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2864
|
What is an adventure game?
|
[
{
"docid": "26757970#14",
"text": "Adventure games have strong storylines with significant dialog, and sometimes make effective use of recorded dialog or narration from voice actors. This genre of game is known for representing dialog as a conversation tree. Players are able to engage a non-player character by choosing a line of pre-written dialog from a menu, which triggers a response from the game character. These conversations are often designed as a tree structure, with players deciding between each branch of dialog to pursue. However, there are always a finite number of branches to pursue, and some adventure games devolve into selecting each option one-by-one. Conversing with characters can reveal clues about how to solve puzzles, including hints about what that character would want before they will cooperate with the player. Other conversations will have far-reaching consequences, deciding to disclose a valuable secret that has been entrusted to the player. Characters may also be convinced to reveal their own secrets, either through conversation or by giving them something that will benefit them.",
"title": "Adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "26757970#0",
"text": "An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving. The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres. Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult. \"Colossal Cave Adventure\" is identified as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include \"Zork\", \"King's Quest\", \"The Secret of Monkey Island\", and \"Myst\".",
"title": "Adventure game"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "547483#4",
"text": "Exactly when a game stops being an adventure game and becomes an action game is a matter of interpretation. There are quite a few disagreements in the community and in the media over what actually constitutes an action-adventure game. One definition of the term \"action adventure\" may be '\"An action/adventure game is a game that has enough action in it not to be called an adventure game, but not enough action to be called an action game.\" In some cases an action game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game, but if these puzzles are quite simple they might be classified as an action game. Others see action games as a pure genre, while an action-adventure is an action game that includes situational problem-solving. Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure. Regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term \"action-adventure\" is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope.",
"title": "Action-adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "57910534#2",
"text": "W. G. Armintrout reviewed \"Introduction to Adventure Gaming\" in \"The Space Gamer\" No. 50. Armintrout commented that \"What good is an introductory game that is all introductory and no game? \"Tower\" is enough to discourage any novice fantasy gamer, while \"Creatures\" is hardly an endorsement for science fiction gaming. Only \"Napoleon at Waterloo\" is both a decent game and an introduction to gaming. I should also warn you that the 'History of Gaming' and the 'Hints on Play' promised on the cover aren't to be found inside the booklet! Even so, one of the three games here is perfect for the purpose.\"",
"title": "Introduction to Adventure Gaming"
},
{
"docid": "26053510#33",
"text": "Released on 29 July 2015, the Adventure Book was released. It contains various objectives/quests, called \"Adventures\", a hunter can embark on that focus on catching a powerful mouse, unlocking a new area, or unlocking new traps in specific areas. Completion of adventures give rewards of gold, points and rank progression. Some offer King's Credits.\nThese adventures are optional, but typically to progress in the game, these adventures would be completed anyway. The Devs said it was meant to guide hunters along and let them know what they have yet to complete for that rank. However, the developers stressed that it was not the be-all and end-all of the game, and there were many other things that hunters could aim to achieve, like gaining crowns (crowns are awarded to hunters for catching a breed of mice 10, 100 and 500 times) for all mice, or getting the most powerful trap.",
"title": "MouseHunt"
},
{
"docid": "2851400#7",
"text": "The standard adventure is essentially an adventure kit including a backstory, maps and one or more objectives for the players to fulfill. Some include numerous illustrations. A Dungeon Master could purchase these pre-made adventures and use it or parts of it for a gaming session. The early format was a single booklet inserted, but not fixed, in a cardboard cover. As time went by the format and information included in module increased in variety. Dark Sun modules, for example, contained top-spiralbound notebooks. Eventually, the line blurred somewhat between what was an accessory or supplement and a module.",
"title": "Adventure (Dungeons & Dragons)"
},
{
"docid": "904391#3",
"text": "Adventures are often political, military, or spiritual in nature, rather than dungeon crawls, and are often presented as taking place congruently with events from Arthurian legend. An important part of the game is the time between adventures, during which player characters manage their estates, get married, age, and have children. Typically, the characters will have one adventure per year, and campaigns often carry over across generations, with players retiring their character and taking the role of that character's heir. This is quite different from most role-playing games, where one set of characters is played fairly intensively, and there is typically little consideration made of what happens to their family or descendants. The influence of this idea can be seen in the \"Ars Magica\" RPG, which also encourages stories taking years or decades to unfold (and which is also set in medieval Europe).",
"title": "Pendragon (role-playing game)"
},
{
"docid": "26757970#21",
"text": "Puzzle adventure games are adventure games that put a strong emphasis on logic puzzles. They typically emphasize self-contained puzzle challenges with logic puzzle toys or games. Completing each puzzle opens more of the game's world to explore, additional puzzles to solve, and can expand on the game's story. There are often few to none non-playable characters in such games, and lack the type of inventory puzzles that typical point-and-click adventure games have. Puzzle adventure games were popularized by \"Myst\" and \"The 7th Guest\". These both used mixed media consisting of pre-rendered images and movie clips, but since then, puzzle adventure games have taken advantage of modern game engines to present the games in full 3D settings, such as \"The Talos Principle\". \"Myst\" itself has been recreated in such a fashion in the title \"realMyst\". Other puzzle adventure games are casual adventure games made up series of puzzles used to explore and progress the story, exemplified by \"The Witness\" and the \"Professor Layton\" series of games.",
"title": "Adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "26757970#25",
"text": "Some adventure games have been presented as interactive movies; these are games where most of the graphics are either fully pre-rendered or use full motion video from live actors on a set, stored on a media that allows fast random access such as laserdisc or CD-ROM. The arcade versions of \"Dragon's Lair\" and \"Space Ace\" are canonical examples of such works. The game's software would present a scene, and players would have to input the correct moves with a joystick and button to continue on, the choices leading to the game playing a new scene from the media. The video may be augmented by additional computer graphics; \"Under a Killing Moon\" used a combination of full motion video and 3D graphics. Because these games are limited by what has been pre-rendered or recorded, there is a lack of player interactivity in these titles, with wrong choices or decisions leading quickly to an ending scene.",
"title": "Adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "868085#3",
"text": "A common component of the adventure are the often colorfully written blocks of descriptive text that are read out loud by the gamemaster to the players. These blocks (\"flavor text\") provide atmosphere for the game, and can provide clues about what the players are about to face. Significant attention is spent describing important locations or plot stages, such as the player's introduction to the setting.",
"title": "Adventure (role-playing games)"
},
{
"docid": "26757970#26",
"text": "There are a number of hybrid graphical adventure games, borrowing from two or more of the above classifications. For example, the \"Ace Attorney\" series of games, while presenting itself as a visual novel, includes elements of point-and-click adventure games. The \"Zero Escape\" series wraps several escape-the-room puzzles within the context of a visual novel. The \"Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" series has the player use point-and-click type interfaces to locate clues, and minigame-type mechanics to manipulate those clues to find more relevant information.\nWhile most adventure games typically do not include any time-based interactivity by the player, action-adventure games are a hybrid of action games with adventure games that often require to the player to react quickly to events as they occur on screen. The action-adventure genre is broad, spanning many different subgenres, but typically these games utilize strong storytelling and puzzle-solving mechanics of adventure games among the action-oriented gameplay concepts. The foremost title in this genre was \"Adventure\", a graphic home console game developed based on the text-based \"Colossal Cave Adventure\", while the first \"The Legend of Zelda\" brought the action-adventure concept to a broader audience.",
"title": "Adventure game"
}
] |
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2865
|
When was Constantinople established?
|
[
{
"docid": "13616432#32",
"text": "Constantinople became established in the ecclesiastical hierarchy at the Council of Constantinople in 381. Second only to Rome, the legendary origins of the Patriarchate of Constantinople go back to St. Andrew, Metrophanes and Alexander of Constantinople. Constantinople's primacy over the Patriarchates of Alexandria and Antioch was reaffirmed at the Council of Chalcedon in 481, after which the papacy in Rome supported Constantinople in its dispute with Alexandria over monophysitism. Later, when Rome sought to assert its primacy over Byzantium, the Eastern Orthodox church developed the doctrine of pentarchy as a response.",
"title": "Christianity in Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "5646#0",
"text": "Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman Empire (1453–1923). It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.",
"title": "Constantinople"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58766295#12",
"text": "The Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 began on 23 February 1996, when the Russian Orthodox Church severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and ended on 16 May 1996 when the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate reached an agreement establishing parallel jurisdictions. The excommunication was in response to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision on 20 February 1996 to reestablish an autonomous Orthodox church in Estonia under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's canonical jurisdiction.",
"title": "2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism"
},
{
"docid": "18265944#0",
"text": "The Imperial Library of Constantinople, in the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was the last of the great libraries of the ancient world. Long after the destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria and the other ancient libraries, it preserved the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans for almost 1,000 years. A series of unintentional fires over the years and wartime damage, including the raids of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, impacted the building itself and its contents. The library continued in substantial form until the city of Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 when the library's considerable surviving contents were destroyed or lost. The library was founded by Constantius II (reigned 337–361 AD) who established a Scriptorium so that the surviving works of Greek literature could be copied for preservation. The Emperor Valens in 372 employed four Greek and three Latin calligraphers. The majority of Greek classics known today are known through Byzantine copies originating from the Imperial Library of Constantinople.",
"title": "Imperial Library of Constantinople"
},
{
"docid": "58766295#4",
"text": "In 1439, Constantinople entered into union with the Roman Catholic Church. In Moscow, this decision was rejected outright, and Metropolitan Isidor, consecrated by Constantinople, was accused in heresy, imprisoned, and later expelled. In 1448, the council of north-eastern Russian clergy in Moscow, at the behest of prince Vasily II of Moscow, elected Jonah the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople. In 1469 Patriarch Dionysius I stated that Constantinople would not recognize any metropolitan ordained without its blessing. Meanwhile, the metropolis of Kiev (de facto in Novogrudok) stayed under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Moscow's de facto independence from Constantinople remained unrecognized until 1589 when Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremiah II approved the creation of a new, fifth Orthodox Patriarchate in Moscow. This decision was finally confirmed by the four older Patriarchs in 1593.",
"title": "2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism"
},
{
"docid": "58766295#0",
"text": "The Moscow–Constantinople schism, also known as the Orthodox Church schism of 2018, is a schism which began on 15 October 2018 when the Russian Orthodox Church unilaterally severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. This was done in response to a decision of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 11 October 2018 which confirmed the intention of moving towards granting autocephaly (independence) to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, to reestablish a stauropegion (church body ruled directly by the Ecumenical Patriarch) in Kiev, to revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686 which led to the Russian Orthodox Church establishing jurisdiction over the Ukrainian Church, and to lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two unrecognized Ukrainian Orthodox churches. Those two churches, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP), were competing with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) and were considered \"schismatics\" (illegally segregated groups) by the Patriarchate of Moscow.",
"title": "2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism"
},
{
"docid": "3391396#12",
"text": "The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the Hippodrome of Constantinople; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the epicenter of episodes of unrest, including the Nika riots. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam. During most of the Middle Ages, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world.",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"docid": "3391396#5",
"text": "After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \"\" (\"Konstantinoúpolis\"), means the \"City of Constantine\". He also attempted to promote the name \"Nova Roma\" and its Greek version \"\" \"Nea Romē\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \"Constantinople\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \"Kostantiniyye\" () and \"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\" (meaning \"the Protected Location of Constantinople\") and \"İstanbul\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \"Constantinople\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks.",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"docid": "8915196#6",
"text": "After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the patriarchate came to care more directly for all the Orthodox living in the Ottoman Empire. Hovagim I was at the time the Metropolitan of Bursa. In 1461, Hovagim I was brought to Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II and established as the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople which the office was created solely with a political purpose. Sultan Mehmed II wanted Armenian-Greek separation. Constantinople become the real center of their ecclesiastical and national life. The Armenian patriarch and not the Catholicos of Etchmiadzin, was their most important national dignitary, as part of Mehmed's wish. In the Sultan's capital, lived the largest Armenian community in the world; and his civil-ecclesiastical authority made the Sultan practically the most powerful official among the Armenians at large. Before the Ottoman conquest in 1453 there were probably no Armenian churches in Constantinople. Since 1453, 55 new Armenian churches were built in Istanbul, some are from the 16th century.",
"title": "Armenians in the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "61503#20",
"text": "The Council of Chalcedon in 451 established Constantinople as a patriarchate with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Asia Minor (the dioceses of Asiane and Pontus) and Thrace as well as over the barbaric territories, non-converted lands outside the defined area of the Western Patriarchate (Old Rome) and the other three patriarchates, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, gave it appellate jurisdiction extraterritorially over canon law decisions by the other patriarchs and granted it honours equal to those belonging to the first Christian see, Rome, in terms of primacy, Rome retaining however its seniority (canon xxviii). Leo I refused to accept this canon, basing himself on the fact that it was made in the absence of his legates. In the 6th century, the official title became that of \"Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch.\"",
"title": "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople"
},
{
"docid": "58934189#0",
"text": "The Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 was a schism which began on 23 February 1996, when the Russian Orthodox Church severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and ended on 16 May 1996 when the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate reached an agreement. This excommunication by the Russian Orthodox Church was done in response to a decision of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to reestablish an Orthodox church in Estonia under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's canonical jurisdiction as an on 20 February 1996. This schism has similarities with the Moscow–Constantinople schism of October 2018.",
"title": "1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism"
}
] |
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] |
2866
|
How long is the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes?
|
[
{
"docid": "10858103#7",
"text": "The South Volcanic Zone (SVZ) extends roughly from Central Chile's Andes at the latitude of Santiago, at ca. 33°S, to Cerro Arenales in Aysén Region at ca. 46°S, a distance of well over 870 mi (1,400 km). The arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate along the Peru–Chile Trench. The northern boundary of the SVZ is marked by the flat-slab subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge, which is believed to have produced a volcanic gap called the \"Pampean flat-slab segment\" in the Norte Chico region since the late Miocene. The southern end of the SVZ is marked by the Chile Triple Junction where the Chile Rise subducts under South America at the Taitao Peninsula giving origin to the \"Patagonian Volcanic Gap\". Further south lies the Austral Volcanic Zone.",
"title": "Andean Volcanic Belt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13069204#3",
"text": "Volcanism in the Central Andes is the consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate and occurs in form of the long Central Volcanic Zone, one of four volcanic belts in the Andes. The Peruvian and the Pampean \"flat slab\" segments separate this volcanic belt from its neighbours, the Northern Volcanic Zone to the north and the Southern Volcanic Zone south respectively.",
"title": "Putana (volcano)"
},
{
"docid": "56228982#3",
"text": "Wheelwright is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, which together with the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone is one among four separate volcanic zones in the Andes; these volcanic zones are separated by gaps without recent volcanic activity. Since 23 million years ago the Central Volcanic Zone has given rise to compound volcanoes, calderas and stratovolcanoes, which are formed mainly by andesitic or dacitic rocks. Ojos del Salado, a member of the Central Volcanic Zone, is the second tallest mountain in the Andes and the highest active volcano in the world. Further, the Maricunga volcanic belt in the same region is site of major precious metal deposits.",
"title": "Wheelwright caldera"
},
{
"docid": "56351803#9",
"text": "Off the western coast of South America, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a rate of about ; this subduction is responsible for volcanic activity in the Central Volcanic Zone and elsewhere in the Andes. Volcanism does not occur along the entire length of the subduction zone; north of 15° and south of 28° the subducting plate moves downward at a shallower angle and this is associated with the absence of volcanic activity. Other volcanic zones exist in the Andes, including the Northern Volcanic Zone in Colombia and Ecuador and the Southern Volcanic Zone also in Chile. A furtherourth volcanic zone, the Austral Volcanic Zone, is caused by the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate and lies south of the Southern Volcanic Zone.",
"title": "Antofalla"
},
{
"docid": "26119539#4",
"text": "La Pacana is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic zones that make up the Andean Volcanic Belt and which are separated from each other by gaps without ongoing volcanic activity. A number of stratovolcanoes and ignimbrite-forming centres have erupted in the Central Volcanic Zone since the Miocene, about 50 of which are considered to be active. In addition, the Central Volcanic Zone features about 18 minor volcanic fields. The largest historical eruption of the Andes occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina in Peru in the Central Volcanic Zone, and the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone is Láscar in Chile.",
"title": "La Pacana"
},
{
"docid": "8973251#8",
"text": "The Andes are a site of volcanic activity, which is usually subdivided into four separate volcanic zones: the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. These volcanic zones are separated by gaps where no recent volcanic activity has occurred. These gaps are not static; the gap separating the Austral and the Southern Volcanic Zones has been moving northward for the past 15-20 million years. The Southern Volcanic Zone itself is subdivided into additional volcanic zones, the Northern, Transitional, Central and Southern Southern Volcanic Zone and contains over two calderas and over 60 volcanoes with Quaternary activity.",
"title": "Mentolat"
},
{
"docid": "1368258#1",
"text": "Volcanic activity in the Andes occurs in four regions, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. The first three of these are found where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate, while the last zone occurs at the subduction zone of the Antarctic Plate. The Andean Central Volcanic Zone runs along the Western Cordillera of the Andes and along the Altiplano. During the Neogene, the position of this volcanic arc moved eastward and the arc became broader, probably due to a change in the tilt of the slab of the Nazca Plate. Volcanic activity during this time was heavily influenced by local strike-slip faults which acted to channel the magma flows. About 7 million years ago, tectonics and volcanic activity changed in the region probably in response to the delamination of the crust beneath the region: Large scale ignimbrites were erupted at Galán and small back-arc volcanoes erupted mafic basaltic andesite lavas. These small volcanic centres consist of lava domes, lava flows, maars, scoria cones and tuff rings.",
"title": "Antofagasta de la Sierra"
},
{
"docid": "10858103#14",
"text": "The different volcanic zones are intercalated by volcanic gaps, zones that, despite lying at the right distance from an oceanic trench, lack volcanic activity. The Andes has three major volcanic gaps the \"Peruvian flat-slab segment\" (3 °S–15 °S), the \"Pampean flat-slab segment\" (27 °S–33 °S) and the \"Patagonian Volcanic Gap\" (46 °S–49 °S). The first one separates the Northern from the Central Volcanic Zone, the second the Central from the Southern and the last separates the Southern from the Austral Volcanic Zone. The Peruvian and Pampean gaps coincide with areas of flat slab (low angle) subduction and therefore the lack of volcanism is believed to be caused by the shallow dip of the subducting Nazca Plate in these places. The shallow dip has in turn been explained by the subduction of the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernández Ridge for the Peruvian and Pampean gaps respectively. Since the Nazca and Juan Fernández Ridge are created by volcanic activity in Pacific hotspots (Easter and Juan Fernández) it can be said that volcanic activity in the Pacific is responsible for the suppression of volcanism in parts of the Andes.",
"title": "Andean Volcanic Belt"
},
{
"docid": "12882604#4",
"text": "Volcanism along the Andes occurs in four separate belts, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. Tocorpuri is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, which in this region is characterized by an ignimbrite formation and individual volcanoes, with compositions ranging from andesite over dacite to rhyolite. Both these formations are emplaced on a Cretaceous-Miocene basement formed by sediments and volcanic rocks, which overlay Precambrian-Paleozoic layers. Aside from stratovolcanoes which are lined up in the Western Cordillera, the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex is also a component of the Central Volcanic Zone and is formed by large calderas and lava domes such as La Torta.",
"title": "Tocorpuri"
},
{
"docid": "4928090#5",
"text": "Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2°N and 5°S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16°S and 28°S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33°S and 46°S, and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. This shallow subduction appears to be triggered by the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandez Ridge; the areas where they subduct beneath the Peru-Chile Trench coincide with the limits of the Central Volcanic Zone. It is possible that when these ridges are subducted, the buoyancy they carry disrupts the subduction process and reduces the supply of water, which is important for the formation of melts.",
"title": "Lascar (volcano)"
},
{
"docid": "52266263#0",
"text": "The Central Chilean Andes have an arid climate since the Miocene. Thus, a number of volcanic centres going back as far as 25 million years are well preserved. Geologically, this area belongs to the Central Volcanic Zone, a volcanic belt in the Andes, whose magmas are heavily influenced by the thick crust of the area.",
"title": "Leon Muerto"
},
{
"docid": "10858103#5",
"text": "The Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) is a volcanic arc in western South America. It is one of the four volcanic zones of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone extends from Peru to Chile and forms the western boundary of the Altiplano plateau. The volcanic arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca Plate under western South America along the Peru–Chile Trench. To the south the CVZ is limited by the \"Pampean flat-slab segment\" or \"Norte Chico flat-slab segment\", a region devoid of volcanism due to a lower subduction angle caused by the subduction of Juan Fernández Ridge.",
"title": "Andean Volcanic Belt"
}
] |
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] |
2868
|
When was the Freedom of Information Act first put into effect?
|
[
{
"docid": "590464#10",
"text": "That law was initially repealed. During the period between the enactment of the act and its effective date, Title 5 of the United States Code was enacted into positive law. For reasons now unclear but which may have had to do with the way the enactment of Title 5 changed how the law being amended was supposed to be cited, the original Freedom of Information Act was replaced. A new act in (originally in the 90th Congress), repealed the original and put in its place a substantively identical law. This statute was signed on June 5, 1967, and had the same effective date as the original statute: July 4, 1967.",
"title": "Freedom of Information Act (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "590464#9",
"text": "The Freedom of Information Act was initially introduced as the bill in the 89th Congress. When the two-page bill was signed into law it became , but had an effective date of one year after the date of enactment, or July 4, 1967. The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today.",
"title": "Freedom of Information Act (United States)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "590464#0",
"text": "The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal freedom of information law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government upon request. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures, and defines nine exemptions to the statute. President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivings, signed the Freedom of Information Act into law on July 4, 1966, and it went into effect the following year.",
"title": "Freedom of Information Act (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "163152#149",
"text": "In the United States the Freedom of Information Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year. Ralph Nader has been credited with the impetus for creating this act, among others. The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments were signed by President Bill Clinton on October 2, 1996.",
"title": "Freedom of information laws by country"
},
{
"docid": "53542102#2",
"text": "Pakistan was the first South Asian country to enact a law on freedom of information, when it passed the Freedom of Information (FOI) Ordinance at the Federal level in 1997. This Ordinance was later revoked and a new Freedom of Information Ordinance was issued in 2002, which has a legal status to this day as it was covered under the 17th Amendment to the Constitution. In 2004, the Freedom of Information Rules 2004 were enforced by the Federal Government, which described the procedural aspect of the Freedom of Information Ordinance. In 2016, a draft of a new federal Right to Information (RTI) bill was proposed by Pakistan’s federal government in hopes of replacing the Freedom of Information Ordinance of 2002, but the approval of the bill is still pending.",
"title": "Freedom of Information Act in Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "18483650#4",
"text": "The Freedom of Information Amendment (Reform) Act 2010 was passed in May 2010, and came into effect in November 2010. The changes were largely targeted at reducing the cost of the FOI applications, which had been criticized by journalists as \"prohibitively costly\" (Ricketson and Snell, 2002).",
"title": "Freedom of Information Act 1982"
},
{
"docid": "163152#84",
"text": "In Ireland the Freedom of Information Act 1997 came into effect in April, 1998. This provided for members of the public to access information specifically about themselves, amend incorrect information, and request an explanation behind administrative decisions concerning themselves, as well as allowing any person to access records generated by a list of specified public bodies. The Act is seen as having led to a sea-change in the relationship between the citizen, journalists, government departments and public bodies. Disclosure is the default assumption of the Act; bodies can withhold information only by citing exemptions specified in the legislation. Decisions of public bodies in relation to requests for information may be reviewed by the Information Commissioner.",
"title": "Freedom of information laws by country"
},
{
"docid": "163152#80",
"text": "The Right to Information Act (RTI Act) was passed by Parliament on 11 May 2005 and was published in the gazette of India on 15 June 2005. It came into effect on 12 October 2005 replacing the erstwhile Freedom of information Act, 2002. The Supreme Court of India had, in several Judgments prior to enactment of both Acts, interpreted Indian Constitution to read Right to Information as the Fundamental Right as embodied in Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression and also in Right to Life. RTI Act laid down a procedure to guarantee this right. Under this law all Government Bodies or Government funded agencies have to designate a Public Information Officer (PIO). The PIO's responsibility is to ensure that information requested is disclosed to the petitioner within 30 days or within 48 hours in case of information concerning the life or liberty of a person. The law was inspired by previous legislation from select states (among them Tamil Nadu (1997), Goa (1997), Rajasthan (2000), Karnataka (2000), Delhi (2001), Maharashtra (2002) etc.) that allowed the right to information (to different degrees) to citizens about activities of any State Government body.",
"title": "Freedom of information laws by country"
},
{
"docid": "42056488#2",
"text": "The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the statute. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivings, on July 4, 1966, and went into effect the following year.",
"title": "FOIA Oversight and Implementation Act of 2014"
},
{
"docid": "15831358#6",
"text": "With the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, Brooke began work on a book explaining how to use the law, which was not scheduled to come into effect for another five years. Originally titled \"Your Right to Know: How to Use the Freedom of Information Act and Other Access Laws\", the book was reissued in October 2004 as \"Your Right to Know: A Citizen's Guide to Freedom of Information\", with a foreword by Alan Rusbridger, editor of \"The Guardian\". In October 2006 it was revised and published in paperback and hardcover editions that included a foreword by satirist Ian Hislop.",
"title": "Heather Brooke"
}
] |
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] |
2869
|
When was the Amazonian period?
|
[
{
"docid": "39902541#0",
"text": "The Amazonian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by low rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and by cold, hyperarid conditions broadly similar to those on Mars today. The transition from the preceding Hesperian period is somewhat poorly defined. The Amazonian is thought to have begun around 3 billion years ago, although error bars on this date are extremely large (~500 million years). The period is sometimes subdivided into the Early, Middle, and Late Amazonian. The Amazonian continues to the present day.",
"title": "Amazonian (Mars)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1299149#12",
"text": "The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.",
"title": "Amazonian manatee"
},
{
"docid": "3592415#4",
"text": "The entire contemporary era on Mars has been named the Amazonian Epoch because researchers originally (and incorrectly) thought Amazonis Planitia to be representative of all Martian plains. Instead, over the past two decades, researchers have realized that the area's youth and extremely smooth surface actually distinguish the area from its neighbors. It is even possible that the area possessed distinctive characteristics when all of Mars was under water.",
"title": "Amazonis Planitia"
},
{
"docid": "15228448#3",
"text": "The peak of the rubber boom between 1880 and 1910 attracted so many merchants and other workers that it was the height of Jewish immigration to the Amazonian Basin; they established new communities along the interior of the Amazon River, in Santarém and Manaus, Brazil, and ventured as far as Iquitos, Peru, on the east side of the Andes. This was a major center on the Amazon for rubber export and related businesses. It was the headquarters of the Peruvian-owned Peruvian Amazon Company (PAC). The rubber boom also attracted Jewish adventurers from England, Alsace-Lorraine and France, and other Europeans, who helped found new Jewish and European institutions in Iquitos, including an opera house.",
"title": "Amazonian Jews"
},
{
"docid": "3860515#2",
"text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.",
"title": "Ɯ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "7892999#1",
"text": "Ȼ was not added to Unicode until version 4.1 in 2005, and previously did not exist in character sets. Consequently, few fonts can display it. The cent sign is often substituted for it instead.",
"title": "Ȼ"
},
{
"docid": "258695#3",
"text": "Ŭ represents a semivowel in the orthography of Esperanto, which is an international auxiliary language publicly presented in 1887. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pronounced as a non-syllabic , primarily in the diphthongs \"aŭ\", \"eŭ\" and rarely \"oŭ\".",
"title": "Ŭ"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
},
{
"docid": "16788828#4",
"text": "The Aceramic Neolithic period began roughly around 8500 BC and can be identified with over a half a dozen sites. The period was most prominent in Western Asia in an economy based on the cultivation of crops or the rearing of animals or both. Aceramic Neolithic groups are more rare outside Western Asia. Aceramic Neolithic villages had many attributes of agricultural communities: large settlement size, substantial architecture, long settlement duration, intensive harvesting of seeds with sickles, equipment and facilities for storing and grinding seeds, and containers. Morphological evidence for domestication of plants comes only from Middle PPNB (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), and by Late PPNB some animals, notably goats, were domesticated or at least managed in most of the sites.",
"title": "Aceramic"
}
] |
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2870
|
What is the largest species of rodent?
|
[
{
"docid": "890238#2",
"text": "Eurasian beavers are one of the largest living species of rodents and are the largest rodent native to Eurasia. They weigh around . In Norway, adult males average while females average , while another study found adults from the same country to average . By the average weights known, the Eurasian beaver appears to be the world's second heaviest rodent behind the capybara, but averaging slightly larger and heavier than the North American beaver. While the largest specimen confirmed on record weighed , the Smithsonian has reported that this species can exceptionally exceed . Typically, the head-and-body length is and the tail length is .",
"title": "Eurasian beaver"
},
{
"docid": "1674000#0",
"text": "The giant hutias are an extinct group of large rodents known from fossil and subfossil material in the West Indies. One species, \"Amblyrhiza inundata\", is estimated to have weighed between , big specimens being as large as an American black bear. This is twice as large as the capybara, the largest rodent living today, but still much smaller than \"Josephoartigasia monesi\", the largest rodent known. These animals were probably used as a food source by aboriginal humans. All giant hutias are in a single family, Heptaxodontidae, which contains no living species; this grouping seems to be paraphyletic and artificial, however.",
"title": "Giant hutia"
},
{
"docid": "19337310#7",
"text": "While the largest species, the capybara, can weigh as much as , most rodents weigh less than . The smallest rodent is the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa, which averages only in head and body length, with adult females weighing only . Rodents have wide-ranging morphologies, but typically have squat bodies and short limbs. The fore limbs usually have five digits, including an opposable thumb, while the hind limbs have three to five digits. The elbow gives the forearms great flexibility. The majority of species are plantigrade, walking on both the palms and soles of their feet, and have claw-like nails. The nails of burrowing species tend to be long and strong, while arboreal rodents have shorter, sharper nails. Rodent species use a wide variety of methods of locomotion including quadrupedal walking, running, burrowing, climbing, bipedal hopping (kangaroo rats and hopping mice), swimming and even gliding.\nScaly-tailed squirrels and flying squirrels, although not closely related, can both glide from tree to tree using parachute-like membranes that stretch from the fore to the hind limbs. The agouti is fleet-footed and antelope-like, being digitigrade and having hoof-like nails. The majority of rodents have tails, which can be of many shapes and sizes. Some tails are prehensile, as in the Eurasian harvest mouse, and the fur on the tails can vary from bushy to completely bald. The tail is sometimes used for communication, as when beavers slap their tails on the water surface or house mice rattle their tails to indicate alarm. Some species have vestigial tails or no tails at all. In some species, the tail is capable of regeneration if a part is broken off.\nRodents generally have well-developed senses of smell, hearing, and vision. Nocturnal species often have enlarged eyes and some are sensitive to ultraviolet light. Many species have long, sensitive whiskers or vibrissae for touch or \"whisking\". Some rodents have cheek pouches, which may be lined with fur. These can be turned inside out for cleaning. In many species, the tongue cannot reach past the incisors. Rodents have efficient digestive systems, absorbing nearly 80% of ingested energy. When eating cellulose, the food is softened in the stomach and passed to the cecum, where bacteria reduce it to its carbohydrate elements. The rodent then practices coprophagy, eating its own fecal pellets, so the nutrients can be absorbed by the gut. Rodents therefore often produce a hard and dry fecal pellet. In many species, the penis contains a bone, the baculum; the testes can be located either abdominally or at the groin.",
"title": "Rodent"
},
{
"docid": "299794#0",
"text": "Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert. This family of rodents has fewer members than most other rodent families, with 19 species in 6 genera in 3 subfamilies.",
"title": "Caviidae"
},
{
"docid": "6776#0",
"text": "The capybara (\"Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris\") is a mammal native to South America. It is the largest living rodent in the world. Also called chigüire, chigüiro (in Colombia and Venezuela) and carpincho, it is a member of the genus \"Hydrochoerus\", of which the only other extant member is the lesser capybara (\"Hydrochoerus isthmius\"). Its close relatives include guinea pigs and rock cavies, and it is more distantly related to the agouti, the chinchilla, and the coypu. The capybara inhabits savannas and dense forests and lives near bodies of water. It is a highly social species and can be found in groups as large as 100 individuals, but usually lives in groups of 10–20 individuals. The capybara is not a threatened species but it is hunted for its meat and hide and also for grease from its thick fatty skin, which is used in the pharmaceutical trade.",
"title": "Capybara"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11366340#4",
"text": "In terms of number of species—although not necessarily in terms of number of organisms (population) or biomass—rodents make up the largest order of mammals. There are about 2,277 species of rodents (Wilson and Reeder, 2005), with over 40 percent of mammalian species belonging to the order.",
"title": "List of mammals of the Cayman Islands"
},
{
"docid": "11366401#9",
"text": "Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara, a rodent native to South America, can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).",
"title": "List of mammals of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "571662#1",
"text": "The muskrat is the largest species in the subfamily Arvicolinae, which includes 142 other species of rodents, mostly voles and lemmings. Muskrats are referred to as \"rats\" in a general sense because they are medium-sized rodents with an adaptable lifestyle and an omnivorous diet. They are not, however, members of the genus \"Rattus\".",
"title": "Muskrat"
},
{
"docid": "11357056#2",
"text": "Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.The \"shrew-forms\" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.",
"title": "List of mammals of Slovakia"
},
{
"docid": "15241764#0",
"text": "Josephoartigasia monesi, an extinct species of South American caviomorph rodent, is the largest rodent known, and lived from about 4 to 2 million years ago during the Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The species is one of two in the genus \"Josephoartigasia\", the other being \"J. magna\". \"J. monesi\" is sometimes called the giant pacarana, after its closest living relative, the pacarana (\"Dinomys branickii\") in the family Dinomyidae. The species may have weighed a ton, considerably larger than any living rodent.",
"title": "Josephoartigasia monesi"
},
{
"docid": "11365534#2",
"text": "Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.The \"shrew-forms\" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.",
"title": "List of mammals of the Republic of Macedonia"
}
] |
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] |
2871
|
How many people live in Liberia?
|
[
{
"docid": "17791#70",
"text": "As of the 2017 national census, Liberia was home to 4,694,608 people. Of those, 1,118,241 lived in Montserrado County, the most populous county in the country and home to the capital of Monrovia. The Greater Monrovia District has 970,824 residents. Nimba County is the next most populous county, with 462,026 residents. As revealed in the 2008 census, Monrovia is more than four times more populous than all the county capitals combined.",
"title": "Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "17794#3",
"text": "According to , Liberia's total population was in . This is compared to 911,000 in 1950.",
"title": "Demographics of Liberia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35324576#10",
"text": "After the thirteen year long civil war, populations in the slums of Liberia skyrocketed. At this point around 60% of the population, or 2.5 million people, do not meet the poverty line. The people were left with little choice of where to obtain water or sanitation. To date Liberia still lives with bad sanitation conditions, with up to 10 people sharing the same toilet without disinfectant and an extreme lack of clean consumable water. For every four people living in Liberia, there is one living without access to any clean drinking water or substantial sanitation. Every five deaths that occur in Liberia is due to people drinking contaminated drinking water. Due to extreme public defecation, the World Health Organisation discovered that 58% of Liberia's water was contaminated with E coli. The E coli present in the water cause many illnesses such as diarrhea and vomiting throughout the population. The water crisis in Liberia has reached catastrophic levels. Action has been taken by many non-profit organizations, one of which is called Waves for Water who are providing water filters for clean drinking water to over 60,000 Liberian people.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "35324576#7",
"text": "HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest diseases that has affected and is affecting Liberia to date. At any given time 33,000 people are living with HIV in Liberia of whom nearly 60% are female. Due to Liberia's incapability to treat this disease only about 1.2% of those affected survives the disease. The youth in Liberia is one of the biggest contributors to the extensive post-conflict HIV/AIDS problem. This is due to risky unprotected sex among adolescents without any form of contraception. A new social marketing condom program is being introduced to adolescents in vulnerable areas of the country in order to stop the spread of the disease and to minimize many preventable deaths throughout the country. In a 2012 study conducted by the African Health Sciences organisation over 20,400 condoms were provided to males and 316 to females in over 87 sites throughout Liberia. Communities were informed how to provide awareness of the dangers of HIV AIDS and how easily it can be prevented through the method of safe sex. Through the help of Population Services International in 2012 alone, the provision of contraception is estimated to have prevented 4.7 million unintended pregnancies and 13,600 maternal deaths, and to have provided 19 million couples with protection.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "35324576#8",
"text": "Liberia is one of the most poverty-stricken countries in the world. The national human development organisation has stated that 75% of Liberia's people live of less than a dollar a day. Malnutrition is widespread: 40% of children have unnatural stunted growth and 7% of Liberia's population have highly acute malnutrition. This high level of starvation and malnutrition is linked to a major lack of food and the high level of early teenager mothers who have little knowledge of how to look after or treat their babies. The teenage mothers are usually single, sometimes due to rape. These unprivileged teenage mothers are too embarrassed to even breastfeed their babies to supply the nutrients they need to survive. They feel completely robbed of their freedom. One of the most major contributors to a dire lack of food in Liberia is Ebola. Ebola is heavily attacking Liberia's food supply leaving 4.1 million people to try and survive the epidemic on their own accord, with many families or even kids on their own having to travel long distances to try access clean water or bags of wheat or flour for their families in order to even try survive. 85% of families in Liberia have been forced to eat fewer meals, even as low as just one meal a day.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "17794#21",
"text": "There are about 5,000 people of European descent, many of them having settled down as miners, missionaries, business people, and so on. There also is a sizeable number of Lebanese, Indians, and other people with Asian roots who make up a significant part of Liberia's business community. Because of the civil war and its accompanying problem of insecurity, the number of non-Africans in Liberia is low and confined largely to Monrovia and its immediate surroundings. The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of African descent.",
"title": "Demographics of Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "1235223#0",
"text": "The Bassa people of Liberia are a West African ethnic group primarily found in its central coastal regions. They live in Grand Bassa, Rivercess, Margibi and Montserrado counties. In Liberia's capital of Monrovia, they are the largest ethnic group. With an overall population of about 0.57 million, they are the second largest ethnic group in Liberia (13.4%), after the Kpelle people (20.3%). Small Bassa communities are also found in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast.",
"title": "Bassa people (Liberia)"
},
{
"docid": "35324576#0",
"text": "Liberia is one of the poorest countries in the world. Civil wars have killed around 250,000 people and displaced many more. The wars ended in 2003 but destroyed most of the country's healthcare facilities. Recovery proceeds but the majority of the population still live below the international poverty line. Life expectancy in Liberia is much lower than the world average. Communicable diseases are widespread, including tuberculosis, diarrhea, malaria, HIV, and Dengue. Female genital mutilation is widely practiced. Nearly a quarter of children under the age of five are malnourished and few people have access to adequate sanitation facilities. In 2009, government expenditure on health care per-capita was US$22, accounting for 10.6% of total GDP. In 2008, Liberia had only one doctor and 27 nurses per 100,000 people. It was ill-equipped to handle the outbreak of Ebola in 2014 and 2015.\nLiberia has 5,000 full-time or part-time health workers and 51 Liberian doctors to cater to a population of 3.8 million, according to the 2006 health survey. That is equivalent to about 76,000 civilians being attended to by 1 doctor. Most of the hospitals, clinics and equipment were destroyed due to its 14 years of civil conflict from 1989 all the way until 2003. The strengthening of the health sector faced financial problems. The government used only 16.8% of the total health expenditure in the country.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "5082697#1",
"text": "A 2001 estimate of the number of Grebo people in Liberia is approximately 387,000. There are an estimated 48,300 Grebo in Côte d'Ivoire, not counting refugees. Precise numbers are lacking, since many have been displaced by the civil war in Liberia of the late 20th and early 21st century.",
"title": "Grebo people"
},
{
"docid": "15902929#0",
"text": "Liberian Americans are Americans of full or partial Liberian ancestry. This includes Liberians who are of African American descent. It also includes the descendants of Americo-Liberian people in America. The first wave of Liberians to the United States, after the slavery period, was after of the First Liberian Civil War in the 1980s and, then, after the Second Liberian Civil War in the early 2000s. An estimated 100,000 Liberians live in the U.S. as of this time. The diplomatic relationship between Liberia and the USA goes back over 150 years since Liberia's foundation by returning African slaves freed by abolitionist societies which set aside land for the freedmen and paved the way to its independence.",
"title": "Liberian Americans"
},
{
"docid": "795809#13",
"text": "With more than 50,000 inhabitants, Liberia is the regional hub of the Costa Rican northwest. The city center features a modern church, as many Costa Rican towns do, facing a plaza surrounded by locally owned shops and restaurants. Liberia is also home to an expo that takes place in the month of July, celebrating the annexation of Guanacaste Province on 25 July 1824.",
"title": "Liberia, Costa Rica"
}
] |
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] |
2872
|
What's in a roux?
|
[
{
"docid": "289795#0",
"text": "Roux () is flour and fat cooked together and used to thicken sauces. Roux is typically made from equal parts of flour and fat by weight. The flour is added to the melted fat or oil on the stove top, blended until smooth, and cooked to the desired level of brownness. Butter, vegetable oils, bacon drippings or lard are commonly used fats. Roux is used as a thickening agent for gravy, sauces, soups and stews. It provides the base for a dish, and other ingredients are added after the roux is complete.",
"title": "Roux"
},
{
"docid": "59792201#16",
"text": "Roux thought that the act of artistic creation resides in the decisions that the artist makes about what to leave out from the represented world, so that a painting is the product of the artist’s considered choices about what forms and colours to emphasise. There are some early paintings at Langebaan of fishing boats and later, from a trip with Margot to Sicily, of dwellings. Roux was also commissioned on occasion to paint pictures of farm houses. But on the whole, his landscapes represent nature in all its timelessness, stripped of any trace of human intervention.",
"title": "J. F. Roux"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20996259#0",
"text": "La Roux ( ) is an English synth-pop act formed in 2006 by singer Eleanor \"Elly\" Jackson and record producer Ben Langmaid. Their debut album \"La Roux\" (2009) was a critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy Award and producing hit singles such as \"In for the Kill\" and \"Bulletproof\". Recording of a follow-up album was marred by unsuccessful collaborations, the cancellation of two planned release dates, and reported conflict between the duo. Langmaid ultimately left the group, and Jackson released a second album, \"Trouble in Paradise\", in 2014, maintaining the former duo's name.",
"title": "La Roux"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
] |
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] |
2874
|
What is the biggest fossil?
|
[
{
"docid": "10633984#0",
"text": "Sue is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, which is the largest, most extensive and best preserved \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" specimen ever found, at over 90% recovered by bulk. It was discovered in August 1990, by Sue Hendrickson, an explorer and fossil collector, and was named after her. After ownership disputes were settled, the fossil was auctioned in October 1997, for US $8.3 million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil, and is now a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.",
"title": "Sue (dinosaur)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58890270#2",
"text": "In 1979, Garcia worked as chief investigator for the Smithsonian Institution, collecting prehistoric sea cows, whales, and dolphins.\nIn June 1983, Garcia discovered of one of biggest fossil finds in North America. Later, fossil experts described it to be one of the most significant paleontological finds discovering 1.5 million year old prehistoric graveyard of what was once a bed of a prehistoric river that had attracted a wide range of animals.",
"title": "Frank Garcia (paleontologist)"
},
{
"docid": "39702093#1",
"text": "The earliest reptile eggshells probably had leathery membranes instead of hard shells. Eggs like this decay so quickly that fossilization is very unlikely. Therefore the fossil record is too incomplete for scientists to determine what kinds of eggshell most fossil reptile groups had. A 5.9 cm by 3.79 cm fossil from the Lower Permian was described in 1939 by Alfred Romer and Lewellyn Price as the oldest hard-shelled fossil egg. However, in a 1979 paper Karl Hirsch disputed Romer and Price's claim, since the fossil in question didn't show evidence for a calcite shell. Hirsch found enough phosphorus in the object's outer layer to propose that the fossil was actually an egg with a leathery shell. If the contentious fossil really is a reptile egg, it's the oldest known.",
"title": "Reptile egg fossil"
},
{
"docid": "611589#17",
"text": "Dubois's complete collection of fossils were transferred between 1895 and 1900 to what is now known as the Naturalis, in Leiden in the Netherlands. The main fossil of Java Man, the skullcap cataloged as \"Trinil 2\", has been dated biostratigraphically, that is, by correlating it with a group of fossilized animals (a \"faunal assemblage\") found nearby on the same geological horizon, which is itself compared with assemblages from other layers and classified chronologically. Ralph von Koenigswald first assigned Java Man to the Trinil Fauna, a faunal assemblage that he composed from several Javanese sites. He concluded that the skullcap was about 700,000 years old, thus dating from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene.",
"title": "Java Man"
},
{
"docid": "35016185#3",
"text": "The museum's five rooms shows paleontological finds from the Besano area, including the \"Besanosaurus\", a type of ichthyosaur from the middle Triassic period.\nThe 6 meter \"Besanosaurus leptorhynchus\" discovered in 1993 is the biggest sea reptile fossil found in Italy, and was probably a pregnant female.\nSince 2001 the museum has also housed the remains of a \"Saltriosaurus\", discovered in a quarry in Saltrio, which is the first big carnivorous dinosaur found in Lombardia.",
"title": "Civic Museum of Fossils of Besano"
},
{
"docid": "16174922#7",
"text": "A 2016 IMF study estimated that global fossil fuel subsidies were $5.3 trillion in 2015, which represents 6.5% of global GDP. The study found that \"China was the biggest subsidizer in 2013 ($1.8 trillion), followed by the United States ($0.6 trillion), and Russia, the European Union, and India (each with about $0.3 trillion).\" The authors estimated that the elimination of \"subsidies would have reduced global carbon emissions in 2013 by 21% and fossil fuel air pollution deaths 55%, while raising revenue of 4%, and social welfare by 2.2%, of global GDP.\" This study is controversial for its radical break with previous definitions of subsidies by redefining externalities as a subsidy, as well as an excessively broad application of social costs as oil externalities. The externalities accounted for are broad enough that oil companies not paying for automobile accidents is considered a subsidy.",
"title": "Energy subsidies"
},
{
"docid": "57376736#9",
"text": "The Cleveland Shale along Euclid Creek is known to contain limited fossil remains. Fragments of what may be the plant \"Sporangites\" have been identified. Brachiopod fossils by be found in some places in the formation's topmost layers. These are generally \"Lingula\" and \"Orbiculoidea\", although on very rare occasions other species may be found. Another fossil, once believed to be the arthropod \"Spathiocaris\" but in 2017 reinterpreted to be an ammonoid aptychus, may also be found. Fossil fish teeth, scales, and sometimes bones or armor are the most frequent fossils found. A review in 2008 identified 65 vertebrate taxa, represented primarily by \"Chondrichthyes\" (32 species), \"Placodermi\" (28 species), and \"Osteichthyes\" (five species).",
"title": "Euclid Creek"
},
{
"docid": "134983#8",
"text": "On August 12, 1990, Sue Hendrickson, an American paleontologist working for the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research discovered the fossil of what would become the most complete skeleton of a \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" ever discovered. The fossil was named \"Sue\" after the woman who discovered it. After discovery, excavation, and transport to the institute's facilities in Hill City, controversy arose as to who the rightful owners of the fossil was. The parties in dispute were the land owner, Maurice Williams; the tribe, and thus the federal government; and the Black Hills Institute. On May 12, 1992, FBI agents seized Sue from the institute over the course of three days. The fossil was shipped to South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Through the ongoing court battle, it was finally decided that Maurice Williams was the owner of the fossil. The federal government later brought a 39-count, 153-charge indictment against the institute and several of its members, which was related to this case and other fossils. This case turned into the longest criminal trial in South Dakota state history. Peter Larson, the president of the institute, was convicted on two counts of customs violations, for which he served two years in federal prison. Sue was finally auctioned off by Sotheby's auction house and sold by Maurice Williams to the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois for $8.36 million.",
"title": "Hill City, South Dakota"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
] |
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] |
2875
|
Who created Doom video game?
