GDP was US$55.1 Billion with a population of 44.83 Million and a per capita of US$1,229.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "18084203#6",
"text": "This aims at improving the prosperity of all Kenyans through an economic development programme, covering all the regions of Kenya. It aims to achieve an average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 10% per annum beginning in 2012. To achieve this target, Kenya is continuing with the tradition of macro-economic stability that has been established since 2002. It is also addressing other key constraints, notably, a low savings to GDP ratio, which can be alleviated by drawing in more remittances from Kenyans abroad, as well as increased foreign investment and overseas development assistance (ODA).",
"title": "Kenya Vision 2030"
},
{
"docid": "16657#15",
"text": "The GDP grew rapidly after Independence.Between 1964 and 1976 it averaged 7% per annum. By the last year of President Jomo Kenyatta government in 1978, the total GDP of Kenya was US$5.3 Billion with a population of 15.08 million and a per capita of US$351.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "16657#5",
"text": "After regaining its independence in 1963, Kenya promoted Africanization of the Kenyan economy, rapid economic growth through public investment, encouragement of smallholder agricultural production, and incentives for private often foreign industrial investment.The sessional paper number 10 of 1965 stressed the need for Kenya to avoid the western driven capitalistic economy,the eastern driven communism but concentrate on African socialism while ensuring that Kenya's economic fortunes are not dependent on a satellite relationship to any country or group of countries. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an annual average of 6.6% from 1963 to 1973 and 7.2% during the 1970s. Agricultural production grew by 4.7% annually during the same period, stimulated by redistributing estates, diffusing new crop strains, and opening new areas to cultivation. Between 1974 and 1990, however, Kenya's economic performance declined. With GDP growth averaging 4.2% per year in the 1980s and 2.2% a year in the 1990s.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "16657#21",
"text": "Industry and manufacturing: In the last 31 years, this component of Kenya's GDP has been greatly fluctuating. In 1980, industry and manufacturing accounted for 21 percent of Kenya's overall GDP. In 1990, it decreased to 19 percent, and in 2000, the value added to GDP decreased again to 17 percent. In 2011, there was a slight rise to 19 percent of Kenya's overall GDP.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
}
] |
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] |
2670
|
Who was King of England during the Seven Years' War?
|
[
{
"docid": "33751295#1",
"text": "De la Motte was born on 17 November 1713 in the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He served in the Hanoverian Army during the Seven Years' War, notably participating in the Second Siege of Cassel. In 1775 the Duke and Prince-elector of Hanover was George III, who also ruled the Kingdom of Great Britain in personal union. King George had to deal with the American Revolution and the outbreaking American Revolutionary War and prepared to ready Hanoverian troops for garrison duty so that British troops would be freed for service in America.",
"title": "August de la Motte"
},
{
"docid": "19039354#81",
"text": "Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could muster an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, since he was also the King of Poland as well as Elector of Saxony. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as it asserted more control on the deployment of its army, and managed to disengage from the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It amassed a considerable power, and even brought Britain in, on future conflicts. This power dynamic was important to the future and the latter conflicts of the \"Reich\". The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still insufficient to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians were almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.",
"title": "Seven Years' War"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5083082#11",
"text": "A brief respite in French-Habsburg enmity occurred during the Seven Years' War in 1756. The Seven Years' War involved Prussia, Great Britain, Russia, France, and Austria. These latter three nations became allies for the first time in several hundred years. This alliance was sealed with the marriage of Austrian princess Marie Antoinette to the French Dauphin, who later became King Louis XVI. The war is often said to be a continuation of the War of the Austrian Succession, which was fought in 1740. France and Austria, along with Russia, fought against Great Britain and Prussia.",
"title": "French–Habsburg rivalry"
},
{
"docid": "19038039#72",
"text": "The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke Charles of Burgundy, counting on English support, took up arms against Louis XI. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in the Treaty of Picquigny (1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to claim the title until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King Louis XVIII, who was living in England after the French Revolution.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "407950#18",
"text": "Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of France. His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois. Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war, often involving privateers such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian Pero Niño. Though the English won numerous victories, they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons. England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, retaining only a single town in France, Calais.",
"title": "Kingdom of England"
},
{
"docid": "51332355#16",
"text": "Frederick and Elizabeth's election as King and Queen of Bohemia in 1619, and the conflagration that resulted, marked the beginning of the disastrous Thirty Years' War. King James' determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict, even during the \"war fever\" of 1623, appears in retrospect as one of the most significant, and most positive, aspects of his reign. There was a small naval Anglo-French War (1627–1629) , in which the England supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII of France.",
"title": "History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "1547153#0",
"text": "The Edwardian War was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. It was named after King Edward III of England, who claimed the French throne in defiance of King Philip VI of France. The dynastic conflict was caused by disputes over the French feudal sovereignty over Aquitaine and the English claims over the French royal title. The Kingdom of England and its allies dominated this phase of the war.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War (1337–1360)"
},
{
"docid": "2163628#1",
"text": "The ministers of King Louis XV of France drew up plans to invade Britain in 1759, during the Seven Years' War. An army had been collected at Vannes, in the south-east of Brittany, and transports had been brought together in the landlocked waters of the Morbihan which are connected with Quiberon Bay. The scheme of the French ministers was to combine twenty-one ships of the line lying at Brest under the command of de Conflans, with twelve which were to be brought round from Toulon by Comte de La Clue. The army was then to be carried to some point on the coast of England or Scotland by the united squadrons.",
"title": "Battle of Lagos"
},
{
"docid": "11512204#5",
"text": "The series of wars began with the accession of the Dutch William III as King of England in the Revolution of 1688. His predecessors the Stuarts had sought friendly terms with Louis XIV: James I and Charles I, both Protestants, had avoided involvement as much as possible in the Thirty Years' War, while Charles II and the Catholic convert James II had even actively supported Louis XIV in his War against the Dutch Republic. William III, however, sought to oppose Louis XIV's Catholic regime and styled himself as a Protestant champion. Tensions continued in the following decades, during which France protected Jacobites who sought to overthrow the later Stuarts and, after 1715, the Hanoverians.",
"title": "Second Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "57322#3",
"text": "King Frederick's competition with Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic broke out into open warfare in 1563, the start of the Northern Seven Years' War, the dominating conflict of his rule. He tried in vain to conquer Sweden, which was ruled by his cousin, King Eric XIV. It developed into an extremely expensive war of attrition in which the areas of Scania were ravaged by the Swedes, and Norway was almost lost. During this war, King Frederick II led his army personally on the battlefield, but without much result. The conflict damaged his relationship with his noble councillors; however, the later Sture Murders of 24 May 1567 by the insane King Eric XIV in Sweden, eventually helped stabilize the situation in Denmark.",
"title": "Frederick II of Denmark"
},
{
"docid": "6018589#11",
"text": "Early in March, 1758, letters arrived from England, announcing the appointment of Major-General James Abercrombie to succeed the earl of Loudoun in the command of the King's forces in North America, and calling upon the provincial governments to raise troops to fight in the Seven Years' War. The letter to Reading was delivered to him on 6 March. Reading responded immediately to the King's call, and summoned a meeting of the general assembly, which convened at Burlington on 23 March. On the following day, he delivered addresses to the General Assembly calling for raising of troops to support the King in the war. He also issued a proclamation for the raising of a regiment for immediate service. Reading appointed a day of fasting and prayer.",
"title": "John Reading (New Jersey)"
}
] |
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] |
2671
|
Who invented velcro?
|
[
{
"docid": "20646740#3",
"text": "De Mestral gave the name \"Velcro\", a portmanteau of the French words \"velour\" (\"velvet\") and \"crochet\" (\"hook\"), to his invention as well as his company, which continues to manufacture and market the fastening system.",
"title": "Velcro"
},
{
"docid": "20646740#1",
"text": "Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the woods and wondered why Burdock seeds clung to his coat and dog. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955 and subsequently refined and developed its practical manufacture until its commercial introduction in the late 1950s.",
"title": "Velcro"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "597203#20",
"text": "Tortoiseshell wares were first mentioned by Thomas Whieldon in his \"Account and Memorandum Book\" of 1749. In his \"Experiment Book\", Josiah Wedgwood states that in 1759 tortoiseshell ware was the second most important ware at the Whieldon factory, but the market was declining:“[…] But as no improvement had been made in this branch for several years, the country was grown weary of it; and though the price had been lowered from time to time, in order to increase the sale, the expedient did not answer, and something new was wanted, to give a little spirit to the business.\"Historically, tortoiseshell wares have come to be associated almost exclusively with Thomas Whieldon, however, ceramics expert Pat Halfpenny warns that:“The ‘Whieldon’ label has inhibited scholarly research and limited our understanding of the pottery production dates in North Staffordshire.”In his 1991 study of William Greatbatch, David Barker also concluded:\"Many of the wares manufactured by Whieldon are of types now known to have been made by Greatbatch and have been found on the Greatbatch site. Whieldon ware, or Whieldon-type ware are terms which are widely accepted in describing a variety of ceramics, particularly tortoiseshell wares, but which lead to problems in any objective research into the pottery of the period.\"In the absence of any supporting information, caution is therefore needed in ascribing any particular tortoiseshell wares to Thomas Whieldon.",
"title": "Thomas Whieldon"
},
{
"docid": "3860515#2",
"text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.",
"title": "Ɯ"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#19",
"text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
}
] |
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2672
|
Was Australia a prison colony?
|
[
{
"docid": "3808294#1",
"text": "The British Government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century. When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony, and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. South Australia and Victoria, established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade as protests against the convict system intensified throughout the colonies. In 1868, almost two decades after transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the last convict ship arrived in Western Australia.",
"title": "Convicts in Australia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3808294#27",
"text": "Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there. The majority, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas. Initially, most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system, including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself.",
"title": "Convicts in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "10368731#4",
"text": "Initially the colony was run as an open prison under the governance of Royal Navy Captain Arthur Phillip. Later, as more free settlers were attracted to Australia and transportation was ceased in the mid-1800s, the nature of the colonies changed as Australia began to emerge as a modern, self-sustaining society and after the 1850s the colonies were progressively granted responsible government, allowing them to manage most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. Nevertheless, the Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, including foreign affairs and defence. As a result, until the 1870s when the last imperial troops were withdrawn, British regular troops constantly garrisoned the colonies. During their postings to Australia, most of the regiments rotated duties in the various colonies, and often had detachments located in geographically diverse locations at the same time.",
"title": "Colonial forces of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "2603964#2",
"text": "In December 1828, the British Colonial Office agreed to establish a colony at Swan River in Western Australia. It then issued a circular outlining the conditions of settlement, which stated, \"It is not intended that any convicts or other description of Prisoners, be sent to this new settlement.\" That Swan River Colony would not be a penal colony was highly attractive to many of the potential settlers, and the condition was mentioned often by promoters during the period of Swan River mania.",
"title": "Convict era of Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "1182599#8",
"text": "After the loss of the United States, Britain experienced overcrowding of its prisons and sought to ease the problems by transportation of its prisoners. In 1787 the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1350 people under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip sailed for Australia. On 26 January 1788 a landing was made at Sydney Cove. The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February. Other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as freemen to the colony followed. As a result of agitation by the free settlers in Sydney, transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840. It continued to the colonies of Van Diemen's Land (where settlement began in 1803) and Moreton Bay (founded 1824, and later renamed Queensland) for some years longer. The small settlement of Perth, founded in 1829 on the Swan River in Western Australia by free settlers, failed to prosper and asked for convicts. In contrast, South Australia, with its capital Adelaide founded in 1836, and Victoria, with its capital Melbourne founded in 1839, was settled only by free settlers. South Australia not only received British migrants, but also a significant influx of Prussian farmers and tradesmen, initially seeking freedom from religious persecution. By the end of the penal transportation in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered Australia as convicts.",
"title": "Immigration history of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "10368731#62",
"text": "South Australia was the only British colony in Australia which was not a convict colony. It was established as a planned free colony, and began on 28 December 1836. As such, garrisons were not required as prison guards, unlike the other colonies. However, Governor John Hindmarsh was escorted on the HMS \"Buffalo\" by a contingent of nineteen Royal Marines. They were assigned to protect him and left South Australia when he departed the colony on the HMS \"Alligator\" on 14 July 1838. A lack of any form of defence however, led to the creation of the Royal South Australian Volunteer Militia, consisting of an infantry company and two cavalry troops, in 1840, although it was disbanded in 1851; for the final six years of its existence it had been a force that had existed on paper only. The first artillery pieces arrived in South Australia aboard \"Buffalo\", which landed two 18-pound cannons, but initially there were no moves to form an artillery unit, so the guns were operated by Royal Engineers. In 1844 a request for further pieces was sent to the British government and two years later two light 6-pounders, two 12-pounder howitzers and two Cohorn mortars arrived with an ammunition store of about 500 rounds for each weapon type.",
"title": "Colonial forces of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "2603964#16",
"text": "Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there. The majority of convicts, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas. Initially, most convicts were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system, including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself. Later, they were set to work on other public works, especially roads. In Perth, for example, convicts built the Perth Gaol between 1854 and 1856, and some were then housed there to provide labour for capital works in the city and surrounds. The Perth Town Hall and Government House and the Canning River Convict Fence are several of the notable landmarks built by convicts.",
"title": "Convict era of Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "31035140#4",
"text": "Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the indigenous people of Australia - Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders - had their own traditional punishments. These included:New South Wales, as the founding site for British colonisation Australia in 1788, has had prisons for as long as Australia has had European settlement. The first Australian colony was founded at Port Jackson (now Sydney) on 26 January 1788, and marked the commencement of many decades of convict arrivals from the United Kingdom. Penal colonies were also founded in what is now the states of Queensland, Tasmania, and Western Australia.",
"title": "Punishment in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "49361041#2",
"text": "After his time in South Australia, Hall was governor of Parkhurst Prison on the Isle of Wight. In his time as Governor of Parkhurst Prison, Hall proposed sending boys who were convicted in Britain to colonies as Parkhurst apprentices, whereupon they would receive a pardon on arrival in a colony, but be expected to serve out an apprenticeship before being eligible to return to Britain. This proposal was rejected by the Colony of South Australia, but accepted in Swan River Colony and forced on the Colony of New Zealand. Hall was an early advocate of using juvenile prison to rehabilitate young offenders to society rather than teaching them to be better criminals in their adult life. He sought to teach them a trade or other skills to avoid a life of crime.",
"title": "George Hall (British administrator)"
},
{
"docid": "4506084#63",
"text": "Tasmania is home to a number of significant colonial Christian buildings including those located at Australia's best preserved convict era settlement, Port Arthur. According to 19th century notions of prisoner reform, the \"Model Prison\" incorporates a grim chapel into which prisoners in solitary confinement were shepherded to listen (in individual enclosures) to the preacher's Sunday sermon – their only permitted interaction with another human being. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia has long been known as the \"City of Churches\" and its St Peter's Anglican Cathedral is a noted city landmark. 130 km north of Adelaide is the Jesuit old stone winery and cellars at Sevenhill, founded by Austrian Jesuits in 1848.",
"title": "Christianity in Australia"
}
] |
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2674
|
How large is Atlantic Ocean?
|
[
{
"docid": "698#0",
"text": "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\".",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18951556#29",
"text": "In the depth range of is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density. When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.",
"title": "Arctic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "698#23",
"text": "On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3–3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "698#1",
"text": "The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N.",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "18951556#26",
"text": "In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.\nBecause of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as “a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing”. The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07×10 km, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin.",
"title": "Arctic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "698#9",
"text": "Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of or 23.3% of the total volume of the earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers and has a volume of . The North Atlantic covers (11.5%) and the South Atlantic (11.1%). The average depth is and the maximum depth, the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench, is .",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "698#40",
"text": "The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth's history associated with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, one of Earth's major extinction events.\nTheoliitic dikes, sills, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to of which covered what is now northern and central Brazil.",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "698#29",
"text": "In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the Gulf Stream which flows north-east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras; the North Atlantic Current, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks; and the Subpolar Front, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically.\nNorth of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level.\nThe subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation. Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the north-eastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense (40–50 Sv) current which flows around the continental margins of the Labrador Sea. A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The NADW, in its turn, feed the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the North Atlantic oscillation, are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water, the upper layers of the MOC.",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "18323435#20",
"text": "It also claimed that white smoke trails such as seen behind the missile on the footage usually occur from land-to-air missile launches, and never with air-to-air missiles.\n“This is not a full list of inconsistencies in the obviously edited video footage. [The footage does not give] a clear picture of when and where the video was recorded. If watched carefully, one can clearly see two roads parallel to the shoreline,” the Russian Foreign Ministry said. “But there aren't such roads in the indicated area of Abkhazia’s coast. Abkhazia's famous sand beaches - 100 meters in width - are not seen in the footage, even though they can be seen by satellite.”",
"title": "2008 Georgian spy plane shootdowns"
},
{
"docid": "39527518#0",
"text": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase (, \"epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:CoM transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate transferase\", \"coenzyme M-epoxyalkane ligase\", \"epoxyalkyl:CoM transferase\", \"epoxypropane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxypropyl:CoM transferase\", \"EaCoMT\", \"2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\", \"(R)-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (cyclizing\", \"(R)-1,2-epoxypropane-forming)\") is an enzyme with systematic name \"(R)-(or (S)-)2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction",
"title": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase"
}
] |
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] |
2675
|
Did England fight France during the Seven Years' War?
|
[
{
"docid": "771#35",
"text": "Meanwhile, George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight. He did not welcome war with France, but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years' War as a reason to remain optimistic. Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France, leaving it isolated, preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater, and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America. Despite this, the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely, or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown. Mahan argues that Britain's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed, citing impossible mutual support, exposing the forces to defeat in detail.",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"docid": "19039354#0",
"text": "The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (including the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (including the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire), the Russian Empire (until 1762), the Kingdom of Spain, and the Swedish Empire on the other. Meanwhile, in India, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, tried to crush a British attempt to conquer Bengal. The war's extent has led some historians to describe it as \"World War Zero\", similar in scale to other world wars.",
"title": "Seven Years' War"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22472697#78",
"text": "Britain held a dominant position at the negotiations, as they had during the last seven years seized Canada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, Pondicherry, Senegal, and Belle Île from the French and Havana and Manila from the Spanish. Only one British territory, Menorca, was in enemy hands. Despite suffering a year of defeats, Spain was prepared to fight on—something which their French allies were opposed to. Bute proposed a suggestion that France cede her remaining North American territory of Louisiana to Spain to compensate Madrid for its losses during the war. This formula was acceptable to the Spanish government, and allowed Britain and France to negotiate with more legroom.",
"title": "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "4305070#59",
"text": "As Western powers expanded they competed for land and resources. In the Caribbean, pirates attacked each other and the navies and colonial cities of countries, in hopes of stealing gold and other valuables from a ship or city. This was sometimes supported by governments. For example, England supported the pirate Sir Francis Drake in raids against the Spanish. Between 1652 and 1678, the three Anglo-Dutch wars were fought, of which the last two were won by the Dutch. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, England gained New Netherland (which was traded with Suriname and Dutch South Africa. In 1756, the Seven Years' War, or French and Indian War began. It involved several powers fighting on several continents. In North America, English soldiers and colonial troops defeated the French, and in India the French were also defeated by England. In Europe Prussia defeated Austria. When the war ended in 1763, New France and eastern Louisiana were ceded to England, while western Louisiana was given to Spain. France's lands in India were ceded to England. Prussia was given rule over more territory in what is today Germany.",
"title": "History of Western civilization"
},
{
"docid": "8565908#30",
"text": "England and France were in the concluding stages of the Hundred Years War. The French did not wish to lose their advantage in the fight by sending knights and the English were in no position to do so. Spain was in the final stages of the Reconquista. The Holy Roman Empire, never centralized enough behind the Hohenstaufen to unite the principalities, had exhausted what could be spared at Varna. Further fighting among the German princes and the Hussite wars seriously reduced the willingness of most to perform a crusade. Poland and Hungary were key participants at Varna and the defeat there along with the Polish–Teutonic Wars kept them busy and unwilling for further commitments.",
"title": "Byzantine–Ottoman wars"
},
{
"docid": "26061#17",
"text": "With the Viking era at an end, and conflict with France largely confined to the French lands of the English monarchy, England faced little threat from the sea during the 12th and 13th centuries, but in the 14th century the outbreak of the Hundred Years War dramatically increased the French menace. Early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was thereafter confined to French soil and England's naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. However, while subsequent French invasion schemes came to nothing, England's naval forces could not prevent frequent raids on the south-coast ports by the French and their Genoese and Castilian allies. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V.",
"title": "Royal Navy"
},
{
"docid": "1419982#6",
"text": "During 1754, Washington, Gist, and a detachment of the Virginia Regiment attempted to drive the French from the region. At the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, the French defeated the Virginian colonists. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War, a part of the Seven Years' War between France and England. Gist owned land near the present city of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He named it Gist's Plantation and began to build a town there. At the outset of the war, the French burned all the buildings. Gist was a member of the Braddock Expedition during 1755 when it was defeated by the French and their Native American allies. After the defeat, Gist traveled into Tennessee, where he met with various native groups to seek their help during the war. His whereabouts, during the final years of the war, were uncertain.",
"title": "Christopher Gist"
},
{
"docid": "638452#21",
"text": "Joan of Arc puts the player in command of the battered, bloodied and demoralised French during the Hundred Years War against England. At the beginning of the campaign, nearly every major and decisive battle fought by the French has always led to defeat to the English. In France's darkest hour though, a seventeen-year-old girl—Joan of Arc intends to save France by the command of God. She intends to drive the English from France forever. Her presence at the Siege of Orleans earns her the nickname 'The Maid of Orleans', and she earns the confidence of the uncrowned Dauphin Charles VII by being given command of the entire French Army, although the Dauphin's advisors begin to plot against Joan of Arc. At several turning points in the Hundred Years' War, namely the Loire Campaign where the entire English and Burgundian forces were cleared out, hope for a free France begin to inspire more men to join the fight under Joan of Arc.",
"title": "Age of Empires II"
},
{
"docid": "224589#23",
"text": "Louis XIV had considered William's invasion as a declaration of war between France and the Dutch Republic (officially declared on 26 November); but he did little to stop the invasion – his main concern was the Rhineland. Moreover, French diplomats had calculated that William's action would plunge England into a protracted civil war that would either absorb Dutch resources or draw England closer to France. However, after landing his forces unhindered at Torbay on 5 November (O.S) 1688, many welcomed William with open arms, and the subsequent Glorious Revolution brought a rapid end to James II's reign. On 13 February 1689 (O.S.) William of Orange became King William III of England – reigning jointly with his wife Mary – and bound together the fortunes of England and the Dutch Republic. Yet few people in England suspected that William had sought the crown for himself or that his aim was to bring England into the war against France on the Dutch side. The Convention Parliament did not see that the offer of joint monarchy carried with it the corollary of a declaration of war, but the subsequent actions of the deposed king finally swung Parliament behind William's war policy.",
"title": "Nine Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "44515#1",
"text": "During the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War), British colonial officers suspected Acadians were aligned with France after finding some Acadians fighting alongside French troops at Fort Beausejour. Though most Acadians remained neutral during the French and Indian War, the British, together with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion (Le Grand Dérangement) of the Acadians during the 1755–1764 period. They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning. The result was what one historian described as an ethnic cleansing of the Acadians from Maritime Canada. Other historians indicate that it was a deportation similar to other deportations of the time period.",
"title": "Acadians"
},
{
"docid": "19039354#21",
"text": "For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to overseas colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions (as had happened in, \"e.g.\", the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)). This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, and although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.",
"title": "Seven Years' War"
}
] |
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] |
2676
|
How many species live in The Houtman Abrolhos reef?
|
[
{
"docid": "69813#63",
"text": "The Houtman Abrolhos is unusual in having a luxuriant and diverse living coral reef at such a high latitude. 194 species in 50 genera have been recorded there, all but two of which are tropical. This is a surprisingly high coral diversity, considering the high latitude of the reef, and the relatively low diversity of other biota. For a full list, see list of corals of the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "14861871#0",
"text": "The marine waters of the Houtman Abrolhos, an island chain off the coast of Western Australia, have been recorded as containing 194 species of coral in 50 genera. This is a surprisingly high coral diversity, considering the high latitude of the reef, and the relatively low diversity of other biota. This is a list of corals of the Houtman Abrolhos:",
"title": "List of corals of the Houtman Abrolhos"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16035580#0",
"text": "The marine waters of the Houtman Abrolhos, an island chain off the coast of Western Australia, has been recorded as containing 172 species of echinoderm in ?? genera. This extremely high diversity has been attributed to a combination of factors, namely: the position of the Houtman Abrolhos within a biotone between temperate and tropical waters; the wide variety of habitats; and the Leeuwin Current, which both transports tropical species southwards, and keeps the reef warm enough for them to survive. This is a list of echinoderms of the Houtman Abrolhos:\nPublished surveys have not included observations of the crown-of-thorns starfish (\"Ananthaster planci\"), and this species is therefore not listed above. However, individuals have occasionally been observed at the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "List of echinoderms of the Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "14257771#0",
"text": "North Island is the northernmost island in the Houtman Abrolhos, a coral reef archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mid West Western Australia. Located about 14 km (9 mi) from the nearest island group, it is one of the largest islands in the Houtman Abrolhos, and one of the few to support dune systems. It has relatively diverse flora dominated by chenopod shrubs and fauna that includes the introduced tammar wallaby, around seven species of reptile, and about 15 resident bird species.",
"title": "North Island (Houtman Abrolhos)"
},
{
"docid": "69813#55",
"text": "260 species of benthic algae have been recorded at the Houtman Abrolhos. This figure comprises 178 species of red algae (Rhodophyta), 50 species of brown algae (Phaeophyta) and 32 species of green algae (Chlorophyta). Both temperate and tropical species are present, in many cases near the northern or southern extent of their range. For a full list, see list of algae of the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "69813#64",
"text": "The coral reef community at the Houtman Abrolhos is unusual in having tropical coral growing alongside and in direct competition with, temperate seaweed. As a result of this competition for light, space and nutrients, coral at the Houtman Abrolhos tends to grow more slowly and die younger than is usual. Reef production is to a large extent due to the production of carbon by coralline algae rather than by coral.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "69813#57",
"text": "At last count, a total of 389 species of fish have been recorded from the Houtman Abrolhos. 16 species occur in very large numbers; in decreasing order of abundance, these are:\nCommercially important species include \"Pagrus auratus\" (pink snapper), \"Choerodon rubescens\" (baldchin groper), \"Glaucosoma hebraicum\" (westralian dhufish) and \"Plectropomus leopardus\" (coral trout). For a complete list of fish species recorded at the Houtman Abrolhos, see List of fishes of the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "69813#0",
"text": "The Houtman Abrolhos (often informally called the Abrolhos Islands) is a chain of 122 islands, and associated coral reefs, in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Australia. Nominally located at , it lies about eighty kilometres (50 mi) west of Geraldton, Western Australia. It is the southernmost true coral reef in the Indian Ocean, and one of the highest latitude reef systems in the world. It is one of the world's most important seabird breeding sites, and is the centre of Western Australia's largest single-species fishery, the western rock lobster fishery. It has a small seasonal population of fishermen, and a limited number of tourists are permitted for day trips, but most of the land area is off limits as conservation habitat. It is well known as the site of numerous shipwrecks, the most famous being the Dutch ships \"Batavia\", which was wrecked in 1629, and \"Zeewijk\", wrecked in 1727.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "69813#53",
"text": "23 terrestrial reptile species are known to occur on the islands of the Houtman Abrolhos. This relatively low biodiversity is apparently due to the homogeneity of habitat on the islands, which provide few distinct ecological niches. The most significant terrestrial reptile species are the spiny-tailed skink (\"Egernia stokesii stokesii\") and the carpet python (\"Morelia spilota imbricata\"), both of which are listed as rare and therefore afforded special protection under the \"Wildlife Conservation Act 1950\"; and the Abrolhos dwarf bearded dragon (\"Pogona minor minima\"), a Houtman Abrolhos endemic that is listed as a Priority 4 species by the Department of Environment and Conservation. For a full list of species, see list of reptiles of the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
},
{
"docid": "69813#68",
"text": "Houtman Abrolhos has an extremely high diversity of echinoderms, with 172 species having been recorded there. 63% of these are tropical species, 14% are temperate, and 22% are endemic to Western Australia. None is endemic to the Houtman Abrolhos. Published surveys have not included observations of the crown-of-thorns starfish (\"Ananthaster planci\"), but individuals have occasionally been observed there. For a complete list of species, see list of echinoderms of the Houtman Abrolhos.",
"title": "Houtman Abrolhos"
}
] |
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] |
2677
|
Which EU countries don't use the Euro?
|
[
{
"docid": "184391#13",
"text": "Nine countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are EU members but do not use the euro. Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). As of January 2017, only the National Central Bank (NCB) of Denmark participates in ERM II.",
"title": "Eurozone"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "571932#7",
"text": "There are countries which, though not official members of the Eurozone, still use the euro as legal or de facto currency, through official agreements with the EU. These are European microstates which are largely economically dependent on their larger Eurozone-member neighbours.Some other countries unilaterally decided to use the Euro without having currently a formal agreement with the EU.",
"title": "Third-country economic relationships with the European Union"
},
{
"docid": "40042831#1",
"text": "A currency is a medium of exchange, such as money, banknotes, and coins. In Europe, the most commonly used currency is the euro (used by 25 countries); any country entering the European Union (EU) is expected to join the eurozone when they meet the five convergence criteria. Denmark is the only EU member which has been granted an exemption from using the euro, Sweden has also not adopted the Euro, although unlike Denmark, it has not formally opted out, instead, fails to meet the ERM II (Exchange Rate Mechanism) which results in the non-use of the Euro. For countries which hope to join the eurozone, there are five guidelines that need to be followed, grouped in the Maastricht criteria.",
"title": "List of currencies in Europe"
},
{
"docid": "21553182#4",
"text": "Outside the EU, there are currently three French territories and a British territory that have agreements to use the euro as their currency. All other dependent territories of eurozone member states that have opted not to be a part of EU, usually with Overseas Country and Territory (OCT) status, use local currencies which are often pegged to the euro or US dollar. As non-sovereign entities, dependent territories which have adopted the euro are not permitted to mint euro coins like the European microstates, nor do they get a seat in the European Central Bank (ECB) or the Eurogroup. France is responsible for ensuring that the laws governing the EMU apply in their territories which use the euro.",
"title": "International status and usage of the euro"
},
{
"docid": "53939#21",
"text": "No territories associated with Eurozone countries are issuing their own euro coins. France and Netherlands have areas which have their own currencies. Denmark and the United Kingdom have areas which use the currencies of their home countries but issue their own versions of banknotes. These two countries are part of the EU but not the eurozone, and it is uncertain what would happen if any of them adopted the euro.",
"title": "Euro coins"
},
{
"docid": "184391#7",
"text": "The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states – Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City — have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins. Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group.",
"title": "Eurozone"
},
{
"docid": "1069072#37",
"text": "There are some non-EU members who have elected to use the euro as their national currency like Kosovo and Montenegro, either with or without specific agreements with the EU to do so, (those with agreements with the EU may mint their own euro coins). The French overseas territories and departments of Mayotte and Réunion in the Indian Ocean, Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean and French Guiana in South America all use the euro, among many other islands in the Pacific, Caribbean and indeed around the globe that are ruled directly by European countries.",
"title": "Economy of Europe"
},
{
"docid": "24073851#2",
"text": "Except for the two states with opt outs, all current and future members of the EU are obliged to adopt the Euro as their currency, thus replacing their current ones. The relationship between euro and non-euro states has been on debate both during the UK's membership (as a large opt-out state) and in light of withdrawal from the EU and how that impacts the balance of power between those in and out of the euro; namely avoiding a eurozone caucus out-voting non-euro states. The UK had called for the EU treaties to recognise the EU as a \"multicurrency union\", which sparked concerns about undermining euro adoption in remaining countries.",
"title": "Currencies of the European Union"
},
{
"docid": "9472#31",
"text": "Outside the eurozone, a total of 22 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa (CFA franc), two African island countries (Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo), three French Pacific territories (CFP franc) and three Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark), Bulgaria (Bulgarian lev) and Macedonia (Macedonian denar). On 28 July 2009, São Tomé and Príncipe signed an agreement with Portugal which will eventually tie its currency to the euro. Additionally, the Moroccan dirham is tied to a basket of currencies, including the euro and the US dollar, with the euro given the highest weighting.",
"title": "Euro"
},
{
"docid": "16896790#25",
"text": "It is unclear how Kosovo's unilateral use of the euro will impact their aspirations for further integration into the EU, which requires that states meet several convergence criteria prior to being allowed to join the eurozone. Montenegro, like Kosovo, has also unilaterally adopted the euro and is currently conducting membership negotiations with the EU. Since Montenegro's application for membership, the European Commission and the ECB have voiced their discontent over its use of the euro on several occasions. A statement attached to its Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: \"unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty.\" The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process. The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption \"would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession.\" Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country.",
"title": "Accession of Kosovo to the European Union"
},
{
"docid": "6430550#20",
"text": "The euro is present in some elements of Swedish law, based on EU directives. For example, an EU directive states that all transactions in euros inside the EU shall have the same fees as euro transactions within the country concerned. \nThe Swedish government has made an amendment which states that the directive also applies to krona-based transactions. This means, for example, that euros can be withdrawn without fees from Swedish banks at any ATM in the eurozone, and that krona- and euro-based transfers to bank accounts in the European Economic Area can be done over the internet without a sending fee. The receiving banks can still sometimes charge a fee for receiving the payment, though, although the same EU directive typically makes this impossible for euro-based transfers to eurozone countries. This is different from, for example, Denmark where banks are required to set the price for international euro transactions within the EEA to the same price as for domestic Danish euro transactions (which does not have to be the same as the price for domestic Danish krone transactions). However, banks in Sweden still decide the exchange rate, and so are able to continue charging a small percentage for exchanging between kronor and euros when using card payments.",
"title": "Sweden and the euro"
}
] |
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2680
|
What day is Bastille day?
|
[
{
"docid": "3936#17",
"text": "Bastille Day is celebrated with great festivity in Pondicherry, a former French colony, every year. On the eve of the Bastille Day, retired soldiers parade and celebrate the day with Indian and French National Anthems. On the day, uniformed war soldiers march through the street to honor the French soldiers who were killed in the battles. One can perceive French and the [Indian flag] flying alongside that project the mishmash of cultures and heritages.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#0",
"text": "Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is formally called ' (; \"The National Celebration\") and commonly and legally ' (; \"the 14th of July\").",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#25",
"text": "In Dallas, Texas the Bastille Day celebration, \"Bastille On Bishop\", began in 2010 and is held annually on 14 July in the Bishop Arts District of the North Oak Cliff neighborhood, southwest of downtown just across the Trinity River. Dallas' French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian community La Réunion, formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860. Miami, Florida's celebration is organized by \"French & Famous\" in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce, the Union des Français de l'Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate \"La Fête Nationale\". The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was \"Guinguette Party\" and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club. New Orleans, Louisiana has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historic French Quarter. St. Louis, Missouri has annual festivals in the Soulard neighborhood, the former French village of Carondelet, Missouri, and in the Benton Park neighborhood. The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion in the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of the beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annual saloon crawl to celebrate Bastille Day in 2017. In Washington D.C., food, music, and auction events are sponsored by the Embassy of France. There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#1",
"text": "The French National Day is the anniversary of Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a turning point of the French Revolution, as well as the Fête de la Fédération which celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. The oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe is held on the morning of 14 July, on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the President of the Republic, along with other French officials and foreign guests.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#6",
"text": "The \"Fête de la Fédération\"on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the Storming of the Bastille, was to symbolise peace. The event took place on the Champ de Mars, which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes (\"The Day of the Wheelbarrow\"), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#9",
"text": "In 1880, the government of the Third Republic wanted to revive the 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival had been underway for nearly a decade, sponsored by the notable politician Léon Gambetta and scholar Henri Baudrillant. On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have \"the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival\". There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of the end of the feudal system), 5 May (when the Estates-General first assembled), 27 July (the fall of Robespierre), and 21 January (the date of Louis XVI's execution). The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but it was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic's need to establish legal legitimacy. French politicians also did not want the sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as a dual celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the one year anniversary of 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille. The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May and 8 June, and the law was approved on 27 and 29 June. The law was made official on 6 July 1880.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3936#24",
"text": "Baltimore, Maryland has a large Bastille Day celebration each year at Petit Louis in the Roland Park area of Baltimore City. Boston has a celebration annually, hosted by the French Cultural Center for 40 years. The street festival occurs in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, near the Cultural Center's headquarters. The celebration includes francophone musical performers, dancing, and French cuisine. New York City, New York has numerous Bastille Day celebrations each July, including \"Bastille Day on 60th Street\" hosted by the French Institute Alliance Française between Fifth and Lexington Avenues on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Bastille Day on Smith Street in Brooklyn, and Bastille Day in Tribeca. There is also the annual Bastille Day Ball, taking place since 1924. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's Bastille Day, held at Eastern State Penitentiary, involves Marie Antoinette throwing locally manufactured Tastykakes at the Parisian militia, as well as a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#21",
"text": "Following colonial rule, France annexed a large portion of what is now French Polynesia. Under French rule, Tahitians were permitted to participate in sport, singing, and dancing competitions one day a year: Bastille Day. The single day of celebration evolved into the major festival Heiva i Tahiti in Tahiti, where traditional events such as canoe races, tattooing, and fire walks are held. The singing and dancing competitions continued, with music composed with traditional instruments such as a nasal flute and ukulele.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#13",
"text": "Liège celebrates the Bastille Day each year since the end of the First World War, as Liège was decorated by the Légion d'Honneur for its unexpected resistance during the Battle of Liège. The city also hosts a fireworks show outside of Congress Hall. Specifically in Liège, celebrations of Bastille Day have been known to be bigger than the celebrations of the Belgian National holiday. Around 35,000 people gather to celebrate Bastille Day. There is a traditional festival dance of the French consul that draws large crowds, and many unofficial events over the city celebrate the relationship between France and the city of Liège.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#27",
"text": "Portland, Oregon has celebrated Bastille Day with crowds up to 8,000, in public festivals at various public parks, since 2001. The event is coordinated by the Alliance Française of Portland. Seattle, Washington's Bastille Day celebration, held at the Seattle Center, involves performances, picnics, wine and shopping. Sacramento, California conducts annual \"waiter races\" in the midtown restaurant and shopping district, with a street festival.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "37470339#0",
"text": "The Bastille Day Flare or Bastille Day Event was a powerful solar flare on July 14, 2000, the national day of France, occurring near the peak of the solar maximum in solar cycle 23. The X5.7-class flare originated from a sunspot known as Active region 9077, which subsequently caused an S3 radiation storm on Earth fifteen minutes later as energetic protons bombarded the ionosphere. It was the biggest solar radiation event since 1989. The proton event was four times more intense than any previously recorded since the launches of SOHO in 1995 and ACE in 1997. The flare was also followed by a full-halo coronal mass ejection and a geomagnetic super storm on July 15–16. The geomagnetic storm peaked at the extreme level, G5, in the late hours of July 15.",
"title": "Bastille Day event"
},
{
"docid": "5843419#80",
"text": "The Bastille Day military parade held in Paris each 14 July for France's national day, called Bastille Day in English-speaking countries (referred to in France as \"Fête nationale\"), is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe.\nOther smaller parades are organised across the country.",
"title": "France"
},
{
"docid": "3936#23",
"text": "The Unites States has over 20 cities that conduct annual celebrations of Bastille Day. The different cities celebrate with many French staples such as food, music, games, and sometimes the recreation of famous French landmarks.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#5",
"text": "As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country's national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789. One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789. There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
}
] |
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] |
2681
|
When did Pearl Brewing Company close?
|
[
{
"docid": "4825833#0",
"text": "The Pearl Brewing Company (also known as the Pearl Brewery or just Pearl) was an American brewery, established in 1883 in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. In 1985, Pearl's parent company purchased the Pabst Brewing Company and assumed the Pabst name. In 1999, the Pabst Brewing Company began transferring its production to Miller Brewing, on a contract basis, and closing all of its breweries. Pearl beer is still in production at Miller's Ft. Worth, Texas facility, but the Pearl Brewery in San Antonio was closed in 2001. Since then, the former brewery was purchased by Silver Ventures, Inc., which has made the property the crown jewel in revitalization efforts of southern Midtown and northern Downtown San Antonio.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4825833#41",
"text": "The Texas Transportation Company (TXTC) was a class III short-line railroad in San Antonio that serviced the Pearl Brewery. The company operated electric locomotives on their line for more than 113 years. TXTC was started as a private company in 1887 until it was chartered on September 24, 1897. In the early days when the Lone Star Brewing Company was located on W. Jones Avenue, TXTC serviced both breweries. Service ended for the line when the Pearl Brewery closed in 2001.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#22",
"text": "In 1961, the Pearl Brewing Company officially purchased the M. K. Goetz Brewing Company. Overall, the merger of the two companies was a success. Beers from both companies began to be produced at the two facilities. Goetz brewed all of the Pearl beers for easier distribution in the north, and Pearl produced Goetz's Country Club malt liquor. Country Club proved very successful for Pearl, and in fact is the only Goetz beer still in production by Pabst today under the Pearl Brewing Company name. The merger was not without its problems, but overall the transition occurred smoothly. Pearl took over as the corporate headquarters and some duplicate jobs were eliminated. The production side of Goetz remained intact, with Pearl treating Goetz employees just as they did the employees in San Antonio, like family.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#18",
"text": "Pearl was successful, not only in Texas, but on a national level, as well. Larger companies saw this success and made many attempts to buy out Pearl and their beers. Almost all offers were never even considered. In what would turn out later to be ironic, one company came very close to buying out the Pearl Brewing Company in the 1950s: Pabst Brewing Company. B.B. McGimsey, who was Pearl's plant manager, shareholder, and the face of Pearl at most events, began gaining support to sell the brewery off. McGimsey was a charismatic leader whom most of the employees liked and respected. McGimsey's influence also reached other board members, and when the offer came from Pabst, it was not as easily dismissed. Details of the offer have long been lost, but one can surmise it was a good deal given the consideration given to it by Pearl. McGimsey believed that Pearl's stance as an independent Texas brewer would never allow them to truly compete on a national level with brewers from St. Louis and Milwaukee. Ultimately, the sale to Pabst was defeated by Otto A. and the other shareholders, but only by the slimmest of margins. Pearl maintained its independence, for now.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#11",
"text": "As the Great Depression ended in the United States, world affairs worsened and spun the globe toward World War II. After almost 26 years at the helm of the San Antonio Brewing Association, Emma Koehler decided it was time to relinquish the official title. Her “retirement” closed an amazing chapter in the brewery's history. While it may not seem much these days, Emma's successful management role at Pearl was a breakthrough for its day. At a time when women's suffrage was still in its infancy and women did not yet have the right to vote, Emma Koehler led Texas’ largest brewery and one of the larger breweries in the nation.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#46",
"text": "In 1952, when the San Antonio Brewing Association changed its name to the Pearl Brewing Company, the triple Xs joined the Pearl name as a dominant image on the product and the company as a whole. The triple Xs were back on the company logo and were used on almost all of Pearl's advertisements. The Xs held this significant role to the end of production at the brewery in 2001, when the brewery closed its doors and the company logo was abandoned. As production of Pearl and Pearl Light spun up at Miller's Fort Worth facility, the product logos were redesigned. The updated label does not use the triple Xs, so a significant part of company identity has been virtually eliminated from the Pearl beers. However, Pearl's Country Club malt liquor still displays the XXXs in its logo.\nMany people wonder where the Xs came from, and how were they ever used on beer. In truth, the three Xs are actually a quality rating system. The system was initially used in Europe during the 16th Century. As European royalty traveled their lands and visited neighboring counties, a royal courier was sent ahead of the official party. The courier's job was to sample beer at inns along the way. If the beer was only average, the courier would mark the inn's sign or door with a single X. If the inn's beer was deemed good, the sign or door would receive two Xs. A mark on an inn of three Xs meant that the beer inside was excellent, and a must-stop for the royal court as they passed through.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#30",
"text": "After 118 years of brewing along the San Antonio River, the doors to the Pearl Brewery closed.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#28",
"text": "In 1969, Pearl was acquired by Southdown, a conglomerate that started out in the sugar industry. In 1977, Pearl was sold to General Brewing of San Francisco, owned by Paul Kalmanovitz. Kalmanovitz specialized in leveraged buy-outs, which take over businesses to sell off their parts for profit, closing plants and laying off employees. After a takeover in St. Louis, brewery employees there flew the American flag at half-staff and upside down. Kalmanovitz acquired the Pabst breweries, going back to 1844, in 1985 and united his holdings under the name Pabst Brewing Company.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#24",
"text": "The strangest twist to the seemingly endless rivalry involved a small candy company in San Antonio, called Judson Candies. In 1965, the Pearl Brewing Company bought Judson Candies from the three sons whose father had helped found the business. On its own, Judson was a profitable company that had an established name in the candy industry. Judson was not on the level of Hershey or Mars, but did have strong sales in the Southwest. Pearl simply made the Judson sons an offer they could not refuse. So, in 1965, Judson Candies joined the Pearl and Goetz families under the umbrella of the Pearl Brewing Company.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
},
{
"docid": "4825833#25",
"text": "Judson was part of the company, but in many ways it was still very independent. Financial backing came down from Pearl, but Judson still made decisions on their own, setting their own strategic goals independently of Pearl. Whatever the decisions were at Judson, they obviously worked. From the day Pearl acquired them, until they were sold off to members of the Atkinson's Candy family in 1983, Judson remained a profitable business. When the Atkinsons bought Judson, the only real evidence of ownership by a larger company, and one in a completely different industry, was the office furniture and supplies. Everything in the Judson offices were labeled with \"Property of the Pearl Brewing Company\" and items such as pencils, pens, ashtrays, notepads, and even first aid kits were branded with the Pearl logos.",
"title": "Pearl Brewing Company"
}
] |
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] |
2682
|
When was Mahwah, NJ founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "124989#1",
"text": "The area that is now Mahwah was originally formed as Hohokus Township on April 9, 1849, from portions of Franklin Township (now Wyckoff). While known as Hohokus Township, territory was taken to form Orvil Township (on January 1, 1886; remainder of township is now Waldwick), Allendale (November 10, 1894), Upper Saddle River (November 22, 1894) and Ramsey (March 10, 1908). On November 7, 1944, the area was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as the Township of Mahwah, based on the results of a referendum held that day, replacing Hohokus Township.",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10506976#4",
"text": "The beginning of railroad service in Mahwah dates to the 1840s with the Paterson and Ramapo Railroad, which had its charter approved on March 10, 1841 by the state of New Jersey. The railroad was constructed through Mahwah in 1848, and while a stop was added at Mahwah, it was nothing more than a flag stop for passengers. The passengers would have to notify the station agent, who would flag down a passing train to stop. Once the Erie Railroad leased the Paterson and Ramapo in 1852, the improvement of service at Mahwah was not improving, and it was not until citizens of Mahwah persuaded the railroad that there was enough passenger and freight traffic for a depot that one was constructed in 1871. The land for the new depot was donated by Albert Winter, a local citizen.",
"title": "Mahwah station"
},
{
"docid": "43673658#11",
"text": "On June 29, the Mahwah Township Council had passed an ordinance, effective July 27, barring nonresidents of New Jersey from its parks. Residents had complained that out-of-staters were flooding Mahwah's parks, sometimes by the busload. After the ordinance passed, but before it went into effect, Mahwah police chief James Batelli received many phone calls from residents asking that it be enforced against Orthodox Jews. He contacted the Bergen County Prosecutor, Gurbir Grewal, for advice. On July 27, the date the ordinance was to go into effect, Grewal issued a directive ordering Mahwah police to disregard the ban, stating that the ban could lead to racial profiling, unlawful searches and seizures and the illegal targeting of Orthodox Jews. In response, Rob Hermansen, president of the township council, stated that that body would rework the ordinance to continue putting Mahwah residents first.",
"title": "2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy"
},
{
"docid": "43673658#9",
"text": "When the matter became generally known in mid-July, there was what local reporter Tom Nobile called a \"firestorm of opposition\" from local residents, with some expressing concerns that the eruv would allow Orthodox communities in Rockland County to expand into New Jersey. Groups formed on social media, including one named Mahwah Strong, in opposition to the eruv. Mahwah Strong claimed 3,000 members within days; a founder, Robert Ferguson, stated that his group would act as a check and balance to ensure the township enforced its laws, and noted, \"I don't view this as a hostile takeover of the town.\" Two hundred people gathered in a Mahwah park on July 22 to support the eruv's removal. An online petition to \"Protect the Quality of Our Community in Mahwah\", initiated by former township council member John Roth, reached 1,200 names before being taken down due to what Roth called inappropriate comments, made by some signers. Similarly, Mahwah Strong lost its Facebook page following an influx of comments deemed \"hateful\".",
"title": "2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy"
},
{
"docid": "124989#8",
"text": "Ford Motor Company operated the Mahwah Assembly plant from 1955, producing 6 million cars in the 25 years it operated before the last car rolled off the line on June 20, 1980. At the time of its completion, it was the largest motor vehicle assembly plant in the United States. The Ford plant, along with other businesses such as American Brake Shoe and Foundry Company, helped contribute to the economic development of the town and its reputation for low home property taxes. The Mahwah town sports teams remain named Thunderbirds in honor of the Ford plant.",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "3954303#7",
"text": "Construction on the $3.25 million campus-style facility began in August 1958, with 13 buildings spread out over of the 62 acre property to accommodate 600 students from Mahwah and Allendale. Delays in starting the work meant that the initial set of classrooms would not be available until November 1958, with completion of the 1,200-student capacity facility due for February 1959. Before the buildings opened, the district rented space from Ramsey High School, with Allendale and Mahwah students who had already started in the Ramsey district remaining there until graduation. With the opening of the high school, the Mahwah district's elementary schools were changed from K-8 to K-6, with the new high school serving students in grades 7-12.",
"title": "Mahwah High School"
},
{
"docid": "10506976#7",
"text": "In 1908, electrical crossing gates were installed in Mahwah, as Rockland Electric came in and powered up the municipality. The new electrical gates would be managed by a man who was working in the gatehouse that used to serve as the watchman's shanty. The 1904 depot only lasted over a decade, as in 1914, the station burned due to a fire that was left untouched. Mahwah still did not have a fire company in the 16 years following the burning of Oweno, Local residents had been talking about organizing one and getting a fire engine, but that ended up not occurring. A new depot was constructed by the Erie Railroad in 1915, an irregular shape design with a wood and stucco design. The roof was created out of asbestos shingles.",
"title": "Mahwah station"
},
{
"docid": "3954303#8",
"text": "In May 1963, voters in Allendale and Upper Saddle River approved a referendum to create Northern Highlands Regional High School, with the expenditure of $3.65 million to build a facility on a 40-acre site, with plans to complete the building in time to start classes in September 1965. The Northern Highland school building, completed at a cost of $4 million, was dedicated in February 1966. The first all-Mahwah graduating class was in 1967.",
"title": "Mahwah High School"
},
{
"docid": "33000540#10",
"text": "American Brake Shoe in Mahwah, New Jersey at or around the time it changed its name to ABEX was working on a 48-track Route Switching System (Hump Yard) for I believe the Santa Fe Railroad. Two versions of the switching unit were created, one in Mahwah and one in Chicago. The Chicago version was a fully transistorized unit that fit on a tabletop; the Mahwah version used stepping relays, dozens of each. Two engineers and one engineering technician {William (Bill) C. McElroy jr} did the design and build of the walk-in closet sized seven foot tall unit. The railroad 'bosses' looked at both designs and decided that rather than retrain their personnel to understand transistors, they would rather keep with the relays and thus, purchased our version. There was one minor problem,they wanted the relay closet to be 'portable', and thus we welded a six-inch eye hook to the top of the cabinet housing. That was the day I understood that our nation's railroads were in deep trouble..",
"title": "Denison Hydraulics"
},
{
"docid": "10506976#8",
"text": "In 1967, the Mahwah Historical Society acquired the 1871 depot and began to restore the structure. In order to do this, the station was moved from its site to a spot across from Winter's Pond. The depot required repairing the roof, installing new glass, repairing doors and chimney. Special molding was inserted around the depot, and the flooring required replacement. The depot was completed on September 22, 1968. In 1970, the society acquired a caboose once used by the Erie that was constructed in 1910. The Erie donated ties and rails in return for payment of the track crews and the caboose was moved by crane into its new spot.",
"title": "Mahwah station"
}
] |
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] |
2683
|
Did King Victor Emmanuel II have a son?
|
[
{
"docid": "69847#1",
"text": "Umberto was the only son of the five children of King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena. In an effort to repair the monarchy's image after the fall of Benito Mussolini's regime, Victor Emmanuel transferred his powers to Umberto in 1944 while retaining the title of king. As a referendum was in preparation on the abolition of the monarchy in 1946, Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in favour of Umberto in the hope his exit might bolster the monarchy. However, the referendum passed, Italy was declared a republic, and Umberto lived out the rest of his life in exile in Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera.",
"title": "Umberto II of Italy"
},
{
"docid": "69818#1",
"text": "Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the \"Duke of Savoy\" prior to becoming King of Sardinia-Piedmont.",
"title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy"
},
{
"docid": "69818#12",
"text": "In 1842 he married his first cousin once removed Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). By her he had eight children:In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Vercellana (3 June 1833 – 26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese as \"Bela Rosin\", she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:",
"title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "69842#15",
"text": "As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm. Within a year, public opinion pushed for a referendum to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became Umberto II. It did not work; the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt, dying there a year later.",
"title": "House of Savoy"
},
{
"docid": "69840#38",
"text": "Within a year, public opinion forced a referendum on whether to retain the monarchy or become a republic. In hopes of helping the monarchist cause, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on 9 May 1946. His son ascended to the throne as Umberto II. This move failed. In the referendum held a month later, 52 percent of voters favoured a republic, and the Kingdom of Italy was no more. Some historians (such as Sir Charles Petrie) have speculated that the result might have been different if Victor Emmanuel had abdicated in favour of Umberto shortly after the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, or at the latest had abdicated outright in 1944 rather than simply transferring his powers to his son. Umberto had been widely praised for his performance as \"de facto\" head of state beginning in 1944, and his relative popularity might have saved the monarchy. The Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini declared that he would not come back to Italy as a subject of the \"degenerate king\" and more generally as long as the house of Savoy was ruling; Benedetto Croce had previously stated in 1944 that \"as long as the present king remains head of state, we feel that Fascism has not ended, (...) that it will be reborn, more or less disguised\".",
"title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy"
},
{
"docid": "69541#23",
"text": "Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, Victor Amadeus took the decision to abdicate in September 1730. The previous month the lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son the Prince of Piedmont, and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana. The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having obtained permission from Pope Clement XII. Still attractive in her forties, Victor Amadeus had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno. The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to the dismay of the court. A month later, Victor Amadeus announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel III.",
"title": "Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia"
},
{
"docid": "69840#39",
"text": "In any event, once the referendum's result was certified, Victor Emmanuel and all other male members of the House of Savoy were required to leave the country. Taking refuge in Egypt, where he was welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria a year later, of pulmonary congestion. He was interred behind the altar of St Catherine's Cathedral. He was the last surviving grandchild of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. In 1948, \"Time\" magazine included an article about \"The Little King\".",
"title": "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy"
},
{
"docid": "2740482#9",
"text": "Massimiliano's son, the 2nd Prince Camillo Vittorio Massimo (1803–1873), married Princess Maria of Savoy-Carignano (1811–1837] in 1827, the head of whose family became Charles Albert, King of Sardinia four years later and his son, King Victor Emmanuel II (1820–1878), became the first King of a united Italy in 1861.",
"title": "Massimo family"
},
{
"docid": "69847#22",
"text": "As the Allies freed more and more of Italy from the Salò regime, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of Fascism to have any further role. Accordingly, under strong pressure from Robert Murphy and Harold Macmillan of the ACC at a meeting on 10 April 1944, he transferred most of his powers to Umberto. This status was formalized after Rome was liberated in June, when Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining constitutional powers to Umberto, naming his son Lieutenant General of the Realm. However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of King. During his period as Regent, Umberto saw his father only three times, partly out of a bid to distance himself and partly because of tensions between father and son. Mack Smith wrote that Umberto was: \"More attractive and outgoing than his father, he was even more a soldier at heart, and completely inexperienced as a politician...In personality less astute and intelligent than his father...less obstinate, he was far more open, affable and ready to learn\".",
"title": "Umberto II of Italy"
},
{
"docid": "38916153#1",
"text": "The subject of the play is the strange incident in 1730–32 in the Kingdom of Sardinia in which the elderly king, Victor Amadeus II, first abdicated in favour of his son Charles Emmanuel III, and then after months of ever-increasing complaints unexpectedly demanded to be restored. He was imprisoned until his death a year later. Browning's treatment is based on 18th century sources which cast Victor as deliberately deceptive, but he goes further to create a secret history in which Charles is exonerated from all charges of cruelty.",
"title": "King Victor and King Charles"
},
{
"docid": "5010172#12",
"text": "Following the war, on 9 May 1946, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favour of their son Umberto, and the former king assumed the title of Count of Pollenzo. On 2 June 1946 a referendum resulted in 52 percent of voters favouring an Italian republic over the monarchy. The republic was formally proclaimed four days later, and the House of Savoy's reign over Italy formally ended on 12 June 1946. Elena and Victor Emmanuel III went to Egypt, where they were welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, but forced to live the rest of their lives in exile. Vittorio Emmanuel III died a year later of pulmonary congestion in Alexandria. Elena stayed in Egypt a short time before moving to France. There, in Montpellier, she was diagnosed with a severe form of cancer, and died while having surgery to treat it.",
"title": "Elena of Montenegro"
}
] |
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2684
|
When was ultrasound first used in medicine?
|
[
{
"docid": "143357#48",
"text": "A contrast medium for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles to increase echogenicity of blood, discovered by Dr Raymond Gramiak in 1968 and named contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is clinically used throughout the world, in particular for echocardiography in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.",
"title": "Medical ultrasound"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42848378#5",
"text": "Ultrasound has been used in Medicine for close to half a century and its safety has been studied for almost the same period of time. In 1992, the US FDA first allowed the use of ultrasound at a frequency of 1.6 MHz in a toothbrush. In 1993, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), in conjunction with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) developed the Output Display Standard (ODS), including the thermal index and mechanical index which have been incorporated into the FDA’s new regulations. These regulations limit the power output of these devices to a level low enough to avoid raising surrounding tissue temperature by more than 1 °C.",
"title": "Ultrasonic toothbrush"
},
{
"docid": "31780#1",
"text": "Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.",
"title": "Ultrasound"
},
{
"docid": "58517000#11",
"text": "The use of ultrasound in medicine was pioneered by Donald, first at Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and subsequently at Glasgow's new maternity hospital, the Queen Mother's Hospital (QMH), which opened in 1964. Developments in ultrasound complemented Whitfield's own research interests in fetal medicine but was still regarded with scepticism in some quarters. Whitfield had more success in gaining acceptance for obstetric ultrasound than Donald himself, who was sometimes viewed as an obsessive eccentric. As he recalled, \"an honorary attachment with Professor Donald in Glasgow in 1964 had convinced me that obstetric ultrasound did have a future, but later in that year in America I was told it was just a dream of a mad, red-headed Scotsman, so I should forget it! I was told confidentially, nothing, no good will come of it, but of course that was wrong\".",
"title": "Charles Richard Whitfield"
},
{
"docid": "31441292#0",
"text": "Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. It covers ultrasound technology in clinical diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic applications, including the physics, engineering, and technology of ultrasound in medicine and biology. It was established in 1973. The editor-in-chief is Christy K. Holland (University of Cincinnati) since 2006. The founding editor was Denis N. White, who served from 1973 to 1992 and was succeeded by Peter N. T. Wells.",
"title": "Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology"
},
{
"docid": "5607447#19",
"text": "The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study is funded by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute and involves the use of ultrasound among Astronauts including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka who are guided by remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study has a widespread impact and has been extended to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as medical students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations. Findings from this study were submitted for publication to the journal Radiology aboard the International Space Station; the first article submitted in space.",
"title": "Space medicine"
},
{
"docid": "59618259#2",
"text": "In 1977, Freeman became the first hospital to use ultrasound in diagnostic services and nuclear medicine.",
"title": "Freeman Health System"
},
{
"docid": "38498516#27",
"text": "The use of ultrasonography in medicine soon followed in different locations around the world. In the mid-1950s more research was undertaken by Professor Ian Donald et al., in Glasgow, which advanced the practical technology and applications of ultrasound. In 1963, in France, Léandre Pourcelot started on his thesis, which was presented in 1964, and used pulsed Doppler for blood flow calculation as its subject. This was followed up by Peronneau in 1969. Dr. Gene Strandness and the bio-engineering group at the University of Washington who conducted research on Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease, published their first work in 1967. The first report published about the venous system appeared around 1967–1968.",
"title": "Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs"
},
{
"docid": "143357#4",
"text": "Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures such as biopsies or drainage of fluid collections. Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then traditionally interpreted by radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in office and hospital practice (Point of Care Ultrasound).",
"title": "Medical ultrasound"
},
{
"docid": "2391989#3",
"text": "Sackler began his career practicing medicine, where he specialized in biological psychiatry. In the early 1940s he joined medical advertising agency William Douglas McAdams Inc. From 1949 - 1954, he served as a research director at Creedmoor Institute for Psychobiological Studies. Sackler collaborated on 140 papers based on neuroendocrinology, psychiatry, and experimental medicine. He was the first doctor to use ultrasound for diagnosis, identified histamine as a hormone, and advocated for its use as an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy. He is also credited with helping to racially integrate New York City's first blood banks.",
"title": "Arthur M. Sackler"
},
{
"docid": "38498516#28",
"text": "From the 1960s commercially available systems were introduced. Soon, other advances in electronics and piezoelectric materials enabled further improvements which meant that ultrasound was quickly adopted for use in medicine due to its rapid, accurate diagnostic capabilities which offered the possibility of prompt treatment. Alongside the improving imaging technology, acoustic Doppler velocimetry and medical ultrasonography color Doppler were developed, which have had a significant impact on many specialties, including radiology, obstetrics, gynecology, angiology and cardiology, and have provided even greater scope for ultrasound investigations. Since 1970, real-time scanners and pulsed Doppler, have enabled the use of ultrasound to study the function of the venous system. The first demonstration of color Doppler was achieved by Geoff Stevenson.\nFurther progress in the 1970s was made with the arrival of the microchip, and the ensuing exponential increase in processing power has meant the development of fast and powerful systems. These systems involving digital beamforming and greater signal enhancement, have introduced new methods of interpreting and displaying data.",
"title": "Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs"
}
] |
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] |
2685
|
Do steam locomotives have gears?
|
[
{
"docid": "318852#1",
"text": "This gearing is part of the machinery within the locomotive and should not be confused with the pinion that propels a rack locomotive along the rack between the rails. The geared steam locomotives that have been built have been for conventional track, relying on the adhesion between wheels and rail.",
"title": "Geared steam locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "318852#0",
"text": "A geared steam locomotive is a type of steam locomotive which uses gearing, usually reduction gearing, in the drivetrain, as opposed to the common directly driven design.",
"title": "Geared steam locomotive"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2801913#1",
"text": "The railroad currently has three steam locomotives, as well as a diesel locomotive in regular service, along with several other locomotives of both types. Most of the railroad's engines are geared steam locomotives. These specialized types of steam engines — Shay locomotives, Heisler locomotives, Climax locomotives, and a Willamette locomotive were used in the early 20th century for logging. Compared to conventional steam locomotives, geared locomotives were better-suited for the steep grades, sharp curves and uneven profiles of hastily laid track typical of logging operations. Thus, the MRRR seeks to preserve and operate historic geared locomotives and related logging technology in order to present visitors with a sense of a bygone logging era critical to the development of the Pacific Northwest.",
"title": "Mount Rainier Railroad and Logging Museum"
},
{
"docid": "20768858#2",
"text": "Because, today, locomotives no longer tend to have separate driving and carrying axles (see wheel arrangement), as was formerly common with steam locomotives, but usually have bogies where all axles are driven, the term running gear is (inaccurately) superseding the term 'driving gear' in some parts of the world.",
"title": "Running gear (rail transport)"
},
{
"docid": "1883888#10",
"text": "The generally accepted smallest gauge for a live steam locomotive is Gauge 1, although O scale live steam models are also common. Producing smaller-scale models remains problematic, as the laws of physics do not themselves scale: creating a small-scale boiler that produces useful quantities of steam requires careful engineering. Hornby Railways has produced commercial live steam-powered locomotives in OO scale by utilising an electrically heated boiler mounted in the tender, with cylinders in the locomotive, and control provided by electrical- signals fed through the track from a remote control unit. They are less mechanically realistic than models in larger scales; the visible valve gear is a dummy, as on the electric-motor-powered models, and steam admission to the cylinders is controlled by a rotary-valve servo inside the boiler casing, which is also a dummy. Nevertheless, the locomotive is driven by steam that is created on board the locomotive and is hence a genuine \"steam\" locomotive.",
"title": "Live steam"
},
{
"docid": "318852#2",
"text": "The steam locomotive, as commonly employed, has its pistons directly attached to cranks on the driving wheels; thus, there is no gearing, one revolution of the driving wheels is equivalent to one revolution of the crank and thus two power strokes per piston (steam locomotives are almost universally double-acting, unlike the more familiar internal combustion engine).",
"title": "Geared steam locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "34903891#4",
"text": "Other beneficial characteristics were commonly found, but were not essential.\nThis was usually poppet valves driven by camshafts. In the steam motors built by Sentinel, the motor was derived from their already advanced steam wagon design.\nIn a conventional steam locomotive, the 'gear ratio' is set by the size of the driving wheels. As a steam motor uses a geared drive, the wheel size can be reduced. This makes for a lighter and more compact chassis, particularly by reducing the unsprung weight of large wheels. Small wheels also allow the motor to be mounted on a bogie within a passenger coach to form a railcar, rather than the large wheels being the size of a locomotive.",
"title": "Steam motor"
},
{
"docid": "196788#87",
"text": "For locomotives where a high starting torque and low speed were required, the conventional direct drive approach was inadequate. \"Geared\" steam locomotives, such as the Shay, the Climax and the Heisler, were developed to meet this need on industrial, logging, mine and quarry railways. The common feature of these three types was the provision of reduction gearing and a drive shaft between the crankshaft and the driving axles. This arrangement allowed the engine to run at a much higher speed than the driving wheels compared to the conventional design, where the ratio is 1:1.",
"title": "Steam locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "2842753#4",
"text": "Smaller stationary steam engines generally have a fixed cutoff point while, in large ones, the speed and power output is generally governed by altering the cutoff, frequently under governor control using an expansion valve or trip gear. In steam engines for transport, it is desirable to be able to alter the cutoff over a wide range. For starting and at low speed and heavy load, the cylinders need steam supply at maximum pressure for almost the full length of the stroke. In a two-cylinder locomotive, for example, the maximum or 'full gear' cutoff is typically about 85%. At high speeds, the cutoff may be 15% of the piston stroke or less. Steam engines used in boats and ships operate under a constant, unvarying load through the propeller and so have a fixed cutoff, with speed being controlled through the regulator.",
"title": "Cutoff (steam engine)"
},
{
"docid": "318852#7",
"text": "These were not the first locomotives to use geared transmission. Richard Trevithick's Coalbookdale Locomotive used a large gear instead of side rods to link the crankshaft to the driving axles, with a net 1:1 gear ratio. The early \"Grasshopper\" (1832), \"Crab\" (1837) and \"Mud Digger\" (1842) locomotives built for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad used gear ratios on the order of 2:1 so that each turn of the crankshaft caused about two turns of the driving axles. This allowed use of relatively small driving wheels without sacrificing speed.",
"title": "Geared steam locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "196788#26",
"text": "Running gear includes the brake gear, wheel sets, axleboxes, springing and the motion that includes connecting rods and valve gear. The transmission of the power from the pistons to the rails and the behaviour of the locomotive as a vehicle, being able to negotiate curves, points and irregularities in the track, is of paramount importance. Because reciprocating power has to be directly applied to the rail from 0 rpm upwards, this creates the problem of adhesion of the driving wheels to the smooth rail surface. Adhesive weight is the portion of the locomotive's weight bearing on the driving wheels. This is made more effective if a pair of driving wheels is able to make the most of its axle load, i.e. its individual share of the adhesive weight. Equalising beams connecting the ends of leaf springs have often been deemed a complication in Britain, however locomotives fitted with the beams have usually been less prone to loss of traction due to wheel-slip. Suspension using equalizing levers between driving axles, and between driving axles and trucks, was standard practice on North American locomotives to maintain even wheel loads when operating on uneven track.",
"title": "Steam locomotive"
}
] |
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] |
2686
|
When was the West Virginia Mountaineers basketball team formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "3391588#22",
"text": "In 1955, Fred Schaus and Alex Mumford devised the idea of rolling out an elaborate gold and blue carpet for Mountaineer basketball players to use when taking the court for pre-game warm-ups. In addition, Mountaineer players warmed up with a special gold and blue basketball. The university continued this tradition until the late 1960s when it died out, but former Mountaineer player Gale Catlett reintroduced the carpet when he returned to West Virginia University in 1978 as head coach of the men's basketball team.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers"
},
{
"docid": "15460921#4",
"text": "The modern era of West Virginia basketball history began in 1955, with the emergence of sophomore guard Hot Rod Hundley and newly appointed head coach Fred Schaus. The Mountaineers finished with a 19–11 record, and earned the first NCAA Tournament appearance in school history under Hundley's lead. The team entered the tournament with a #19 ranking, the first Top 20 ranking in school history. However, they lost to the #3 La Salle Explorers in the first round of the tourney, 95–61.",
"title": "West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57631036#0",
"text": "The 1904–05 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1904–05 college men's basketball season. The team captain was James Gronninger. The Mountaineers finished with a overall record of 6–9.",
"title": "1904–05 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "57626118#0",
"text": "The 1903–04 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1903–04 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Otis Cole. The Mountaineers finished with a overall record of 4–3.",
"title": "1903–04 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "57634068#0",
"text": "The 1907–08 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1907–08 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Earle Percy. The teamwas led by James Jenkins coaching his first season with the Mountaineers.",
"title": "1907–08 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "57631550#0",
"text": "The 1906–07 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1906–07 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Earl Mason.",
"title": "1906–07 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "57631501#0",
"text": "The 1905–06 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1905–06 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Shelby Taylor.",
"title": "1905–06 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "57686141#0",
"text": "The 1914–15 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1914–15 college men's basketball season. The head coach was George Pyle, coaching his first season with the Mountaineers.",
"title": "1914–15 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "22779470#0",
"text": "The 1958–59 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in NCAA competition in the 1958–59 season. Coached by Fred Schaus and led by Hall of Fame guard Jerry West, the Mountaineers, then a member of the Southern Conference, lost in the final of that year's NCAA tournament to California.",
"title": "1958–59 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "185979#89",
"text": "The Carpet Roll is a WVU Men's Basketball tradition. In 1955 Fred Schaus and Alex Mumford devised the idea of rolling out an elaborate gold and blue carpet for Mountaineer basketball players to use when taking the court for pre-game warm-ups. In addition, Mountaineer players warmed up with a special gold and blue basketball. The university continued this tradition until the late 1960s when it died out, but former Mountaineer player Gale Catlett reintroduced the carpet when he returned to West Virginia University in 1978 as head coach of the men's basketball team.",
"title": "West Virginia University"
},
{
"docid": "22779467#0",
"text": "The 1957–58 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in NCAA competition in the 1957–58 season. Coached by Fred Schaus and featuring future Hall of Fame guard Jerry West, the Mountaineers, then a member of the Southern Conference, lost in the first round of that year's NCAA tournament to Manhattan.",
"title": "1957–58 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team"
}
] |
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] |
2687
|
When did the sinosauropteryx live?
|
[
{
"docid": "871655#16",
"text": "Three specimens have been assigned to \"Sinosauropteryx prima\": the holotype GMV 2123 (and its counter slab [opposite face], NIGP 127586), NIGP 127587, and D 2141. Another specimen, IVPP V14202, was assigned to the genus but not to the only species by Zhang and colleagues. The assignment of an additional larger specimen to \"S. prima\", GMV 2124, was later found to be in error. All of the fossils were found in the Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi Beds of the Yixian Formation in the Beipiao and Lingyuan regions of Liaoning, China. These fossil beds have been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago, during the early Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "871655#14",
"text": "The first fossil specimen of the dinosaur later named \"Sinosauropteryx prima\" was uncovered in August 1996 by Li Yumin. Yumin was a farmer and part-time fossil hunter who often prospected around Liaoning Province to acquire fossils to sell to individuals and museums. Yumin recognized the unique quality of the specimen, which was separated into two slabs, and sold the slabs to two separate museums in China: the National Geological Museum in Beijing, and the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology. The director of the Beijing museum, Ji Qiang, recognized the importance of the find, as did visiting Canadian palaeontologist Phil Currie and artist Michael Skrepnick, who became aware of the fossil by chance as they explored the Beijing museum's collections after leading a fossil tour of the area during the first week of October, 1996. Currie recognized the significance of the fossil immediately. As \"The New York Times\" quoted him, \"When I saw this slab of silt stone mixed with volcanic ash in which the creature is embedded, I was bowled over.\" When originally described, the authors named \"Sinosauropteryx\", meaning \"Chinese Reptilian Wing\".",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#2",
"text": "\"Sinosauropteryx\" lived in what is now northeastern China during the early Cretaceous period. It was among the first dinosaurs discovered from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, and was a member of the Jehol Biota. Well-preserved fossils of this species illustrate many aspects of its biology, such as its diet and reproduction.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#17",
"text": "Controversy regarding the identity of the filaments preserved in the first \"Sinosauropteryx\" specimen began almost immediately, as the team of scientists spent three days in Beijing examining the specimen under a microscope. The results of their studies (reported during a press conference at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences on Thursday, April 24, 1997) were inconclusive; the team agreed that the structures preserved on \"Sinosauropteryx\" were not modern feathers, but suggested further research was required to discover their exact nature. Palaeontologist Alan Feduccia, who had not yet examined the specimen, wrote in \"Audubon Magazine\" that the structures of \"Sinosauropteryx\" (which he considered at the time to be a synonym of \"Compsognathus\", as \"Compsognathus prima\") were stiffening structures from a frill running along the back, and that dinosaur palaeontologists were engaging in wishful thinking when equating the structures with feathers. Subsequent publications saw some of the team members disagreeing over the identity of the structures.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#25",
"text": "The specimen NIGP 127587 was preserved with the remains of a lizard in its gut region, indicating that small, fast-moving animals made up part of the diet of \"Sinosauropteryx prima\". Numerous lizards of this type have been found in the same rocks as \"Sinosauropteryx\". These lizards have been interpreted as most likely belonging to the genus \"Dalinghosaurus\". \"Dalinghosaurus\" was probably a fast-running lizard adapted to living in open habitats, much like \"Sinosauropteryx\" itself.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#0",
"text": "Sinosauropteryx (meaning \"Chinese reptilian wing\", ) is a compsognathid dinosaur. Described in 1996, it was the first dinosaur taxon outside of Avialae (birds and their immediate relatives) to be found with evidence of feathers. It was covered with a coat of very simple filament-like feathers. Structures that indicate colouration have also been preserved in some of its feathers, which makes \"Sinosauropteryx\" the first non-avialian dinosaurs where colouration has been determined. The colouration includes a reddish and light banded tail. Some contention has arisen with an alternative interpretation of the filamentous impression as remains of collagen fibres, but this has not been widely accepted.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#12",
"text": "\"Sinosauropteryx\" was the first dinosaur to have its life colouration described by scientists based on physical evidence. Some fossils of \"Sinosauropteryx\" show an alternation of lighter and darker bands preserved on the tail. Chen and colleagues initially interpreted this banding pattern as an artifact of the splitting between the main slab and counter-slab in which the original specimen was preserved. However, Longrich suggested in his 2002 presentation for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology that these specimens actually preserve remnants of the colouration pattern the animal would have exhibited in life. He argued that the dark, banded areas on the tail were too evenly spaced to have been caused by random separation of the fossil slabs, and that they represent fossilized pigments present in the feathers. Additionally, rather than an artifact of preservation or decomposition, the presence of dark feathers along only the top of the body may also reflect the colour pattern in life, indicating that \"Sinosauropteryx prima\" was countershaded with dark colouration on its back and lighter colouration on its underside, with bands or stripes on the tail for camouflage.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#13",
"text": "Longrich's conclusions were supported in a paper first published online in the journal \"Nature\" in January 2010. Fucheng Zhang and colleagues examined the fossilized feathers of several dinosaurs and early birds, and found evidence that they preserved melanosomes, the cells that give the feathers of modern birds their colour. Among the specimens studied was a previously undescribed specimen of \"Sinosauropteryx\", IVPP V14202. By examining melanosome structure and distribution, Zhang and colleagues were able to confirm the presence of light and dark bands of colour in the tail feathers of \"Sinosauropteryx\". Furthermore, the team was able to compare melanosome types to those of modern birds to determine a general range of colour. From the presence of phaeomelanosomes, spherical melanosomes that make and store red pigment, they concluded that the darker feathers of \"Sinosauropteryx\" were chestnut or reddish brown in colour. More research on the coloration of \"Sinosauropteryx\" reveals that it had a raccoon-like bandit mask and countershading patterns most likely associated with an open habitat, indicating that the Jehol likely had a range of habitat types.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#27",
"text": "The same specimen of \"S. prima\" which had preserve a lizard in its stomach contents (NIGP 127587) also had several small eggs in its abdomen. Two eggs were preserved just in front of and above the pubic boot, and several more may lie underneath them on the slab. It is unlikely that they were eaten by the animal, as they are in the wrong part of the body cavity for the egg shells to have remained intact. It is more likely that they are unlaid eggs produced by the animal itself, proving the specimen to be a female. Each egg measured long by wide. The presence of two developed eggs suggests that \"Sinosauropteryx\" had dual oviducts and laid eggs in pairs, like other theropods.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#23",
"text": "Below is a cladogram showing the placement of \"Sinosauropteryx\" within Coelurosauria by Senter \"et al.\" in 2012.\nThere is only one named species of \"Sinosauropteryx\", \"S. prima\". A possible second species is represented by the specimen GMV 2124 (aka NGMC 2124), which was described as a third, larger specimen of \"S. prima\" by Ji and Ji in 1997. However, in a 2002 presentation and abstract for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Nick Longrich showed that this specimen differs in several anatomical aspects from the others, including its relatively large size, proportionally longer shins, and shorter tail. Longrich suggested that GMV 2124 was a compsognathid coelurosaurian, while \"Sinosauropteryx\" proper was a more primitive kind of coelurosaurian or even a basal carnosaurian. In 2007, Gishlick and Gauthier concurred that this specimen was probably a new taxon, and tentatively re-classified it as \"Sinosauropteryx?\" sp., though they suggested it may belong in a new genus. Also in 2007, Ji, Ji and colleagues wrote that GMV 2124 is probably a new genus, noting the differences in tail length and hindlimb proportions.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
}
] |
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] |
2688
|
When was Melissa Gaboriau Auf der Maur born?