|
[
{
"docid": "1825874#0",
"text": "The development of \"Doom\", a first-person shooter video game by id Software, began in November 1992 and continued until the game was released in December 1993. Seven people worked on \"Doom\", which is considered one of the most significant and influential titles in video game history. The initial development team was programmers John Carmack and John Romero, artists Adrian Carmack and Kevin Cloud, and designer Tom Hall; late in development Hall was replaced by Sandy Petersen and programmer Dave Taylor was added to the team. The music and sound effects were created by Bobby Prince.",
"title": "Development of Doom"
},
{
"docid": "8521#20",
"text": "The ability for others to create custom levels and otherwise modify the game using WAD files turned out to be a popular aspect of \"Doom\". Gaining the first large mod-making community, \"Doom\" affected the culture surrounding first-person shooters, and also the industry. Several future professional game designers started their careers making \"Doom\" WADs as a hobby, among them Tim Willits, who later became the lead designer at id Software.",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "8521#0",
"text": "Doom (typeset as DOOM in official documents and stylized as DooM in other media) is a 1993 first-person shooter (FPS) video game by id Software. It is considered one of the most significant and influential titles in video game history, for having helped to pioneer the now-ubiquitous first-person shooter. The original game was divided into three nine-level episodes and was distributed via shareware and mail order. The Ultimate Doom, an updated release of the original game featuring a fourth episode, was released in 1995 and sold at retail.",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "8521#17",
"text": "Because id planned to self-publish the game, as the game neared completion they had to set up the systems to sell the game. Jay Wilbur, who had been brought on as CEO and sole member of the business team, planned the marketing and distribution of \"Doom\". He felt that the mainstream press was uninterested in the game, and as id would make the most money off of copies they sold directly to customers—up to 85 percent of the planned US$40 price—he decided to leverage the shareware market as much as possible, buying only a single ad in any gaming magazine. Instead, he reached out directly to software retailers, offering them copies of the first \"Doom\" episode for free, allowing them to charge any price for it, in order to spur customer interest in buying the full game directly from id.",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8521#35",
"text": "In 2012, \"Time\" named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time as \"it established the look and feel of later shooters as surely as Xerox PARC established the rules of the virtual desktop,\" adding that \"its impact also owes a lot to the gonzo horror sensibility of its designers, including John Romero, who showed a bracing lack of restraint in their deployment of gore and Satanic iconography.\" Including \"Doom\" on the list of the greatest games of all time, GameSpot wrote that \"despite its numerous appearances in other formats and on other media, longtime fans will forever remember the original 1993 release of \"Doom\" as the beginning of a true revolution in action gaming.\"",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "12915762#34",
"text": "Months after \"Doom\" was released, Zen Studios developed a virtual pinball adaptation of the game as part of the \"Bethesda Pinball\" collection, which became available as part of \"Zen Pinball 2\", \"Pinball FX 2\" and \"Pinball FX 3\", as well as a separate free-to-play app for iOS and Android mobile devices. At E3 2017 Bethesda announced \"Doom VFR\", a virtual reality adaptation of \"Doom\", compatible with the PlayStation VR and HTC Vive headsets. In \"Doom VFR\" the player assumes the role of Mars' last survivor who, after being killed, gets his consciousness uploaded into an artificial network, and is tasked with defeating the demons and restoring the facility's operations, having an array of electronic devices and weapons at his disposal. The game was released on December 1, 2017.",
"title": "Doom (2016 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "8521#12",
"text": "At the start of 1993, id put out a press release, touting Hall's story about fighting off demons while \"knee-deep in the dead\". The press release proclaimed the new game features that John Carmack had created, as well as other features, including multiplayer gaming features, that had not yet even been designed. Early versions of the game were built to match the \"Doom Bible\"; a \"pre-alpha\" version of the first level included Hall's introductory base scene. Initial versions of the game also retained \"arcade\" elements present in \"Wolfenstein 3D\", like score points and score items, but those were removed early in development as they felt not in keeping with the tone of the game. Other elements, such as a complex user interface, an inventory system, a secondary shield protection, and lives were modified and slowly removed over the course of development.\nSoon, however, the \"Doom Bible\" as a whole was rejected: Romero wanted a game even \"more brutal and fast\" than \"Wolfenstein\", which did not leave room for the character-driven plot Hall had created. Additionally, the team felt it emphasized realism over entertaining gameplay, and they did not see the need for a design document at all. Some ideas were retained, but the story was dropped and most of the game design was removed. By spring of 1993 levels were being created for the game and a demo was produced. John Carmack and Romero, however, disliked Hall's military base-inspired level design. Romero especially felt that the boxy, flat level designs were uninspiring, too similar to \"Wolfenstein\", and did not show off everything the engine could do. He began to create his own, more abstract levels for the game, which the rest of the team felt were much better.",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "8521#39",
"text": "The game again sparked controversy throughout a period of school shootings in the United States when it was found that Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who committed the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999, were avid players of the game. While planning for the massacre, Harris said in his journal that the killing would be \"like playing \"Doom\"\", and \"it'll be like the LA riots, the Oklahoma bombing, World War II, Vietnam, \"Duke Nukem\" and \"Doom\" all mixed together\", and that his shotgun was \"straight out of the game\". A rumor spread afterwards that Harris had designed a \"Doom\" level that looked like the high school, populated with representations of Harris's classmates and teachers, and that Harris practiced for his role in the shootings by playing the level over and over. Although Harris did design \"Doom\" levels, which later became known as the 'Harris levels', none have been found to be based on Columbine High School.",
"title": "Doom (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "10186195#0",
"text": "DRL (formerly DoomRL), short for Doom, the Roguelike, is a roguelike video game developed by ChaosForge based on the first-person shooters \"Doom\" and \"Doom II\". It's been in-development since 2002 and released for Microsoft Windows, Linux and OS X. Following a cease and desist notice from \"Doom\" trademark owner, ZeniMax Media, the game's name was changed to \"DRL\" in 2016.",
"title": "DRL (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "7189856#11",
"text": "The heroes are then called to the SHIELD Helicarrier, where Nick Fury takes them with ending the threats of AIM and HYDRA. After defeating both MODOK and the Mandarin, Doctor Doom steals one of the Mandarin's rings and reveals his master plan. It was he who originally orchestrated HYDRA's attack on the Raft which led to the mass breakout of super-villains, as well as commissioned Mr Sinister to gather Mutant DNA through the Purifiers to create a clone of Bishop. The purpose of the clone is to create a conduit with which Doom can control the Cosmic Cube, while the super-villain breakout was intended to keep the heroes occupied while he finalizes his plan.",
"title": "Marvel Heroes (video game)"
}
] |
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2876
|
When was Old Isisford District Hospital established?
|
[
{
"docid": "56064085#1",
"text": "The former Isisford District Hospital is a timber-framed and -clad complex with corrugated iron roofing, located in western central Queensland. Established in 1892, with additions between 1902 and 1961, it functioned as a hospital to 1970 and as a clinic until 2011. It is a fine example of a district hospital and demonstrates the evolution of Queensland district hospitals from the 1890s in accordance with changes to community needs, health practices and hospital legislation.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#16",
"text": "Starting in 1948 and continuing into the 1950s, extensions were made to Isisford Hospital including: a kitchen, operating theatre and an extension to one of the 1892 buildings. Blackall Hospitals Board was advised by the Department of Health and Home Affairs that its plan for remodelling the Isisford Hospital had been approved; there was also approval for installation of an X-ray plant at Isisford.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "56064085#6",
"text": "Isisford and its surrounding district grew over the three decades following the hospital's establishment. In 1901 Isisford's population was 270, rising to 356 in 1907 and peaking at 388 residents in 1921. Growth in selector numbers in the Isisford district between 1902 and 1926, stimulated by the western progress of the Central Western railway line, combined with a run of good seasons, provided two decades of sustained prosperity.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#14",
"text": "Staffing became an issue again post-World War II, which prompted the community to fund-raise to resolve this problem. There was no doctor at Isisford Hospital between December 1945 and May 1946 and when the remaining medical staff resigned because of over-work, the hospital temporarily closed. This prompted the committee to send a letter of complaint to Queensland Premier Ned Hanlon in May 1946 about the lack of staff at Isisford Hospital due to bureaucratic inefficiency. At the same time a series of public meetings were held and Isisford established the Isisford Hospital Benefit Fund from June 1946 - a voluntary subscription list for the purpose of endowing the nursing staffs' wages at per person per calendar month, as compensation for the extra cost of living in the isolated district. As a result of the wage bonus, the Matron returned and two double-certificated nurses and an assistant nurse were obtained. Thereafter, the extra per month made it possible to retain a full nursing staff. However, it still remained difficult to get doctors appointed through the centralised system and to retain them.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#0",
"text": "Old Isisford District Hospital is a heritage-listed former public hospital at 6 St Agnes Street, Isisford, Longreach Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and built from 1914 to 1918. It is also known as Isisford District Hospital (former). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 September 2014.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#22",
"text": "The Isisford Clinic in the former Isisford District Hospital closed in 2011, when it was replaced by a new Isisford Primary Health Clinic located nearby on the corner of St Agnes and St Helena Streets, still within the former hospital reserve. In 2014, its future use has yet to be determined.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#30",
"text": "Old Isisford District Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 September 2014 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#12",
"text": "However, in the 1930s the Isisford District Hospital was still supported by the fund-raising efforts of its committee, showing the importance of the institution to the district. Throughout the 1930s the Isisford Hospital Committee undertook alterations and additions to improve the hospital including alterations to the maternity ward in 1933 increase ventilation in the building the addition in 1935, of reticulated water, after the council's weir was completed in October 1934.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#9",
"text": "During World War I the Isisford District Hospital Committee struggled to retain a doctor. Believing it would be easier to keep a doctor in Isisford if accommodation could be provided, the committee in 1918 set about funding a doctor's residence, subsidised by the Queensland Government. It was erected by the beginning of 1921.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "56064085#11",
"text": "In 1927 the growth of the Isisford District Hospital was described by The Longreach Leader:\"The original hospital building is now used for two female wards and a kitchen. Additions since opening have been nurses' quarters, two female wards, operating theatre, isolation ward, maternity ward and doctor's residence. The institution is equipped with electric lighting and Xray plant. Staff comprise a medical officer, matron, two nurses and the domestic staff namely yardsman, cook, housemaid and laundress. There are four general wards - public and private ward for males and two similar wards for females.\"Further health legislation, which altered hospital and medical services in the state, was enacted during the 1920s and 1930s by the Queensland Government. The Hospitals Act 1923 established the model for future management of hospitals through district boards.",
"title": "Old Isisford District Hospital"
}
] |
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] |
2877
|
What unit of measurement is used to measure light intensity?
|
[
{
"docid": "188386#30",
"text": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).",
"title": "Lighting"
},
{
"docid": "8969693#57",
"text": "Lux and lumens are commonly used to measure light levels, but they are photometric units which measure the intensity of light as perceived by the human eye.",
"title": "Grow light"
},
{
"docid": "188386#31",
"text": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural.",
"title": "Lighting"
},
{
"docid": "313418#0",
"text": "In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.",
"title": "Luminous intensity"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11439#58",
"text": "The speed of light is a dimensional quantity and so cannot be measured. Measurable quantities in physics are, without exception, dimensionless, although they are often constructed as ratios of dimensional quantities. For example, when the height of a mountain is measured, what is really measured is the ratio of its height to the length of a meter stick. The conventional SI system of units is based on seven basic dimensional quantities, namely distance, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These units are defined to be independent and so cannot be described in terms of each other. As an alternative to using a particular system of units, one can reduce all measurements to dimensionless quantities expressed in terms of ratios between the quantities being measured and various fundamental constants such as Newton's constant, the speed of light and Planck's constant; physicists can define at least 26 dimensionless constants which can be expressed in terms of these sorts of ratios and which are currently thought to be independent of one another. By manipulating the basic dimensional constants one can also construct the Planck time, Planck length and Planck energy which make a good system of units for expressing dimensional measurements, known as Planck units.",
"title": "Faster-than-light"
},
{
"docid": "3370232#6",
"text": "Within the optical chamber(s), after the light is separated into its different wavelengths (colours), the light intensity is measured with a photomultiplier tube or tubes physically positioned to \"view\" the specific wavelength(s) for each element line involved, or, in more modern units, the separated colors fall upon an array of semiconductor photodetectors such as charge coupled devices (CCDs). In units using these detector arrays, the intensities of all wavelengths (within the system's range) can be measured simultaneously, allowing the instrument to analyze for every element to which the unit is sensitive all at once. Thus, samples can be analyzed very quickly.",
"title": "Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy"
},
{
"docid": "29293#0",
"text": "An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light or a unit directly proportional to the photon energy, such as reciprocal centimeters or electron volts, which has a reciprocal relationship to wavelength.",
"title": "Optical spectrometer"
},
{
"docid": "1052660#55",
"text": "The candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity, that is power per unit solid angle in a given direction, weighted according to the sensitivity of the human eye to various colours of light. A typical candle produces light with about 1 candela of luminous intensity in all directions. A lamp can produce higher luminous intensity either by producing more light, or by focusing it tighter. The luminous intensity of a light depends on many factors, including the colour of the light and the eye's sensitivity to that colour, the optics involved, reflector and lens. Despite its complexity, it is a more useful measure than watts, because it defines how much usable light is shed in a given place: a dynamo headlight designed for road use and focused for seeing the road makes more efficient use of the power of the lamp than lights using rotationally symmetrical optics.",
"title": "Bicycle lighting"
},
{
"docid": "2208970#1",
"text": "An intensity interferometer is built from two light detectors, typically either radio antenna or optical telescopes with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), separated by some distance, called the baseline. Both detectors are pointed at the same astronomical source, and intensity measurements are then transmitted to a central correlator facility. A major advantage of intensity interferometers is that only the measured intensity observed by each detector must be sent to the central correlator facility, rather than the amplitude and phase of the signal. The intensity interferometer measures interferometric visibilities like all other astronomical interferometers. These measurements can be used to calculate the diameter and limb darkening coefficients of stars, but with intensity interferometers aperture synthesis images cannot be produced as the visibility phase information is not preserved by an intensity interferometer.",
"title": "Intensity interferometer"
},
{
"docid": "11096735#2",
"text": "For static light scattering experiments, a high-intensity monochromatic light, usually a laser, is launched in a solution containing the macromolecules. One or many detectors are used to measure the scattering intensity at one or many angles. The angular dependence is required to obtain accurate measurements of both molar mass and size for all macromolecules of radius above 1–2% the incident wavelength. Hence simultaneous measurements at several angles relative to the direction of incident light, known as multi-angle light scattering (MALS) or multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), is generally regarded as the standard implementation of static light scattering. Additional details on the history and theory of MALS may be found in multi-angle light scattering.",
"title": "Static light scattering"
},
{
"docid": "313418#1",
"text": "Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to greenish-yellow light at 555 nm. Light with the same radiant intensity at other wavelengths has a lower luminous intensity. The curve which measures the response of the human eye to light is a defined standard, known as the luminosity function. This curve, denoted \"V\"(λ) or formula_1, is based on an average of widely differing experimental data from scientists using different measurement techniques. For instance, the measured responses of the eye to violet light varied by a factor of ten .",
"title": "Luminous intensity"
}
] |
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] |
2880
|
How many people live in the Himalayas?
|
[
{
"docid": "37966#3",
"text": "The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people, and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers — the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra — rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people. The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region, helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of the Indian subcontinent; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism.",
"title": "Himalayas"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1064742#3",
"text": "Between 125 and 143 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by monsoons, heavy runoff from the melting snows of the Himalayas, and North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. A large part of the nation of Bangladesh lies in the Ganges Delta, and many of the country's people depend on the delta for survival.",
"title": "Ganges Delta"
},
{
"docid": "26406489#46",
"text": "According to a Reuters report, the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers—[[Ganges]], [[Indus]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yangtze]], [[Mekong]], [[Salween]] and [[Yellow River|Yellow]]—could diminish as temperatures rise. Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the [[drainage basin]] of the Himalayan rivers. India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades. The Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins support 700 million people in Asia. In India alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people. It has to be acknowledged, however, that increased seasonal runoff of Himalayan glaciers led to increased agricultural production in northern India throughout the 20th century. Research studies suggest that climate change will have a marked affect on meltwater in the Indus Basin.",
"title": "Physical impacts of climate change"
},
{
"docid": "21075277#1",
"text": "The population of Binoli is approximately 870 people. Majority of Bohra Rajput Hindu cast live in Binoli. There is one Golu devta mandir in Binoli village. It is Located at the top of the Mountain.It falls in the salt constituency of Rajya Sabha, Almora district\nBinoli continues to attract tourists based on its traditional Hindu temples, the natural environment of the region, and views of the Himalayas. The Bohra community in this region is orthodox and, according to some accounts, it set the regions of Dharchula inhabiting Kanjars as well as Rawats to fire over some dispute. The population of this village is now declining due to migrations to plains.",
"title": "Binoli"
},
{
"docid": "37966#40",
"text": "Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon. The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct.",
"title": "Himalayas"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "3522474#2",
"text": "The Enga contain more than 150,000 people that occupy the mountainous region ranging from Mount Hagen and westward to Porgera. Enga people are known to be sedentary gardeners that grow sweet potatoes as their staple crop. Coffee and pyrethrum are also grown as cash crops in their culture and they also keep pigs, cattle, and fowls. Pigs, pearls, shells, axes, and plumes are items of wealth and signify social occasions when exchanged or circulated. Enga clans have an definite boundaries defining their homesteads across the territory and have been known to fight with each other over land, women, and vengeance. Men and women traditionally occupy different homes because it is believed that women are unclean and can be dangerous to men. The Enga culture does not include a chief or headman, but instead the wealthy men have the political and administrative control.",
"title": "Enga language"
},
{
"docid": "28025488#0",
"text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.",
"title": "ㅅ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "47717636#0",
"text": "ㅂ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅂ is U+3142.",
"title": "ㅂ"
}
] |
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2881
|
Is sex work linked to human trafficking?
|
[
{
"docid": "26563252#15",
"text": "However, sex worker activists and organizations distinguish between human trafficking and legitimate sex work, and assert the importance of recognizing that trafficking is not synonymous with sex work. The Sex Workers Alliance Ireland organization explains: \"victims of human trafficking may be forced to work in industries such as agriculture, domestic service as well as the sex industry. It is critical to distinguish human trafficking, which is a violation of human rights, from voluntary migration.\" The Open Society Foundations organization states: \"sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights. In fact, sex workers are natural allies in the fight against trafficking. The UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work recognizes that sex worker organizations are best positioned to refer people who are victims of trafficking to appropriate services.\"",
"title": "Prostitution law"
},
{
"docid": "38847202#11",
"text": "Whether or not human trafficking and migrant sex work should be considered the same concept has been a contentious debate among feminist activists, government officials, scholars, and religious organizations for the past 15 years. This debate currently dominates much of the public discussion surrounding human trafficking and sex work. On one side of the debate are anti-prostitution activists who conflate migrant sex work and human trafficking because they do not believe in voluntary prostitution or because they view any migration for the purpose of sex work as human trafficking. This perspective has largely dominated mainstream governmental and NGO perspectives toward human trafficking across international contexts. On the other side of the debate are pro-sex work academics and activists who argue for the separation of voluntary migrant sex work from involuntary human trafficking and a greater focus on labor and migration rights instead of trafficking. This group works for the recognition of the right of prostitutes to pursue sex work as a legitimate form of work, more flexible and open borders for migrants, and a greater focus on the spectrum of coercive labor conditions.",
"title": "Migrant sex work"
},
{
"docid": "38847202#12",
"text": "Sex work and sex trafficking conflation is also a heavily debated legal topic. Several scholars argue that existing legal provisions aimed at combating human trafficking, such as the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act and the 2000 United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, do not adequately account for the variety of sex worker conditions and contexts, voluntary or involuntary. For instance, Filipina hostesses who migrate to Japan to work as entertainers must give up their legal documents to their recruiters during the migration process. While the law considers the process of giving up a passport to a third party intermediary as a condition of human trafficking, several scholars, activists, and the sex workers themselves do not regard this to be human trafficking, particularly when individuals consent to this component of the migration process.",
"title": "Migrant sex work"
},
{
"docid": "38847202#10",
"text": "Because of their illegal and vulnerable economic status, some migrant sex workers may find themselves in situations where coercion and forced sex work may be present. Under international legal definitions of human trafficking, forced and coercive forms of sex work are considered to be instances of involuntary sex trafficking. However, many scholars caution against categorizing sex workers as either completely voluntary or completely involuntary. They often argue that sex work, like other forms of labor, can span a spectrum between the two extremes, with most circumstances falling in the middle through various labor rights violations. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of migrant sex workers can make them susceptible to exploitative or coercive labor practices that can resemble or be human trafficking.",
"title": "Migrant sex work"
},
{
"docid": "19333662#99",
"text": "The problems against anti-trafficking raids are related to the problem of the trafficking concept itself, as raids' purpose of fighting sex trafficking may be conflated with fighting prostitution. The Trafficking Victims Protection Re-authorization Act of 2005 (TVPRA) gives state and local law enforcement funding to prosecute customers of commercial sex, therefore some law enforcement agencies make no distinction between prostitution and sex trafficking. One study interviewed women who have experienced law enforcement operations as sex workers and found that during these raids meant to combat human trafficking, none of the women were ever identified as trafficking victims, and only one woman was asked whether she was coerced into sex work. The conflation of trafficking with prostitution, then, does not serve to adequately identify trafficking and help the victims. Raids are also problematic in that the women involved were most likely unclear about who was conducting the raid, what the purpose of the raid was, and what the outcomes of the raid would be.",
"title": "Human trafficking"
},
{
"docid": "2101268#3",
"text": "There are a number of misconceptions about sex trafficking. Sex trafficking and human trafficking are not to be confused with human smuggling. Human trafficking for sexual or other labor may involve transporting victims across international borders, but to meet the definition of trafficking, there needs only to be exploitation of an individual after they have been coerced or deceived, so it does not necessarily involve transportation across national borders. Human trafficking and sex trafficking are often used as synonyms. However, trafficking for non-sexual exploitation may be even more prevalent than trafficking for sexual exploitation, though accurate estimates of trafficking rates are extremely difficult to obtain. Sex trafficking tends to receive more attention from aid organizations and donors due to the greater public outrage that forced sexual labor evokes compared to forced non-sexual labor and thus incidents of sex trafficking are more frequently reported.",
"title": "Sex trafficking"
},
{
"docid": "2101268#0",
"text": "Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery. A victim is forced, in one of a variety of ways, into a situation of dependency on their trafficker(s) and then used by said trafficker(s) to give sexual services to customers. There are three types of activities defined as sex trafficking crimes: acquisition, transportation and exploitation; this includes child sex tourism (CST), domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) or other kinds of commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. Sex trafficking is one of the biggest criminal businesses and it has been described as \"the fastest growing criminal industry in the world.\"",
"title": "Sex trafficking"
},
{
"docid": "2101268#8",
"text": "After members of Prostitutes Anonymous who were survivors of modern domestic sex trafficking spent 13 years doing TV, radio, public appearances, news interviews, etc. and calling out that this country needed to \"'do something' about it\" an internationally recognized definition for sex trafficking was finally established with the Trafficking Act of 2000. It was during the same year the Palermo Protocol was enacted, the United States passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) to clarify the previous confusion and discrepancies in regards to the criminalizing guidelines of human trafficking. Through this act, sex trafficking crimes were defined as a situation where in which a \"commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age.\" If the victim is a child under the age of 18 no force, fraud, or coercion needs to be proven based on this legislation. Susan Tiefenbrun, a professor at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law who has written extensively on human trafficking, conducted research on the victims addressed in this act and discovered that each year more than two million women throughout the world are bought and sold for sexual exploitation. In order to clarify previous legal inconsistencies in regards to youth and trafficking, the United States took legal measures to define more varieties of exploitive situations in relation to children. The two terms they defined and focused on were \"commercial sexual exploitation of children\" and \"domestic minor sex trafficking.\" Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is defined as \"encompassing several forms of exploitation, including pornography, prostitution, child sex tourism, and child marriage.\" Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is a term that represents a subset of CSEC situations that have \"the exchange of sex with a child under the age of 18, who is a United States (US) citizen or permanent resident, for a gain of cash, goods, or anything of value.\"",
"title": "Sex trafficking"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24734015#57",
"text": "Some feminists, such as Carole Pateman, believe that exploitation is in both prostitution and sex trafficking. They believe that even if the women agreed to be a sex worker in a foreign country that the worker was still trafficked because of the preceding conditions that lead her to believe that sex work was the only viable work option. Other feminists such as Kamala Kempadoo, on the other hand, believe that prostitution is a form of labor just like any other migrant labor; however, due to the criminalization of prostitution, prostitutes are then subject to coercion and exploitation and subsequent trafficking. In the USA, each year 80,000 women are arrested for prostitution. Current debates about modifications to Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 policy are based about these two arguments. In providing aid for victims of sex trafficking the government must take a stand on whether or not they believe the sex industry and sex trafficking are inherently linked. These people involved in prostitution have an 80% higher chance of sexually transmitted infections and many never can afford to seek treatment. This results in serious infections, lifelong diseases, and sometimes even death.",
"title": "Human trafficking in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "38847202#7",
"text": "Because prostitution can be an extremely political topic that represents differing political interests, the method of data collection and the use of collected data can vary in reliability. While more pro-sex work academics, organizations, and activists make an explicit demarcation between sex workers and victims of sex trafficking, many other groups consider prostitution to inherently lack a voluntary component. Many anti-sex work activists consider any form of migration for the purpose of commercial sex to be a form of human trafficking. As a result, depending on the definition of human trafficking by the organization or data collector, the number of either migrant sex workers or victims of sex trafficking can dramatically change depending on whether or not these two categories of individuals are conflated. Scholars, service providers, and practitioners who attempt to remain apolitical and outside the feminist views on sex trafficking and sex work regarding prostitution still often remark how the legal definitions of human trafficking are still too vague for them to efficiently and neutrally define and count victims. As a result, who is considered to be a migrant sex worker or victim of sex trafficking can widely vary.",
"title": "Migrant sex work"
},
{
"docid": "56746068#1",
"text": "Sex Trafficking is the practice of kidnapping people, typically young women and children, to be forced into the practice of sexual slavery and prostitution. Sex Trafficking is the most common form of human trafficking. According to a report by the UNODC, 79 percent of trafficking is for sex trafficking. Typically, people with histories of sexual assault or sexual violence and people who live in poverty are targeted and kidnapped. According to State Department officials, it is estimated that tens of thousands of Latin American women are trafficked each year, typically internationally. A large number of these victims come from Colombia or The Dominican Republic. According to a report made by the United Nations in 2016, multiple gangs, crime families, and drug trafficking organizations deal in human trafficking which may involve some 48,500 victims. These women and usually children are trafficked into prostitution, but can also be forced to work in pornography or stripping. Argentina and Brazil are very common destination countries for women from the Andes and some places in the Caribbean, like the Dominican Republic and Panama is a destination country for women from Colombia and Central America who are forced to work in the sex trade. Trafficking is a common occurrence along borders in Central and South America. The Mexican-Guatemalan border is especially popular because undocumented women trying to get to the United States are often pushed into prostitution.",
"title": "Human trafficking in South America"
},
{
"docid": "24733817#9",
"text": "The 2010 report confirmed Canada's Tier 1 status.\nThe report states that \"Prostitution by willing adults is not human trafficking regardless of whether it is legalized,\ndecriminalized, or criminalized.\" Therefore, should Canada fully legalize sex work, it will not affect its Tier ranking. This is a change from earlier reports such as 2005\nwhich linked tolerance of prostitution to trafficking. Furthermore, the US now follows the International Labour Organization which considers human trafficking to be predominantly an issue of forced labour rather than of sexual exploitation. (p. 8)",
"title": "Human trafficking in Canada"
}
] |
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] |
2882
|
When was BB King born?
|
[
{
"docid": "152603#0",
"text": "Riley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known professionally as B.B. King, was an American blues singer, electric guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.",
"title": "B.B. King"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45619609#1",
"text": "McGill grew up in Denver, Colorado. She began playing guitar after her father witnessed her pretending to play guitar with a pool stick. He enrolled her in private lessons at age 12. In an interview with the Denver Post, McGill's mom recalled her playing guitar in the style of blues musician B. B. King. Her parents gave her the nickname of BB when she was born. When she started playing guitar, everyone kept calling her BB Queen but she didn't like the name so she changed the spelling to Bibi McGill. She played for the jazz band in school, her own punk band and the Denver Citywide Marching Band. She graduated from the University of Colorado with a degree in music scoring and arranging. When she saw that there were limited opportunities in the music scene in Denver, McGill moved to Los Angeles and began playing gigs in small clubs such as the Whiskey and The Viper Room. In the late 1980s, McGill was a part of a Christian metal band called Ezra. In 1988, they released a demo titled The Choice. The band was very well known in the Denver area. Before getting the gig with Pink, she auditioned for Courtney Love and was waiting for Mick Jagger to return to the United States because he was looking for a female guitarist. She recalls in an interview with Ebony Magazine getting a call from Pink's team to perform with her on Saturday Night Live based on her notoriety from her performances in clubs around Los Angeles. She has also done modeling on the side and appeared in commercials for Heineken, Motorola and Nike.",
"title": "Bibi McGill"
},
{
"docid": "57025892#1",
"text": "James Albert King was born in 1864 and was of Irish and African descent. His birthplace has been speculated variously as Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ireland and Ireland, Ohio. King married Delia Linsey in 1895, and they both worked as sharecroppers, in Henry County and Clayton County in Georgia and then Stockbridge, Georgia where they settled and where their son, Martin Luther King Sr. was born in 1899. King struggled with alcoholism and disapproved of his son and wife attending church. When his son Martin became involved in an altercation with a white property owner the family went into hiding for a period. King died in 1933.",
"title": "James Albert King"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "26400288#0",
"text": "Kelly S. King (born September 12, 1948 in Raleigh, North Carolina) is Chairman and CEO of BB&T Corporation (). King began his career in BB&T’s Management Development Program in 1972 and has served in many roles, including manager of its Central and Metropolitan regions, Raleigh city executive, Charlotte business services manager, Statesville consumer lending manager, and banking manager for BB&T's branch network. In January 2009, he was named a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Before his appointment as CEO on Jan. 1, 2009, King was BB&T’s chief operating officer from 2004 to 2008. In December 2012, BB&T announced that they eliminated a provision in King's contract that would have required him to step down when he turns 65, effectively keeping him as CEO till now.During his first year as CEO of BB&T in 2009, King earned a total compensation of $4,469,300.",
"title": "Kelly King"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "1888537#4",
"text": "Bernice Albertine King was born on March 28, 1963, in Atlanta, Georgia. The day after she was born, her father had to leave for Birmingham, Alabama, but he rushed back when it was time for Bernice and her mother, Coretta, to leave the hospital. He drove them home himself but, in what was all too typical with the work he was doing, had to leave them again within hours. Following her birth, Harry Belafonte realized the toll the Civil Rights Movement was taking on her mother's time and energy and offered to pay for a nurse to help Coretta with the Kings' four children. They accepted and hired a person that would help with the children for the next five or six years. Her father died a week after Bernice's fifth birthday.",
"title": "Bernice King"
},
{
"docid": "34748387#3",
"text": "The sons of Hans Georg Pasch from the previous marriage and the half brothers Tadeusz Michał Benita-Pasch were , minister in the first democratic government of Slovenia (1990-1992) and his twin brother Boris Pasch, a Slovenian diplomat in Berlin, both born in 1941.• – Films made and scheduled for release in 1939, but premiered in later years due to outbreak of World War 2",
"title": "Ina Benita"
},
{
"docid": "48215627#1",
"text": "King was born January 21, 1943, in Delhi, Louisiana, a small town thirty miles east of Monroe, Louisiana. He had seven brothers and two sisters. King started playing guitar at the early age of eight when he found an unused guitar in his grandmother's closet and started picking out notes. He attended Boley High School, which lacked a music teacher until his final year there. Up until then, the few songs he could play he played by ear. While still in high school, James Moody, the owner and bandleader of a 20-piece big band out of New Orleans (called \"The New Sounds\"), took him under his wing and gave him his first paying gig, for which King made $15. Once King realized he could make money playing guitar on stage is when he reports \"...I really got serious\" about playing guitar.\"",
"title": "Bnois King"
}
] |
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2883
|
When was Volkswagen first introduced in the U.S.?
|
[
{
"docid": "32413#16",
"text": "Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949, but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the U.S. market, the VW was briefly sold as a \"Victory Wagon\". Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States. Production of the Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle increased dramatically over the years, the total reaching one million in 1955.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5267750#2",
"text": "He enjoyed great success in expanding Volkswagen's dealership network and increasing sales figures in America, and Volkswagen had a tremendous advantage in marketing the Beetle's front-wheel-drive replacement, the Rabbit (known as the Volkswagen Golf in Europe) when it was introduced in January 1975. By 1976, however, Perkins was at odds with the company's plans to build Rabbits in the United States when it seemed a questionable idea due to logistical problems. He was further agitated when the job of running Volkswagen's new Westmoreland Assembly Plant, was given to James McLernon, a manager from Chevrolet, whose cars were distinctly different from Volkswagen's.",
"title": "J. Stuart Perkins"
},
{
"docid": "32413#29",
"text": "In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the military-themed Type 181, or \"Trekker\" in Europe, \"Thing\" in America, recalling the wartime Type 82. The military version was produced for the NATO-era German Army during the Cold War years of 1970 to 1979. The U.S. Thing version only sold for two years, 1973 and 1974.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"docid": "31916617#13",
"text": "On April 10, 1978, VWoA dedicated Westmoreland Assembly by driving its first car off the line, a two-door white Rabbit (in \"Rabbit C\" or mid trim level, as with all the initial production) — which had actually been assembled the week before and was shipped after the plant dedication to Volkswagen's Wolfsburg headquarters for its museum. Toni Schmücker, Richard E Dauch, James McLernon, U.S. Treasury Secretary Michael Blumenthal, Pennsylvania Governor Milton Shapp and 1,200 employees were on hand the day the first car came off of the line. In his remarks, Schmücker, CEO of Volkswagen AG, paraphrased Neil Armstrong remarks when stepping onto the moon, saying \"this may be one small step for America, but it is a giant step for Volkswagen.\"",
"title": "Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly"
},
{
"docid": "750083#0",
"text": "The Volkswagen Caddy is a leisure activity vehicle (M-segment) produced by the Volkswagen Group since 1980. It is sold in Europe and in other markets around the world. The Volkswagen Caddy was first introduced in North America in 1980 and in Europe in 1982. The second generation also had a pick-up variant.",
"title": "Volkswagen Caddy"
},
{
"docid": "8349006#0",
"text": "The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 is a small family car, the third generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk2. It was launched in mainland Europe in August 1991, in the United Kingdom in February 1992, and in North America in the spring of 1994. The delay in North America was due to Volkswagen's decision to supply U.S. and Canadian dealerships with Mk3 Golfs (and A3 Jettas) from the VW plant in Puebla, Mexico. Quality control problems led Volkswagen of America to reject Golfs and Jettas from Mexico; shortly thereafter labor unrest at the plant delayed production there even further. The third-generation Golf and Jetta first appeared in North America as 1993 models in the San Diego, California area and in Canada, then in the autumn in the rest of North America as 1994 models. The Mk3 Cabrio replaced the Volkswagen Cabriolet, which continued the original Golf until 1993, although the original Golf, sold as Rabbit in the United States and Canada ceased sales in 1984. The Mk3 Cabrio continued until the 2002 model year, when Volkswagen replaced it with a convertible version of the Volkswagen New Beetle. Like the previous two generations, it was supposed to be built at the TAS factory in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, but when the car was released, the Yugoslav War broke out, leading to the destruction of the factory, and the bankruptcy of TAS in 1995, which meant it was the only Golf before the Mk4 not to be built in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Mk3 was sold in Japan alongside the Polo, where both vehicles were in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations that encouraged sales. A 1993 UK advert featured the Bluebells song Young At Heart which resulted in a 4-week spell at Number 1 thanks to the popularity of it.",
"title": "Volkswagen Golf Mk3"
},
{
"docid": "30406030#0",
"text": "The Volkswagen Passat (B1) is an automobile produced by Volkswagen in Germany from 1973 to 1981.\nThe original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door fastback sedans (which has abandoned in 1981) and identically profiled three- and five-door versions. Externally all four shared a modern design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a fastback version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan, introduced a year earlier. A five-door station wagon/estate was introduced in 1974. In Europe, the Passat was equipped with either two rectangular, two round units, or quadruple round headlights depending on specification.\nThe Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, and was intended as a replacement for the aging Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4. The Passat was \"Wheels\" magazine's Car of the Year for 1974 and its sister model Audi 80 was nominated car of the year by the European motor press a year earlier. The platform was named B1.",
"title": "Volkswagen Passat (B1)"
},
{
"docid": "523329#73",
"text": "The Karrier Bantam Lucozade Van (411) was introduced in August 1958 and featured a sliding plastic door, yellow paintwork and adverts for Lucozade energy drink on the side. This model was updated in May 1962 to become the Dairy Produce Van (435) now painted pale blue and white and with a 'Drive Safely on Milk' advert on the side. A Volkswagen van (433) was introduced in December 1962 finished in two tone red and white along with the Volkswagen Kombi (434) which was finished in green and white paintwork. A rare promotional version of the van was produced for the Dutch department store Vroom & Dreesman. In February 1963 the basic Volkswagen van was updated with Trans-o-lite headlamps as the Volkswagen Toblerone van (441). It was painted pale blue and finished with transfers along the sides advertising Toblerone chocolate bars. In March 1964 a Volkswagen Pick Up (432) was introduced to the range which came complete with a plastic canopy, and in December 1966 the pick up was converted to become the Volkswagen Breakdown Truck (490).",
"title": "Corgi Toys"
},
{
"docid": "4977442#4",
"text": "Formed in October 1955 in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, to standardize dealership service in the United States, it grew to 909 Volkswagen dealers in the US by 1965 under the leadership of Dr. Carl Hahn. Under him and his successor as president of Volkswagen of America, J. Stuart Perkins, VW's U.S. sales grew to 569,696 cars in 1970, an all-time peak, when Volkswagen captured 7 percent of the U.S. car market and had over a thousand American dealerships. The Volkswagen Beetle was the company's best seller in the United States by a wide margin.",
"title": "Volkswagen Group of America"
},
{
"docid": "32413#33",
"text": "First in the series was the Volkswagen Passat (Dasher in the US), introduced in 1973, a fastback version of the Audi 80, using many identical body and mechanical parts. Estate/wagon versions were available in many markets. In Europe, the estate/wagon version dominated in market share for many years.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
}
] |
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2884
|
When was the Polish People’s Republic established?
|
[
{
"docid": "13772#123",
"text": "The Polish People's Republic (\"Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa\") was established under the rule of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). The name change from the Polish Republic was not officially adopted, however, until the proclamation of the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic in 1952.",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "355133#0",
"text": "The Polish People's Republic (, ) was a state in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989, and the predecessor of the modern democratic Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million inhabitants near the end of its existence, it was the most populous state of the Eastern Bloc after the Soviet Union. Having a unitary Marxist–Leninist communist government, it was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact. The official capital since 1947 and largest city was Warsaw, followed by industrial Łódź and cultural Kraków.",
"title": "Polish People's Republic"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13772#3",
"text": "The Second Polish Republic, established in 1918, existed as an independent state until 1939, when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union destroyed it in their invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II. Millions of Polish citizens perished in the course of the Nazi occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945 as Germany classified ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Jews and Romani (Gypsies) as subhuman. Nazi authorities targeted the last two groups for extermination in the short term, deferring the extermination and/or enslavement of the Slavs as part of the \"Generalplan Ost\" ('General Plan for the East') conceived by the Nazi régime. A Polish government-in-exile nonetheless functioned throughout the war and the Poles contributed to the Allied victory through participation in military campaigns on both the eastern and western fronts. The westward advances of the Soviet Red Army in 1944 and 1945 compelled Nazi Germany's forces to retreat from Poland, which led to the establishment of a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union, known from 1952 as the Polish People's Republic.",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "11656578#0",
"text": "Administrative division of Polish People's Republic was subject to several reforms. The first of those established administrative division over the Polish territories that had shifted significantly westwardly. The Polish People's Republic administrative division was reformed in: 1946, 1950, 1957 and 1975. The 1975 division survived the fall of communism in 1990 and was replaced only in 1999 by the most current administrative division of Poland, which closely resembles the 1945-75 scheme but with different names (the Communists tended to simply name the voivodeships after their capitals, whereas the current ones use more historical names) and changes in the borders in certain areas.",
"title": "Administrative division of the Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"docid": "51608063#0",
"text": "The Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (), also known as the Government of Ignacy Daszyński, was established on 7 November 1918 in Lublin, Austrian Galicia, as one of the precursors of Poland's sovereignty following World War I. It proclaimed the creation of a constitutional republic with the right to parliamentary elections, nationalization of key industries, as well as social, labour, and land reforms. Prominent personalities of the provisional government included Stanisław Thugutt as Minister of Internal Affairs, Tomasz Arciszewski as Minister of Labour, as well as Col. Edward Rydz-Śmigły as the Minister of War and Supreme Commander of \nthe Polish Armed Forces. Ignacy Daszyński became Prime Minister. The Provisional Government dissolved itself after several days when Józef Piłsudski became Head of State (\"Naczelnik Państwa\") on 14 November 1918 in Warsaw.",
"title": "Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "355133#2",
"text": "The Polish People's Republic was a one-party state characterized by constant internal struggles for democracy and better living conditions. The Polish United Workers' Party became the dominant political faction, officially making Poland a socialist country, but with more liberal policies than other states of the Eastern Bloc. Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common almost in every decade. The nation was split between those who supported the party, those who were opposed to it and those who refused to engage in political activity. Despite this, some groundbreaking achievements have been established during the People's Republic such as rapid industrialization, urbanization of smaller or larger cities and access to free healthcare and education was made available. The birth rate was high and the population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. The party's most successful accomplishment, however, was the rebuilding of ruined Warsaw after World War II and the complete riddance of illiteracy, which stood at 30% in 1931 and at 2% in 1988.",
"title": "Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"docid": "14245#0",
"text": "The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland in the period between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939). Officially known as the Republic of Poland (), sometimes Commonwealth of Poland, the Polish state was re-established in 1918, in the aftermath of World War I. When, after several regional conflicts, the borders of the state were fixed in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then-Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of European theatre of World War II.",
"title": "Second Polish Republic"
},
{
"docid": "43523416#2",
"text": "The party was established by Jan Stapiński on 5 April 1914 as a breakaway from the Polish People's Party. In the January 1919 elections to elect the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic it received 3.5% of the vote, winning 12 seats. However, the 1922 elections saw it reduced to two seats in the Sejm and fail to win a seat in the Senate.",
"title": "Polish People's Party "Left""
},
{
"docid": "355133#22",
"text": "The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were governed by the Polish United Workers' Party (\"Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR\"). Despite the presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the Democratic Party, the country was generally reckoned by western nations as a one-party state because these two parties were supposedly completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's \"leading role\" as a condition of their existence. It was dependent on the USSR to the extent of being its satellite state. From 1952 the PRP's highest law was the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, and the Polish Council of State replaced the presidency of Poland. Elections were held on the single lists of the Front of National Unity.",
"title": "Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"docid": "5655140#0",
"text": "The Constitution of the Polish People's Republic (also known as July Constitution or Constitution of 1952) was passed on 22 July 1952. Created by the Polish communists in the Polish People's Republic, it was based on the 1936 Soviet Constitution (also known as Stalin Constitution), and it superseded the post-war provisional Small Constitution of 1947 which, in its turn, had declared null and void the pre-war April Constitution of Poland passed by the Polish Sejm in 1935. The Russian text of the Constitution was reviewed and 'corrected' by Joseph Stalin himself, and later translated into Polish. It legalized the communist legislature and practices as they had been introduced to Poland with the Polish Committee of National Liberation in the wake of Red Army progress in 1944.",
"title": "Constitution of the Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"docid": "2205229#2",
"text": "In 1939, World War II began and Poland was conquered by Nazi Germany. The government of the Polish Republic went into exile. In 1942, Polish communists in German-occupied Poland established a new Polish communist party, the Polish Workers' Party (\"Polska Partia Robotnicza\", PPR). Władysław Gomułka soon became its leader. But in the Soviet Union, Stalin and Wanda Wasilewska created the Union of Polish Patriots as a communist organization under Soviet control. As Germany was being defeated, the Polish communists cooperated with the Soviet Union, in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile, to establish a Soviet-dependent Polish state. This led to the creation of the Polish People's Republic. The PPR merged with the Polish Socialist Party (\"Polska Partia Socjalistyczna\", PPS), to form the Polish United Workers' Party (\"Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza\", PZPR), which ruled Poland until 1989. In post-World War II Poland, the communists initially enjoyed significant popular support due to the land reform, a mass scale rebuilding program and progressive social policies. The popular support eroded because of repressions, economic difficulties, and the lack of freedoms, but the PZPR was kept in power for four decades under the Soviet influence.",
"title": "Communism in Poland"
}
] |
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] |
2885
|
When was the New Japan Pro Wrestling created?