|
[
{
"docid": "142687#0",
"text": "Melissa Gaboriau Auf der Maur (; born March 17, 1972) is a Canadian musician, singer-songwriter, photographer and actress.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "142687#4",
"text": "Auf der Maur was born in Montreal, Quebec to journalist and politician Nick Auf der Maur and journalist and literary translator Linda Gaboriau. Auf der Maur's father's family was Swiss–German and her mother's was mixed European-American. Gaboriau was born in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States. As a result, she holds dual Canadian–American citizenship. Auf der Maur's surname translates to English as \"on the wall\", as \"maur\" was derived from the German word for \"wall\" (\"die Mauer\"). She has stated that her grandmother, Theresia Schaelin-Auf der Maur, was \"always pounding my heritage down my throat—reminding me that I'm the last one in North America to further the name\".",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#5",
"text": "Auf der Maur did not meet her father until she was three years old. Gaboriau called Nick Auf der Maur after her daughter began questioning her about her father's identity. Reflecting on the encounter, Auf der Maur said \"[my father] realised my mother Linda was the love of his life because she'd offered the gift of this child without any demands. He fell madly in love with her [and] pursued her for two years\". Auf der Maur and Gaboriau married in 1978 when Melissa was six years old. The couple divorced in 1979 after which Auf der Maur traveled worldwide with her mother. A portion of Auf der Maur's childhood was spent living in \"a circus caravan in Wales, a red post-office box truck in Morocco, and a hut in Kenya\" with her mother. During her time in Kenya, she contracted three bouts of malaria and returned to Montreal.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "581549#0",
"text": "Nick Auf der Maur (April 10, 1942 – April 7, 1998) was a journalist, politician and \"man about town\" boulevardier in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was also the father of rock musician Melissa Auf der Maur, through his marriage to Linda Gaboriau.",
"title": "Nick Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#21",
"text": "Recorded from 2001 to 2003 at various studios in the U.S. and Canada, Auf der Maur's debut studio album \"Auf der Maur\" was released in February 2004 on Capitol Records. Produced with Chris Goss, Auf der Maur financed the recording sessions herself as she was not signed to a record label at the time of recording and during post-production, her budget ran out and she was unable to mix the album. She accepted a recording contract from Capitol soon afterwards and released \"Auf der Maur\" to \"generally favorable reviews\", according to Metacritic. The album's supporting singles—\"Followed the Waves\", \"Real a Lie\" and \"Taste You\"—were moderate successes in the United Kingdom, charting in the Top 40 of the UK Single Charts. As of 2010, \"Auf der Maur\" sold 200,000 copies worldwide.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#14",
"text": "Hole reunited again—with the \"Celebrity Skin\" line-up of Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur and Schemel—for a one-off performance at Public Assembly in Brooklyn, New York on April 12, 2012 at an after-party for Schemel's film \"Hit So Hard\" (2011). Originally Auf der Maur, Erlandson and Schemel were performing as a trio until Love arrived for a spontaneous performance of \"Miss World\" and \"Over the Edge\". \"The Quietus\" reported in April 2014 that the four members had reunited although in subsequent interviews, Love downplayed talk of an imminent reunion. In April 2016, Auf der Maur stated in an interview that she no longer had time or energy for a full-fledged reunion, but would be interested in wrapping up the Hole legacy with a retrospective disc and small set of tour dates.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#18",
"text": "In 2002, Auf der Maur formed a brief project with former Hole drummer Samantha Maloney, Peaches, Paz Lenchantin and Radio Sloan. Adopting the title The Chelsea—named after the Chelsea Hotel in New York where Auf der Maur had lived for a number of years—the band performed one show at Spaceland in Los Angeles, California in February that included original songs and cover versions. Featuring a cover version of Devos \"Gates of Steel\" and early renditions of songs Auf der Maur would feature on her debut studio album, the show was poorly received due to its \"seeming lack of preparation\" and \"was little more than pleasantly mopey and blurry garage rock\" according to a Variety review. Courtney Love subsequently named her backing band The Chelsea, also hiring Maloney and Sloan in the process, while touring for her debut studio album, \"America's Sweetheart\" (2004).",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#1",
"text": "Auf der Maur began performing in 1993 after forming the indie rock band Tinker while she was a student at Concordia University. She was recruited as the bassist for the American alternative rock band Hole in the summer of 1994 and is included on several Hole releases, including the album \"Celebrity Skin\" (1998). Following her departure from Hole in 1999, Auf der Maur briefly joined The Smashing Pumpkins as a touring member for its 2000 tour and began her solo career; her debut studio album, \"Auf der Maur\", was released in 2004 on Capitol Records and her second studio album, \"Out of Our Minds\", was released in 2010 on her own independent record label, PHI–MAdM Music. She has also collaborated with Indochine, Rufus Wainwright, Ric Ocasek and Neverending White Lights.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#6",
"text": "In Montreal, Auf der Maur attended the Fine Arts Core Education (FACE) School and Moving in New Directions (MIND) High School—both of which are schools of alternative education. At FACE, she was a member of the classical choir and at MIND, she was \"part of the small English elite\", where she formed friendships with Leonard Cohens daughter Lorca and Rufus Wainwright. At school, she became interested in photography and subsequently attended Concordia University, from which she majored in photography in 1994. At Concordia at age 19, Auf der Maur began working part-time as a disc jockey at Bifteck, a well known rock club, where she met several musicians including Steve Durand.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
},
{
"docid": "142687#25",
"text": "Auf der Maur briefly toured with former The Cars frontman Ric Ocasek in 1997, after contributing bass and background vocals to his 1997 solo album \"Troublizing\". She collaborated with French group Indochine on their song \"Le Grand Secret\", singing a duet in French with Nicola Sirkis, to great acclaim in France. Auf der Maur joined the band on stage to perform the song on various occasions and appeared in the music video for the song. She performed a rare, short, acoustic set of some of her solo songs during an Indochine show in Paris, February 22, 2002. Auf der Maur has contributed bass and backing vocals to childhood friend Rufus Wainwright's album \"Poses\" and appears in his 1998 video for \"April Fools\". In 2008, she collaborated with Canadian musician Daniel Victor on his music collaboration project Neverending White Lights. They recorded the song \"The World is Darker\", for which a video was released in March 2008. Aside from this, she has contributed to albums by artists such as Ryan Adams, Ben Lee, Idaho, The Stills and Fountains of Wayne.",
"title": "Melissa Auf der Maur"
}
] |
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] |
2691
|
What is the main conservative party in France?
|
[
{
"docid": "4991766#0",
"text": "The Republican Party (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966. It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.",
"title": "Republican Party (France)"
},
{
"docid": "46843436#0",
"text": "The Republicans (; LR) is a centre-right, Gaullist and conservative political party in France.",
"title": "The Republicans (France)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1193#9",
"text": "In France, the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party is a moderate conservative, agrarianist party, reaching a peak of 4.23% in the French presidential election, 2002. It would later on become affiliated to France's main conservative party, Union for a Popular Movement.",
"title": "Agrarianism"
},
{
"docid": "22880965#0",
"text": "The Lorrain Republican Union (, URL) was a Christian democratic party in Moselle, France during the Third Republic. Founded in 1919, the URL became the dominant party in Moselle during the Interwar era. In Alsace, the Popular Republican Union (UPR) was considered the URL's sister party. The URL was much more conservative than the Popular Democratic Party (PDP), the main Christian democratic party in the rest of France at the time.",
"title": "Lorrain Republican Union"
},
{
"docid": "387766#26",
"text": "Mendès-France hoped to make the Radicals the party of the mainstream centre-left in France, taking advantage of the difficulties of the SFIO. The more conservative elements in the party, led by Edgar Faure, resisted these policies, leading to the fall of Mendès-France's government in 1955. They split and transformed the RGR in a centre-right party distinct from the Radical Party. Under Pierre Mendès-France's leadership, the Radical Party participated to a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front, which won the 1956 legislative election. Another split, this time over France's policy about the Algerian War (1954–62), led to his resignation as party leader and the party's move in a distinctly conservative direction.",
"title": "Radical Party (France)"
},
{
"docid": "22905754#8",
"text": "Two factions developed in the Liberal Republican Union, namely Méline's supporters who were generally anti-Dreyfusard and anti-socialist and Barboux's liberals who supported the government. However, after the fall of Waldeck-Rousseau Cabinet in 1902 the party returned to opposing both socialists and nationalists. With the formation of the first political parties in France in the early 1900s, the Radical-Socialist Party (PRRRS) and the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), the Liberal Republican Union tried to create a Progressive Party which would have personified the conservative spirit of the Republic, along with the liberal ARD and the radical PRRRS. Jacques Piou, member of the Rallies, supported the idea of a Tory party in France, born by the fusion of conservative republicans and the Rallies.",
"title": "Progressive Republicans (France)"
},
{
"docid": "6570635#0",
"text": "The Gauche Plurielle (French for \"Plural Left\") was a left-wing coalition in France, composed of the Socialist Party (\"Parti socialiste\" or PS), the French Communist Party (\"Parti communiste français\" or PCF), the Greens, the Left Radical Party (\"Parti radical de gauche\" or PRG), and the Citizens' Movement (\"Mouvement des citoyens\" or MDC). Succeeding Alain Juppé's conservative government, the Plural Left governed France from 1997 to 2002. It was another case of cohabitation between rival parties at the head of the state and of the government (Jacques Chirac as President and Lionel Jospin as Prime minister). Following the failure of the left at the 2002 legislative election, it was replaced by another conservative government, this time headed by Jean-Pierre Raffarin.",
"title": "Plural Left"
},
{
"docid": "6675#46",
"text": "According to Alan Ware, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom retained viable conservative parties into the 1980s. Ware said that Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malta, New Zealand, Spain and the United States had no conservative parties, although they had either Christian democrats or liberals as major right-wing parties. Canada, Ireland and Portugal had right-wing political parties that defied categorization: the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada; Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and Progressive Democrats in Ireland; and the Social Democratic Party of Portugal. Since then, the Swiss People's Party has moved to the extreme right and is no longer considered to be conservative.",
"title": "Conservatism"
},
{
"docid": "22892067#0",
"text": "The Democratic and Social Action (, ADS) was a French parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic between 1928 and 1932. The group was formed by the right-wing (bourgeois and industrialist wing according to André Siegfried) of the Democratic Republican Alliance, later Democratic Alliance. A number of ADS deputies were formerly members of the most left-wing faction of the Republican Federation, the main conservative party in France which they had left due to the Federation's evolution to the right.",
"title": "Democratic and Social Action"
},
{
"docid": "320281#4",
"text": "Starting from 1995, \"UNI\" has supported president Jacques Chirac against the French Socialist Party. Its anti-socialist position pushed the \"UNI\" to get closer to the RPR and now to the UMP, the main French right-wing party. Some of its members also belong to the Movement for France, a more traditionalist conservative political party. \"UNI\" activists often participate to UMP rallies even though the two organizations do remain independent.",
"title": "Union Nationale Inter-universitaire"
},
{
"docid": "8354382#28",
"text": "In France, the main right-wing populist party is the National Front. Since Marine Le Pen's election at the head of the party in 2011, the National Front has established itself as one of the main political parties in France and also as the strongest and most successful populist party of Europe as of 2015.",
"title": "Right-wing populism"
}
] |
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2693
|
What is the oldest surviving example of written music?
|
[
{
"docid": "784872#0",
"text": "The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The epitaph has been variously dated, but seems to be either from the 1st or the 2nd century AD. The song, the melody of which is recorded, alongside its lyrics, in the ancient Greek musical notation, was found engraved on a tombstone (a stele) from the Hellenistic town Tralles near present-day Aydın, Turkey, not far from Ephesus. It is a Hellenistic Ionic song in either the Phrygian octave species or Iastian tonos. While older music with notation exists (for example the Hurrian songs), all of it is in fragments; the Seikilos epitaph is unique in that it is a complete, though short, composition.",
"title": "Seikilos epitaph"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "87323#6",
"text": "The prehistoric age is considered to have ended with the development of writing, and with it, by definition, prehistoric music. \"Ancient music\" is the name given to the music that followed. The \"oldest known song\" was written in cuneiform, dating to 3400 years ago from Ugarit in Syria. It was a part of the Hurrian songs, more specifically Hurian hymn no. 6. It was deciphered by Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, and was demonstrated to be composed in harmonies of thirds, like ancient \"gymel\", and also was written using a Pythagorean tuning of the diatonic scale. The oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world, is the Seikilos epitaph.",
"title": "History of music"
},
{
"docid": "198778#9",
"text": "Music was an important part of social and cultural life in Ancient Greece. We know that composers wrote notated music during the Ancient Greek era because scholars have found the Seikilos epitaph. The epitaph, written around 200 BC to around AD 100 is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, in the world. The song, the melody of which is recorded, alongside its lyrics, in the ancient Greek musical notation, was found engraved on a tombstone, a stele, near Aydın, Turkey (not far from Ephesus). It is a Hellenistic Ionic song in either the Phrygian octave species or Iastian tonos.",
"title": "Composer"
},
{
"docid": "5339507#2",
"text": "The oldest surviving speculative fiction poem is the \"Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor\", written in \"Hieratic\" and ascribed a date around 2500 B.C.E. Other sources ascribe the earliest written poetry to the \"Epic of Gilgamesh\" written in \"cuneiform\"; however, it is most likely that \"The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor\" predates \"Gilgamesh\" by half a millennium. The oldest epic poetry besides the \"Epic of Gilgamesh\" are the Greek epics \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\" and the Indian Sanskrit epics \"Ramayana\" and \"Mahabharata\". Some scholars believe that either the \"Mahabharata\" or the Tibetan \"Epic of King Gesar\" is the longest example of epic poetry in history.",
"title": "History of poetry"
},
{
"docid": "13756#1",
"text": "Although most familiar to speakers of English in the context of Christianity, hymns are also a fixture of other world religions, especially on the Indian subcontinent. Hymns also survive from antiquity, especially from Egyptian and Greek cultures. Some of the oldest surviving examples of notated music are hymns with Greek texts.",
"title": "Hymn"
},
{
"docid": "462477#17",
"text": "The oldest surviving work of Persian literary criticism after the Islamic conquest of Persia is \"Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri\", which was written during the Samanid period. The work deals with the myths and legends of \"Shahnameh\" and is considered the oldest surviving example of Persian prose. It also shows an attempt by the authors to evaluate literary works critically.",
"title": "Persian literature"
},
{
"docid": "34371552#28",
"text": "Possibly the oldest surviving music from Sussex is the 14th century Robertsbridge Codex which contains six pieces of music. This manuscript contains one of the earliest pieces of music specifically written for the keyboard. The Robertsbridge Codex is also the earliest evidence of two handed, polyphonic organ music and dates from around 1325.",
"title": "Music of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "3461556#13",
"text": "Instrumental music was widespread, but relatively few notated examples have survived. Indeed, while contemporary depictions of singers often show them performing from books or scrolls, paintings and miniatures of instrumentalists never show written music. The main keyboard collection is the Faenza Codex (Faenza, Biblioteca Comunale, ms. 117). Other small sources of keyboard music appear in codices in Padua (Archivio di Stato 553), Assisi (Biblioteca Comunale 187), and in one section of the Reina Codex (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, n. a. fr. 6771). The typical keyboard style of the time seems to have placed the tenor of a secular song or a melody from plainchant in equal tones in the bass while a fast-moving line was written above it for the right hand. The surviving sources are likely among the few witnesses of a largely improvised tradition.",
"title": "Music of the Trecento"
},
{
"docid": "46336597#10",
"text": "A rota is a form of round, known to have been used from the thirteenth century in England. The earliest surviving piece of composed music in the British Isles, and perhaps the oldest recorded folk song in Europe, is a rota: a setting of 'Sumer Is Icumen In' ('Summer is a-coming in'), from the mid-thirteenth century, possibly written by W. de Wycombe, precentor of the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire, and set for six parts. Although few are recorded, the use of rotas seems to have been widespread in England and it has been suggested that the English talent for polyphony may have its origins in this form of music.",
"title": "Music in Medieval England"
},
{
"docid": "7890241#4",
"text": "The Pesaro Manuscript, from the mid-16th century, an important document in the history of the Lira, records a Passemezzo Moderno, (contemporary dance measure) written in lira tablature. Discovered in the town of Pesaro, on the Adriatic coast, this strange, mutilated script is the sole surviving example of written music for the Lira. It suggests at least the possibility that the instrument was being used as a dance instrument by this time. Its harmonic character, and useful range of home keys would have been ideally suited to render the fashionable dance music of the day.",
"title": "Lira da braccio"
}
] |
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2694
|
What is a paywall?
|
[
{
"docid": "16927210#0",
"text": "A paywall is a method of restricting access to content via a paid subscription. Beginning in the mid-2010s, newspapers started implementing paywalls on their websites as a way to increase revenue after years of decline in paid print readership and advertising revenue. In academics, research papers are often subject to a paywall and are available via academic libraries that subscribe.",
"title": "Paywall"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16927210#7",
"text": "The \"hard\" paywall, as used by \"The Times\", requires paid subscription before any of their online content can be accessed. A paywall of this design is considered the riskiest option for the content provider. It is estimated that a website will lose 90% of its online audience and ad revenue only to gain it back through its ability to produce online content appealing enough to attract subscribers. News sites with \"hard\" paywalls can succeed if they:\nMany experts denounce the \"hard\" paywall because of its inflexibility, believing it acts as a major deterrent for users. Financial blogger Felix Salmon wrote that when one encounters a \"paywall and can’t get past it, you simply go away and feel disappointed in your experience.\" Jimmy Wales, founder of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, argued that the use of a \"hard\" paywall diminishes a site's influence. Wales stated that, by implementing a \"hard\" paywall, \"The Times\" \"made itself irrelevant.\" Though the \"Times\" had potentially increased its revenue, it decreased its traffic by 60%.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#5",
"text": "Paywalls have become controversial, with partisans arguing over the effectiveness of paywalls in generating revenue and their effect on media in general. Critics of paywalls include many businesspeople, academics such as media professor Jay Rosen, and journalists such as Howard Owens and media analyst Matthew Ingram of GigaOm. Those who see potential in paywalls include investor Warren Buffett, former \"Wall Street Journal\" publisher Gordon Crovitz, and media mogul Rupert Murdoch. Some have changed their opinions of paywalls. Felix Salmon of Reuters was initially an outspoken skeptic of paywalls, but later expressed the opinion that they could be effective. A NYU media theorist, Clay Shirky, was initially a skeptic of paywalls, but in May 2012 wrote, \"[Newspapers] should turn to their most loyal readers for income, via a digital subscription service of the sort the [New York Times]\" Paywalls are rapidly changing journalism, with an impact on its practice and business model, and on freedom of information on the Internet, that is yet unclear.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#3",
"text": "In 2010, following in the footsteps of \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The Times\" (London) implemented a \"hard\" paywall; a decision which was controversial because, unlike \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The Times\" is a general news site, and it was said that rather than paying, users would seek the information without charge elsewhere. The paywall was deemed in practice to be neither a success nor a failure, having recruited 105,000 paying visitors. In contrast \"The Guardian\" resisted the use of a paywall, citing \"a belief in an open Internet\" and \"care in the community\" as its reasoning – an explanation found in its welcome article to online news readers who, blocked from \"The Times’s\" site following the implementation of their paywall, came to \"The Guardian\" for online news. \"The Guardian\" since experimented with other revenue-increasing ventures such as open API. Other papers, prominently \"The New York Times\", have oscillated between the implementation and removal of various paywalls. Because online news remains a relatively new medium, it has been suggested that experimentation is key to maintaining revenue while keeping online news consumers satisfied.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#19",
"text": "The use of a paywall to bar individuals from accessing news content online without payment, brings up numerous ethical questions. According to Hackett, media are already \"failing to furnish citizens with ready access to relevant civic information.\" The implementation of paywalls on previously free news content heightens this failure through intentional withholding. Hackett cites \"general cultural and economic mechanisms, such as the commodification of information and the dependence of commercial media on advertising revenue\" as two of the greatest influences on media performance. According to Hackett, these cultural and economic mechanisms \"generate violations of the democratic norm of equality.\" Implementation of a paywall addresses and intimately ties the two mechanisms cited by Hackett, as the paywall commodifies news content to bring in revenue from both readers and from increased circulation of printed paper's ads. The result of these mechanisms, as stated by Hackett, is an impediment to \"equal access to relevant [news] facts.\"\nThe commodification of information–making news into a product that must be purchased–restricts the egalitarian founding principal of the newspaper. Editor's Weblog reporter Katherine Travers, addressing this issue in a post discussing the future of \"The Washington Post\", asks, \"is digital subscription as permissible as charging a couple of dollars now and then for a paper copy?\" While subscription fees have long been attached to print newspapers, all other forms of news have traditionally been free. The UK's \"Daily Mail\" argues that print revenue is unique because \"people pay for the convenience of print in recognition of the special cost of production and delivery of a tangible product and because they purchase it whole.\" Online news, in comparison has existed as a medium of free dissemination. Poynter digital media fellow Jeff Sonderman outlines the ethical tension created by a paywall. Sonderman explains that \"[t]he underlying tension is that newspapers act simultaneously as businesses and as servants of the public’s interest. As for-profit enterprises, they have the right (the duty, even) to make money for shareholders or private owners. But most also claim to have a social compact, in which they safeguard the entire public interest and help their entire community shape and understand its shared values.\" By implementing a paywall before experimenting with other revenue-increasing initiatives, a newspaper arguably puts profit before the public.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#17",
"text": "The obvious way in which a paywall restricts equal access to the online public sphere is through requiring payment, deterring those who do not want to pay, and barring those who cannot from joining the online discussion. The restriction of equal access was taken to a new extreme when the UK's \"The Independent\" in October 2011 placed a paywall on foreign readers only. Online news media have the proven ability to create global connection beyond the typical reach of a public sphere. In \"Democratizing Global Media,\" Hackett and global communications theorist Yuezhi Zhao describe how a new \"wave of media democratization arises in the era of the internet which has facilitated transnational civil society networks of and for democratic communication.\" By placing a paywall on their international readers, \"The Independent\" hinders the growth and democratic quality of the public sphere created by the internet.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#18",
"text": "The use of paywalls has also received many complaints from online news readers regarding an online subscriptions' inability to be shared like a traditional printed paper. While a printed paper can be shared among friends and family, the ethics behind sharing an online subscription are less clear because there is no physical object involved. \"The New York Times\"' \"ethicist\" columnist, Ariel Kaminer, addressing the question of sharing online subscription, states that \"sharing with your spouse or young child is one thing; sharing with friends or family who live elsewhere is another.\" The reader comments following Kaminer's response focus on the dichotomy between paying for a printed paper and paying for an online subscription. A printed paper's ease of access meant that more individuals could read a single copy, and that everyone who read the paper had the ability to send a letter to the editor without the hassle of registering or paying for the subscription. As such, the use of a paywall closes off the communication in both the personal realm and online. This opinion is not just held by online news readers, but also by opinion writers. Jimmy Wales comments that he \"would rather write [an opinion piece] where it is going to be read\", declaring that \"putting opinion pieces behind paywalls [makes] no sense.\" Without easy access to both read and share insights and opinions, the online news platform loses an essential characteristic of democratic exchange.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#22",
"text": "Given the overwhelming opinion that, regardless of paywall success, new revenue sources must be sought out for newspapers' financial success, it is important to highlight new business initiatives. According to Poynter media expert Bill Mitchell, in order for a paywall to generate sustainable revenue, newspapers must create \"new value\"—higher quality, innovation, etc.—in their online content that merits payment which previously free content did not. In addition to erecting paywalls, newspapers have been increasingly exploiting tablet and mobile news products, the profitability of which remains inconclusive. Some newspapers have also embraced targeting niche audiences, such as the Daily Mail's Mail Online in the UK. Another strategy, pioneered by \"The New York Times\", involves creating new revenue by packaging old content in e-books and special feature offerings, to create an appealing product for readers. The draw of these packages is not just the topic but the authors and the breadth of coverage. According to reporter Mathew Ingram, newspapers can benefit from these special offerings in two ways, first by taking advantage of old content when new interest arises, such as an anniversary or an important event, and second, through the creation of packages of general interest. \"The New York Times\", for example, has created packages on baseball, golf and the digital revolution.(ebooks)",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#23",
"text": "An open API (application programming interface) makes the online news site \"a platform for data and information that [the newspaper company] can generate value from in other ways.\" Opening their API makes a newspaper's data available to outside sources, allowing developers and other services to make use of a paper's content for a fee. \"The Guardian\", in keeping with its \"belief in an open internet\", has been experimenting with the use of API. \"The Guardian\" has created an \"open platform\" which works on a three level system:While an open API is regarded as a gamble just like a paywall, journalist Matthew Ingram ethically notes that the use of an open API aims at \"profiting from the open exchange of information and other aspects of an online-media world, while the [paywall] is an attempt to create the kind of artificial information scarcity that newspapers used to enjoy.\" An open API keeps news content free to the public while the newspaper makes a profit from the quality and usefulness of its data to other businesses. The open API strategy can be commended because it takes the pressure off of the news room to continually investigate and explore new means of revenue. Instead, the open API strategy relies on the interest and ideas of those outside the newsroom, to whom the site's content and data are attractive.",
"title": "Paywall"
},
{
"docid": "16927210#12",
"text": "There are also those who remain optimistic about the use of paywalls to help revitalize floundering newspaper revenues. Those who believe implementing paywalls will succeed, however, continually buffer their opinion with contingencies. Bill Mitchell states that for a paywall to bring new revenue and not deter current readers, newspapers must: \"invest in flexible systems, exploit their journalists' expertise in niche areas, and, crucially, offer readers their money's worth in terms of new value.\" The State of the News Media's 2011 annual report on American journalism makes the sweeping claim that: \"[t]o survive financially, the consensus on the business side of news operations is that news sites not only need to make their advertising smarter, but they also need to find some way to charge for content and to invent new revenue streams other than display advertising and subscriptions.\" Even those who do not believe in the general success of paywalls recognize that, for a profitable future, newspapers must start generating more attractive content with added value, or investigate new sources of earning revenue.",
"title": "Paywall"
}
] |
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] |
2696
|
When was Elizabeth I crowned as Queen of England?
|
[
{
"docid": "2987#3",
"text": "Despite attempts by Edward I to conquer Scotland in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the two countries were entirely separate. However, when Elizabeth I became Queen of England in 1558, a union became increasingly likely as she neither married or had children. From 1558 onwards, her heir was her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who pledged herself to a peaceful union between the two kingdoms. In 1567, Mary was forced to abdicate as Queen of Scots and replaced by her infant son James VI and I, who was brought up as a Protestant and became heir to the English throne. After Elizabeth died in 1603, the two Crowns were held in personal union by James and his Stuart successors but England and Scotland remained separate entities.",
"title": "Acts of Union 1707"
},
{
"docid": "5637031#16",
"text": "When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, the religious situation in England was confused. Throughout the see-sawing religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I, a significant proportion of the population (especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country), are likely to have continued to hold Catholic views, or were conservative. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was a Protestant and the \"very rituals with which the parish had celebrated her accession would be swept away\". Thus Elizabeth's first act was to reverse her sister's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince, prelate, or other authority, and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England. A third offence was high treason, punishable by death. The Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558, provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Failure to so swear was a crime, although it did not become treason until 1562, when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason.",
"title": "Catholic Church in England and Wales"
},
{
"docid": "55335359#0",
"text": "The coronation of Queen Elizabeth I as queen regnant of England and Ireland took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 15 January 1559. Queen Elizabeth I had ascended the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of her half-sister, Queen Mary I, on 17 November 1558. Mary had reversed the Protestant Reformation which had been started by her two predecessors, so this was the last British coronation to be conducted under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Historians view Elizabeth's coronation as a statement of her intention restore England to Protestantism, but to allow the continuation of some Catholic customs, a compromise known as the Elizabethan Settlement.",
"title": "Coronation of Elizabeth I"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9919458#2",
"text": "Some objected to this usage as the new Queen was in fact only the first Elizabeth to reign over the United Kingdom or indeed Great Britain, Elizabeth I having been solely the Queen of England. In 1953, John MacCormick took legal action against the Lord Advocate in the case of \"MacCormick v Lord Advocate\" challenging the right of the Queen to call herself Elizabeth the Second. The case failed on the grounds that the matter was within the Royal Prerogative and thus the Queen was free to adopt any title she saw fit. However, a submission by the Crown stated that the Royal title was decided to reflect the highest number from either the Kingdom of England or the Kingdom of Scotland and while Elizabeth II was not the second Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, she was the second Elizabeth in the territory which now made up the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Pillar Box War"
},
{
"docid": "9463634#72",
"text": "It has been twelve years since Elizabeth I was crowned England's Queen. The whole court is alive with the celebrations and many foreign visitors have come to see the monarch wear the famous Crown Jewels. But when the crown of St Edward is stolen from a guarded room, it is up to Lady Grace, Ellie and Masou to find the thief and make sure the foreign guests are not disappointed. Will the daring Lady Pursuivant find the villain before Her Majesty is publicly humiliated...?",
"title": "Lady Grace Mysteries"
},
{
"docid": "3176284#2",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland, last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, died without issue on 24 March 1603, and the throne fell at once (and uncontroversially) to her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, a member of House of Stuart and the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots. By the Union of the Crowns in 1603 he assumed the throne of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland as King James I. This personal union lessened the constant English fears of Scottish cooperation with France in a feared French invasion of England.",
"title": "Treaty of Union"
},
{
"docid": "10128#59",
"text": "Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death. Expectations of King James started high but then declined, so by the 1620s there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of Elizabeth. Elizabeth was praised as a heroine of the Protestant cause and the ruler of a golden age. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court. The triumphalist image that Elizabeth had cultivated towards the end of her reign, against a background of factionalism and military and economic difficulties, was taken at face value and her reputation inflated. Godfrey Goodman, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: \"When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Then was her memory much magnified.\" Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when crown, church and parliament had worked in constitutional balance.",
"title": "Elizabeth I of England"
},
{
"docid": "10128#29",
"text": "Elizabeth's first policy toward Scotland was to oppose the French presence there. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne. Mary was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, being the granddaughter of Henry VIII's elder sister, Margaret. Mary boasted being \"the nearest kinswoman she hath\". Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting Treaty of Edinburgh of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north. When Mary returned to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth. Mary refused to ratify the treaty.",
"title": "Elizabeth I of England"
},
{
"docid": "10128#0",
"text": "Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor.",
"title": "Elizabeth I of England"
},
{
"docid": "10128#13",
"text": "On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's apparent pregnancy. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen. If, on the other hand, Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured.",
"title": "Elizabeth I of England"
}
] |
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] |
2697
|
When did Solomon die?
|
[
{
"docid": "975095#14",
"text": "On October 26, 2001, Solomon died of congestive heart failure at his home in Queensbury at the age of 71. His ability to maintain friendships across political lines was demonstrated when one of the eulogies at his funeral was delivered by Representative Charles Rangel, a Democrat and fellow veteran. Solomon was buried at the national cemetery which is named for him.",
"title": "Gerald Solomon"
},
{
"docid": "28329#0",
"text": "Solomon (; , \"Shlomoh),\" also called Jedidiah (Hebrew \"Yedidyah\"), was, according to the Hebrew Bible, Old Testament, Quran, and Hadiths, a fabulously wealthy and wise king of Israel who succeeded his father, King David. The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE, normally given in alignment with the dates of David's reign. He is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, which would break apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.",
"title": "Solomon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44134811#1",
"text": "Solomon was the daughter of Etta (née Wedell) and Jules Mastbaum, a Philadelphia real estate investor who specialized in movie theaters and the philanthropist whose estate established that city's Rodin Museum. Both parents played bridge. In 1930 she married Benjamin M. Golder, who was a U.S. Congressman from Philadelphia (1925–1933); he would be 1946 president of the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) and die in office. Peggy Golder started bridge lessons \"shortly before World War II\". Charles Goren was her second teacher and Charles J. Solomon, another star player from Philadelphia became her mentor; they married in 1948. Charles Solomon would be president of the ACBL in 1958, the year the World Bridge Federation was established, and second president of the WBF (1964–68). He died in 1975.",
"title": "Peggy Solomon"
},
{
"docid": "3737724#21",
"text": "Solomon did not give up his ambitions even after his abdication. He was arrested for plotting against his cousin, then held in captivity in Visegrád. He was released \"on the occasion of the canonization of King St. Stephen and the blessed Emeric the confessor\" around 17 August 1083. According to Hartvik's \"Legend of King Saint Stephen\", King Ladislaus ordered Solomon's release, because nobody could open the grave of the saintly king while Solomon was held in captivity.",
"title": "Solomon, King of Hungary"
},
{
"docid": "49658761#2",
"text": "He wrote a book on Roger Corman and told Corman that he wanted to write a script for him. McGee did drafts of \"Sorority House Massacre II\" (1989) that were not used. He also wrote an un-used script for Joe Solomon and did a week's work on the script for \"Transylvania Twist\" with Jim Wynorski. He was fired at the behest of Roger Corman. However when Wynorski hired MgGee to work on the script for \"Hard to Die\" Corman did not object.",
"title": "Mark Thomas McGee"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
},
{
"docid": "3860515#2",
"text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.",
"title": "Ɯ"
},
{
"docid": "16294189#28",
"text": "On 19 July 2012, Suleiman died in a hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, while undergoing medical testing for an unknown problem. The official Egyptian state news service, MENA, reported that Suleiman had been suffering from heart and lung problems for several months and that he had died of a heart attack. Hussein Kamal, one of his assistants, said it was an unexpected event. \"He was fine. It came suddenly while he was having medical tests in Cleveland.\" Preparations got underway to send his body to Egypt for burial. Suleiman was given a military funeral, with Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the then head of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, attending.",
"title": "Omar Suleiman"
},
{
"docid": "50552326#3",
"text": "Seamie died suddenly on the night of 11 August 2015, aged 57, after having a heart attack while driving through Sligo. Brought to Sligo Regional Hospital, he was pronounced dead shortly afterwards. O'Boyle had been organising Sligo's participation in the Right2Water anti-water tax demonstration which was to be held in Dublin shortly after he died. His death received national attention and media coverage. He had two bishops oversee his funeral. A week previously he had led national tributes after a stabbing and murder in Holborn Street and a few days after that he had been present at a Civic Reception held for Olympic gold medalists at County Hall. His funeral took place at Sligo Cathedral on 15 August 2015, after which he was buried in Sligo Cemetery.",
"title": "Seamie O'Boyle"
},
{
"docid": "11095858#16",
"text": "Sir Sassoon died in Paris, France on 31 August 1932 while undergoing medical treatment. He was buried at the Père-Lachaise cemetery on Boulevard de Ménilmontant in Paris. On 7 September 1932, a commemorative service was held in Baghdad in his memory. Prime Minister Yasin Pasha Al-Hashimi published a eulogy in an Arabic daily newspaper in which he praised the late Sir Sassoon’s character, culture, his outstanding personality, his vast knowledge, sense of duty and the proper fulfilment of that duty no matter how great the sacrifice was in time or in life. He said that the stupendous efforts which had been exerted by the deceased in regulating and establishing on a solid footing, the affairs of the Kingdom of Iraq during the mandatory regime, will be remembered by future generations. All leading Arabic daily newspapers similarly eulogised the late Sir Sassoon’s character and achievements, saying that the services which had been rendered by the deceased for the welfare of his country will immortalise his great name, adding that his death was an irreparable loss to the nation.",
"title": "Sassoon Eskell"
}
] |
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] |
2699
|
How much can a black wildebeest weigh?
|
[
{
"docid": "34033#10",
"text": "Both species of wildebeest are even-toed, horned, greyish-brown ungulates resembling cattle. Males are larger than females and both have heavy forequarters compared to their hindquarters. They have broad muzzles, Roman noses, and shaggy manes and tails. The most striking morphological differences between the black and blue wildebeest are the orientation and curvature of their horns and the color of their coats. The blue wildebeest is the bigger of the two species. In males, blue wildebeest stand 150 cm tall at the shoulder and weigh around 250 kg, while the black wildebeest stands 111 to 120 cm tall and weighs about 180 kg. In females, blue wildebeest have a shoulder height of 135 cm and weigh 180 kg while black wildebeest females stand 108 cm at the shoulder and weigh 155 kg. The horns of blue wildebeest protrude to the side, then curve downwards before curving up back towards the skull, while the horns of the black wildebeest curve forward then downward before curving upwards at the tips. Blue wildebeest tend to be a dark grey color with stripes, but may have a bluish sheen. The black wildebeest has brown-coloured hair, with a mane that ranges in color from cream to black, and a cream-coloured tail. The blue wildebeest lives in a wide variety of habitats, including woodlands and grasslands, while the black wildebeest tends to reside exclusively in open grassland areas. In some areas, the blue wildebeest migrates over long distances in the winter, whereas the black wildebeest does not. The milk of the female black wildebeest contains a higher protein, lower fat, and lower lactose content than the milk of the blue wildebeest. Wildebeest can live more than 40 years, though their average lifespan is around 20 years.",
"title": "Wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#0",
"text": "The black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu (\"Connochaetes gnou\") is one of the two closely related wildebeest species. It is a member of the genus \"Connochaetes\" and family Bovidae. It was first described in 1780 by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann. The black wildebeest is typically in head-and-body length, and the typical weight is . Males stand about at the shoulder, while the height of the females is . The black wildebeest is characterised by its white, long, horse-like tail. It also has a dark brown to black coat and long, dark-coloured hair between its forelegs and under its belly.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2596633#7",
"text": "Black wildebeest are sexually dimorphic, with females being smaller in size and more slender than males. The head-and-body length is typically between . Males reach about at the shoulder, while females reach . Males typically weigh and females . A distinguishing feature in both sexes is the tail, which is long and similar to that of a horse. Its bright-white colour gives this animal the vernacular name of \"white-tailed gnu\", and also distinguishes it from the blue wildebeest, which has a black tail. The length of the tail ranges from .",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#16",
"text": "Black wildebeest are predominantly grazers, preferring short grasses, but also feeding on other herbs and shrubs, especially when grass is scarce. Shrubs can comprise as much as 37% of the diet, but grasses normally form more than 90%. Water is essential, though they can exist without drinking water every day. The herds graze either in line or in loose groups, usually walking in single file when moving about. They are often accompanied by cattle egrets, which pick out and consume the insects hidden in their coats or disturbed by their movements.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#8",
"text": "The blue wildebeest exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males being larger and darker than females. The blue wildebeest is typically in head-and-body length. The average height of the species is . While males weigh up to , females seldom exceed . A characteristic feature is the long, black tail, which is around in length. All features and markings of this species are bilaterally symmetrical for both sexes. The average life span is 20 years in the wild, and 21 years in captivity. The oldest known captive individual lived for 24.3 years.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#28",
"text": "Though they are not present in their natural habitat in such large numbers today, black wildebeest were at one time the main herbivores in the ecosystem and a main prey item for large predators such as the lion. Now, they are economically important for human beings, as they are a major tourist attraction, as well as providing animal products such as leather and meat. The hide makes good quality leather and the flesh is coarse, dry and rather hard. Wildebeest meat is dried to make biltong, an important part of South African cuisine. The meat of females is more tender than that of males, and is at its best during the autumn season. The wildebeest can provide 10 times as much meat as Thomson's gazelle. The silky, flowing tail is used to make fly-whisks or \"chowries\".",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "5526592#21",
"text": "The gestation period is about 8.5 months, and between 80 and 90% of the calves are born within a 3-week time period. Female wildebeest give birth in the middle of a herd rather than alone, and typically in the middle of the day. This allows time for the newborn to become steady on its feet before night falls and the predators become more active. Calves weigh about at birth, and can usually stand on their own within a few minutes of birth. To escape predation, calves remain close to their mothers for a significant time, and may continue suckling until the next year's calf is nearly due. Some calves leave their mother at about 8 months and form herds with other juveniles. In large female herds, 80% of the wildebeest offspring survive the first month, compared to a 50% survival rate in smaller herds.",
"title": "Blue wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "34033#25",
"text": "Wildebeest provide several useful animal products. The hide makes good-quality leather and the flesh is coarse, dry and rather hard. Wildebeest are killed for food, especially to make biltong in Southern Africa. This dried game meat is a delicacy and an important food item in Africa. The meat of females is more tender than that of males, and is the most tender during the autumn season. Wildebeest are a regular target for illegal meat hunters because their numbers make them easy to find. Cooks preparing the wildebeest carcass usually cut it into 11 pieces. The estimated price for wildebeest meat was about US$0.47 per kilogram around 2008. The silky, flowing tail of the black wildebeest is used to make fly-whisks or \"chowries\".",
"title": "Wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#14",
"text": "The black wildebeest is a gregarious animal with a complex social structure comprising three distinct groups, the female herds consisting of adult females and their young, the bachelor herds consisting only of yearlings and older males, and territorial bulls. The number of females per herd is variable, generally ranging from 14 to 32, but is highest in the densest populations and also increases with forage density. A strong attachment exists among members of the female herd, many of which are related to each other. Large herds often get divided into smaller groups. While small calves stay with their mothers, the older ones form groups of their own within the herd. These herds have a social hierarchy, and the females are rather aggressive towards others trying to join the group. Young males are generally repelled by their mothers before the calving season starts. Separation of a young calf from its mother can be a major cause of calf mortality. While some male yearlings stay within the female herd, the others join a bachelor herd. These are usually loose associations, and unlike the female herds, the individuals are not much attached to each other. Another difference between the female and bachelor herds is the lesser aggression on the part of the males. These bachelor herds move widely in the available habitat and act as a refuge for males that have been unsuccessful as territorial bulls, and also as a reserve for future breeding males.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "2596633#22",
"text": "The calf has a tawny, shaggy coat and weighs about . By the end of the fourth week, the four incisors have fully emerged and about the same time, two knob-like structures, the horn buds, appear on the head. These later develop into horns, which reach a length of by the fifth month and are well developed by the eighth month. The calf is able to stand and run shortly after birth, a period of great danger for animals in the wild. It is fed by its lactating mother for 6-8 months, begins nibbling on grass blades at 4 weeks, and remains with the mother until her next calf is born a year later.",
"title": "Black wildebeest"
},
{
"docid": "17722202#7",
"text": "The fruits are up to 78mm (3″) wide and 85mm long, and can weigh as much as 260g.\nThe skin is a dark mahogany colour with russet freckles and small areas of rough skin. The flesh is a pale yellow or cream, tinged green under the skin.",
"title": "Black Worcester pear"
}
] |
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] |
2700
|
What is the largest city in New Brunswick, Canada?
|
[
{
"docid": "17355849#2",
"text": "In 1785, Saint John became the first community in what would eventually become Canada to incorporate as a city. Moncton is New Brunswick's largest municipality by population with 71,889 residents and Saint John is the largest urban municipality by land area at . Approximately one-third of the residents of New Brunswick do not live in municipalities but reside in local service districts, which are unincorporated communities administered by the Minister of Environment and Local Government and have no local government of their own.",
"title": "List of municipalities in New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "37875404#0",
"text": "The Canadian Province of New Brunswick has eight municipalities that hold city status. These eight cities had a cumulative population of 272,174 and an average population of 34,022 in the 2016 Census. New Brunswick's largest and smallest cities are Moncton and Campbellton with populations of 71,889 and 7,385 respectively.",
"title": "List of cities in New Brunswick"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30947126#1",
"text": "Saint John is a city on the Fundy coast of New Brunswick and is the first incorporated city in Canada. In Saint John, there are 6 buildings that stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 19-storey, Brunswick Square. This building is tied with Assumption Place in Moncton for tallest building in New Brunswick. However this building is the second largest office building by floor space in all of Atlantic Canada after the Maritime Centre in Halifax. The second-tallest building in the city is Saint John City Hall, standing at tall with 15 storeys.",
"title": "List of tallest buildings in Saint John, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "170916#7",
"text": "Dieppe's city population increased significantly from 1971 to 1981 with the 1973 unification of the surrounding communities, i.e. Saint Anselme, Fox Creek/Dover and Chartersville. Being part of Moncton census metropolitan area, Statistics Canada counted the (CMA) population at 144,810 (2016) – making it the largest urban area in New Brunswick and the third largest in Atlantic Canada.",
"title": "Dieppe, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "170704#0",
"text": "Miramichi [ˈmɛɚˌməˌʃi] is the largest city in northern New Brunswick, Canada. It is situated at the mouth of the Miramichi River where it enters Miramichi Bay. The Miramichi Valley is the second longest valley in New Brunswick, after the Saint John River Valley.",
"title": "Miramichi, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "170916#0",
"text": "Dieppe is a city in the Canadian maritime province of New Brunswick. Statistics Canada counted the population at 25,384 in 2016, making it the fourth largest city in the province.",
"title": "Dieppe, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "1069040#0",
"text": "Riverview is a town in Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada. Riverview is located on the south side of the Petitcodiac River, across from the larger cities of Moncton and Dieppe. Riverview has an area of , and a population density of . Riverview's slogan is \"A Great Place To Grow\". With a population of 19,667, Riverview is the fifth largest municipality in New Brunswick, having a larger population than the cities of Edmundston, Bathurst, Campbellton, and Miramichi, despite its designation of \"town\".",
"title": "Riverview, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "28866#0",
"text": "Saint John () is the coastal port city of the Bay of Fundy in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The port is Canada’s third largest port by tonnage with a cargo base that includes dry and liquid bulk, break bulk, containers, and cruise. In 2016, after more than 40 years of population decline, the city became the second most populous city in the province for the first time, with a population of 67,575 over an area of . The Saint John metropolitan area covers a land area of across the Caledonia Highlands, with a population (as of 2016) of 126,202. After the partitioning of the colony of Nova Scotia in 1784, the new colony of New Brunswick was thought to be named 'New Ireland' with the capital to be in Saint John before being vetoed by Britain's King George III. Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada. During the reign of George III, the municipality was created by royal charter in 1785.",
"title": "Saint John, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "12753866#10",
"text": "Today, Millidgeville is home to the University of New Brunswick (UNBSJ) Saint John campus in Tucker Park, as well as the Saint John Regional Hospital, the city's largest employer and the province's largest hospital. Amenities include the RKYC, Rockwood Park, Canada's second largest urban park with a public golf course, the Charles Gorman Arena, tennis courts and several sports fields.",
"title": "Millidgeville, New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "6510491#0",
"text": "Symphony New Brunswick is the largest classical music organization in New Brunswick, Canada.\nThe orchestra was founded in 1983 following the demise of the Halifax-based Atlantic Symphony Orchestra (\"ASO\") which performed in several New Brunswick cities from 1969 to 1982. From 1950 to 1962, the Saint John Symphony Orchestra, founded by Kelsey Jones, played in Saint John and from 1953-1962, the Fredericton Civic Orchestra served the Province's capital city. The two New Brunswick orchestras merged in 1962 to form the New Brunswick Symphony Orchestra which was itself replaced in 1969 by the ASO.",
"title": "Symphony New Brunswick"
},
{
"docid": "66769#22",
"text": "The largest population centre on the bay is the New Brunswick city of Saint John. Saint John is the port city of the Bay of Fundy. The port is Canada's third largest port by tonnage with a cargo base that includes dry and liquid bulk, break bulk, containers, and cruise. Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada. During the reign of George III, the municipality was created by royal charter in 1785 by a union between the former towns on each side of the harbour, Parrtown and Carleton.",
"title": "Bay of Fundy"
}
] |
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] |
2702
|
When was the International Hydrographic Organization founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "14871#2",
"text": "The IHO was established in 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). The present name was adopted in 1970 as part of a new international Convention on the IHO adopted by the then member nations. The former name International Hydrographic Bureau was retained to describe the IHO secretariat until 8 November 2016, when a revision to the Convention on the IHO entered into force. Thereafter the IHB became known as the \"IHO Secretariat\", comprising an elected Secretary-General and two supporting Directors, together with a small staff of 17, at the Organization's headquarters in Monaco.",
"title": "International Hydrographic Organization"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50014197#22",
"text": "The Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service (HNHS, ), an independent service of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, is responsible for hydrographic surveying and production and sale of charts. The first naval hydrographic office was created in 1905 and its first mission was the hydrographic survey of Maliakos Gulf. Its first nautical chart was issued in 1909 and in 1919 the Hellenic Navy became a founding member of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). The hydrographic office evolved into the independent naval Hydrographic Service in 1921. Today the HNHS operates three naval hydrographic vessels: \"HS OS Nautilos\" (A-478), \"HS OS Pytheas\" (A-474) and \"HS Stravon\" (A-476).",
"title": "List of Members of the International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "50014197#31",
"text": "The Russian Hydrographic Office was founded in 1777 by the Admiralty Board of the Russian Empire. The hydrographic service in Russia has been historically attached to the Russian Navy and the agents and supervisors of hydrographic works have been largely naval officers since it was established. Having operated under different names along its history, the Russian Hydrographic Service is one of the first hydrographic offices in the world.",
"title": "List of Members of the International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "14871#4",
"text": "In 1919 the hydrographers of Great Britain and France cooperated in taking the necessary steps to convene an international conference of hydrographers. London was selected as the most suitable place for this conference, and on 24 July 1919, the First International Conference opened, attended by the hydrographers of 24 nations. The object of the conference was \"To consider the advisability of all maritime nations adopting similar methods in preparation, construction, and production of their charts and all hydrographic publications; of rendering the results in the most convenient form to enable them to be readily used; of instituting a prompt system of mutual exchange of hydrographic information between all countries; and of providing an opportunity to consultations and discussions to be carried out on hydrographic subjects generally by the hydrographic experts of the world.\" This is still the major purpose of the IHO.",
"title": "International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "51339588#23",
"text": "In 1972, owing to Cold War dictated priorities, the Hydrographic Office of the Navy was overhauled and transformed into the 'General Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR' —Главное управление навигации и океанографии Министерства обороны СССР (ГУНиО МО).\nThe 1970-1980 decade was marked by an increased international prominence of the 'General Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense'. Since then the Hydrographic Service of the USSR officially represented the interests of the Soviet Union —in the same manner that the organization that replaced it in later years would do for the Russian Federation— in the International Hydrographic Organization and the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, as well as the interests of the Ministry of Defence in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.",
"title": "Russian Hydrographic Service"
},
{
"docid": "14871#3",
"text": "During the 19th century, many maritime nations established hydrographic offices to provide means for improving the navigation of naval and merchant vessels by providing nautical publications, nautical charts, and other navigational services. There were substantial differences in hydrographic procedures charts, and publications. In 1889, an International Maritime Conference was held at Washington, D.C., and it was proposed to establish a \"permanent international commission.\" Similar proposals were made at the sessions of the International Congress of Navigation held at Saint Petersburg in 1908 and the International Maritime Conference held at Saint Petersburg in 1912.",
"title": "International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "50014197#39",
"text": "In 1807, the United States created the United States Survey of the Coast, the first United States Government scientific agency, giving it the responsibility for hydrographic surveys of the waters of the United States. Its surveying activities did not begin until 1816 and then were suspended completely when the United States Army and United States Navy were given the responsibility for surveys in 1818. Surveying responsibility returned to the Survey of the Coast in 1832, and it conducted the first official hydrographic survey in U.S. history in 1834. It was renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836.",
"title": "List of Members of the International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "50014197#9",
"text": "Starting in 1883, the \"Georgian Bay Survey\" was responsible for hydrographic surveying of Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Its geographic area of responsibility increased and in 1904 the name was changed to the \"Hydrographic Survey of Canada.\" The current name Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) was adopted in 1928.",
"title": "List of Members of the International Hydrographic Organization"
},
{
"docid": "182242#14",
"text": "The International Hydrographic Organization is an organization that coordinates with member countries over hydrographic issues. One of the organization's functions is to help set international standards on the naming and delineation of nautical regions. In 1929, the organization (then called the International Hydrographic Bureau) published \"IHO Special Publication 23\" (IHO SP 23), which established the name of the sea as Sea of Japan; however, at that time, Korea could not participate in the IHO because it was under Japanese rule. South Korea officially joined the IHO in 1957.",
"title": "Sea of Japan naming dispute"
},
{
"docid": "35227621#1",
"text": "The Australasian Hydrographic Society was originally part of The Hydrographic Society (THS), founded in 1972. It was one of five autonomous national branches, Australasia, the Benelux countries, Denmark, the UK and the USA. By 2000 it apparent that this structure was no longer workable and a decision was made to form national bodies, which would constitute a new international organisation, the International Federation of Hydrographic Societies (IFHS)]. Subsequently the Australasian Hydrographic Society was incorporated on 5 August 2002 and is now a registered a not-for-profit Public Company with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission.",
"title": "Australasian Hydrographic Society"
}
] |
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] |
2703
|
Do Russians celebrate Christmas?
|
[
{
"docid": "34214103#0",
"text": "Christmas on the International Space Station covers the celebration of Christmas on the International Space Station. Christmas is celebrated each year by the International Space Station crew, their families, and ground-staff. Crew are given time off duty according to their respective culture, religion/faith and ethnicity. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas according to the Julian calendar, whilst the Catholic Church and the various Protestant denominations use the Gregorian calendar so the crew may celebrate Christmas more than once on the station choosing between 25 December or 6, 7 or 19 January.",
"title": "Christmas on the International Space Station"
},
{
"docid": "25391#190",
"text": "There are seven public holidays in Russia, except those always celebrated on Sunday. Russian New Year traditions resemble those of the Western Christmas, with New Year Trees and gifts, and Ded Moroz (Father Frost) playing the same role as Santa Claus. Orthodox Christmas falls on January 7, because the Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian calendar, and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Western ones. Two other major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. Kurban Bayram and Uraza Bayram are celebrated by Russian Muslims.",
"title": "Russia"
},
{
"docid": "24210813#7",
"text": "Russian Orthodox Christmas was celebrated on the International Space Station, on January 7, 2011. Cosmonauts had the day off, but one of the other crew tweeted, \"Merry Christmas to all Russia.\" The whole crew also celebrated on December 25, two weeks prior.",
"title": "Religion in space"
},
{
"docid": "41393817#0",
"text": "Christmas in Russia ( \"Rozhdestvo Khristovo\", in the Russian Orthodox Church called Е́же по пло́ти Рождество Господа Бога и Спа́са нашего Иисуса Христа), commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, is celebrated on 25 December in the Julian calendar used by the church, which falls on 7 January in the common Gregorian calendar. Christmas is considered a high holiday by the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the 12 Great Feasts, and of only 4 Feasts preceded by a period of fasting. On Christmas Eve, 6 January, there are several long services, including the Royal Hours and Vespers combined with the Divine Liturgy. The family will then return home for the traditional Christmas Eve \"Holy Supper\", which consists of 12 dishes, one to honour each of the Twelve Apostles. Devout families will then return to church for the \"всенощная\" All Night Vigil. Then again, on Christmas Morning, for the \"заутренняя\" Divine Liturgy of the Nativity. Since 1992 Christmas has become a national holiday in Russia, as part of the ten-day holiday at the start of the new year.",
"title": "Christmas in Russia"
},
{
"docid": "2012490#66",
"text": "There are eight public holidays in Russia. The New Year is the first in calendar and in popularity. Russian New Year traditions resemble those of the Western Christmas, with New Year Trees and gifts, and Ded Moroz (Father Frost) playing the same role as Santa Claus. Rozhdestvo (Orthodox Christmas) falls on 7 January, because Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian (old style) calendar and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Catholic ones. Another two major Christian holidays are Paskha (Easter) and Troitsa (Trinity), but there is no need to recognize them as public holidays since they are always celebrated on Sunday.",
"title": "Russian culture"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2417200#9",
"text": "In the late Russian Empire Snegurochka was part of Christmas celebrations, in the form of figurines to decorate the fir tree and as a character in children's pieces.\nIn the early Soviet Union, the tradition of Christmas was banned, together with other Christian traditions. However, in 1935 the celebration of the New Year was allowed, which included, in part, the fir tree and Ded Moroz. At this time Snegurochka acquired a role of the granddaughter of Ded Moroz and his helper. In this role, she wears long silver-blue robes and a furry cap or a snowflake-like crown. She is a unique attribute of Ded Moroz, since similar characters in other cultures do not have a female companion.",
"title": "Snegurochka"
},
{
"docid": "1325731#149",
"text": "After December 24, the Christmas celebrations have more or less come to an end. Some people attend the julottan, an early morning church service on December 25. This particular service was the main service of Christmas historically—nowadays, the Midnight Mass has become increasingly popular. Others attend a simpler service called \"Christmas Prayer\" in the afternoon of Christmas Eve; however, many Swedes do not attend church at all during Christmas as the country is very secular. Even so, most families do set up a \"Julkrubba\" (\"Christmas Crib\"). On January 13 (locally known as \"knutdagen\" or \"tjugondag knut\", English = twentiethday Christmas), 20 days after Christmas, the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed.",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"docid": "1325731#52",
"text": "Christmas Day on December 25 is a national holiday in Brazil. But because Brazil lies in the Southern Hemisphere, Brazilians celebrate Christmas in the summer. In the small cities in the entire country, as well as in the largest cities, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, Salvador, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Brasília, Manaus, Belém, Natal and Belo Horizonte, the celebrations resemble in many ways the traditions in Europe and North America, with the Christmas tree, the exchanging of gifts and Christmas cards, the decoration of houses and buildings with electric lights and the nativity scene. Despite the warm tropical summer weather, some incongruences such as decorations with themes of winter and snow are not uncommon. In some cities like Guarapuava, there are decoration contests, when judges go to houses to look at the decorations, inside or outside of the house, and decide the most beautiful house. Christmas Eve is the most important day. Unlike in the North American and Anglo-Saxon tradition, Christmas takes action mainly near midnight, usually with big family dinners, opening of gifts and the celebration of the \"Missa do Galo\" (the rooster's mass) in churches throughout the nation.",
"title": "Christmas traditions"
},
{
"docid": "1450267#25",
"text": "In 1948, after the Communists gained power in Romania, it was decided that Christmas should not be celebrated. December 25 and December 26 became working days and no official celebrations were to be held. As a replacement for \"Moş Crăciun\" (Father Christmas), a new character was introduced, \"Moş Gerilă\" (literally \"Old Man Frosty\", a Romanian language adaptation of the Russian Ded Moroz). He was said to bring gifts to children on December 31.",
"title": "Ded Moroz"
},
{
"docid": "8185407#2",
"text": "The coming of the new year and the actual beginning of the celebration is marked by the Kremlin Clock striking twelve, i.e. midnight Moscow Time preceded by the holiday message of the President of Russia and followed by the playing of the National Anthem of Russia.\nRussians generally take the week between New Year and Christmas (celebrated on 7 January, corresponding to Christmas Day according to the Julian Calendar) off (Новогодние каникулы \"New Year's holidays\").",
"title": "Novy God"
}
] |
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2705
|
When did construction on Georgia State Route 5 begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "3402584#13",
"text": "Between August 1950 and the beginning of 1952, the entire Powder Springs–Marietta segment had a completed hard surface. A portion north-northeast of McWhorter had a sand clay or top soil surface. In 1953, the northern two-thirds of the McWhorter–Douglasville segment was hard surfaced. A portion east of Roopville had a sand clay or top soil surface. Three segments had completed grading, but was not surfaced: from the Alabama state line to Roopville, the Carroll County portion of the Whitesburg–McWhorter segment, and a portion north-northeast of McWhorter. Between June 1955 and July 1957, a portion east of Roopville had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between July 1957 and June 1960, three segments were paved: the central portion of the Bucktown–Roopville segment, the western half of the Roopville–Whitesburg segment, and from southwest of Whitesburg to north-northeast of McWhorter. By June 1963, the segment from west-northwest of Tyus to Roopville was paved. By the end of 1965, the segment from the Alabama to east-southeast of Lowell was hard surfaced. The segment from east-southeast of Lowell to south-southwest of Whitesburg had a \"topsoil or gravel\" surface. At this time, SR 5 Byp. was built and hard surfaced from US 76/SR 5 southwest of Blue Ridge to SR 5 north of the city. In 1966, SR 5 was hard surfaced from Alabama to Douglasville. In 1973, SR 705 was proposed from SR 3 (Church Street) in Marietta to SR 5 south of Blackwell, with an interchange with I-75. In 1977, I-575/SR 713 was proposed from I-75 north of Marietta to just south of the Cherokee–Pickens county line. It was completed from SR 140 south of Canton to SR 20 east of the city. The next year, the entire Cobb County portion (except for the southern end) of I-575/SR 713 was under construction. SR 5 through Blue Ridge was shifted westward, replacing the entire length of SR 5 Byp. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 5 Bus. By the end of the decade, SR 733 was proposed between two intersections with US 76/SR 5 northeast of Ellijay. At this time, SR 734 was proposed from US 76/SR 5 south-southwest of Cherry Log, across US 76/SR 5 north-northeast of Cherry Log, and then to another intersection with US 76/SR 5 in Lucius.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30533095#171",
"text": "State Route 719 (SR 719) was a proposed state highway. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, it was proposed from SR 5 south-southwest of Ellijay to US 76/SR 5 northeast of that city. In 1981, SR 719 was under construction. In 1983, SR 5 in Gilmer County was shifted eastward, replacing the proposed path of SR 719.",
"title": "List of former state routes in Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#7",
"text": "With the construction of I-575 and other projects between Cobb and Gilmer counties, SR 5 saw significant routing changes in the 1980s and 1990 (see History below for additional details). All of the former routing of SR 5, parallel to I-575, and the new routing in Pickens and Gilmer counties, still exists today, and is utilized by local traffic.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "8468262#11",
"text": "SR 53 is planning on being widened in two phases, first from the intersection with Mars Hill Road/Hog Mountain Road until its interchange with US 441/US 129/SR 24, all of which is west of Watkinsville (Phase II). Construction is planned to begin in 2022. Then, it's also planned to be widened from the interchange until the intersection with US 129 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15/SR 24 Bus. in Watkinsville (Phase III). Construction on this phase is planned to begin in 2051. Phase I was the widening of Mars Hill Road, which is still under construction, according to GDOT. All these phases are a result of Oconee County being one of the most fastest growing counties in Georgia, and GDOT wants the traffic to be not congested badly in the future.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 53"
},
{
"docid": "5932813#8",
"text": "By 1926, the Kingsland–St. Marys highway was a sand or dirt road. When the Folkston–Kingsland stretch of SR 40 reappeared on maps in February 1932, the highway was recorded as an unimproved but maintained road. SR 40 was under construction along its present alignment from US 17 in Kingsland to the south end of Osborne Street in St. Marys by October 1934; the highway was completed as a paved road by January 1936. The highway from Folkston to the Charlton–Camden county line was under construction by October 1936. The construction was extended east from the county line to the highway's original SR 110 junction in July 1937. When construction concluded in October 1937, there was a paved highway from Folkston to the county line and a graded but otherwise unimproved highway from there to SR 110. SR 40 between Colerain and the western edge of Kingsland was under construction by July 1939 and paving was completed in January 1941. The gap in Kingsland was placed under construction by April 1941 but was not completed until the beginning of 1943.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 40"
},
{
"docid": "30533095#80",
"text": "State Route 154 (SR 154) was a state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established in late 1939 from an intersection with SR 156 in Blaine to SR 5 in Talking Rock. The next year, it was under construction. Before the year ended, it was established on an eastern alignment from SR 108 northeast of Jasper to SR 183 northwest of Dawsonville. Around the middle of 1941, this new segment was under construction. In 1942, the original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, both segments of SR 154 were redesignated as parts of SR 136. SR 154 was reused for a former section of SR 41 that same day.",
"title": "List of former state routes in Georgia (U.S. state)"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#30",
"text": "State Route 5 Spur (SR 5 Spur) was a short spur route of SR 5 that existed in the eastern part of Ellijay in the central part of Gilmer County. Between 1953 and 1960, it was established from SR 52 to US 76/SR 5. Between 1977 and 1980, it was decommissioned.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#18",
"text": "State Route 5 Spur (SR 5 Spur) was a spur route of SR 5 that existed in the central part of Marietta. In 1969, it was proposed to be established from SR 5 (Powder Springs Street) north-northwest to Polk Street. Between 1966 and 1973, it was actually established on this proposed path. By 1984, it was decommissioned.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#21",
"text": "State Route 5 Connector (SR 5 Conn.) was a connecting route of SR 5 that existed mostly in the north-central part of Marietta. Between 1954 and 1957, it was established from SR 3 (Church Street) in Elizabeth to US 41/SR 3E in Marietta. In 1984, it was decommissioned.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "7806144#11",
"text": "State Route 19 Spur (SR 19 Spur) was a spur route of SR 19 in the northern part of the Macon metropolitan area. The roadway that would eventually become SR 19 Spur was designated between June 1954 and June 1955 as part of SR 148 from a point northeast of Bolingbroke to SR 87 east of the community. By the beginning of 1966, Interstate 75 (I-75) was in process of being extended through the state. It replaced SR 148 from northeast of Bolingbroke to east of the community, with this segment under construction. The remainder of SR 148 was redesignated as part of SR 19 Spur, which also connected with US 23/US 41/SR 19 in Bolingbroke. The spur route paralleled I-75 east-southeast to SR 87 northwest of Macon. Between the beginning of 1953 and the beginning of 1970, US 23 was shifted eastward, off of US 41/SR 19 and onto SR 87. In 1977, SR 19 Spur was decommissioned.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 19"
},
{
"docid": "8444275#4",
"text": "In 1923, the New York State Legislature passed a law authorizing the construction of a highway connecting Route 24 (an unsigned legislative route that is now part of NY 30) to the new Veterans' Mountain Camp, an American Legion camp on Tupper Lake. The work was funded through appropriations defined in the law. The beginning of a state road to the camp came in 1924 when earth movers were brought in by the Harnathy Contracting Company, with construction beginning in early June. The project would include construction of a concrete bridge over the Bog River. However, Hanrathy was unable to finish the job as it went bankrupt, and a second firm, the Spadaccini Realty Construction Corporation of The Bronx was brought into finish the job, which began in June 1925.The bridge over the Bog River was completed on August 29, 1925 and they announced would be opened for traffic within ten days.The route did finally open in 1925, with the Veterans Camp opening on May 15, 1926. This road was extended from modern NY 30 north to a dead end at Warren Point. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, hundreds of state-maintained highways that did not yet have a designation were assigned one. The Veterans' Mountain Camp highway was designated as NY 421 by the following year.",
"title": "New York State Route 421"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#10",
"text": "SR 5 was established at least as early as 1919 from SR 3 in Marietta to the Tennessee state line north-northwest of Blue Ridge. SR 8 was established at this time on the path of SR 5 from Douglasville to Austell. By the end of 1926, US 78 was designated on SR 8 between Douglasville and Austell. The Pickens County portion of the Canton–Jasper segment of SR 5 had a \"completed hard surface\". Two segments had a \"completed semi hard surface\": the Cherokee County portion of the Canton–Jasper segment and the southern half of the segment from Blue Ridge to the Tennessee state line. Two segments had a \"sand clay or top soil\": the Douglasville–Austell segment of US 78/SR 8 and the Cherokee County portion of the Marietta–Canton segment of SR 5. Two segments were under construction: the Jasper–Ellijay segment and the northern half of the Blue Ridge–Tennessee segment. By the end of 1929, two segments had a completed hard surface: a small portion just north of the Cobb–Cherokee county line and from a point northeast of Canton to just north of the Pickens–Gilmer county line. Two segments had a completed semi hard surface: nearly the entire Gilmer County portion of the Jasper–Ellijay segment (except for the extreme southern part) and the northern half of the Blue Ridge–Tennessee segment. The Ellijay–Blue Ridge segment was under construction.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#11",
"text": "By the middle of 1930, the southern part of the Gilmer County portion of the Jasper–Ellijay segment had a completed hard surface. By the end of the year, the segment from Blue Ridge to the Tennessee state line also was completed. The entire Cobb County portion of the Marietta–Canton segment was under construction. By the end of 1931, the Douglasville–Austell segment of US 78/SR 8 had a completed hard surface. Three segments of SR 5 also were completed: from Marietta to the halfway point between the Cobb–Cherokee county line and Canton, from northeast of Canton to Ellijay, and from northeast of Ellijay to Blue Ridge. The southern two-thirds of the Ellijay–Blue Ridge segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. Between April and August 1932, a portion south of Canton had a sand clay or top soil surface. A portion northeast of Canton was under construction. In August, the portion south of Canton was under construction. In October, a small portion at the northern terminus was under construction. By May 1933, the entire length of SR 5 from Marietta to Ellijay had a completed hard surface. In May, the northern terminus had a completed semi hard surface. In July, the entire Blue Ridge–Tennessee state line had a completed hard surface. In the third quarter of 1935, the Ellijay–Blue Ridge segment was also completed. By the end of the year, a portion northeast of Ellijay was under construction. In the first quarter of 1937, SR 5 was extended southwest from Marietta to SR 6 in Powder Springs. The next year, a portion of the extension southwest of Marietta had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1939, the central portion of this extension was under construction. In the third quarter of the year, this portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
},
{
"docid": "3402584#12",
"text": "Between April and October 1940, SR 5 was established on a segment from SR 16 in Whitesburg to Douglasville. There was no indication if the two segments were connected via concurrencies with US 78/SR 8 from Douglasville to Austell and SR 6 from Austell to Powder Springs. By the end of the year, SR 5 was extended from Whitesburg west-southwest to US 27/SR 1 in Roopville, northwest to Bowdon, south-southwest on a concurrency with SR 100, then southwest solely to the Alabama state line. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, the portion north-northeast of Bucktown and the portion from the south-southeastern part of Bowdon to the Carroll–Douglas county line were indicated to be \"projected mileage\". Two segments of the highway were hard surfaced: a portion south-southwest of Bowdon and the northern part of the Powder Springs–Marietta segment. By February 1948, three segments had a sand clay or top soil surface: from the Alabama state line to a point south-southwest of Bowdon, the northern two-thirds of the McWhorter–Douglasville segment, and the southern part of the Powder Springs–Marietta segment. By April 1949, the segment from Alabama to Roopville was shifted southward to a more direct path.",
"title": "Georgia State Route 5"
}
] |
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] |
2706
|
Who created the television series The Bionic Woman?
|
[
{
"docid": "10186404#0",
"text": "Bionic Woman is an American science fiction television drama that aired in 2007, which was created by David Eick, under NBC Universal Television Group, GEP Productions, and David Eick Productions. The series was a re-imagining of the original television series, \"The Bionic Woman\", created by Kenneth Johnson, which in turn was based upon the novel \"Cyborg\" by Martin Caidin and its TV adaptation \"The Six Million Dollar Man\", retaining its forebears' premise while taking on a more contemporary setting. David Eick also serves as executive producer alongside Laeta Kalogridis and Jason Smilovic. Production of the series was halted due to a strike by the Writers Guild of America causing only eight episodes to be aired. Following its failure to be included in the Fall 2008 schedule it was announced that the series was canceled as the result of low ratings.",
"title": "Bionic Woman (2007 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "2320314#2",
"text": "His early TV work includes \"The Six Million Dollar Man\", \"The Bionic Woman\" and \"The Incredible Hulk\". Johnson created the character of Jaime Sommers and \"The Bionic Woman\", an American television series starring Lindsay Wagner that aired for three seasons between 1976 and 1978 as a spin-off from \"The Six Million Dollar Man\".",
"title": "Kenneth Johnson (filmmaker)"
},
{
"docid": "30979#8",
"text": "In 1975, a two-part episode entitled \"The Bionic Woman\", written for television by Kenneth Johnson, introduced the lead character Jaime Sommers (played by Lindsay Wagner), a professional tennis player who rekindled an old romance with Austin, only to experience a parachuting accident that resulted in her being given bionic parts similar to Austin. Ultimately, her body \"rejected\" her bionic hardware and she died. The character was very popular, however, and the following season it was revealed that she had actually survived, having been saved by an experimental cryogenic procedure, and she was given her own spin-off series, \"The Bionic Woman\". This spin-off ran until 1978 when both it and \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" were simultaneously cancelled, though the two series were on different networks when their final seasons aired.",
"title": "The Six Million Dollar Man"
},
{
"docid": "10186404#6",
"text": "Since the rights to the novel \"Cyborg\" by Martin Caidin were held by other parties, the new series excluded any overt elements from it (although it did not prevent the writers from giving Jaime elements of bionics from the original novel, such as a bionic eye). This was the same for the character Steve Austin from the \"Six Million Dollar Man\", of which the original \"The Bionic Woman\" was a spin-off. Neither Kenneth Johnson nor Martin Caidin received screen credit on the new series, where they did in the original \"Bionic Woman\". Johnson has confirmed on his website that he had no involvement with the new \"Bionic Woman\" series. Lindsay Wagner, the original Bionic Woman, also played no part in the new series. Wagner said, \"On a technical level, it was very good, but I don't think they understood the show. It was steeped in that old-school thinking. It was like a lot of things today, angry and dark.\"",
"title": "Bionic Woman (2007 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "660049#10",
"text": "To maintain the show's plausibility, creator/executive producer Kenneth Johnson set very specific limits on Jaime Sommers's abilities. He elaborated, \"When you’re dealing with the area of fantasy, if you say, ‘Well, they’re bionic so they can do whatever they want,’ then it gets out of hand, so you’ve got to have really, really tight rules. [Steve and Jaime] can jump up two stories but not three. They can jump down three stories but not four. Jaime can’t turn over a truck but she can turn over a car.\" These limits were occasionally incorporated into episodes, such as \"Kill Oscar Part 1,\" in which Jaime is forced to make a jump that's too far down for her bionic legs, causing massive damage to them and nearly causing her death as a result.",
"title": "The Bionic Woman"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "660049#0",
"text": "The Bionic Woman is an American television science fiction action series starring Lindsay Wagner that aired between 1976 and 1978. \"The Bionic Woman\" series features Jaime Sommers, who takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman bionic powers. \"The Bionic Woman\" series is a spin-off from the 1970s \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" television science fiction action series.",
"title": "The Bionic Woman"
},
{
"docid": "13562475#11",
"text": "In 1972 the speculative fiction novel \"Cyborg\" was published by Martin Caidin. The book was later adapted into a television movie in 1973, and later into a television series from 1974–1978, with the title \"The Six Million Dollar Man\". A multi-episode arc of the show introduced the character of Jaime Sommers (played by Lindsay Wagner), a woman who received bionic implants after a near-fatal accident much like Steve Austin in \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" (Sommers was a new character created for television; she did not originate in Caidin's novels and thus was considered the creation of writer Kenneth Johnson). The episode arc received very high ratings which led the producers to create a spin-off series produced by Johnson, with Lindsay Wagner reprising the role of Jaime Sommers as the star of the show. Although Caidin was not involved in the creation of the character, the fact the spin-off series used his concept of bionics as well as featured several characters that Caidin did create, he received a credit on the series.",
"title": "Jaime Sommers (Bionic Woman)"
},
{
"docid": "57051793#0",
"text": "Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (often simply Bionic Showdown) is a made-for-television science fiction action film which originally aired on April 30, 1989 on NBC. The movie reunited the main casts of the television series \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" and its spin-off \"The Bionic Woman\". It is notably the first television appearance of actress Sandra Bullock and the first film which strongly featured her. In the movie, a diplomatic crisis threatens world peace after an unknown bionic individual steals top secret information.",
"title": "Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman"
},
{
"docid": "9210680#0",
"text": "This is a list of episodes of the US science-fiction series The Bionic Woman. The series was aired from 1976 to 1978 in three seasons with three television movies produced from 1987 to 1994. The series was a spin-off from \"The Six Million Dollar Man\", where the character of Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman) had been introduced in the stories: \"The Bionic Woman\" (1975) and \"The Return of the Bionic Woman\" (1975).",
"title": "List of The Bionic Woman episodes"
},
{
"docid": "6564761#10",
"text": "During 1976, a spin-off, \"The Bionic Woman,\" was begun, playing also until 1978, or three seasons. During 1987, 1989, and 1994, three made-for-television movies reunited the casts of both series. Due to his licensing agreement with Universal Studios, Caidin received credit on all these productions, though \"The Bionic Woman\" did not originate from his books. \"The Bionic Woman\" was remade in 2007 as \"Bionic Woman,\" though few elements from the 1976-78 series were retained; elements from \"Cyborg,\" however, were incorporated, such as the imagined Jaime Sommers possessing a bionic eye - a feature invented by Caidin for Austin - and organizational similarities between the OSO of Caidin's novel and the movie, and the Berkut Group organization featured in the remake. Only nine episodes of the remake were produced.",
"title": "Cyborg (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "660049#37",
"text": "In July 2016, prior to Comic-Con International, the New York Times ran a story about Dynamite Entertainment. In it, best-selling author Andy Mangels was revealed to be writing a prestigious new intercompany crossover mini-series for the company, in conjunction with DC Comics: \"Wonder Woman '77 Meets The Bionic Woman\", bringing together the Lynda Carter television character with Lindsay Wagner's fellow 1970s television super-heroine. The series was released in December 2016.",
"title": "The Bionic Woman"
}
] |
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] |
2707
|
Who wrote the letter to King George?
|
[
{
"docid": "17243383#11",
"text": "Three drafts of the Petition to the King survive to this day: one written by Patrick Henry, one written by Henry Lee, and one by John Dickinson.",
"title": "Petition to the King"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "55696823#6",
"text": "George II sent the letter, considered to be a curiosity, to the library in his home city of Hanover, where it arrived three weeks later, albeit with an incorrect description. The error was due to Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen, who was a Privy Counsellor to George II. Münchhausen described it, in a ministerial letter to the librarian at Hannover, Christian Ludwig Scheidt, as a diplomatic note in \"Indian\" (i.e. Sanskrit) from an Indian prince of the Coromandel Coast, whose religion forbade him from eating anything living and who worshipped fire. Thus was the letter archived. For the next 248 years, apart from an incident in 1768, the Golden Letter received no more attention. On 11 June 1768, the Danish prince (later King) Christian VII arrived in Hanover on his Grand Tour, where the Letter was shown to him. However, he accidentally damaged it. This damage is still visible today. The letter returned to obscurity. In 1867, Eduard Bodemann copied the erroneous description of the letter for his catalog of the \"Royal Library at Hanover\" under the shelf mark \"IV 571 a\".",
"title": "The Golden Letter of King Alaungpaya"
},
{
"docid": "2486805#1",
"text": "In the late 1880s, Williams turned his interest to Europe and Africa. After having been impressed by meeting King Léopold II of Belgium, he traveled in 1890 to the Congo Free State (then owned by the king) to see its development. Shocked by the widespread, brutal abuses and near-slavery imposed on the Congolese, he wrote an open letter to Leopold in 1890 about the suffering of the region's native inhabitants at the hands of the king's agents. This letter was a catalyst for an international outcry against the regime running the Congo, which had caused millions of deaths.",
"title": "George Washington Williams"
},
{
"docid": "2486805#15",
"text": "From Stanley Falls, Williams wrote \"An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Léopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo\" on July 18, 1890. In this letter, he condemned the brutal and inhuman treatment of the Congolese at the hands of Europeans and Africans supervising them for the Congo Free State. He mentioned the role played by Henry M. Stanley, sent to the Congo by the King, in deceiving and mistreating local Congolese. Williams reminded the King that the crimes committed were all committed in his name, making him as guilty as the perpetrators. He appealed to the international community of the day to \"call and create an International Commission to investigate the charges herein preferred in the name of Humanity ...\".",
"title": "George Washington Williams"
},
{
"docid": "247961#22",
"text": "Irrespective of his age, George quickly established a good relationship with King Francis I of France and did well in his first embassy. George attended a total of six foreign embassies to France. The first was between late October 1529 and late February 1530. George attended with John Stokesley, the Dean of the Chapel Royal. Their mission was to encourage the universities of France to support Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The universities' response was initially negative, but George encouraged King Francis to write a strong letter in favour of the divorce, which was later used to reverse the universities' decision.\nThe second was in March 1533 when he informed the King of France of his sister's marriage to the King of England. George was also instructed to encourage Francis into giving Henry more support, and following a lengthy debate George succeeded in obtaining a letter from Francis asking the Pope to concede to Henry's wishes. Not everyone was happy with George's success. The Bishop of Paris, who had found George's youth so amusing, described him as \"the most unreasonable young man who ever crossed the sea\". Yet despite the criticism Du Bellay grudgingly gave praise for the respect George Boleyn inspired at the meeting and the strength with which he argued the case.",
"title": "George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford"
},
{
"docid": "8829690#4",
"text": "As the story progresses, many others accidentally find the letter and mistake its meant for them. During the affair, Johnny uses a friend Jennifer's affections for him to make Helen jealous. However, she's disheartened to realize he was using her. An officer also finds a letter, thinking it was from a lady he admires; takes the letter and presents it to her on a date. But his date thinks he wrote the letter for her. As the affair goes on, Johnny's feelings deepen, and becomes jealous of Helen's closeness with George. He continues to try and push for a real relationship; however Helen's torn with her feelings for George. When it comes to a boiling point, the pair realize that neither side wrote the love letter. Helen also realizes that George still loved her when she finds a message he left in a postcard.",
"title": "The Love Letter (1999 film)"
},
{
"docid": "39808613#4",
"text": "For his arrival at Portsmouth, Lady Drake provided George with several letters of introduction. Dr Thorp, who accompanied his young son, wrote to his wife in Gateshead \"George has got a letter from Lord Hood to his Captain which cannot fail to procure him a good reception... Lady Drake has also got him letters to Capt. Onslow & Adm. Roddam...\" (Vice-Admiral Robert Roddam, Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth). \"Roddam will have to introduce him to the several officers of the ship.\"",
"title": "George Thorp (Royal Navy officer)"
},
{
"docid": "2954677#0",
"text": "On May 22, 1782, the Newburgh letter was sent to George Washington who was camped at Newburgh, New York; written for the army officers by Colonel Lewis Nicola, it proposed that Washington should become the King of the United States. Washington reacted very strongly against the suggestion, and was greatly troubled by it.",
"title": "Newburgh letter"
},
{
"docid": "54882728#10",
"text": "In 1915, Seth Newhouse, an Onondaga chief, wrote to King George V protesting that the restrictive game laws of the province of Ontario were making it impossible for his people to get enough sustenance from hunting and asking the King to send to them a picture of himself holding the treaty document so they could use it to challenge those laws. The Indian Affairs Department intercepted the letter and it was not delivered.",
"title": "Dish With One Spoon"
},
{
"docid": "46755#24",
"text": "In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote \"the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality\" and George gave a speech emphasising \"the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth\".",
"title": "George VI"
},
{
"docid": "430598#14",
"text": "After his arrest in April, King wrote the \"Letter from Birmingham Jail\" in response to a group of clergy who had criticized the Birmingham campaign, writing that it was \"directed and led in part by outsiders\" and that the demonstrations were \"unwise and untimely.\" In his letter, King explained that, as president of SCLC, he had been asked to come to Birmingham by the local members:",
"title": "Southern Christian Leadership Conference"
}
] |
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] |
2708
|
What is the typical age of onset for male pattern baldness?