|
[
{
"docid": "305917#28",
"text": "The NWA’s presence in Japan was established in 1953, when Japanese wrestler/promoter Rikidozan founded the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, (JWA) which quickly became the main promotion in Japan. In 1972, the JWA’s two top draws Giant Baba and Antonio Inoki left to form their own promotions, All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) respectively. As a result, the JWA soon folded. AJPW became an NWA member upon its inception in 1973 and stayed until the late 1980s. NJPW was also a member of the NWA at various points between 1975 and 1985, mainly in order to gain control of the NWA Junior Heavyweight Championship. In 1992 and 1993, NJPW joined with the NWA once more to re-establish and promote the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, but left the NWA when WCW withdrew. NJPW returned to the NWA in 2004, again mainly for the NWA Junior Heavyweight Championship, and it is not a connection that is strongly emphasized. Between NJPW's departure in 1993 and its return in 2004 NWA representation in Japan was scattered among a few independent promotions: the International Wrestling Association of Japan (1994–1996); the Wrestle Yume Factory (1995–1997), the Universal Fighting Arts Organization (1999–2000); and Pro Wrestling Zero-One (2001–2004). In June 2007, the Inoki Genome Federation replaced NJPW as the Japanese affiliate of the National Wrestling Alliance. In February 2008, however, New Japan returned to the NWA. At the annual meeting in 2010, New Japan did not renew its membership and left the NWA yet again. In 2011, Pro Wrestling Zero1 returned to the NWA as their Japanese territory.",
"title": "National Wrestling Alliance"
},
{
"docid": "50637203#3",
"text": "From 1959 to 1972, the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance (JWA), run by Rikidōzan, held a tournament called World League (also known as the \"World Big League\"), which featured both Japanese and foreign professional wrestlers. Rikidōzan himself dominated the annual tournament early on, however, after his death in 1963, the tournament was won six times by Giant Baba and once by Antonio Inoki. JWA folded shortly after both Baba and Inoki left the promotion to create All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), respectively. Both men took the concept of World League with them to their new promotions, with Baba creating the \"Champion Carnival\" in 1973 and Inoki creating the World League in 1974, later renaming it G1 Climax.",
"title": "Champion Carnival"
},
{
"docid": "635624#1",
"text": "The promotion was founded by Antonio Inoki in 1972 after his departure from the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance promotion. The first NJPW event took place on March 6, 1972, in Tokyo. Inoki would serve as the president of the promotion until 1989, when he stepped down to pursue a political career as a member of the Japanese House of Councillors. The promotion was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from 1975 to 1985 and once more from 1992 to 1993. NJPW was briefly reaffiliated with the NWA in the late 2000s to the early 2010s as well.",
"title": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1100501#0",
"text": "The promotion was founded by former New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) stars Shinya Hashimoto and Shinjiro Otani. In 2000, Hashimoto proposed an independent promotion within NJPW called New Japan Pro Wrestling Zero, but the idea was shot down. When Hashimoto was fired by NJPW in November 2000, he registered the Pro Wrestling Zero-One name.",
"title": "Pro Wrestling Zero1"
},
{
"docid": "1300251#2",
"text": "In mid-1966, Japan Wrestling Association president Michiharu Toyonobori resigned his position and left the promotion, taking along with him some talent, including Katsuhisa Shibata (father of current New Japan Pro Wrestling star Katsuyori Shibata) and the future Rusher Kimura (Masao Kimura). Antonio Inoki, who was coming back from a long excursion to the United States, chose to join him and create a new venture, Tokyo Pro Wrestling.",
"title": "Tokyo Pro Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "37263082#0",
"text": "Japan Puroresu (ジャパンプロレス) or Japan Pro-Wrestling was the first renegade professional wrestling promotion in Japan. It was formed by Riki Choshu and his Ishingun after leaving New Japan Pro Wrestling in 1984. The promotion co-promoted with All Japan Pro Wrestling until 1987 when it dissolved.",
"title": "Japan Pro-Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "45453939#0",
"text": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling World (also referred to as NJPW World and New Japan World) is a subscription-based video streaming service owned by New Japan Pro-Wrestling. On December 1, 2014, NJPW and TV Asahi announced \"New Japan Pro-Wrestling World\", a new worldwide streaming site for the promotion's events. All major NJPW events air live on the service, which also features matches from the promotion's archives, dating back to 1972. In 2015, King of Pro-Wrestling marked the first ever event on NJPW World to feature English commentary, provided by Kevin Kelly and Matt Striker. Currently, English commentary is provided by Kelly and Don Callis. As part of a working relationship between NJPW and the Mexican Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) promotion, NJPW began airing CMLL's \"Viernes Espectaculares\" show on NJPW World, starting July 9, 2016.",
"title": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling World"
},
{
"docid": "37263082#1",
"text": "In August 1984, Riki Choshu had formed Ishin Gundan with Animal Hamaguchi, Isamu Teranishi, Yoshiaki Yatsu, Masa Saito and Kuniaki Kobayashi to feud with Antonio Inoki and New Japan Pro Wrestling. However, just as the feud was heating up, tensions both in and out of the ring forced Ishingun and a few others to leave NJPW that September. The next month, they formed Japan Pro-Wrestling and also announced a co-promotion with All Japan Pro Wrestling. Masa Saito briefly went back to North America but returned to Japan in 1985 and joined in the new promotion.",
"title": "Japan Pro-Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "811141#9",
"text": "On August 10, 2000, All Japan mainstay Masanobu Fuchi walked into the New Japan Pro Wrestling ring and declared that his intention was to \"break down the walls\" between All Japan and New Japan. In response, New Japan foreman Riki Choshu rushed into the ring and exchanged a firm handshake with Fuchi, signaling the beginning of the cross-promotional alliance. On September 16, 2000, Toshiaki Kawada followed Fuchi's path and vowed to crush New Japan ace Kensuke Sasaki, as he defeated Sasaki in the Tokyo Dome on October 9, 2000; the event sold out the building. In 2001, Keiji Mutoh and Shinjiro Otani created the interpromotional stable BATT (Bad Ass Translate Trading), which included All Japan's Taiyō Kea, Michinoku Pro's Jinsei Shinzaki and Hiroshi Hase. During this time, Mutoh challenged and defeated Tenryu for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, as well as capturing the World Tag Team Championship with Taiyō Kea. The alliance between the promotions lasted until January 11, 2002.",
"title": "All Japan Pro Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "59626326#3",
"text": "On June 16, 2000, a press conference was led by Mitsuharu Misawa, where 24 of the 26 native wrestlers contracted to All Japan Pro Wrestling joined him. With over 100 reporters and news outlets in attendance, Misawa announced that everyone surrounding him would be leaving All Japan Pro Wrestling after finishing their last committed appearances in July, and that they would be forming a new, then un-named promotion together. Misawa expressed his wish for the promotion to debut in August, with the Differ Ariake being the site of the promotion's debut. When asked what his reason for leaving All Japan was, Misawa said that it was so he could do things in a \"modern style.\" A day later, Misawa announced the promotion's name: Pro Wrestling Noah, which was inspired by the Biblical story where Noah built an ark and led two of every kind of animal in existence onto the ark before God destroyed the world. On June 20, twelve All Japan office employees resigned from their positions with the promotion, with intentions to follow Misawa to Noah, and on June 28, 2000, Misawa formally announced at a press conference that Pro Wrestling Noah would debut with two consecutive shows (titled \"Departure\") in Differ Ariake on August 5 and 6 in Tokyo.",
"title": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus"
},
{
"docid": "1300182#1",
"text": "Riki Choshu, one of New Japan Pro Wrestling's top stars who had come out of semi-retirement in 2000 left the New Japan promotion for the second time in the fall of 2002. With Kensuke Sasaki, Shiro Koshinaka, and referee Masao \"Tiger\" Hattori not renewing their contracts with New Japan in January 2003 as well, the four of them decided to develop their own promotion, World Japan. Yoshiaki Yatsu (who had been Choshu's ally in New Japan, Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, and All Japan Pro Wrestling in the 1980s), was also brought in along with some of the talent of his small-time SPWF promotion. Other independent wrestlers and freelancers such as Genichiro Tenryu, Takao Omori, and Tomohiro Ishii came along as well. American Gaijin talent included established stars such as Vader, The Road Warriors, \"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams and Big Vito, as well as new stars such as Lex Lovett, Steve Madison, The Maximos, and The Shane Twins.",
"title": "Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "635624#7",
"text": "On January 4, 2011, New Japan officially announced the NJPW Invasion Tour 2011: Attack on East Coast, the promotion's first tour of the United States to be held in May 2011. The tour featured shows in Rahway, New Jersey on May 13, New York City on May 14 and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, as well as cross-promotion with American independent group Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW). As part of the tour, NJPW introduced a new title, the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. On January 31, 2012, Yuke's announced that it had sold all shares of New Japan Pro-Wrestling to card game company Bushiroad for ¥500 million ($6.5 million).",
"title": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "635624#0",
"text": "Owing to its TV program aired on TV Asahi, NJPW is the largest professional wrestling promotion in Japan and the second largest promotion in the world. It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at various points in its history. NJPW has had agreements with various MMA and professional wrestling promotions around the world, including WWE, World Championship Wrestling, American Wrestling Association, World Class Championship Wrestling, Impact Wrestling, WAR, UWFi, Ring of Honor, Pride Fighting Championships, and Jersey All Pro Wrestling. NJPW's biggest event is the January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, held each year since 1992 and currently promoted under the Wrestle Kingdom banner.",
"title": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling"
},
{
"docid": "635624#2",
"text": "Also known as \"Shin Nihon Puroresu\", NJPW is considered the top wrestling promotion in Japan and is comparable to WWE in the United States in terms of popularity in the country. They promote events throughout Japan with their biggest event being their annual supercard held every year on January 4 at the Tokyo Dome, currently billed as Wrestle Kingdom; this serves as Japan's version of WWE's annual WrestleMania event.",
"title": "New Japan Pro-Wrestling"
}
] |
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] |
2887
|
What was the first video game published by ESP Software?
|
[
{
"docid": "2165811#0",
"text": "Grandia is a role-playing video game, developed by Game Arts and published by ESP Software for the Sega Saturn console as the first game in their \"Grandia\" series. Released in Japan in 1997, the game was ported to the PlayStation in 1999, with an English version of the game appearing on the platform in North America in the following September by Sony Computer Entertainment, and in Europe in 2000 by Ubi Soft. The game was produced by much of the same staff who worked on the company's previous role-playing endeavor, the \"Lunar\" series, including producer Yoichi Miyagi and composer Noriyuki Iwadare.",
"title": "Grandia (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2165811#13",
"text": "In March 1999, Game Art's Japanese publisher ESP Software showcased a PlayStation version of \"Grandia\" at that year's Tokyo Game Show expo, along with confirmation that the game would be released in English for the first time in North America by Sony Computer Entertainment America. Working Designs, which had previously worked with Game Arts on bringing their \"Lunar\" games to the region, had expressed interest in publishing the game, but were ultimately unable to secure the rights. New features for the PlayStation version included support for the system's DualShock analog control sticks and vibration function, as well as compatibility with Sony's Japanese-only PocketStation peripheral, which allows players to download game data on a portable device for use in a special mini-game. Although the company had expressed interest in bringing the game to the PlayStation as early as 1998, technical problems originally prevented the title from being ported to the system. Game Arts was later able to release the game with a slight loss in frame rate and a marginal decrease in video effects the following June. The North American version was originally announced by Sony as a summer release during the 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles, but was pushed back to the following October. \"Grandia\" was later released for the PlayStation in Europe in 2000 by Ubisoft.",
"title": "Grandia (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "4351649#5",
"text": "\"Grandia\", which ESP released in 1997, was the first third-party Saturn title to breach 500,000 units in sales. Afterwards, ESP released titles including \"Giren's Ambition\" and \"Baroque\", later extending footholds into the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 platforms with titles like \"\" and \"Abarenbo Princess\".",
"title": "Entertainment Software Publishing"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "56588134#0",
"text": "Raven Software is an American video game developer based in Madison, Wisconsin. It was founded in 1990 by brothers Brian and Steve Raffel after getting a publishing deal for their first game, \"Black Crypt\" (1992). During that game's development, the company formed a relationship with id Software, which was briefly located on the same street. Raven spent the next few years working primarily on PC games in partnership with id, making \"ShadowCaster\" (1993) with a game engine by id Software and three games in the \"Heretic\" series between 1994–1997 with id as the publisher and id Software employees as the producers. In 1997, Raven made an exclusive publishing deal with Activision, and the Raffel brothers subsequently sold the company to Activision. Several employees left the company then to form Human Head Studios.",
"title": "List of Raven Software games"
},
{
"docid": "29229729#7",
"text": "The then-renamed \"Deathstar\" was first published solely by Superior Software in 1985 and later re-released in 1989 by Superior Software and Blue Ribbon as a budget title. The game also appeared on the Beau Jolly compilations \"Five Star Games\" and \"10 Computer Hits 4\", and Superior Software's own \"Superior Collection\" compilations (vol 2 on the BBC, vol 3 on the Electron). A cheat loader program for the game was also published in 1988 by Impact Software on the compilation \"Cheat it again Joe 1\". An in-built cheat was discovered to have been left in the BBC version of the game and was published in the March 1989 edition of Micro User magazine.",
"title": "Deathstar (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2231961#0",
"text": "Enlight Software is a developer and publisher of video games. The company was founded by Trevor Chan in 1993, and their first project was the economic strategy game \"Capitalism\", which was published by Interactive Magic in 1995. In 1997, they released \"Capitalism Plus\" (an updated version of \"Capitalism\") and the real-time strategy game \"Seven Kingdoms\". Later games include \"Virtual U\", \"Capitalism II\", \"\", \"\", \"Restaurant Empire\", \"Zoo Empire\", \"Marine Park Empire\" and \"Restaurant Empire II\".",
"title": "Enlight Software"
},
{
"docid": "55922893#0",
"text": "id Software is an American video game developer based in Dallas, Texas. It was founded in February 1991 by four members of the software company Softdisk: programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack. The founders, along with business manager Jay Wilbur, had previously developed the 1990 personal computer game \"Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons\" as \"Ideas from the Deep\" while still employees of Softdisk. After its founding, id developed further shareware computer games in the \"Commander Keen\" series for Apogee Software, as well as a series of small games for Softdisk, before releasing the \"grandfather of first-person shooters\", \"Wolfenstein 3D\", in 1992 through both shareware and retail. It was followed by \"Doom\" (1993), considered one of the most significant and influential titles in video game history, which id self-published in shareware before releasing for retail through GT Interactive. GT Interactive published a sequel, \"Doom II\" (1994) and the two companies split publishing duties on id's final self-published or shareware game, \"Quake\" (1996).",
"title": "List of id Software games"
},
{
"docid": "27885654#4",
"text": "When the game was brought to Penguin Software, some of its content was deemed slightly too mature for publication and was subsequently \"toned down\" for its release. Despite these changes, the game was given a review in Playboy Magazine and is the only game published by Penguin Software to be reviewed by the magazine. Also this would be Dallas Snell's first game in a career of over 30 games he contributed to and who would go on as a developer and producer at Origin Systems.",
"title": "The Quest (1983 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "31550612#1",
"text": "Between 1982 and 1984 they released the developed games themselves with limited success. In 1984 they ceased publishing games themselves and instead developed for Publishers Mastertronic and then later for Alternative Software, Gremlin Graphics and other publishers. Probably the best known game released under the Mr. Chip Software company name was Trailblazer which led to several sequels and ports to other systems. Most of the other games released under the Mr. Chip Software label were already focused on racing like Kikstart 2, but also some non-racing games found a fanbase like P.O.D.. Although early development was focused on the Commodore 64 and Commodore VIC-20 platforms the company widened the number of target platforms for their games in the mid 1980s. One of the other platforms included the Commodore 16, which featured a few conversions (including an impressive conversion of Trailblazer), but also a number of unique titles including Arthur Noid and Bandits and Zero. Shaun also wrote a completely different version of Kikstart for the machine to what was produced for the C64.",
"title": "Magnetic Fields (video game developer)"
},
{
"docid": "5000320#2",
"text": "One of the first Christian Video Games was the “Bible Computer Games” series published by BibleBytes (now a division of Kidware Software LLC) for the TRS-80 Color Computer in 1982. The “Bible Computer Games” were then released on the Timex Sinclair and Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer platforms in 1983. The Bible Computer Games Series was then released on the Apple IIe, Commodore 64, Commodore VIC-20, and the Kaypro CP/M computer platforms in 1984. An MS-DOS version of the Bible Computer Games was released in 1986 by PC Enterprises.",
"title": "Christian video game"
}
] |
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] |
2888
|
When was the Ashes series first played?
|
[
{
"docid": "6154350#0",
"text": "The 2006–07 cricket series between Australia and England for The Ashes was played in Australia from 23 November 2006 to 5 January 2007. Australia won the series and regained the Ashes that had been lost to England in the 2005 series. The five Tests of the series were played at Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne and Sydney. In winning, Australia completed a 5–0 \"whitewash\", the first time this had happened in an Ashes series since 1920–21. The series was also notable for the retirement of four significant Australian players, namely Justin Langer, Damien Martyn, Glenn McGrath and Shane Warne.",
"title": "2006–07 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "1355042#2",
"text": "By 1883, the tradition of England-Australia tours was well established, that year having concluded the first Ashes series. When England lost at home for the first time in 1882, \"The Sporting Times\" lamented the death of cricket in the mother country and declared that \"the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia\". England captain Ivo Bligh promised that on the tour to Australia in 1882–83 he would regain \"the ashes\" and the term began to be established. During that tour a small terracotta urn was presented to Bligh by a group of Melbourne women. The urn is commonly, but erroneously, believed to be the trophy of the Ashes series, but it has never been formally adopted as such and Bligh always considered it to be a personal gift.",
"title": "History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883"
},
{
"docid": "1132#0",
"text": "The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the Test series. If the test series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes retains the trophy. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, \"The Sporting Times\", immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and \"the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia\". The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882–83 series played in Australia, before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to \"regain those ashes\". The English media therefore dubbed the tour \"the quest to regain the Ashes\".",
"title": "The Ashes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2554479#1",
"text": "Heralded in 1931, the first women's Test series between England and Australia—the first women's Test series anywhere—was played in 1934–35. At that time, according to the English captain, Betty Archdale, women played only \"for love of the game\" and did not wish to be associated with the male concepts of Tests and Ashes. The contest was not officially designated \"the Women's Ashes\" until the 1998 series, when an autographed bat was burned before the first Test at Lord's, some ashes then being placed inside a hollowed-out wooden cricket ball replica to manufacture a trophy. In 2013, a new Women's Ashes trophy was produced.",
"title": "The Women's Ashes"
},
{
"docid": "1930107#1",
"text": "Although the first Test series played between England and Australia was in the 1876–77 season, the Ashes originated from the solitary Test which the two nations contested in 1882. England lost the match, played at The Oval, and a mock obituary was posted in \"The Sporting Times\", declaring the death of English cricket. It stated that: \"The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia.\" The Honourable Ivo Bligh adopted the term and, as captain of the English party that travelled to Australia the following winter, promised to bring the \"Ashes\" home.",
"title": "List of Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "23834494#0",
"text": "The 1970–71 Ashes series consisted of seven cricket Test matches, each of five days with six hours play each day and eight ball overs. It formed part of the MCC tour of Australia in 1970–71 and the matches outside the Tests were played in the name of the Marylebone Cricket Club. Ray Illingworth's England team beat Bill Lawry's Australians 2–0 and regained the Ashes, the only full Test series in Australia in which the home team failed to win a Test. \"The Momentous Series of 1970–71\" was pivotal in cricket history and \"essentially ushered in the modern period of Test cricket\". It was the first Test series to have more than five Tests and the first One Day International in cricket history was played in Melbourne; like the first test match in history it was won by Australia.",
"title": "1970–71 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "31453732#30",
"text": "Australia and England drew the Test and series 1–1, with Australia retaining the Ashes for the fourth time after regaining them in 1958–59. It was the second time the two teams had drawn the series in the last three Ashes series, with 15 of the 20 Tests being drawn (the next series was also drawn 1–1). It had already been realised that the captains on both sides were unusually cautious when playing each other as so much was at stake even though Bobby Simpson and Mike Smith had done all that they could to make the games interesting.",
"title": "1965–66 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "31453732#0",
"text": "The 1965–66 Ashes series consisted of five cricket Test matches, each of five days with six hours play and eight ball overs. It formed part of the MCC tour of Australia in 1965–66 and the matches outside the Tests were played in the name of the Marylebone Cricket Club. M.J.K. Smith led the England team with the intent on\nregaining the Ashes lost in the 1958–59 Ashes series, but the series was drawn 1-1 and they were retained by Australia. The Australian team was captained by Bobby Simpson in three Tests, and his vice-captain Brian Booth in two Tests.",
"title": "1965–66 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "23833420#0",
"text": "The 1954–55 Ashes series between Australia and England consisted of five Test cricket matches, each of six days duration with five hours play each day and eight ball overs. It formed part of the MCC tour of Australia in 1954–55 and the English team in matches outside the Tests were styled Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). England were captained by Len Hutton, the first professional cricketer to lead an MCC tour of Australia. The Australian team under Ian Johnson were confident of victory but, despite losing the first Test by an innings, England won the series 3–1 and retained the Ashes.",
"title": "1954–55 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "32743722#0",
"text": "The 1974–75 Ashes series consisted of six cricket Test matches, each match lasted five days with six hours of play each day and eight ball overs. It formed part of the MCC tour of Australia in 1974–75 and the matches outside the Tests were played in the name of the Marylebone Cricket Club. Ian Chappell's Australians won the series 4–1 and \"brutally and unceremoniously wrenched the Ashes\" from Mike Denness's England team. It was Australia's first series victory over England for ten years and the experience proved popular as 777,563 spectators came through the gates and paid nearly a million Australian dollars for the privilege. For the first time the first day of the Third Test at Melbourne was held on Boxing Day in an Ashes series, now a cricketing tradition.",
"title": "1974–75 Ashes series"
},
{
"docid": "10577056#15",
"text": "In Europe, \"Ashes to Ashes\" is broadcast by BBC Entertainment.The first series, set in 1981, consists of eight episodes, written mainly by creators Ashley Pharoah (episodes 2 & 8) and Matthew Graham (episodes 1 & 7). Other writers for the series were Julie Rutterford (episode three) and Mark Greig (episodes 4 & 5), who worked on the parent series, \"Life on Mars\". The remaining episode (6) was written by freelance writer Mick Ford. In this series Alex tries to figure out what happened to her parents, whose lives are connected to the political unrest of the time, especially Margaret Thatcher's campaign and Lord Scarman's attacks on the police. Alex is haunted by a mysterious figure who seems to be the Clown from the music video of David Bowie's \"Ashes to Ashes\", reminiscent of the Test-Card Girl who bedevilled Sam Tyler in \"Life on Mars\". (The clown's identity is revealed in the last episode of the first series.)",
"title": "Ashes to Ashes (TV series)"
}
] |
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2889
|
When was Christopher William Clayton Hutton born?
|
[
{
"docid": "31970122#3",
"text": "Clayton Hutton was born at 102 Willow Road, Birmingham, on 16 November 1893, the son of Christopher Hutton, brass manufacturer, and his wife, Edith Eliza, née Clayton. From January 1904 to December 1908, Hutton attended King Edward's School, Birmingham. His father, C. Hutton, registered him at the school from the address: 2 West Donald Place, Washwood Heath Road, Saltley, Birmingham. In Class 11, July 1907, Hutton won First Prize for Botany, and came Second in Class for Drawing. Hutton did not appear to excel at team games but we read in King Edward's School Chronicle, New Series Vol XXIII, July 1908, \nNo. 170, page 59; Gymnastic Competition - First in Class IX – \"Hutton has greatly improved during the year.\"",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#0",
"text": "Christopher William Clayton Hutton (1893–1965) a soldier, airman, journalist and inventor, was recruited as an intelligence officer to work for MI9, a branch of the British Military Intelligence, during the Second World War. Known as 'Clutty' to his friends, he was engaged towards the end of 1939 by the War Office to work under Major (later Brigadier) Norman Crockatt, in order to set up and run operations to create and distribute escape and evasion aids for Allied servicemen. Hutton's small team identified suitable manufacturers, ensured supplies and devised methods by which the concealed aids could be sent to prisoner of war camps.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31970122#4",
"text": "Hutton's uncle, William Clayton, ran a timber business and sawmills in Saltley, then on the outskirts of Birmingham, where his nephew worked on leaving school. It was from there, in April 1913, that the stunt of Houdini's faked escape from a wooden packing case was planned, with a wager by the young Hutton and his mates. This event strengthened his fascination with both stage performances and escapology. Hutton says that he was \"discouraged by his mother\" from going onto the stage professionally. In the same context he mentions entering journalism, but the chronology is unclear from his sketchy account and perhaps his WWI service intervened.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#5",
"text": "Hutton served in the First World War He was described as a forceful character who worked ceaselessly to overcome both technical and bureaucratic obstacles when inspired by an idea. Near the start of WWI he tried to enter the Royal Flying Corps but was rejected. On 26 December 1914 he was commissioned into the South Lancashire regiment. After a few months he transferred into the Northumberland Fusiliers, where he served with the 25th battalion (2nd Tyneside Irish) for most of 1915. He then again transferred into the Yorkshire regiment, becoming a captain in its 13th battalion and then briefly an adjutant. His final WWI army posting was as captain and adjutant of the 10th battalion of the training reserve. He gained a British flying certificate dated 9 May 1917, registered as Christopher Clayton Hutton, Captain in the RFC; giving his address as Wisteria, Castle Bromwich, Nr Birmingham. Finally, on the formation of the Royal Air Force in April 1918, he was appointed an RAF Staff Captain, serving in Salonica. After two months' administration work, he passed military pilot training, and served briefly on that front, being demobilised in January 1919.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "47009989#4",
"text": "William C. Clayton was born on January 24, 1831, in Hampshire County, Virginia (present-day West Virginia). He was the son of Dr. Townsend Clayton, a physician in Hampshire County, and his wife, Susan O'Hara Heiskell Clayton. Clayton received his early education from his father at home. He then received a collegiate preparatory education at both Romney Academy and Romney Classical Institute under the academic tutelage of William Henry Foote. He continued his studies at the University of Virginia in the 1846, 1847, and 1848 academic sessions.",
"title": "William C. Clayton"
},
{
"docid": "22469961#1",
"text": "William Rich Hutton was born on March 21, 1826 in Washington, DC. He was the eldest son of James Hutton (d. 1843) and his wife, the former Salome Rich, sister of bibliographer Obadiah Rich and botanist and explorer William Rich. He studied mathematics, drawing and surveying at the Benjamin Hallowell School in Alexandria, Virginia. Hutton traveled with his uncle William Rich to California in 1847 as a payroll clerk for the US volunteer forces in the Mexican–American War, accompanied by his younger brother James D. Hutton, also an artist and surveyor. William Hutton remained in California for six years before returning east in 1853. His diaries and drawings record his travel west via Panama and his six years in California, including a surveying expedition to Los Angeles in June 1849 with Lieutenant Edward O.C. Ord. Ord and Hutton mapped Los Angeles in July and August 1849. Lieutenant Ord surveyed the pueblo; Hutton sketched many scenes of the pueblo and drew the first map from Ord's survey, recording street names in both Spanish and English for the first time. In July 1850, Hutton was appointed county surveyor of San Luis Obispo County, a position he held until resigning on August 4, 1851.",
"title": "William Rich Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "124011#2",
"text": "Adam Charles Clayton, the oldest child of Brian and Jo Clayton, was born on 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England. His father was a pilot with the Royal Air Force, who moved into civil aviation, and his mother was a former airline stewardess. When he was 4 years old, Clayton's father worked in Kenya as a pilot with East African Airways, the family being resident in Nairobi (Clayton regards this as the happiest period of his childhood). In 1965, the family moved to Malahide, County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland, where Clayton's brother Sebastian was born. The Clayton family became friends with the Evans family (including their son David Evans (\"The Edge\"), who would later co-found the band U2 with Clayton).",
"title": "Adam Clayton"
},
{
"docid": "21778910#1",
"text": "William Holden Hutton was born in England on 24 May 1860, in Lincolnshire, where his father was rector of Gate Burton. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class degree in modern history in 1881. He was a fellow at St John's College, Oxford, from 1884 to 1923, and an honorary Fellow thereafter; and from 1889 to 1909 was a tutor at the college. In 1903 he delivered the Bampton lectures. Between 1895 and 1897 he also lectured on Church history at Cambridge University. During this period he had a house at Burford and wrote about Burford and the Cotswolds in some of his books.",
"title": "William Holden Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#7",
"text": "Early in WWII he found his niche, thanks to showing his interviewer proof of his encounter with Houdini – aged nineteen Clayton Hutton had bet Houdini that the latter could not get out of a wooden crate built by one of his uncle's workmen. Unknown to the lads at the factory until later, Houdini bribed the workman to make the crate largely from false nails, and so won the bet. After a brief interview at the War Office he was appointed together with four others, to help Norman Crockatt set up a new section in the secret service department MI9. Their tasks included training fighting men in how to evade capture or escape if they found themselves in enemy-held territory and, a little later in the war, supporting escape and evasion lines, and interrogating returned prisoners. Hutton's function was to provide evasion and escape devices. He was recommissioned in May 1940 as a captain on the general list of the army; was promoted major in 1943; and was then allowed to retire into plain clothes, but still bound under the Official Secrets Act.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "1619815#5",
"text": "Clayton-Thomas was born in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, the son of Fred Thomsett, a decorated Canadian soldier of World War II. Clayton-Thomas's mother, Freda May (née Smith), played the piano and met Thomsett when she came to entertain the troops at a London hospital. After the war, the family settled in Willowdale, Toronto. From the beginning, Clayton-Thomas and his father had a troubled relationship. By the time Clayton-Thomas was fourteen, he had left home and was sleeping in parked cars and abandoned buildings and stealing food and clothing to survive. He was arrested several times for vagrancy, petty theft, and street brawls and spent his teen years bouncing in and out of various jails and reformatories, including the Burwash Industrial Farm.",
"title": "David Clayton-Thomas"
}
] |
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2891
|
When did The New Edition Story first air?
|
[
{
"docid": "52916667#0",
"text": "The New Edition Story is an American biographical three-part miniseries about the R&B group New Edition, from their rise to fame as a boy band from the Orchard Park Projects of Roxbury, Massachusetts, to becoming a successful adult act. It was originally broadcast on BET from January 24 through January 26, 2017, becoming the network's first scripted miniseries. All six members of New Edition served as co-producers.",
"title": "The New Edition Story"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8935813#12",
"text": "Comer sold this new edition of the series to the International Shoe Company of St. Louis and several oil companies, and the first broadcast occurred on October 14, 1946, over KFH in Wichita, Kansas. It first aired on a Kansas City station on January 1, 1947. Though the lead actors were all capable and the scripts were all fairly exciting and well written, the show did not receive enough promotion and did not achieve the fascination of the 1930s series. By the end of 1947, after the production of more than 400 episodes, the program was cancelled. Repeats of the 1946-47 edition of \"Jimmie Allen\" continued to air until the mid-1950s.",
"title": "The Air Adventures of Jimmie Allen"
},
{
"docid": "682285#26",
"text": "In August 2015, BET announced a three-episode miniseries about the group would be made for release in January 2017. All six members were co-producers of \"The New Edition Story\". Jesse Collins Entertainment was the executive producer of the original miniseries, which was BET’s first scripted music-focused miniseries. The group's original choreographer and longtime manager Brooke Payne also served as a co-producer. On January 24-26, 2017, BET aired the biopic miniseries \"The New Edition Story\" which chronicles the band members life from their childhood in Boston into Hollywood fame as adults. It was directed by Chris Robinson and executive produced by Jessie Collins. The group served as co-producers. The mini brought in 28.4 million viewers to BET, through the initial run and subsequent encores over the week of the premiere.",
"title": "New Edition"
},
{
"docid": "897793#37",
"text": "A US reprint edition of \"New Worlds\" ran briefly in 1960, published by Great American Publications, who at the time were the publishers of \"Fantastic Universe\", edited by Hans Stefan Santesson. The first issue appeared in March 1960; it omitted Carnell's name, and credited Santesson as editor. Although the fiction consisted entirely of reprints, with all but one story coming from the British \"New Worlds\", this was not declared to the reader. Carnell was unhappy with the results of this attempt to break into the US market, but in the event Great American collapsed later that year and only five issues appeared, on a monthly schedule from March to July. The contents of the issues did not correspond to specific British issues: the majority were taken from \"New Worlds\" but one story was reprinted from Nova's edition of \"Science Fiction Adventures\", and three were taken from \"Fantastic Universe\", which had ceased publication with its March 1960 issue.",
"title": "New Worlds (magazine)"
},
{
"docid": "2715037#0",
"text": "\"Girly Edition\" is the twenty-first episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 19, 1998. In the episode, Lisa and Bart Simpson must co-anchor a new news program, though when Bart is seen as a more successful news anchor, Lisa becomes jealous and seeks revenge. Meanwhile, in the subplot, Homer Simpson gets a monkey helper because of his laziness. \"Girly Edition\" was the first episode written by Larry Doyle and was directed by Mark Kirkland. Much of the subplot was inspired by the film \"Monkey Shines\". Critics gave the episode positive reviews and it was well received by Lisa's voice actress Yeardley Smith.",
"title": "Girly Edition"
},
{
"docid": "52916667#31",
"text": "In March 1990, all six members of New Edition reunite by making an appearance for \"Video Soul\" with Sherry Carter. There is clearly awkwardness and tension during the interview, with barbed comments flying all around, particularly between Ralph and Mike (still not yet over inviting Johnny to the group without consulting Ralph), as well as Bobby and everyone else. The show also airs each of the separate acts' music videos: BBD's \"Poison\", Ralph Tresvant's \"Sensitivity\", and Johnny Gill's \"My, My, My.\" When the host asked the most anticipated question, \"Would the group ever reunite for a new album?,\" Ralph suggested there was a possibility to record a reunion album in the coming future.",
"title": "The New Edition Story"
},
{
"docid": "19847207#63",
"text": "When terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, \"Today\" was on the air. Lauer announced that there was a breaking story in progress at 8:52am EDT, but threw to a commercial break when pictures were not available. \"Today\" returned indefinitely at 8:53am ET with Lauer, Couric, and Roker commenting on the events from the couch area of Studio 1A, initially reported as an accident. When United Flight 175 crashed at 9:02:58am, it was seen live on the program. Katie Couric handled the initial reports of the attack on The Pentagon as Lauer joined Tom Brokaw at the anchor desk. The broadcast restarted at 10:30am EDT, moments after the collapse of One World Trade Center. Couric, Lauer and Brokaw anchored live coverage under the production of the \"Today\" team until 1pm EDT when Brokaw anchored an \"NBC News Special Report\" from NBC News Headquarters in 30 Rockefeller Plaza. NBC News Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent Andrea Mitchell wrote in her memoir \"Talking Back\" that her husband, then Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, received his first briefing on the attacks when she summarized events for Brokaw on the air with her cell phone in her lap. Couric and Lauer anchored a special report from 5pm until 6:30pm so Brokaw could prepare for a special, expanded edition of \"NBC Nightly News\", airing from the observation deck atop 30 Rockefeller Plaza, and continuing NBC News live coverage throughout the evening. In the days following the attacks, \"Today\" was expanded to 6 hours each day for the remainder of the week that followed the attacks. Beginning with the fifth anniversary of the attacks, on September 11, 2006, MSNBC replayed \"Today\" as it covered the attacks.",
"title": "List of special editions of Today (U.S. TV program)"
},
{
"docid": "13152933#1",
"text": "The documentary starts off with the Joy Division days through its vocalist Ian Curtis's suicide to the formation of New Order. An edited version of the documentary was first broadcast on the ITV network on the night of 29 August 1993, coinciding with New Order's headline performance at the Reading Festival. It was then released on VHS in October 1993, edited into a full (British) version and a shorter American version. In 2005 the film was released both in UK and USA on DVD in its full version. It was also available as part of \"Item\", a limited edition boxset available in the US (and in the UK only via HMV stores) that collected \"New Order Story\" and \"A Collection\".",
"title": "New Order Story"
},
{
"docid": "1791250#9",
"text": "\"Simpsons Bible Stories\" was co-written by Matt Selman, Larry Doyle and Tim Long, and was the first episode Nancy Kruse directed for \"The Simpsons\". It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on April 4, 1999, the day Easter took place that year. According to executive producer and former showrunner Mike Scully, the idea for the episode was conceived when Fox requested an Easter-themed \"Simpsons\" episode that would air on the holiday. Normally, Fox would not broadcast any new \"Simpsons\" episodes on Easter, as it is considered a \"low-ratings night\", but \"Simpsons Bible Stories\" was an exception. However, according to co-writer Selman, the idea for the episode came about when he and former staff writer Dan Greaney were pitching episode ideas for the tenth season with former staff writer Donick Cary. Cary and Greaney suggested a \"bible-trilogy\" story, which then became \"Simpsons Bible Stories\". \"Simpsons Bible Stories\" is the first of the trilogy episodes which, since the season 12 episode \"Simpsons Tall Tales\", \"The Simpsons\" produces once every season.",
"title": "Simpsons Bible Stories"
},
{
"docid": "52916667#46",
"text": "The first trailer for the film was unveiled on June 26, 2016, at the 26th annual BET Awards. In July 2016, BET released a photo of the cast recreating the group's iconic album cover for the 1996 release \"Home Again\". In September 2016, BET announced the official premiere date for the film which would air on January 24, 25 and 26, 2017. The network also released an extended trailer which highlighted the legendary onstage brawl between Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe after Brown went solo. The UrbanWorld Film Festival hosted an exclusive screening of several clips.",
"title": "The New Edition Story"
}
] |
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] |
2894
|
When was Nauru first colonized by Australia?
|
[
{
"docid": "21303#8",
"text": "In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Nauru was captured by Australian troops, after which Britain held control until 1920. Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom signed the Nauru Island Agreement in 1919, creating a board known as the British Phosphate Commission (BPC). This took over the rights to phosphate mining.\nAccording to the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (now the Australian Bureau of Statistics), \"In common with other natives, the islanders are very susceptible to tuberculosis and influenza, and in 1921 an influenza epidemic caused the deaths of 230 islanders.\" In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees. In 1932, the first Angam Baby was born.",
"title": "History of Nauru"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21303#12",
"text": "Nauru was finally set free from the Japanese on 13 September 1945, when Captain Solda, the commander of all the Japanese troops on Nauru, surrendered the island to the Royal Australian Navy and Army. This surrender was accepted by Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, who represented Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee, the commander of the First Australian Army, on board the warship HMAS \"Diamantina\" Arrangements were made to repatriate from Chuuk the 737 Nauruans who survived Japanese captivity there. They were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship \"Trienza\" in on 1 January 1946. In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, and Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom became the U.N. trustees of the island, with administration passing mostly to Australia.",
"title": "History of Nauru"
},
{
"docid": "21302#12",
"text": "Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention it became independent in 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt. In 1967, the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners, and in June 1970 control passed to the locally owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation (NPC). Income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world. In 1989, Nauru took legal action against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia's administration of the island, in particular Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining. \"Certain Phosphate Lands: Nauru v. Australia\" led to an out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru.",
"title": "Nauru"
},
{
"docid": "16332312#1",
"text": "During World War I, Australia seized control of Nauru, a German territory. Britain, Australia and New Zealand were given a joint League of Nations Mandate over Nauru in 1920, but the island was administered by Australia. It was governed by Australia as a United Nations Trust Territory after World War II. In 1968, Nauru became an independent sovereign nation.",
"title": "Australia–Nauru relations"
},
{
"docid": "16332312#0",
"text": "Australia–Nauru relations refer to foreign relations between Australia and Nauru. Australia administered Nauru as a dependent territory from 1914 to 1968, and has remained one of Nauru's foremost economic and aid partners thereafter. Nauru has a consulate general in Brisbane. Australia is one of only two countries to have an embassy (high commission) in Nauru. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations.",
"title": "Australia–Nauru relations"
},
{
"docid": "21303#14",
"text": "In 1989, Nauru took legal actions against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia's actions during its administration of Nauru. In particular, Nauru made a legal complaint against Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining. \"Certain Phosphate Lands: Nauru v. Australia\" led to an out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru.",
"title": "History of Nauru"
},
{
"docid": "30745679#8",
"text": "The Second World War first reached Nauru in early December 1940 when two German armed merchantmen disguised as civilian freighters targeted the island. Their aim was to disrupt production of phosphate and thereby weaken the agriculture-based economies of Australia and New Zealand. , , and their supply ship \"Kulmerland\" headed for Nauru with the purpose of destroying the main infrastructure. Due to bad weather conditions, they were unable to make a landing on the island, but sank several merchantmen in the area. On 27 December, \"Komet\" returned to Nauru, and though again unable to land a shore party, severely damaged the mining facilities and exposed loading jetties with gunfire. The island's chief administrator, Frederick Royden Chalmers, a former lieutenant-colonel in the Australian Army who had served in the Boer War and First World War, reportedly stormed along the waterfront hurling verbal abuse at the German ship, which slipped away unharmed.",
"title": "Japanese occupation of Nauru"
},
{
"docid": "225700#49",
"text": "As part of ongoing meetings in the United Nations Trusteeship Council on the \"Conditions in the Trust Territories\", the Republic of Nauru expressed concern that its phosphate mining exportation would be depleted by the end of the century, endangering the future of the island. In 1961, Fraser Island was proposed by Australia as a location for the resettlement of the entire population of the Republic of Nauru. The timber industry on Fraser Island managed to ensure that resettlement on Fraser Island did not proceed. In 1964 in the 31st session of United Nations Trusteeship Council meetings it was concluded that Curtis Island could provide a more satisfactory resettlement for the population of Nauru. Nauru rejected the offer of moving the entire population to Curtis Island due to political independence considerations that Australia would not agree to. When visiting the island in 1964, the head of the Nauru delegation, Hammer de Roburt, insisted on this point of sovereignty in order to protect his people from the overt racism that he himself experienced on this tour. Although a resettlement never did occur, the Republic of Nauru went on to achieve independence on 31 January 1968.",
"title": "Fraser Island"
},
{
"docid": "1122541#13",
"text": "In August 2012, the Labor Government led by Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced the resumption of the transfer of asylum seekers arriving by boat in Australia to Nauru (and Manus Island, PNG). Australia signed an initial Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Nauru on 29 August 2012. The first group arrived the following month. The re-opening of the centres sparked criticism of Australia's Labor Government after the United Nations refused to assist the government on the mandatory measures. In November 2012, an Amnesty International team visited the camp and described it as \"a human rights catastrophe [...] a toxic mix of uncertainty, unlawful detention and inhumane conditions\".",
"title": "Nauru Regional Processing Centre"
},
{
"docid": "21302#2",
"text": "Nauru is a phosphate-rock island with rich deposits near the surface, which allowed easy strip mining operations. It has some remaining phosphate resources which, , are not economically viable for extraction. When the phosphate reserves were exhausted, and the island's environment had been seriously harmed by mining, the trust that had been established to manage the island's wealth diminished in value. To earn income, Nauru briefly became a tax haven and illegal money laundering centre. From 2001 to 2008, and again from 2012, it accepted aid from the Australian Government in exchange for hosting the Nauru Regional Processing Centre, an offshore Australian immigration detention facility. As a result of heavy dependence on Australia, many sources have identified Nauru as a client state of Australia.",
"title": "Nauru"
},
{
"docid": "21302#11",
"text": "In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees. Under those arrangements, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand were a joint administering authority. The Nauru Island Agreement provided for the first administrator to be appointed by Australia for five years, leaving subsequent appointments to be decided by the three governments. However, in practice, administrative power was exercised by Australia alone.",
"title": "Nauru"
}
] |
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] |
2895
|
Where was Joseph Graham "Gray" Davis Jr. born?
|
[
{
"docid": "98573#3",
"text": "Davis was born in the Bronx, New York City, the son of Doris (Meyer) Morell and Joseph G. Davis. Davis moved to California with his family as a child in 1954. He was the first of the family's five children: three boys and two girls. He was raised a Roman Catholic. Davis and his family were one of the millions of Americans to migrate to the southwest and California as part of the post-World War II sun belt migration.",
"title": "Gray Davis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27906586#18",
"text": "Joseph Graham Davis married Doris Meyer on November 29, 1941. Their eldest child, Joseph Graham \"Gray\" Davis, Jr., was Governor of California from 1999-2003.",
"title": "William Rhodes Davis"
},
{
"docid": "98573#0",
"text": "Joseph Graham \"Gray\" Davis Jr. (born December 26, 1942) is a retired American politician and attorney who served as the 37th Governor of California from 1999 to 2003. A member of the Democratic Party, only a few months into his second term, in 2003 Davis was recalled and removed from office, the second state governor successfully recalled in U.S. history. Prior to serving as governor, Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown (1975–81), a California State Assemblyman (1983–87), California State Controller (1987–95) and the 44th Lieutenant Governor of California (1995–99). Davis holds a B.A. in history from Stanford University and a J.D. from Columbia Law School. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a Captain in the Vietnam War.",
"title": "Gray Davis"
},
{
"docid": "98573#4",
"text": "His diverse educational experiences at public, private and Catholic schools allowed him an opportunity to compare all three systems as a lawmaker. Davis graduated from a North Hollywood military academy, the Harvard School for Boys (now part of Harvard-Westlake School). Davis's family was upper middle class and was led by his demanding mother. Davis was nicknamed Gray by his mother. His father, Joseph Graham Davis Sr., an advertising manager at Time Inc. and an alcoholic, was the son of businessman William Rhodes Davis.",
"title": "Gray Davis"
},
{
"docid": "38200476#1",
"text": "Joseph Columbus Davis was born in 1919 in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father was Joseph Columbus. His mother, Frances Bond Davis, was a feminist activist who supported the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution of 1920. He had a brother, Rascoe Bond Davis, and a sister, Bond Davis DeLoache. His family moved to Nashville, Tennessee at an early age.",
"title": "Joe C. Davis Jr."
},
{
"docid": "41788249#1",
"text": "Joseph Gray was born at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, Durham on 6 June 1890. The son of master mariner Joseph Gray, he trained as a sea-going engineer before attending South Shields Art School. He travelled extensively – to Spain, France, Germany and Russia – gathering material for his drawings, before settling in Dundee by about 1912, to work as an illustrator for the \"Dundee Courier\" and other publications.",
"title": "Joseph Gray (painter)"
},
{
"docid": "38874703#3",
"text": "Joseph Emory Davis was born on December 10, 1784, near Augusta, Georgia. He was the oldest of the ten children of Samuel Davis and Jane (Cook) Davis. Samuel farmed in Georgia, but in 1793 the Davis family (by then consisting of the couple, four sons, and a daughter) set out for the newly formed state of Kentucky, where the land was more promising. In Kentucky four more daughters were born, and lastly son Jefferson in 1808. Joseph was 23 years older than Jefferson.",
"title": "Joseph Emory Davis"
},
{
"docid": "4164310#4",
"text": "Davis was born in Dublin, Texas, on December 1, 1920. He was the seventh of nine children born to George Davis Sr. and Pearl Love Davis. In his childhood, Davis briefly lived in Maple, Texas. Davis attended Morton High School in Morton, Texas. Davis then attended Harding College in Searcy, Arkansas. After completing a degree, he returned to Texas. He took up farming for a time with his family before eventually deciding to join the military.",
"title": "George Andrew Davis Jr."