|
[
{
"docid": "37708236#13",
"text": "He is a frequent media spokesman, and has written about the importance placed in hair over the centuries and the fact that baldness until recently was not recognised as a social or medical issue, despite the sometimes catastrophic impact it can have on confidence and mental well-being. He wrote: \"Male pattern baldness (MPB), the main cause of hair loss, affects an estimated quarter of men by the age of 30 and two thirds by the age of 60. Until recently, the impact baldness might have on confidence and well-being was little understood or recognised by the medical profession at large.\"",
"title": "Asim Shahmalak"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "422616#13",
"text": "Calves and juveniles less than a year old are typically unspotted and bear a grey coloration. Subadults slowly develop a \"mottled\" or \"speckled\" coating between the ages of 4 and 20, with females experiencing an earlier onset of this pattern development compared to males. After the age of 25, adults begin to slowly lose this spotted pattern and, once again, females experience an earlier onset and drastically faster rate of loss when compared to males.",
"title": "Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin"
},
{
"docid": "1245311#21",
"text": "In 1942, James Hamilton observed that prepubertal castration prevents the later development of male pattern baldness in mature men. In 1974, Julianne Imperato-McGinley of Cornell Medical College in New York attended a conference on birth defects. She reported on a group of intersex children in the Caribbean who appeared sexually ambiguous at birth, and were initially raised as girls, but then grew external male genitalia and other masculine characteristic after onset of puberty. These children, despite being raised as girls until puberty, were generally heterosexual, and were termed \"Guevedoces\" by their local community, which means \"penis at twelve\" in Spanish. Her research group found these children shared a genetic mutation, causing deficiency of the 5α-reductase enzyme and male hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which was found to have been the etiology behind abnormalities in male sexual development. Upon maturation, these individuals were observed to have smaller prostates which were underdeveloped, and were also observed to lack incidence of male pattern baldness.",
"title": "Finasteride"
},
{
"docid": "4017987#1",
"text": "The onset of Flynn–Aird syndrome typically occurs between ten and twenty years of age, however, the earliest case was diagnosed at age seven. As the syndrome progresses, initial symptoms tend to intensify and new symptoms become apparent. Unlike related syndromes and despite the intensity of symptoms in the disease progression, Flynn–Aird syndrome does not appear to shorten life expectancy. \nThe disease is characterized by early-onset dementia, ataxia, muscle wasting, skin atrophy, and eye abnormalities. In addition, patients have the potential of developing a number of other related symptoms such as: cataracts, retinitis pigmentosa, myopia (nearsightedness), dental caries, peripheral neuropathy (peripheral nerve damage), deafness, and cystic bone changes. This syndrome was first discovered in the early 1950s by American neurologists P. Flynn and Robert B. Aird who analyzed one family lineage inheritance pattern of this disease.\nIndividuals with this syndrome typically develop normally until reaching the second decade of their lives but the onset of symptoms has been observed as early as age seven. The first defect observed in individuals who suffer from this condition affects the auditory system and is known as bilateral nerve deafness. Another early symptom is the development of myopia (nearsightedness). In addition to bilateral nerve deafness and myopia, other symptoms that plague infected individuals early in disease progression include ataxia, muscle wasting, severe peripheral neuritic pain sometimes accompanied by elevated spinal fluid protein, and joint stiffness.",
"title": "Flynn–Aird syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "1892610#1",
"text": "Clinically, there is an acute onset of visual loss, first in one eye, and then a few weeks to months later in the other. Onset is usually young adulthood, but age range at onset from 7-75 is reported. The age of onset is slightly higher in females (range 19–55 years: mean 31.3 years) than males (range 15–53 years: mean 24.3). The male to female ratio varies between mutations: 3:1 for 3460 G>A, 6:1 for 11778 G>A and 8:1 for 14484 T>C.",
"title": "Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy"
},
{
"docid": "56483#8",
"text": "Although there is no such thing as a \"typical\" case of Tourette syndrome, the condition follows a fairly reliable course in terms of the age of onset and the history of the severity of symptoms. Tics may appear up to the age of eighteen, but the most typical age of onset is from five to seven. A 1998 study published by Leckman and colleagues from the Yale Child Study Center showed that the ages of highest tic severity are eight to twelve (average ten), with tics steadily declining for most patients as they pass through adolescence. The most common, first-presenting tics are eye blinking, facial movements, sniffing and throat clearing. Initial tics present most frequently in midline body regions where there are many muscles, usually the head, neck and facial region. This can be contrasted with the stereotyped movements of other disorders (such as stims and stereotypies of the autism spectrum disorders), which typically have an earlier age of onset, are more symmetrical, rhythmical and bilateral, and involve the extremities (e.g., flapping the hands). Tics that appear early in the course of the condition are frequently confused with other conditions, such as allergies, asthma, and vision problems: pediatricians, allergists and ophthalmologists are typically the first to see a child with tics.",
"title": "Tourette syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "68937#28",
"text": "Trichotillomania is diagnosed in all age groups; onset is more common during preadolescence and young adulthood, with mean age of onset between 9 and 13 years of age, and a notable peak at 12–13. Among preschool children the genders are equally represented; there appears to be a female predominance among preadolescents to young adults, with between 70% and 93% of patients being female. Among adults, females typically outnumber males by 3 to 1.",
"title": "Trichotillomania"
},
{
"docid": "29510763#19",
"text": "The typical age of onset is 20–40. It is unknown why males are predominantly affected, with rates in males being 17- to 70-fold those in females, despite thyroid overactivity being much more common in women.",
"title": "Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis"
},
{
"docid": "1173050#13",
"text": "The average age at onset is 3–7 years, but CVS has been seen in infants who are as young as 6 days and in adults who are as old as 73 years. Typical delay in diagnosis from onset of symptoms is 2.7–3 years. Females show a slight predominance over males; the female-to-male ratio is 57:43.",
"title": "Cyclic vomiting syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "641696#7",
"text": "5.9 percent of adults were affected by GAD in 2019.The usual age of onset is variable, from childhood to late adulthood, with the median age of onset being approximately 31 and mean age of onset is 32.7. Most studies find that GAD is associated with an earlier and more gradual onset than the other anxiety disorders. The prevalence of GAD in children is approximately 3%; the prevalence in adolescents is reported as high as 10.8%. When GAD appears in children and adolescents, it typically begins around 8 to 9 years of age.",
"title": "Generalized anxiety disorder"
},
{
"docid": "200129#0",
"text": "Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body. Typically at least the head is involved. The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body. Typically inflammation or scarring is not present. Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress.\nCommon types include: male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium. The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones, the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear, the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune, and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event. Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy.\nLess common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair, certain medications including chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition including iron deficiency. Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection, lupus erythematosus, radiation therapy, and sarcoidosis. Diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected.\nTreatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition. Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery. Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective. Hair loss is a common problem. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females. About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time.\nBaldness is the partial or complete lack of hair growth, and part of the wider topic of \"hair thinning\". The degree and pattern of baldness varies, but its most common cause is androgenic hair loss, \"alopecia androgenetica\", or \"alopecia seborrheica\", with the last term primarily used in Europe.",
"title": "Hair loss"
},
{
"docid": "200129#2",
"text": "Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild – medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas, e.g., eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears, areas the male pattern baldness usually does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and hair either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.",
"title": "Hair loss"
}
] |
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] |
2709
|
When did Beethoven write his first piano sonata?
|
[
{
"docid": "951422#0",
"text": "Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 3 in C major, Op. 2, No. 3, is a sonata written for solo piano, composed in 1795. It is dedicated to Joseph Haydn and is often referred to as Beethoven's first virtuosic piano sonata. The three Op. 2 sonatas all contain four movements each, an unusual length which seems to show that Beethoven was aspiring towards composing a symphony. It is both the weightiest and longest of the three Op. 2 sonatas, lasting over 25 minutes, presenting many difficulties, including difficult trills, awkward hand movements, and forearm rotation. It is Beethoven's second longest piano sonata in his early period, only to Beethoven's Grand Sonata in E Major, Op. 7, published a year later.",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 3 (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "1052580#6",
"text": "The compositions that Beethoven wrote in his formative period can be generally characterized by the composer's efforts to master the predominant classical language of the period. His works from this period can be subdivided into two, based on the composer's residence. First, various juvenalia, written when the adolescent Beethoven was in residence in Bonn and heavily indebted to the works of contemporaries, especially Mozart and his teacher, Christian Gottlob Neefe. These early efforts can be seen in a set of three piano sonatas and piano quartets (WoO 36) that Beethoven wrote before 1792. The Quartets, for instance, are each specifically modelled after three Violin sonatas Mozart published in 1781 – K 296, 379 and 380 – and Beethoven would later draw upon this familiarity in the composition of several of his own Violin Sonatas.",
"title": "Beethoven's musical style"
},
{
"docid": "33031479#0",
"text": "Ludwig van Beethoven wrote his 32 piano sonatas between 1795 and 1822. Although originally not intended to be a meaningful whole, as a set they compose one of the most important collections of works in the history of music. Hans von Bülow called them \"The New Testament\" of the piano literature (Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\" being \"The Old Testament\").",
"title": "Piano sonatas (Beethoven)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33031479#9",
"text": "After he wrote his first 15 sonatas (up to Op. 28), he wrote to Wenzel Krumpholz, \"From now on, I'm going to take a new path.\" Beethoven's sonatas from this period are very different from his earlier ones. His experimentation in modifications to the common sonata form of Haydn and Mozart became more daring, as did the depth of expression. Most Romantic period sonatas were highly influenced by those of Beethoven. After 1804, Beethoven ceased publishing sonatas in sets and only composed them as a single opus. It is unclear why he did so.",
"title": "Piano sonatas (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "149595#1",
"text": "The piece is one of Beethoven's most popular compositions for the piano, and it was a popular favorite even in his own day. Beethoven wrote the \"Moonlight Sonata\" in his early thirties, after he had finished with some commissioned work; there is no evidence that he was commissioned to write this sonata.",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 14 (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "48073996#1",
"text": "Following Beethoven's death, a number of unpublished works were discovered amongst his papers including the Piano Trio, WoO. 38, the Piano Sonata, WoO. 51, the Rondino, WoO. 25 and this sonata for flute and keyboard. Alexander Thayer noted that when the sonata was discovered, the manuscript was not in Beethoven's handwriting, making attribution to the composer problematic. Keith Anderson, writing in the liner notes to the 2018 Naxos recording of the sonata comments that musicologist Willy Hess argued that Beethoven would not have retained the work in his papers unless he had some personal connection with the composition.",
"title": "Flute Sonata in B-flat major"
},
{
"docid": "1766010#1",
"text": "In the course of his life Beethoven composed five sonatas for cello and piano. The Op. 69 was the first he had written since his Op. 5 over a decade earlier. Mark Kaplan writes: \"In general, the writing in op. 69 is thinner than in the early cello sonatas ... greater compositional technique allowed Beethoven the possibility of using fewer notes with confidence.\" The contemporary cellist Steven Isserlis describes it as the first cello sonata in history to give the two instruments equal importance.",
"title": "Cello Sonata No. 3 (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "713563#12",
"text": "Beethoven conceived of the plan for his final three piano sonatas (Op. 109, 110 and 111) during the summer of 1820, while he worked on his \"Missa Solemnis\". Although the work was only seriously outlined by 1819, the famous first theme of the \"allegro ed appassionato\" was found in a draft book dating from 1801–1802, contemporary to his Second Symphony. Moreover, the study of these draft books implies that Beethoven initially had plans for a sonata in three movements, quite different from that which we know: it is only thereafter that the initial theme of the first movement became that of the String Quartet No. 13, and that what should have been used as the theme with the adagio—a slow melody in A—was abandoned. Only the motif planned for the third movement, the famous theme mentioned above, was preserved to become that of the first movement. The \"Arietta\", too, offers a considerable amount of research on its themes; the drafts found for this movement seem to indicate that as the second movement took form, Beethoven gave up the idea of a third movement, the sonata finally appearing to him as ideal.\nChopin greatly admired this sonata. In two of his works, the second piano sonata and the Revolutionary Étude, he alluded to the opening and ending of the sonata's first movement, respectively (compare the opening bars of the two sonatas, and bars 77–81 of Chopin's Étude with bars 150–152 in the first movement of Beethoven's sonata).",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "2835590#0",
"text": "The Piano Sonata No. 17 in D minor, Op. 31, No. 2, was composed in 1801–02 by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is usually referred to as \"The Tempest\" (or \"Der Sturm\" in his native German), but the sonata was not given this title by Beethoven, or indeed referred to as such during his lifetime. The name comes from a reference to a personal conversation with Beethoven by his associate Anton Schindler in which Schindler reports that Beethoven suggested, in passing response to his question about interpreting it and Op. 57, the \"Appassionata\" sonata, that he should read Shakespeare's \"Tempest\". Although much of Schindler's information is distrusted by classical music scholars, this is a first-hand account like any other that any scholar reports. The British music scholar Donald Francis Tovey says in \"A Companion to Beethoven's Pianoforte Sonatas\": With all the tragic power of its first movement the D minor Sonata is, like Prospero, almost as far beyond tragedy as it is beyond mere foul weather. It will do you no harm to think of Miranda at bars 31–38 of the slow movement... but people who want to identify Ariel and Caliban and the castaways, good and villainous, may as well confine their attention to the exploits of Scarlet Pimpernel when the \"Eroica\" or the C minor Symphony is being played (pg. 121).",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 17 (Beethoven)"
},
{
"docid": "7745649#0",
"text": "The Piano Sonata No. 3 in F minor, Op. 5 of Johannes Brahms was written in 1853 and published the following year. The sonata is unusually large, consisting of five movements, as opposed to the traditional three or four. When he wrote this piano sonata, the genre was seen by many to be past its heyday. Brahms, enamored of Beethoven, composed Piano Sonata No. 3 with a masterful combination of free Romantic spirit and strict classical architecture. As a further testament to Brahms' affinity for Beethoven, the Piano Sonata is infused with the instantly recognizable motive from Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 during the first, third, and fourth movements. Composed in Düsseldorf, it marks the end of his cycle of three sonatas, and was presented to Robert Schumann in November of that year; it was the last work that Brahms submitted to Schumann for commentary. Brahms was barely 20 years old at its composition. The piece is dedicated to Countess Ida von Hohenthal of Leipzig.",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)"
},
{
"docid": "2837984#0",
"text": "The Piano Sonata No. 31 in A major, Op. 110, by Ludwig van Beethoven was composed in 1821. It is the central piano sonata in the group of three, Opp. 109–111, which he wrote between 1820 and 1822, and the thirty-first of his published piano sonatas.",
"title": "Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)"
}
] |
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] |
2711
|
Does the French royal family still exist?
|
[
{
"docid": "29843272#7",
"text": "Monarchism continues to exist in France. The historian Julian T. Jackson wrote in 2001 that \"Indeed in the Vendée there are still families today who will not receive descendants of people who bought \"biens nationaux\" during the Revolution.\" Falling into one of the three main monarchist streams, some of the active groups in France today are:The French dynastic disputes refer to a set of disputes in the history of France regarding the person who should inherit the crown.",
"title": "Monarchism in France"
},
{
"docid": "294733#0",
"text": "Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (, ; born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.",
"title": "Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou"
},
{
"docid": "294733#3",
"text": "Louis Alphonse was born in Madrid, the second son of Alfonso de Borbón, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, and of his wife María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco, eldest granddaughter of Francisco Franco. Alfonso was at that time the dauphin (using \"Duke of Bourbon\" as title of pretence) according to those who supported the claim of his father, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia to the French throne. On 20 March 1975, the Infante Jaime (\"Henri VI\" by Legitimist reckoning) died. Alfonso then asserted his claim to be both Head of the House of Bourbon and Legitimist claimant to the throne of France and the Co-Principality of Andorra. As such, he took the title \"Duke of Anjou\", and on 19 September 1981 gave Louis Alphonse the title Duke of Touraine.",
"title": "Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou"
},
{
"docid": "294733#12",
"text": "Their father has conferred upon them the historic French titles of, respectively, Duke of Burgundy (\"duc de Bourgogne\"), and Duke of Berry (\"duc de Berry\"). (In Spain, the twins are \"Don\" Luis and \"Don\" Alfonso de Borbón Vargas). Prince Louis, as Legitimist Dauphin of France, is expected to succeed his father as head of the French royal house, the senior Bourbon/Capetian line, in Legitimist reckoning. However, under Spanish law, and assuming Felipe VI does not in future father a son, the Spanish crown will be inherited by his elder daughter Leonor, Princess of Asturias, who will become queen regnant, and if Felipe does have a son, that son will inherit the Spanish throne regardless of the genealogical seniority of the Anjou branch. Louis and Alphonse were baptised on 5 September 2010 at St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. Louis' godparents were Arancha Martínez-Bordíu and Francisco D'Agostino and Alphonse's were Amparo Corell de Trenor, and Lorenzo Perales.",
"title": "Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou"
},
{
"docid": "294733#5",
"text": "On 30 January 1989, his father died in a skiing accident near Vail, Colorado. Later, in 1994 Louis Alphonse would receive 150 million \"pesetas\" following a lawsuit against Vail Associated, which owned the ski resort where the accident occurred. Louis Alphonse was recognised by some members of the Capetian dynasty as \"Chef de la Maison de Bourbon\" (Head of the House of Bourbon) and took the title Duke of Anjou, but not his father's Spanish dukedom. He is considered the rightful pretender to the French throne by adherents of the Legitimist movement.",
"title": "Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2650181#45",
"text": "Napoleon also established a new knightly order in 1802, the \"Légion d'honneur\", which still exists but is not officially hereditary. Napoleon had decided by decree that three successive generations of legionnaires would confer the family hereditary nobility with the title of \"chevalier\". A small number of French families meet the requirement but the Napoleonic decree was abrogated and is not applied today.",
"title": "French nobility"
},
{
"docid": "6637541#1",
"text": "The family still exists in Dubrovnik, but it is not the old pure aristocracy anymore. Eugenia \"Stane\" Pozza - Sorgo married a commoner, Božo Koprivica in 1972, nephew of Niko Koprivica, noted Yugoslav diplomat, royal ambassador of Yugoslavia to the Holy See, knight of the Order of Pope Gregory the Great and wartime Mayor of Dubrovnik. He was killed by the partisans in October 1944 on the island of Daksa. Two of Eugenia's brothers also married commoners, so the rule of \"Old Blood\" does not imply anymore on the surviving members of the family. With these three marriages the family stopped practicing centuries old practice of inbreeding, mainly marrying first cousins and uncles and nieces. These marriages were approved by the local Roman Catholic Church because the family was very powerful and influential. It is noted that members of the family tend to have certain taste for Latin and Ancient Greek, having eight generations of classical philologists.",
"title": "Pucić family"
},
{
"docid": "53905978#7",
"text": "During the 10 August (French Revolution), she and the rest of the ladies-in-waiting of the queen was left in the queen's chamber after the royal family left the palace only in the company of Princess de Lamballe and Madame de Tourzel. According to Madame de Campan, the Princesse de Tarente was devastated to be left in the palace, but still managed to compose herself enough to open the doors to the chamber to the mob. This convinced the mob that the royal family was not there and that there was no need from them to break in, which may have saved the life of the women.",
"title": "Louise-Emmanuelle de Châtillon, Princesse de Tarente"
},
{
"docid": "10728008#2",
"text": "Although Philip II was officially the last king of the Franks (\"rex Francorum\") and the first king of France (\"roi de France\"), in (systematic application of) historiography, Hugh Capet holds this distinction. He is the founder of the Capetians, the royal dynasty that ruled France until the revolution of the Second French Republic in 1848save during the interregnum of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. It still reigns in Europe today; both King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are descendants of this family through the Bourbon cadet branch of the dynasty.",
"title": "Robertians"
},
{
"docid": "78498#14",
"text": "In 1317, Philip reissued an act first passed by his father, in 1311, condemning the alienation and theft of royal resources and offices in the provinces. By 1318, his political situation strengthened, Philip went further, setting out in a new act a distinction between the French royal domain – the core set of lands and titles that belonged permanently to the crown – and those lands and titles that had been forfeited to the crown for one reason or another. If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, Philip declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement, at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour. Philip was responsible for the creation of the \"cours des comptes\" in 1320, a court responsible for auditing the royal accounts to ensure proper payment; the courts still exist today. In practice, Philip did not entirely keep to his self-declared principles on grants of royal lands and titles, but he was far more conservative in such matters than his immediate predecessors.",
"title": "Philip V of France"
},
{
"docid": "20395802#36",
"text": "After King Francis I commissioned Jacques Cartier to search out an eastern route to Asia, the city of Port Royal was founded on 27 July 1605 in what is today Nova Scotia. From there, the French Crown's empire in the Americas grew to include areas of land surrounding the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River, as well as islands in the Caribbean, and the north eastern shore of South America; the Viceroyalty of New France was eventually made into a royal province of France in 1663 by King Louis XIV. Some regions were lost to the Spanish or British Crowns through conflict and treaties, and those that were still possessions of the French king on 21 December 1792 came under republican rule when the French monarchy was abolished on that day.\nUpon several restorations of the monarchy, the royal presence in the Americas ended with the collapse of the Second French Empire under Napoleon III in 1870.",
"title": "Monarchies in the Americas"
},
{
"docid": "27712741#0",
"text": "The Royal Gold Cup or Saint Agnes Cup is a solid gold covered cup lavishly decorated with enamel and pearls. It was made for the French royal family at the end of the 14th century, and later belonged to several English monarchs before spending nearly 300 years in Spain. It has been in the British Museum since 1892, where it is normally on display in Room 40, and is generally agreed to be the outstanding surviving example of late medieval French plate. It has been described as \"the one surviving royal magnificence of the International Gothic age\"; and according to Thomas Hoving, former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, \"of all the princely jewels and gold that have come down to us, this is the most spectacular—and that includes the great royal treasures.\"",
"title": "Royal Gold Cup"
},
{
"docid": "13660822#0",
"text": "Royal Louis was a First Rank ship of the line of the French Royal Navy, but was never completed. Launch was scheduled to be in 1743, but on 25 December 1742 she was set alight while still on the stocks, and burnt. It was claimed that this was an act of sabotage by a Señor Pontleau, who was tried and executed for the offence.",
"title": "French ship Royal Louis (1743)"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2712
|
Where is Schellenberg?
|
[
{
"docid": "934580#0",
"text": "Schellenberg is a municipality in the lowland area of Liechtenstein, on the banks of the Rhine. , it has a population of 1,090 and covers an area of .",
"title": "Schellenberg"
},
{
"docid": "934580#4",
"text": "Schellenberg territory borders with the Liechtensteiner municipalities of Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren and Ruggell. It borders also with the Austrian municipality of Feldkirch, in the federal state of Vorarlberg.",
"title": "Schellenberg"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1423284#5",
"text": "The Schellenberg heights dominate the skyline to the northeast of Donauwörth – the walled town on the confluence of the Wörnitz and Danube rivers. With one flank of the hill protected by dense, impenetrable trees of the Boschberg wood, and the river Wörnitz and marshes protecting its southern and western quarters, the Schellenberg heights offer a commanding position for any defender. However, its oval shaped summit was flat and open, and its 70-year-old defences, including an old fort built by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years' War, were neglected and in a dilapidated state. When the unexpected attack took place the bastions, the curtain, and the ditch were fairly complete along the long eastern face from the shore of the Danube to the wooded hilltop, but in the shorter section from the wood to the fort – the angle where Marlborough's attack was delivered – the earthwork had been more hastily made up of fascines of brushwood thinly covered with soil. The western section of the lines ran steeply downhill from the fort to the city walls. Here, there was little to show in terms of defences, but to compensate the line could be protected by a flanking fire from the town. (\"See 'Schellenberg' map below.\")",
"title": "Battle of Schellenberg"
},
{
"docid": "55623776#0",
"text": "The Schellenberg Ice Cave is a cave located in the Berchtesgaden Alps in Upper Bavaria, Germany, near the Austrian border.",
"title": "Schellenberg Ice Cave"
},
{
"docid": "38133961#0",
"text": "Obere Burg (\"Upper Castle\"), also known colloquially as \"Burg Neu-Schellenberg\" (\"Castle of Neu-Schellenberg\"), is a castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, Liechtenstein. It lies at the western edge of Hinterschloss, one of the burroughs in the village of Neu-Schellenberg. It is freely open to tourists. Due to its close proximity to Hinterschloss, it is probably the most easily accessible of all Liechtenstein castles. Obere Burg is one of the five existing castles in Liechtenstein and one of the three ruined ones in the country.",
"title": "Obere Burg"
},
{
"docid": "58266402#1",
"text": "Schellenberg was born in the village of Tiegerweide, at the time in South Russia, today in Ukraine; it is part of the Molotschna Mennonite colony. Her parents were Abraham and Katharina Lohrenz Schellenberg, with whom she immigrated to the United States in 1879, settling in Kansas. When she was fourteen, her mother died. At nineteen, she made her first commitment to Christ, joining the Mennonite congregation in Buhler, Kansas. Schellenberg studied medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Cleveland, an undertook further study at the Medical Institute of Homeopathic Medicine in Kansas City, Kansas; she was the first woman among North American Mennonites to become a doctor, and became the denomination's first medical missionary in India when she traveled to that country in 1907. She learned to speak Telugu as part of her preparations. Early in her career she worked in various locations, from Hughestown as far south as the Tungabhadra River; the mission built a hospital at Nagarkurnool in 1912. The 1928 completion of another hospital, in Shamshabad, meant that city became her home base. Many of her patients were Muslim women who could not be seen by a male doctor. Schellenberg died suddenly in India, and is buried in the St. George Cemetery in Hyderabad. An archive of photographs related to her career in India is held at the Mennonite Library & Archives at Fresno Pacific University.",
"title": "Katharina Schellenberg"
},
{
"docid": "1423284#4",
"text": "Once the Allies had combined their forces, the Elector and Marsin moved their 40,000 troops into the entrenched camp between Dillingen and Lauingen on the north bank of the Danube. The Allied commanders – unwilling to attack such a strong position rendered impregnable by redoubts and inundations – passed round Dillingen to the north through Balmershofen and Armerdingen in the direction of Donauwörth. If captured, the bridgehead at Donauwörth (overlooked by the Schellenberg) would offer new communications with the friendly states in central Germany by way of Nördlingen and Nuremberg, as well as providing a good crossing-place over the Danube for re-supply when the Allies were south of the river.",
"title": "Battle of Schellenberg"
},
{
"docid": "55623776#1",
"text": "The cave belongs to the Untersberg massif, at 1570 metres above sea level, and is the only ice cave open in Germany. \nIt is named after Marktschellenberg, a nearby town in Berchtesgadener Land district. In 1826, it was first mentioned in writing, and fully explored by 1874. It has an estimated ice volume of about 60,000 cubic meters and has been run as a show cave since 1925. The explored length of the ice cave is 3,621 meters, of which, 500 meters in a guided tour at temperatures between -0.5 and +1.0 degrees Celsius are committed. The ice cave can only be reached after a several-hour walk and as one of two show caves in Germany without electric light. It is illuminated with carbide lamps, which are carried by the visitors.",
"title": "Schellenberg Ice Cave"
},
{
"docid": "50932112#1",
"text": "Schellenberg was born in Hottingen. He studied at the Eidgenössische Polytechnikum Zürich (1890–93) and the University of Berlin (1893–95), where he was a student of botanist Simon Schwendener. Afterwards he worked as an assistant at the seed control station in Zürich (1895–97) and as a teacher at the Agricultural School-Strickhof in Oberstrass (1897–1902). He obtained his habilitation for botany at the Polytechnic in Zürich, where from 1908 to 1923, he served as a professor of agronomy.",
"title": "Hans Conrad Schellenberg"
},
{
"docid": "39525578#0",
"text": "J. L. Schellenberg (born 1959) is a Canadian philosopher best known for his work in philosophy of religion. He has a DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, and is Professor of Philosophy at Mount Saint Vincent University and Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Dalhousie University.",
"title": "J. L. Schellenberg"
}
] |
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2713
|
Who first identified oxygen?
|
[
{
"docid": "22303#2",
"text": "Oxygen was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen \"dephlogisticated air\", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name \"oxygen\" was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.",
"title": "Oxygen"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1416046#58",
"text": "The element iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. Courtois gave samples to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes (1777–1862) and Nicolas Clément (1779–1841), to continue research. He also gave some of the substance to Gay-Lussac and to physicist André-Marie Ampère. On December 6, 1813, Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen. It was Gay-Lussac who suggested the name \"\"iode\"\", from the Greek word ιώδες (iodes) for violet (because of the color of iodine vapor). Ampère had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy. Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine. Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element. Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay-Lussac over who identified iodine first, but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the element.",
"title": "History of chemistry"
},
{
"docid": "14750#4",
"text": "Courtois gave samples to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes (1777–1838) and Nicolas Clément (1779–1841), to continue research. He also gave some of the substance to chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850), and to physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836). On 29 November 1813, Desormes and Clément made Courtois' discovery public. They described the substance to a meeting of the Imperial Institute of France. On 6 December, Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen. It was Gay-Lussac who suggested the name \"\"iode\"\", from the Greek word (\"ioeidēs\") for violet (because of the colour of iodine vapor). Ampère had given some of his sample to English chemist Humphry Davy (1778–1829), who experimented on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine. Davy sent a letter dated 10 December to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element. Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay-Lussac over who identified iodine first, but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the element.",
"title": "Iodine"
},
{
"docid": "462421#46",
"text": "Albert R. Behnke \"et al.\" in 1935 were the first to observe visual field contraction (tunnel vision) on dives between and . During World War II, Donald and Yarbrough \"et al.\" performed over 2,000 experiments on oxygen toxicity to support the initial use of closed circuit oxygen rebreathers. Naval divers in the early years of oxygen rebreather diving developed a mythology about a monster called \"Oxygen Pete\", who lurked in the bottom of the Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit \"wet pot\" (a water-filled hyperbaric chamber) to catch unwary divers. They called having an oxygen toxicity attack \"getting a Pete\".",
"title": "Oxygen toxicity"
},
{
"docid": "169025#9",
"text": "At the University of Sheffield, Krebs and William Johnson investigated cellular respiration by which oxygen was consumed to produce energy from the breakdown of glucose. Krebs had earlier suggested to Warburg while they worked together in Germany that by using a manometer it could be possible to detect the oxygen consumption and identify the chemical reaction in glucose metabolism. Warburg had flatly rejected the idea. In Sheffield Krebs vigorously worked to identify a possible chemical reaction and came up with numerous hypothetical pathways. Using the manometer he tested those hypotheses one by one. One hypothesis involving succinate, fumarate, and malate proved to be useful because all these molecules increased oxygen consumption in the pigeon breast muscle. In 1937 German biochemists Franz Koop and Carl Martinus had demonstrated a series of reactions using citrate that produced oxaloacetate. Krebs realised that these molecules could be the missing intermediates for such reaction. After four months of experimental works to fill in the gaps, Krebs and Johnson succeeded in establishing the sequence of the chemical cycle, which they called the \"citric acid cycle\". It is also known as the \"Krebs cycle\" or \"tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle\".",
"title": "Hans Adolf Krebs"
},
{
"docid": "508455#35",
"text": "Filtered oxygen masks have the ability to prevent exhaled, potentially infectious particles from being released into the surrounding environment. These masks are normally of a closed design such that leaks are minimized and breathing of room air is controlled through a series of one-way valves. Filtration of exhaled breaths is accomplished either by placing a filter on the exhalation port, or through an integral filter that is part of the mask itself. These masks first became popular in the Toronto (Canada) healthcare community during the 2003 SARS Crisis. SARS was identified as being respiratory based and it was determined that conventional oxygen therapy devices were not designed for the containment of exhaled particles. Common practices of having suspected patients wear a surgical mask was confounded by the use of standard oxygen therapy equipment. In 2003, the HiOx oxygen mask was released for sale. The HiOx mask is a closed design mask that allows a filter to be placed on the exhalation port. Several new designs have emerged in the global healthcare community for the containment and filtration of potentially infectious particles. Other designs include the ISO- oxygen mask, the FloMax oxygen mask, and the O-Mask. The use of oxygen masks that are capable of filtering exhaled particles is gradually becoming a recommended practice for pandemic preparation in many jurisdictions.",
"title": "Oxygen therapy"
},
{
"docid": "8644283#1",
"text": "The history of the oxygenator, or artificial lung, dates back to 1885, with the first demonstration of a disc oxygenator, on which blood was exposed to the atmosphere on rotating discs by Von Frey and Gruber. These pioneers noted the dangers of blood streaming, foaming and clotting. In the 1920s and 30s, research into developing extracorporeal oxygenation continued. Working independently, Brukhonenko in the USSR and John Heysham Gibbon in the USA demonstrated the feasibility of extracorporeal oxygenation. Brukhonenko used excised dog lungs while Gibbon used a direct contact drum type oxygenator, perfusing cats for up to 25 minutes in the 1930s.",
"title": "Membrane oxygenator"
},
{
"docid": "21273#3",
"text": "Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) and Morris W. Travers (1872–1961) in London. Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases nitrogen, oxygen, and argon had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. First to be identified was krypton. The next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named \"neon\", the Greek analogue of the Latin \"novum\" ('new') suggested by Ramsay's son. The characteristic brilliant red-orange color emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately. Travers later wrote: \"the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget.\"",
"title": "Neon"
},
{
"docid": "261827#6",
"text": "The oxygenator was first conceptualized in the 17th century by Robert Hooke and developed into practical extracorporeal oxygenators by French and German experimental physiologists in the 19th century. Bubble oxygenators have no intervening barrier between blood and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators. Much work since the 1960s focused on overcoming the gas exchange handicap of the membrane barrier, leading to the development of high-performance microporous hollow-fibre oxygenators that eventually replaced direct-contact oxygenators in cardiac theatres.",
"title": "Cardiopulmonary bypass"
},
{
"docid": "40176#44",
"text": "Priestley assembled his oxygen paper and several others into a second volume of \"Experiments and Observations on Air\", published in 1776. He did not emphasise his discovery of \"dephlogisticated air\" (leaving it to Part III of the volume) but instead argued in the preface how important such discoveries were to rational religion. His paper narrated the discovery chronologically, relating the long delays between experiments and his initial puzzlements; thus, it is difficult to determine when exactly Priestley \"discovered\" oxygen. Such dating is significant as both Lavoisier and Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele have strong claims to the discovery of oxygen as well, Scheele having been the first to isolate the gas (although he published after Priestley) and Lavoisier having been the first to describe it as purified \"air itself entire without alteration\" (that is, the first to explain oxygen without phlogiston theory).",
"title": "Joseph Priestley"
}
] |
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] |
2714
|
Is Georgia currently occupied by Russia?
|
[
{
"docid": "41739639#0",
"text": "Occupied territories of Georgia () are the territories occupied by Russia after the Russo-Georgian War in 2008. They consist of the regions of Abkhazia and the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of Soviet Georgia (currently divided between several administrative divisions of independent Georgia), whose status is a matter of international dispute.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#108",
"text": "In November 2010, NATO Parliamentary Assembly adopted a resolution containing the terms \"occupied territories\" and \"ethnic cleansing\" referring to Russian military presence and actions in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. NATO parliamentarians urged Russia \"to reverse\" the results of ethnic cleansing and allow the \"safe and dignified\" return of all internally displaced persons to their homes. The Resolution condemned the tightening by Russian FSB Border Troops of procedures for crossing the Administrative Border Line, enhancement of Russia's military presence on the occupied territories as well as Russia's blocking of the extension of the OSCE and UN missions in Georgia. It urged Russia to allow EUMM unimpeded access to the entire territory of Georgia.\nNATO Parliamentary Assembly also welcomed Georgia's State Strategy on Occupied Territories and the Action Plan for Engagement.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "41739639#24",
"text": "In 2012 the European Commission considered that Georgia's \"continued application of the law on Occupied Territories\" was a concern for the effectiveness of the \"engagement strategy\" with the breakaway territories, and in 2013 noted that there had been no change to the \"restrictive aspects of the law\" but that it hoped for a \"more relaxed implementation of the Law\" from the new government in Georgia.Russia claims, that \"Abkhazia and South Ossetia are not occupied territories, but independent States.\"\nThe Russian Federation also holds that it \"... does not at present, nor will it in the future, exercise effective control over South Ossetia or Abkhazia;\" and \"it was not an occupying power.\" It also noted that \"despite having crossed into the territory of Georgia in the course of the conflict, Russia was not an occupying power in terms of IHL.\" According to Russia, \"the number of Russian troops stationed in South Ossetia and Abkhazia [...] does not allow Russia in practice to establish effective control over these territories which total 12 500 sq. kilometers in size.\"",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#107",
"text": "On 17 April 2014, the European Parliament adopted a resolution about Russian pressure on Eastern Partnership countries. The resolution, which called on the EU-member states to consider strengthening sanctions against Russia for its support of rebels in eastern Ukraine, also mentioned Georgia's occupied regions, saying that Russia \"... is still occupying the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali / South Ossetia, in violation of the fundamental norms and principles of international law\". The resolution said that under the effective control of the occupying power there had been ethnic cleansing and forced demographic changes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russia bore responsibility for human rights violations. The resolution also declared that Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine \"... have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union provided that they adhere to the principles of democracy, respect fundamental freedoms and human and minority rights and ensure the rule of law\".",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#57",
"text": "In April 2013, Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg said after meeting with his Georgian counterpart Maia Panjikidze that Russia respected only a state \"that is larger\" and therefore the Czech Republic could not mediate between Russia and Georgia. As for Georgia’s future with regard to the occupied territories, the Czech Foreign Minister said Georgia should maintain contacts with them. \"It is difficult when your territories are occupied, but sometimes you have to wait for years, even decades before the window of possibilities will be opened for you. I do not know when that time will come, but it will necessarily come\", he said.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#27",
"text": "Currently 20% of Georgia's internationally recognized territory is under Russian military occupation. Russia does not allow the EUMM monitors to enter South Ossetia and Abkhazia in violation of the Six Point Ceasefire Agreement.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#65",
"text": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that Russia is occupying parts of Georgia and building permanent military bases in contravention of the truce during a visit to Tbilisi in 2010. According to Russian news agencies, then Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin commented on this statement, saying that \"They [Georgians] mustn't seek solutions outside,\" and \"It's necessary to conduct a dialogue without citing third parties.\" Putin also stressed that Russia was not the occupier, but only \"liberated\" Abkhazia and South Ossetia.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#62",
"text": "In March 2014, Lithuanian ambassador to the United States, said in an interview for the LRT TV programme \"Savaitė\", that after the Russo-Georgian War everyone in Brussels \"laughed about Lithuania's position\". He said that \"... at that time, the Western world forgot and forgave Russia for what it did in Georgia – occupied a large part of its territory, and is still keeping it.\" In July 2014, Žygimantas Pavilionis said that when Russia occupied the Georgian territories, \"... Lithuanian diplomats were the only ones in Europe and, I dare say, in Lithuania who constantly tried to defend a free Georgia to the end.\"",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#25",
"text": "On 14 March 2012, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that Russia was ready to lift visa requirement for Georgian citizens in case of repealing by Tbilisi its law on occupied territories. \"When he [President Saakashvili] announced that all Russian citizens could travel to Georgia without visa, he forgot to mention that a law 'on occupied territories' is in force in Georgia according to which anyone who has visited South Ossetia or Abkhazia since [the 2008 August] war, which was launched by Saakashvili, will face criminal liability in Georgia with jail term from two to four years,\" RIA Novosti news agency quoted Lavrov as saying while addressing the lawmakers in the State Duma.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "690370#5",
"text": "As a result of the military conflicts in 1992–1993 and 2008, Georgia has no effective control over Abkhazia, whose declaration of independence is recognized by Russia and three other UN member states. Georgia considers Abkhazia as its autonomous republic, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi, and currently an occupied territory. Abkhazia's territory, in the Kodori Valley, which had been under Georgia's control prior to the Russo–Georgian War of 2008, is \"de jure\" the self-governing community of Azhara. Abkhazia's secessionist government divides the entity's territory into seven districts (\"raion\").",
"title": "Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"
},
{
"docid": "41739639#10",
"text": "In late October 2008, president Mikheil Saakashvili signed into law legislation on the occupied territories passed by the Parliament of Georgia. The law covers the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and the territory of former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.",
"title": "Occupied territories of Georgia"
}
] |
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] |
2715
|
When is French Independence day?
|
[
{
"docid": "20761584#1",
"text": "The date of the formal, complete independence from France was 3 August 1960, while 18 December 1958 marks the founding of the Republic and creation of the Presidency of the Republic of Niger, following the constitutional changes of the French Fifth Republic, and the elections of 4 December 1958 held across The French Colonial possessions. Nigeriens consider that date to be the founding of their national institutions. Between 18 December 1958 and 3 August 1960, Niger remained a semi-autonomous Republic within the French Community. At the beginning of 1960 a revision of the French Community allowed membership of independent states, and on 28 July the Nigerien Legislative Assembly became the Nigerien National Assembly: Independence was declared on 3 August 1960.",
"title": "Independence Day (Niger)"
},
{
"docid": "381050#4",
"text": "Importance attached to the national day as well as the degree to which it is celebrated vary greatly from country to country. For example, Spain's national day Fiesta Nacional de España is held on 12 October, the day celebrated in other countries as Columbus Day or \"Día de la Raza\", and commemorates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. A military parade is held in Madrid celebrating the occasion. The national day in France is 14 July and known as the \"Fête nationale\" (known in English-speaking countries as Bastille Day) commemorating the Storming of the Bastille, which is considered the start of the French Revolution. It is widely celebrated and the French Tricolour is much in evidence, while the President of the Republic attends a military parade on the Champs-Élysées of Paris. In the United States, the Independence Day celebrations on 4 July are widely celebrated with parades, fireworks, picnics and barbecues. In Ireland, Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March, is the equivalent of a national day and has been a public holiday for many years. However, in the United Kingdom the constituent countries' patron saints' days are low-key affairs. In recent times campaigns have commenced to promote the national days of England, Scotland and Wales, with St. Andrew's Day being designated as an official bank holiday when the Scottish Parliament passed the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007. A National Day for the United Kingdom has also been proposed in recent years.",
"title": "National day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#0",
"text": "Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is formally called ' (; \"The National Celebration\") and commonly and legally ' (; \"the 14th of July\").",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#1",
"text": "The French National Day is the anniversary of Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a turning point of the French Revolution, as well as the Fête de la Fédération which celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. The oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe is held on the morning of 14 July, on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the President of the Republic, along with other French officials and foreign guests.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#5",
"text": "As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country's national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789. One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789. There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#6",
"text": "The \"Fête de la Fédération\"on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the Storming of the Bastille, was to symbolise peace. The event took place on the Champ de Mars, which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes (\"The Day of the Wheelbarrow\"), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40749757#0",
"text": "Independence Day, observed annually on 27 June, is a national holiday in Djibouti. It mark the territory's declaration of independence from France. An independence referendum was held in the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas on 8 May 1977 alongside elections for a Constituent Assembly. Unlike the rigged 1958 and 1967 plebiscites, this time the territory became independent as Djibouti on 27 June 1977. Independence day celebrations have taken on livelier forms, with shops decorating their windows in the blue, green, white and the red star of the Djiboutian flag. Usual celebratory events and festivities for the day include flag-raising ceremonies, parades, cultural events, and the playing of patriotic songs.",
"title": "Independence Day (Djibouti)"
},
{
"docid": "781729#12",
"text": "The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.\nJuly 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.",
"title": "Independence Day (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "3336304#2",
"text": "Independence Day was first celebrated in 1917. However, during the first years of independence, 6 December in some parts of Finland was only a minor holiday compared to 16 May, the Whites' day of celebration for prevailing in the Finnish Civil War. The left parties would have wanted to celebrate 15 November, because the people of Finland (represented by parliament) took power 15 November 1917. When a year had passed since declaration of independence, 6 December 1918, the academical people celebrated the day.",
"title": "Independence Day (Finland)"
},
{
"docid": "40906985#1",
"text": "The Estonian Provisional Government decided on 12 February 1919 to consider 24 February to be the date of the declaration of independence.\nIn 1933, the Government discussed whether the national day should be moved to another date at a better time of the year, such as 15 June, to mark the date when the Estonian Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution in 1920.\nHugo Kuusner requested on 21 February 1937 that the anniversary of the Republic of Estonia should be 23 February, not 24 February. Gottlieb Ney, the director of the National Archives of Estonia said that \"… one must reach the conclusion that the 24 February 1918 should be considered the date when the republic began; it is the day when the declaration of independence reached the capital city and actually went to the supreme powers of elected bodies (at that time the Estonian Salvation Committee and the provisional government).\"",
"title": "Independence Day (Estonia)"
},
{
"docid": "44647847#1",
"text": "The Algerian War of Independence began in November 1954 and ended in 1962 when French President Charles De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 5 July, was very brutal and long, was the most recent major turning point in Algeria's history. Although often fratricidal, it ultimately united Algerians and seared the value of independence and the philosophy of anticolonialism into the national consciousness. Abusive tactics of the French Army remains a controversial subject in France to this day.",
"title": "Independence Day (Algeria)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
},
{
"docid": "3336304#5",
"text": "Official Independence Day festivities usually commence with the raising of the Finnish flag on Tähtitorninmäki (\"Observatory Hill\") in Helsinki. A religious service is held at Helsinki Cathedral, and official visits are made to the war memorials of World War II.",
"title": "Independence Day (Finland)"
},
{
"docid": "3936#25",
"text": "In Dallas, Texas the Bastille Day celebration, \"Bastille On Bishop\", began in 2010 and is held annually on 14 July in the Bishop Arts District of the North Oak Cliff neighborhood, southwest of downtown just across the Trinity River. Dallas' French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian community La Réunion, formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860. Miami, Florida's celebration is organized by \"French & Famous\" in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce, the Union des Français de l'Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate \"La Fête Nationale\". The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was \"Guinguette Party\" and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club. New Orleans, Louisiana has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historic French Quarter. St. Louis, Missouri has annual festivals in the Soulard neighborhood, the former French village of Carondelet, Missouri, and in the Benton Park neighborhood. The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion in the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of the beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annual saloon crawl to celebrate Bastille Day in 2017. In Washington D.C., food, music, and auction events are sponsored by the Embassy of France. There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
},
{
"docid": "3936#9",
"text": "In 1880, the government of the Third Republic wanted to revive the 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival had been underway for nearly a decade, sponsored by the notable politician Léon Gambetta and scholar Henri Baudrillant. On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have \"the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival\". There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of the end of the feudal system), 5 May (when the Estates-General first assembled), 27 July (the fall of Robespierre), and 21 January (the date of Louis XVI's execution). The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but it was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic's need to establish legal legitimacy. French politicians also did not want the sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as a dual celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the one year anniversary of 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille. The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May and 8 June, and the law was approved on 27 and 29 June. The law was made official on 6 July 1880.",
"title": "Bastille Day"
}
] |
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2716
|
What percentage of the US population identifies as Hispanic?
|
[
{
"docid": "3058522#42",
"text": "In the United States the Hispanic and Latino population has reached 58 million in 2016. According to Pew Research Center the Latino population has been the principal driver of United States demographic growth since 2000. Mexicans make up most of the Hispanic and Latino population 35,758,000. There is also a growth of Hispanics who are receiving a college education in 2015, 40% of Hispanics age 25 and older have had a college experience. In 2000 the percentage was at a low 30%. In all the 50 US states California houses the largest population percentage of Latinos. In 2015, 15.2 million Hispanics lived in California.",
"title": "Race and ethnicity in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "49955623#3",
"text": "Over 55 million Hispanic and Latino Americans are residents of the United States, representing 16% of the US population. Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans ( , ) are American citizens who are descendants of immigrants from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America and the Iberian peninsula. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, whether of full or partial ancestry. For the 2010 US census, the American Community Survey, \"Hispanic\" or \"Latino\" were those who identified as one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the census or ACS questionnaire (\"Mexican,\" \"Puerto Rican,\" or \"Cuban\") as well as those who indicated that they were \"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.\" The peoples of countries considered as Hispanic or Latino American groups by the Census Bureau were the following: Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. The Census office of the United States excluded Brazilian Americans from the Hispanic and Latino American population (Brazil is part of Latin America, but Portuguese is the official language rather than Spanish). Other US government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups.",
"title": "Latin American diaspora"
},
{
"docid": "16972719#0",
"text": "The demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans depict a population that is the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, 52 million people or 16.7% of the national population, of them, 47 Million are American citizens.",
"title": "Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16972719#8",
"text": "Over half of the Hispanic and Latino American population self-identifies as White. The largest number of White Hispanics come from within the Mexican community, the highest percentage of White Hispanics among major Hispanic groups comes from the Cuban American community, also high percentages of White Hispanics from Hispanic groups come from within the Colombian and also Spanish communities. The largest number of Black Hispanics come from within the Puerto Rican community, while the highest percentage of Black Hispanics among major Hispanic groups come from the Dominican community. Significant numbers of Black Hispanics can also be found among the Central American communities.",
"title": "Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "1007667#25",
"text": "Over a quarter of Hispanic/Latino Americans identify as \"some other race.\" These \"Some other race\" Hispanics are usually assumed to be mestizos or mulattos. A significant percentage of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community. Mestizo is not a racial category in the U.S. Census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian Ancestry. Of all Americans who checked the box \"Some Other Race\", 97 percent were Hispanic.",
"title": "Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "15144359#2",
"text": "States like New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut have some of the highest percentages of Hispanics identifying as Black, where up to 25% of Hispanics identify as black, compared to 2.5% of Hispanics nationwide. Overall, the Northeast region has the largest concentration of Black Hispanics, this is partly because of the large Puerto Rican, Dominican, and other mostly or partly African descended Hispanic populations in the region.",
"title": "Black Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "21649#40",
"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups. In 2008, New Mexico had the highest percentage (47%) of Hispanics (of any race) of any state, with 83% native-born and 17% foreign-born.",
"title": "New Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "40726066#6",
"text": "By ethnicity, 38.1% of the total population is Hispanic (of any race). New Mexico and Texas have higher percentages of Hispanics, but California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any U.S. state. As of July 1, 2013, it is estimated that California's Hispanic population has equaled the population of non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics, mainly Mexican Americans, form major portions of the population of Southern California, especially in Los Angeles, as well as the San Joaquin Valley. The city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States. Census records kept track of the growth since 1850, but Mexican and Mexican Americans have lived in California since the Spanish period. However, the number and percentage population of Hispanics living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century. The result is that, today, Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in Los Angeles County, at over 40 percent of the county's population. Hispanics are predominantly concentrated in the older eastern and southern suburbs surrounding downtown Los Angeles and northern Long Beach, the southern/eastern San Fernando Valley, and the San Gabriel/Pomona Valleys. They also comprise sizable communities in Bakersfield, El Monte, Fresno, La Puente, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San José, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Stockton and Vallejo. In Santa Ana in Orange County, Hispanics comprise 75 percent of the population. Nearby Anaheim is over half Hispanic, and Orange County's population is 30-35 percent Hispanic.",
"title": "Hispanics and Latinos in California"
},
{
"docid": "38755088#0",
"text": "The following is a list of United States cities, towns, and census-designated places in which a majority (over 50%) of the population is Hispanic or Latino, according to data from the 2000 Census. This list does not include cities such as Los Angeles, California or Houston, Texas in which, according to the 2000 Census, merely a plurality (as opposed to a majority) of the residents are Hispanic. The list below is organized by state and, within each state, by population size. The percentage of each city's population that is Hispanic is listed in parentheses next to the city's name. The largest incorporated city with the highest proportion of Hispanics is Huron (population 6,306), California; according to the 2000 U.S. Census, Huron is 98.27% Hispanic. The largest city with a Hispanic majority is San Antonio, Texas, and the highest percentage for any major U.S. city is El Paso, Texas at 76%. Thirty-one states do not have any communities that are majority-Hispanic. The following demographics are from the 2000 census.",
"title": "List of U.S. communities with Hispanic majority populations in the 2000 census"
},
{
"docid": "39477191#1",
"text": "As of 2012, Hispanics and Latinos make up about 17% of the total U.S. population. The state with the largest percentage of Hispanics and Latinos is New Mexico at 47%. The state with the largest Hispanic and Latino population overall is California with over 14 million Hispanics and Latinos.Cities and neighborhoods:",
"title": "List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population"
},
{
"docid": "16972719#10",
"text": "Though comprising very small percentages of the Hispanic and Latino American population, and even smaller percentages of the total U.S. population, some of the preceding racial subgroups make up large minorities among the respective racial groups, overall. For instance, Hispanics and Latinos who are American Indian or Alaska Native compose 15% of all American Indians and Alaska Natives (per the ACS estimates). Meanwhile, the 120,000 Hispanics and Latinos who are of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race compose 22% of this entire race nationally (per the Population Estimates). Again, nearly a third of the overall 'Two or more race' population is Hispanic or Latino (ACS).",
"title": "Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "16972719#3",
"text": "Hispanic and Latino Americans (along with Asian Americans, most notably) have contributed to an important demographic change in the United States since the 1960s whereby minority groups now compose one-third of the population. Nearly one in six Americans was Hispanic or Latino as of 2009, a total of 48.4 million out of the estimated 307 million Americans. High rates of immigration and fertility have shaped the growth of the Hispanic and Latino population.",
"title": "Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans"
}
] |
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2717
|
When did Mexico win independence?
|
[
{
"docid": "785587#34",
"text": "Although Mexico gained its independence in September 1821, the marking of this historical event did not take hold immediately. The choice of date to celebrate was problematic, because Iturbide, who achieved independence from Spain, was rapidly created Emperor of Mexico. His short-lived reign from 1821–22 ended when he was forced by the military to abdicate. This was a rocky start for the new nation, which made celebrating independence on the anniversary of Iturbide's Army of the Three Guarantees marching into Mexico City in triumph a less than perfect day for those who had opposed him. Celebrations of independence during his reign were marked on September 27. Following his ouster, there were calls to commemorate Mexican independence along the lines that the United States celebrated in grand style its Independence Day on July 4. The creation of a committee of powerful men to mark independence celebrations, the \"Junta Patriótica\", organized celebrations of both September 16, to commemorate Hidalgo's grito and the start of the independence insurgency, and September 27, to celebrate actual political independence.",
"title": "Mexican War of Independence"
},
{
"docid": "27262729#2",
"text": "Mexican independence was officially achieved on September 27, 1821, under the Treaty of Córdoba. Spain did not recognize the treaties, arguing that the viceroy Juan O'Donojú had no authority to recognize the independence of any overseas province. This situation was dangerous to the newly acquired independent status of the nation, which had not yet been recognized by any of the European powers that could support it, and the threat of Spanish reconquest was a constant worry to the leaders of the nascent regime. On May 13, 1822 decrees were issued by the government to imprison anyone who conspired against Mexico's independence.",
"title": "Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "2256132#20",
"text": "When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821 to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Satillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's \"Plan de Iguala\" for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a \"butcher\" because of his executions of republicans.\nWhen Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence.",
"title": "José Joaquín de Arredondo"
},
{
"docid": "12997416#44",
"text": "In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, annexing the southwest of the present United States, including Arizona. As missions began to wither, Mexico began auctioning off more land, causing the Pimería Alta and the Apachería to shrink as territory expanded. In the meantime, American mountain men began to enter the region, looking to trap beavers for their pelts. In 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico and claimed much of the territory in the northern lands of Mexico. When the United States annexed Texas in 1846 over the strong objections of the Mexican government, U.S. troops moved into disputed territory. The hostilities erupted in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The U.S. occupied Mexico City and forced the newly founded Mexican Republic to give up its northern half, including the later Arizona.",
"title": "History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "794895#0",
"text": "The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, \"Jefe Político Superior\" Juan O'Donojú. The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the Plan of Iguala. The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the First Mexican Empire, but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores (September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government. Spain did not recognize Mexico's independence until December 1836.",
"title": "Treaty of Córdoba"
},
{
"docid": "785587#0",
"text": "The Mexican War of Independence () was an armed conflict, and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain. The war had its antecedent in Napoleon's French invasion of Spain in 1808; it extended from the Cry of Dolores by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees led by Agustín de Iturbide to Mexico City on September 27, 1821. September 16 is celebrated as Mexican Independence Day.",
"title": "Mexican War of Independence"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1560218#2",
"text": "When Mexico took over control from Spain in the early 1820s, the new government ignored and isolated the \"norteños\" (inhabitants of Mexico's northern provinces), except to break up the mission system in California. The systematic Navajo and Apache raids on New Mexico villages and ranches were ignored, as was the vulnerability of California, as the central government pulled back its soldiers to use them in recurrent civil wars and factional battles. After armed uprisings in Texas Mexico's President Santa Anna led an army to put down the rebellion. After initial victories at The Alamo and Goliad, Santa Anna was decisively defeated by the Texans, who declared independence. The Tejanos in Texas joined the revolution and supported the new Republic of Texas; The Hispanics in New Mexico and California were localistic and did not identify with the regime in Mexico City. The \"norteños\" played a minor role in the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, and when offered the choice of repatriating to Mexico or remaining and becoming full citizens of the United States, the great majority remained. Only when large numbers of Americans arrived did they develop a sense of \"lo mexicano,\" that is of \"being Mexican,\" and that new identification had little to do with far-off Mexico. American entrepreneurs often cultivated alliances and partnerships with the Mexican propertied elites in the states of Texas and California, and the territories of New Mexico and Arizona. The Californios—who only numbered 10,000 in 1848, remained in California but were soon overwhelmed by the immigration of hundreds of thousands of newcomers to California, and largely became invisible to Anglos. The Latino culture of the rest of the Southwest, especially New Mexico and southern Texas, called itself \"Spanish\" (rather than \"Mexican\") to distinguish themselves from \"los norteamericanos\". The Latinos emphasized their own religion, language, customs and kinship ties, and drew into enclaves, rural colonies and urban barrios, which norteamericanos seldom entered; intermarriage rates were low.",
"title": "History of Mexican Americans"
},
{
"docid": "5559770#33",
"text": "The decade that led up to independence was a painful period in the history of Mexico. In 1810 catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo instigated a war for independence in central Mexico, a struggle that quickly took on the character of a class war. The following year, military captain Las Casas instigated a coup within the Imperial regime. Sympathizing with the poor underclass, Las Casas opened up a line of dialogue with the revolutionaries. This caused the Spanish elite to instigate its own counter coup and executed Las Casas. For years afterward the regime failed to regain coherency and the mandate to administrate. These ideological struggles affected peripheral New Mexico much less than they did the national center, but it resulted in a sense of alienation with central authority.",
"title": "History of New Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "10716868#7",
"text": "After Mexico gained its Independence, it abolished the Inquisition but Catholic religion was declared official. Remaining Crypto-Jews still did not openly admit to such but did begin to observe various Jewish rituals and from 1825 to 1860 and a few European Jews from Germany and Eastern Europe arrived. These immigrants were not allowed to become Mexican citizens but their main challenges to living in Mexico were economic rather than social or religious. In 1861 a group rented a hall to celebrate Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, the first recorded instance of public Jewish worship. In 1865, then Emperor Maximilian I issued an edict of religious tolerance, with representatives from Jewish organizations in Europe and the United States coming to Mexico to explore the possibilities for immigration. From 1864 to 1867, the Mexican emperor invited some European Jews from France, Belgium and Austro-Hungary to settle in Mexico. By 1867, only twenty Jewish families were living in Mexico, with about a dozen more elsewhere.",
"title": "History of the Jews in Mexico"
},
{
"docid": "412307#16",
"text": "Despite Campeche's and Mérida's differences, both were involved in an insurrection against Mexico City headed by Jerónimo López de Llergo in 1839 with the aim of creating an independent state of Yucatán. After initial victories, López de Llergo proclaimed the peninsula independent and in 1841, the Constitution of the Yucatán was promulgated on federalist principles. Yucatán independence did not solve the peninsula's internal political problems. Mérida's trade with Havana continued but Campeche's trade with Mexico City was cut off. Campeche wanted to rejoin Mexico for this reason and Andrés de Quintana Roo tried to work out a settlement between the two cities. Mexican president Santa Anna then sent an expedition to force the Yucatán back into Mexico. More fighting came with the outbreak of the Caste War, in 1847, an indigenous rebellion that took place in Campeche and the rest of the Yucatán. This and foreign pressure to pay debts, forced the Yucatan to formally reintegrate into Mexico in 1849.",
"title": "Campeche"
},
{
"docid": "794895#3",
"text": "On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into Mexico City and on the following day, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was widely known. The Spanish Cortes refused to accept the validity of the Plan of Iguala or the Treaty of Córdoba. Spain did not recognize Mexico's independence until December 1836. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822. The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republican revolution of Casa Mata, the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.",
"title": "Treaty of Córdoba"
}
] |
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] |
2718
|
Are there rivers of liquid hydrogen outside of our solar system?
|
[
{
"docid": "11322595#36",
"text": "The Gliese 581 planetary system contains multiple planets that may be candidates for surface water, including Gliese 581c, Gliese 581d, might be warm enough for oceans if a greenhouse effect was operating, and Gliese 581e.",
"title": "Extraterrestrial liquid water"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14843#78",
"text": "In February 2017, NASA announced that its Spitzer Space Telescope had revealed seven Earth-size planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star 40 light-years away from our solar system. Three of these planets are firmly located in the habitable zone, the area around the parent star where a rocky planet is most likely to have liquid water. The discovery sets a new record for greatest number of habitable-zone planets found around a single star outside our solar system. All of these seven planets could have liquid water – the key to life as we know it – under the right atmospheric conditions, but the chances are highest with the three in the habitable zone.",
"title": "Interstellar travel"
},
{
"docid": "9588#24",
"text": "Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only known moon in the Solar System with a significant atmosphere. Data from the \"Cassini–Huygens\" mission refuted the hypothesis of a global hydrocarbon ocean, but later demonstrated the existence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the polar regions—the first stable bodies of surface liquid discovered outside Earth. Analysis of data from the mission has uncovered aspects of atmospheric chemistry near the surface that are consistent with—but do not prove—the hypothesis that organisms there if present, could be consuming hydrogen, acetylene and ethane, and producing methane.",
"title": "Extraterrestrial life"
},
{
"docid": "436208#13",
"text": "A concept to provide low Earth orbit (LEO) propellant depots that could be used as way-stations for other spacecraft to stop and refuel on the way to beyond-LEO missions has proposed that waste gaseous hydrogen—an inevitable byproduct of long-term liquid hydrogen storage in the radiative heat environment of space—would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system. The waste hydrogen would be productively utilized for both orbital stationkeeping and attitude control, as well as providing limited propellant and thrust to use for orbital maneuvers to better rendezvous with other spacecraft that would be inbound to receive fuel from the depot.",
"title": "Solar thermal rocket"
},
{
"docid": "4640562#0",
"text": "The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 to 0.25 of\nsolar radius. It is the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System. It has a density of 150 g/cm (150 times the density of liquid water) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million kelvins (15 million degrees Celsius, 27 million degrees Fahrenheit). The core is made of hot, dense plasma (ions and electrons), at a pressure estimated at 265 billion bar (3.84 trillion psi or 26.5 petapascals (PPa)) at the center. Due to fusion, the composition of the solar plasma drops from 68-70% hydrogen by mass at the outer core, to 33% hydrogen at the core/Sun center.",
"title": "Solar core"
},
{
"docid": "37832#7",
"text": "A concept to provide low Earth orbit (LEO) propellant depots that could be used as way-stations for other spacecraft to stop and refuel on the way to beyond-LEO missions has proposed that waste gaseous hydrogen—an inevitable byproduct of long-term liquid hydrogen storage in the radiative heat environment of space—would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system. The waste hydrogen would be productively utilized for both orbital stationkeeping and attitude control, as well as providing limited propellant and thrust to use for orbital maneuvers to better rendezvous with other spacecraft that would be inbound to receive fuel from the depot.",
"title": "Monopropellant rocket"
},
{
"docid": "11346753#8",
"text": "The four outer planets of the Solar System are gas giants. They share some atmospheric commonalities. All have atmospheres that are mostly hydrogen and helium and that blend into the liquid interior at pressures greater than the critical pressure, so that there is no clear boundary between atmosphere and body.",
"title": "Extraterrestrial atmosphere"
},
{
"docid": "45658840#0",
"text": "Astrooceanography is the study of oceans outside planet Earth. Unlike other planetary sciences like astrobiology, astrochemistry and planetary geology, it only began after the discovery of underground oceans in Saturn's Titan and Jupiter's Ganymede. This field remains speculative until further missions reach the oceans beneath the rock or ice layer of the moons. There are many theories related to celestial bodies in the Solar System, from oceans made of diamond in Neptune to a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen that may exist underneath Jupiter's surface.",
"title": "Astrooceanography"
},
{
"docid": "26903#13",
"text": "The objects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock, the collective name for compounds with high melting points, such as silicates, iron or nickel, that remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases, the astronomical term for materials with extremely low melting points and high vapour pressure, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon, which were always in the gaseous phase in the nebula. Ices, like water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide, have melting points up to a few hundred kelvins. They can be found as ices, liquids, or gases in various places in the Solar System, whereas in the nebula they were either in the solid or gaseous phase. Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets, as well as most of Uranus and Neptune (the so-called \"ice giants\") and the numerous small objects that lie beyond Neptune's orbit. Together, gases and ices are referred to as \"volatiles\".",
"title": "Solar System"
},
{
"docid": "1072751#23",
"text": "Although traditional definitions of the habitable zone assume that carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most important greenhouse gases (as they are on the Earth), a study led by Ramses Ramirez and co-author Lisa Kaltenegger has shown that the size of the habitable zone is greatly increased if prodigious volcanic outgassing of hydrogen is also included along with the carbon dioxide and water vapor. The outer edge in our solar system would extend out as far as 2.4 AU in that case. Similar increases in the size of the habitable zone were computed for other stellar systems. An earlier study by Ray Pierrehumbert and Eric Gaidos had eliminated the CO-HO concept entirely, arguing that young planets could accrete many tens to hundreds of bars of hydrogen from the protoplanetary disc, providing enough of a greenhouse effect to extend the solar system outer edge to 10 AU. In this case, though, the hydrogen is not continuously replenished by volcanism, and is lost within millions to tens-of-millions of years.",
"title": "Circumstellar habitable zone"
},
{
"docid": "33306#84",
"text": "Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Based on models of the formation and evolution of the Solar System and that of other star systems, most other planetary systems are likely to have similar ingredients.",
"title": "Water"
}
] |
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] |
2719
|
When was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed?
|
[
{
"docid": "33382803#14",
"text": "Before No Child Left Behind, The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed in 1965 as a part of the \"War on Poverty\". In hopes of diminishing the achievement gap, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed to create equal opportunity and access to education through high standards and accountability. These standards and accountability techniques came in the form of standardized testing. For the first time, federal money was being sent into local schools and made the production of test-based evidence mandatory for all educators. Standards were being assessed on these state-created exams, and local schools were then accountable to perform on these exams. In 2002, Congress re-examined ESEA and reauthorized it as No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).",
"title": "PARCC"
},
{
"docid": "1474201#5",
"text": "President Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act into law two days later on April 9, 1965.New Titles Created by Early Amendments to 1965 LawTitle I (\"Title One\"), a provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed in 1965, is a program created by the U.S. Department of Education to distribute funding to schools and school districts with a high percentage of students from low-income families. Funding is distributed first to state educational agencies (SEAs) which then allocate funds to local educational agencies (LEA's) which in turn dispense funds to public schools in need. Title I also helps children from families that have migrated to the United States and youth from intervention programs who are neglected or at risk of abuse. The act appropriates money for educational purposes for the next five fiscal years until it is reauthorized. In addition, Title I appropriates money to the education system for prevention of dropouts and the improvement of schools; these appropriations are carried out for five fiscal years until reauthorization.",
"title": "Elementary and Secondary Education Act"
},
{
"docid": "378405#8",
"text": "In 1965 the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ('ESEA'), passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"War on Poverty\", provided funds for primary and secondary education ('Title I funding') while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum. It emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability. The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education.",
"title": "Secondary education in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "123427#18",
"text": "In 1965, the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ('ESEA'), passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, provided funds for primary and secondary education ('Title I funding'). Title VI explicitly forbade the establishment of a national curriculum. Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 created the Pell Grant program which provides financial support to students from low-income families to access higher education.",
"title": "Education in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "10946252#4",
"text": "Congress passed the EEOA as a house bill amending the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The only legislative history available for reference is from a similar bill passed in 1972. The House Committee on Education and Labor noted that the bill was significant in that it contained the first \"illustrative definition of a denial of equal educational opportunity\", and that this lent clarity to schools, governmental authorities, and students as to what, precisely, their rights were.",
"title": "Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974"
},
{
"docid": "1474201#2",
"text": "The act was originally authorized through 1965; however, the government has reauthorized the act several times since its enactment—often well after the expiration of the previous reauthorization. The reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. ESEA was reauthorized on December 10, 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) by President Barack Obama.",
"title": "Elementary and Secondary Education Act"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1474201#0",
"text": "The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"War on Poverty\" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress. The act was an extensive statute that funded primary and secondary education. It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability.",
"title": "Elementary and Secondary Education Act"
},
{
"docid": "3400692#0",
"text": "The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) (), also known as Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1967 (), approved by the 90th United States Congress on January 2, 1968, and was the first United States federal legislation recognized the needs of limited English speaking ability (LESA) students. The BEA was introduced in 1967 by Texas senator Ralph Yarborough and was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on January 2, 1968. While some states, such as California and Texas, and numerous local school districts around the country already had policies and programs designed to meet the special educational needs of elementary and secondary school students not fluent in the English language, this act signaled that the federal government now also recognized the need for and value of bilingual education programs in U.S. public education. Passed on the heels of the Civil Rights movement, its purpose was to provide school districts with federal funds, in the form of competitive grants, to establish innovative educational programs for students with limited English speaking ability.",
"title": "Bilingual Education Act"
},
{
"docid": "5067308#2",
"text": "The 1958 The Captioned Films Act, Public Law 85-905 and the Professional Personnel Act of 1959, Public Law 86-158, increased the types and amount of training individuals received in learning how to educate children with mental retardation. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, PL 92-424, and State School's Act, PL 89-313, were both passed by Congress in 1965 which gave states grant assistance for educating children with disabilities.",
"title": "Free Appropriate Public Education"
},
{
"docid": "1474201#4",
"text": "As the Senate prepared to consider the education bill, S. 370, Democratic leaders urged their colleagues to pass it without amendment, so as to avoid throwing it back to the House for reconsideration. S. 370 was assigned to the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, which subsequently reported the bill to the Senate floor with unanimous support. During the Senate debates, several amendments were introduced, though none passed. The Senate passed the bill in a 73–18 vote on April 7, 1965.",
"title": "Elementary and Secondary Education Act"
},
{
"docid": "29498#22",
"text": "The school boards set up by the 1870 Elementary Education Act (Forster Act) and were stopped from providing secondary education by the Cockerton Judgement of 1899. The school leaving age at this time was 10. The Judgement prompted the 1902 Education Act (Balfour Act). Compulsory education was extended to 12. The new Local Education Authorities (LEA)s that were formed from the school boards; started to open Higher Grade Elementary Schools (ISCED Level2) or county schools to supplement the endowed grammar schools. These LEAs were allowed to build second-grade secondary schools that in the main became the future secondary modern schools.",
"title": "Secondary education"
}
] |
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] |
2720
|
How fast to bullet trains travel?
|
[
{
"docid": "2952442#10",
"text": "The railway was completely electrified in 2006. On April 18, 2007, the new CRH bullet train was introduced on the upgraded railway as part of the Sixth Railway Speed-Up Campaign. A day-time train D31 served the route, departing from Beijing at 10:50 every morning, and arriving at Shanghai at 20:49 in the evening, travelling mostly at 160–200 km/h (up to 250 km/h in a very short section between Anting and Shanghai West). In 2008 overnight sleeper CRH trains were introduced, replacing the locomotive-hauled Z sleeper trains. With a new high-speed intercity line opening between Nanjing and Shanghai in the summer of 2010, the sleeper trains made use of the high-speed line in the Shanghai–Nanjing section, travelling at 250 km/h for a longer distance. The fastest sleeper trains took 9 hours, 49 minutes, with four intermediate stops, at an average speed of 149 km/h.",
"title": "Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway"
},
{
"docid": "92516#1",
"text": "Starting with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen () in 1964, the network has expanded to currently consist of of lines with maximum speeds of , of Mini-Shinkansen lines with a maximum speed of , and of spur lines with Shinkansen services. The network presently links most major cities on the islands of Honshu and Kyushu, and Hakodate on northern island of Hokkaido, with an extension to Sapporo under construction and scheduled to commence in March 2031. The maximum operating speed is (on a 387.5 km section of the Tōhoku Shinkansen). Test runs have reached for conventional rail in 1996, and up to a world record for SCMaglev trains in April 2015.",
"title": "Shinkansen"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25058326#15",
"text": "Between Chur and St Moritz, there are fast trains every day at regular hourly intervals. These trains have been officially known as services since December 2004. For the section Thusis - St Moritz, the fast trains require 1 hour 34 minutes, and therefore travel at an average speed of . Only the so-called fast train stations are served by these trains. At the other stations, trains have no longer stopped since the 1990s. In Surava and Alvaneu, only some trains still stop, and only then in off peak times. In the high summer season, there are also special tourist oriented express trains with , for which reservations and supplements are required. These trains are the Glacier Express from Zermatt to St Moritz, and the Bernina Express from Chur via Samedan and Pontresina to Tirano.",
"title": "Albula Railway"
},
{
"docid": "27435327#3",
"text": "The Bullet was a forerunner of today's high-speed trains, of which the first were inaugurated later in the 1930s. Among other trains, the Japanese Odakyū 3000 series SE Romancecar was inspired by the sleek and streamlined Bullets. In 1957, the Romancecar set a speed record for narrow-gauge trains of 145 km/h (90,1 mph). The Bullets are called \"ancestors of the TGV, Eurostar, AVE, ICE, Shinkansen, and the Acela Express\" (in English, the first Shinkansens were named Bullet Trains) and they are also strikingly similar to Germany's Fliegender Hamburger.. The Bullets' maximum speed was , though one reached 100 mph (160 km/h) while testing extended-wheelbase trucks.",
"title": "Bullet (interurban)"
},
{
"docid": "4889607#8",
"text": "D type express overnight sleeper bullet trains have now commenced operation between Beijing and Shanghai. There are currently 3 overnight D bullet trains. Overnight Bullet trains take between 9 hours and 59 minutes to 11 hours, 47 minutes to complete the trip and are Soft sleeper only.",
"title": "Beijing–Shanghai railway"
},
{
"docid": "1527960#31",
"text": "In December 2017 Japan reported to Thailand that construction of a Shinkansen-style bullet train between the two cities would cost the Thai government 420 billion baht (US$12.9 billion). The line would consist of 300 km/h trains traveling between the two cities in 3.5 hours, stopping at 12 stations \"en route\". Fares would start at 80 baht, with a surcharge of 1.5 baht per kilometre. Full fares are expected to be just over 1,000 baht. Reacting to the high cost estimate, the Thai government instructed the Transport Ministry to study the possibility of reducing the train's maximum speed to 180–200 km/h in an effort to cut costs.",
"title": "State Railway of Thailand"
},
{
"docid": "10367440#35",
"text": "In December 2017 Japan reported to Thailand that construction of a Shinkansen-style bullet train between the two cities would cost the Thai government 420 billion baht (US$12.9 billion). The line would consist of 300 kph trains traveling between the two cities in 3.5 hours, stopping at 12 stations \"en route\". Fares would start at 80 baht, with a surcharge of 1.5 baht per kilometre. Full fares are expected to be just over 1,000 baht. Reacting to the high cost estimate, the Thai government instructed the Transport Ministry to study the possibility of reducing the train's maximum speed to 180–200 kph in an effort to cut costs.",
"title": "Rail transport in Thailand"
},
{
"docid": "3679054#4",
"text": "Bullets are generally designed to work in air, which has a very low density. The density of water is roughly 800 times higher than that of air at sea level, and that reduces the penetration of a bullet proportionally. A bullet might travel a mile (1.6 km) in air, but travel no more than a few feet (about a meter) in water. Expanding hunting or defensive ammunition, such as that using hollow point bullets, will penetrate even less, as the water is dense enough to cause the bullet to expand. By firing while in contact with the target, a powerhead does not waste energy on traveling through the water, but rather expends all its energy directly on the target.",
"title": "Powerhead (firearm)"
},
{
"docid": "7665043#9",
"text": "Depending on the rifle, bullets typically travel between 800 and 1000 m/s (2600 and 3400 feet per second) at the moment they leave the rifle's barrel. The bullet slows down considerably due to friction with the air over a distance. The distance a bullet will travel is determined by its shape, weight, launch velocity and launch angle as with any projectile, the study of which is referred to as external ballistics.",
"title": "Sniper equipment"
},
{
"docid": "42005446#13",
"text": "While they were filming, a train came around a corner at 58 mph, giving the cast and crew less than a minute to evacuate from the filming location, a substantial way out onto the trestle. The only escape route was toward the oncoming train. Video of the crew indicates that they were unaware how fast it was approaching; some attempted to remove camera equipment and the metal bed from the trestle. They failed to remove the bed before the train rolled through, and many of the crew were trapped out on the trestle. The train struck and shattered the metal bed, sending shrapnel toward crew members. Fragments struck camera assistant Sarah Jones and propelled her toward the still fast moving train, resulting in her death. William Hurt, who was meant to be on the hospital bed in the scene, got off the trestle before the train hit the bed, collecting splinters on his bare feet as he ran across the ties then to the sharp rocks on shore. Several other crew members were injured and were taken to hospital.",
"title": "Midnight Rider (film)"
},
{
"docid": "50378#35",
"text": "The first Shinkansen trains, the 0 Series Shinkansen, built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries—in English often called \"Bullet Trains\", after the original Japanese name —outclassed the earlier fast trains in commercial service. They traversed the distance in 3 hours 10 minutes, reaching a top speed of and sustaining an average speed of with stops at Nagoya and Kyoto.",
"title": "High-speed rail"
}
] |
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] |
2721
|
Who was the first European to discover Madagascar?