},
{
"docid": "21056873#0",
"text": "Grahame Davies (born 1964) is a poet, author, editor, literary critic and journalist. He was brought up in the former coal mining village of Coedpoeth near Wrexham in north east Wales.",
"title": "Grahame Davies"
},
{
"docid": "43115012#1",
"text": "Graham was born on September 2, 1936 in Little Rock, Arkansas, one of three sons of a Presbyterian minister. He studied history at Yale University and completed a Ph.D. in history at Stanford University in 1964.",
"title": "Hugh Davis Graham"
}
] |
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] |
2896
|
Who was the first president of Germany?
|
[
{
"docid": "1443393#0",
"text": "Presidential elections were held in Germany on 29 March 1925, with a second round run-off on 26 April. They were the first direct elections to the office of President of the Reich (), Germany's head of state during the 1919–33 Weimar Republic. The first President, Friedrich Ebert, who had died on 28 February 1925, had been elected indirectly, by the National Assembly, but the Weimar Constitution required that his successor be elected by the \"whole German people\". Paul von Hindenburg was elected as the second president of Germany in the second round of voting.",
"title": "1925 German presidential election"
},
{
"docid": "40445392#3",
"text": "Under the 1919 Constitution, the first republican constitution of Germany, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state with semi-presidential powers. The President was to be elected by universal suffrage for a seven-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Chancellor served as Acting President, but in case of a longer vacancy parliament was to decide on the Acting President by law. However, the first President, Friedrich Ebert, was elected by the National Assembly; he also acted as head of state during the revolutionary period, as Co-Chairman of the Council of the People's Deputies, together with Hugo Haase from 10 November 1918 until 29 December 1918 and thereafter together with Philipp Scheidemann.Under the current Constitution, the second republican constitution of Germany, the President is the ceremonial head of state. The President is elected indirectly for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Bundesrat serves as Acting President.During the East German period the title of the heads of state varies from President to Chairman of the Council.",
"title": "List of heads of state of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "60567#43",
"text": "Friedrich Ebert (SPD) served as Germany's first president, followed by Paul von Hindenburg. The office effectively came to an end upon Hindenburg's death in 1934 and its powers merged with those of chancellor. Adolf Hitler now ruled Germany as \"Führer und Reichskanzler\", combining his previous positions in party and government. The office, however, was not abolished and briefly revived at the end of the Second World War when Hitler appointed Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor as President of Germany. Dönitz agreed to the surrender to the Allies and was arrested a few days later.",
"title": "President of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "242325#0",
"text": "Friedrich Ebert (; 4 February 1871 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first President of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.",
"title": "Friedrich Ebert"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "338909#1",
"text": "A member of the CDU since 1954, he was elected as member of parliament in 1969. He continued to hold a mandate as member of the Bundestag until he became Governing Mayor of West Berlin, following the 1981 state elections. In 1984, Richard von Weizsäcker was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany and in 1989 he was re-elected for a second term. As yet, he is, together with Theodor Heuss, one of only two Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany, who have served two complete five-year-terms. During his second term as President on 3 October 1990, the reorganized five states of the former German Democratic Republic and East Berlin joined the Federal Republic of Germany (\"German reunification\"), which made von Weizsäcker the first democratically legitimized head of state of Germany as a whole since Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had died in office on 2 August 1934.",
"title": "Richard von Weizsäcker"
},
{
"docid": "299310#0",
"text": "Roman Herzog (5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as President of Germany from 1994 to 1999. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany. He previously served as a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of the court 1987–1994. Before his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law. He received the 1997 Charlemagne Prize.",
"title": "Roman Herzog"
},
{
"docid": "338909#0",
"text": "Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (; 15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician (CDU), who served as President of Germany from 1984 to 1994 (of West Germany 1984–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1994). Born into the aristocratic Weizsäcker family, he took his first public offices in the Evangelical Church in Germany.",
"title": "Richard von Weizsäcker"
},
{
"docid": "60567#33",
"text": "If the president dies, resigns or is otherwise removed from office, a successor is to be elected within thirty days. Horst Köhler, upon his resignation on May 31, 2010, became the first president to trigger this re-election process. Jens Böhrnsen, President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and at the time President of the Bundesrat, assumed the powers and duties of head of state. Similarly, when Christian Wulff resigned in 2012, it was Horst Seehofer, Minister-President of Bavaria, as President of the Bundesrat, who assumed the powers and duties of head of state. When Heinrich Lübke, on the other hand, announced his resignation in 1968, it only came into effect the following year, a mere three months before the scheduled end of his term and after the expedited election of his successor. Back in 1949 Karl Arnold, at the time Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia and President of the Bundesrat, also acted as head of state for a few days: after the Basic Law had come into effect and he himself was elected as President of the Bundesrat, the first President of Germany was not yet elected and the office therefore vacant.",
"title": "President of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "299317#0",
"text": "Theodor Heuss (; 31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a West German liberal politician who served as the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1959. Beside the stern chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Heuss' cordial manners largely contributed to the stabilization of democracy in West Germany during the \"Wirtschaftswunder\" years.",
"title": "Theodor Heuss"
},
{
"docid": "60567#47",
"text": "Socialist East Germany established the office of a head of state with the title of President of the Republic (German: \"Präsident der Republik\") in 1949, but abandoned the office with the death of the first president, Wilhelm Pieck, in 1960 in favour of a collective head of state. All government positions of the East German socialist republic, including the presidency, were appointed by the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany.",
"title": "President of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "9474#5",
"text": "The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.",
"title": "European Central Bank"
}
] |
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] |
2897
|
How much do pharmacists make?
|
[
{
"docid": "192605#11",
"text": "Wages for pharmacists in Australia appear to have stagnated. The award wages for a pharmacist is $812 a week. Pharmacist graduates are the lowest paid university graduates most years. Most pharmacists do earn above the award wage; the average male pharmacist earns $65,000, a female pharmacist averages $56,500. Over recent years, wages have stagnated, and even gone backwards. There are more graduates expected in the next few years making it even harder to get a job. Job security and increase in wages with regards to CPI could be unlikely. This is due to the large numbers of pharmacy graduates in recent years, and government desire to lower PBS costs. Contract and casual work is becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. There are accounts of underemployment and unemployment emerging recently.",
"title": "Pharmacist"
},
{
"docid": "192605#43",
"text": "The \"American Pharmacy Journal of Education\" in 2014 reported the average salary around $112,160.",
"title": "Pharmacist"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47214444#18",
"text": "NHS England is supporting initiatives to place pharmacists in GP practices in order to improve the management of medication for patients with long term conditions. About 420 million repeat prescriptions are generated in the UK each year — about 200 for each general practitioner each week. In the practice pharmacists can do more Medicine use reviews. By April 2017 there were plans for 1350 practices in England to have access to clinical pharmacists. It is intended to have 1,500 pharmacists in general practice by 2020. NHS England’s announced funding for 180 pharmacists and 60 technicians to work in care homes in March 2018. The cost of medicines in primary care in England in 2017/2018 was £8.87 billion, slightly less than the previous year.",
"title": "Pharmacy in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "192605#24",
"text": "In Tanzania, pharmacy practice is regulated by the national Pharmacy Board, which is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. By international standards, the density of pharmacists is very low, with a mean of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved regions having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007–2009 data, the largest group of pharmacists was employed in the public sector (44%). Those working in private retail pharmacies were 23%, and the rest were mostly working for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with faith-based or non-governmental facilities. The salaries of pharmacists varied significantly depending on the place of work. Those who worked in the academia were the highest paid followed by those who worked in the multilateral non-governmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith based organizations paid much less. The Ministry of Health salary scale for medical doctors was considerably higher than that of pharmacists despite having a difference of only one year of training.",
"title": "Pharmacist"
},
{
"docid": "12773668#0",
"text": "A Medicine Use Review (MUR) is an advanced service offered by pharmacies in the United Kingdom. It is part of the current contract pharmacies hold with the National Health Service (NHS). An MUR is an opportunity for patients to discuss their medicines with a qualified pharmacist. An MUR is a free NHS service that is held in a private consultation room at a local pharmacy. It is not meant to replace the role of the general practitioner but rather provide:The introduction of pharmacists into GP surgeries means that the practice pharmacists can do more to ensure that reviews are carried out where necessary.",
"title": "Medicine use review"
},
{
"docid": "14331485#11",
"text": "Whether or not pharmacists should be involved with selling dietary supplements, which are not approved for the treatment or prevention of any disease or disorder, is the subject of much ethical debate. However, a 2009 review of the literature found that the common perception was that pharmacists should be involved in the OTC counseling process for dietary supplements where dietary supplements are sold. As experts in drug therapies that cause vitamin depletion, there are several recommendations that pharmacists commonly make. For example, pharmacists sometimes advise patients on long-term metformin therapy to supplement with vitamin B12 to treat or prevent diabetic peripheral neuropathy.",
"title": "Over-the-counter counseling"
},
{
"docid": "55554495#7",
"text": "\"One question I often ask myself is: Just how much must I make the content accessible? (...) Reaching a good balance between a short, punchy text and rigorous content is always a challenge.\" - Olivier Bernard, the Pharmafist",
"title": "Olivier Bernard (pharmacist)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "38358079#15",
"text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”",
"title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA"
},
{
"docid": "772990#26",
"text": "In its first year, the PBS cost the Commonwealth Government £149,000 (or $7,600,000 in 2009). The PBS now costs the Commonwealth approximately $6.5 billion a year to operate, despite consumers contributing around $1.3 billion in patient co-payments. According to a report by the Australian Productivity Commission the PBS is expected to cost 2.6% of Australia's GDP by 2045 up from 0.7% in 2005. Further attempts to restrain the growth in costs of the PBS may be needed, however, attempts to increase consumer prices of drugs have always proved politically unpopular. The comparative cost-effectiveness processes of the PBS nonetheless ensure it provides Australian citizens with more equitable access to medicines than in many other developed nations and for many the issue of sustainability of the PBS as a key component of the egalitarian architecture of Australian society is equivalent to asking whether that nation's education system or defence forces are sustainable.",
"title": "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"
},
{
"docid": "36684546#10",
"text": "In the second chapter, the book describes the process as new drugs move from animal testing through phase 1 (first-in-man study), phase 2, and phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 participants are referred to as volunteers, but in the US are paid $200–$400 per day, and because studies can last several weeks and subjects may volunteer several times a year, earning potential becomes the main reason for participation. Participants are usually taken from the poorest groups in society, and outsourcing increasingly means that trials may be conducted in countries with highly competitive wages by contract research organizations (CROs). The rate of growth for clinical trials in India is 20 percent a year, in Argentina 27 percent, and in China 47 percent, while trials in the UK have fallen by 10 percent a year and in the US by six percent.",
"title": "Bad Pharma"
}
] |
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] |
2898
|
When did Homer compose the Odyssey?
|
[
{
"docid": "13633#1",
"text": "The Homeric Question – concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\" were composed – continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups. One holds that most of the \"Iliad\" and (according to some) the \"Odyssey\" are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and reworking by many contributors, and that \"Homer\" is best seen as a label for an entire tradition. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.",
"title": "Homer"
},
{
"docid": "13633#9",
"text": "Friedrich August Wolf's \"Prolegomena ad Homerum\", published in 1795, argued that much of the material later incorporated into the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" was originally composed in the tenth century BC in the form of short, separate oral songs, which passed through oral tradition for roughly four hundred years before being assembled into prototypical versions of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" the sixth century BC by literate authors. After being written down, Wolf maintained that the two poems were extensively edited, modernized, and eventually shaped into their present state as artistic unities. Wolf and the \"Analyst\" school, which led the field in the nineteenth century, sought to recover the original, authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excrescences. Within the Analyst school were two camps: proponents of the \"lay theory,\" which held that the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" were put together from a large number of short, independent songs, and proponents of the \"nucleus theory\", which held that Homer had originally composed shorter versions of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\", which later poets expanded and revised. A small group of scholars opposed to the Analysts, dubbed \"Unitarians\", saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet. By around 1830, the central preoccupations of Homeric scholars, dealing with whether or not \"Homer\" actually existed, when and how the Homeric poems originated, how they were transmitted, when and how they were finally written down, and their overall unity, had been dubbed \"the Homeric Question\".",
"title": "Homer"
},
{
"docid": "3428255#10",
"text": "Further controversy surrounds the difference in composition dates between the \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\". It seems that the latter was composed at a later date than the former because the works' differing characterizations of the Phoenicians align with differing Greek popular opinion of the Phoenicians between the 8th and 7th centuries BC, when their skills began to hurt Greek commerce. Whereas Homer's description of Achilles's shield in the \"Iliad\" exhibits minutely detailed metalwork that characterized Phoenician crafts, they are characterized in the \"Odyssey\" as \"manifold scurvy tricksters\".",
"title": "Homeric Question"
},
{
"docid": "22349#0",
"text": "The Odyssey (; \"Odýsseia\", in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the \"Iliad\", the other work ascribed to Homer. The \"Odyssey\" is fundamental to the modern Western canon; it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature, while the \"Iliad\" is the oldest. Scholars believe the \"Odyssey\" was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek coastal region of Anatolia.",
"title": "Odyssey"
},
{
"docid": "55870#6",
"text": "It is estimated that Homer's \"Odyssey\" was composed sometime in the 50-year period from 725 to 675 BC, and it is thought that it shows the influence of earlier oral poetic traditions of different peoples. In the \"Odyssey\" the episodes that are placed on the Black Sea, which would include the cyclops story, appear to incorporate parts of the Gilgamesh tradition, as well as the Caucasian myths of a one-eyed monster. There are striking parallels between Homer's story and the Caucasian stories of Urzmaeg, where the hero outwits a one-eyed giant, and blinds him with a torch. It is thought that the Caucasian myths probably came to the Greeks through the epic Anatolian song tradition.",
"title": "Cyclops"
},
{
"docid": "13633#12",
"text": "Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards. Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems. A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date. At one extreme, Richard Janko has proposed a date for both poems to the eighth century BC based on linguistic analysis and statistics. Barry B. Powell dates the composition of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" to sometime between 800 and 750 BC, based on the statement from Herodotus, who lived in the late fifth century BC, that Homer lived four hundred years before his own time \"and not more\" (καὶ οὐ πλέοσι), and on the fact that the poems do not mention hoplite battle tactics, inhumation, or literacy. At the other extreme, scholars such as Gregory Nagy see \"Homer\" as a continually evolving tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC. Martin Litchfield West has argued that the \"Iliad\" echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660–650 BC at the earliest, with the \"Odyssey\" up to a generation later. He also interprets passages in the \"Iliad\" as showing knowledge of historical events that occurred in the ancient Near East during the middle of the seventh century BC, including the destruction of Babylon by Sennacherib in 689 BC and the Sack of Thebes by Ashurbanipal in 663/4 BC.",
"title": "Homer"
},
{
"docid": "3428255#19",
"text": "Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards. Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems. A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date. At one extreme, Richard Janko has proposed a date for both poems to the eighth century BC based on linguistic analysis and statistics. Barry B. Powell dates the composition of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" to sometime between 800 and 750 BC, based on the statement from Herodotus, who lived in the late fifth century BC, that Homer lived four hundred years before his own time \"and not more\" (καὶ οὐ πλέοσι), and on the fact that the poems do not mention hoplite battle tactics, inhumation, or literacy. At the other extreme, scholars such as Gregory Nagy see \"Homer\" as a continually evolving tradition, which grew much more stable as the tradition progressed, but which did not fully cease to continue changing and evolving until as late as the middle of the second century BC. Martin Litchfield West has argued that the \"Iliad\" echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the \"Odyssey\" up to a generation later. He also interprets passages in the \"Iliad\" as showing knowledge of historical events that occurred in the ancient Near East during the middle of the seventh century BC, including the destruction of Babylon by Sennacherib in 689 BC and the Sack of Thebes by Ashurbanipal in 663/4 BC.",
"title": "Homeric Question"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11377617#4",
"text": "The idea is not new. Eustathius of Thessalonica recounted an ancient fiction in which both epics were composed by an Egyptian priestess, Phantasia; Samuel Butler, in \"The Authoress of the Odyssey\", attributed the \"Odyssey\" to a Sicilian woman between 1150 and 1050 BC; and Robert Graves in his novel \"Homer's Daughter\" made a similar proposal.",
"title": "Rediscovering Homer"
},
{
"docid": "3428255#8",
"text": "The modern debate began with the \"Prolegomena\" of Friedrich August Wolf (1795). According to Wolf, the date of writing is among the first questions in the textual criticism of Homer. Having satisfied himself that writing was unknown to Homer, Wolf considers the real mode of transmission, which he purports to find in the Rhapsodists, of whom the Homeridae were an hereditary school. Wolf reached the conclusion that the \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\" could not have been composed in the form in which we know them without the aid of writing. They must therefore have been, as Bentley has said, a sequel of songs and rhapsodies, loose songs not collected together in the form of an epic poem until about 500 years after their original composition. This conclusion Wolf supports by the character attributed to the Cyclic poems (whose want of unity showed that the structure of the \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\" must be the work of a later time), by one or two indications of imperfect connection, and by the doubts of ancient critics as to the authenticity of certain parts.",
"title": "Homeric Question"
},
{
"docid": "13633#18",
"text": "The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameter poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the \"Iliad\" was composed slightly before the \"Odyssey\", and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems.",
"title": "Homer"
}
] |
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] |
2899
|
Who is the minority head of the Senate?
|
[
{
"docid": "8767721#1",
"text": "The current Minority Floor Leader of the Senate is Franklin Drilon who was elected on February 28, 2017 following his ouster and replacement by Ralph Recto as the Senate President pro tempore on February 27, 2017.",
"title": "Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "46507#4",
"text": "The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Thune (R) from South Dakota and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois.",
"title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8802553#14",
"text": "The minority group chooses from among themselves the Minority leader who is considered as the titular head of the minority in the Senate and often called as the \"shadow president.\"",
"title": "Floor leaders of the Senate of the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "5215146#22",
"text": "The Lieutenant Governor serves as President of the Oklahoma Senate, but only casts a vote in the case of a tie and presides less frequently since the 1960s. The President Pro Tempore is the one who serves as leader of the Senate and is the head of the majority party. The President Pro Tempore appoints the majority floor leader and the chair of the appropriations committee. Along with the elected officers of the majority caucus (caucus chair, caucus vice chair, three assistant majority leaders and four majority whips), they comprise the leadership of the Senate majority caucus. The leader of the minority caucus is called either the Republican Leader or Democratic Leader, depending on which party is in the minority. Along with the elected officers of the minority party (assistant leaders, assistant whips and the caucus chair and vice chair), they comprise the Senate minority leadership team.",
"title": "Oklahoma Senate"
},
{
"docid": "8767721#0",
"text": "The Minority Floor Leader of the Senate, also called as the Senate Minority Floor Leader, is the leader elected by the minority political grouping of the Senate of the Philippines to serve as their official leader in the body and fulfill the responsibilities of a Floor Leader. He manages the business of the minority in the Senate. He is expected to defend the minority’s parliamentary rights, to criticize the policies and programs of the majority, and to use parliamentary tactics to defeat, pass, or amend legislation.",
"title": "Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "48540893#10",
"text": "Koko Pimentel, Duterte's party-mate, was elected as President of the Senate in July 2016 by a large majority, while a handful of Liberal Party senators comprised the minority; they were later joined by other Liberal Party members who had earlier voted for Pimentel, forming a six-person minority bloc in the Senate.",
"title": "2019 Philippine Senate election"
},
{
"docid": "1184459#0",
"text": "The Maryland Senate is the upper house of the Maryland General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. State of Maryland. One Senator is elected from each of the state's 47 electoral districts. As of January 2019, 32 of those seats are held by Democrats and 15 by Republicans. The leader of the Senate is known as the President, a position currently held by Thomas V. Mike Miller, Jr., who represents Calvert, Charles and Prince George's counties. In addition, Senators elect a President Pro Tempore, and the respective party caucuses elect a majority and minority leader and a majority and minority whip.",
"title": "List of current members of the Maryland Senate"
},
{
"docid": "37657136#0",
"text": "The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate of Puerto Rico (commonly called Majority Whip and Minority Whip) are two Puerto Rican Senators who are elected by the party conferences that hold the majority and the minority respectively. These leaders substitute the Majority and Minority leaders in their absence.",
"title": "Assistant party leaders of the Senate of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "6610637#3",
"text": "Smith was the ranking minority member of the Senate's Corporations, Authorities and Commissions Committee, and gained notoriety for several brushes with the law. She was backed by her party organization in the 2006 Democratic senate primary election but lost to challenger Shirley Huntley, who also won the general election later that year.",
"title": "Ada L. Smith"
},
{
"docid": "1201833#4",
"text": "For the 127th General Assembly, Senate colleagues chose Fedor to serve as minority leader. However, in early 2008, Fedor was ousted in a political coup by Senator Ray Miller, who had organized a coalition to replace her with himself. As a result, Fedor served the remainder of her Senate career without a leadership position.",
"title": "Teresa Fedor"
},
{
"docid": "4741287#4",
"text": "Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler.",
"title": "Washington State Senate"
}
] |
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] |
2900
|
When was the Super Nintendo Entertainment System first introduced?
|
[
{
"docid": "1571248#22",
"text": "In the late 80s, Nintendo's dominance was threatened by newer, technologically superior consoles. 1987, NEC and Hudson Soft released the PC Engine, and a year later, Sega released the 16 bit Mega Drive. Both were introduced in North America in 1989, where they were respectively marketed as the \"TurboGrafx-16\" and the \"Genesis.\" Facing new competition from the PC Engine in Japan, and the Genesis in North America, Nintendo's market share began to erode. Nintendo responded in the form of the Super Famicom (\"Super Nintendo Entertainment System\" in North America and Europe), the Famicom's 16-bit successor, in 1990. Although Nintendo announced their intention to continue to support the Famicom alongside their newer console, the success of the newer offering began to draw even more gamers and developers from the original NES, whose decline accelerated. However, Nintendo did continue support of the NES for about three years after the September 1991 release of the Super NES, with the NES's final first-party games being \"\" and \"Wario's Woods\".",
"title": "History of the Nintendo Entertainment System"
},
{
"docid": "30918076#1",
"text": "The series revolves around Yoshi, a green dinosaur-like character. He was first introduced in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) game released in 1990, \"Super Mario World\", where Mario and Luigi can ride on him. The antagonists of the series are Baby Bowser, the young king of Koopas, and Kamek, a Magikoopa who was Bowser's caretaker as a child. The first Yoshi game was the Nintendo Entertainment System puzzle game released in 1991, \"Yoshi\", which was developed by Game Freak. The first game in what is considered the main series, as well as the first to feature Yoshi in a playable main-character role, is the game released in 1995, \"\", which introduces the universe staples which are used in many following games. These staples include colorful storybook graphics, and several gameplay elements. One of the earlier games in the series, \"Yoshi's Safari\", differs heavily from the rest, as it is a Light gun shooter game. The latest game in the series is \"Poochy and Yoshi's Woolly World\", a port of the Wii U game \"Yoshi's Woolly World\", released in 2017 for the Nintendo 3DS. An upcoming title, \"Yoshi's Crafted World\" is set to be released for the Nintendo Switch on March 29, 2019.",
"title": "List of Yoshi video games"
},
{
"docid": "28314#0",
"text": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), also known as the Super NES or Super Nintendo, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another.",
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System"
},
{
"docid": "16612113#1",
"text": "Although the company had earlier released Color TV Game and Game & Watch, which were their first and second systems respectfully, they did not achieve worldwide success until the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1983. The NES restarted the video game industry after the video game crash of 1983, and was an international success. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, which became the first handheld console to sell in large numbers. In the early 1990s, Nintendo's market lead began to decrease; although the 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) was a strong seller, the Mega Drive/Genesis was a very strong contender. Nintendo and Sega would both lose a significant portion of the console market towards the end of the 1990s, as Sony Computer Entertainment's PlayStation became the most popular console, beating the Nintendo 64, though Nintendo managed to sell more than Sega Saturn.",
"title": "Nintendo video game consoles"
},
{
"docid": "437385#11",
"text": "Nintendo executives were initially reluctant to design a new system, but as the market transitioned to the newer hardware, Nintendo saw the erosion of the commanding market share it had built up with the Nintendo Entertainment System. Nintendo's fourth-generation console, the Super Famicom, was released in Japan on November 21, 1990; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours. The machine reached North America as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System on August 23, 1991, and Europe and Australia in April 1992.",
"title": "Fourth generation of video game consoles"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18944028#44",
"text": "In October 1993, Nintendo redesigned the NES to follow many of the same design cues as the newly introduced Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Japanese Super Famicom. Like the SNES, the NES-101 model loaded cartridges through a covered slot on top of the unit replacing the complicated mechanism of the earlier design. For this reason the NES-101 is known informally as the \"top-loader\" among Nintendo fans.",
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System"
},
{
"docid": "1571248#0",
"text": "Nintendo's 8-bit video game console, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), known in Japan as the or , was introduced after the video game crash of 1983 in North America. It enjoyed a long lifespan and dominated the North American video game market during the late 80's. Facing obsolescence in 1989 with the advent of 16-bit consoles, it was later supplanted by its successor, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, but support and production continued until 1995. After its discontinuation, interest in the NES has since been renewed by collectors and emulators, including Nintendo's own Virtual Console platform.",
"title": "History of the Nintendo Entertainment System"
},
{
"docid": "51200514#0",
"text": "Nintendo Entertainment System: NES Classic Edition, known as Nintendo Classic Mini: Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Australia and in Japan, is a dedicated video game console by Nintendo, which emulates the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It launched on November 10, 2016 in Australia and Japan, and November 11, 2016 in North America and Europe. Aesthetically, the console is a miniature replica of the NES, and it includes a static library of 30 built-in games from the licensed NES library, supporting save states for all of them.\nNintendo produced and sold about 2.3 million NES Classic Editions from November 2016 through April 2017, with shipments selling out nearly immediately. In April 2017, Nintendo announced they were discontinuing the product, leading to consumer confusion, and incidents of greatly increased pricing among private sellers. Due to the demand of the NES Classic, and the success of the Super NES Classic Edition console, Nintendo re-introduced the NES Classic on June 29, 2018. Production was discontinued again, this time permanently, in December 2018.",
"title": "NES Classic Edition"
},
{
"docid": "28314#6",
"text": "Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for $199 (). It began shipping in limited quantities on August 23, 1991, with an official nationwide release date of September 9, 1991. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for £150 (), with a German release following a few weeks later.",
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System"
},
{
"docid": "23038804#12",
"text": "is a series of go-kart-style racing video games primarily developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development. The first in the series, \"Super Mario Kart\", was launched in 1992 on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System to critical and commercial success. In the \"Mario Kart\" series, players compete in go-kart races, controlling one of a selection of characters from the \"Mario\" franchise. One of the features of the series is the use of various power-up items obtained by driving into item boxes laid out on the course. These power-ups include Super Mushrooms to give players a speed boost, Koopa Shells to be thrown at opponents, and banana peels that can be laid on the track as hazards.\nThere have been 5 \"Mario Kart\" games released for home consoles, 3 portable games, and 3 Namco co-developed arcade spin-off games, for a total of 11. As the series has progressed, each new game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh such as new courses, new items, and new playable characters. In 1996 and 1997, \"Mario Kart 64\" for the Nintendo 64 introduced 4-player racing and 3D graphics. In 2001, \"\" for the Game Boy Advance introduced the ability to unlock retro tracks from previous installments. In 2003, \"\" for the GameCube introduced co-operative LAN multiplayer and two-player karts. In 2005, \"Mario Kart DS\" for the Nintendo DS introduced dual-screen play and online multiplayer via Wi-Fi. In 2008, \"Mario Kart Wii\" introduced motion controls, 12-player racing, motorbikes and playable Mii characters., as well as three new items: the POW Block, Mega Mushroom, and Thunder Cloud. In 2011, \"Mario Kart 7\" for the Nintendo 3DS featured optional stereoscopic graphics, introduced hang gliding and submersible karts, an alternate first-person perspective, and kart customization. In 2014, \"Mario Kart 8\" for the Wii U introduced anti-gravity racing, ATVs, uploading highlights to YouTube via Mario Kart TV, up to 4 local players in Grand Prix races, downloadable content, and is the first in the series to boast HD graphics.\nPossibly the most popular spin-off series in the franchise, the \"Mario Kart\" series began in 1992 and is currently the most successful and longest-running kart racing series, having sold over 100,000,000 copies worldwide.",
"title": "Mario (franchise)"
}
] |
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] |
2901
|
Who was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union?
|
[
{
"docid": "26865#1",
"text": "Following Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s, the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party became synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, both indirectly, via Party membership, and via the tradition of a single person holding two highest posts: in the Party and in the government. The post of the General Secretary was abolished in 1952 under Stalin and later re-established by Nikita Khrushchev under the name of First Secretary. In 1966, Leonid Brezhnev reverted the office title to its former name. Being the head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the office of the General Secretary was the highest in the Soviet Union until 1990. The post of General Secretary lacked clear guidelines of succession, so after the death or removal of a Soviet leader the successor usually needed the support of the Politburo, the Central Committee, or another government or party apparatus to both take and stay in power. The President of the Soviet Union, an office created in March 1990, replaced the General Secretary as the highest Soviet political office.",
"title": "List of leaders of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "359406#4",
"text": "In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to Georgy Malenkov, possibly to test him as a potential successor. In October 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions. In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, though Stalin remained one of the party secretaries and maintained ultimate control of the Party. When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov was the most important member of the Secretariat, which also included Nikita Khrushchev, among others. Under a short-lived troika of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, Malenkov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers but was forced to resign from the Secretariat nine days later on 14 March, leaving Khrushchev in effective control of the body. Khrushchev was elected to the new office of First Secretary at the Central Committee plenum on 14 September of the same year. Originally conceived as a collective leadership, Khrushchev removed his rivals from power in both 1955 and (especially) 1957 and reinforced the supremacy of the First Secretary.",
"title": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "359406#5",
"text": "In 1964, opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee led to Khrushchev's removal as First Secretary. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Khrushchev to the post as part of another collective leadership, together with Premier Alexei Kosygin and others. The office was renamed General Secretary in 1966. The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the Brezhnev Era. Brezhnev's influence grew throughout the 1970s as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms. Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country in the same way as Brezhnev had. Mikhail Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union as General Secretary until 1990, when the Communist Party lost its monopoly of power over the political system. The office of President of the Soviet Union was established so that Gorbachev still retained his role as leader of the Soviet Union. Following the failed August coup of 1991, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who only served for five days as Acting General Secretary before Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia, suspended all activity in the Communist Party. Following the party's ban, the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU) was established by Oleg Shenin in 1993. The UCP–CPSU works as a framework for reviving and restoring the CPSU. The organisation has members in all the former Soviet republics.",
"title": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "359406#0",
"text": "General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was an office of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) that by the late 1920s had evolved into the most powerful of the Central Committee's various secretaries. With a few exceptions, from 1929 until the union's dissolution the holder of the office was the \"de facto\" leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the CPSU and the Soviet government. Joseph Stalin elevated the office to overall command of the Communist Party and by extension the whole Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev renamed the post First Secretary in 1953; the change was reverted in 1966.",
"title": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "22685#1",
"text": "The governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the Party Congress, which initially met annually but whose meetings became less frequent, particularly under Joseph Stalin (dominant from the late 1920s to 1953). Party Congresses would elect a Central Committee which, in turn, would elect a Politburo. Under Stalin, the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary, who was elected by the Politburo. In 1952 the title of \"General Secretary\" became \"First Secretary\" and the \"Politburo\" became the \"Presidium\"; the names reverted to their former forms under Leonid Brezhnev in 1966.",
"title": "Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "42473250#0",
"text": "The First Secretary of the Chuvash regional branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the position of highest authority in the Chuvash AO (1920–1925) and the Chuvash ASSR (1925–1991) in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on October 8, 1920, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.",
"title": "Chuvash Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "11607432#0",
"text": "The 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) took place in Moscow, RSFSR between 29 March and 8 April 1966. It was the first Congress during Leonid Brezhnev's leadership of the Party and state. The position of First Secretary (held by Brezhnev) was renamed back to General Secretary, which had been its name from 1922 to 1952. The congress elected the 23rd Central Committee.",
"title": "23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "516475#1",
"text": "The members of the Secretariat were elected by the Communist Party's Central Committee, although in all but the first years of its existence the elections were a formality since decisions were made by the senior leadership before the voting. The General Secretary of the CPSU, who was also a Politburo member, was the leader of the Secretariat and of the Party. Dual membership in the Secretariat and the Politburo was in practice reserved for two or three very senior members of the Soviet leadership, and in the post-Stalin era (after March 1953) was a stepping-stone to ultimate power. The last five Soviet leaders (Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko and Mikhail Gorbachev) were all senior Secretaries before becoming First or General Secretaries. Additionally, Georgy Malenkov was briefly reckoned as the leader of the Party for a week after Stalin's death by virtue of being the top member of the Secretariat.",
"title": "Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "41585785#45",
"text": "Nikita Khrushchev reestablished the office on 14 September 1953 under the name First Secretary. In 1957 he was nearly removed from office by the Anti-Party Group. Georgy Malenkov, a leading member of the Anti-Party Group, worried that the powers of the First Secretary were virtually unlimited. Khrushchev was removed as leader on 14 October 1964, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. At first there was no clear leader of the collective leadership with Brezhnev and Premier Alexei Kosygin ruling as equals. However, by the 1970s Brezhnev's influence exceeded that of Kosygin's and he was able to retain this support by avoiding any radical reforms. The powers and functions of the General Secretary were limited by the collective leadership during Brezhnev's, and later Yuri Andropov's and Konstantin Chernenko's tenures. Mikhail Gorbachev, elected in 1985, ruled the Soviet Union through the office of the General Secretary until 1990, when the Congress of People's Deputies voted to remove Article 6 from the 1977 Soviet Constitution. This meant that the Communist Party lost its position as the \"leading and guiding force of the Soviet society\" and the powers of the General Secretary were drastically curtailed.",
"title": "Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "42465967#0",
"text": "The First Secretary of the Chechen-Ingush regional branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the position of highest authority in the Chechen AO (1922–34), Chechen-Ingush AO (1934–36), Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1936–44, 1957–91) and the Grozny Oblast (1944–57) in the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created in November 1922, and abolished on August 23, 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.",
"title": "Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"docid": "359406#2",
"text": "In its first two incarnations the office performed mostly secretarial work. The post of Responsible Secretary was then established in 1919 to perform administrative work. In 1922, the office of General Secretary followed as a purely administrative and disciplinary position, whose role was to do no more than determine party membership composition. Stalin, its first incumbent, used the principles of democratic centralism to transform his office into that of party leader, and later leader of the Soviet Union.",
"title": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
}
] |
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] |
2902
|
When did Ireland and Northern Ireland separate?
|
[
{
"docid": "36202154#28",
"text": "When Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in 1921, separate revenue stamps were issued for both entities. Southern Ireland stamps saw little use since that political entity was quickly superseded by the Provisional Government of Ireland and later the Irish Free State (both of which applied overprints on various British and Irish revenue stamps). However, Northern Ireland continued to use separate revenue stamps until the 1980s. Northern Irish revenues include Civil Service, Dog Licence, Excise and National Insurance stamps, among many others.",
"title": "Revenue stamps of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "426388#6",
"text": "In 1920, Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. In 1922, Southern Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State, later to become a republic under the name of Ireland. Amid these political upheavals, a rival football association, the Football Association of Ireland, emerged in Dublin in 1921 and organised a separate league and international team. In 1923, at a time when the home nations had withdrawn from FIFA, the FAI was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State on the condition that it changed its name to the Football Association of the Irish Free State. The Irish FA continued to organise its national team on an all-Ireland basis.",
"title": "Northern Ireland national football team"
},
{
"docid": "30770#18",
"text": "The Government of Ireland Act 1920 partitioned the island of Ireland into two separate jurisdictions, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland, both devolved regions of the United Kingdom. This partition of Ireland was confirmed when the Parliament of Northern Ireland exercised its right in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 to \"\"opt out\"\" of the newly established Irish Free State. A part of the treaty signed in 1922 mandated that a boundary commission would sit to decide where the frontier of the northern state would be in relation to its southern neighbour. After the Irish Civil War of 1922–1923, this part of the treaty was given less priority by the new Dublin government led by W. T. Cosgrave, and was quietly dropped. As counties Fermanagh and Tyrone and border areas of Londonderry, Armagh, and Down were mainly nationalist, the Irish Boundary Commission could reduce Northern Ireland to four counties or less.",
"title": "The Troubles"
},
{
"docid": "2347513#2",
"text": "Originally intended as an internal boundary within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the border was created in 1921 under the United Kingdom Parliament's Government of Ireland Act 1920. Prior to this, a separatist Irish parliament had been established in Dublin, which did not recognise the Government of Ireland Act, and was actively engaged in the Irish War of Independence. The Act was intended to deliver Home Rule in Ireland, with separate parliaments for Southern Ireland (which included three of the nine counties of Ulster) and Northern Ireland. Six of the thirty-two counties of Ireland were assigned to Northern Ireland, and the rest of Ireland comprising 26 counties to Southern Ireland.",
"title": "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border"
},
{
"docid": "4454680#0",
"text": "Northern Ireland law refers to the legal system of statute and common law operating in Northern Ireland since the partition of Ireland established Northern Ireland as a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom in 1921.\nFor the purposes of private international law the United Kingdom is divided into three distinct legal jurisdictions:Northern Ireland is a common law jurisdiction. Although its common law is similar to that in England and Wales, and partially derives from the same sources, there are some important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales. While influenced by English law, the Northern Ireland legal system is distinctive for a number of reasons: it has roots in Irish common law prior to Irish independence in 1921; following Irish independence, Northern Ireland became a devolved jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Northern Ireland law"
},
{
"docid": "58216160#1",
"text": "Upon the partition of Ireland in 1921, separate revenue stamps began to be issued for both Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The latter were withdrawn soon afterwards upon the establishment of the Provisional Government, but the former continued to issue revenue stamps until the late 20th century. The need for separate issues for Northern Ireland came about since taxes raised there were meant to remain in the country. Most Northern Irish revenue stamps were British key types with appropriate inscriptions, but there were a number of different issues as well.",
"title": "Revenue stamps of Northern Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "2710637#0",
"text": "The partition of Ireland () divided the island of Ireland into two distinct jurisdictions, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. It took place on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Today the former is still known as Northern Ireland and forms part of the United Kingdom, while the latter is now a sovereign state also named Ireland and sometimes called the Republic of Ireland.",
"title": "Partition of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "2710637#5",
"text": "Beginning on 21 January 1919 with the Soloheadbeg ambush, through the Irish War of Independence, Irish republicans attempted to bring about the secession of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Meanwhile, Irish unionistsmost of whom lived in the northeast of the islandwere just as determined to maintain the Union. The British Government, committed to implementing Home Rule, set up a cabinet committee under the chairmanship of southern unionist Walter Long. The Long Committee recommended the establishment of two devolved administrations, dividing the island into two territories: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. This was implemented as the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The act entered into force as a \"\" on 3 May 1921 and provided that Northern Ireland would consist of the six northeastern counties, while the remainder of the island would form Southern Ireland. It was intended that each jurisdiction would be granted home rule but remain within the United Kingdom. The government of Southern Ireland never functioned: the war for independence continued until the two sides agreed a truce in July 1921, ending with the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921.",
"title": "Partition of Ireland"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43791662#2",
"text": "The Government of Ireland Act 1920 was intended to produce a lasting solution to the demands of Irish nationalist leaders for political autonomy, known as \"Home Rule\", by giving Ireland limited regional self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Act provided for separate self-governing parliaments for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with both remaining within the United Kingdom and both parliaments being subordinate to the Westminster parliament. The parliament and governmental institutions for Northern Ireland were soon established, but the overwhelming majority of MPs returned in the election in the 26 counties gave their allegiance to Dáil Éireann, unrecognised by the British government, thus rendering \"Southern Ireland\" moot as a political entity and leading to an intensification of the Irish War of Independence. The Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the war in January 1922, and the laws that implemented the treaty, established a new Irish Free State in place of \"Southern Ireland\" and allowed Northern Ireland to opt out of the new Free State. The Houses of the Parliament of Northern Ireland duly did so on 7 December 1922, the day after the establishment of the Irish Free State, thus partitioning Ireland.",
"title": "Joseph R. Fisher"
},
{
"docid": "2710637#40",
"text": "When the territory that was Southern Ireland became a separate self-governing dominion outside the United Kingdom known as the Irish Free State, the status of the territorial waters naturally took on a significance it had not had before. The Northern Ireland Unionists were conscious of this matter from an early stage. They were keen to put it beyond doubt that the territorial waters around Northern Ireland would not belong to the Irish Free State. In this regard, Sir James Craig, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland put the following question in the British House of Commons on 27 November 1922 (the month before the establishment of the Irish Free State):",
"title": "Partition of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "2347513#23",
"text": "When the territory that initially was Southern Ireland ultimately became a separate self-governing dominion outside the United Kingdom known as the Irish Free State, the status of the territorial waters naturally took on a significance it had not had before. Northern Ireland's Unionists were conscious of this matter from an early stage. They were keen to put it beyond doubt that the territorial waters around Northern Ireland would not belong to the Irish Free State. In this regard, James Craig, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland put the following question in the British House of Commons on 27 November 1922 (the month before the establishment of the Irish Free State):",
"title": "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border"
},
{
"docid": "6967081#1",
"text": "After the partition of Ireland in the 1920s, although the IFA's administration of club football was restricted to Northern Ireland, the IFA national team continued to select players from the whole of Ireland until 1950, and did not adopt the name \"Northern Ireland\" until 1954 in FIFA competition, and the 1970s in the British Home Championship. In 1924, a separate international team, organised by the Football Association of Ireland, fielded a team called Ireland, which now represents the Republic of Ireland.",
"title": "Ireland national football team (1882–1950)"
}
] |
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] |
2903
|
What is the deepest diving expedition recorded?
|
[
{
"docid": "5001#0",
"text": "Trieste is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe, which with its crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about , in the deepest known part of the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench near Guam in the Pacific. On 23 January 1960, Jacques Piccard (son of the boat's designer Auguste Piccard) and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh achieved the goal of Project Nekton.",
"title": "Bathyscaphe Trieste"
},
{
"docid": "5001#11",
"text": "On 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of , although this was revised later to ; fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found Challenger Deep to be between and deep.",
"title": "Bathyscaphe Trieste"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44814852#0",
"text": "Ahmed Gabr (أحمد جبر in Arabic; born 9 November 1972) is an Egyptian scuba diver who holds the Guinness World Records for both The Deepest Scuba Dive (Male) and The Deepest Scuba Dive in Sea Water. Ahmed dived to a depth of .In 2010, Gabr started training to break the world's record for the deepest depth ever reached by a human in scuba diving. The holder of the previous record was Nuno Gomes, with a record of 1,044 feet (318.25 m). Initially, the dive was scheduled to be done in 2012, but due to some political unrest in Egypt the dive was postponed.",
"title": "Ahmed Gabr"
},
{
"docid": "218075#30",
"text": "MacInnis led another series of dives in 1995 to salvage the bell from \"Edmund Fitzgerald\". The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $250,000. Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten's atmospheric diving suit, known as the \"Newtsuit,\" was used to retrieve the bell from the ship, replace it with a replica, and put a beer can in \"Edmund Fitzgerald\"s pilothouse. That same year, Terrence Tysall and Mike Zee set multiple records when they used trimix gas to scuba dive to \"Edmund Fitzgerald\". The pair are the only people known to have touched the \"Edmund Fitzgerald\" wreck. They also set records for the deepest scuba dive on the Great Lakes and the deepest shipwreck dive, and were the first divers to reach \"Edmund Fitzgerald\" without the aid of a submersible. It took six minutes to reach the wreck, six minutes to survey it, and three hours to resurface to avoid decompression sickness, also known as \"the bends.\"",
"title": "SS Edmund Fitzgerald"
},
{
"docid": "403899#35",
"text": "In the following years, Denlay and Tysall mounted several larger expeditions to survey \"Atlanta\", exploring and videoing the wreck in detail to a depth of at the bow. The civil unrest in Solomon Islands from late 1998 prevented further diving around Guadalcanal for several years. However, on the final expedition that year, the then deepest wreck dive by a woman was made by Kevin's wife, Mirja, on \"Atlanta\". Denlay's last visit to the wreck was in 2002 using a closed circuit rebreather or CCR, the first CCR dive on \"Atlanta\". Since then, very few dives have been conducted on \"Atlanta\", although in May 2011 a very experienced deep diving team from \"Global Underwater Explorers\" successfully videoed the wreck for documentary purposes, the first survey of the wreck since Denlay's expeditions up to 1998.",
"title": "USS Atlanta (CL-51)"
},
{
"docid": "50147070#3",
"text": "In an expedition in 1977, the deepest point of the cave system was discovered after staging multiple underground camps, a flooded tunnel at 1325 meters, known as the San Agustín sump. Subsequent scuba diving expeditions in 1979 and 1981 proved logistically insufficient to transport equipment to explore it further. In 1994, during a 135-day expedition of 44 people, mostly from the UK and the US, 11 were cave diving using closed cycle life support systems called rebreathers. They explored three parts of the sump system and discovered an upstream tunnel leading to the only known exit for the water that enters the Huautla caves, the spring of Peña Colorada.\nDuring a two-month expedition in 2013 involving 40 team members from the UK, USA, Canada, Poland and Mexico, cavers entered through Sótano de San Agustin; it took divers three weeks to reach \"what looked like a calm, rock-enclosed lake about 100 feet wide\", the San Agustín sump. One of them established a new record depth when stopping at 1545 meters. The new survey data gave the cave a total length of 64.2 kilometers. A navigable connection between where water enters Sistema Huautla and where it exits at Peña Colorada has yet to be found.",
"title": "Sistema Huautla"
},
{
"docid": "205787#2",
"text": "During the course of his expeditions Beebe gradually developed an interest in marine biology, ultimately leading to his 1930s dives in the Bathysphere, along with its inventor, Otis Barton, off the coast of Bermuda. This was the first time a biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment, and set several successive records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human, the deepest of which stood until it was broken by Barton 15 years later. Following his Bathysphere dives, Beebe returned to the tropics and began to focus his study on the behavior of insects. In 1949, he founded a tropical research station in Trinidad which he named Simla, and which remains in operation as part of the Asa Wright Nature Centre. Beebe's research at Simla continued until his death from pneumonia in 1962 at the age of 84.",
"title": "William Beebe"
},
{
"docid": "894337#1",
"text": "The difference in elevation of the cave's entrance and its deepest explored point is . It became the deepest-known cave in the world in 2001 when the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Association reached a depth of which exceeded the depth of the previous deepest-known cave, Lamprechtsofen, in the Austrian Alps, by . In 2004, for the first time in the history of speleology, the Ukrainian Speleological Association expedition reached a depth greater than , and explored the cave to . Ukrainian diver Gennadiy Samokhin extended the cave by diving in the terminal sump to 46 metres' depth in 2007 and then to 52 m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191 m and 2,197 m, respectively. Krubera is one of the two known caves on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres.",
"title": "Krubera Cave"
},
{
"docid": "322578#9",
"text": "Leatherback turtles are one of the deepest-diving marine animals. Individuals have been recorded diving to depths as great as .\nTypical dive durations are between 3 and 8 minutes, with dives of 30–70 minutes occurring infrequently.",
"title": "Leatherback sea turtle"
},
{
"docid": "4928504#0",
"text": "The Bathysphere (Greek: \"βαθύς\", \"bathus\", \"deep\" and \"σφαῖρα\", \"sphaira\", \"sphere\") was a unique spherical deep-sea submersible which was unpowered and lowered into the ocean on a cable, and was used to conduct a series of dives off the coast of Bermuda from 1930 to 1934. The Bathysphere was designed in 1928 and 1929 by the American engineer Otis Barton, to be used by the naturalist William Beebe for studying undersea wildlife. Beebe and Barton conducted dives in the Bathysphere together, marking the first time that a marine biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment. Their dives set several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of meters on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949.",
"title": "Bathysphere"
},
{
"docid": "2245004#2",
"text": "On 24 November 2004, Verna van Schaik set the Guinness Woman's World Record for the deepest dive with a dive to .In Mo Hayder's novel \"Ritual\" (2008), the death of the parents of one of the protagonists while diving in Bushman's Hole is an important plot device.",
"title": "Boesmansgat"
},
{
"docid": "17942446#0",
"text": "Pascal Bernabé is a French scuba diver who in 2005 laid claim to the world best for depth on a deep dive using self-contained breathing apparatus. Bernabé claimed to have reached a maximum depth of using trimix on 5 June 2005 near Propriano, Corsica. This was actually deeper than the official deepest scuba dive recognized by Guinness World Records at the time. That mark, set by Nuno Gomes in Dahab, Egypt, was of sea water. However, Bernabé's claimed deepest dive was not included in the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" due to insufficient evidence of such a dive ever being performed.",
"title": "Pascal Bernabé"
}
] |
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] |
2905
|
Was Hasselhoff present when the Berlin Wall fell?
|
[
{
"docid": "166103#36",
"text": "His music career took off in the late 1980s and achieved success at the tops of the charts, with his album \"Looking for Freedom\" which went triple platinum in Europe. He had one #1 hit in the German pop charts in spring of 1989 (\"Looking for Freedom\"). He was noted for his performance of the single at the Berlin Wall on New Year's Eve 1989, two months after the East German government had opened the wall, but nine months before unification took place. Wearing a piano-keyboard scarf and a leather jacket covered in motion lights, Hasselhoff stood in a bucket crane and performed the song along with the crowd. The performance has had a lasting impact on German pop-culture with Hasselhoff commenting that the song became an \"anthem\" and \"song of hope\" for the people of East Germany. In 2004, Hasselhoff lamented the lack of a photo of him in the Checkpoint Charlie Museum in Berlin.",
"title": "David Hasselhoff"
},
{
"docid": "7343726#4",
"text": "Hasselhoff performed this song before throngs of pro-German reunification activists at the Berlin Wall on New Year's Eve 1989, mere weeks after the wall started being taken down. Wearing a piano-keyboard scarf and a leather jacket covered in motion lights, Hasselhoff stood in a bucket crane and performed the song along with the crowd. Recordings of the ZDF TV broadcast resurfaced in the late 1990s and nowadays can be found on Youtube.",
"title": "Looking for Freedom (song)"
},
{
"docid": "3722#71",
"text": "On 31 December 1989, American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert, which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall. The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe. During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall. Hasselhoff sang his number one hit song \"Looking For Freedom\" on a platform at the end of a twenty-meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate.",
"title": "Berlin Wall"
},
{
"docid": "3722#93",
"text": "On 25 December 1989, Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including Beethoven's 9th symphony (\"Ode to Joy\") with the word \"Joy\" \"()\" changed to \"Freedom\" \"()\" in the lyrics sung. The poet Schiller may have originally written \"Freedom\" and changed it to \"Joy\" out of fear. The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. On New Year's Eve 1989, David Hasselhoff performed his song \"Looking for Freedom\" while standing atop the partly demolished wall.",
"title": "Berlin Wall"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3722#103",
"text": "The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled \"Wall Patrol – The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961–1990\" which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border. A sheet of \"Americans in Berlin\" Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill, the author of , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra, Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com. The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on, veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives.",
"title": "Berlin Wall"
},
{
"docid": "57746781#14",
"text": "Except for the years 2000 to 2002, the award ceremony always took place in the Axel-Springer-Haus in Berlin. In the three years mentioned, the \"Golden Steering Wheel\" was broadcast on ZDF\nfrom Berlin's Tempelhof Airport. The most famous award ceremony was on 9 November 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell. At that time, many guests of the event took the opportunity to visit the eastern sector of the divided city for the first time during the night without checks. Conversely, numerous residents of East Berlin spontaneously attended the after-show party. At the 1999 award ceremony, Nina Ruge suffered minor burns during the burning down of a stage firework, which met with a great response from the media.",
"title": "Das Goldene Lenkrad"
},
{
"docid": "3865723#9",
"text": "In 2006, Hasselhoff moved to Berlin, Germany, due to his resentment of George W. Bush's politics. He stated that he would not return to the United States as long as Bush was in charge. He was in a relationship with German actress Sina-Valeska Jung from 2006 to 2012.",
"title": "Jared Hasselhoff"
},
{
"docid": "1893083#1",
"text": "Hasselbach's parents were two Communist-party loyal journalists. His mother was an editor at the ADN (\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst\", the former GDR's news service), while his father was employed at the broadcasting service in East Berlin. He was raised mostly with his grandparents. After graduating he began an apprenticeship to become a stonemason, but by 1985 he was subjected to legal censure because of rowdyism. His public appeal \"The wall must fall!\" brought him a prison sentence of nine months in 1987. In 1988 he joined the neo-Nazi community and was again legally censured for \"subversive activities\". After a first attempt to escape in August 1989 failed, he was detained again for three months until November 1989. Three days before the Berlin Wall fell a subsequent attempt to escape to West Germany succeeded.",
"title": "Ingo Hasselbach"
},
{
"docid": "166103#38",
"text": "In May 2006, Hasselhoff returned to the spotlight after he was mentioned in an interview of Dirk Nowitzki, an NBA star playing for the Dallas Mavericks and a native of Germany. Nowitzki was asked what he does to concentrate when shooting foul shots. Dirk replied that he sings \"Looking for Freedom\" to himself. He meant this as a joke but it was thought to be a serious answer. Shortly thereafter, Hasselhoff attended the May 26, 2006, Mavericks home playoff game where they faced the Phoenix Suns in the NBA Western Conference Finals. Interviewed by Craig Sager, Hasselhoff stated he was as much a fan of Nowitzki as Nowitzki was a fan of him. In The 2006 NBA Finals, fans of the Miami Heat in the American Airlines Arena held up facial photos of Hasselhoff and chanted his name when Nowitzki went to the foul line. On August 2, 2006, he proclaimed himself \"King of the Internet\" in a tongue-in-cheek advertisement for Pipex.",
"title": "David Hasselhoff"
},
{
"docid": "173825#20",
"text": "In November 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, and in July 1990 Waters staged one of the largest and most elaborate rock concerts in history, \"The Wall – Live in Berlin\", on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. The show reported an official attendance of 200,000, though some estimates are as much as twice that, with approximately one billion television viewers. Leonard Cheshire asked him to do the concert to raise funds for charity. Waters' group of musicians included Joni Mitchell, Van Morrison, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams, Scorpions, and Sinéad O'Connor. Waters also used an East German symphony orchestra and choir, a Soviet marching band, and a pair of helicopters from the U.S. 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron. Designed by Mark Fisher, the Wall was 25 metres tall and 170 metres long and was built across the set. Scarfe's inflatable puppets were recreated on an enlarged scale, and although many rock icons received invitations to the show, Gilmour, Mason, and Wright, did not. Waters released a live double-album of the performance, which has been certified platinum by the RIAA.",
"title": "Roger Waters"
}
] |
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] |
2906
|
What percentage of Iraqis are Sunni Muslims?