|
[
{
"docid": "50875#23",
"text": "By the 15th century, Europeans had wrested control of the spice trade from the Muslims. They did this by bypassing the Middle East and sending their cargo-ships around the Cape of Good Hope to India. The Portuguese mariner Diogo Dias became the first European to set foot on Madagascar when his ship, bound for India, blew off course in 1500. In the ensuing two-hundred years, the English and French tried (and failed) to establish settlements on the island.",
"title": "History of Madagascar"
},
{
"docid": "50875#22",
"text": "Europe knew of Madagascar through Arab sources; based on them \"The Travels of Marco Polo\" claimed that \"the inhabitants are Saracens, or followers of the law of Mohammed\", without mentioning other inhabitants. Other than its size and location, everything about the island in the book describes southeastern Africa, not Madagascar. European contact began on 10 August 1500, when the Portuguese sea captain Diogo Dias sighted the island after his ship separated from a fleet going to India. The Portuguese continued trading with the islanders and named the island \"São Lourenço\" (Saint Lawrence). In 1666, François Caron, the director general of the newly formed French East India Company, sailed to Madagascar. The company failed to establish a colony on Madagascar but established ports on the nearby islands of Bourbon (now Réunion) and Isle de France (now Mauritius). In the late 17th century, the French established trading posts along the east coast. On Île Sainte-Marie, a small island off the northeastern coast of Madagascar, Captain Misson and his pirate crew allegedly founded the famous pirate utopia of Libertatia in the late 17th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagascar was a favorite haunt for pirates. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. Sailors sometimes called Madagascar \"Island of the Moon\".",
"title": "History of Madagascar"
},
{
"docid": "2041178#20",
"text": "One of the ships under command of Diogo Dias arrived at a coast that was not in East Africa. Two years later, a chart already showed an elongated island east of Africa that bore the name Madagascar. But only a century later, between 1613 and 1619, did the Portuguese explore the island in detail. They signed treaties with local chieftains and sent the first missionaries, who found it impossible to make locals believe in Hell, and were eventually expelled.",
"title": "European exploration of Africa"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27653365#21",
"text": "Local tales of a \"song'aomby\" (Malagasy for \"cow that is not a cow\"), or pygmy hippopotamus, led French naturalist Alfred Grandidier to follow a village headman to a marsh in southwestern Madagascar, a site called Ambolisatra, which became the first known subfossil site in Madagascar. In 1868, Grandidier uncovered the first subfossil remains of lemurs—a humerus from \"Palaeopropithecus\" and a tibia of a sifaka. The \"Palaeopropithecus\" remains were not described for several decades, and it took decades more for the remains to be correctly paired with other sloth lemur remains. It was not until 1893 that giant lemur species were formally described, when Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major discovered and described a long, narrow skull of \"Megaladapis madagascariensis\" in a marsh. His discoveries in various marshes of central and southwestern Madagascar sparked paleontological interest, resulting in an overabundance of taxonomic names and confused assemblages of bones from numerous species, including non-primates. Specimens were distributed between European museums and Madagascar, often resulting in the loss of field data that went with the specimens, if the data had been recorded at all.",
"title": "Subfossil lemur"
},
{
"docid": "1376379#3",
"text": "In the late 1800s and early 1900s there were a number of resettlement plans for European Jews that were precursors to the Madagascar Plan. Paul de Lagarde, an Orientalist scholar, first suggested evacuating the European Jews to Madagascar in his 1878 work \"Deutsche Schriften\" (\"German Writings\"). Members of the Zionist movement in 1904–1905 seriously debated the British Uganda Programme, by which Russian Jews, who were in immediate danger from ongoing pogroms, would be settled in what today is Kenya. The plan was later rejected as unworkable by the Zionist Congress. Adherents of territorialism split off from the main Zionist movement and continued to search for a location where Jews might settle and create a state, or at least an autonomous area. The idea of Jewish resettlement in Madagascar was promoted by British antisemites Henry Hamilton Beamish, Arnold Leese, and others. With the cooperation of the French, the Polish government commissioned a task force in 1937 to examine the possibility of settling Polish Jews in the island. The head of the commission, , felt the island could accommodate 5,000 to 7,000 families, but Jewish members of the group estimated that, because of the climate and poor infrastructure, only 500 or even fewer families could safely be accommodated.",
"title": "Madagascar Plan"
},
{
"docid": "2041178#34",
"text": "France also set her eyes on Madagascar, the island that had been used since 1527 as a stop in travels to India. In 1642, the French East India Company founded a settlement in southern Madagascar called Fort Dauphin. The commercial results of this settlement were scarce and, again, most of the settlers died. One of the survivors, Etienne de Flacourt, published a \"History of the Great Island of Madagascar and Relations\", which was for a long time the main European source of information about the island. Further settlement attempts had no more success but, in 1667, François Martin led the first expedition to the Malgasy heartland, reaching Lake Alaotra. In 1665, France officially claimed Madagascar, under the name of Île Dauphine. However, little colonial activity would take place in Madagascar until the 19th century.",
"title": "European exploration of Africa"
},
{
"docid": "40955884#36",
"text": "Madagascar was colonised rather recently compared to other landmasses, with first evidence for humans—arrived from either Africa or Asia—dating to 2,300 or perhaps 4,000 years before present. It is assumed that humans first stayed near the coast and penetrated into the interior only several centuries later. The settlers had a profound impact on the long-isolated environment of Madagascar through land clearing and fire, introduction of zebu cattle, and probably hunting to extinction the native megafauna including, among others, elephant birds, giant lemurs and giant tortoises. The first Europeans arrived in the 16th century, starting an age of overseas exchange. Population growth and transformation of the landscape was particularly rapid since the mid-20th century.",
"title": "Flora of Madagascar"
},
{
"docid": "40955884#32",
"text": "French naturalist Alfred Grandidier was a preeminent 19th-century authority on Malagasy wildlife. His first visit in 1865 was followed by several other expeditions. He produced an atlas of the island and, in 1885, published \"L'Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar\", which would comprise 39 volumes. Although his main contributions were in zoology, he was also a prolific plant collector; several plants were named after him, including Grandidier's baobab (\"Adansonia grandidieri\") and the endemic succulent genus \"Didierea\". The British missionary and naturalist Richard Baron, Grandidier's contemporary, lived in Madagascar from 1872 to 1907 where he also collected plants and discovered up to 1,000 new species; many of his specimens were described by Kew botanist John Gilbert Baker. Baron was the first to catalogue Madagascar's vascular flora in his \"Compendium des plantes malgaches\", including over 4,700 species and varieties known at that time.",
"title": "Flora of Madagascar"
},
{
"docid": "425804#37",
"text": "British missionaries of the London Missionary Society (LMS) arrived in Antananarivo in 1820 during the reign of King Radama I. The subsequent spread of Christianity in Madagascar was coupled with the introduction of solfège as missionaries developed Malagasy-language hymns for their nascent church. The first wave of missionaries was obliged to depart Madagascar under Ranavalona I in 1836, but the hymns they developed became anthems for early Malagasy converts persecuted under the Queen's traditionalist policies. In 1871, an LMS missionary (J. Richardson) improved the rhythm and harmony of these original hymns, which were considerably influenced by European musical styles such as quadrilles and waltzes. Originally, church music was performed by slaves seated in groups of four to five at the front of the church. By the 1870s a more European congregational style had been adopted with all members of the church rising to their feet to sing together.",
"title": "Music of Madagascar"
},
{
"docid": "40758280#2",
"text": "The first formal European-style school was established in 1818 on the east coast of Madagascar at Toamasina by members of the London Missionary Society (LMS). King Radama I, the first sovereign to bring about half the island of Madagascar under his rule, was interested in strengthening ties with European powers; to this end, he invited LMS missionaries to open a school in his capital at Antananarivo within the Rova palace compound to instruct the royal family in literacy, numeracy and basic education. This first school, known as the Palace School, was established by LMS missionary David Jones on 8 December 1820 within Besakana, a Rova building of great historic and cultural significance. Within months, classes were transferred to a larger, purpose-built structure on the Rova grounds.",
"title": "Christianity in Madagascar"
}
] |
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2722
|
How large is the adult male Kodiak bear?
|
[
{
"docid": "1021213#6",
"text": "An average adult male measures in length, and stands tall at the shoulder. The largest recorded wild male weighed , and had a hind foot measurement of . A large male Kodiak bear stands up to tall at the shoulder, when it is standing on all four legs. When standing fully upright on its hind legs, a large male could reach a height of . The largest verified size for a captive Kodiak bear was for a specimen that lived at the Dakota Zoo in Bismarck, North Dakota. Nicknamed \"Clyde,\" he weighed when he died in June 1987 at the age of 22. According to zoo director Terry Lincoln, Clyde probably weighed close to a year earlier. He still had a fat layer of when he died.",
"title": "Kodiak bear"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4402#22",
"text": "The largest subspecies are the Kodiak bear (\"U. a. middendorffi\") and the questionably-distinct peninsular or coastal brown bear (\"U. a. gyas\"). Also the extinct California grizzly bear (\"U. a. californicus\") was rather large. Once mature, the typical female Kodiak bear can range in body mass from and from sexual maturity onward males range from . According to the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" the average male Kodiak bear is in total length (head-to-tail) and has a shoulder height of . When averaged between their spring low and fall high weights from both localities, males from Kodiak island and coastal Alaska weighed from with a mean body mass of while the same figures in females were with a mean body mass of . By the time they reach or exceed eight to nine years of age, male Kodiak bears tend to be much larger than newly mature six-year-old males, potentially tripling their average weight within three years' time, and can expect to average between . The reported mean adult body masses for both sexes of the polar bear are very similar to the peninsular giant and Kodiak bears. Due to their roughly corresponding body sizes, the two subtypes and the species can both legitimately be considered the largest living member of the bear family Ursidae and largest extant terrestrial carnivores. The largest widely-accepted size for a wild Kodiak bear, as well as for a brown bear, was for a bear killed in English Bay on Kodiak Island in fall 1894 as several measurements were made of this bear, including a body mass of , and a hind foot and a voucher skull were examined and verified by the \"Guinness Book of World Records\". Claims have been made of larger brown bears, but these appear to be poorly documented and unverified and some, even if recited by reputable authors, may be dubious hunters' claims.",
"title": "Brown bear"
},
{
"docid": "24408#14",
"text": "The only other bear similar in size to the polar bear is the Kodiak bear, which is a subspecies of brown bear. Adult male polar bears weigh and measure in total length. Around the Beaufort Sea, however, mature males reportedly average . Adult females are roughly half the size of males and normally weigh , measuring in length. Elsewhere, a slightly larger estimated average weight of was claimed for adult females. When pregnant, however, females can weigh as much as . The polar bear is among the most sexually dimorphic of mammals, surpassed only by the pinnipeds such as elephant seals. The largest polar bear on record, reportedly weighing , was a male shot at Kotzebue Sound in northwestern Alaska in 1960. This specimen, when mounted, stood tall on its hindlegs. The shoulder height of an adult polar bear is . While all bears are short-tailed, the polar bear's tail is relatively the shortest amongst living bears, ranging from in length.",
"title": "Polar bear"
},
{
"docid": "1021213#5",
"text": "The size range for females (sows) is from , and for males (boars), it is . Mature males average over the course of the year, and can weigh up to at peak times. Females are typically about 20% smaller and 30% lighter than males, and adult sizes are attained when they are 6 years old. Bears weigh the least when they emerge from their dens in the spring, and can increase their weight by 20–30% during late summer and fall. Captive bears can sometimes attain weights that are considerably greater than those of their counterparts in the wilderness.",
"title": "Kodiak bear"
},
{
"docid": "24408#0",
"text": "The polar bear (\"Ursus maritimus\") is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is a large bear, approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear (\"Ursus arctos middendorffi\"). A boar (adult male) weighs around , while a sow (adult female) is about half that size. Although it is the sister species of the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice and open water, and for hunting seals, which make up most of its diet. Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time on the sea ice. Their scientific name means \"maritime bear\" and derives from this fact. Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals.",
"title": "Polar bear"
},
{
"docid": "1021213#31",
"text": "Since statehood, the reported number of Kodiak bears killed by hunters has ranged from 77 (1968–1969) to 206 (1965–1966). From 2000 to 2006, an average of 173 Kodiak bears were killed by hunters each year (118 during the fall season and 55 in the spring season). Over 75% of those were males. An additional nine bears were reported killed annually in defense of life or property during the same time. The number of large, trophy-sized bears (total skull size at least ) killed by hunters in recent years has been increasing. In the 1970s, only 2.5% of the bears killed on Kodiak were trophy-sized; in the 1990s and 2000s, the proportion increased to almost 9%.",
"title": "Kodiak bear"
},
{
"docid": "11703100#1",
"text": "It is a very large bear, the largest in Eurasia, with a body length of 2.4 meters, to 3 meters tall on hind legs and a weight up to 650 kg (1433 lbs). It is nearly the size of the Kodiak bear; however, the skull is broader than that of the Ussuri brown bear, and compared to that of the Kodiak bear, the breadth of the skull is much greater in proportion to its length, the anterior narial opening is much shorter, and the molars differ in relative size and form. The greatest skull length for males is 40.3–43.6 cm and 25.8–27.7 cm wide, while the skulls of females measure 37.2–38.6 cm in length and 21.6–24.2 cm in width. Fur colour is predominantly dark brown with a violet tint. Light coloured individuals are rarely encountered.",
"title": "Kamchatka brown bear"
},
{
"docid": "1021213#1",
"text": "Physiologically, the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies, such as the mainland grizzly bear (\"Ursus arctos horribilis\") and the now-extinct California grizzly bear (\"U. a. californicus\"†), with the main difference being in size. While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas, most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg (254 and 794 lb). The Kodiak bear, on the other hand, commonly reaches sizes of , and has even been known to exceed weights of . Despite this large variation in size, the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear does not differ greatly from that of other brown bears.",
"title": "Kodiak bear"
},
{
"docid": "12995025#8",
"text": "Created by renowned British wildlife sculptor Nick Bibby, Indomitable is true to size for a male Kodiak, measuring ten feet in height. He joins Ernest Geyger's bear fountain at the Faculty Club; Ely Harvey's bronze Bruno, ca. 1923, located on the Main Green; Nicholas Swearer's expressionist bear at Maddock Alumni Center, ca. 1988, and the taxidermied Kodiak bear in the lobby of Meehan Auditorium.",
"title": "List of Brown University statues"
},
{
"docid": "1021213#10",
"text": "Kodiak bears reach sexual maturity at age five, but most sows are over nine years old when they successfully wean their first litter. The average time between litters is four years. Sows continue to produce cubs throughout their lives, but their productivity diminishes after they are 20 years old. Mating season for Kodiak bears is during May and June. They are serially monogamous (having one partner at a time), staying together from two days to two weeks. As soon as the egg is fertilized and divides a few times, it enters a state of suspended animation until autumn when it finally implants on the uterine wall and begins to grow again. Cubs are born in the den during January or February. Weighing less than at birth with little hair and closed eyes, they suckle for several months, emerging from the den in May or June, weighing . Typical litter sizes on Kodiak are two or three cubs, with a long-term average of 2.4 cubs per litter. However, Kodiak bears have six functional nipples and litters up to six cubs have been reported. Sows are sometimes seen with five or six cubs in tow, probably due to adopting cubs from other litters. Most cubs stay with their mothers for three years. Almost half of the cubs die before they leave, with cannibalism by adult males being one of the major causes of death.",
"title": "Kodiak bear"
}
] |
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] |
2723
|
Does Lily Bart die in The House of Mirth?
|
[
{
"docid": "879119#10",
"text": "The central theme of \"The House of Mirth\" is essentially \"the struggle between who we are and what society tells us we should be\". Thus, it is considered by many to be as relevant today as it was in 1905. If its sole subject had been the excesses and lives of the rich and famous, by themselves, it is doubtful it would have remained popular for as long as it has. \"The House of Mirth\" continues to attract readers over a century after its first publication, possibly due to its timeless theme. That the life and death of Lily Bart matters to modern readers suggests that Wharton succeeded in her purpose: to critique \"a society so relentlessly materialistic and self-serving that it casually destroys what is most beautiful and blameless within it.\"",
"title": "The House of Mirth"
},
{
"docid": "879119#27",
"text": "Eventually, Lily Bart receives a ten-thousand-dollar inheritance from her Aunt Peniston, which she arranges to use to repay Gus Trenor. Distraught by her misfortunes, Lily has by this time begun regularly using a sleeping draught of chloral hydrate to escape the pain of poverty and social ostracism. Once she has repaid all her debts, Lily takes an overdose of the sleeping draught and dies; perhaps it is suicide, perhaps an accident. That very morning, Lawrence Selden arrives to her quarters, to finally propose marriage, but finds Lily Bart dead. Among her belongings are receipts for her payments toward the debt she owed to Gus Trenor, proving that her financial dealings with Trenor were honorable and not evidence of an improper relationship. His realization allows him to feel sympathy and closeness for her, and he is clearly distraught by her death.",
"title": "The House of Mirth"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "879119#0",
"text": "&Mirth\nThe House of Mirth is a 1905 novel by the American author Edith Wharton. It tells the story of Lily Bart, a well-born but impoverished woman belonging to New York City's high society around the turn of the last century. Wharton creates a portrait of a stunning beauty who, though raised and educated to marry well both socially and economically, is reaching her 29th year, an age when her youthful blush is drawing to a close and her marital prospects are becoming ever more limited. \"The House of Mirth\" traces Lily's slow two-year social descent from privilege to a tragically lonely existence on the margins of society. In the words of one scholar, Wharton uses Lily as an attack on \"an irresponsible, grasping and morally corrupt upper class.\"",
"title": "The House of Mirth"
},
{
"docid": "32714222#0",
"text": "The House of Mirth is a 1918 American silent melodrama film directed by French film director Albert Capellani, starring Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart. It is a cinema adaptation of Edith Wharton's 1905 novel \"The House of Mirth\" and the first ever cinema adaptation of any of her work. It is not known whether the film currently survives.",
"title": "The House of Mirth (1918 film)"
},
{
"docid": "32607992#0",
"text": "The House of Mirth is a 1981 American television film directed by Adrian Hall. It is based on Edith Wharton's novel of the same name. It stars Geraldine Chaplin as the protagonist, Lily Bart. The film was part-funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. It was broadcast on WNET on 2 November 1981.",
"title": "The House of Mirth (1981 film)"
},
{
"docid": "35197358#10",
"text": "One example of a character in literature has been described as being a recipient of 'slut-shaming' is the character Lily Bart in Edith Wharton's \"House of Mirth\".",
"title": "Slut-shaming"
},
{
"docid": "879119#3",
"text": "Wharton considered several titles for the novel about Lily Bart; two were germane to her purpose:",
"title": "The House of Mirth"
},
{
"docid": "879119#24",
"text": "Undeterred by such misfortunes, Lily fights to regain her place in high society by befriending Mr. and Mrs. Gormer and becoming their social secretary, so as to introduce the Gormers to high society and groom them to take a better social position. However, her enemy, the malicious Bertha Dorset, gradually communicates to them the \"scandalous\" personal background of Lily Bart, and thus undermines the friendship which Lily had hoped would socially rehabilitate her. Only two friends remain for Lily: Gerty Farish (a cousin of Lawrence Selden) and Carry Fisher, who help her cope with the social ignominy of a degraded social status while continually advising Lily to marry as soon as reasonably possible.",
"title": "The House of Mirth"
},
{
"docid": "15670779#1",
"text": "Lily Bart is a beautiful socialite accustomed to comfort and luxury. Along with her younger cousin, Grace Stepney, she lives with her wealthy aunt, Julia Peniston. Through a series of unfortunate misunderstandings, she learns of the bitter consequences for a single woman without wealth, living in an uncaring society.",
"title": "The House of Mirth (2000 film)"
},
{
"docid": "42372705#2",
"text": "Anderson was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award twice: in 2006, as Best Actress on Television for \"Bleak House\" and in 2011, for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her portrayal of Wallis Simpson in \"Any Human Heart\". For her portrayal of Lily Bart in \"The House of Mirth\" (2000) Anderson won the British Independent Film Award for Best Actress.",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Gillian Anderson"
}
] |
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] |
2725
|
What types of medications treats OCD?
|
[
{
"docid": "4992942#27",
"text": "Antidepressants which have been shown to be effective in treating OCD include fluvoxamine (trade name Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and clomipramine (Anafranil). Although SSRIs are known to be effective for OCD in general, there have been fewer studies on their effectiveness for intrusive thoughts. A retrospective chart review of patients with sexual symptoms treated with SSRIs showed the greatest improvement was in those with intrusive sexual obsessions typical of OCD. A study of ten patients with religious or blasphemous obsessions found that most patients responded to treatment with fluoxetine or clomipramine. Women with postpartum depression often have anxiety as well, and may need lower starting doses of SSRIs; they may not respond fully to the medication, and may benefit from adding cognitive behavioral or response prevention therapy.",
"title": "Intrusive thought"
},
{
"docid": "402652#21",
"text": "Obsessive-compulsive disorders are treated with various serotonergic antidepressants including the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine and various SSRI medications. With existing drug therapy, OCD symptoms can be controlled, but not cured. Several of these compounds (including paroxetine, which has an FDA indication) have been tested successfully in conjunction with OCD hoarding.",
"title": "Compulsive hoarding"
},
{
"docid": "1490408#9",
"text": "Little evidence is available on the use of medications to treat scrupulosity. Although serotonergic medications are often used to treat OCD, studies of pharmacologic treatment of scrupulosity in particular have produced so few results that even tentative recommendations cannot be made.",
"title": "Scrupulosity"
},
{
"docid": "39034920#11",
"text": "Drug treatment of OCD may be assumed to affect a proposed functional imbalance between the frontal lobes and other parts of the brain. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SRI, especially potent ones given at high doses over long periods of time, are often effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, a large percentage of patients do not respond to treatment with the SRI, and those who do respond often do not fully remit, which should be the standard goal of treatment in OCD. If a patient has been treated for several months and has not yet responded to treatment with several types of SRI medication, the physician should perform a careful assessment of resistant and/or residual clinical symptoms. Any comorbid conditions to determine which next-step treatment would be the most appropriate. One strategy for patients who have not responded to treatment with a SRI is to switch them to aserotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.",
"title": "Delayed- Maturation Theory of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder"
},
{
"docid": "20082214#40",
"text": "A form of psychotherapy called \"cognitive behavioral therapy\" (CBT) and psychotropic medications are first-line treatments for OCD. Other forms of psychotherapy, such as psychodynamic and psychoanalysis may help in managing some aspects of the disorder, but in 2007 the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted a lack of controlled studies showing their effectiveness \"in dealing with the core symptoms of OCD\". The fact that many individuals do not seek treatment may be due in part to stigma associated with OCD.",
"title": "Obsessive–compulsive disorder"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31110904#49",
"text": "Behavior therapy has proven to be an effective method for treating OCD. Patients are exposed to the theme that is typically avoided, while being restricted from performing their usual anxiety reducing rituals. Behavior therapy rarely eliminates OCD, but it helps to reduce the signs and symptoms. With medication, this reduction of the disorder is even more evident. Antidepressants are usually the first prescribed medication to a patient with OCD. Medications that treat OCD typically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin.",
"title": "Effects of stress on memory"
},
{
"docid": "23753743#11",
"text": "Reduced dopamine D1 receptor (D1) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2) have been reported in the striatum in people with OCD, along with both increased and decreased reports of dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. While antipsychotics are sometimes used to treat refractory OCD, they frequently fail in treating or exacerbate OCD symptoms. Furthermore psychostimulants are sometimes used to treat OCD. Treatment with deep brain stimulation is effective in OCD, and response correlates with increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Combined this evidence suggests that OCD may be associated with both increased and decreased dopamine signaling, or that a unidirectional model may not be adequate.",
"title": "Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder"
},
{
"docid": "9022677#12",
"text": "Many different types of medication can create/induce pure OCD in patients that have never had symptoms before. A new chapter about OCD in the DSM-5 (2013) now specifically includes drug-induced OCD.",
"title": "Sexual obsessions"
},
{
"docid": "33956685#5",
"text": "Dopaminergic systems are implicated in OCD by the efficacy of dopaminergic agents, the fact that PANDAS may be implicated, and by various neuroimaging studies. OCD may be treated with antipsychotic agents, however psychostimulants agents have also shown some promise in alleviating the symptoms of OCD. Although these need to be reconciled, they both implicate the dopaminergic systems. OCD also has a high comorbidity with ADHD, which is treated with psychostimulants and may result from increased phasic and decreased tonic signaling of dopaminergic neurons. PANDAS also affects the basal ganglia, where dopamine plays a large role as a neurotransmitter.",
"title": "Cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder"
},
{
"docid": "5750#2",
"text": "When compared to psychoactive medications, review studies have found CBT alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression and anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), tics, substance abuse, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. It is often recommended in combination with medications for treating other conditions, such as severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder, opioid use disorder, bipolar disorder and psychotic disorders. In addition, CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents, including aggression and conduct disorder. Researchers have found that other \"bona fide\" therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults. Along with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), CBT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice, and CBT and IPT are the only psychosocial interventions that psychiatry residents are mandated to be trained in.",
"title": "Cognitive behavioral therapy"
}
] |
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] |
2727
|
Is Gona Barracks still and active military barracks?
|
[
{
"docid": "44948905#26",
"text": "In October 1998, following a period of scaling down of activity at the site, Gona Barracks officially closed. Units based at the barracks were dispersed to other Army bases, the museum shifted to Enoggera and a war memorial flagpole sent out to the Royal Australian Regiment Memorial Walk and Contemplation Building at Enoggera.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44948905#76",
"text": "Gona Barracks has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history as the World War I buildings in the upper barracks demonstrate the development of military technology. The buildings constructed for the artillery, service corps and engineers demonstrate in their form and room layouts the important role played by horses in military activity at that time, which was later supersede by motorised transportation.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#72",
"text": "The former Gona Barracks is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as evidence of Queensland's preparations for military involvement in various world conflicts. Specifically, Gona Barracks is associated with the expansion of military training for militia forces after the introduction of compulsory military training in 1911, the provision of facilities for specialist militia units, and the continuation of voluntary military forces until 1998. The place contains World War I drill halls built for militia units of infantry, and more specialised groups such as the artillery, engineers and service corps, and as such demonstrates the extent of the various sections of the armed forces at the time and the commitment of the citizen soldiers who composed these units. The general size of the barracks site also demonstrates the site's early history as the Brisbane Grammar School endowment, from 1879 to 1911.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#0",
"text": "Gona Barracks is a heritage-listed barracks at 3, 7,12, 25 & 26 Gona Parade, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1960s. It is also known as Kelvin Grove Military Reserve and Kelvin Grove Training Area. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#82",
"text": "Gona Barracks has a special association with a substantial part of Queensland's military community. As a military training ground since the early years of World War I until 1998, thousands of servicemen and women have an association with the site which has played an active role during the major periods of defence organisation in this country. In more recent years, it has functioned as an Army recruiting centre, particularly for the Army Reserve who were based at the site.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#1",
"text": "The Gona Barracks site was established just prior to World War I in the 1910s, for the purpose of military training for specialist units of compulsory militia forces. The site continued to develop and became a Citizens Military Force training complex in the 1950s, and later an Army Reserve recruitment centre.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#74",
"text": "The World War I era buildings in the upper barracks area of Gona Barracks demonstrate rare aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage as a surviving precinct of buildings from this period, and as examples of the early design of buildings by the Commonwealth. The concentration of drill halls, and the number of different types of drill halls for the various services sited at one location was not a common military practice at the time. The gun park, services, artillery and engineers drill halls are rare surviving examples of their type.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#28",
"text": "A heritage assessment of the Gona Barracks site determined that it was the buildings of the upper barracks around the parade ground that, as a group, were of a greatest significance. A partnership between the Queensland Department of Housing, Brisbane City Council and the Queensland University of Technology was formed to develop a mixed-use urban village precinct using the Gona Barracks site and adjacent land. The university built its Creative Industries precinct re-using Gona Barracks buildings and introducing new buildings, sited to reinforce the rectangular form of the Gona barracks parade ground. The re-development won major planning and design awards from the Urban Development Institute of Australia.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44948905#24",
"text": "During the 1960s the Australian Army began renaming their barracks sites, drawing on prominent battles for the names. The Kelvin Grove site became \"Gona Barracks\", derived from the Battle of Gona, fought between Japanese and Australian troops on the north coast of Papua New Guinea between 16 November and 9 December 1942. The barracks continued to evolve and new military units moved to the site. In 1965 five brick houses were built along Blamey Street at a cost of for use as married quarters. Two of the houses were later removed from Blamey Street, and the remaining three were excised from the barracks site. In 1966 the parade ground area was resealed in order to install two helicopter landing pads, while by the 1980s, a new steel demountable lecture room was constructed where the former riding school once stood. Another building, the 1934 staff officers quarters, was removed and relocated to Witton Barracks at Indooroopilly in 1974. In the 1970s portions of army land were acquired by the Main Roads Department for various road works adjoining the site, while another portion was sold and became part of the Kelvin Grove Campus of Queensland University of Technology.",
"title": "Gona Barracks"
},
{
"docid": "44952575#2",
"text": "A heritage assessment of the Gona Barracks site determined that it was the buildings of the upper barracks around the parade ground that, as a group, were of a greatest significance rather than individual buildings. A partnership between the Queensland Department of Housing, Brisbane City Council and the Queensland University of Technology was formed to develop a mixed-use urban village precinct using the Gona Barracks site and adjacent land. The university built its Creative Industries precinct re-using Gona Barracks buildings and introducing new buildings, sited to reinforce the rectangular form of the Gona barracks parade ground. The re-development won major planning and design awards from the Urban Development Institute of Australia.",
"title": "Kelvin Grove Urban Village"
}
] |
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] |
2729
|
What's a chemical compound?
|
[
{
"docid": "21347411#5",
"text": "Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, or the subset of chemical complexes that are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Pure chemical elements are generally not considered chemical compounds, failing the two or more atom requirement, though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms (such as in the diatomic molecule H, or the polyatomic molecule S, etc.). Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number.",
"title": "Chemical compound"
},
{
"docid": "21347411#4",
"text": "Any substance consisting of two or more different types of atoms (chemical elements) in a fixed stoichiometric proportion can be termed a \"chemical compound\"; the concept is most readily understood when considering pure chemical substances. It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted, via chemical reaction, into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms. The ratio of each element in the compound is expressed in a ratio in its chemical formula. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using the standard abbreviations for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: the chemical formula is HO. In the case of non-stoichiometric compounds, the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation, and give fixed proportions of their component elements, but proportions that are not integral [e.g., for palladium hydride, PdH (0.02 < x < 0.58)].",
"title": "Chemical compound"
},
{
"docid": "21347411#6",
"text": "There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances, which include truly non-stoichiometric examples, from chemical compounds, which require the fixed ratios. Many solid chemical substances—for example many silicate minerals—are chemical substances, but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios; even so, these crystalline substances are often called \"non-stoichiometric compounds\". It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as the variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true \"chemical compound\", or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of the Earth. Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements, which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly.",
"title": "Chemical compound"
},
{
"docid": "21347411#0",
"text": "A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds. A chemical element bonded to an identical chemical element is not a chemical compound since only one element, not two different elements, is involved.",
"title": "Chemical compound"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9722260#24",
"text": "Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.",
"title": "Chemical substance"
},
{
"docid": "21347411#12",
"text": "A compound can be converted to a different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a chemical reaction. In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically, this reaction could be described as , where A, B, C, and D are each unique atoms; and AB, AD, CD, and CB are each unique compounds.",
"title": "Chemical compound"
},
{
"docid": "21347411#2",
"text": "A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using the standard abbreviations for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: the chemical formula is HO. Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number.",
"title": "Chemical compound"
},
{
"docid": "5180#12",
"text": "A \"compound\" is a pure chemical substance composed of more than one element. The properties of a compound bear little similarity to those of its elements. The standard nomenclature of compounds is set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Organic compounds are named according to the organic nomenclature system. The names for inorganic compounds are created according to the inorganic nomenclature system. When a compound has more than one component, then they are divided into two classes, the electropositive and the electronegative components. In addition the Chemical Abstracts Service has devised a method to index chemical substances. In this scheme each chemical substance is identifiable by a number known as its CAS registry number.",
"title": "Chemistry"
},
{
"docid": "9722260#8",
"text": "The concept of a \"chemical substance\" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate. He deduced that, \"All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound.\" This is now known as the law of constant composition. Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.",
"title": "Chemical substance"
},
{
"docid": "5736171#5",
"text": "The chemical state of an element is often confused with its oxidation state. The chemical state of an element or a group of elements that has a non-zero ionic charge, e.g. (1+), (2+), (3+), (1-), (2-) (3-), is defined as the oxidation state of that element or group of elements. Elements or chemical groups that have an ionic charge can usually be dissolved to form ions in either water or another polar solvent. Such a compound or salt is described as an ionic compound with ionic bonds which means that, in effect, all of the electron density of one or more valence electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative group of elements to the more electronegative group of elements. In the case of a non-ionic compound the chemical bonds are non-ionic such meaning the compound will probably not dissolve in water or another polar solvent. Many non-ionic compounds have chemical bonds that share the electron density that binds them together. This type of chemical bond is either a non-polar covalent bond or a polar covalent bond.",
"title": "Chemical state"
}
] |
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] |
2732
|
Is the Caspian Sea saltwater?
|
[
{
"docid": "19653787#8",
"text": "The Caspian Sea, like the Black Sea, Namak Lake, and Lake Urmia, is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to tectonic uplift and a fall in sea level. During warm and dry climatic periods, the landlocked sea almost dried up, depositing evaporitic sediments like halite that were covered by wind-blown deposits and were sealed off as an evaporite sink when cool, wet climates refilled the basin. (Comparable evaporite beds underlie the Mediterranean.) Due to the current inflow of fresh water, the Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake in its northern portions, and is most saline on the Iranian shore, where the catchment basin contributes little flow. Currently, the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth's oceans. The Garabogazköl embayment, which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored, routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#2",
"text": "The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km (143,200 sq mi) (not including the detached lagoon of Garabogazköl) and a volume of 78,200 km(18,800 cu mi). It has a salinity of approximately 1.2% (12 g/l), about a third of the salinity of most seawater.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19653787#21",
"text": "The Caspian turtle (\"Mauremys caspica\"), although found in neighboring areas, is a wholly freshwater species. The zebra mussel is native to the Caspian and Black Sea basins, but has become an invasive species elsewhere, when introduced. The area has given its name to several species, including the Caspian gull and the Caspian tern. The Caspian seal (\"Pusa caspica\") is the only aquatic mammal and is endemic to the Caspian Sea, being one of very few seal species that live in inland waters, but it is different from the those inhabiting freshwaters due to the hydrological environment of the sea.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "49319487#0",
"text": "The Black Sea-Caspian Steppe is an informal name for that part of the Eurasian Steppe that extends south between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is usually treated as part of the Pontic-Caspian steppe which includes the area north of the Black and Caspian Seas, but there is some reason to treat it as a distinct place. Its natural boundaries are the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west, the Caucasus Mountains on the south and the Caspian Sea on the east. Its northern boundary may be taken as the triangle formed by the lower Don River and Volga River which are about 60 km apart to the west of Volgograd. This article excludes the north slope of the Caucasus which is not steppe and has a distinct geography and history.",
"title": "Black Sea–Caspian Steppe"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#0",
"text": "The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia, to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the broad steppe of Central Asia. It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast. The Caspian Sea is home to a wide range of species and may be best known for its caviar and oil industries. Pollution from the oil industry and dams on rivers draining into the Caspian Sea have had negative effects on the organisms living in the sea.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "349764#7",
"text": "The lower part of the river flows through the Kura-Aras Lowland, which covers most of central Azerbaijan and abuts the Caspian Sea. The Kura is the third largest, after the Volga and Ural, of the rivers that flow into the Caspian. Its delta is the fourth largest among the rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea, and is divided into three main sections, or \"sleeves\", composed of sediment the river deposited during different periods of time. Before 1998, the river flowed all the way to the tip of the delta, where it discharged into the Caspian. In that year, the river escaped its channel and started to flow off to the west, leaving the last few kilometers abandoned. The course change is believed to be the result of a rise in the level of the Caspian Sea coupled with a major flood of the Kura.",
"title": "Kura (Caspian Sea)"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#10",
"text": "Differences between the three regions are dramatic. The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf, and is very shallow; it accounts for less than 1% of the total water volume with an average depth of only . The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian, where the average depth is . The Southern Caspian is the deepest, with oceanic depths of over , greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas, such as the Persian Gulf. The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33% and 66% of the total water volume, respectively. The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#13",
"text": "The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, although it is not a freshwater lake. It contains about 3.5 times more water, by volume, than all five of North America's Great Lakes combined. The Caspian was once part of the Tethys Ocean, but became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to plate tectonics. The Volga River (about 80% of the inflow) and the Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea, but it has no natural outflow other than by evaporation. Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin, with its own sea level history that is independent of the eustatic level of the world's oceans.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#22",
"text": "Archeological studies of Gobustan petroglyphs indicate that there once had been dolphins and porpoises, or a certain species of beaked whales and a whaling scene indicates large baleen whales likely being present in Caspian Sea at least until when the Caspian Sea ceased being a part of the ocean system or until the Quaternary or much more recent periods such as until the last glacial period or antiquity. Although the rock art on Kichikdash Mountain is assumed to be of a dolphin or of a beaked whale, it might instead represent the famous beluga sturgeon due to its size (430 cm in length), but fossil records suggest certain ancestors of modern dolphins and whales, such as \"Macrokentriodon morani\" (bottlenose dolphins) and \"Balaenoptera sibbaldina\" (blue whales) were presumably larger than their present descendants. From the same artworks, auks, like Brunnich's Guillemot could also have been in the sea as well, and these petroglyphs suggest marine inflow between the current Caspian Sea and the Arctic Ocean or North Sea, or the Black Sea. This is supported by the existences of current endemic, oceanic species such as lagoon cockles which was genetically identified to originate in Caspian/Black Seas regions.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#47",
"text": ", negotiations related to the demarcation of the Caspian Sea had been going on for nearly a decade among the states bordering the Caspian – Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The status of the Caspian Sea is the key problem. Access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fishing, and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea) all depend upon the outcomes of negotiations. Access to the Volga River is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This concerns Russia, because the potential traffic would use its inland waterways. If a body of water is labelled as a sea, then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels. If a body of water is labelled merely as a lake, then there are no such obligations. Environmental issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue.",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
},
{
"docid": "19653787#3",
"text": "The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi, an ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in Transcaucasia. Strabo wrote that \"to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared\". Moreover, the Caspian Gates, which is the name of a region in Iran's Tehran province, possibly indicates that they migrated to the south of the sea. The Iranian city of Qazvin shares the root of its name with that of the sea. In fact, the traditional Arabic name for the sea itself is Baḥr al-Qazwin (Sea of Qazvin).",
"title": "Caspian Sea"
}
] |
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] |
2733
|
What country does the island of Lesbos belong to?
|
[
{
"docid": "54136#0",
"text": "Lesbos Prefecture () was one of the prefectures of Greece. It comprised three main islands: Lesbos itself, Lemnos, and the smaller island of Agios Efstratios. Its capital was the town of Mytilene, on Lesbos. In 2011 the prefecture was abolished and the territory was divided between the regional units of Lesbos and Lemnos.\"Note:\" Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.",
"title": "Lesbos Prefecture"
},
{
"docid": "2633994#0",
"text": "Lesbos (, ; , ) is an island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait and in late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic times was joined to the Anatolian mainland before the end of the last glacial period.",
"title": "Lesbos"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2633994#11",
"text": "During the Middle Ages it belonged to the Byzantine Empire. In 802, the Byzantine Empress Irene was exiled to Lesbos after her deposition, and died there. The island served as a gathering base for the fleet of the rebel Thomas the Slav in the early 820s.",
"title": "Lesbos"
},
{
"docid": "47033082#2",
"text": "During the Middle Ages, the island of Lesbos belonged to the Byzantine Empire. In the 1090s, the island was briefly occupied by the Turkish emir Tzachas. In the 12th century, the island became a frequent target for plundering raids by the Republic of Venice. After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire, but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224. In 1354, it was granted as a fief to the Genoese Francesco I Gattilusio. The Gattilusi also ruled Old Phocaea on the Anatolian mainland and the town of Ainos in Thrace, but by the 1430s, with the precipitate decline of Byzantine power, they had also seized Thasos and Samothrace.",
"title": "Ottoman conquest of Lesbos"
},
{
"docid": "181549#21",
"text": "The Baroque church of Saint Therapon dominates at the port with its impressive style.In 2015 the island of Lesbos began to draw international attention because of what has been popularized as the European refugee crisis. Facing economic crises, oppressive governments, violence, and war, thousands of people from Syria, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, and other countries have decided to leave their homes and seek safety in Europe. As the capital of Lesbos, the city of Mytilene has become a primary entry point for refugees and migrants who seek to pass through Greece to resettle elsewhere in Europe.",
"title": "Mytilene"
},
{
"docid": "17846#5",
"text": "In Algernon Charles Swinburne's 1866 poem \"Sapphics\", the term \"lesbian\" appears twice but capitalized both times after twice mentioning the island of Lesbos, and so could be construed to mean 'from the island of Lesbos'. In 1875, George Saintsbury, in writing about Baudelaire's poetry refers to his \"Lesbian studies\" in which he includes his poem about \"the passion of Delphine\" which is a poem simply about love between two women which does not mention the island of Lesbos, though the other poem alluded to, entitled \"Lesbos\", does. \"Lesbianism\", to describe erotic relationships between women, had been documented in 1870. In 1890, the term \"lesbian\" was used in a medical dictionary as an adjective to describe tribadism (as \"lesbian love\"). The terms \"lesbian\", \"invert\" and \"homosexual\" were interchangeable with \"sapphist\" and \"sapphism\" around the turn of the 20th century. The use of \"lesbian\" in medical literature became prominent; by 1925, the word was recorded as a noun to mean the female equivalent of a sodomite.",
"title": "Lesbian"
},
{
"docid": "2633994#1",
"text": "Lesbos is also the name of a regional unit of the North Aegean region, within which Lesbos island is one of five governing islands. The others are Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, and Samos. The North Aegean region governs nine inhabited islands: Lesbos, Chios, Psara, Oinousses, Ikaria, Fournoi Korseon, Lemnos, Agios Efstratios and Samos. The capital of the North Aegean Region is Mytilene. The population of Lesbos is approximately 86,000, a third of whom live in its capital, Mytilene, in the southeastern part of the island. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages. The largest are Plomari, Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Agiassos, Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythimna).",
"title": "Lesbos"
},
{
"docid": "8595277#0",
"text": "Anemotia is a village on the Greek Island of Lesbos. It belongs to the municipality of Kalloni and is in the mountains, roughly halfway between Kalloni and Eresos.",
"title": "Anemotia"
},
{
"docid": "14435167#0",
"text": "Lesbos wine is wine made on the Greek island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea. The island has a long history of winemaking dating back to at least the 7th century BC when it was mentioned in the works of Homer. During this time the area competed with the wines of Chios for the Greek market. An apocryphal account details one of the brothers of the poet Sappho as a merchant trading Lesbos wine with the Greek colony of Naucratis in Egypt. The most noted Lesbos wine was known as \"Pramnian\" which draws similarities today to the Hungarian wine Eszencia. The popularity of Lesbos wine continued into Roman times where it was highly valued along with other Aegean wines of Chios, Thasos and Kos.",
"title": "Lesbian wine"
},
{
"docid": "5730435#1",
"text": "It has been designated as a protected natural monument. The petrified forest of Lesbos was formed from the fossilized remains of plants, which can be found in many localities on the western part of Lesbos Island. The area enclosed by the villages of Eressos, Antissa and Sigri is very dense in fossilized tree trunks and forms the Petrified Forest of Lesbos, which is managed by the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest. Isolated plant fossils can be found in many other parts of the island, including the villages of Molyvos, Polichnitos, Plomari and Akrasi.",
"title": "Petrified forest of Lesbos"
},
{
"docid": "25296138#1",
"text": "Macareus fled to Lesbos, where he became king, and took over many of the neighboring islands. Lesbos, son of Lapithes and grandson of Aeolus, after whom the island came to be named, married Macareus' daughter, Methymna (eponym of Methymna, a city at Lesbos); alternately, Methymna married Lepetymnus, eponym of a mountain on Lesbos, and had by him two sons, Hicetaon and Hypsipylus, who were slain by Achilles during the sack of the city of Methymna. Among Macareus' other daughters were Mytilene, Agamede, Antissa, and Arisbe, all eponyms of cities at Lesbos. His sons were entrusted by him the leadership of the colonies he founded on the neighbouring islands: Cydrolaus was sent to Samos, Neandrus to Cos, Leucippus to Rhodes (where the colonists mixed with the local population), and an unnamed son to Chios. Yet another son of Macareus, Eresus, gave his name to a town on Lesbos (modern Eresos).",
"title": "Macareus of Rhodes"
}
] |
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] |
2734
|
When was the Hungarian Revolution?
|
[
{
"docid": "351949#0",
"text": "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( or ), was a nationwide revolution against the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. Though leaderless when it first began, it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II.",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956"
},
{
"docid": "7327588#0",
"text": "On October 22, 1956, a group of Hungarian students compiled a list of sixteen points containing key national policy demands. Following an anti-Soviet protest march through the Hungarian capital of Budapest, the students attempted to enter the city's main broadcasting station to read their demands on the air. The students were detained, and when people gathered outside the broadcasting station to call for their release, the state security police fired on the unarmed crowd, setting off the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.",
"title": "Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9502317#79",
"text": "This combat led to the Vienna Uprising of October 1848, when insurgents attacked a garrison on its way to Hungary to support forces. However, the Austrian army was able to quell the rebellion. At the same time, at Schwechat, the Austrians defeated a Hungarian attempt to capture Vienna. After this victory, General Windischgrätz and 70,000 troops were sent to Hungary to crush the Hungarian revolution. the Austrians followed the Danube down from Vienna and crossed over into Hungary to envelope Komorn (now Komárom, Hungary and Komárno, Slovakia). They continued down the Danube to Pest, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom. After some fierce fighting, the Austrians, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, captured Buda and Pest. (the town was known in German as Ofen and later Buda and Pest were united into Budapest).",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848"
},
{
"docid": "9502317#67",
"text": "The Slovak Uprising was a reactionary movement to the Hungarian Revolution in the Western parts of Upper Hungary (now Western Slovakia). The Slovak nation and people had been poorly defined up to this point, as the Slovak people lacked a definitive border or national identity. However, in the years leading up to the revolution, the Hungarians had taken steps to Magyarize the Slovak region under Hungarian control. The aim of this was to bring the varied ethnic groups around Hungary into a common culture. At the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution this process was seen as more imminent and threatening to ethnic groups, especially the Slovaks.",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848"
},
{
"docid": "6974712#10",
"text": "Also in 2006, a feature film about the match was released, entitled \"Children of Glory\" (Hungarian title: \"Szabadság, szerelem\", meaning \"Freedom, love\", after the lines of Sándor Petőfi, the martyred poet of the 1848–49 revolution). The movie shows the Hungarian Revolution through the eyes of a player on the water polo team and a young woman who is one of the student leaders. It was directed by Krisztina Goda, and produced by Andrew G. Vajna. The movie appeared in Hungarian cinemas on 23 October 2006, the 50th anniversary of the revolution. On 29 October 2006, it was shown at the White House for President George W. Bush and guests (including Hungarian-American figures such as George Pataki, Governor of New York, and George A. Olah, Nobel Prize winner).",
"title": "Blood in the Water match"
},
{
"docid": "4030557#0",
"text": "There was a period of revolutions and interventions in Hungary between 1918 and 1920. The First Hungarian Republic was founded by Mihály Károlyi during the Aster Revolution in 1918. In March 1919, the republic was overturned by another revolution, and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (also known as Hungarian Republic of Councils) was created. The unresolved conflicts led to wars between Hungary and its neighbor states (Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the evolving Czechoslovakia) in 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Republic ceased to exist after the Romanian occupation. The Treaty of Trianon in Versailles chilled the conflicts and beneficiaries for this event were Romania, the newly formed states of Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.",
"title": "Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)"
},
{
"docid": "10156432#29",
"text": "The revolution grew into a war for independence from the Austrian Empire when Josip Jelačić, Ban of Croatia, crossed the border to restore Habsburg control. The new government, led by Lajos Kossuth, was initially successful against the Habsburg forces. Although Hungary took a national united stand for its freedom, some minorities of the Kingdom of Hungary, including the Serbs of Vojvodina, the Romanians of Transylvania and some Slovaks of Upper Hungary supported the Habsburg Emperor and fought against the Hungarian Revolutionary Army. Eventually, after one and a half years of fighting, the revolution was crushed when Russian Tsar Nicholas I marched into Hungary with over 300,000 troops. Hungary was thus placed under brutal martial law, with the Austrian government restored. The leading rebels like Kossuth fled into exile or were executed. In the long run, the passive resistance following the revolution led to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), which marked the birth of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.",
"title": "Revolutions of 1848"
},
{
"docid": "351949#48",
"text": "Two days earlier, on 30 October, when Soviet Politburo representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov were in Budapest, Nagy had hinted that neutrality was a long-term objective for Hungary, and that he was hoping to discuss this matter with the leaders in the Kremlin. This information was passed on to Moscow by Mikoyan and Suslov. At that time, Khrushchev was in Stalin's dacha, considering his options regarding Hungary. One of his speech writers later said that the declaration of neutrality was an important factor in his subsequent decision to support intervention. In addition, some Hungarian leaders of the revolution as well as students had called for their country's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact much earlier, and this may have influenced Soviet decision making.",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956"
},
{
"docid": "9502317#60",
"text": "In 1848 and 1849, however, the Hungarians were supported by most Slovaks, Germans, Rusyns and Hungarian Slovenes, the Hungarian Jews, and many Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.\nOn 28 July 1849, the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws on ethnic and minority rights in Europe, but these were overturned after the Russian and Austrian armies crushed the Hungarian Revolution.\nOccasionally, the Austrian throne would overplay their hand in their tactics of divide and conquer in Hungary – with some quite unintended results. This happened in the case of the Slovaks who had begun the war as at least indifferent if not positively anti-Magyar, but came to support the Hungarian Government against the Dynasty. But in another case, the Austrians' double-dealing brought some even more surprising new allies to the Hungarian cause during the war in 1849.",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848"
},
{
"docid": "351949#50",
"text": "The militants arrived at the conclusion that \"the Party is the incarnation of bureaucratic despotism\" and that \"socialism can develop only on the foundations of direct democracy\". For them the struggle of the Hungarian workers was a struggle \"for the principle of direct democracy\" and \"all power should be transferred to the Workers Committees of Hungary\". The Presidium decided to break the \"de facto\" ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution. The plan was to declare a \"Provisional Revolutionary Government\" under János Kádár, who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order. According to witnesses, Kádár was in Moscow in early November, and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government. Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China, seeking to avoid a regional conflict, and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast when the second Soviet intervention had begun. To disguise these intentions, Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces.",
"title": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956"
}
] |
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2735
|
How fast could the SS Great Eastern go?
|
[
{
"docid": "428857#13",
"text": "She also had six masts (said to be named after the days of a week – Monday being the fore mast and Saturday the spanker mast), providing space for of sails (7 gaff and max. 9 (usually 4) square sails), rigged similar to a topsail schooner with a main gaff sail (fore-and-aft sail) on each mast, one \"jib\" on the fore mast and three square sails on masts no. 2 and no. 3 (Tuesday & Wednesday); for a time mast no. 4 was also fitted with three yards. In later years, some of the yards were removed. According to some sources she would have carried . This amount of canvas is obviously too much for seven fore-and-aft sails and max. 9 square sails. This (larger) figure of sail area lies only a few square metres below that the famous Flying P-Liner \"Preußen\" carried – with her five full-rigged masts of 30 square sails and a lot of stay sails. Setting sails turned out to be unusable at the same time as the paddles and screw were under steam, because the hot exhaust from the five (later four) funnels would set them on fire. Her maximum speed was 24 km/h (13 knots).",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "428857#0",
"text": "SS \"Great Eastern\" was an iron sailing steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and built by J. Scott Russell & Co. at Millwall Iron Works on the River Thames, London. She was by far the largest ship ever built at the time of her 1858 launch, and had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers from England to Australia without refuelling. Her length of was only surpassed in 1899 by the 17,274-gross-ton RMS \"Oceanic\", her gross tonnage of 18,915 was only surpassed in 1901 by the 21,035-gross-ton RMS \"Celtic\", and her 4,000-passenger capacity was surpassed in 1913 by the 4,935-passenger SS \"Imperator\". The ship's five funnels were rare. These were later reduced to four.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#31",
"text": "Upon \"Great Eastern's\" return to England, the ship was chartered by the British Government to transport troops to Quebec. 2,144 officers and men, 473 women and children, and 200 horses were embarked at Liverpool along with 40 paying passengers. The ship sailed on 25 June 1861 and went at full speed throughout most of the trip arriving at her destination 8 days and 6 hours after leaving Liverpool. \"Great Eastern\" stayed for a month and returned to Britain at the beginning of July with 357 paying passengers.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#34",
"text": "The voyage took 9 days 13 hours. \"Great Eastern's\" arrival in New York was virtually unnoticed due to the American Civil War, and when it was opened to the public at 25 cents a head there was little interest. 194 passengers sailed on the return journey on 25 May and 5,000 tons of wheat was also carried.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#3",
"text": "On 25 March 1852, Brunel made a sketch of a steamship in his diary and wrote beneath it: \"Say 600 ft x 65 ft x 30 ft\" (180 m x 20 m x 9.1 m). These measurements were six times larger by volume than any ship afloat; such a large vessel would benefit from economies of scale and would be both fast and economical, requiring fewer crew than the equivalent tonnage made up of smaller ships. Brunel realised that the ship would need more than one propulsion system; since twin screws were still very much experimental, he settled on a combination of a single screw and paddle wheels, with auxiliary sail power. Using paddle wheels meant that the ship would be able to reach Calcutta, where the Hooghly River was too shallow for screws.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#9",
"text": "In the spring of 1854 work could at last begin. The first problem to arise was where the ship was to be built. Scott Russell's contract stipulated that it was to be built in a dock, but Russell quoted a price of £8–10,000 to build the necessary dock and so this part of the scheme was abandoned, partly due to the cost and also to the difficulty of finding a suitable site for the dock. The idea of a normal stern first launch was also rejected because of the great length of the vessel, also because to provide the right launch angle the bow of the ship would have to be raised in the air. Eventually it was decided to build the ship sideways to the river and use a mechanical slip designed by Brunel for the launch. Later the mechanical design was dropped on the grounds of cost, although the sideways plan remained.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#11",
"text": "\"Great Eastern's\" keel was laid down on 1 May 1854. The hull was an all-iron construction, a double hull of wrought iron in plates with ribs every . Internally, the hull was divided by two long, high, longitudinal bulkheads and further transverse bulkheads dividing the ship into nineteen compartments. \"Great Eastern\" was the first ship to incorporate the double-skinned hull, a feature which would not be seen again in a ship for several decades, but which is now compulsory for reasons of safety.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#54",
"text": "An early example of breaking-up a structure by use of a wrecking ball, she was scrapped at New Ferry on the River Mersey by Henry Bath & Son Ltd in 1889–1890 – it took 18 months to take her apart. At the time Everton Football Club were looking for a flagpole for their Anfield ground, and consequently purchased her top mast. It still stands there today at the ground - now owned by Liverpool Football Club (formed 1892), at the Kop end. In 2011, the Channel 4 programme \"Time Team\" found geophysical survey evidence to suggest that residual iron parts from the ship's keel and lower structure still reside in the foreshore.\nDuring 1859, when \"Great Eastern\" was off Portland conducting trials, an explosion aboard blew off one of the funnels. The funnel was salvaged and subsequently purchased by the water company supplying Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in Dorset, UK, and used as a filtering device. It was later transferred to the Bristol Maritime Museum close to Brunel's SS \"Great Britain\" then moved to the SS \"Great Britain\" museum.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "428857#4",
"text": "Brunel showed his idea to John Scott Russell, an experienced naval architect and ship builder whom he had first met at the Great Exhibition. Scott Russell examined Brunel's plan and made his own calculations as to the ship's feasibility. He calculated that it would have a displacement of 20,000 tons and would require to achieve , but believed it was possible. At Scott Russell's suggestion, they approached the directors of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
},
{
"docid": "14703149#68",
"text": "The SS \"Great Eastern\" was launched in 1858 and was six times bigger than any ship before. She was the third ship designed by Brunel. The \"Great Eastern\" had six masts as well as coal fired engines driving paddle wheels. It was designed to carry enough coal to travel to Australia and return, and was intended to carry 4,000 passengers (or 10,000 soldiers). Work started on the ship in 1854 but there were many problems in building and launching the ship. After fitting out at Deptford she undertook trials in September 1859 but the heater attached to the paddle engine boilers exploded. As the ship had been fitted with watertight bulkheads she survived and was repaired. Because of the opening of the Suez Canal, she was not used on the Australian route as envisaged but on the Atlantic crossings. Passengers did not like the rolling in storms and she was sold to a cable laying company after only six years. The \"Great Eastern\" was used to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable and many others subsequently. She was broken up in 1888.",
"title": "Maritime history of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "428857#47",
"text": "It was discovered that the rock had opened a gash in the ship's outer hull over wide and long. The enormous size of \"Great Eastern\" precluded the use of any drydock repair facility in the US, and the brothers Henry and Edward S. Renwick devised a daring plan to build a watertight, caisson to cover the gash, held in place by chains around the ship's hull. The brothers claimed that it would take two weeks to complete the repairs and said that they would only take payment if successful. The demands of the American Civil War caused delays in getting the iron plates required, and instead of two weeks the repairs took three months at a cost to the company of £70,000. The ship finally sailed from New York for Liverpool on 6 January 1863.",
"title": "SS Great Eastern"
}
] |
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] |
2736
|
Did the Spanish invade the Philippines?
|
[
{
"docid": "348444#76",
"text": "The Philippines is predominantly a Christian society with a complicated history of relations between Islam and Christianity. Despite historic evidence of Islamization spreading throughout the islands in the 13th–16th centuries, the archipelago came under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The Spanish proselytized many natives, and labelled those who remained Muslims as \"Moro\", a derogatory term recalling the Moors, an Islamic people of North Africa who occupied parts of Spain for several centuries. Today, this term \"Moro\" is used to refer to the indigenous Muslim tribes and ethnic groups of the country. When the Spanish came to the Philippine islands, most of the natives in Luzon and Visayas were pagans with Muslim minorities, and while Spanish proselytized many natives, many Muslims in Luzon and Visayas were not exempted by the Spaniards from the Spanish Inquisition, wherein Muslims to become Catholics or die for their faith. Those who remained Muslims are only the natives of Mindanao and Sulu which the Spaniards did not invade or had control of only briefly and partially.",
"title": "Persecution of Muslims"
},
{
"docid": "34163980#2",
"text": "The Spanish initiated the conflict by conquering the Philippines and invading Moro territory in an effort to subjugate the region to their rule since the 1500s. When the Spanish conquered the Muslim Kingdom of Maynila, a vassal of the Sultanate of Brunei, the Islamic rajah, Rajah Sulayman resisted the Spanish. Manila then became the capital of the Spanish Philippines after the conquest, with the Spanish forcibly converting people to Catholicism. The Spanish–Moro Wars started with the Castille War, a war between Spaniards and the Sultanate of Brunei. (The term \"Moro\" at this time included Muslim Tagalogs who were ruled by the Sultanate of Brunei).",
"title": "Spanish–Moro conflict"
},
{
"docid": "23888361#0",
"text": "The history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, also known as the Spanish colonial period, was a period during which Spain controlled the Philippine islands as the Captaincy General of the Philippines, initially under New Spain until Mexican independence in 1821, which gave Madrid direct control over the area. It was also known as Spanish East Indies to the colonialists. It started with the arrival in 1521 of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for Spain, which heralded the period when the Philippines was a colony of the Spanish Empire, and ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1898, which marked the beginning of the American colonial era of Philippine history.",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1521–1898)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23441#44",
"text": "The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic world conflict that included a war against the Ottoman Caliphate which had just invaded former Christian lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and which had a center of operations in Southeast Asia at its nearby vassal, the Sultanate of Aceh.",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "57074196#6",
"text": "An early opportunity for Spain to enter China presented itself when the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked Manila in 1574. As Limahong was wanted by the Chinese authorities, officials in Fujian province were willing to let the Spanish establish a trade port on an island south of Xiamen in return for Limahong's capture. However, the governor of the Philippines at the time did not respond favourably, and the offer came to nothing when Limahong escaped from Manila. In the 1590s, the need for a Spanish base in China gained new urgency as Japan, ruled by the militant regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi, invaded Korea and threatened to conquer Ryukyu, China, Taiwan, and the Spanish Philippines. The \"San Felipe\" incident of 1596 and the subsequent execution of Franciscan friars in Nagasaki all but confirmed Japan's hostile intentions in Spanish eyes, and even the death of Hideyoshi in 1598 did not alleviate these fears. Thus, in 1598, governor Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Juan de Zamudio to the coast of China not only to establish trade, but also to warn Chinese authorities of possible Japanese aggression in its southern coast.",
"title": "El Piñal"
},
{
"docid": "23440#32",
"text": "They also defeated the Chinese warlord Limahong. To counteract the Islamization of the Philippines, the Spanish then conducted the Castilian War which was aimed against the Sultanate of Brunei and war was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore (in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Spain's vassal states: Dapitan and Butuan). The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic world conflict that included a just war against the Ottoman Caliphate which had just recently invaded former Christian lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and had a center of operations at its nearby vassal state, the Sultanate of Aceh which was the first missionary center of expanding Islam in Southeast Asia and had grew at the expense of older Animist, Hindu or Buddhist states that had remained loyal to their religions in the face of an encroaching Islam. These states were sought as allies by Christian newcomers. However, the Muslim Sultanates in the Philippines thought differently, to them, preserving and propagating Islam was a merely an act of self-defense against a Christian invader. Both sides had noble justifications in their wars against each other. In time, Spanish fortifications were also set up in Taiwan and the Maluku islands. These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers, along with the newly Christianized natives of the Moluccas, withdrew back to the Philippines in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan-born Ming-dynasty loyalist, Koxinga, ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning. However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of Palau and the Marianas.\nSpanish rule eventually contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. The Manila galleons, the largest wooden ships ever built, were constructed in Bicol and Cavite. The Manila galleons were accompanied with a large naval escort as it traveled to and from Manila and Acapulco. The galleons sailed once or twice a year, between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Manila Galleons brought with them goods, settlers and military reinforcements destined for the Philippines, from Latin America. The reverse voyage also brought Asian commercial products and immigrants to the western side of the Americas.",
"title": "Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "34163980#12",
"text": "Koxinga's threat to invade the Philippines and expel the Spanish resulted in the Spanish failure to conquer the Islamic Moro people in Mindanao. The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to stop their conquest of the Moros and withdraw their garrisons to Manila. Koxinga's death resulted in the invasion being cancelled. The Spanish retreated occurred in 1663. Zamboanga and Mindanao became devoid of Spanish soldiers after the Chinese threat against Manila. The Chinese threat effectively destroyed the Spanish plan to conquer and colonize the Moros in Zamboanga. Governor Bobadilla was the one who conducted the evacuation. Mindanao was just about to be colonised by Christians before Koxinga's planned conquest of the Philippines destroyed the entire Spanish plan to conquer Mindanao. Iligan and Zamboanga were given up by the Spanish.",
"title": "Spanish–Moro conflict"
},
{
"docid": "34163980#3",
"text": "Following the reconquista, a period during which Spanish and Christian culture were restored to those areas of Spain invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Inquisition required Jews and Muslims to convert to Roman Catholicism, or face exile or the death penalty. Thus, the Spaniards tried to suppress Islam in areas they conquered. To this end, they attacked the Moro Muslim sultanates in the south at Mindanao. The Moro Datus and sultans raided and pillaged Spanish towns in the northern Philippine islands in retaliation for Spanish attacks, and terrorized the Spanish invaders with constant piracy. The Spanish were prepared to conquer Mindanao and the Moluccas after establishing forts in 1635, but the Chinese threatened the Spanish with invasion, forcing them to pull back to defend Manila. Several thousand Chinese who were evicted by the Spanish joined the Moros.",
"title": "Spanish–Moro conflict"
},
{
"docid": "303062#87",
"text": "The Spanish then conducted the centuries long Spanish-Moro Conflict against the Sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu. War was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore (in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Spain's allies: Bohol and Butuan). During the Spanish-Moro conflict, the Moros of Muslim Mindanao conducted piracy and slave-raids against Christian settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish fought back by establishing Christian fort-cities such as Zamboanga City on Muslim Mindanao. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate, which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal, the Sultanate of Aceh.",
"title": "Spanish Empire"
},
{
"docid": "44716988#7",
"text": "Although the king enforced laws to end Spanish slavery in the Philippines, he did not include laws that may end the native Philippine slavery between the Filipinos. Although it was not completely abolished, it underwent considerable changes during the Spanish occupation. The \"mangangayaw\" raids, which were the raiding of \"barangays\" for obtaining slaves and territories, disappeared. Tyrannical enslavement also disappeared since the \"datus\" were forced to free their slaves and the exchange of slaves in the weddings was not allowed after most Filipinos were converted to Christians. By the middle of the 18th century, Philippine slavery disappeared in areas under the Spanish control. In areas that were not under the Spanish control like mountains in Mindanao and Cordillera, however, it was still present.",
"title": "History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "23888361#36",
"text": "Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon, nor to the inland communities of Mindanao. The highlanders were more able to resist the Spanish invaders than the lowlanders.",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1521–1898)"
}
] |
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] |
2737
|
When did the Armley asbestos disaster first begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "22792709#11",
"text": "On 20 July 1982, Yorkshire Television broadcast the documentary \"Alice - A Fight For Life\", predominantly the story of Alice Jefferson, who had worked at the Acre Mill asbestos factory in Hebden Bridge for just nine months when she was 17 years old. Thirty years later she was diagnosed with mesothelioma and given only six months to live. The documentary was also an \"exposé on the workings of the asbestos industry.\" Its broadcast resulted in £60 million being knocked off T&N's share price overnight, headlines in the national newspapers, and the setting up of a government enquiry. Within ten days the government had halved the legal limit for asbestos dust in the workplace. In 1988 Yorkshire Television picked up the \"Yorkshire Evening Post\" story and produced a second critical investigation focusing on the pattern of deaths in Armley, and contradicting the government's reasons for refusing an inquiry. Called \"Too Close to Home\", it was broadcast as part of the \"First Tuesday\" documentary series on 6 December 1988.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#1",
"text": "The contamination was the result of the activities of a local asbestos factory, part of the Turner & Newall (T&N) group (often referred to by the name of its founders, J. W. Roberts Ltd.) and occurred between the end of the 19th century and 1959 when the factory eventually closed. At its peak the factory had 250 employees. At least 300 former employees are believed to have died from asbestos-related illnesses, and a number of cancer deaths in the Armley area were traced to the factory in 1988 as a result of an investigation by the \"Yorkshire Evening Post\". The estate was found to have the highest incidence in the country of mesothelioma. As the interval between exposure and diagnosis can be up to 50 years the number of further deaths which may occur due to the factory's emissions or residual dust since its closure cannot be predicted.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22792709#0",
"text": "The Armley asbestos disaster is an ongoing health issue originating in Armley, a suburb of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Described by Dr. Geoffrey Tweedale as a \"social disaster\", it involved the contamination with asbestos dust of an area consisting of around 1,000 houses in the Armley Lodge area of the city.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#2",
"text": "J. W. Roberts Ltd. was founded in Armley in 1874 as a textile producer, primarily working with cotton, hemp and jute. By 1906, its factory on Canal Road, known as the Midland Works, specialised in the manufacture of asbestos insulation mattresses for steam locomotive boilers and is believed to have been one of only two factories in the world at the time which processed blue asbestos. In 1920 it merged with Turner Brothers Asbestos Company Ltd., Newalls Insulation Company Ltd., and the Washington Chemical Company Ltd., to form Turner & Newall Ltd., which in 1925 became a public company. T&N's rapid growth has been attributed to a product called \"Sprayed Limpet Asbestos\", developed in the Armley works in 1931. This was made by mixing raw asbestos with water and cement, the resulting slurry being spray applied to the surface to be insulated, creating a cheap sound- and fireproof coating. Sprayed Limpet Asbestos generated huge profits for T&N who exported the product to 60 countries where it was applied to a wide range of buildings including schools, churches and theatres and the London Underground. The factory at Armley closed in 1959.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#9",
"text": "Taylor met with John Battle, then the Member of Parliament for Leeds West, in 1987 to present his findings, and Battle raised the matter in a House of Commons debate. Along with Leeds City Council, he called for a public inquiry into the deaths at Armley, but the incumbent Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher rejected the request, on the grounds that it \"would cause needless concern, that it was impossible to discover what had happened at Roberts, and that no one could then have imagined that the dust could have harmed residents.\" Battle submitted to the House: \"I cannot believe that those who owned and ran Roberts can have gone in and out without seeing the dust everywhere on the surrounding streets and pavements. If they knew that their workers within had to be protected from the asbestos dust, how could they have ignored the position of their neighbours who lived with that dust outside? It was not rendered neutral or innocuous as it left their premises. If they knew, why did they knowingly continue to ask not only their employees but local residents for a generation to pay the price with their lives for the profits of continued asbestos production? ...Should not the company be responsible for that deadly legacy? The Armley asbestos tragedy cannot remain private and hidden because it is not yet over.\"",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#34",
"text": "June Hancock's story formed the subject of a play, \"Dust\", by Kenneth F. Yates, which was performed in Armley and at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in July 2009.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#32",
"text": "Further claims of compensation for other victims eventually commenced in 2007 when Federal-Mogul emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. By that time, just £91 million was available for T&N's worldwide non-U.S. asbestos liabilities for the next 40 years. Successful applicants receive as little as 17% of the value of their claims.",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#7",
"text": "Documents discovered by lawyers in the 1990s revealed that in 1979 T&N were also notified of asbestos contamination in a house in Aviary Road that had once been part of the Midland Works after the city's Public Analyst found asbestos in an attic and garden, and an internal T&N memo about this stated \"... presumably it is reasonable to suppose that adjoining properties might also be involved.\" Leeds City Council did not inform the public. T&N paid for the decontamination of the property in Aviary Road but \"secured an understanding that 'any reference to the proximity of the buildings to the old JW Roberts factory will now be omitted from the Land Registry Records'\" and all such references were then removed by Leeds City Council. They then began to prepare \"dossiers on 'likely attackers' and journalists with a 'special interest' in asbestos.\" In 1992, when asked to comment about contamination in Aviary Road T&N said: \"T&N has not been made aware of any evidence linking that asbestos with JW Roberts's former factory.\"",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
},
{
"docid": "414480#11",
"text": "When John Major became Prime Minister in November 1990, he gave Young the role of Minister for Housing and Planning. Shortly after, during an interview for BBC Radio 4's \"Today\" programme in June 1991, Young described the homeless as \"the people you step over when you come out of the opera\". In 1992 when asked during parliamentary discussions of the Armley Asbestos Disaster for financial assistance in surveying local housing in the Armley area for residual asbestos, Young responded that the government would not provide financial assistance to the home owners or the council to pay for decontamination as this \"would not be a justifiable use of public funds\".",
"title": "George Young, Baron Young of Cookham"
},
{
"docid": "22792709#13",
"text": "T&N's chairman Sir Colin Hope, writing on 25 October 1989, claimed that after the company vacated and sold the premises in 1959, it had ceased to keep any records relating to the operation, that it held no archived records, and what records might still exist would be \"extremely scanty\" (\"sic\") and \"largely confined to basic employee record cards.\" John Battle MP addressed the House of Commons on 8 July 1992 regarding the difficulties faced in mounting a legal case against T&N: \"Basically, it is an attempt legally to prove negligence in the face of foreseeable likelihood that harm would occur as a result of causing or permitting asbestos dust to permeate the atmosphere in or around the factory premises in Canal Road, Armley, between 1925 and 1958... The legal test is whether the company knew that the dust could cause serious or possibly fatal injury to those living in the 840 houses nearby who work in the local workplaces or who attend the Armley Clock school... I have reason to believe that the company and other sources, medical and environmental, did have that sort of data, and still do. The difficulty lies in seeking it out - discovering it - and, especially, forcing the company to disclose all that it knew and knows.\"",
"title": "Armley asbestos disaster"
}
] |
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] |
2738
|
Did the Ford Pinto ever come in automatic transmission?
|
[
{
"docid": "146978#6",
"text": "Offered with an inline-4 engine and bucket seats the Pinto's mechanical design was conventional, with unibody construction, a longitudinally mounted engine in front driving the rear wheels through either a manual or automatic transmission and live axle rear end. Suspension was by unequal-length control arms with front coil springs; the live rear axle was suspended on leaf springs. The rack and pinion steering had optional power assist, as did the brakes.",
"title": "Ford Pinto"
},
{
"docid": "105908#18",
"text": "Engines for the 1974 models included the venerable 2.3 L I-4 from the Pinto and the 2.8 L Cologne V6 from the Mercury Capri. The 1975 model year reintroduced Windsor V8 that was only available with the C-4 automatic transmission, power brakes, and power steering. This continued through production end in 1978. Other transmissions were the RAD 4-speed with unique gearing for all three engines, and the C-3 automatic behind the 2.3 L and 2.8 L. The 5.0 L designation was not applied until the 1978 King Cobra model. All 302 equipped Mustang II's, except the King Cobra received an updated version of the classic Ford \"V8\" emblem on each front fender.",
"title": "Ford Mustang"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4075735#1",
"text": "The Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant, in Blanquefort, France (in the Bordeaux metropolitan area) produces automatic transmissions for a variety of rear-wheel drive vehicles. The facility opened in 1973 and was shortly followed by an expansion, the Bordeaux Transaxle Plant, in 1976 to focus on automatic transmissions for front-wheel drive Fords. Bordeaux Automatic Transmission's first product was the C3 3-speed automatic transmission for the Ford Pinto. The C3 design was succeeded by the A4LD 4-speed automatic during the mid-1980s and was in turn succeeded by the 4R44 and 4R55 4-speed automatics during the mid-1990s. The Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant's current products are the 5R44 and 5R55 5-speed automatic transmissions.",
"title": "Ford C3 transmission"
},
{
"docid": "146978#29",
"text": "Upon release the Pinto was received with both positive and negative reviews. \"Road & Track\" faulted the suspension and standard drum brakes, calling the latter a \"serious deficiency,\" but praised the proven 1.6 L \"Kent\" engine, adapted from European Fords. The larger \"2300 inline-4\" found in the Chevrolet Vega was an innovative, brand new design using an aluminum alloy block and iron head, but needed more development work as initially released. \"Super Stock Magazine\" found the fit and finish to be \"superior\" and were impressed with the car overall. \"Car and Driver\" found the Pinto, when equipped with the larger 2.0L engine and front disc brakes, to be a nimble and powerful commuter car with good visibility and sports-car feel. A review of the 1974 Pinto with an automatic transmission by \"Car and Driver\" was not as favorable noting significant decreases in mileage and acceleration.",
"title": "Ford Pinto"
},
{
"docid": "1511734#1",
"text": "Chrysler was the last of Detroit's Big Three automakers to introduce a fully automatic transmission, some 14 years after General Motors had introduced Oldsmobile's Hydramatic automatic transmission and nearly three years after Ford's Ford-O-Matic. Packard's Ultramatic debuted in 1949, and Studebaker's Automatic Drive was introduced in 1950. The PowerFlite was simple in its construction and operation, with fewer parts than competing transmissions. It was also quite durable, being used behind every Chrysler Corporation engine from the lowly Plymouth Six to the Imperial's Hemi V-8. Unlike most other automatic transmissions, PowerFlite did not feature a \"Park\" range, making it necessary to use the handbrake whenever the car was parked. All Chrysler products at the time had a parking brake independent from the vehicle's wheel brakes, a single brake drum mounted on the driveshaft, just behind the transmission. This had the (intended) effect of locking both rear wheels in the same way that the \"Park\" setting did in other transmissions.",
"title": "Chrysler PowerFlite transmission"
},
{
"docid": "4076114#0",
"text": "The AOD (automatic overdrive) is a four-speed automatic transmission with overdrive. Introduced in 1980, it was Ford's first four-speed automatic overdrive transmission. The gearset design is based on the Ford \"X\" automatic transmissions used during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. The AOD replaced many of Ford's older transmissions such as the C4, C5, and light duty applications of the FMX.",
"title": "Ford AOD transmission"
},
{
"docid": "146978#45",
"text": "The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ultimately directed Ford to recall the Pinto. Initially, the NHTSA did not feel there was sufficient evidence to demand a recall due to incidents of fire. The NHTSA investigation found that 27 deaths were found to have occurred between 1970 and mid-1977 in rear-impact crashes that resulted in fire. The NHTSA did not indicate if these impacts would have been survivable absent fire or if the impacts were more severe than even a state of the art (for 1977) fuel system could have withstood. In their analysis of the social factors affecting the NHTSA's actions, Lee and Ermann note that 27 is the same number of deaths attributed to a Pinto transmission problem which contributed to collisions after the affected cars stalled. They also note that the NHTSA had two primary incentives in proving a defect existed in the Pinto's fuel system design. The administration was pressured by safety advocates (Center for Auto Safety) as well as the public response. It was also being forced into action due to the ways in which both the courts and executive branch were limiting the ability of the NHTSA to address systematic auto safety issues.",
"title": "Ford Pinto"
},
{
"docid": "377857#30",
"text": "The standard engine on all other full-size Ford sedans and wagons was the 351 Windsor V8. The Country Squire however, came standard with the Cleveland 400M V8, while the 385-series 429 and 460 V8s were optional. With manual transmissions being dropped from the lineup, the C6 3-speed automatic transmission was now the only transmission option for full-size Fords. The 429 and 460 V8s were a common option due to the especially sluggish performance of the detuned 400 engine that was now struggling to drive the ever-increasing weight of a Country Squire.",
"title": "Ford Country Squire"
},
{
"docid": "4075735#2",
"text": "In February 2009, Ford confirmed its intent to sell the Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant for an undisclosed sum to a French company, HZ Holding France SAS, which owns a steel forging operation near Metz. Though the sale will be completed as early as April 2009, the plant will continue to provide transmissions for Ford until 2011 and employment levels at the plant are expected to remain unchanged. Up to and after the production of automatic transmissions for Ford at the Bordeaux plant, HZ Holding expects to invest as much as 200 million Euros in the plant for new industrial projects, including producing components for wind turbines. The 5R55N was built in Sharonville Ohio transmission plant. Not Bordeaux. Once the LS and T bird switched to the 5R55S it was the Bordeaux built transmission.",
"title": "Ford C3 transmission"
},
{
"docid": "1521853#0",
"text": "The Powerglide is a two-speed automatic transmission designed by General Motors. It was available primarily on Chevrolet from January 1950 through 1973, although some Pontiac models also used this automatic transmission after the fire at the Hydra-Matic factory in 1953. Powerglides were used extensively on Pontiacs produced for the Canadian market with Chevrolet powertrains. They were also used with Nova engines in the DJ-5A Jeeps produced 1968-1970 by Willys and widely used as delivery vehicles by the United States Post Office. When introduced on upper-level Chevrolet models in 1950, the Powerglide represented the first automatic transmission offered in a low-priced automobile; in contrast, Ford did not offer their automatic transmission until 1951, while Plymouth car buyers had to wait until 1954. The transmission was simple and very durable, which satisfied customers.",
"title": "Powerglide"
}
] |
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-0.0338236503303051,
0.1103108748793602,
-0.3194071352481842,
0.3228861391544342,
-0.5583699345588684,
0.3676045835018158,
0.33709716796875,
-0.12469228357076645,
0.011865615844726562,
0.6432698369026184,
0.5108235478401184,
-0.06725820153951645,
-0.2596231997013092,
-0.12192185968160629
] |
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