|
[
{
"docid": "5054631#1",
"text": "Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia and Sunni Islam. According to the 2018 \"CIA Factbook\", Iraq is 95% Muslim: 64–69% Shia (Arabs, Feyli Kurds et al.) and 29–34% Sunni (Arabs and Kurds). The overall percentage of Muslims has increased since the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) due to the migration of Christian and Yezidi refugees into neighboring countries. A 2011 Pew Research Center Survey found that Iraqi Muslims are 51% Shia, 42% Sunni, and 5% described themselves as \"Just a Muslim\". Iraq is home to many religious sites important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abassids. The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala, fought on the site of the modern city on October 10, 680. Similarly, Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib (also known as \"Imām Alī\"), whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph and first imām. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. The city of Kufa was home to the famed Sunni scholar Abu Hanifah, whose school of thought is followed by a sizable number of Sunni Muslims across the globe. Likewise, Samarra is also home to the al-Askari Mosque, containing the mausoleums of the Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams, respectively, as well as the shrine of Muhammad al-Mahdi, known as the \"Hidden Imam\", who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia of the Ja'farī Madhhab. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja'farī Shia Muslims. In addition, some female relatives of the Prophet Mohammad are buried in Samarra, making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia and a venerated location for Sunni Muslims.",
"title": "Religion in Iraq"
},
{
"docid": "9761047#59",
"text": "Shia–Sunni discord in Iraq starts with disagreement over the relative population of the two groups. According to most sources, including the CIA's \"World Factbook\", the majority of Iraqis are Shia Arab Muslims (60%-70%), and Sunni Arab Muslims represent between 32% and 37% of the population. However, Sunni are split ethnically among Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen. Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status, including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada, and many believe Shia majority is \"a myth spread by America\". One Sunni belief shared by Jordan's King Abdullah as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shias crossing the border. Shia scholar Vali Nasr believes the election turnout in summer and December 2005 confirmed a strong Shia majority in Iraq.",
"title": "Shia–Sunni relations"
},
{
"docid": "12841814#9",
"text": "The Iraqi Arabs who arrived in Greece are Muslims from the central and southern parts of Iraq, mostly Sunni with a tiny Shia minority. Sunni Arabs form 17 per cent of the total Iraqi population, which is almost an equal amount if not more than their Turkmen counterparts. Assyrians have a disproportionately large representation amongst Iraqis in Greece, this could be primarily because Greece has a Christian society, in which Iraqi Christians will find it easy to settle down in. Forming a quarter of the population in Greece, Iraqi Christians make up the majority of Christians from the Middle East, who arrived in Greece from the early 1990s.",
"title": "Iraqis in Greece"
},
{
"docid": "14666#11",
"text": "97% of Iraqis follow Islam: 61% Shia and 34% Sunni. 1% of these describe themselves as \"Just a Muslim\". According to the CIA Factbook, Shias make up 60% of population, while Sunnis 35%. Christianity accounts for 5%, and the rest practice Mandaeism, Yazidism and other religions.",
"title": "Demographics of Iraq"
},
{
"docid": "5054631#0",
"text": "Islam is the official state religion in the Republic of Iraq, but the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Iraq is a multi ethnic and multi religious country with Islam, Christianity, Yazdanism, Zoroastrianism, Shabakism, Judaism, Mandaeism, Bahā'i, Ahl-e Haqq-Yarsanis, Ishikism and numerous other religions all having a presence in the country. Shia Islam is the main religion in Iraq followed by 60–65% of the population, while Sunni Islam is followed by 32–37% of the people. Many cities throughout Iraq have been areas of historical prominence for both Shia and Sunni Muslims, including Najaf, Karbala, Baghdad and Samarra.",
"title": "Religion in Iraq"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14666#13",
"text": "Nearly all Iraqi Kurds are Sunni Muslims. A survey in Iraq concluded that \"98% of Kurds in Iraq identified themselves as Sunnis and only 2% identified as Shias\". The religious differences between Sunni Arabs and Sunni Kurds are small. While 98 percent of Shia Arabs believe that visiting the shrines of saints is acceptable, 71 percent of Sunni Arabs did and 59 percent of Sunni Kurds support this practice. About 94 percent of the population in Iraqi Kurdistan is Muslim",
"title": "Demographics of Iraq"
},
{
"docid": "12764157#8",
"text": "There are a sizable number of Iraqi Christians in Canada. Christian denominations include Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, and Syriac Orthodox Church. The remaining 40 percent are Muslims, either Shiite or Sunni. In contrast to Iraq, where just over half the country’s Muslims are Shiite, among Iraqis in Canada as in the Arab world as a whole, Sunni are by far the majority.",
"title": "Iraqi Canadians"
},
{
"docid": "16685209#12",
"text": "The majority of refugees are Sunni Muslims accounting for 60 percent of the Iraqi community in Jordan while, 18 percent are Shia Muslims, and 15 percent are Christian. Most Iraqis residing in Amman, originally come from war torn Baghdad. The majority of the Iraqis who fled to Jordan are the wealthy and well educated, but only 22 per cent of Iraqi adults work legally.",
"title": "Iraqis in Jordan"
},
{
"docid": "12841814#8",
"text": "Amongst the Kurds, Sunni Muslims form the majority with a Shia Feyli minority.\nTurkmen are also Sunni Muslim, speak a dialect of Turkish and form a small percentage of Iraqis in Greece.",
"title": "Iraqis in Greece"
},
{
"docid": "12786569#11",
"text": "A survey recently released information that Muslim Shia are by far the majority of Iraqis in Lebanon at 51 percent, followed by Assyrian Chaldean Catholics which stand at 19 percent, while Sunni Muslims only amount to 12 percent of the population.",
"title": "Iraqis in Lebanon"
},
{
"docid": "7515964#78",
"text": "Sunni Islam is the dominant religion in Jordan. Muslims make up about 95% of the country's population; in turn, 93% of those self-identify as Sunnis. There are also a small number of Ahmadi Muslims, and some Shiites. Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees. Muslims who convert to another religion as well as missionaries from other religions face societal and legal discrimination.",
"title": "Jordan"
}
] |
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] |
2907
|
where was General Augusto Pinochet born?
|
[
{
"docid": "18933396#3",
"text": "Pinochet was born in Valparaíso, the son of Augusto Pinochet Vera, a descendant of an 18th-century French Breton immigrant from Lamballe, and Avelina Ugarte Martínez, a woman whose family had been in Chile since the 17th century and was of partial Basque descent. Pinochet went to primary and secondary school at the San Rafael Seminary of Valparaíso, the Rafael Ariztía Institute (Marist Brothers) in Quillota, the French Fathers' School of Valparaíso, and then to the Military School in Santiago, which he entered in 1931. In 1935, after four years studying military geography he graduated with the rank of \"alférez\" (Second Lieutenant) in the infantry. In September 1937, Pinochet was assigned to the \"Chacabuco\" Regiment, in Concepción. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of Sub-lieutenant, he moved to the \"Maipo\" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. He returned to Infantry School in 1940. On 30 January 1943, Pinochet married Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez, with whom he had five children: Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie, Augusto Osvaldo and Marco Antonio.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18933396#0",
"text": "Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (; ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and US-backed dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.\nPinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule. Several academics – including Peter Winn, Peter Kornbluh and Tim Weiner – have stated that the support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward. Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Army by Allende on 23 August 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. Following his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the number of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "6674238#0",
"text": "General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held for a year and a half before finally being released by the British government in March 2000. Authorized to freely return to Chile, Pinochet was there first indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia, and charged with a number of crimes, before dying on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted in any case. His arrest in London made the front-page of newspapers worldwide as not only did it involve the head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990, but it was the first time that several European judges applied the principle of universal jurisdiction, declaring themselves competent to judge crimes committed by former heads of state, despite local amnesty laws.",
"title": "Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#71",
"text": "Massive spontaneous street demonstrations broke out throughout the country upon the news of his death. In Santiago, opponents celebrated his death in Alameda Avenue, while supporters grieved outside the Military Hospital. Pinochet's remains lay in repose on 11 December 2006 at the Military Academy in Las Condes. During this ceremony, Francisco Cuadrado Prats—the grandson of Carlos Prats (a former Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the Allende government who was murdered by Pinochet's secret police)—spat on the coffin, and was quickly surrounded by supporters of Pinochet, who kicked and insulted him. Pinochet's funeral took place the following day at the same venue before a gathering of 60,000 supporters.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#5",
"text": "In 1956, Pinochet and a group of young officers were chosen to form a military mission to collaborate in the organization of the War Academy of Ecuador in Quito. He remained with the Quito mission for four-and-a-half years, during which time he studied geopolitics, military geography and military intelligence. At the end of 1959 he returned to Chile and was sent to General Headquarters of the 1st Army Division, based in Antofagasta. The following year, he was appointed commander of the \"Esmeralda\" Regiment. Due to his success in this position, he was appointed Sub-director of the War Academy in 1963. In 1968, he was named Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army Division, based in Santiago, and at the end of that year, he was promoted to brigadier general and Commander in Chief of the 6th Division, garrisoned in Iquique. In his new function, he was also appointed Intendent of the Tarapacá Province.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#73",
"text": "In Spain, supporters of late dictator Francisco Franco paid homage to Pinochet. Antonio Tejero, who led the failed coup of 1981, attended a memorial service in Madrid.\nPinochet's body was cremated in Parque del Mar Cemetery, Concón on 12 December 2006, on his request to \"avoid vandalism of his tomb,\" according to his son Marco Antonio. His ashes were delivered to his family later that day, and are deposited in Los Boldos, Santo Domingo, Valparaiso, Chile; one of his personal residences. The armed forces refused to allow his ashes to be deposited on military property.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "6674238#4",
"text": "In 1998, Pinochet, who still had much influence in Chile, travelled to the United Kingdom for medical treatment—allegations have been made that he was also there to negotiate arms contracts. While there, he was arrested on 17 October 1998 under an international arrest warrant issued by judge Baltasar Garzón of Spain, and was placed under house arrest: initially in the clinic where he had just undergone back surgery, and later in a rented house. The charges included 94 counts of torture of Spanish citizens, the 1975 assassination of Spanish diplomat Carmelo Soria, and one count of conspiracy to commit torture—allegations of abuses had been made numerous times before his arrest, including since the beginning of his rule, but never acted upon. Still struggling with the conditions set by the difficult transition to democracy, the Chilean government of the \"Concertación\", then headed by President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, opposed his arrest, extradition to Spain, and trial.",
"title": "Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#41",
"text": "In April and May 1982, a squadron of mothballed British Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers departed for Chile, arriving on 22 May and allowing the Chilean Air Force to reform the No. 9 \"Las Panteras Negras\" Squadron. A further consignment of three frontier surveillance and shipping reconnaissance Canberras left for Chile in October. Some authors have speculated that Argentina might have won the war had the military felt able to employ the elite VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades, which remained sitting in the Andes guarding against possible Chilean incursions. Pinochet subsequently visited the UK on more than one occasion. Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair to mock Thatcher's Conservatives as \"the party of Pinochet\" in 1999.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#4",
"text": "By late 1945, Pinochet had been assigned to the \"Carampangue\" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. Three years later, he entered the but had to postpone his studies because, being the youngest officer, he had to carry out a service mission in the coal zone of Lota. The following year he returned to his studies in the Academy, and after obtaining the title of Officer Chief of Staff, in 1951, he returned to teach at the Military School. At the same time, he worked as a teachers' aide at the War Academy, giving military geography and geopolitics classes. He was also the editor of the institutional magazine \"Cien Águilas\" (\"One Hundred Eagles\"). At the beginning of 1953, with the rank of major, he was sent for two years to the \"Rancagua\" Regiment in Arica. While there, he was appointed professor of the Chilean War Academy, and returned to Santiago to take up his new position.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
},
{
"docid": "18933396#39",
"text": "Due to the transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army until March 1998. He was then sworn in as a senator-for-life, a privilege granted by the 1980 constitution to former presidents with at least six years in office. His senatorship and consequent immunity from prosecution protected him from legal action. These were possible in Chile only after Pinochet was arrested in 1998 in the United Kingdom, on an extradition request issued by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón. Allegations of abuses had been made numerous times before his arrest, but never acted upon. The extradition attempt was dramatised in the 2006 BBC television docudrama \"Pinochet in Suburbia\", with Pinochet played by Derek Jacobi. Shortly before giving up power, Pinochet prohibited all forms of abortion, previously authorized in case of rape or risk to the life of the mother.",
"title": "Augusto Pinochet"
}
] |
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] |
2910
|
Who first identified the brain as the location of the mind?
|
[
{
"docid": "4794482#2",
"text": "During the second half of the first millennium BC, the Ancient Greeks developed differing views on the function of the brain. However, due to the fact that Hippocratic doctors did not practice dissection, because the human body was considered sacred, Greek views of brain function were generally uninformed by anatomical study. It is said that it was the Pythagorean Alcmaeon of Croton (6th and 5th centuries BC) who first considered the brain to be the place where the mind was located. According to ancient authorities, \"he believed the seat of sensations is in the brain. This contains the governing faculty. All the senses are connected in some way with the brain; consequently they are incapable of action if the brain is disturbed...the power of the brain to synthesize sensations makes it also the seat of thought: The storing up of perceptions gives memory and belief and when these are stabilized you get knowledge.\" In the 4th century BC Hippocrates, believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence (based, among others before him, on Alcmaeon's work). During the 4th century BC Aristotle thought that, while the heart was the seat of intelligence, the brain was a cooling mechanism for the blood. He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because, among other reasons, they have a larger brain to cool their hot-bloodedness.",
"title": "History of neuroscience"
},
{
"docid": "184016#0",
"text": "Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867), father of Gustave Flourens, was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia. Through the study of ablations on animals, he was the first to prove that the mind was located in the brain, not the heart.",
"title": "Jean Pierre Flourens"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6880483#8",
"text": "In Western Philosophy, the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans' \"intelligence\" (a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, their physical body. However, the best-known version of dualism is due to René Descartes (1641), and holds that the mind is a non-extended, non-physical substance, a \"res cogitans\". Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. He was therefore the first to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it still exists today.",
"title": "Philosophy of mind"
},
{
"docid": "50326#8",
"text": "Philosophers have always been interested in the mind: \"the idea that explaining a phenomenon involves understanding the mechanism responsible for it has deep roots in the History of Philosophy from atomic theories in 5th century B.C. to its rebirth in the 17th and 18th century in the works of Galileo, Descartes, and Boyle. Among others, it’s Descartes’ idea that machines humans build could work as models of scientific explanation.\"\nFor example, Aristotle thought the brain was the body’s cooling system and the capacity for intelligence was located in the heart. It has been suggested that the first person to believe otherwise was the Roman physician Galen in the second century AD, who declared that the brain was the source of mental activity, although this has also been accredited to Alcmaeon. However, Galen believed that personality and emotion were not generated by the brain, but rather by other organs. Andreas Vesalius, an anatomist and physician, was the first to believe that the brain and the nervous system are the center of the mind and emotion. Psychology, a major contributing field to cognitive neuroscience, emerged from philosophical reasoning about the mind.",
"title": "Cognitive neuroscience"
},
{
"docid": "175456#2",
"text": "Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance. Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence. Hence, he was the first to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today. Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism. Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense.",
"title": "Mind–body dualism"
},
{
"docid": "488083#51",
"text": "Neuroimaging research has supported this view, demonstrating specific brain regions consistently engaged during theory of mind tasks. PET research on theory of mind, using verbal and pictorial story comprehension tasks, has identified a set of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and area around posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and sometimes precuneus and amygdala/temporopolar cortex. Subsequently, research on the neural basis of theory of mind has diversified, with separate lines of research focused on the understanding of beliefs, intentions, and more complex properties of minds such as psychological traits.",
"title": "Theory of mind"
},
{
"docid": "488083#58",
"text": "In a recent paper, Keren Haroush and Ziv Williams outlined the case for a group of neurons in primates' brains that uniquely predicted the choice selection of their interacting partner. These primates' neurons, located in the anterior cingulate cortex of rhesus monkeys, were observed using single-unit recording while the monkeys played a variant of the iterative prisoner's dilemma game. By identifying cells that represent the yet unknown intentions of a game partner, Haroush & Williams' study supports the idea that theory of mind may be a fundamental and generalized process, and suggests that \"anterior cingulate cortex\" neurons may potentially act to complement the function of mirror neurons during social interchange.",
"title": "Theory of mind"
},
{
"docid": "4244428#1",
"text": "An early story featuring technological transfer of memories and personality from one brain to another is \"Intelligence Undying\" by Edmond Hamilton, first published in the April 1936 issue of \"Amazing Stories\". In this story, an elderly scientist named John Hanley explains that when humans are first born, \"our minds are a blank sheet except for certain reflexes which we all inherit. But from our birth onward, our minds are affected by all about us, our reflexes are conditioned, as the behaviorists say. All we experience is printed on the sheet of our minds. ... Everything a human being learns, therefore, simply establishes new connections between the nerve-cells of the brain. ... As I said, a newborn child has no such knowledge-connections in his cortex at all—he has not yet formed any. Now if I take that child immediately after birth and establish in his brain exactly the same web of intricate neurone-connections I have built up in my own brain, he will have exactly the same mind, memories, knowledge, as I have ... his mind will be exactly identical with my mind!\" He then explains he has developed a technique to do just this, saying \"I've devised a way to \"scan\" my brain's intricate web of neurone connections by electrical impulses, and by means of those impulses to build up an exactly identical web of neurone connections in the infant's brain. Just as a television scanning-disk can break down a complicated picture into impulses that reproduce the picture elsewhere.\" He adds that the impulses scanning his brain will kill him, but the \"counter-impulses\" imprinting the same pattern on the baby's brain will not harm him. The story shows the successful transfer of John Hanley's mind to the baby, who he describes as \"John Hanley 2nd\", and then skips forward to the year 3144 to depict \"John Hanley, 21st\" using his advanced technology to become the ruler of the Earth in order to end a war between the two great political powers of the time, and then further ahead to \"John Hanley, 416th\" helping to evacuate humanity to the planet Mercury in response to the Sun shrinking into a white dwarf. He chooses to remain on Earth awaiting death, so that people would \"learn once more to do for themselves, would become again a strong a self-reliant race\", with Hanley concluding that he \"had been wrong in living as a single super-mind down through the ages. He saw that now, and now he was undoing that wrong.\"",
"title": "Mind uploading in fiction"
},
{
"docid": "6331719#4",
"text": "The history of mind-wandering research dates back to 18th century England. British philosophers struggled to determine whether mind-wandering occurred in the mind or if an outside source caused it. In 1921, Varendonck published \"The Psychology of Day-Dreams\", in which he traced his \"'trains of thoughts' to identify their origins, most often irrelevant external influences\". Wallas (1926) considered mind-wandering as an important aspect of his second stage of creative thought – incubation. It wasn't until the 1960s that the first documented studies were conducted on mind-wandering. John Antrobus and Jerome Singer developed a questionnaire and discussed the experience of mind-wandering. This questionnaire, known as the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), provides a trait measure of mind-wandering and it assesses the experience on three dimensions: how vivid the person's thoughts are, how many of those thoughts are guilt- or fear-based, and how deep into the thought a person goes. As technology continues to develop, psychologists are starting to use functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe mind-wandering in the brain and reduce psychologists' reliance on verbal reports.",
"title": "Mind-wandering"
},
{
"docid": "17643920#2",
"text": "Dennett reposes the question of consciousness addressed in his 1991 book \"Consciousness Explained\". In \"Consciousness Explained\", Dennett established what he called the \"multiple drafts model\" of consciousness, which suggested that there was no singular space in the conscious mind. In other words, there is no special location in the brain that can be seen as the qualia-containing \"consciousness module\". Instead, he states that consciousness is smeared throughout the brain. He extends the model by creating a similar figure that he calls \"Fame in the Brain\" and suggests that the mind acts, to some degree, as an echo chamber, as well as the \"bundle of semi-independent agencies\" that he suggested in \"Consciousness Explained\".",
"title": "Sweet Dreams (book)"
}
] |
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] |
2912
|
How tall are draft horses?
|
[
{
"docid": "517512#2",
"text": "Draft horses are recognizable by their tall stature and extremely muscular build. In general, they tend to have a more upright shoulder, producing more upright movement and conformation that is well-suited for pulling. They tend to have broad, short backs with powerful hindquarters, again best suited for the purpose of pulling. Additionally, the draft breeds usually have heavy bone, and a good deal of feathering on their lower legs. Many have a straight profile or \"Roman nose\" (a convex profile). Draft breeds range from approximately high and from .",
"title": "Draft horse"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13645#10",
"text": "In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to . The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation \"h\" or \"hh\" (for \"hands high\"). Thus, a horse described as \"15.2 h\" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of in height.\nThe size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light riding horses usually range in height from and can weigh from . Larger riding horses usually start at about and often are as tall as , weighing from . Heavy or draft horses are usually at least high and can be as tall as high. They can weigh from about .",
"title": "Horse"
},
{
"docid": "4527314#13",
"text": "Hurdle races occur almost always over the National fences, standardized plastic and steel fences that are 52 inches tall, with traditional natural fences of packed pine (Springdale Race Course in Camden, South Carolina) and live hedges (Montpelier, Virginia) in use on a few courses. National fences stand 52 inches tall at the highest point, but are mostly made of synthetic \"brush\" that can be brushed through (much like the synthetic fences now used in other countries). The hurdle horse is trained to jump in as much of a regular stride as possible. This allows the horse to maintain its speed upon landing. Since it is not always possible to meet a fence in stride, the horses are also schooled in how to jump out of stride. An out of stride jump can decrease a horse's speed drastically. Hurdle races are commonly run at distances of 2–3 miles (3–5 km). Hurdle races occur at steeplechase meets mainly in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast and on the turf courses of several racetracks – Saratoga, Colonial Downs, Penn National, Monmouth Park and others.",
"title": "Steeplechase (horse racing)"
},
{
"docid": "517512#5",
"text": "Humans domesticated horses and needed them to perform a variety of duties. One type of horse-powered work was the hauling of heavy loads, plowing fields, and other tasks that required pulling ability. A heavy, calm, patient, well-muscled animal was desired for this work. Conversely, a light, more energetic horse was needed for riding and rapid transport. Thus, to the extent possible, a certain amount of selective breeding was used to develop different types of horse for different types of work.\nIt is a common misunderstanding that the Destrier that carried the armoured knight of the Middle Ages had the size and conformation of a modern draft horse, and some of these Medieval war horses may have provided some bloodlines for some of the modern draft breeds. The reality was that the high-spirited, quick-moving Destrier was closer to the size, build, and temperament of a modern Andalusian or Friesian. There also were working farm horses of more phlegmatic temperaments used for pulling military wagons or performing ordinary farm work which provided bloodlines of the modern draft horse. Records indicate that even medieval drafts were not as large as those today. Of the modern draft breeds, the Percheron probably has the closest ties to the medieval war horse.\nBy the 19th century, horses weighing more than that also moved at a quick pace were in demand. Tall stature, muscular backs, and powerful hindquarters made the draft horse a source of “horsepower” for farming, hauling freight and moving passengers. The railroads increased demand for working horses, as a growing economy still needed transport over the 'last mile' between the goods yard or station and the final customer. Even in the 20th century, draft horses were used for practical work, including over half a million used during World War I to support the military effort, until motor vehicles became an affordable and reliable substitute.",
"title": "Draft horse"
},
{
"docid": "33023142#7",
"text": "The smallest white horse in Wiltshire, Pewsey White Horse is 35 feet tall and 67 feet tall. Pewsey White Horse is cut on private land roughly a mile south of Pewsey Village, on a steep NNW facing slope of Pewsey Hill about 500’ above sea level. Access to the horse is available to visitors. The horse can be seen from along the A345 near Pewsey Village and along the south of the village itself, but the horse is viewed most clearly from the Pewsey to Everleigh road below Pewsey Hill. The figure can be visited from the top of Pewsey Hill where there are footpaths leading to the horse and places where a car may be parked (although not designated parking places).",
"title": "Pewsey White Horse"
},
{
"docid": "5419231#79",
"text": "A massive black draft horse gelding. Thought to be a Clydesdale. Over 17 hands tall. He was described by Jake as being \"big enough to shade an elephant\" and \"not having a mean bone in his body.\" Smart and good-natured. He was a mustang in the far past. Rescued by Sam at an auction from being made into dog food. While being tested by Ryan Slocum he was discovered to be an experienced jumping horse. Sam sold him to Sterling Stables as Wyatt would not allow her to keep him. Is on the cover of \"Gift Horse.\"",
"title": "The Phantom Stallion"
},
{
"docid": "1070735#8",
"text": "Equines have significant differences in size, though all are characterized by long heads and necks. Their slender legs support their weight on one digit (which evolved from the middle digits). Grévy's zebra is the largest wild species, standing up to and weighing up to . Domesticated horses have a wider range of sizes. Heavy or draft horses are usually at least high and can be as tall as and weigh from about . Some miniature horses are no taller than in adulthood. Sexual dimorphism is limited in equines. The penis of the male is vascular and lacks a bone (baculum). Equines are adapted for running and traveling over long distances. Their dentition is adapted for grazing; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and highly crowned, ridged molars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines (\"tushes\"), which can be used as weapons in fighting. Equines have fairly good senses, particularly their eyesight. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound.",
"title": "Equus (genus)"
},
{
"docid": "2530543#3",
"text": "In 2006, the Guinness Book of World Records certified Katlinel and Les Hartness of California as having the largest hand-carved wooden rocking horse on record. This rocking horse was built in 2000 and is 7 feet 8 inches tall and weighs 1,200 pounds. It can be seen at renaissance faires, faerie festivals, and at private parties and events where up to 3 adults or 4-5 children can ride it together at one time. According to Les and Katlinel, the youngest rider has been six weeks old and the oldest, 94 years.",
"title": "Rocking horse"
},
{
"docid": "34632584#5",
"text": "The origin of the Broad Town White Horse is uncertain, although there are multiple stories concerning its origin. The most common story, originating from Reverend Plenderleath, writing in 1885, is that the horse was cut in 1864 by William Simmonds, who at the time owned the land and Littletown Farm, whose land the horse was a part of. According to this story, the horse originally measured 86 feet long and 61 feet tall, but this size were not intended to be the horse's final proportions, as Simmonds had intended \"to enlarge it by the degrees\" each time he scoured the horse, so that each time he scoured and maintained the horse, the horse's size would grow until it \"assumed a really impressive aspect.\" He intended to do this by increasing the size of the horse's outline, and according to writer Esther Smith, author of \"White Horses of Wiltshire & Uffington\", \"this would not have been a very effective way of enlarging the horse; the neck for example could not be made longer without moving the head.\" However, Simmonds ultimately did not keep the farm land long enough for him to see the horse's size grow to a particularly different size. \"We have been spared the sight of a very distorted figure with a short neck and thick legs,\" Smith wrote.",
"title": "Broad Town White Horse"
},
{
"docid": "659438#2",
"text": "Currently, the world's tallest horse is a Belgian Draft horse named Big Jake, a gelding born in 2000. He stands tall.",
"title": "Belgian horse"
}
] |
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] |
2913
|
What does antihistamine treat?
|
[
{
"docid": "12636107#1",
"text": "Although people typically use the word “antihistamine” to describe drugs for treating allergies, doctors and scientists use the term to describe a class of drug that opposes the activity of histamine receptors in the body. In this sense of the word, antihistamines are subclassified according to the histamine receptor that they act upon. The two largest classes of antihistamines are H-antihistamines and H-antihistamines. Antihistamines that target the histamine H-receptor are used to treat allergic reactions in the nose (e.g., itching, runny nose, and sneezing) as well as for insomnia. They are sometimes also used to treat motion sickness or vertigo caused by problems with the inner ear. Antihistamines that target the histamine H-receptor are used to treat gastric acid conditions (e.g., peptic ulcers and acid reflux). H-antihistamines work by binding to histamine H receptors in mast cells, smooth muscle, and endothelium in the body as well as in the tuberomammillary nucleus in the brain; H-antihistamines bind to histamine H receptors in the upper gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the stomach.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#0",
"text": "Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis and other allergies. Antihistamines can give relief when a person has nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives because of pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy. Typically people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic, over-the-counter drug with few side effects. As an alternative to taking an antihistamine, people who suffer from allergies can instead avoid the substance which irritates them. However, this is not always possible as some substances, such as pollen, are carried in the air, thus making allergic reactions caused by them generally unavoidable. Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment. Chronic allergies increase the risk of health problems which antihistamines might not treat, including asthma, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Doctors recommend that people talk to them before any longer term use of antihistamines.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#7",
"text": "The vast majority of marketed H-antihistamines are receptor antagonists and only a minority of marketed compounds are inverse agonists at the receptor. Clinically, H-antihistamines are used to treat allergic reactions and mast cell-related disorders. Sedation is a common side effect of H-antihistamines that readily cross the blood–brain barrier; some of these drugs, such as diphenhydramine and doxylamine, are therefore used to treat insomnia. H-antihistamines can also reduce inflammation, since the expression of NF-κB, the transcription factor the regulates inflammatory processes, is promoted by both the receptor's constitutive activity and agonist (i.e., histamine) binding at the H receptor.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#26",
"text": "Not much published research exists which compares the efficacy and safety of the various antihistamines available. The research which does exist are mostly short term studies or studies which look at too few people to make general assumptions. Another gap in the research is in information reporting the health effects for individuals with long term allergies to take antihistamines for a long period of time. Newer antihistamines have been demonstrated to be effective in treating hives. However, there is not research comparing the relative efficacy of these drugs.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "679350#31",
"text": "Antihistamines can alleviate some of the milder symptoms of an allergic reaction, but do not treat all symptoms of anaphylaxis. Antihistamines block the action of histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky to plasma proteins. Histamine also causes itchiness by acting on sensory nerve terminals. The most common antihistamine given for food allergies is diphenhydramine.",
"title": "Food allergy"
},
{
"docid": "8805343#9",
"text": "Antihistamines, which are commonly used to treat allergy symptoms, interfere with skin tests, as they can prevent the skin from reacting to the allergens being tested. People who take an antihistamine need either to choose a different form of allergy test or to stop taking the antihistimine temporarily before the test. The period of time needed can range from a day or two to 10 days or longer, depending on the specific medication. Some medications not primarily used as antihistamines, including tricyclic antidepressants,\nphenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and several kinds of medications used for gastrointestinal disorders, can similarly interfere with skin tests.",
"title": "Skin allergy test"
},
{
"docid": "904954#20",
"text": "The immediate symptoms of this type are treated with antihistamines, epinephrine and airway support. Taking antihistamines prior to exercise may be effective. Ketotifen is acknowledged to stabilise mast cells and prevent histamine release, and has been effective in treating this hives disorder. Avoiding exercise or foods that cause the mentioned symptoms is very important. In particular circumstances, tolerance can be brought on by regular exercise, but this must be under medical supervision.",
"title": "Hives"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#13",
"text": "H-antihistamines are among first-line therapy to treat gastrointestinal conditions including peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Some formulations are available over the counter. Most side effects are due to cross-reactivity with unintended receptors. Cimetidine, for example, is notorious for antagonizing androgenic testosterone and DHT receptors at high doses.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#27",
"text": "Most studies of antihistamines reported on people who are younger, so the effects on people over age 65 are not as well understood. Older people are more likely to experience drowsiness from antihistamine use than younger people. Also, most of the research has been on white people and other ethnicities are not as represented in the research. The evidence does not report how antihistamines affect women differently than men. Different studies have reported on antihistamine use in children, with various studies finding evidence that certain antihistamines could be used by children 2 years of age, and other drugs being safer for younger or older children.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
},
{
"docid": "12636107#22",
"text": "Currently most people who use an antihistamine to treat allergies use a second generation drug.",
"title": "Antihistamine"
}
] |
[] |
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2914
|
How many died during the Potato Famine?
|
[
{
"docid": "1000232#65",
"text": "A small minority of historians regard the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1852) as an example of genocide. During the famine approximately 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Irelandwhere one-third of the population was entirely dependent on the potato for foodwas exacerbated by a host of political, social, and economic factors that remain the subject of historical debate.",
"title": "Genocides in history"
},
{
"docid": "14726#0",
"text": "The Great Famine (, ), or the Great Hunger, was a period in Ireland between 1845 and 1849 of mass starvation, disease, and emigration. With the most severely affected areas in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was primarily spoken, the period was contemporaneously known as , loosely translated as the \"hard times\" (or literally, \"The Bad Life\"). The worst year of the period, that of \"Black 47\", is known as . During the famine, about one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%.",
"title": "Great Famine (Ireland)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18969577#15",
"text": "Estimates of the excess mortality during the famine vary widely. According to historian David Fieldhouse, over 1 million people may have died during the famine of 1899–1900. However, according to anthropologist Brian Fagan, \"No one knows exactly how many perished in the great famine, but it could have been as many as four and a half million people.\" In her study of famines in the Bombay Presidency during the period 1860–1920, South Asianist, Michelle McAlpin estimated the famine of 1899–1900 to have had the highest mortality—at 37.9 deaths per 1000—among all famines and scarcities there between 1876–77 and 1918–19. Anthropologist Daniel W. Attwood asserts that in the Deccan an estimated 166,000 people may have died, and in the entire Presidency a total of 462,000. Historian Ronald E. Seavoy, in his 1986 study on famine in peasant societies, estimates the mortality in the famine to be 3.2 million, whereas historian Aroop Maharatna, in his historical retrospective of the demography of Indian famines, estimates the mortality to be between 3 million and 4.4 million. Archaeologist Daniel T. Chamberlain, citing Maharatna, points out that in Berar Province, the overall mortality rate in 1900 was 150% higher than the baseline rate, and further, also citing Maharatna, that the famine's effect can be seen in the sharp increase in crude death rate (to approximately 9%) in 1900, a sharp drop in the crude birth rate (down to 3%) in 1901, and a \"compensating\" increase in the birth rate (to approximately 5.5%) in 1902. Public health physician Mark E. Keim considers the mortality in India in the year 1900 to be 1.25 million, and the drought in India that year to be the fifth worst by mortality in the 20th century. Environment and development scholar Arun Agrawal argues that on account of the more liberal government relief in 1898 and 1899, \"the number of people who died was far fewer\" than in the famine of 1896–97 (whose mortality he puts at nearly 5 million). However anthropologist Fagan considers the famine in 1899–1900 to be the worst on record, suggesting that although the viceroy, Lord Curzon \"led the public appeals for humanitarian aid, ... (t)he initiatives from his government ... were grossly inadequate.\"",
"title": "Indian famine of 1899–1900"
},
{
"docid": "7443971#2",
"text": "In March 1741 Thomas Prior founder of the RDS said that Sir Thomas Cox of Dunmanway related that due to a failure of the potato crop 500 people had died in his area. Around 350,000 people died including one fifth of Munster's population. It was referred to as Bliain an Air, the year of the slaughter. This famine may have been even more severe than the great famine of 1847 in terms of mortality from starvation and disease.",
"title": "Durrus and District History 1700-1900"
},
{
"docid": "614347#6",
"text": "During the Famine, “the missing 1,490” starving tenants of Denis Mahon in Strokestown House, Roscommon, set out on foot from the estate in May 1847. Major Mahon had offered them the choice of emigration through “assisted passage”, starvation on their blighted potato patch farms or a place in the terrifying local workhouse. These families weakened by starvation walked for days along the tow paths of the Royal Canal to Dublin, where they were put on boats to Liverpool, and from there to Quebec aboard four “coffin ships” – cargo ships, ironically loaded with grain from Ireland, and unsuitable for passengers. It is estimated that half died before reaching Grosse Île in Canada. It was the largest single disposal of inconvenient tenants during the Famine. Major Mahon was shot dead that November, after news had got back to Roscommon about the fate of his former tenants. An annual walk on the canal banks commemorates the events.",
"title": "Royal Canal"
},
{
"docid": "1915085#2",
"text": "In the Scottish Highlands, in 1846, there was widespread failure of potato crops as a result of potato blight. Crops failed in about three-quarters of the crofting region, putting a population of about 200,000 at risk; the following winter was especially cold and snowy and the death rate rose significantly. The Free Church of Scotland, strong in the affected areas, was prompt in raising the alarm and in organising relief, being the only body actively doing so in late 1846 and early 1847; relief was given regardless of denomination. Additionally, the Free Church organised transport for over 3,000 men from the famine-struck regions to work on the Lowland railways. This both removed people who needed to be fed from the area and provided money for their families to buy food.",
"title": "Highland Potato Famine"
},
{
"docid": "6595814#4",
"text": "In the middle of the 19th century, the island was the landing point for thousands of refugees from the Irish Potato Famine, many sick and poverty-stricken. In 1847, a hospital was established to treat incoming immigrants, and during the following two years approximately 4,800 men, women, and children were admitted. Many recovered and went on to new lives, but more than 800 died. In 1850, an almshouse was built to house paupers. Opened in 1853, it was administered by the City of Boston.",
"title": "Deer Island (Massachusetts)"
},
{
"docid": "14466975#2",
"text": "The effect of the crisis on Ireland is incomparable to all other places, causing one million deaths, up to two million refugees, and spurring a century-long population decline. Excluding Ireland, the death toll from the crisis is estimated to be in the region of 100,000 people. Of this, Belgium and Prussia account for most of the deaths, with 40,000–50,000 estimated to have died in Belgium, with Flanders particularly affected, and about 42,000 estimated to have perished in Prussia. The remainder of deaths occurred mainly in France, where 10,000 people are estimated to have died as a result of famine-like conditions.",
"title": "European Potato Failure"
},
{
"docid": "56727648#0",
"text": "The Bengal famine of 1943-44 (Bengali: \"Pañcāśēra manwantara\") was a major famine in the Bengal province in British India during World War II. An estimated 2.1 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died from starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions, and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and social fabric.\nCalcutta's two leading English-language newspapers were \"The Statesman\" (at that time a British-owned newspaper) and \"Amrita Bazar Patrika\". In the early months of the famine, the government applied pressure on newspapers to \"calm public fears about the food supply\" and follow the official stance that there was no rice shortage. This effort had some success; \"The Statesman\" published editorials asserting that the famine was due solely to speculation and hoarding, while \"berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts.\" News of the famine was also subject to strict war-time censorship – even use of the word \"famine\" was prohibited – leading \"The Statesman\" later to remark that the UK government \"seems virtually to have withheld from the British public knowledge that there was famine in Bengal at all\".",
"title": "Media coverage of the 1943 Bengal famine"
},
{
"docid": "167799#28",
"text": "The majority of the deaths occurred among the lower classes, with the poorest third of the population gaining all their nutrition from potatoes alone, the crop which the blight affected. Therefore, when the potatoes blight occurred these people were left with practically no means of sustenance.",
"title": "Irish Famine (1740–41)"
},
{
"docid": "1612223#41",
"text": "Those who stayed behind and tended to their farmlands suffered the consequences of the widespread crop failures brought about as a result of long periods of drought and diseases such as the cholera epidemic and the potato fungus which caused the Great Irish Famine of 1840. Mass starvation was widespread in Europe. Specifically, in Ireland, the Irish Potato Famine killed over one million people and created nearly two million refugees. These refugees went to Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and, of course, the Caribbean. One of the islands that many Irish families emigrated in large numbers to throughout this period continued to be Irish-friendly Puerto Rico. Moreover, being a Spanish colony, the island had a primarily Roman Catholic population which appealed to the Irish immigrants, as opposed to the Protestant majorities of most of the colonies of the British Empire and the United States at the time that were openly hostile to Irish immigration.",
"title": "Irish immigration to Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "14726#70",
"text": "While the famine was responsible for a significant increase in emigration from Ireland, of anywhere from 45% to nearly 85% depending on the year and the county, it was not the sole cause. The beginning of mass emigration from Ireland can be traced to the mid-18th century, when some 250,000 people left Ireland over a period of 50 years to settle in the New World. Irish economist Cormac Ó Gráda estimates that between 1 million and 1.5 million people emigrated during the 30 years between 1815 (when Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo) and 1845 (when the Great Famine began). However, during the worst of the famine, emigration reached somewhere around 250,000 in one year alone, with western Ireland seeing the most emigrants.",
"title": "Great Famine (Ireland)"
}
] |
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] |
2916
|
When was Odyssey to the West published?
|
[
{
"docid": "24523459#0",
"text": "Enslaved: Odyssey to the West is an action-adventure video game developed by Ninja Theory and published by Namco Bandai Games. Announced in 2009 as \"Enslaved\", it was released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in October 2010. As a loose adaptation of the novel \"Journey to the West\", the game is set 150 years in a future post-apocalyptic world following a global war. Only remnants of humanity survive, along with the still active war machines left over from the conflict. The game's story follows Monkey who is forced to escort Trip home safely after they survive a ship crash. Players play as Monkey, who must combat enemies using his staff from a third-person perspective, engage in different platforming challenges and solve puzzles.",
"title": "Enslaved: Odyssey to the West"
},
{
"docid": "232367#0",
"text": "Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. In English-speaking countries, \"Monkey\", Arthur Waley's popular abridged translation is well known.",
"title": "Journey to the West"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35062428#1",
"text": "\"Odyssey\" debuted in 1979 with Nancy Mack as its founding editor and was published by AstroMedia Corp until it was acquired by Kalmbach Publishing. Kalmbach published the magazine from 1985 to 1991. \"Odyssey\" focused on astronomy and featured a robot named Ulysses 4-11 as its mascot. Ulysses would answer questions from readers and had his own comic, \"The Adventures of Ulysses,\" , written by Bruce Algozin and Russ Chong, at the end of each issue until 1989. A single panel comic, \"Springboard\", written John Leatherman, was also featured in the magazine.",
"title": "Odyssey (children's magazine)"
},
{
"docid": "54072821#0",
"text": "Odyssey to the West is the third and final album by international progressive deathcore trio Slice the Cake. It was self-released on April 1, 2016. It was released simultaneously with \"Odyssey to the Gallows\". Both releases are part of a concept about a Pilgrim who leaves his betrothed to find God.",
"title": "Odyssey to the West"
},
{
"docid": "24523459#13",
"text": "After completing \"Heavenly Sword\", Ninja Theory intended to develop a sequel but contractual terms with Sony Computer Entertainment forced them to halt the game's production. The studio decided to leave the title and all the technologies built for it to Sony and seek external funding from another publisher for their next project. This would eventually become \"Enslaved: Odyssey to the West\", powered by Epic Games' Unreal Engine. Initially, Ninja Theory pitched the game to several Hollywood studios as a CGI film, but they were not interested in backing the project. The company dedicated three months to creating promotional materials to convince publishers to sign the game. A number of publishers were shown a detailed design document and a two-minute CGI trailer and the team received enthusiastic responses from them. Initially, they signed a deal with Green Screen, but the firm dissolved a month later. Namco Bandai Games later agreed to publish the game.",
"title": "Enslaved: Odyssey to the West"
},
{
"docid": "6207315#3",
"text": "The music for \"Albert Odyssey\" was written and programmed by Sunsoft in-house composer Naoki Kodaka, with the game being his first Super Famicom and role-playing endeavor. On June 25, 1993, Sunsoft released an official soundtrack titled \"All Sounds of Albert Odyssey\" in Japan published by Datam Polystar featuring all background music and jingles from the game. Later that year, selected music from \"Albert Odyssey\" was performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra as part of the third Game Music Concert series in Tokyo, Japan, later made available as a commercial album the following December. The two tracks represented were \"The Road Walked by Heroes\" and \"Hometown Tibelis\", retitled as \"Albert Odyssey Theme\" and \"God's People\" respectively.",
"title": "Albert Odyssey (1993 video game)"
},
{
"docid": "39034349#4",
"text": "In 2011 Odyssey published his first middle-grade/young-adult novel, \"The Wizard of Dark Street: an Oona Crate Mystery\" (Egmont USA, 2011). The book was a top 20 ABC New Voices selection from the American Booksellers Association and was subsequently nominated for both an Edgar Award and an Agatha Award.",
"title": "Shawn Thomas Odyssey"
},
{
"docid": "1660387#0",
"text": "2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's and published after the release of the film. Clarke and Kubrick worked on the book together, but eventually only Clarke ended up as the official author. The story is based in part on various short stories by Clarke, including \"The Sentinel\" (written in 1948 for a BBC competition, but first published in 1951 under the title \"Sentinel of Eternity\"). By 1992, the novel had sold three million copies worldwide. An elaboration of Clarke and Kubrick's collaborative work on this project was made in \"The Lost Worlds of 2001\".",
"title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)"
},
{
"docid": "23941708#11",
"text": "Kubrick and Clarke privately referred to the project as \"How the Solar System Was Won\", a reference to MGM's 1962 Cinerama epic \"How the West Was Won\". On February 23, 1965, Kubrick issued a press release announcing the title as \"Journey Beyond The Stars\". Other titles considered include \"Universe\", \"Tunnel to the Stars\", and \"Planetfall\". In April 1965, eleven months after they began working on the project, Kubrick selected \"2001: A Space Odyssey\"; Clarke said the title was \"entirely\" Kubrick's idea. Intending to set the film apart from the \"monsters-and-sex\" type of science-fiction films of the time, Kubrick used Homers \"The Odyssey\" as inspiration for the title. Kubrick said, \"It occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation.\"",
"title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)"
},
{
"docid": "11295515#1",
"text": "Knowledge of the recovery became public on May 18, 2007 when the company flew 17 tons of coins, mostly silver, from Gibraltar to a secure location of unknown address in Florida, USA. The company did not release the type, date, or nationality of the coins, while a rumor attributed it to the \"Merchant Royal\", which sank near Land's End in 1641. At the time, Odyssey said that it planned to return to the site to perform an excavation expected to uncover more coins as well as other artifacts. However, Odyssey was sued by the Spanish government in U.S. courts, which eventually ordered the treasure to be returned to Spain. Odyssey pursued all legal avenues, even taking the case to the U.S. Supreme Court and losing. On February 27, 2012 the ship's treasure was flown back to Spain where the coins and other artifacts from the shipwreck are now exhibited in public museums. In 2015 a U.S. district court ordered Odyssey to pay Spain $1 million for \"bad faith and abusive litigation.\"",
"title": "Black Swan Project"
},
{
"docid": "37715432#1",
"text": "On October 16, 2007, Spain seized the vessel, \"Odyssey Explorer\" owned by Odyssey Marine Exploration as it sailed out of port from the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. The \"Odyssey Explorer\" captain, Sterling Vorus, claimed to have been in International Waters, but was forced to dock at Algeciras under what Vorus declared was \"threat of deadly force.\" Once in port, Vorus was eventually arrested for disobedience after refusing inspection of the vessel without first receiving approval of \"Odyssey Explorer\"'s flag state, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. Vorus was released the following day. Aboard the \"Odyssey Explorer\" at the time of seizure, were about a dozen journalists and photographers, all of which had their video tapes, tape recorders, and computer memory storage devices seized by Spanish officials.",
"title": "RV Odyssey Explorer"
}
] |
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] |
2918
|
Who played the voice of Snow White in Walt Disney's Snow White?
|
[
{
"docid": "19827637#8",
"text": "Originally, Disney could not find what they thought was a suitable voice for Snow White. Around 150 girls auditioned for the role of Snow White, including well-known actresses such as Deanna Durbin, whose voice seemed too old to Disney. One assistant to Disney called music teacher Guido Caselotti, complaining that Hollywood had no singing girls. Caselotti wanted to offer to send their best to listen to the students, but it turned out that his 20-year-old daughter Adriana overheard a conversation on another phone in the house, and she began to sing in a young girl's voice. Her father was confused and told his daughter to get away from the phone, but the casting director liked her voice and invited her to audition. After Walt Disney heard her, he immediately gave her the role. The studio signed a multi-page contract with Adriana Caselotti: she was forbidden to sing in a movie or on the radio before or after the movie premiered because Walt Disney did not want the voice of Snow White to be heard anywhere else. Instead, she received $970 (now worth approximately $).",
"title": "Snow White (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "4206576#9",
"text": "Snow White is the first and original Disney Princess. A main character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1st animated feature film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), Snow White is a beautiful young princess, described by her evil stepmother's Magic Mirror as having 'hair as black as ebony, lips as red as the rose, skin as white as snow' and also dubbed by the Mirror as the 'Fairest Of Them All'. She is forced to seek refuge in the home of the seven dwarfs where she hides from her evil stepmother, Queen Grimhilde, who got angered by the fact that Snow White's beauty was greater than hers. She asked the Huntsman to kill the princess; however, as an act of pity, he ends up setting her free and telling her the Evil Queen's plan. Snow White is often described as a kind, optimistic, tidy and happy person who sees the good in everyone. Originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti and animated by Marc Davis and Les Clark, she and her movie are based on the heroine and story of the German fairy tale \"Snow White\" (1812) by the Brothers Grimm. She has also been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman, Carolyn Gardener, Katherine Von Till, and most recently Pamela Ribon. A crisp, blood red apple has become her trademark with years of exposure.",
"title": "Disney Princess"
},
{
"docid": "2319279#7",
"text": "There was a minor controversy when Snow White (Disney character) was presenting an award for Best Animated Short Subject. She was voiced by Mary Kay Bergman, Adriana Caselotti, the original voice of Snow White was not aware of this. She was reportedly offended that Disney didn't ask her to voice Snow White during the ceremony.",
"title": "65th Academy Awards"
},
{
"docid": "1852196#0",
"text": "Adriana Caselotti (May 6, 1916 – January 18, 1997) was an American actress, voice actress and singer. Caselotti was the voice of the title character of the first Walt Disney animated feature \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", for which she was named as a Disney Legend in 1994, making her the first female voice actor so named.",
"title": "Adriana Caselotti"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19827637#6",
"text": "Animators' initial sketches for Snow White's character, some of which bore a resemblance to Betty Boop, did not meet Walt Disney's expectations, as they were too cartoonish. Hamilton Luske, whom Disney had selected as the supervising animator for Snow White's character, was tasked with the challenge of making Snow White more believably human and realistic than any of the Disney studio's previous animated characters. This was a challenge Luske and co-animator Les Clark had previously been asked to explore while developing the character of Persephone for the \"Silly Symphonies\" animated short \"The Goddess of Spring\". Of that project, Les Clark later remarked, \"I'm sure Walt was thinking ahead to \"Snow White\".\" Though the Persephone character ended up appearing somewhat lifeless and devoid of personality, that experiment in imitating realistic human movement and anatomy was continued and its lessons were applied in the development of Snow White's animation techniques. Snow White and the Queen were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson, who would often override Walt Disney's instructions.",
"title": "Snow White (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "47312834#18",
"text": "Disney also launched a search for actresses who had played Snow White at Disneyland, Disney World and its overseas parks for a planned reunion. However, the company could not locate or identify Disneyland's first Snow White from its opening day, since Killingsworth had been employed by ABC, rather than the Walt Disney Company, for the television special. Killingsworth remained unaware of Disney's planned 1987 Snow White reunion until she was told by a friend about the planned event. She contacted the company and attended the event. Killingsworth was one of approximately 50 former Snow Whites who attended the reunion. She told the \"Associated Press\" at the time, \"I didn't realize Disney was looking for me...If I had, I would have called somebody and said, 'Here I am. Here's Snow White'.\" Bob Roth, Disney's spokesperson at the time, confirmed that \"I'm really quite certain this is the right person.\" The company gave her a jewelry box to mark the 50th anniversary.",
"title": "JoAnn Dean Killingsworth"
},
{
"docid": "19827637#16",
"text": "Critical reception towards the character of Snow White has been polarized. \"TV Guide \"described Snow White as iconic, unique and incomparable, writing, \"never again would Walt's heroine have such a fantasy singing voice, and for that reason, she's the favorite heroine of many animation auteurs.\" Calling Snow White a \"fairy-tale princess,\" Otis Ferguson of \"The New Republic \"simply described the character as \"just what you would have her.\" \"Variety\"'s John C. Flinn deemed Snow White \"the embodiment of girlish sweetness and kindness, exemplified in her love for the birds and the small animals of the woods that are her friends and, as it subsequently develops, her rescuers.\"",
"title": "Snow White (Disney character)"
},
{
"docid": "37802357#25",
"text": "As in the film, the Queen character is featured in 1979 \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" musical version, played by Anne Francine. In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986-1987, and then in 1994–1997 and again in 2000–2001, she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986-1987, and including Elena Koteneva, who was substituted by Davina Lee-Gooding in 1995. Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program \"Snow White Live\" and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland's \"Snow White – An Enchanting Musical\" in 2004 and 2006. The Evil Queen was further featured in Disney Live's \"Three Classic Fairy Tales\" in the section based on the film.",
"title": "Evil Queen (Disney)"
},
{
"docid": "537229#7",
"text": "During the 1930s, Durbin continued to pursue singing projects. In 1936, she auditioned to provide the vocals for Snow White in Disney's animated film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", but was rejected by Walt Disney, who said the 15-year-old Durbin's voice was \"too old\" for the part.",
"title": "Deanna Durbin"
},
{
"docid": "160108#15",
"text": "One version of Snow White is the 1937 American animated film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" by Walt Disney. Disney's variation of Snow White gave the dwarfs names and included a singing Snow White. The Disney film also is the only version in which Snow White and her prince meet before she bites the apple; in fact, it is this meeting that sets the plot in motion. Instead of her lungs and liver, as written in the original, the huntsman is asked by the queen to bring back Snow White’s heart. While the heart is mentioned, it is never shown in the box. Snow White is much more mature (about 14). And she is discovered by the dwarfs after \"cleaning\" the house, not vandalizing it. Furthermore, in the Disney movie the evil queen tries only once to kill Snow White (by a poisoned apple) and fails (this was likely to save time). She then dies by falling down a cliff and being crushed by a boulder, after the dwarfs had chased her through the forest. In the original, the queen is forced to dance to death.",
"title": "Snow White"
},
{
"docid": "76361#37",
"text": "Snow White's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955), Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris. Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster. Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater hosted \"Snow White: An Enchanting Musical\" from 2004 to 2006.Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney-produced \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (also known as \"Snow White Live!\") at the Radio City Music Hall. Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included \"Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time\" and \"Will I Ever See Her Again?\". It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.",
"title": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"
}
] |
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] |
2919
|
Is accutane a restricted prescription?
|
[
{
"docid": "772990#22",
"text": "Certain medications listed on the PBS are available only for specific therapeutic indications or to patients meeting specific criteria where the PBAC has deemed that the cost-benefit analysis is favourable only in those indications/patients. These are noted as \"restricted benefits\" on the Schedule. Medicare Australia places the onus of policing restricted benefits on the prescribers themselves and the pharmacists dispensing (unless the listing is also 'Authority Required'). For example, the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib is listed on the PBS as a restricted benefit for the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Prescribers using celecoxib for other indications are expected to indicate \"non-PBS\" on the prescription, and/or the pharmacist dispensing the celecoxib should charge the patient the full cost.",
"title": "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"
},
{
"docid": "4298302#26",
"text": "Although the goal of the program is to prevent pregnancies of women who take the drug, male patients must also participate in anti-pregnancy restrictions, primarily due to fears that male isotretinoin users might share their prescriptions with females without their physicians' knowledge. There has been no link to birth defects from Accutane associated with males using the drug, though male sexual dysfunction has been suggested by one study. As this has not been conclusively proven, this is not acknowledged as a side effect in the official literature accompanying the medication.",
"title": "IPLEDGE program"
},
{
"docid": "229985#6",
"text": "Isotretinoin is a teratogen; there is about a 20–35% risk for congenital defects in infants exposed to the drug \"in utero\", and about 30–60% of children exposed to isotretinoin prenatally have been reported to show neurocognitive impairment. Because of this, there are strict controls on prescribing isotretinoin to women who may become pregnant and women who become pregnant while taking isotretinoin are strongly advised to terminate their pregnancies.",
"title": "Isotretinoin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22112445#5",
"text": "Severe acne usually indicates the necessity of prescription medication to treat the pimples. Prescription medications used to treat acne and pimples include isotretinoin, which is a retinoid. Historically, antibiotics such as tetracyclines and erythromycin were prescribed. While they were more effective than topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, the bacteria eventually grew resistant to the antibiotics and the treatments became less and less effective. Also, antibiotics had more side effects than topical applications, such as stomach cramps and severe discoloration of teeth. Common antibiotics prescribed as of 2001 by dermatologists included doxycycline and minocycline. For more severe cases of acne dermatologists might recommend accutane, a retinoid that is the most potent of acne treatments. However, accutane can cause various side effects including vomiting, diarrhea, and birth defects if taken during pregnancy.",
"title": "Pimple"
},
{
"docid": "1588678#37",
"text": "The level of regulation includes Schedule IV Non-Narcotic (depressant) (ACSCN 2285) in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act 1970—but along with a few other barbiturates and at least one benzodiazepine, and codeine, dionine, or dihydrocodeine at low concentrations, it also has exempt prescription and had at least one exempt OTC combination drug now more tightly regulated for its ephedrine content. The phenobarbitone/phenobarbital exists in subtherapeutic doses which add up to an effective dose to counter the overstimulation and possible seizures from a deliberate overdose in ephedrine tablets for asthma, which are now regulated at the federal and state level as: a restricted OTC medicine and/or watched precursor, uncontrolled but watched/restricted prescription drug & watched precursor, a Schedule II, III, IV, or V prescription-only controlled substance & watched precursor, or a Schedule V (which also has possible regulations at the county/parish, town, city, or district as well aside from the fact that the pharmacist can also choose not to sell it, and photo ID and signing a register is required) exempt Non-Narcotic restricted/watched OTC medicine.",
"title": "Phenobarbital"
},
{
"docid": "4298302#0",
"text": "The iPLEDGE program is a risk management distribution program mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for isotretinoin, marketed as Absorica, Claravis, Amnesteem, Myorisan, and Zenatane, and sometimes referred to by its former brand name, Accutane. Isotretinoin is a prescription medication that is highly effective in treating severe acne and moderate acne that doesn't respond to other treatments, however carries a high risk of causing severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy (\"see Teratogenicity of isoretinoin\"). The goals of the iPLEDGE REMS (risk evaluation and mitigation strategy) Program are to prevent fetal exposure to isotretinoin and to inform prescribers, pharmacists, and patients about isotretinoin’s serious risks and safe-use conditions.",
"title": "IPLEDGE program"
},
{
"docid": "49690788#0",
"text": "ㅗ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅗ is U+3151.",
"title": "ㅗ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691399#0",
"text": "ㅒ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅒ is U+3150.",
"title": "ㅒ"
},
{
"docid": "49691423#0",
"text": "ㅖ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅖ is U+3156.",
"title": "ㅖ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
] |
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] |
2920
|
What is the national dish of Malaysia?
|
[
{
"docid": "395365#6",
"text": "In Malaysia and Singapore, nasi lemak comes in many variations as they are prepared by different chefs from different cultures. The original nasi lemak in Malaysia is arguably a typical Southern and Central Peninsular Malaysia breakfast, and is considered of Malay origin. However, due to the popularity of the dish, it is regarded as a national dish.",
"title": "Nasi lemak"
},
{
"docid": "279720#75",
"text": "Nasi lemak, rice cooked in rich coconut milk probably is the most popular dish ubiquitous in Malay town and villages. Nasi lemak is considered as Malaysia's national dish.",
"title": "Malays (ethnic group)"
},
{
"docid": "13439573#3",
"text": "\"Nasi lemak\" (coconut milk and pandan leaf) is the most popular coconut rice recipe in Malaysia. It is considered a national dish of Malaysia.",
"title": "Coconut rice"
},
{
"docid": "314132#14",
"text": "A popular dish based on rice in Malaysia is nasi lemak, rice steamed with coconut milk and pandan leaves to give it a rich fragrance. Of Malay origin, nasi lemak is frequently referred to as the national dish. It is customarily served with \"ikan bilis\" or fried anchovies, peanuts, sliced cucumber, hard boiled eggs and sambal. Although it is often considered a breakfast dish, because of the versatility of nasi lemak in being able to be served in a variety of ways, it is commonly eaten at any time of the day. For a more substantial meal, nasi lemak may be served with fried chicken, curries, or a spicy meat stew called rendang.",
"title": "Malaysian cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "5229571#0",
"text": "Marrybrown Sdn Bhd (doing business as Marrybrown) is a Malaysian-based halal-certified fast food restaurant chain established in 1981. It was the first local fast food chain to franchise its business in Malaysia with more than 138 restaurants locally. Marrybrown has over 350 international outlets serving fried chicken, burgers, finger food, desserts, and beverages aside from serving Malaysian local dishes such as seafood, rice-based products, noodles and porridge. The Malaysian national rice dish, nasi lemak became the feature list on the menu as 'Nasi Marrybrown'.",
"title": "Marrybrown"
},
{
"docid": "395365#0",
"text": "Nasi lemak is a Malay fragrant rice dish cooked in coconut milk and pandan leaf. It is commonly found in Malaysia, where it is considered the national dish; it is also the native dish in neighbouring areas with significant Malay populations such as Singapore; Brunei, and Southern Thailand. In Indonesia it can be found in several parts of Sumatra; especially Malay realm of Riau, Riau Islands and Medan. \"Nasi lemak\" can also be found in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao prepared by Filipino Moro. It is considered one of the most famous dishes for a Malay-style breakfast. It is not to be confused with \"nasi dagang\", sold in the Malaysian east coast states of Terengganu and Kelantan (and its kindred region in Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat in Thailand and Natuna in Indonesia), although both dishes are often served for breakfast. However, because nasi lemak can be served in a variety of ways, it is often eaten throughout the day.",
"title": "Nasi lemak"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1838876#11",
"text": "Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring Indonesia. The two countries share a similar cultural heritage, sharing many traditions and items. However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culinary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem. Strong feelings exist in Indonesia about protecting that nation's national heritage. The rivalry between the two countries began during Konfrontasi just after Malaysian independence, when Indonesia and Malaysia were almost at war. Building resentment since then coupled with the economic success of Malaysia mean these feelings are still strong in Indonesia today. The Malaysian government and the Indonesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the overlaps in culture. Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recognise that many cultural values are shared.",
"title": "Culture of Malaysia"
},
{
"docid": "314132#2",
"text": "Because Peninsular Malaysia shares a common history with Singapore, it is common to find versions of the same dish across both sides of the border regardless of place of origin, such as laksa and chicken rice. Also because of their proximity, historic migrations and close ethnic and cultural kinship, Malaysia shares culinary ties with Indonesia, as both nations often share certain dishes, such as satay, rendang and sambal.",
"title": "Malaysian cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "3607937#49",
"text": "Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia. The two countries have a similar cultural heritage, sharing many traditions and items. However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culinary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem. Strong feelings exist in Indonesia about protecting their national heritage. The Malaysian government and the Indonesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the overlaps in culture. Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recognise that many cultural values are shared.",
"title": "Malaysia"
},
{
"docid": "314132#42",
"text": "A sample of representative Malaysian Chinese dishes found nationwide include:Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. As the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are mostly ethnic Tamils who are descendants of the modern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka's Northern Province, much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly South Indian inspired in character and taste. A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Before a meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.",
"title": "Malaysian cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "34275671#0",
"text": "Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. Because the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are of South Indian descent, and are mostly ethnic Tamils who are descendants of immigrants from a historical region which consists of the modern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka's Northern Province, much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly South Indian inspired in character and taste. A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Before a meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.",
"title": "Malaysian Indian cuisine"
}
] |
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] |
2921
|
Is spotting on mixed hormone birth control normal?
|
[
{
"docid": "10579477#7",
"text": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration rejected pleconaril in 2002 due to the side effects. The most commonly reported side effects were mild to moderate headache, diarrhea, and nausea. Some women were having symptoms of spotting in between periods. Menstrual irregularities were reported by 3.5% of the 320 pleconaril treated women using oral contraceptives and by none of the 291 placebo treated women. In the clinical trial two women became pregnant due to the drug interfering with hormonal birth control. Other patients have described painful nasal inflammation. Another side effect of the Pleconaril drug trials was activation of cytochrome P-450 3A enzymes.",
"title": "Pleconaril"
},
{
"docid": "3219612#1",
"text": "In some women, menstrual spotting between periods occurs as a normal and harmless part of ovulation. Some women experience acute mid-cycle abdominal pain around the time of ovulation (sometimes referred to by the German term for this phenomenon, \"mittelschmerz\"). This may also occur at the same time as menstrual spotting. The term breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting is usually used for women using hormonal contraceptives, such as IUDs or oral contraceptives, in which it refers to bleeding or spotting between any expected withdrawal bleedings, or bleeding or spotting at any time if none is expected. If spotting continues beyond the first three cycles of oral contraceptive use, a woman should have her prescription changed to a pill containing either more estrogen or more progesterone.",
"title": "Intermenstrual bleeding"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14673089#75",
"text": "A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found an incidence rate of VTE of 2.3 per 1000 person-years with feminizing hormone therapy in transgender women. For comparison, the rate in the general population has been found to be 1.0–1.8 per 1000 person-years and the rate in premenopausal women taking birth control pills has been found to be 3.5 per 1000 patient-years. As such, it appears that the risk of VTE with feminizing hormone therapy in transgender women is less than that with birth control pills. The risk of VTE with birth control pills in premenopausal women is considered to be an acceptable level of risk. There was significant heterogeneity in the rates of VTE across the included studied, and the meta-analysis was unable to perform subgroup analyses between estrogen type, estrogen route, estrogen dosage, concomitant antiandrogen or progestogen use, or patient characteristics (e.g., age, smoking status, weight) corresponding to known risk factors for VTE. Due to the inclusion of some studies using ethinylestradiol, which is more thrombotic and is no longer used in transgender women, the researchers noted that the VTE risk found in their study is likely to be an overestimate.",
"title": "Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)"
},
{
"docid": "48187627#18",
"text": "Because combined birth control pills and other forms of combined birth control contain an estrogen, and because elagolix treats endometriosis by decreasing estrogen levels in the endometrium, these form of hormonal birth control are likely and expected to decrease the effectiveness of elagolix in the treatment of this condition. The effect of progestogen-only birth control on the effectiveness of elagolix in endometriosis is unknown. However, progestogens are antiestrogenic in the uterus, and high-dose progestin therapy is known to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis similarly to GnRH antagonists. On the basis of limited clinical research, combined birth control pills have also been found to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis, but are likely not as effective as GnRH modulator monotherapy. It is advised that women use non-hormonal methods of birth control during elagolix therapy and for one week following discontinuation of elagolix.",
"title": "Elagolix"
},
{
"docid": "330361#11",
"text": "TSH concentrations in children are normally higher than in adults. In 2002, the NACB recommended age-related reference limits starting from about 1.3 to 19 µIU/mL for normal-term infants at birth, dropping to 0.6–10 µIU/mL at 10 weeks old, 0.4–7.0 µIU/mL at 14 months and gradually dropping during childhood and puberty to adult levels, 0.3–3.0 µIU/mL.",
"title": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone"
},
{
"docid": "38203#27",
"text": "The most common form of hormonal contraception is the combined birth control pill, which contains both estrogen and progestogen. It is typically taken in 28-day cycles, 21 hormonal pills with either a 7-day break from pills, or 7 placebo pills during which the woman menstruates. Although the primary function of the pill is to prevent pregnancy, it may be used to treat some menstrual symptoms and syndromes which affect menstruation, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, adenomyosis, amenorrhea, menstrual cramps, menstrual migraines, menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding), menstruation-related or fibroid-related anemia and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). Using the combined birth control pill, it is also possible for a woman to delay or completely eliminate menstrual periods, a practice called menstrual suppression. Some women do this simply for convenience in the short-term, while others prefer to eliminate periods altogether when possible. This can be done either by skipping the placebo pills, or using an extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pill, which were first marketed in the U.S. in the early 2000s.",
"title": "Menstruation"
},
{
"docid": "18978770#5",
"text": "Hormonal contraception is available in a number of different forms, including oral pills, implants under the skin, injections, patches, IUDs and a vaginal ring. They are currently available only for women, although hormonal contraceptives for men have been and are being clinically tested. There are two types of oral birth control pills, the combined oral contraceptive pills (which contain both estrogen and a progestin) and the progestogen-only pills (sometimes called minipills). If either is taken during pregnancy, they do not increase the risk of miscarriage nor cause birth defects. Both types of birth control pills prevent fertilization mainly by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. They may also change the lining of the uterus and thus decrease implantation. Their effectiveness depends on the user's adherence to taking the pills.\nCombined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slightly increased risk of venous and arterial blood clots. Venous clots, on average, increase from 2.8 to 9.8 per 10,000 women years which is still less than that associated with pregnancy. Due to this risk, they are not recommended in women over 35 years of age who continue to smoke. Due to the increased risk, they are included in decision tools such as the DASH score and PERC rule used to predict the risk of blood clots.",
"title": "Birth control"
},
{
"docid": "2139214#0",
"text": "Intrauterine device (IUD) with progestogen, sold under the brand name Mirena among others, is a intrauterine device that releases the hormone levonorgestrel. It is used for birth control, heavy menstrual periods, and to prevent excessive build of the lining of the uterus in those on estrogen replacement therapy. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control with a one-year failure rate around 0.2%. The device is placed in the uterus and lasts three to five years. Following removal fertility returns quickly.\nSide effects include irregular periods, benign ovarian cysts, pelvic pain, and depression. Rarely uterine perforation may occur. Use is not recommended during pregnancy but is safe with breastfeeding. The IUD with progestogen is a type of long-acting reversible birth control. It works by making the mucus at the opening to the cervix thick, stopping the buildup of the lining of the uterus, and occasionally preventing ovulation.\nThe IUD with levonorgestrel was first approved for medical use in 1990 in Finland and in the United States in 2000. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$122.46 each. In the United Kingdom they cost the NHS about £88 pounds. In the United States they cost around US$844.00. More than 120 countries have approved the device and it is used by more than 10 million women.",
"title": "Hormonal IUDs"
},
{
"docid": "11819295#2",
"text": "Elevated serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level measured on day three of the menstrual cycle. (First day of period flow is counted as day one. Spotting is not considered start of period.) If a lower value occurs from later testing, the highest value is considered the most predictive. FSH assays can differ somewhat so reference ranges as to what is normal, premenopausal or menopausal should be based on ranges provided by the laboratory doing the testing. Estradiol (E2) should also be measured as women who ovulate early may have elevated E2 levels above 80 pg/mL (due to early follicle recruitment, possibly due to a low serum inhibin B level) which will mask an elevated FSH level and give a false negative result.",
"title": "Poor ovarian reserve"
},
{
"docid": "250943#11",
"text": ", Lake is working with director Abby Epstein on a documentary about the dangers of hormonal birth control, titled \"Sweetening the Pill\". The film is based on Holly Grigg-Spall's upcoming 2015 book titled \"Sweetening The Pill Or How We Became Hooked On Hormonal Birth Control\". The film will explore the flurry of lawsuits related to these methods, as well as alternative options such as Natural Family Planning. Lake and Epstein said, \"now [hormonal birth control is] making women sick and so our goal with this film is to wake women up to the unexposed side effects of these powerful medications and the unforeseen consequences of repressing women's natural cycles.\"",
"title": "Ricki Lake"
}
] |
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2922
|
How did Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil die?
|
[
{
"docid": "653706#0",
"text": "Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (3 November 193815 December 2010) was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "49351422#0",
"text": "Jean Rollin (born Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil; 3 November 1938 – 15 December 2010) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and novelist. He worked on his mainstream films under his own name and on pornographic and several other films under the pseudonyms Michel Gentil or J.A. Laser. He has additionally served as an editor, assistant director, executive producer, production and film supervisor on several other projects throughout his career.",
"title": "Jean Rollin filmography"
},
{
"docid": "653706#30",
"text": "Rollin received minor work following \"Les trottoirs de Bangkok\"; in 1985, he resumed his pseudonym work as Michel Gentil in a non-pornographic feature, the slapstick comedy, \"Ne prends pas les poulets pour des pigeons\" which reunited Brigitte Borghese and Gérard Landry from his previous film, and included French actor and comedian Popeck. Rollin was hired for the work and therefore his real name was not attached to the project. In 1988, he received the uncredited directorial role in the erotic sequel \"Emmanuelle 6\", in which he also served as screenplay writer. The film suffered many flaws during production under direction from Bruno Zincone and Rollin became involved in an attempt to salvage what he could and see that production was completed for the financiers.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "653706#32",
"text": "Despite his intentions to retire from directing following \"Perdues dans New York\", his final film of the 1980s, \"Killing Car\" (working title \"Femme dangereuse\") was produced in 1989. It is a revenge thriller and one of his most underrated and overlooked works. Initially intended to be a softcore production under the Michel Gentil pseudonym, Rollin attached his own name to the project and made it one of his most personal and self-referential of all his works. The film was shot on 16mm and in less than a week on a minimal budget of under $100,000. Australian model Tiki Tsang, originally of Brisbane, Queensland, had been residing in Paris, France for sometime when she was discovered by Rollin and offered her the role of \"The Car Woman\", a strange woman who steals an old Buick and proceeds to kill a number of people to seek revenge for a past tragedy. The part of \"The Car Woman\" was written especially for Tsang in what is the only film credit to her name. \"Killing Car\" gives nod to previous Rollin works including Tsang emerging from a grandfather clock (as did Dominique in an iconic scene from \"Les frisson des vampires\"). Max Monteillet returned as cinematographer and Philippe Brejean provided the score. Cast includes recurring collaborators Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jean-Loup Philippe. Following the production, Rollin was hospitalized due to exhaustion and started editing the film after his recovery. The editing process lasted two years. Several problems would arise during post-production, as the film found it difficult to receive distribution, like \"Perdues dans New York\", if it could not receive a theatrical distribution, Rollin would settle for a video or television release. The film was eventually released in 1993. It was announced that no usable print or negative of the film exists today, and all known film negatives are considered lost.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "653706#14",
"text": "Rollin directed the adult sex films \"Jeunes filles impudiques\" (\"Schoolgirl Hitchhikers\"), \"Le sourire vertical\" (\"The Vertical Smile\"), and \"Tout le monde il en a deux\" (\"Bacchanales sexuelles\" or \"Fly Me the French Way\") under the pseudonym Michel Gentil as he was financially unable to come up with a budget for another mainstream feature film. However, in 1974 Rollin directed the horror adventure and self-proclaimed \"Expressionist\" film \"Les démoniaques\" which was inspired by the adventure classics he had enormous admiration for in his youth. The film includes Joëlle Cœur and Willy Braque whom Rollin worked with on \"Jeunes filles impudiques\". The story follows two young women who have been involved in a shipwreck and are brutally raped and murdered by a group of rogue pirates, only to be resurrected after making love to the devil so that they can seek their revenge. Rollin had many disputes with the producers of the film during production of the project as they insisted on a low budget. He was hospitalized for two weeks following the work due to mental and physical exhaustion. Further problems would arise including the working title, \"Les diablesses\", having to be changed as the copyright was not free of charge and with the Castel Twins being unavailable for the roles of the avenging ghosts, the parts where offered to inexperienced actresses Lieva Lone and Patricia Hermenier.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "653706#17",
"text": "Between 1976 and 1977, his work consisted strictly of hardcore pornographic films as there was a lack of money and producers reluctant to fund any new mainstream projects due to his previous commercial failures. Seven porn films were produced within this period under his pseudonym Michel Gentil, and one of which, \"Suce moi vampire\" (\"Suck Me Vampire\": the hardcore version of \"Lèvres de sang\"), he credited himself as Michel Gand. His 1976 hardcore film \"Douces pénétraitions\" marked the final time the Castel Twins would appear together working for Rollin, and the final time Marie-Pierre would work with him altogether. Catherine would continue to appear in his films for several years.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "653706#20",
"text": "The film is often referred to as being seminal to George A. Romero's \"Night of the Living Dead\". However, it has more in common with Jorge Grau's 1974 Spanish-Italian horror film \"Let Sleeping Corpse's Lie\" (also known as \"The Living Dead at Manchester Morgue\"). The film does not follow the tradition zombie method, instead, Rollin's zombies centre on madness with a strong environmentally conscious message. As he has mentioned, the zombies \"have retained their consciousness\" and they finally \"suffer for what they are\". With the film as a notable success, Rollin would continue with pornographic films under a new pseudonym, Robert Xavier, while retaining the Michel Gentil credit.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "31601216#0",
"text": "Le masque de la Méduse () is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic \"Clash of the Titans\". It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.It was thought that Rollin's 2007 film \"La nuit des horloges\" was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe \"Le masque de la Méduse\". Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, \"Le Viol du Vampire\". The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.",
"title": "Le Masque de la Méduse"
},
{
"docid": "653706#37",
"text": "Rollin died on 15 December 2010 after a long battle with cancer and was survived by his wife Simone, son Serge and granddaughter Gabrielle. He is buried at cemetery Le Pere Lachaise in Paris, where his second son Carel (1973–2001) also rests.",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
},
{
"docid": "653706#27",
"text": "In 1981, Rollin returned with the drama film, \"Les paumées du petit matin\" (\"The Escapees\" or \"The Runaways\"). It marks a departure to the usual horror tones which his films are notable for, and here mixes drama with elements of adventure, thriller and crime, while maintaining erotic and poetic themes and remains a distinctive and unique piece of work from Rollin. The story follows two young women who are confined to mental asylum in the countryside; Michelle (Laurence Dubas), a troubled teenager, has been returned to the asylum after escaping and is forced into a straitjacket. She manages to get the attention of Marie (Christiane Coppé), a teenage girl who is who sits in the garden on a rocking chair, while staring into space and never speaks, by dropping a tin food dish from her bedroom window and the sound somehow brings Marie back to reality. They escape from the asylum and encounter a group of burlesque dancers, a bar singer and a group of women who proceed to rape Marie. Their journey ends when they become involved in crime and death. The cast includes Rollin's usual collaborators Louise Dhour, Nathalie Perrey, Brigitte Lahie and a cameo appearance from Rollin himself. \"Les paumées du petit matin\" unfortunately failed to receive a proper theatrical in 1981 which resulted in it being one of the most difficult Rollin films to find in future. It did however receive its first DVD release in 2009 in the United States courtesy of Redemption Films, with a subsequent release in the United Kingdom. Again with a limited budget an issues with the script, Rollin stated that there were many problems with the production right from the beginning; that it was \"an incredible mess\", filled with \"clichés and platitudes of melodrama.\" Later reviews of the film have been quite positive; Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs would go so far as to call it a schizophrenic work in their wonderful Immoral Tales, but they would also note that \"the beginning and end are pure Rollin\" and \"what is good in (The Escapees) is very good.\"",
"title": "Jean Rollin"
}
] |
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] |
2923
|
How long has America's Worst Cooks been on?
|
[
{
"docid": "25785720#0",
"text": "Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3, 2010, on the Food Network. The show takes 12 to 16 contestants (referred to as \"recruits\") with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp, to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set. The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including: baking, knife skills, temperature, seasoning and preparation. The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three-course meal for three food critics.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "8423668#13",
"text": "Following the end of \"Dinner: Impossible\" (which continues in reruns), Irvine embarked on two new projects with Food Network. In late 2010, the Food Network began advertising the second season of \"Worst Cooks in America\" featuring Irvine (replacing Chef Beau MacMillan) training a cadre of would-be cooks in competition with Chef Anne Burrell. The show premiered on 3 January 2011. In advance of the show's premiere, Irvine teamed with Cat Cora to battle Burrell and Michael Symon in the special \"Battle Deep Freeze\" on \"Iron Chef America\".",
"title": "Robert Irvine"
},
{
"docid": "2624083#10",
"text": "In 2010, Burrell and Chef Beau MacMillan hosted a Food Network reality series named \"Worst Cooks in America\". Burrell and her co-host lead contestants through a \"culinary boot camp\" on their journey to become better cooks. The first season premiered on January 3, 2010. Chef Burrell won the challenge when her recruit, Rachel Coleman, edged out MacMillan's recruit, Jenny Cross.",
"title": "Anne Burrell"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25785720#4",
"text": "Baseline Challenge: 24 of the Worst Cooks in America were brought to Boot Camp. With 45 minutes on the clock, the chef had to cook a dish and whoever has the worst dishes were to be picked for teams. What the recruits didn't know was that Anne and Beau would only select the 12 worst of the worst for boot camp, and they also didn't know that Anne and Beau would pick for their opponent's team.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#10",
"text": "Casting for season 2 of \"Worst Cooks in America\" was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010. The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2. Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011. In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "1600027#1",
"text": "Florence was a presenter on \"Globe Trekker\", hosted \"Food 911\" and \"How to Boil Water\", co-hosted Worst Cooks in America with Anne Burrell and currently hosts \"Tyler's Ultimate\" ,\"The Great Food Truck Race\" and has a new show premiering in August 2018 called Bite Club on the Food Network. He was featured on the ABC TV show Shaq's Big Challenge, which aired on July 17, 2007 and Momma's Boys, a reality show produced by Ryan Seacrest. He has also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a nationwide Sandwich Showdown. He has appeared a number of times on The Today Show, and was featured on The View in 2008. Florence serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance, an organization that works to promote and to support quality after-school programs. In 2007, Florence and fellow chef Joey Altman co-hosted a celebrity chef cook-off to benefit Afterschool Alliance.",
"title": "Tyler Florence"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#11",
"text": "In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#15",
"text": "Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "25785720#17",
"text": "Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition. This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge. The season premiered on April 15, 2018.Robert Irvine joined Anne Burrell to host season 14.Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 15. Since the number of contestants is odd, one of them is eliminated before getting into the teams.",
"title": "Worst Cooks in America"
},
{
"docid": "38559249#0",
"text": "Maneet Chauhan (born 27 October 1976 in Ludhiana, Punjab) is an Indian American chef and television personality of Sikh origin. Previously the Executive Chef of several notable restaurants in Chicago and New York, she is featured as a judge on \"Chopped\" on the Food Network. She has appeared on \"The Next Iron Chef\", on \"The View\" on ABC, \"Iron Chef America\", the \"Today\" show on NBC, and as a judge on the finale of \"Worst Cooks in America\" on Food Network.\nChef Maneet Chauhan was invited by President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama for the Annual Easter Egg Roll Hunt 2014 to the White House. She is also an invited member of Indiaspora that hosted 100 influential Indian American leaders as part of its first Forum in September 2012. The three-day Forum events aimed to energize the community and provide a voice with which it articulated collective goals. Chef Chauhan, a Culinary Institute of America alumna, delivered the keynote for the associate degree commencement on the college's Hyde Park campus and also received a recognition of \"Distinguished Service to the Foodservice and Hospitality Industry\" as the Ambassador of the Culinary Institute of America.",
"title": "Maneet Chauhan"
}
] |
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] |
2925
|
Who started the Anushilan Samiti?
|
[
{
"docid": "4131168#0",
"text": "Anushilan Samiti (Ōnūshīlōn sōmītī, \"lit\": body-building society) was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century, and propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (\"Akhara\") in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, if somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal identified as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti centred in Dhaka (modern day Bangladesh), and the Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta) respectively.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "30246791#5",
"text": "Anushilan Samiti was founded as an attempt to organize Bengali youth through a program of physical fitness and spiritual training for a nationalist program. By 1902, Calcutta had three societies working under the umbrella of Anushilan Samity, a society earlier founded by a Calcutta barrister by the name of Pramatha Mitra. These included Mitra's own group, another led by a Bengali lady by the name of Sarala Devi, and a third one led by Aurobindo Ghosh. The Anushilan Samiti had Aurobindo and Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das as the vice-presidents, Suren Tagore the treasurer. Jatindra Nath Banerjee (Niralamba Swami), Bagha Jatin, Bhupendra Nath Datta (Swami Vivekananda's brother), Barindra Ghosh were among other initial leaders.\nBy 1905, the work of Aurobindo and his brother Barin Ghosh allowed Anushilan Samity to spread through Bengal.",
"title": "Political history of Sri Aurobindo"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#6",
"text": "By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. One was founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister Pramatha Mitra, another was led by Bengali woman Sarala Devi and the third was founded by Aurobindo Ghosh. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time. By 1905 the work of Aurobindo and his brother, Barin, enabled Anushilan Samity to spread throughout Bengal. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including \"Bande Mataram\" and \"Jugantar\", had a widespread influence on Bengal youth. The 1905 partition of Bengal stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's Bhadralok community, helping Anushilan acquire a support base of educated, politically-conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. Its program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and \"lathis\" (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The Dhaka branch of Anushilan was led by Pulin Behari Das, and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam. More than 500 branches were opened in eastern Bengal and Assam, linked by \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, soon overshadowing its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach indicate a membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan devolved its aims from the Swadeshi to that of political terrorism.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47037945#9",
"text": "In November 1905, Bipin Chandra Pal along with Pramathanath Mitra, visited Dhaka where, at a political meeting, Pal called for volunteers ready to sacrifice their all for Motherland. Among the eighty who stepped forward was Pulin Behari Das, a resident of Wari who was soon appointed the head of the East Bengal branch of \"Anushilan Samity\". Under Das's able leadership, \"Anushilan\" \"spread like wildfire\" throughout the province. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin’s headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#20",
"text": "Anushilan and Jugantar each were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. \"Anushilan Samiti\" was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar, was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups, acting under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions together. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktolla conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries that was described by Frost. The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the \"Anushilan Samiti\" were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports. According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti had at one point 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, with 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, Bihar, and the United Provinces. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents shows a primary division between, on the one hand the two active leadersBarin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file on the other. Higher leaders including Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Erstwhile members of \"Anushilan\", particularly those of the Maniktala group, had suggested that the each group were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However historian Peter Heehs concludes the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India. He concludes the Maniktala society had links between the other groups and the Manicktalla society, such as the Anushilan and Atmannati Samitis, were more often competitive than co-operative. An internal circular of circa 1908 written by Pulin Behari Das, describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions, with central \"Samitis\" linked with a few small Samitis.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "22192360#0",
"text": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti was a branch of the Anushilan Samiti founded in the city of Dhaka in November 1905. Initially a group of eighty under the leadership of Pulin Behari Das, it \"spread like wildfire\" throughout the province of East Bengal. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin’s headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism. The \"Dhaka Anushilan Samiti\" embarked on a radical program of political terrorism. It broke with the \"Jugantar group\" due to differences with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a base for a revolution with a mass base. The Dhaka group saw this as slow and insufficient, and sought immediate action and result. It was responsible for a number of political assassinations, most notably the murder of D.C. Allen. However, it reached a temporary halt after the arrest and deportation of Pulin Das and the Barisal Conspiracy Case in 1913. Dhaka Anushilan decided not to participate in the German plot of World War I. After the war, it continued in its violent movement, and some of its members went on to form the Neo-violence group.",
"title": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#28",
"text": "The great majority of the Anushilan Samiti had joined the CSP, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the HSRA joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#8",
"text": "The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti embarked on a radical program of political terrorism. It broke with the Jugantar group in West Bengal due to differences with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a mass base for revolution. The Dhaka group saw this as slow and inadequate, and sought immediate action and results. The two branches of Anushilan engaged in \"dacoity\" to raise money, and performed a number of political assassinations at this time. In December 1907, the Bengal revolutionary cell derailed a train carrying Bengal Lieutenant Governor Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser in a plot led by the Ghosh brothers. That month, the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated former Dhaka district magistrate D. C. Allen. The following year, Anushilan engineered eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and explosions and eight \"dacoities\" in West Bengal. The targets of these actions included British police officials and civil servants, Indian police officers, informants, public prosecutors of political crimes and wealthy families. Under Barin Ghosh's direction, Anushilan members also attempted to assassinate French colonial officials in Chandernagore who were seen as complicit with the Raj.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#33",
"text": "The nationalist publication \"Jugantar\", which served as the organ of the \"Samiti\", inspired fanatical loyalty among its readers and made a deep impression on this group. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence. The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined \"Anushilan Samiti\" cited the influence of \"Jugantar\" in their decisions. The editor of the paper, Bhupendranath Datta was arrested and sentenced to one-year's rigorous imprisonment in 1907. The \"Samiti\" responded with the attempt on the life of Douglas Kingsford who presided over the trial. \"Jugantar\" itself responded with defiant editorials. The defiance of \"Jugantar\" saw it face five more prosecutions that left it in financial ruins by 1908. These prosecutions brought the paper more publicity, and helped disseminate the \"Samiti\"'s ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Shukla Sanyal notes in 2014 that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win support amongst a significant populace in Bengal, tacitly even if not overt.\nKeshav Baliram Hedgewar, the founder of the Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), learned from the Anushilan Samiti. He was sent to Calcutta by B. S. Moonje in 1910 to study medicine, and to learn techniques of violent nationalism from secret revolutionary organizations in Bengal. There he lived with independence activist Shyam Sundar Chakravarthy, and had contacts with revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#23",
"text": "The \"Samiti\" was influenced by the writings of the Bengalee nationalist author Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The name of the organisation, \"Anushilan\", itself is derived from Bankim's works espousing hardwork and spartan life. Bankim's cultural and martial nationalism exemplified in \"Anandamath\", along with his interpretations of the \"Bhagavat Gita\", are noted to be strong influences on the strain of nationalism that guided the early societies that merged into \"Anushilan Samiti\". To this was later added the philosophies and teachings of Swami Vivekananda. A search of the \"Dacca Anushilan Samiti\" library in 1908 showed that the\"Gita\" was the most widely read book in the library. Among the \"rules of membership\" books by Vivekananda were strongly recommended for reading, A recurring theme in these were emphasis on \"Strong muscles and nerves of steel\", which some historian identify as strongly influenced by Shakta Philosophy of Hinduism. The writings of the group's own leader Aurobindo Ghosh popularised \"Shakti\", specifically the concept of \"Adya Shakti\" that is exemplified in his work \"Bhawani Mandir\". This marked the beginnings of interest in physical improvement and proto-national spirit among young Bengalees, and was driven by an effort to break away from the colonial stereotype of effeminacy imposed on the Bengalee. Physical fitness was symbolic of the recovery of masculinity, and part of a larger moral and spiritual training to cultivate control over the body, and develop national pride and a sense of social responsibility and service. Peter Heehs, writing in 2010, notes the \"Samiti\" had three pillars in their ideologies: \"cultural independence\", \"political independence\", and \"economic independence\". In the latter, the \"Samiti\" differed from those engaging in the \"Swadeshi\" movement, which they decried solely as a \"trader's movement\".",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
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] |
2926
|
When is the second coming of Jesus?
|
[
{
"docid": "7482#54",
"text": "The Second Coming of Christ holds a central place in Christian mythology. The Second Coming is the return of Christ to earth during the period of transformation preceding the end of this world and the establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. According to Matthew's gospel, when Jesus is on trial before the Roman and Jewish authorities, he claims, \"In the future you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven.\"\nThe legend of the \"Wandering Jew\" concerns a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the earth until the Second Coming.",
"title": "Christian mythology"
},
{
"docid": "7272787#6",
"text": "According to prewrath, this passage clearly indicates that the coming of the Lord and the Day of the Lord are part and parcel of the same event, the coming of the Lord. First, Jesus arrives in the sky at His Second Coming, at which time He raptures all Christian believers, then His judgment during the Day of the Lord falls upon those who have disbelieved and rejected His lordship.\nThis is justified, according to prewrath, by the fact that Jesus places His return (Matthew 24:30–31) after the abomination of desolation (Matthew 24:15), which occurs at the midpoint of the 70th Week (cf. Daniel 9:27, Daniel 11:31). Thus, if the Second Coming and rapture occur after the sixth seal, this places this event after the midpoint but before the end (seventh trumpet).",
"title": "Prewrath"
},
{
"docid": "28554#0",
"text": "The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian and Islamic belief regarding the future (or past) return of Jesus Christ after his ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The idea is based on messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies.",
"title": "Second Coming"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34284695#27",
"text": "Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven invisibly as king in October 1914. They assert that the Greek word \"parousia\" (translated in most English Bible translations as \"coming\" when referring to Christ) is more accurately rendered \"presence\", perceived only by a composite \"sign\". As such, the Second Coming is considered an invisible presence, lasting for an extended period of time, and ending with Jesus' \"coming\" to separate the Sheep and the Goats. They believe that when Jesus became king, Satan was ousted from heaven to the earth, bringing a period of \"woe\" to mankind.",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs"
},
{
"docid": "19301878#0",
"text": "\"I Dream of Jesus\" is the second episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 5, 2008. In the episode, Peter finds Jesus Christ (voiced by Alec Sulkin) working at a record shop, and convinces Jesus to make his second coming.",
"title": "I Dream of Jesus"
},
{
"docid": "28554#30",
"text": "In the Quran, the second coming of Jesus is heralded in Az-Zukhruf (the Quran's 43rd surah or chapter) as a sign of the Day of Judgment.\nIn his famous interpretation of the Quran or Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, Ibn Kathir also uses this verse as proof of Jesus' second coming in the Quran.\nThere are also hadiths that clearly foretell of Jesus' future return such as: Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 43: \"Kitab-ul-`Ilm\" (Book of Knowledge), Hâdith Number 656:\nAccording to Islamic tradition, Jesus' descent will be in the midst of wars fought by the \"Mahdi\" (\"lit\". \"the rightly guided one\"), known in Islamic eschatology as the redeemer of Islam, against the \"Masih ad-Dajjal\" (literally \"false messiah\", synonymous with the Antichrist) and his followers. Jesus will descend at the point of a white arcade, east of Damascus, dressed in saffron robes—his head anointed. He will then join the \"Mahdi\" in his war against the \"Dajjal\". Jesus, considered in Islam as a Muslim (one who submits to God) and one of God's messengers, will abide by the Islamic teachings. Eventually, Jesus will slay the Antichrist \"Dajjal\", and then everyone from the People of the Book (\"ahl al-kitāb\", referring to Jews and Christians) will believe in him. Thus, there will be one community, that of Islam.",
"title": "Second Coming"
},
{
"docid": "2293397#23",
"text": "Jesus, speaking chronologically in the Olivet Discourse regarding end time events, goes from the escalation of troubling times beginning in the 1st century and the present age (highlighting the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome in A.D. 70) to the time of tribulation and then to his second coming without any mention of a prior removal of the church 7 or 3.5 years before it. One author sees Jesus as advocating a \"delay\" between the destruction of Jerusalem and his second advent. On the contrary, he states that \"immediately after the tribulation of those days…they [the world] shall see the son of Man coming…and He shall send His angels, and they shall gather His elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.\" Therefore, Jesus seems to put the rapture just before his second coming or on his way to earth. The phrase \"gathering together\" describes the rapture in using the noun form of the same Greek word.",
"title": "Post-tribulation rapture"
},
{
"docid": "18503136#12",
"text": "Solomon suggests that the second coming of Christ does not only relate to Jesus's return but also to the Christ consciousness which he possessed. The Second Coming is then portrayed as the birth of another person who, similar to Jesus, exemplifies the Christ consciousness. This person, who is referred to as John of Peniel, will then cause those already living to elevate to an equal level, enabling them to achieve Christ consciousness. Solomon claims that Peniel is the reincarnation of John the Apostle and that his purpose is to end the duality and separation of man. Solomon has also suggested that Peniel will only appear on a global scale when confronted with the figure of the Antichrist. Confronting this Antichrist figure, he will help to reveal further aspects of Earth's history, as well as the history of pre-Earth events.",
"title": "Paul Solomon"
},
{
"docid": "52547#32",
"text": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in \"woe\" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of \"signs\". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word \"parousia\"—usually translated as \"coming\" when referring to Christ—as \"presence\". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the \"second coming\" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.",
"title": "Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "2646111#12",
"text": "Hundreds of years before the time of Jesus, Jewish prophets promised that a messiah would come. Judaism claims that Jesus did not fulfill these prophecies. Other skeptics usually claim that the prophecies are either vague or unfulfilled, or that the Old Testament writings influenced the composition of New Testament narratives. Christian apologists claim that Jesus fulfilled these prophecies, which they argue are nearly impossible to fulfill by chance. Many Christians anticipate the Second Coming of Jesus, when he will fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy, such as the Last Judgment, the general resurrection, establishment of the Kingdom of God, and the Messianic Age (see the article on Preterism for contrasting Christian views).",
"title": "Criticism of Christianity"
},
{
"docid": "28554#31",
"text": "After the death of the \"Mahdi\", Jesus will assume leadership. This is a time associated in Islamic narrative with universal peace and justice. Islamic texts also allude to the appearance of Ya'juj and Ma'juj (known also as Gog and Magog), ancient tribes which will disperse and cause disturbance on earth. God, in response to Jesus's prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks. Jesus's rule is said to be around forty years, after which he will die, (according to Islam Jesus did not die on the cross but was taken up to heaven and continues to live until his return in the second coming). Muslims will then perform the \"Salat al-Janazah\" (funeral prayer) for him and bury him in the city of Medina in a grave left vacant beside Muhammad.",
"title": "Second Coming"
}
] |
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] |
2927
|
When was NATO founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "17971449#2",
"text": "NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949, and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of the Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017.",
"title": "Member states of NATO"
},
{
"docid": "17046267#1",
"text": "After its formation in 1949 with twelve founding members, NATO grew by including Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then later Spain in 1982. After the Cold War ended, and Germany reunited in 1990, there was a debate in NATO about continued expansion eastward. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined the organization, amid much debate within the organization and Russian opposition. Another expansion came with the accession of seven Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. These nations were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit, and joined NATO shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit. Albania and Croatia joined on 1 April 2009, prior to the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit. The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017.",
"title": "Enlargement of NATO"
},
{
"docid": "21133#0",
"text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; ; '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO’s Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.",
"title": "NATO"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12069794#0",
"text": "Georgia and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) relations officially began in 1994 when Georgia joined the NATO-run Partnership for Peace. Georgia has moved quickly following the Rose Revolution in 2003 to seek closer ties and eventual membership with NATO. Georgia's powerful northern neighbor, Russia, has opposed the closer ties, including those expressed at the 2008 Bucharest summit where NATO members promised that Georgia would eventually join the organization. In the 7 December 2011 statement of the North Atlantic Council Georgia was designated as an \"aspirant country\".",
"title": "Georgia–NATO relations"
},
{
"docid": "18169806#3",
"text": "Relations officially began when Ukraine became the first CIS country to enter NATO's Partnership for Peace program in February 1994. In the summer of 1995 NATO stepped up to help to mitigate consequences of the Kharkiv Drinking Water Disaster. This was the first cooperation between NATO and Ukraine. On May 7, 1997 the first-ever official NATO Information and Documentation Center opened in Kyiv, aimed to foster transparency about the alliance. A Ukrainian public opinion poll of May 6 showed 37% in favor of joining NATO with 28% opposed and 34% undecided. On July 9, 1997, a NATO-Ukraine Commission was established. In 2002 relations with the government of the United States and other NATO countries deteriorated after one of the recordings made during the Cassette Scandal revealed an alleged transfer of a sophisticated Ukrainian defense system to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. At the NATO enlargement summit in November 2002, the NATO–Ukraine commission adopted a Ukraine–NATO Action Plan. President Kuchma's declaration that Ukraine wanted to join NATO (also in 2002) and the sending of Ukrainian troops to Iraq in 2003 could not mend relations between Kuchma and NATO. Currently, the Ukrainian Armed Forces are working with NATO in Iraq.",
"title": "Ukraine–NATO relations"
},
{
"docid": "57927278#16",
"text": "The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east. Whilst there was no formal commitment in the agreement not to expand NATO to the east, there are diverging views on whether negotiators gave informal commitments regarding further NATO expansion. Jack Matlock, American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years, said that the West gave a \"clear commitment\" not to expand, and declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators were given the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, or Poland. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the West German foreign minister at that time, said in a conversation with Eduard Shevardnadze that \"[f]or us, however, one thing is certain: NATO will not expand to the east.\" In 1996, Gorbachev wrote in his \"Memoirs\", that \"during the negotiations on the unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east,\" and\nrepeated this view in an interview in 2008. However in 2014 Gorbachev stated the opposite – that \"The topic of 'NATO expansion' was not discussed at all [in 1990], and it wasn't brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Western leaders didn't bring it up, either.\" According to Robert Zoellick, a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, this appears to be a misperception, and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made. Harvard University historian Mark Kramer also rejects that an informal agreement existed.",
"title": "History of NATO"
},
{
"docid": "43122408#12",
"text": "Was established in 1999 at the Washington Summit as a Consortium of the Willing and founded in the spirit of Partnership for Peace (PfP). By Military Committee direction, the NATO Defense College \"is the focal military point of contact within NATO\" for the consortium, composed of 300 organizations in 46 countries. The NDC is actively involved in 6 of the 10 working groups.",
"title": "NATO Defense College"
},
{
"docid": "3263316#2",
"text": "The foundation for cooperation between NATO and the NATO-PA was strengthened in December 1967 when the North Atlantic Council (NAC) authorized the NATO Secretary General to study how to achieve closer cooperation between the two bodies. As a result of these deliberations over the following year, the NATO Secretary General, after consultation with the NAC, implemented several measures to enhance the working relationship between NATO and the Assembly. These measures included the Secretary General providing a response to all Assembly recommendations and resolutions adopted in its Plenary Sessions.",
"title": "NATO Parliamentary Assembly"
},
{
"docid": "48140509#1",
"text": "Ireland had been willing in 1949 to negotiate a bilateral defence pact with the United States, but opposed joining NATO until the question of Northern Ireland was resolved with the United Kingdom (see \"The Troubles\" 1968–1998). Official NATO–Ireland relations began in 1999 when Ireland became a signatory to NATO's Partnership for Peace programme and the alliance's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. Since then, NATO and Ireland have actively cooperated on peacekeeping, humanitarian, rescue, and crisis management issues and have developed practical cooperation in other military areas of mutual interest, under Ireland's Individual Partnership Programme (IPP) and Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme (IPCP), which is jointly agreed every two years. Irish cooperation with NATO is centred around the country's historic policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, which allows the Irish military to deploy on peacekeeping and humanitarian missions where there is a mandate from the United Nations (UN Security Council resolution or UN General Assembly resolution), subject to cabinet and Dáil Éireann (Irish parliament) approval. This is known as Ireland's \"triple-lock\" policy.",
"title": "Ireland–NATO relations"
},
{
"docid": "57927278#3",
"text": "The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, which in many cases meant European countries adopting US practices. The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAG) codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved. Hence, the 7.62×51mm NATO rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries. Fabrique Nationale de Herstal's FAL, which used the 7.62mm NATO cartridge, was adopted by 75 countries, including many outside of NATO. Also, aircraft marshalling signals were standardized, so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other standards such as the NATO phonetic alphabet have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use.",
"title": "History of NATO"
},
{
"docid": "1725400#7",
"text": "The ships as of 29 January 2019 consist of:On 11 July 1992 the force was directed to deploy to the Ionian Sea to be prepared for possible future operations, with reference to a NATO ministerial decision to assist the monitoring of compliance with United Nations (UN) resolutions 713 and 757. The North Atlantic Council decided on 15 July 1992 that NATO monitoring operations were to commence at 0800 local time on 16 July, when the first units of STANAVFORMED entered the Adriatic Sea to begin participating in NATO's Operation Maritime Monitor. The Force was temporarily relieved by STANAVFORLANT in this operation on 9–26 September, to conduct the change of command, complete ship turnovers and conduct Force work-ups. From 22 November 1992 to 15 June 1993 the force participated in Operation Maritime Guard which was the NATO contribution towards the enforcement of the UN embargoes on the Former Yugoslavia. The operation was conducted in coordination with the Western European Union (WEU) Operation Sharp Fence.",
"title": "Standing NATO Maritime Group 2"
}
] |
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] |
2928
|
When was the Bull Party founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "32070#1",
"text": "Founded in 1854, the GOP originally subscribed to classical liberalism and took ideological stands that were anti-slavery and pro-economic reform. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president in the history of the United States. The party was usually dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran as a third-party presidential candidate. Roosevelt called for many social reforms, some of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s. He lost the 1912 election, and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they were at odds with the party's new conservative economic stance; many left for the Democratic Party, and an ideological shift to the right occurred in the Republican Party. Later in the 20th century, the liberal Republican element was overwhelmed by a conservative surge begun by Barry Goldwater in 1964 and continued during the Reagan Era.",
"title": "Republican Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "3976239#0",
"text": "The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms and attracting some leading reformers. After the party's defeat in the 1912 presidential election, it went into rapid decline, disappearing by 1918. The Progressive Party was popularly nicknamed the \"Bull Moose Party\" since Roosevelt often said that he felt \"strong as a bull moose\" both before and after an assassination attempt on the campaign trail.",
"title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)"
},
{
"docid": "3976239#1",
"text": "As a member of the Republican Party, Roosevelt had served as President from 1901 to 1909, becoming increasingly progressive in the later years of his presidency. In the 1908 presidential election, Roosevelt helped ensure that he would be succeeded by Secretary of War Taft. After Taft took office, he hewed closer to the conservative wing of the party and this and other actions alienated Roosevelt from his former friend. Progressive Republican leader Robert La Follette had already announced a challenge to Taft for the 1912 Republican nomination, but many of his supporters shifted to Roosevelt after the former President decided to seek a third presidential term, which was permissible under the Constitution prior to the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment. At the 1912 Republican National Convention, Taft narrowly defeated Roosevelt for the party's presidential nomination. After the convention, Roosevelt, Frank Munsey, George Walbridge Perkins and other progressive Republicans established the Progressive Party and nominated a ticket of Roosevelt and Hiram Johnson of California at the 1912 Progressive National Convention. The new party attracted several Republican officeholders, although nearly all of them remained loyal to the Republican Party—in California, Johnson and the Progressives took control of the Republican Party.",
"title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22275900#7",
"text": "In 1919, the Labour Party joined the Third Communist International. Although the revolutionary wing had taken control of the party at the 1918 national convention, dissent soon surfaced. Moderates broke out to form the Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway in 1921. The main contention surrounded the possible adaption of the Twenty-one Conditions, which was demanded by Comintern members. Bull was a staunch opponent of the Twenty-one Conditions, and following a resolution at the February 1923 national convention, the Labour Party left the Comintern. In the same year Bull was selected as deputy party leader, a position he held until his death. The Soviet-friendly Communist Party was then formed by splinters, while the road was open for a reconciliation with the Social Democratic Labour Party. Bull helped engineer the reunion between the two parties in 1927. In the same year, Labour became the largest party in the general election. Bull was never elected to Parliament, but when Christopher Hornsrud formed the first ever socialist cabinet in Norway, Bull was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. However, the cabinet only lasted from 28 January to 15 February, being defeated by the other parliamentary parties on a vote of no confidence. He was both preceded and succeeded by people who were also Prime Ministers; Ivar Lykke and Johan Ludwig Mowinckel.",
"title": "Edvard Bull Sr."
},
{
"docid": "2286887#4",
"text": "With the foundation of the Socialist Labour Party by the leader of the National Union of Mineworkers, Arthur Scargill in 1996, the EPSR dissolved itself into the SLP where they operated as a faction around their paper, the EPSR. Royston Bull was elected Vice-President of the SLP in 1998, but was then almost immediately expelled (or 'voided') from party membership. Arthur Scargill, who had supported Bull's candidacy, used it to strengthen his position within the SLP. The election caused a significant rift within the SLP, with one member, Brian Heron, calling Bull's election \"a disaster\". Whilst some of Bull's supporters stayed within the SLP, most left to rejoin Bull and organised themselves as \"EPSR supporters\".",
"title": "Economic and Philosophic Science Review"
},
{
"docid": "49477862#1",
"text": "The Bulls were founded in 1988, under Louisville Bulls INC, by Don Hillerich. By 1994, the Louisville Bulls were incorporated as a non-profit organization. The team played as an independent in 1988 and 1989. In 1990, the Bulls joined the Hearts of Ohio Football League (HOFL). The following year, the Bulls won the HOFL championship. In 1992, the Bulls joined the Mid Continental Football League (MCFL). In 2004, the Bulls were nationally ranked as the 8th best semi-pro football team in the Midwest. In 2008, the Bulls would win the National Division of the MCFL and play the Detroit Seminoles in the championship game, their only appearance in the MCFL title game. In August 2011, the Bulls folded.",
"title": "Louisville Bulls"
},
{
"docid": "9662370#2",
"text": "Bull became a member of the Oslo City Council from 1946. He represented the Norwegian Labour Party for a number of years as Deputy Mayor and Mayor in Oslo in 1951-55, 1960–61, and 1964–75. In 1966 he was a key figure in the resolution of the \"theater strike.\" Bull was the driving force behind, and the first chairman of the board in Oslo Konserthus. His long-term period of office in the Oslo City Council earned him the nickname \"Sitting Bull\".",
"title": "Brynjulf Bull"
},
{
"docid": "671153#2",
"text": "The Bulls were founded in 1902 as the Durham Tobacconists. The official date when the franchise formed was March 18. William G. Bramham, later President of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (Minor League Baseball), was the first owner. The Tobacconists took the field for the first time on April 24 in an exhibition game against Trinity College. Their first game in the North Carolina League was at Charlotte on May 5 against the Hornets, and their first home game was against the New Bern Truckers on May 12. The league, however, folded in July, not having played a full season.",
"title": "Durham Bulls"
},
{
"docid": "21232592#1",
"text": "Bull joined the Young Country Party and was its inaugural state chairman in 1965. From 1983 to 1984 he was on the National Party's central executive, and served as campaign director in various state and federal election campaigns from 1977. In 1984, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council. He served as National Party leader in the Legislative Council and was also Shadow Minister for Agriculture, Gaming and Racing from 1995. He resigned from the Council in 2000 and was succeeded by Rick Colless.",
"title": "Richard Bull (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "6051531#9",
"text": "During the entire 19th century Bulle was often in sharp opposition to the conservative cantonal government during the Restoration (1814–1830). They supported a liberal cantonal constitution during the Regeneration movement that prevailed in 1831. After 1840 the Conservatives gained back power in the cantonal government, which gave new impetus to the radical opposition, and Bulle was one of its most important centers. In January 1847 there was an open rebellion in Bulle. On 6 January 1847 the mayor was imprisoned in the castle. Three days later, on 9 January, an armed group marched from Bulle toward Fribourg, but returned to the town when they were only half way there. Following the Sonderbund War, ( brief civil war where a group of cantons unhappy with domination by Bern attempted to leave the Swiss Confederation and were stopped by a Federal army) the new Cantonal Constitution of 1848 made Bulle the capital of the Gruyère district. During the 1853 elections, which punished the radicals for their political excesses, the city was the scene of violence. Violent clashes in Bulle between radicals and conservatives lasted the entire 19th century. At the same time both parties were trying to distinguish themselves with ambitious projects. The radicals built a rail line between Bulle and Romont, established the Banque Populaire de la Gruyère in 1853, opened the radical \"La Gruyère\" newspaper in 1882, and in 1893 constructed their own electric company. The Conservatives opened the \"Le Fribourgeois\" paper in 1867, established the Crédit Gruyérien bank in 1867, and built the Chemins de fer de la Gruyère électriques in 1903-1912.",
"title": "Bulle"
},
{
"docid": "10641391#0",
"text": "The Sydney Bulls were a rugby league team based in the suburb of Bass Hill in south-western Sydney. Founded in 1999, the club was formed by Lebanese-Australian players and businessmen who were involved in the 1997 Lebanon Rugby League World Sevens side. Since 2000, the Bulls competed in the semi-professional Metropolitan Cup and, since its inception in 2003, the NSWRL Jim Beam Cup competition in NSW, Australia. Their colours are black, white green and red. They were included in the NSW Cup for 2009 and acted as a feeder club for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs under the name of the Bankstown City Bulls. The Sydney Bulls folded at the end of the 2009 season.",
"title": "Sydney Bulls"
},
{
"docid": "671153#9",
"text": "Durham Bulls Athletic Park opened its doors in 1995, complete with a new snorting bull sign. The 1997 season was the final one in which the Bulls were an affiliate of the Atlanta Braves and also their last year in the High-A Carolina League. In 1998, the franchise moved two levels up to Triple-A and joined the International League (IL), in part because of their popularity as the main team in \"Bull Durham\", and also because the Triple-A leagues needed two more teams to accommodate affiliates for the Major League Baseball expansion teams Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Arizona Diamondbacks. Wolff's dream of attracting Triple-A baseball came true when the Bulls became the Triple-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now Tampa Bay Rays), who have remained their parent club ever since. DBAP expanded its seating capacity due to the move. 1998 also saw the Bulls play their first game outside the United States when they played road games against the Ottawa Lynx (now the Lehigh Valley IronPigs), though it would be another year before they recorded their first win in Canada.",
"title": "Durham Bulls"
}
] |
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] |
2929
|
Was Nightmare Before Christmas clay animation?
|
[
{
"docid": "403227#0",
"text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy Halloween-Christmas film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "403227#26",
"text": "The film initially received positive reviews from critics; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 95%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, \"\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop-motion animation.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "403227#1",
"text": "\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation. With the success of \"Vincent\" in the same year, Burton began to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute television special to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project, and in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be \"too dark and scary for kids\".",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "403227#28",
"text": "Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" called it a restoration of \"originality and daring to the Halloween genre. This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. … It's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic.\" James Berardinelli stated \"\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" has something to offer just about everyone. For the kids, it's a fantasy celebrating two holidays. For the adults, it's an opportunity to experience some light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques. There are songs, laughs, and a little romance. In short, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" does what it intends to: entertain.\" Desson Thomson of \"The Washington Post\" enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde, German Expressionism, the Brothers Grimm and \"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari\".",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "18753729#0",
"text": "Nightmare Revisited is a cover album of songs and score from the 1993 Disney animated film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". It was released on September 30, 2008 by Walt Disney Records to commemorate the film's 15th anniversary of its theatrical release. In addition to the album's eighteen covers are two re-recordings by original composer Danny Elfman, of the \"Opening\" and \"Closing\" tracks. One song featured on the album, Marilyn Manson's \"This Is Halloween\", was previously released nearly two years earlier, on the 2006 reissue of the film's original soundtrack which, featuring five covers of songs from the film, acted as a precursor to \"Nightmare Revisited\". The album also features Korn — in their last collaboration before their hiatus — covering \"Kidnap the Sandy Claws\" which is also their first recording to feature Ray Luzier on drums. Enhanced content on the disc features the trailer of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", as well.",
"title": "Nightmare Revisited"
},
{
"docid": "13901659#0",
"text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman. It was released on October 12, 1993, by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Composed by Danny Elfman, the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score. The album peaked at #64 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's songs by Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Marilyn Manson, Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge. Four original demo tracks (six on the Best Buy exclusive) by Elfman were also included.",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)"
},
{
"docid": "403227#7",
"text": "As writer Tim Burton's upbringing in Burbank, California was associated with the feeling of solitude, the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood. \"Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween, […] it was great. It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that wasn't there before\", Burton would later recall. After completing his short film \"Vincent\" in 1982, Burton, who was then employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation, wrote a three-page poem titled \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", drawing inspiration from television specials of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" and the poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\". Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor, Vincent Price, but also considered other options such as a children's book. He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs, who also sculpted character models; Burton later showed his and Heinrichs' works-in-progress to Henry Selick, also a Disney animator at the time. After the success of \"Vincent\" in 1982, Disney started to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute holiday television special. However, the project's development eventually stalled, as its tone seemed \"too weird\" to the company. As Disney was unable to \"offer his nocturnal loners enough scope\", Burton was fired from the studio in 1984, and went on to direct the commercially successful films, \"Beetlejuice\" and \"Batman\".\nOver the years, Burton regularly thought about the project. In 1990, Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights. He and Selick committed to produce a full-length film with the latter as director. Burton's own success in live-action films piqued the interest of Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, who saw the film as an opportunity of continuing the studio's streak of recent success in feature animation. Disney was looking forward to \"Nightmare\" \"to show capabilities of technical and storytelling achievements that were present in \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\".\" Walt Disney Pictures president David Hoberman, believed the film would prove to be a creative achievement for Disney's image, elaborating \"we can think outside the envelope. We can do different and unusual things.\"",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "403227#31",
"text": "The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. \"Nightmare\" won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while Elfman won Best Music. Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work. Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score\". Most recently, the film ranked #1 on Rotten Tomatoes' \"Top 25 Best Christmas Movies\" list.",
"title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas"
},
{
"docid": "9318028#41",
"text": "Oddly enough, Jim Edwards actually contends that \"Tim Burton's animated movie \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" is really a movie about the marketing business. The movie's lead character, Jack Skellington, the chief marketing officer (CMO) for a successful company decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan. Some have wondered which real-life company failure the movie is based on: Sergio Zyman's New Coke or Merck's launch and subsequent withdrawal of Vioxx.\"",
"title": "List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters"
},
{
"docid": "31501#44",
"text": "In 2001, The Walt Disney Company began to consider producing a sequel to \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", but rather than using stop motion, Disney wanted to use computer animation. Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea. \"I was always very protective of \"Nightmare\" not to do sequels or things of that kind,\" Burton explained. \"You know, 'Jack visits Thanksgiving world' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it... Because it's a mass-market kind of thing, it was important to kind of keep that purity of it.\" Regardless, in 2009, Henry Selick stated that he could make a sequel to \"Nightmare\" if he and Burton could create a good story for it.",
"title": "Tim Burton"
}
] |
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] |
2930
|
When was the CD invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "6429#0",
"text": "Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.",
"title": "Compact disc"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1556788#5",
"text": "Around 1976, Philips and Sony showed prototypes of digital audio disc players, which were based on optical videodisc technology. In the interview by Tekla Perry for the IEEE Spectrum, May 2017, Immink explains that he got involved in the CD project at the end of 1979 when Sony and Philips had decided to jointly settle one design. Both Philips and Sony had shown prototype CD players to the press in 1978. The team at Philips, he says, \"needed someone to do measurements of the two competing systems, the quality, how they coped with scratches, how they coped with imperfections of the disc. My job with the LaserDisc was finished, so I said, 'Sure, I could do it.'\" Both Philips and Sony had come up with different rules for translating digital audio data to sequences of pits and lands. After a lot of experimentation, Immink improved the playing time by thirty percent by inventing a code that could better cope with the servo systems. The encoding system Immink devised came to be called Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM).",
"title": "Kees Schouhamer Immink"
},
{
"docid": "1980#54",
"text": "The CDTV, launched in 1991, was a CD-ROM based all-in-one multimedia system. It was an early attempt at a multi-purpose multimedia appliance in an era before multimedia consoles and CD-ROM drives were common. Unfortunately for Commodore, the system never achieved any real commercial success. Like the Commodore 64GS that was a video game console based on a computer, the CDTV was designed as a video game console and multimedia platform. It had existed before the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, but had influenced them. It competed with the Turbo-Grafx CD and Sega CD system add ons when it was being sold.",
"title": "Amiga"
},
{
"docid": "51003157#9",
"text": "After its official announcement on 17 March 2016, \"Invention of Knowledge\" was first released for CD and digital download on 24 June. Its release for CD in North America followed on 8 July 2016.",
"title": "Invention of Knowledge"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#19",
"text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "31106#3",
"text": "The trackball was invented as part of a post-World War II-era radar plotting system named Comprehensive Display System (CDS) by Ralph Benjamin when working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented a \"ball tracker\" system called the \"roller ball\" for this purpose in 1946. The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built and the device was kept as a military secret. Production versions of the CDS used joysticks.",
"title": "Trackball"
},
{
"docid": "26165493#16",
"text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.",
"title": "Documentary Organization of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "4835411#26",
"text": "As of the early 1970s, CDF systems used VHF \"high band\" (151 MHz repeater/159 MHz mobile) stand-alone repeaters on State of California communications sites. CDF was an early adopter of walkie-talkies (hand-held radios), but the radios did not perform to modern public safety system standards. The systems served their purpose, but were not originally engineered for hand-held coverage because of the enormous operating areas, the difficult terrain, and the lack of infrastructure to support a complex system. Sites had commercial power, but many lacked reliable telephone lines or microwave radio connectivity. In terms of geography, CDF served mostly rural areas and the radio repeater sites to cover these areas were located in remote wildland. Voting was in its infancy and, in CDF repeater systems, was unheard-of. Users understood this and used radios in clever ways. For example, if an engine arriving at a fire could not find a spot where they had a radio path to reach dispatch, they would call another engine that could communicate and ask the staff to relay their message. The unit might see if they could get through by switching to an alternate channel, such as State net, which had repeaters at different sites, and consequently, a different coverage area.",
"title": "California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection"
},
{
"docid": "2379855#2",
"text": "The station first signed on the air on December 14, 1952 as KROD-TV; it was the first television station to sign on in the El Paso market. The station was founded by Dorrance Roderick, owner of KROD radio (600 AM) and the \"El Paso Times\". The station's original studio facilities were located on Wyoming Avenue (off I-10) in El Paso. Early programs on the station included the children's shows \"Red Brown and Anna Lee\" and \"Bozo's Big Top\", and wrestling program \"Mitchell's Mat Time\". The station has been a CBS affiliate since its sign-on; however, it maintained secondary affiliations with ABC and the DuMont Television Network until 1956. It lost the ABC affiliation when KILT (then on channel 13, now KVIA-TV on channel 7) signed on in September and lost DuMont as a result of the network's decision to cease operations the previous month. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. Roderick sold the station to Trigg-Vaughn of Dallas, Texas in 1959.",
"title": "KDBC-TV"
},
{
"docid": "6429#13",
"text": "The CD was planned to be the successor of the vinyl record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention.\nIn June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.",
"title": "Compact disc"
}
] |
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] |
2932
|
Who led writing of the German Climate Action Plan 2050?
|
[
{
"docid": "51628478#0",
"text": "The German Climate Action Plan 2050 () is a climate protection policy document approved by the German government on 14November 2016. The plan outlines measures by which Germany can meet its various national greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals through to 2050 (see table) and service its international commitments under the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), under minister Barbara Hendricks, led the development of the plan. The plan was progressively watered down since a draft was first leaked in 2016. Projections from the environment ministry in September 2016 indicate that Germany will likely miss its 2020 climate target.",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51628478#27",
"text": "On 14November 2016, the cabinet officially adopted and released the new plan. It was overseen by a CDU/CSU/SPD grand coalition government, led by Angela Merkel. The timing allowed environment minister Barbara Hendricks to present the German plan at the COP22 climate talks held in Marrakesh, Morocco. Canada, Mexico, and the US also presented climate action plans.",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#21",
"text": "Environmental groups have become increasingly critical of the plan as each iteration led to a watering down of its climate protection provisions. The NGOs were particularly concerned about the lack of detail concerning a coal phase-out. On 24 September 2016, Greenpeace Germany issued a report critical of the watering down of the results of the consultation process.",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "52912845#23",
"text": "The German Climate Action Plan 2050 was approved by the German government on 14 November 2016. It is a climate protection policy document that outlines the measures that Germany will take to meet its national greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals by 2050, as well as service its international commitments under the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement. Projections from the ministry of environment in September 2016 indicate that Germany will likely miss its 2020 climate target.",
"title": "Air pollution in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#51",
"text": "Klaus Töpfer, founding director of the (IASS), said \"this plan is certainly not yet capable of securing the German contribution to the Paris Climate Agreement. This will require more work\".",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#11",
"text": "The notion of a climate action plan arose from the coalition agreement between the CDU, CSU, and SPD parties in 2013. The agreement stated:",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#5",
"text": "The Climate Action Programme2020 was approved on 3December 2014. The official document is available in English.",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#22",
"text": "In , the plan went to the Chancellery (') to coordinate the final version to be agreed by the German cabinet (').",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#53",
"text": "Ottmar Edenhofer, a German climate economist and director of the MCC, criticized the plan. He said economy and energy minister \"Sigmar Gabriel yielded to lobbyists and sadly put short-term interests before long-term interests\".",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
},
{
"docid": "51628478#1",
"text": "The Climate Action Plan2050 should not be confused with an earlier document, the Climate Action Programme2020 (\"), approved in December 2014 and which only covers the period until 2020. In early 2017 it was agreed that the 2020 Programme would be scrapped.",
"title": "German Climate Action Plan 2050"
}
] |
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] |
2933
|
Is the Colosseum a stadium?
|
[
{
"docid": "49603#22",
"text": "The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) survive.",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "49603#0",
"text": "The Colosseum or Coliseum ( ), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: \"Amphitheatrum Flavium\"; Italian: \"Anfiteatro Flavio\" or \"Colosseo\" ), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name \"(Flavius)\".",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "637441#0",
"text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American outdoor sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California (USC) Trojans football team of the Pac-12 Conference. It is also the temporary home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). The Coliseum was home to the Rams from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim. The Coliseum is serving as their home stadium again until the completion of Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood. The facility had a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference and the NFL. USC, which operates and manages the Coliseum, began a major renovation of the stadium in early 2018. During the renovation project the seating capacity will be 78,467. Once USC completes the renovation in 2019, the seating capacity will be 77,500.",
"title": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "431232#6",
"text": "Aside from the story mode, \"Colosseum\" also features several non-canonical battle modes. In the \"Quick Battle\" mode, the player can battle either CPU trainers or friends, using Pokémon obtained in the story mode or randomly assigned ones. Battles in this mode do not result in gain of experience points or money. In the single-player battle mode, the player competes at Colosseums—stadiums used throughout the game for Pokémon battles—and earns \"Poké Coupons\", another currency which can be used to buy rare items. In the \"Gang Battle\" mode, up to four players can compete in a tournament. The first can use Pokémon obtained in the story mode, or from the Game Boy Advance games. Players two through four, however, can only use Pokémon from the Game Boy Advance games.",
"title": "Pokémon Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "431232#14",
"text": "\"Pokémon Colosseum\" was developed by the Japanese game developer Genius Sonority, and published by Nintendo. Just as Nintendo 64 predecessors \"Pokémon Stadium\" and \"Pokémon Stadium 2\" had served as home console counterparts to the first- and second-generation handheld titles, \"Colosseum\" had a similar role for the third generation.",
"title": "Pokémon Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "49603#4",
"text": "The Colosseum's original Latin name was \"Amphitheatrum Flavium\", often anglicized as \"Flavian Amphitheatre\". The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, following the reign of Nero. This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name \"Amphitheatrum Caesareum\" (with \"Caesareum\" an adjective pertaining to the title \"Caesar\"), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "49603#47",
"text": "The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game \"\". The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire \"Assassin's Creed\" series as a whole: first, it was an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus, second, the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden, third, it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze, fourth, in the 21st century, Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 and fifth, it has a glyph at the top. In addition, the Colosseum is elliptical (oval-shaped) in reality, but it was made circular for \"Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood\", since devising shadows for different sides of the buildings would have \"driven game designers nuts\".",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "49603#41",
"text": "In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a \"quarry,\" which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites. This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century \"Mirabilia Urbis Romae\" (\"Marvels of the City of Rome\"), which claims the Circus Flaminius – but not the Colosseum – as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason.",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "4556502#0",
"text": "The Colosseum Kino in Oslo, Norway is the largest cinema in Northern Europe and the largest THX cinema in the world. It is distinguished by its large spherical dome.Colosseum has hosted several premiere parties and long-running movies, notably \"My Fair Lady\" and \"The Sound of Music\". In the 1966-1967 period, more than a half-million people (more than the total population of Oslo at that time) saw \"The Sound of Music\" in the Colosseum.",
"title": "Colosseum kino"
},
{
"docid": "49603#18",
"text": "Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), Elton John (September 2005), and Billy Joel (July 2006).",
"title": "Colosseum"
},
{
"docid": "49603#11",
"text": "Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70–72 AD (73–75 AD according to some sources) The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, Titus, in 80, and the inaugural games were held in AD 80 or 81. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the \"hypogeum\", a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.",
"title": "Colosseum"
}
] |
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] |
2934
|
Has there ever been a woman general?
|
[
{
"docid": "32496048#24",
"text": "No member of the two highest governing bodies, the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, has ever been black. There have been several black members of the Quorums of the Seventy; and, as of 2013, Brazilian Helvécio Martins (a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 1990 to 1995), Joseph W. Sitati (from Kenya) and Edward Dube (from Zimbabwe), both members of the First Quorum of the Seventy, have served as general authorities. Other black members have served as area seventies, particularly in the Third Quorum of the Seventy, which includes the church's Africa Southeast, Africa West, Europe, and Europe East areas. There has never been a black member of the general presidencies of the Relief Society, Young Women, Primary, Young Men, or Sunday School. The first African member of the Relief Society general board was chosen in 2003, and she shared her testimony at the general meeting of the Relief Society in September 2003. In February 2014, Dorah Mkhabela, a black South African, was made a member of the Young Women General Board. She became the first black woman to give a prayer at the Women's Meetings of General Conference in September 2014.",
"title": "Black Mormons"
},
{
"docid": "18099516#0",
"text": "Ann Elizabeth Dunwoody (born January 14, 1953) is a retired general of the United States Army. She is the first woman in U.S. military and uniformed service history to achieve a four-star officer rank, receiving her fourth star on November 14, 2008.",
"title": "Ann E. Dunwoody"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44412544#4",
"text": "Although different regions have held the office, no woman has ever been selected as Secretary-General. In December 2015, General Assembly President Mogens Lykketoft and Security Council President Samantha Power wrote a joint letter to all member states, encouraging them to nominate female candidates as well as men. Equality Now launched a campaign to elect a female Secretary-General with the title \"Time for a Woman: United Nations—it’s been over 70 years, elect a female Secretary-General\" Many female candidates were nominated in 2016, more than in any previous selection.",
"title": "2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection"
},
{
"docid": "36651262#7",
"text": "In 1997 Edwards was defeated for reappointment as Adjutant General, losing the legislature's election to Martha Rainville. (In Vermont, the Adjutant General is elected for a two-year term by a secret ballot of the Vermont General Assembly.) Rainville became the first woman to ever be appointed as a state Adjutant General. Edwards retired from the military upon Rainville assuming the Adjutant General's duties.",
"title": "Donald E. Edwards"
},
{
"docid": "43675673#1",
"text": "Born in 1958, Major General Lund has over 34 years of military service and is the first woman ever to serve as Force Commander in a United Nations peacekeeping operation.",
"title": "Kristin Lund (general)"
},
{
"docid": "11800900#8",
"text": "In the 2018 general elections, there was a wave of firsts elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 116th Congress. A record-breaking 103 women have been elected or re-elected into the United States House of Representatives, causing many to call it the \"Year of the Woman\". Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib became the first Muslim women ever elected to either house of Congress, with Tlaib the first Palestian-American woman elected to Congress and Omar the first Somali American of either gender to be elected. Also in this election, Angie Craig became the first lesbian mother to be elected to Congress. Sharice Davids became the first lesbian Native American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Deb Haaland became the first Native American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest woman to be elected into either house of Congress.",
"title": "Women in the United States House of Representatives"
},
{
"docid": "1882828#39",
"text": "Aṅgulimāla has also been the subject of literary works. In 2006, peace activist Satish Kumar retold the story of Aṅgulimāla in his short book \"The Buddha and the Terrorist\". The books deals with the Global War on Terror, reshaping and combining various accounts of Aṅgulimāla, who is described as a \"terrorist\". The book emphasizes the passage when the Buddha accepts Aṅgulimāla in the monastic order, effectively preventing King Pasenadi from punishing him. In Kumar's book, this action leads to backlash from an enraged public, who demand to imprison both Aṅgulimāla and the Buddha. Pasenadi organizes a public trial in the presence of villagers and the royal court, in which the assembly can decide what to do with the two accused. In the end, however, the assembly decides to release the two, when Aṅgulimāla admits to his crimes and Pasenadi gives a speech emphasizing forgiveness rather than punishment. This twist in the story sheds a different light on Aṅgulimāla, whose violent actions ultimately lead to the trial and a more non-violent and just society. Writing about Buddhist texts and Kumar's book, Thompson reflects that \"ahiṃsa\" in Buddhism may have different shades of meaning in different contexts, and often does not mean passively standing by, or \"non-violence\" as usually understood.",
"title": "Aṅgulimāla"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "12725374#2",
"text": "The 8 March marked the first time International Women’s Day (IWD) was celebrated in Baraki Barak District. 76 burqa clad women began arriving at the District Center as early as 08:30. General Khatol Mohammadzai was the keynote speaker at the ceremony and the only female General in the Afghan National Army (ANA). General Mohammadzai is also the only woman to be airborne qualified with more than 500 free and competition parachute jumps. General Mohammadzai spoke about the equality of men and women and expressed her hope that other women might follow in her footsteps and also fight for Afghanistan’s future by joining the ANA. The General is also an accomplished poet and has written poetry that proclaims the importance of women. General Mohammadzai’s poems condemn discrimination and harsh treatment of women. Other speakers included Sub-Governor Rahim Amin and a female member of the Afghan Parliament – Dr. Shakila Hashimi. Upon completion of the ceremony General Khatol Mohammadzai assisted in distributing humanitarian assistance to every woman attending the ceremony.",
"title": "Baraki Barak District"
},
{
"docid": "1742172#51",
"text": "At the 1912 Salon des Indépendants Albert Gleizes exhibited \"Les Baigneuses (The Bathers)\" (no. 1347) — Marcel Duchamp's \"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2\" was listed in the catalogue (n. 1001) but was withdrawn prior to the exhibition — Roger de La Fresnaye exhibited \"Artillerie\" (no. 1235) — Robert Delaunay showed his monumental \"Ville de Paris\" (no. 868) — Jean Metzinger exhibited \"La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse)\" and \"Le Port\" — Fernand Léger showed \"La Noce\" — Henri Le Fauconnier, \"Le Chasseur (The Huntsman)\" — and the newcomer Juan Gris exhibited his \"Portrait of Picasso\".",
"title": "Société des Artistes Indépendants"
}
] |
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] |
2936
|
Is Kula Shaker still together?
|
[
{
"docid": "599982#21",
"text": "Kula Shaker's reformation has its origins in sessions for a charity album made with the New Braj Village School (a private school in Badger, California, for young people which includes as part of the curriculum teachings about Krishna and devotional music). The album \"School of Braja\" was recorded in 2004 and finally saw release in late 2006. Crispian Mills, who masterminded the album, arranged not only that the Jeevas play on two tracks, but he also got in touch with his old bandmate, Alonza Bevan. The two worked on a song together for the album, \"Braj Mandala\", to which Paul Winterhart added drums. Jay Darlington was asked to be part of the sessions, but declined the opportunity. At the time of the recording, this was announced on the official Jeevas website as Kula Shaker having reformed to contribute a song to the album and was referred to by Mills as a Kula Shaker reunion in subsequent interviews. Additionally, the \"School of Braja\" album credits officially state that Kula Shaker appear on the track \"Braj Mandala\". The sessions for the track went so well that Mills and Bevan began writing together again and making plans for a full-on Kula Shaker comeback that would encompass live touring and the further release of new material. A new band website was also commissioned.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "5670560#1",
"text": "In between Kula Shaker splitting in 1999 and reforming in 2006, Winterhart played drums for , did sessions work with Aqualung and formed blues-rock band \"Zero Point Field\", who prior to Kula Shaker reforming were working on their debut album. After Kula Shaker released \"Pilgrim's Progress\", Winterhart also played in the Somerset Psychedelic rock band \"Goldray\" with Reef guitarist Kenwyn House and London-based alternative rock band \"Black Casino & The Ghost\".",
"title": "Paul Winterhart"
},
{
"docid": "599982#1",
"text": "The band are known for their interest in traditional Indian music, culture, and mysticism, with a number of their most famous songs, including \"Tattva\" and \"Govinda\", featuring lyrics written in Sanskrit. The name Kula Shaker was itself inspired by King Kulasekhara, an Indian emperor from the 8th century. In addition, many of the band's songs feature traditional Indian instruments, such as the sitar, tamboura, and tabla, juxtaposed with guitar-heavy, Western rock instrumentation. Despite achieving commercial success, Kula Shaker were unpopular with many critics, with \"The Observer\"'s Simon Price describing them in 2014 as a \"joke band\".",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "1526322#0",
"text": "Crispian Mills (born 18 January 1973 as Crispian John David Boulting; spiritual name Krishna Kanta Das) is an English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and film director. Active since 1988, Mills is best known as the frontman of the psychedelic indie rock band Kula Shaker. Following the band's break-up in 1999, he remained with Columbia Records (a subsidiary of Sony BMG), and toured with a set of session musicians (including a support slot for Robbie Williams) under the name Pi, although no official studio recordings were released in full. After the label rejected the Pi album, Mills disappeared for a short time, returning in 2002 as frontman and lead guitarist for back-to-basics rock outfit The Jeevas, who disbanded in 2005 to make way for a reformed Kula Shaker, who released their third album \"Strangefolk\" in 2007. 2010 he released the album Pilgrims Progress with Kula Shaker. In 2017 the band celebrated the 20th anniversary of their album K with the release of the new record K 2.0. Mills joined the band for a sold-out UK tour to celebrate the anniversary.",
"title": "Crispian Mills"
},
{
"docid": "599982#2",
"text": "Kula Shaker disbanded in September 1999 but reformed in 2004 for sessions for the \"School of Braja\" compilation album. This led to plans for a full comeback, although the reformation was not widely publicised until the beginning of 2006. The band's third album, \"Strangefolk\", was issued in 2007 and their fourth, \"Pilgrims Progress\", was released in 2010. The band returned with a mostly sold out European tour and new album \"K 2.0\" in 2016 which was well-received both by the media and the fans.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "599982#35",
"text": "On 2 July 2008 the band announced they were back in the studio working on their fourth studio album with working title \"Pilgrims Progress\". However soon after the band became locked in a legal dispute with their label which resulted in most of the work for the next album being frozen. As of May 2009, work on the new album had recommenced.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "599982#22",
"text": "Their first gig back together (as a 3-piece) took place at the Wheatsheaf, Leighton Buzzard, England, on 21 December 2005. This was a 'secret' gig and not promoted beforehand; however, blackboards outside the pub announced \"Kula Shaker tonight\" on the night of the show. As a joke about the nature of secret gigs, Mills told the assembled crowd that the band was called The Garcons whilst wearing a \"big hair\" grey wig. All sources both official and unofficial have subsequently referred to this gig as a Kula Shaker show.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "16036198#0",
"text": "The following is a comprehensive discography of Kula Shaker, an English psychedelic rock band formed in 1995. Kula Shaker has released four major studio albums, as well as numerous singles with extensive b-sides, music videos, and EPs. The band has also contributed to film soundtracks and TV advertisements.\"-\" denotes releases that did not chart.",
"title": "Kula Shaker discography"
},
{
"docid": "599982#3",
"text": "The origin of Kula Shaker can be traced back to 1988 when Crispian Mills (grandson of Sir John Mills and son of actress Hayley Mills and film director Roy Boulting) met Alonza Bevan at Richmond upon Thames College in South-West London. The two went on to play together in a band named Objects of Desire, formed later that year. The band's initial line-up consisted of Mills on lead guitar, Bevan on bass, Marcus French (aka Frog) on drums, Leigh Morris on rhythm guitar, and Marcus Maclaine (then Hayley Mills' boyfriend) on lead vocals. In 1991, Paul Winterhart joined the band, replacing French on drums. During this period, Crispian and Alonza were also responsible for running the Mantra Shack, a psychedelic nightclub at the back of Richmond ice rink, and consequently, the Objects of Desire would often perform at the venue.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "599982#14",
"text": "In September of that year, the band announced their split. \"I have loved my time with Kula Shaker and have experienced more than I could ever have imagined\", Mills commented. \"We've had an excellent time and been a very tight band, but there comes a time when you want to do your own thing.\"",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
},
{
"docid": "599982#0",
"text": "Kula Shaker are an English psychedelic rock band. Led by frontman Crispian Mills, the band came to prominence during the Post-Britpop era of the late 1990s. The band enjoyed commercial success in the UK between 1996 and 1999, notching up a number of Top 10 hits on the UK Singles Chart, including \"Tattva\", \"Hey Dude\", \"Govinda\", \"Hush\", and \"Sound of Drums\". The band's debut album, \"K\", reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart.",
"title": "Kula Shaker"
}
] |
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] |
2937
|
What is a Wendigo?
|
[
{
"docid": "2092144#0",
"text": "Wendigo (occasionally: Wen-Di-Go) is a fictional monster appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Marvel character is based on the Wendigo legend of the Algonquian peoples. The monster first appeared in \"The Incredible Hulk\" #162 (April 1973), created by writer Steve Englehart and artist Herb Trimpe, fighting the Incredible Hulk in the Wendigo's first comic book appearance.",
"title": "Wendigo (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "451642#0",
"text": "In Algonquian folklore, the wendigo () or windigo is a mythical man-eating monster or evil spirit native to the northern forests of the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes Region of the United States and Canada. The wendigo may appear as a monster with some characteristics of a human or as a spirit who has possessed a human being and made them become monstrous. It is historically associated with murder, insatiable greed, and the cultural taboos against such behaviours.",
"title": "Wendigo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2092144#25",
"text": "Aside from its vast strength, the tissues of the Wendigo's body are considerably stronger than those of a human being, providing it with superhuman durability. A Wendigo's body can resist high caliber machine gun rounds without sustaining injury. If a Wendigo is injured, it can recover from the physical trauma with tremendous speed and efficiency, giving rise to the quote \"strike him down and he shall only rise again\". The dense fur covering the Wendigo's body grants it immunity to the harsh conditions of the extreme cold weather common in the areas in which the Wendigo has appeared. The Wendigo can be rendered unconscious by sufficient force, such as severe physical injury and trauma, but it has even been able to regenerate from being completely disemboweled. It has even survived its heart being ripped from its chest. However, consumption of a removed heart will confer all powers and even the form of the Wendigo on whoever consumes it. It is not known what effect psionic attacks would have on or against a Wendigo.",
"title": "Wendigo (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2092144#1",
"text": "The Wendigo is not one specific person, but instead is the manifestation of a curse that can strike anyone who commits an act of cannibalism in the Canadian north woods. Originally only one person can become the Wendigo at the time, which has led to one Wendigo being cured if another person was struck with the curse. In later years it has been revealed that a pack of Wendigos lived in the Bering Strait. At one point the Wendigo curse infected the Hulk, turning him into Wendihulk, although he was later cured.",
"title": "Wendigo (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "451642#16",
"text": "As a concept, wendigo can apply to other situations than just Native American-European relations. It can serve as a metaphor explaining any pattern of domination by which groups subjugate and dominate or violently destroy and displace. Joe Lockhard, English professor at Arizona State University, argues that wendigos are agents of \"social cannibalism\" who know \"no provincial or national borders; all human cultures have been visited by shape shifting wendigos. Their visitations speak to the inseparability of human experience . . . National identity is irrelevant to this borderless horror\". Lockhard's ideas explain that wendigos are an expression of a dark aspect of human nature: the drive toward greed, consumption, and disregard for other life in the pursuit of self-aggrandizement.",
"title": "Wendigo"
},
{
"docid": "7127336#9",
"text": "Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half out of four stars. In his review, Ebert wrote, \"\"Wendigo\" is a good movie with an ending that doesn't work. While it was not working I felt a keen disappointment, because the rest of the movie works so well\".\nDave Kehr from New York Times gave the film a positive review stating, \"As in his previous films, Mr. Fessenden carefully blurs the line between psychology and the supernatural, suggesting that each is strongly implicated in the other. The rampaging Wendigo may be a manifestation of Miles's incipient Oedipal rage, but at the same time it is a force embedded in nature and history. Such abstract notions may put off fans of the genre in its most elemental, slice- and-dice form. But for those in search of something different, \"Wendigo\" is a genuinely bone-chilling tale\".\nFelix Vasquez Jr. from \"Cinema Crazed.com\" gave the film a positive review praising the film's ending and suspense.\nAllMovie called the film \"effectively creepy\" and \"surprisingly unsettling\", \"despite its inherent cheesiness\".",
"title": "Wendigo (film)"
},
{
"docid": "2092144#32",
"text": "The Wendigo makes another appearance in the MC2 imprint of Marvel Comics, an alternate future featuring, among others, the children of existing Marvel superheroes. In an issue of \"Wild Thing\", Hulk, Doctor Strange, Wolverine, and Wolverine's daughter Wild Thing encounter a large number of Wendigos, which turn out to be a lost cub scout troop that had eaten its scoutmaster. Doctor Strange is able to remove the curse from the children and remove their memory of the events.A pack of Wendigos appear in \"Iron Man and Hulk: Heroes United\", watching Hulk and Abomination fight. Wendigos later battle Hulk and Iron Man in a cemetery but the Wendigos are warded off by the two Avengers.",
"title": "Wendigo (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "451642#15",
"text": "In addition to characterizing individual people who exhibit destructive tendencies, the wendigo can also describe movements and events with similarly negative effects. According to professor Chris Schedler, the figure of the wendigo represents \"consuming forms of exclusion and assimilation\" through which groups dominate other groups.\" This application allows Native Americans to describe colonialism and its agents as wendigos, since the process of colonialism ejected natives from their land and threw the natural world out of balance. DeSanti points to the 1999 horror film \"Ravenous\" as an illustration of this argument equating \"the cannibal monster\" to \"American colonialism and manifest destiny\". This movie features a character who articulates that expansion brings displacement and destruction as side effects, explaining that \"manifest destiny\" and \"western expansion\" will bring \"thousands of gold-hungry Americans . . . over the mountains in search of new lives . . . This country is seeking to be whole . . . Stretching out its arms . . . and consuming all it can. And we merely follow\". For a more detailed exploration linking wendigo attributes to colonialism, see Jack D. Forbes's 1978 book \"Columbus and Other Cannibals\", which was an influential text in the American Indian Movement.",
"title": "Wendigo"
},
{
"docid": "451642#18",
"text": "The Wendigo appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Steve Englehart and artist Herb Trimpe, the monster is the result of a curse that afflicts those who commit acts of cannibalism in parts of Canada. The Wendigo first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #162 (April 1973) fighting the Incredible Hulk as well as Wolverine in his first comic book appearance.",
"title": "Wendigo"
},
{
"docid": "2092144#2",
"text": "While normally depicted as a savage beast with no control, Wendigos have appeared as part of various villainous groups, showing some restraint when not fighting. The Wendigo character has also appeared in several Marvel cartoon series.",
"title": "Wendigo (comics)"
}
] |
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] |
2938
|
Who was the first leader of North Korea?
|
[
{
"docid": "5962511#0",
"text": "Kim Jong-un (officially transcribed Kim Jong Un; ; ; born 8 January 1984) is a North Korean politician serving as Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and Leader of the Workers' Party of Korea since 2012. Kim is the second child of Kim Jong-il (1941–2011) and Ko Yong-hui (1952–2004). The grandson of Kim Il-sung, the first leader of North Korea from 1948 to 1994, he is the first North Korean leader to have been born after the country's founding.",
"title": "Kim Jong-un"
},
{
"docid": "21255#31",
"text": "Kim Jong-un of the Kim dynasty is the current Supreme Leader or \"Suryeong\" of North Korea. He heads all major governing structures: he is Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea, and Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. His grandfather Kim Il-sung, the founder and leader of North Korea until his death in 1994, is the country's \"Eternal President\", while his father Kim Jong-il who succeeded Kim Il-sung as leader was announced \"Eternal General Secretary\" after his death in 2011.",
"title": "North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "21255#7",
"text": "Japan tried to suppress Korean traditions and culture and ran the economy primarily for its own benefit. Korean resistance groups known as Dongnipgun (Liberation Army) operated along the Sino-Korean border, fighting guerrilla warfare against Japanese forces. Some of them took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia. One of the guerrilla leaders was the communist Kim Il-sung, who later became the first leader of North Korea.",
"title": "North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "17130873#21",
"text": "The Kim dynasty began with Kim Il-sung, the first leader of the WPK and North Korea. The official ideology is that the North Korean system functions \"well\" because it was established by Kim Il-sung, whose successors follow his bloodline. Every child is educated in \"the revolutionary history of the Great Leader\" and \"the revolutionary history of the Dear Leader\" (Kim Jong-il). Kim Il-sung's first choice as successor was Kim Yong-ju, his brother, but he later decided to appoint his son Kim Jong-il instead; this decision was formalized at the 6th Congress. Kim Jong-il appointed his youngest son, Kim Jong-un, as his successor at the 3rd WPK Conference in 2010, and his son succeeded him in early 2011. Because of the familial succession and the appointment of family members to high office, the Kim family has been called a dynasty and a royal family. Suh Dae-sook, the author of \"Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader\", notes that \"What he [Kim Il-sung] has built in the North however, resembles more a political system to accommodate his personal rule than a communist or socialist state in Korea. It is not the political system he built that will survive him; it is his son [Kim Jong-il], whom he has designated heir, who will succeed his reign.\" The ruling Kim family in North Korea (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un) has been described as a \"de facto\" absolute monarchy or \"hereditary dictatorship\". In 2013, Clause 2 of Article 10 of the new edited Ten Fundamental Principles of the Workers' Party of Korea states that the party and revolution must be carried \"eternally\" by the \"Baekdu( Kim's) bloodline\".",
"title": "Workers' Party of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "8286781#12",
"text": "Kim Il-sung, later to become leader of North Korea, was a high-rank officer in this army, and attained a distinction that he invaded China-Korea border and attacked Japanese police station in Bochonbo 1939. It was widely reported by Korean presses such as Donga Ilbo and he became famous in Korea as the most prominent leader of the anti-Japanese movement. After the war, some of the Korean nationals in this army became the first generation of the leaders of North Korea. Besides Kim Il-sung, An Gil, Kim Chaek, Choe Yong-gon and Kang Kon were also Korean high-rank officers of NAJUA, later assumed high positions in North Korea.",
"title": "Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army"
},
{
"docid": "25084215#1",
"text": "At the end of World War II, Soviet Union occupied the northern half of Korea and in 1946 established the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea chaired by Kim Il-sung. On 9 September 1948, the DPRK was proclaimed, also led by Kim Il-sung.",
"title": "List of leaders of North Korea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "56796541#9",
"text": "North Korea's supreme leader Kim was in Beijing on March 25–28, 2018, arriving by special train for talks with China's paramount leader Xi Jinping, Kim's first known out-of-country excursion since taking power six years previously. China stated that North Korea was \"committed to denuclearization\" and willing to hold a summit with the United States. It was organized by the invitation of Xi. During the meeting between two leaders, Kim officially invited Xi to the North Korean capital Pyongyang when it was convenient in his schedule, and Xi accepted the invitation.\nXi urged Kim to strengthen the strategic and diplomatic future partnership between China and North Korea. Kim stressed to Xi that North Korea and China are communist countries and that there are many ways to cooperate in various aspects in the future. Kim and Xi met again on May 7, 2018, in the city of Dalian, China.",
"title": "2018 North Korea–United States summit"
},
{
"docid": "21255#26",
"text": "In 2018, a détente developed. On 27 April, a 2018 inter-Korean summit took place between President Moon Jae-in of South Korea and Kim on the South Korean side of the Joint Security Area. It was the first time since the Korean War that a North Korean leader had entered South Korean territory. On 12 June 2018, the first meeting between North Korea's leader, Kim Jong-Un, and US President, Donald Trump, occurred in Singapore. In September, at a summit with Moon in Pyongyang, Kim agreed to dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons facilities if the United States took reciprocal action.",
"title": "North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "56796541#0",
"text": "The 2018 North Korea–United States summit was a 12 June 2018 summit meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un, held at the Capella Hotel, Sentosa, Singapore. This was the first-ever meeting between leaders of the United States and North Korea. They signed a joint statement, agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new peaceful relations, the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, recovery of soldiers' remains, and follow-up negotiations between high-level officials. Both leaders also met separately with Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.",
"title": "2018 North Korea–United States summit"
},
{
"docid": "5882788#38",
"text": "On 27 April, a summit took place between Moon and Kim in the South Korean zone of the Joint Security Area. It was the first time since the Korean War that a North Korean leader had entered South Korean territory. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korea's President Moon Jae-in met at the line that divides Korea. The summit ended with both countries pledging to work towards complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. They also vowed to declare an official end to the Korean War within a year. As part of the Panmunjom Declaration which was signed by leaders of both countries, both sides also called for the end of longstanding military activities in the region of the Korean border and a reunification of Korea. Also, the leaders agreed to work together to connect and modernise their railways.",
"title": "North Korea–South Korea relations"
},
{
"docid": "50402943#5",
"text": "Swedish prime minister Göran Persson visited North Korea, as the first Western leader in history, in 2001 to head a European Union delegation for talks with then-leader Kim Jong-il.",
"title": "North Korea–Sweden relations"
}
] |
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] |
2939
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Is Croatian slavic?
|
[
{
"docid": "2634825#16",
"text": "It is considered that the Czech-Polish Croatian tribes were related to the Croatian tribes from Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia in Ukraine. They became separated during the migration period and seemingly formed one large Proto-Slavic tribe. It is theorized that the migration of those (White) Croatian tribes in the 7th century was the second and final Slavic migratory wave to the Balkans, which is related to the thesis by Bogo Grafenauer about the double migration of Slavs. According to this thesis, although it is possible that some Croatian tribes were present among Slavs in the first Slavic-Avar wave in the 6th century, it is argued that the Croatian migration in the second wave probably was not equally numerous to make a significant common-linguistical influence, while others considered they arrived in a significantly larger number. Zdenko Vinski and argued that the double migration thesis is supported by the rare findings of objects and ceramics of Prague-Korchak culture on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia which were dated to the end of 6th and beginning of the 7th century (indicating first wave Slavs), and did not make a continuity with Slavic archaeological findings from the 8th-9th century, indicating assimilation. The Croatian tribes are also seen as a warrior group who assimilated into already present Slavs. In the territory of present-day Croatia they also gradually assimilated with the Pre-Slavic population because archaeology indicates a significant continuity of late antiquity population which have partially withdrawn to the mountains, coastal cities and islands.",
"title": "White Croats"
},
{
"docid": "29440#21",
"text": "Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian.",
"title": "Slavs"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "330281#1",
"text": "Croatian literature across the centuries is argued to demonstrate a tendency to cherish Slavic words and word coinage, and to expel \"foreign\" borrowings. Croatian philologist Zlatko Vince articulates this tendency as follows:\nCroatian literature even in the old ages tends to stay away from barbarisms and foreign words, a certain conscious care in the works of literature is felt when it comes to language selection. In the course of centuries hence the tendency is formed for literary language to be as much as pure and selective as possible. One thing is the colloquial language, often ridden with foreign words, and entirely different thing is the language of literary works in which tendency for language purity arises. The way and the extent to which that need could be satisfied is different in various periods, but the tendency for as pure and selective language can be noted even in Old Dubrovnik writers, and in Vitezović. All the way to pre-Illyrian and Illyrian efforts and by the end of the XIX. century, when the osmotic influence of traditional Croatian literary heritage does not cease to stop...That care of language purity which characterizes Croatian literary expression even in the XIX. century, remains immanent in later periods...Literary language of the Croats is in fact organic continuation of older state of affairs in Croatian literature.\nIn a session regarding the issue of the usage for foreign words in Croatian language, as well on the problems of ongoing projects of coining Slavic replacements for established technical terms by combined efforts of linguists and specialists, the now defunct institution for the standardization of Croatian language—the Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm—has presented the historical overview of the issue as follows:\nThe attitude towards foreign words in Croatian literary language is multi-dimensional in many respects. The origin of Croatian language culture, when writing in Slavic, is determined by the tradition of Church Slavonic literature. Originating from copies of Ancient Greek liturgical texts, it places a distinct emphasis to Slavic expressive devices, and only exceptionally non-Slavic words are being borrowed. That tendency has been continued in Croatian language culture to this day. The usage of Croatian words, if necessary even in a modified meaning, or Croatian coinages, if they're considered to be successful, represents higher merit then mere mechanical borrowing of foreign expressive devices. That way the Croatian word is more solemn and formal (\"glazba\", \"mirovina\", \"redarstvenik\"), and the loanword is more relaxing and less demanding (\"muzika\", \"penzija\", \"policajac\"). This dimension of purism is incorporated into the very foundations of Croatian language sensitivity.\nThe Illyrian movement and its successor, the Zagreb Philological School, have been particularly successful in creating the corpus of Croatian terminology that covered virtually all areas of modern civilization. This was especially visible in two fundamental works: Ivan Mažuranić's and Josip Užarević's: \"German-Croatian dictionary\" from 1842 and Bogoslav Šulek's \"German-Croatian-Italian dictionary of scientific terminology\", 1875. These works, particularly Šulek's, systematized (i.e. collected from older dictionaries), invented and coined Croatian terminology for the 19th century jurisprudence, military schools, exact and social sciences, as well as numerous other fields (technology and commodities of urban civilization).",
"title": "Croatian linguistic purism"
},
{
"docid": "27730#3",
"text": "Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.",
"title": "Serbo-Croatian"
},
{
"docid": "2843455#22",
"text": "East:\nThe Serbo-Croatian varieties have strong structural unity, and are regarded by most linguists as constituting one language. Today, language secessionism has led to several standards: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, although the latter has historically and traditionally been called Serbian and is still undergoing standardization. Bosnian was officially established in 1996. These Serbo-Croatian standards are all based on the Shtokavian dialect group. Other dialect groups, which have lower intelligibility with Shtokavian, are Chakavian in Dalmatia and Kajkavian in Croatia proper. The dominance of Shtokavian in the Western Balkans is due to historical westward migration during the Ottoman period. Slovene is grouped into South Slavic, but has many features shared with West Slavic languages. The Prekmurje Slovene and Kajkavian are especially close, and there is no clear delineation between them. In southeastern Serbia, dialects enter a transitional zone with Bulgarian and Macedonian, with features of both groups, and is commonly called Torlakian.",
"title": "South Slavs"
},
{
"docid": "2634825#18",
"text": "Croatian tribes were like other Slavs polytheists - pagans. Their worldview intertwined with worship of power and war, to which raised places of worship, and demolished those of others. These worships were in contrast to Christianity, and conflict when Christianism became official ideology among the Slavs. The White Croats at the earliest historical sources are mentioned as pagans, and they were similar to the inhabitants of Kievan Rus' who also received Christianity late (988). Slavs often related places of worship with the natural environment, like hills, forests, and water. Some argue that Przemyśl was their as well as Slavic bishops capital in the 9th-century because there were uncovered foundations of a round chapel and palace made of cut stone. According to Nestor, Vladimir the Great in 980 raised on a hill near his fort pantheon of Slavic gods; Perun, Hors, Dažbog, Stribog, Simargl, and Mokosh, but as he converted to Christianity in 988 one of the probable reasons Vladimir attacked Croats in 992 was because they didn't want to abandon their old beliefs and accept Christianity. Some scholars derived Croatian ethnonym from the Iranian word for Sun - \"hvar\". Paščenko argued possibility that in the ethnonym of the Croats could be seen archaic religion and mythology - the worship of the Slavic solar deity Hors (Sun, heavenly fire, force, war), which is of Iranian origin.",
"title": "White Croats"
},
{
"docid": "26276394#6",
"text": "The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan-South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardize the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite.",
"title": "Croatian language"
},
{
"docid": "6031553#8",
"text": "In 1585, traveler and writer Marco A. Pigaffetta, in his \"Itinerario\" published in London, states: \"In Constantinople it is customary to speak Croatian, a language which is understood by almost all official Turks, especially military men.\" Crucially though, the \"lingua franca\" at the time among Slavic elites in the Ottoman Empire was still Old Church Slavonic. For Italians traveling through to Istanbul, the language of the Slavic Croats was often the only exposure they had to any of the Slavic languages; indeed, Bulgarian and Macedonian dialects were far more common in Istanbul than Croatian.",
"title": "Islam in Croatia"
},
{
"docid": "41199629#7",
"text": "In 1585, a traveler and writer Marco A. Pigaffetta, in his \"Itinerario\" published in London, states: \"In Constantinople it is customary to speak Croatian, a language which is understood by almost all official Turks, especially military men.\" Crucially though, the lingua franca at the time among Slavic elites in the Ottoman Empire was still Old Church Slavonic. For Italians traveling through to Istanbul, the language of the Slavic Croats was often the only exposure they had to any of the Slavic languages; indeed, Bulgarian and Macedonian dialects were far more common in Istanbul than Croatian.",
"title": "Croat Muslims"
},
{
"docid": "7407819#5",
"text": "The Slavic, also known as Pan-Slavic and Autochthonous-Slavic theory, dates back to the Croatian Renaissance, when was supported by Vinko Pribojević and Juraj Šižgorić. There's no doubt that Croatian language belongs to the Slavic languages, but they considered that Slavs were autochthonous in Illyricum and their ancestors were old Illyrians. It developed among the Dalmatian humanists, and was also considered by early modern writers, like Matija Petar Katančić, Mavro Orbini and Pavao Ritter Vitezović. This cultural and romanticist idea was especially promoted by the national Illyrian Movement and their leader Ljudevit Gaj in the 19th century.",
"title": "Origin hypotheses of the Croats"
},
{
"docid": "26103030#0",
"text": "Croatian dance traditionally refers to a series of folk-dances, the most common being the kolo (\"circle [dance]\"). Croatian dance varies by region, and can be found throughout the various regions of Austria, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Kosovo, Hungary, and Romania. The traditional kolo is a circle dance, where dancers follow each other around the circle, is relatively simple in form and widespread throughout other Slavic countries. Due to emigration, Croatian folk dance groups are prevalent throughout the diaspora, most notably the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany.",
"title": "Croatian dances"
}
] |
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2940
|
When did Suleiman I reign as sultan?
|
[
{
"docid": "26992#0",
"text": "Suleiman I ( '; or '; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman (; \"The Lawgiver Suleiman\") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 15 to 25 million people.",
"title": "Suleiman the Magnificent"
},
{
"docid": "51603867#36",
"text": "Sultan Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566) was the longest-reigning sultan in Ottoman history, but the last years of his reign were characterized by uncertainty over who would be his successor. Suleiman had three sons who could hope to succeed, Mustafa, Bayezid, and Selim. While the latter two were the children of Suleiman's wife Hurrem Sultan, the first was the son of an earlier concubine. Mustafa may have felt that his half-brothers possessed an unfair advantage over him, and thus worked to secure the favor of the military. Perhaps suspecting that Mustafa planned to dethrone him just as his own father had done to his grandfather, Suleiman acted first and in 1553 ordered that Mustafa be executed. The death of Hurrem Sultan in 1558 triggered open conflict between the two remaining candidates, and Selim ultimately emerged victorious. Suleiman further strengthened his son's position by arranging a marriage between Selim's daughter and the influential Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Grand Vizier 1565–1579). Suleiman died in 1566, while besieging the fortress of Szigetvar in Hungary, bringing Selim to the throne.",
"title": "Transformation of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "26888898#46",
"text": "Suleiman I (1494 – 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death. He was the son of Selim I. Suleiman I was considered one of the Empire's greatest rulers, and was known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent, as his reign engineered the Golden Age of Constantinople. He was also known by his fellow Turks as Kanuni or the Law Giver. Suleiman became embroiled in the struggle between the Templars and Assassins during 1511. After a failed kidnap attempt by Byzantine Templars working for Manuel Palaiologos, Suleiman befriended the Italian Assassin and Mentor, Ezio Auditore, who encouraged Suleiman's progressive attitude for peace in the Ottoman Empire.",
"title": "List of Assassin's Creed characters"
},
{
"docid": "22534419#9",
"text": "Suleiman I ( \"Süleymān\", ; almost always \"Kanuni Sultan Süleyman\") (6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566), was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary. In 1541 he annexed central Hungary while Transylvania became an Ottoman vassal. However rest of the Kingdom of Hungary including western and northern (Upper) Hungary and Croatia still were Habsburgs possessions. Suleiman also conquered Iraq in his conflict with the Safavid dynasty. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.",
"title": "Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "25430842#0",
"text": "The imperial campaigns (, \"sefer-i humāyūn\") of Suleiman the Magnificent were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is known in the Western world as \"Suleiman the Magnificent\", and in the East as \"the Lawgiver\" (), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. During his reign from 1520 to his death in 1566, the Ottoman Empire became the most powerful state in the world. At its height, the Empire stretched from Hungary to Yemen.",
"title": "List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53021034#11",
"text": "On the 22nd of September 1520, Sultan Selim I's eight year reign came to an end. Selim passed away and was brought to Istanbul so he could be buried in Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque which was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent in loving memory of his father. Sultan Selim I who died at the age of 50 conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting the lands in Europe, he gave priority to the East as he believed the real danger came from there.",
"title": "Selim I"
},
{
"docid": "59784091#4",
"text": "Under Suleiman I's successor, Sultan Husayn (1694–1722), Iranian policy in relation to regaining Iraq did not change. According to Professor Rudi Matthee \"this is hardly surprising\", given that the Safavid army was weak at the time and the Shah himself was famous for his unassertive stance. Matthee does add that there is \"great irony in it\" given the \"religious zeal\" associated with Sultan Husayn. Unlike most of his predecessors, Sultan Husayn was a Safavid ruler who actively encouraged pilgrimages to the Shi'ite holy shrines in Iraq; Matthee thus adds that \"during his reign Persian pilgrims visited the holy sites in unprecedented numbers\". Sultan Husayn was also willing to spend resources of the Safavid state for the upkeep of the shrines in Iraq.",
"title": "Safavid occupation of Basra (1697–1701)"
},
{
"docid": "47604235#4",
"text": "Suleiman-Shah succeeded Sultan Muhammad after his death in January 1159 and received from Bagdad the title \"sultan Moizzu ud- Din Suleiman-Shah-Burhan emir al-Mouminin\". But in September 1160 he was deposed after reigning for eight months. He was held as a captive by Qutb ad-Din Mawdud until 1160 and was murdered in April 1161. He was buried in Hamadhan.",
"title": "Suleiman-Shah"
},
{
"docid": "26992#30",
"text": "Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet, writing in Persian and Turkish under the takhallus (nom de plume) \"Muhibbi\" (, \"Lover\"). Some of Suleiman's verses have become Turkish proverbs, such as the well-known \"Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story\". When his young son Mehmed died in 1543, he composed a moving chronogram to commemorate the year: \"Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed\". In addition to Suleiman's own work, many great talents enlivened the literary world during Suleiman's rule, including Fuzûlî and Bâkî. The literary historian Elias John Wilkinson Gibb observed that \"at no time, even in Turkey, was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan\". Suleiman's most famous verse is:The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate,\nBut in this world a spell of health is the best state.\nWhat men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war;\nWorship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estates.Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire. The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and various charitable and social establishments. The greatest of these were built by the Sultan's chief architect, Mimar Sinan, under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith. Sinan became responsible for over three hundred monuments throughout the empire, including his two masterpieces, the Süleymaniye and Selimiye mosques—the latter built in Adrianople (now Edirne) in the reign of Suleiman's son Selim II. Suleiman also restored the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Walls of Jerusalem (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem), renovated the Kaaba in Mecca, and constructed a complex in Damascus.",
"title": "Suleiman the Magnificent"
},
{
"docid": "216816#8",
"text": "During the reigns of Suleiman and Selim II, the \"Haseki Sultan\" (Ottoman Turkish: حسکي سلطان) or chief consort rose to greater prominence. Gaining power within the Imperial Harem, the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons. This led to a short period of effective primogeniture. However, unlike the earlier period, when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle, these sultans had the problem of many half-brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions. Thus, to prevent attempts at seizing the throne, reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession, starting with Murat I in 1362. Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half-brothers murdered. The killing of all the new sultan's brothers and half-brothers (which were usually quite numerous) was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord. As the centuries passed, the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the \"Golden Cage\" or \"kafes\", a room in the harem from where the sultan's brothers could never escape, unless perchance they became heir presumptive. Some had already become mentally unstable by the time they were asked to reign.",
"title": "Ottoman dynasty"
}
] |
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] |
2941
|
Was Alita made into a movie?
|
[
{
"docid": "15622#39",
"text": "In June 2005, Cameron was announced to be working on a project tentatively titled \"Project 880\" (now known to be \"Avatar\") in parallel with another project, \"\" (an adaptation of the manga series Battle Angel Alita). Both movies were to be shot in 3D. By December, Cameron stated that he wanted to film \"Battle Angel\" first, followed by \"Avatar\". However, in February 2006, he switched goals for the two film projects and decided to film \"Avatar\" first. He mentioned that if both films were successful, he would be interested in seeing a trilogy being made for both. \"Alita: Battle Angel\" eventually began production in 2016 with Cameron writing and producing and Robert Rodriguez directing.",
"title": "James Cameron"
},
{
"docid": "48226417#0",
"text": "Alita: Battle Angel is an upcoming American cyberpunk action film based on Yukito Kishiro's manga \"Gunnm\", also known as \"Battle Angel Alita\". Produced by James Cameron and Jon Landau, the film is directed by Robert Rodriguez from a screenplay by Cameron and Laeta Kalogridis. The film stars Rosa Salazar in the title role, with supporting roles portrayed by Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly, Mahershala Ali, Ed Skrein, Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson.",
"title": "Alita: Battle Angel"
},
{
"docid": "48226417#11",
"text": "During an interview with Alfonso Cuarón in July 2013, Cameron set 2017 as the date at which production on the film would begin. In October 2015, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" reported that director Robert Rodriguez was in negotiations to direct the film, now titled \"Alita: Battle Angel\", and Cameron would be attached as producer alongside Jon Landau. Rodriguez had been brought in by Cameron to condense and combine Cameron's 186-page screenplay and some 600 pages of notes into what could be the shooting script. Satisfied by Rodriguez's work on the shooting script, Cameron offered him the directing job.",
"title": "Alita: Battle Angel"
},
{
"docid": "56133#0",
"text": "Battle Angel Alita, known in Japan as , is a cyberpunk manga series created by Yukito Kishiro in 1990 and originally published in Shueisha's \"Business Jump\" magazine. Two of the nine-volume comics were adapted into two anime original video animation episodes titled \"Battle Angel\" for North American release by ADV Films and the UK and Australian release by Manga Entertainment. Manga Entertainment also dubbed \"Battle Angel Alita\" into English. A live-action film adaptation titled \"\" is scheduled for release on February 14, 2019.",
"title": "Battle Angel Alita"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14526716#14",
"text": "From the mid-1960s, she worked in television series such as \"Ella, la gata\" (1967), \"Nino, las cosas simples de la vida\" (1971), \"Novia de vacaciones\" (1979), \"Trampa para un soñador\" (1980) and made her last performances in \"Aprender a vivir\" (1981) and \"Los días contados\" (1983). She made her last two movies \n\"Días de ilusión\", and then \"Toto Paniagua\" in 1980.",
"title": "Alita Román"
},
{
"docid": "56133#13",
"text": "A two-episode OVA was released in 1993, incorporating elements from the first two volumes of the manga with changes to the characters and storyline. According to Kishiro, only two episodes were originally planned. At the time, he was too busy with the manga \"to review the plan coolly,\" nor was he serious about an anime adaptation. It remains the only anime adaptation of \"Battle Angel Alita\" to date and there are no plans to revive it.\nA 3-minute 3D-CGI rendered movie clip is included in volume 6 of the Japanese \"Gunnm: Complete Edition\". It showcases Alita in a Third League Motorball race with players from two of her races such as \"Armor\" Togo, Degchalev, and Valdicci, and depicts events from both of those races.",
"title": "Battle Angel Alita"
},
{
"docid": "48226417#9",
"text": "In February 2010, producer Jon Landau commented during an interview that he was trying to convince Cameron to change the film's title to \"Alita: Battle Angel\", stating, \"I'm telling people that we have to call it \"Alita: Battle Angel\", because Jim only does T&A movies,\" he said. Landau also revealed that screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis had worked on writing the film.",
"title": "Alita: Battle Angel"
},
{
"docid": "56133#17",
"text": "Cameron's film would be a live-action adaptation of the first four volumes of the manga series; \"What I’m going to do is take the spine story and use elements from the first four books. So, the Motorball from books three and four, and parts of the story of one and two will all be in the movie.\" He has also stated that he has no one in mind for casting yet.",
"title": "Battle Angel Alita"
},
{
"docid": "48226417#13",
"text": "While under James Cameron as potential director, the film was to be produced with the same mix of live-action and computer-generated imagery that Cameron used in \"Avatar\". Specifically, Cameron intended to render the main character, Alita, completely in CGI. Cameron has stated that he would make use of technologies developed for \"Avatar\" to produce the film, such as the Fusion Camera System, facial performance capture, and the Simulcam. In May 2006, \"Variety\" reported that Cameron had spent the past ten months developing technology to produce the film.",
"title": "Alita: Battle Angel"
},
{
"docid": "48226417#22",
"text": "The first trailer for the film was released on December 8, 2017, with a July 2018 release in mind. The footage received a mixed response, with a majority of the commentary focusing on the appearance of the titular character, Alita. Andrew Liptak of \"The Verge\" stated that \"The character looks like an anime doll come to life, or like a Disney character that's just a hair off from normal. It's probably a deliberate choice, meant to remind viewers at every moment that Alita isn't human. But after so many years of CGI animators trying to mimic convincing human faces and not entirely succeeding, it's still unsettling to see a character hovering this close to realistic, while staying this far away from it.\" Adam Chitwood of Collider was intrigued and cautiously optimistic, saying, \"This thing looks bonkers, and now it's crystal clear why Cameron was considering directing this in the first place. The choice to make your protagonist a photo-real CG creation interacting with actual human characters is mighty ambitious, and I can say with certainty this doesn't look like anything Robert Rodriguez has done before. I don't know if it'll be good, but it definitely seems like it'll at least be interesting.\"",
"title": "Alita: Battle Angel"
},
{
"docid": "56133#2",
"text": "\"Battle Angel Alita\" tells the story of Alita (\"Gally\" in the original Japanese version), an amnesiac female cyborg. Her intact head and chest, in suspended animation, are found by cybermedic expert Daisuke Ido in the local garbage dump. Ido manages to revive her, and, finding she has lost her memory, names her Alita after his deceased cat. The rebuilt Alita soon discovers that she remembers the legendary martial art Panzer Kunst, although she does not recall anything else. Alita uses her Panzer Kunst to first become a mercenary Hunter-Warrior, killing cyborg criminals in the Scrapyard, and then as a player in the brutal sport of Motorball. While in combat, Alita awakens memories of her earlier life on Mars. She becomes involved with the floating city of Tiphares as one of their agents, and is sent to hunt down criminals. Foremost is the mad genius Desty Nova, who clashes with Alita before becoming her ally.",
"title": "Battle Angel Alita"
}
] |
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] |
2942
|
When did Dom Manuel II die?
|
[
{
"docid": "181547#0",
"text": "\"Dom\" Manuel II (15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932), \"the Patriot\" () or \"the Unfortunate\" (), was the last King of Portugal, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father, King Carlos I, and his elder brother, Luís Filipe, the Prince Royal. Before ascending the throne he held the title of Duke of Beja. His reign ended with the dissolution of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution, and Manuel lived the rest of his life in exile in Twickenham, South London.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "181547#29",
"text": "Manuel died unexpectedly in his residence on 2 July 1932, via suffocation by an abnormal swelling in the vocal folds of his larynx, or tracheal oedema. The Portuguese government, at that time led by António Oliveira de Salazar, authorized his burial in Lisbon, after a state funeral. His body arrived in Lisbon on 2 August 1932, on board the British cruiser HMS \"Concord\" which had made the journey from the United Kingdom and sailed into the Tagus River to deliver the coffin of the former King. The body was received at Praça do Comércio, where a crowd of people had gathered to follow the coffin to São Vicente de Fora and the roads were inundated with people interested in seeing the funeral procession. His body was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "181547#15",
"text": "Between 4 and 5 October 1910, the Republican Revolution erupted in the streets of Lisbon. What started as a military coup commenced by soldiers, was joined by some civilians and municipal guards attacking the loyal garrisons and the royal palace, while the guns from the cruiser NRP \"Adamastor\" added to the cannonade. The Palace of Necessidades (then official residence of the young King) was bombarded, forcing Manuel to move to the Mafra National Palace, where he rendezvoused with his mother, Queen Amélia, and his grandmother, the Queen Mother Maria Pia of Savoy. There was little apparent popular reaction to these events: pictures from the square in front of the City Hall in Lisbon, where the declaration of the Republic occurred, did not show an overwhelming multitude, and even some in the military were fearful that their actions would not be successful. One republican commander, Admiral Cândido dos Reis, even committed suicide when he believed that the events had not succeeded.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "21107443#1",
"text": "In early 1143 Patriarch Leo and Emperor John II Komnenos died within a few months of each other, bringing a period of turbulence to the Byzantine Church. John's appointed successor, his son Manuel I Komnenos arrived in Constantinople on June 27, 1143, from Cilicia where his father had died. In order to fully assure his position as emperor, Manuel needed to arrange his coronation. However, to do this he first needed to appoint a patriarch. His choice fell on the abbot of the monastery of Oxeia, Michael Kourkouas. The coronation did not take place until November 28, 1143, because Michael threatened to resign for unknown reasons.",
"title": "Michael II of Constantinople"
},
{
"docid": "22648550#4",
"text": "On 5 October 1910, during the Republican Revolution, the palace, because it was the official residence of the king, Manuel II, was shelled by the cruiser \"Adamastor\", one of the ships stationed in the Tagus River. The salvoes caused some damage to the Palace, and one of the bomblets even reached the king's private quarters on the first floor, but he had taken refuge elsewhere on the palace grounds. Thanks to the quick thinking of an employee of the building, who cut down the flagpole that customarily displayed the royal banner whenever the monarch was in residence, the Republicans were led to believe that Manuel II had abandoned his home. The king did indeed leave Lisbon a few hours later, and he took refuge in the royal palace at Mafra, 28 kilometres northwest of the capital.",
"title": "Necessidades Palace"
},
{
"docid": "44833#63",
"text": "Byzantium looked impressive when Manuel died in 1180, having just celebrated the betrothal of his son Alexios II to the daughter of the king of France. Thanks to the diplomacy and campaigning of Alexios, John, and Manuel, the empire was a great power, economically prosperous, and secure on its frontiers; but there were serious problems as well. Internally, the Byzantine court required a strong leader to hold it together, and after Manuel's death stability was seriously endangered from within. Some of the foreign enemies of the Empire were lurking on the flanks, waiting for a chance to attack, in particular the Turks in Anatolia, whom Manuel had ultimately failed to defeat, and the Normans in Sicily, who had already tried but failed to invade the Empire on several occasions. Even the Venetians, the single most important western ally of Byzantium, were on bad terms with the empire at Manuel's death in 1180. Given this situation, it would have taken a strong Emperor to secure the Empire against the foreign threats it now faced, and to rebuild the depleted Imperial Treasury. But Manuel's son was a minor, and his unpopular regency government was overthrown in a violent \"coup d'état\". This troubled succession weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the Byzantine state had come to rely.",
"title": "Manuel I Komnenos"
},
{
"docid": "12368555#46",
"text": "Manuel's death on 24 September 1180, marked a turning point in the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire. When Manuel died, he was succeeded by his young son Alexios II Komnenos, who was under the guardianship of the empress Maria. Her conduct excited popular indignation, and the consequent disorders, amounting almost to civil war, gave an opportunity to the ambition of Manuel's estranged cousin, Andronikos I Komnenos (r. 1183–1185), son of Isaac Komnenos. Andronikos left his retirement in 1182, and marched on Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents. His arrival was soon followed by a massacre of the Latin inhabitants, which was focused on the Venetian merchants who were settled in some numbers in Constantinople. He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II's elder sister Maria the Porphyrogenita and her husband Renier of Montferrat, although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene. The poisoner was said to be the eunuch Pterygeonites. Soon afterwards he had the empress Maria imprisoned and then killed, by Pterygeonites and the \"hetaireiarches\" Constantine Tripsychos. Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire, but was then put to death; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos, Theodore Dadibrenos and Stephen Hagiochristophorites. Andronikos, by 1183 sole emperor, married Agnes of France, a child twelve years of age who had been formerly betrothed to Alexios II. Agnes was a daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adèle of Champagne. By November 1183, Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne.",
"title": "Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "50552786#0",
"text": "Manuel II or Manuel II Mpanzu a Nimi (died 1743) was ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (1718–1743). He ruled in a period of \"rotating lineages\" as planned by his predecessor and was of the Kimpanzu. He had once fought against Pedro during the recapture of São Salvador.",
"title": "Manuel II of Kongo"
},
{
"docid": "371939#17",
"text": "Following this incident, the poem narrates the maritime journey to India—an aim that Dom João II did not accomplish during his lifetime, but would come true with Dom Manuel, to whom the rivers Indus and Ganges appeared in dreams foretelling the future glories of the Orient. This canto ends with the sailing of the Armada, the sailors in which are surprised by the prophetically pessimistic words of an old man who was on the beach among the crowd. This is the episode of the Old Man of the Restelo.",
"title": "Os Lusíadas"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2943
|
When was the first car invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "13673345#11",
"text": "In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first \"Motorwagen\" was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.",
"title": "Car"
},
{
"docid": "1983326#17",
"text": "Sources point to different creations as the first electric car. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris. But others regard the \"Flocken Elektrowagen\" of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken as the first true electric car.",
"title": "History of the automobile"
},
{
"docid": "1983326#22",
"text": "It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.",
"title": "History of the automobile"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "267555#2",
"text": "Modern cruise control (also known as a speedostat or tempomat) was invented in 1948 by the inventor and mechanical engineer Ralph Teetor. His idea was borne out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawyer, who kept speeding up and slowing down as he talked. The first car with Teetor's system was the 1958 Imperial (called \"Auto-pilot\") using a speed dial on the dashboard. This system calculated ground speed based on driveshaft rotations off the rotating speedometer-cable, and used a bi-directional screw-drive electric motor to vary throttle position as needed.\nA 1955 U.S. Patent for a \"Constant Speed Regulator\" was filed in 1950 by M-Sgt Frank J. Riley. He installed his invention, which he conceived while driving on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, on his own car in 1948. Another inventor named Harold Exline, working independently of Riley, also invented a type of cruise control, which he first installed on his own car and on on cars belonging to friends of his. Exline filed a U.S. Patent for \"Vacuum Powered Throttle Control With Electrically Controlled Air Valve\" in 1951, and the Patent was granted in 1956. Despite these patents, Riley, Exline, and the subsequent patent holders were not able to collect royalties for any of the inventions using cruise control.",
"title": "Cruise control"
},
{
"docid": "5011914#0",
"text": "The John Stephenson Car Company was an American manufacturer of carriages, horsecars, cable cars, and streetcars, based in New York City. It was founded by John Stephenson in 1831. John Stephenson invented the first streetcar to run on rails, building this in 1832, for the New York and Harlem Railroad. A reorganization in 1867 included shortening of the company's name to the John Stephenson Company. In the latter part of the 19th century, the company was a major builder of streetcars, constructing some 25,000 cars in the period 1876–1891 alone, including ones for export.",
"title": "John Stephenson Company"
},
{
"docid": "59732521#243",
"text": "Spyker is credited with building and racing the first ever four-wheel racing car in 1903. The first four-wheel-drive car, as well as hill-climb racer, with internal combustion engine, the \"Spyker 60 H.P.\", was presented in 1903 by Dutch brothers Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker of Amsterdam. The two-seat sports car, which was also the first ever car equipped with a six-cylinder engine, is now an exhibit in the Louwman Collection (the former \"Nationaal Automobiel Museum\") at the Hague in The Netherlands.",
"title": "List of Dutch inventions and innovations"
},
{
"docid": "35926235#68",
"text": "With the development of the U.S. railroad system, natural ice became used to transport larger quantities of goods much longer distances through the invention of the refrigerator car. The first refrigerator cars emerged in the late 1850s and early 1860s, and were crude constructions holding up to 3,000 lbs (1,360 kg) of ice, on top of which the food was placed. It was quickly found that placing meat directly on top of blocks of ice in cars caused it to perish; subsequent designs hung the meat from hooks, allowing the meat to breathe, while the swinging carcasses improved the circulation in the car. After the Civil War, J. B Sutherland, John Bate and William Davis all patented improved refrigerator cars, which used stacks of ice placed at either end and improved air circulation to keep their contents cool. This improved ventilation was essential to avoid warm air building up in the car and causing damage to the goods. Salt could be added to the ice to increase the cooling effect to produce an iced refrigerator car, which preserved foods even better. For much of the 19th century, the different gauges of train lines made it difficult and time consuming to move chilled cargoes between lines, which was a problem when the ice was continually melting; by the 1860s, refrigerator cars with adjustable axles were being created to speed up this process.",
"title": "Ice trade"
},
{
"docid": "42027021#2",
"text": "In 1895 he successfully experimented with a water velocipede on the rivers Leine and Ihme near Hanover. As early as 1899 he exhibited a small car at the First International Exhibition in Berlin. Between 1901 and 1903 Wenkel travelled through East India, Java, Sumatra and Borneo, where he built the first Wenkelmobils in rather primitive conditions. When back in Germany, the Berlin factory of Schneider & Co started the production of his Wenkelmobil. Wenkel won numerous prizes with it in races in its small-car class. In 1906 and 1907 he travelled the length of South America down to Patagonia in a Wenkelmobil. He was officially commissioned to open up the Cordillera region for motor traffic, and also built flat-bottomed speed boats suitable for Argentine rivers. Wenkel acquired several patents, e.g. for the Wenkelmobil’s friction drive and a high-speed compression and vacuum pump. The Berlin Directory lists him as engineer and owner of a technical bureau and export firm during World War I. When well over sixty he won the prestigious Garbaty Trophy with his speedboat \"Java II\", in 1929. Three years later he was still making his mark with the invention of a \"motor in a trunk car\", a newfangled though unsuccessful miniature automobile. An article in a boys’ yearbook in 1943 suggests that Wenkel died in that year, but his precise date of death has yet to be confirmed.",
"title": "Max Wenkel"
},
{
"docid": "246550#47",
"text": "To the extent that cultural contributions comprise invention, innovation, and progress, Springfield has been, historically, one of the nation's most innovative cities. In 1819, inventor Thomas Blanchard invented the lathe in Springfield, which would catalyze manufacturing developments now known the world over as interchangeable parts and the assembly line. In 1825, Blanchard also built the first American car, a \"horseless carriage,\" which was powered by steam. In 1844, inventor Charles Goodyear perfected and patented his process for making vulcanized rubber in Springfield - as of 2011, as it has been for many years previous, Goodyear's name is known the world over for rubber production. In 1868, inventor Margaret E. Knight invented a machine for folding and gluing flat-bottomed paper bags.",
"title": "Pioneer Valley"
},
{
"docid": "411441#4",
"text": "In 1878, George B. Selden patented the first internal combustion automobile. Inspired by the internal combustion engine invented by Brayton displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, Selden patented a four-wheel car working on a smaller, lighter, multicylinder version. He then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on November 5, 1895. In 1903, Selden sued Ford for patent infringement and Henry Ford fought the Selden patent until 1911. Selden had never actually produced a working car, so during the trial, two machines were constructed according to the patent drawings. Ford argued his cars used the four-stroke Alphonse Beau de Rochas cycle or Otto cycle and not the Brayton-cycle engine used in the Selden auto. Ford won the appeal of the original case.",
"title": "Brayton cycle"
},
{
"docid": "15196983#0",
"text": "Delamare-Deboutteville was among the earliest designs of car, driven by an internal combustion engine. It was developed in France by Édouard Delamare-Deboutteville and patented in 1884, but did not achieve commercial success.\nÉdouard Delamare-Deboutteville described how, with his assistant Leon Malandin, he had built and driven his car in early 1884. The car had a front bench seat and a rear platform, four wheels, a transmission to the rear wheels by chain, shaft transmission and a differential. In 1883 Edouard Delamare-Deboutteville made a trial run of a car whose engine was powered by gas; but the gas supply hose broke during this first trial, so he replaced the gas with fuel oil. In order to use this product, he invented a wick carburetor. This vehicle travelled for the first time on the little road from Fontaine-le-Bourg to Cailly in Normandy in early February 1884. On 12 February 1884, he registered his design under patent number 160267.\nSeveral replicas were made of the Delamare-Deboutteville design and have been entered in all kinds of different events.",
"title": "Delamare-Deboutteville"
},
{
"docid": "1983326#5",
"text": "In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is also considered to be the first \"production\" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single cylinder four-stroke engine.",
"title": "History of the automobile"
}
] |
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] |
2946
|
Who is the CEO of Ashton-Tate?
|
[
{
"docid": "326107#19",
"text": "Ashton Tate held a large company wide convention aboard the Queen Mary in Long Beach, California in early August,1984 and presented new product to hundreds of clients and staff. Right after the convention, George Tate suddenly died of a heart attack at the age of 40 on August 10, 1984. David Cole on October 29 announced his resignation and left for Ziff-Davis, leaving Ed Esber to become CEO. Cole hired Esber because he was the marketing expert who launched VisiCalc and who built the first distribution channels for personal computer software. (VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet and is credited for sparking the personal computer revolution and was the first commercially successful personal computer software package.)",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#37",
"text": "In 1990 Esber proposed a merger with Borland. During the first discussions, the board backed out and dismissed Esber thinking him crazy to entertain a merger of equals (combining the companies at existing market valuations) with the smaller competitor Borland, and on February 11, 1991 replaced him as CEO with William P. \"Bill\" Lyons. Lyons had been hired to run the non-dBASE business and heretofore had been unsuccessful. Lyons would ship dBASE IV 1.1, a product Esber managed and was already in beta when let go.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23500027#6",
"text": "Esber took over Ashton Tate in 1985. During his time as CEO, Ashton-Tate acquired several companies, including Decision Resources and MultiMate. Ashton-Tate grew from $40M in revenue to over $300M during his tenure.",
"title": "Ed Esber"
},
{
"docid": "326107#5",
"text": "dBASE II had an unusual guarantee. Customers received a crippleware version of the software and a separate, sealed disk with the full version; they could return the unopened disk for a refund within 30 days. The guarantee likely persuaded many to risk purchasing the $700 application. In 1981 the founders hired David C. Cole to be the chairman, president and CEO of their group of companies. The group was called \"Software Plus.\" It did not trade under its own name, but was a holding company for the three startups: Discount Software, Software Distributors, and Ashton-Tate. Cole was given free rein to run the businesses, while George Tate primarily remained involved in Ashton-Tate. Lashlee was somewhat less involved on a day-to-day basis in Ashton-Tate by this time, although he was always aware of and up to speed on all three of the businesses, and was an active board member and officer of SPI.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#39",
"text": "Wall Street liked the deal and Borland stock would reach new highs shortly before and after the merger. Some considered the $439 million in stock they paid to be too much. Philippe Kahn, CEO of Borland, apparently did not consult with his management team prior to committing to acquire Ashton Tate over a weekend visit to Los Angeles.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#6",
"text": "In June 1982 Cole hired Rod Turner as the director of OEM sales for Ashton-Tate. In a few weeks Turner solved a sales commission plan issue, that had been bothering George Tate for some time, with the top performing salesperson (Barbara Weingarten, now Guerra), and Tate and Cole promoted Turner to be Vice President of world-wide sales three weeks after his initial hire. Turner was approximately the 12th employee of Ashton Tate. Since the company was truly boot-strapped, using no external venture capital, the founders did not make a practice of hiring experienced veterans, and most of the team at Ashton-Tate were young and enthusiastic, but inexperienced. Jim Taylor was responsible for product management in the early days, and worked closely with Wayne Ratliff and the other key developers on dBASE II. In 1982 Perry Lawrence and Nelson Tso were the two developers who were employed at Ashton-Tate, while Wayne Ratliff employed Jeb Long from his royalty stream.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#0",
"text": "Ashton-Tate (Ashton-Tate Corporation) was a US-based software company best known for developing the popular dBASE database application. Ashton-Tate grew from a small garage-based company to become a multinational corporation. Once one of the \"Big Three\" software companies, which included Microsoft and Lotus, the company stumbled in the late 1980s and was sold to Borland in September 1991.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#8",
"text": "In the winter of 1982, Turner recruited the managing director (David Imberg, now David Inbar) for Ashton-Tate's first subsidiary, Ashton-Tate UK. Turner set a goal for Inbar of achieving 15% per month compound revenue growth in the first 18 months (using the prior UK distributor's volume as a starting point), which Inbar accomplished. He subsequently expanded Ashton-Tate's operations across Europe with subsidiaries in Germany and the Netherlands. When Turner brought Inbar to the Culver City, California corporate headquarters of Ashton-Tate to be trained, the offices were so crowded that the only space available for Inbar was a small desk beside a large photocopier, with no phone line; the offices were so crowded that when Turner needed to conduct a confidential meeting, he would have it standing up in the nearby restroom.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#20",
"text": "During Esber's seven-year tenure, Ashton Tate had its most prosperous years and a few of its most controversial. It is also when Ashton-Tate became one of the \"Big Three\" personal computer software companies who had weathered the early 1980s \"shakeout\", and was considered an equal of Microsoft and Lotus Development. Under his leadership Ashton-Tate sales grew over 600% from $40M to over $318M.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#22",
"text": "Esber's relationship with Wayne Ratliff, however, was tumultuous, and Ratliff quit several months later. Eventually a group of sales and marketing employees left to join Ratliff at Migent Corporation to compete with Ashton Tate. Later (January 1987), Ashton-Tate would sue Migent for alleged misappropriation of trade secrets. Ratliff would eventually approach Esber about rejoining Ashton-Tate and insisting on reporting directly to him. Jeb Long took over as dBASE's main architect in Ratliff's absence.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
},
{
"docid": "326107#16",
"text": "By early 1984 \"InfoWorld\" estimated that Ashton-Tate was the world's sixth-largest microcomputer-software company. dBASE II reportedly had 70% of the microcomputer-database market, with more than 150,000 copies sold. Ashton-Tate published a catalog listing more than 700 applications written in the language, and more than 30 book, audio, video, and computer tutorials taught dBASE. Other companies produced hundreds of utilities that worked with the database, which Ratliff believed contributed to Ashton-Tate's success; \"You might say it's because the software is incomplete. There are 'problems' with dBASE—omissions for other software developers to fill\". He noted that \"If they weren't with us, they'd be against us\", and Cole promised to always notify third parties before announcing a new product or changing dBase's marketing. In May the company announced, and in July shipped, dBASE III as the successor to dBASE II. July also saw the release of Framework, an integrated office suite developed by Forefront Corporation and funded by Ashton-Tate. These were the company's first products released with copy protection schemes in an attempt to stop software piracy.",
"title": "Ashton-Tate"
}
] |
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] |
2947
|
Can you insert videos in HTML5?
|
[
{
"docid": "3524766#18",
"text": "Previously, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the MP4 (with H.264 video) or WebM (with VP8 video) formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.",
"title": "YouTube"
},
{
"docid": "26099252#0",
"text": "The HTML5 specification introduced the video element for the purpose of playing videos, partially replacing the object element. HTML5 video is intended by its creators to become the new standard way to show video on the web, instead of the previous de facto standard of using the proprietary Adobe Flash plugin, though early adoption was hampered by lack of agreement as to which video coding formats and audio coding formats should be supported in web browsers.",
"title": "HTML5 video"
},
{
"docid": "20947#7",
"text": "In 2007, YouTube offered videos in HTML5 format to support the iPhone and iPad, which did not support Flash Player. After a controversy with Apple, Adobe stopped developing Flash Player for Mobile, focussing its efforts on Adobe AIR applications and HTML5 animation. In 2015, Google introduced Google Swiffy to convert Flash animation to HTML5, a tool Google would use to automatically convert Flash web ads for mobile devices. In 2016, Google discontinued Swiffy and its support. In 2015, YouTube switched to HTML5 technology on all devices, however it will preserve the Flash-based video player for older web browsers.",
"title": "Adobe Flash"
},
{
"docid": "23077843#0",
"text": "The HTML5 draft specification adds codice_1 and codice_2 elements for embedding video and audio in HTML documents. The specification had formerly recommended support for playback of Theora video and Vorbis audio encapsulated in Ogg containers to provide for easier distribution of audio and video over the internet by using open standards, but the recommendation was soon after dropped.",
"title": "Use of Ogg formats in HTML5"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23077843#10",
"text": ", HTML5 video is not currently as widespread as Flash videos, though of recent rollouts of experimental HTML5-based video players on websites, DailyMotion is so far the only one to use Ogg Theora and Vorbis formats, which suggests an increasing early interest in adopting HTML5 video.",
"title": "Use of Ogg formats in HTML5"
},
{
"docid": "26099252#30",
"text": "HTML has support for digital rights management (DRM, restricting how content can be used) via the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). The addition of DRM is controversial because it allows restricting users' freedom to use media restricted by DRM, even where fair use gives users the legal right to do so. A main argument in W3C's approval of EME was that the video content would otherwise be delivered in plugins and apps, and not in the web browser.",
"title": "HTML5 video"
},
{
"docid": "32696182#2",
"text": "This freeware also performs functions such as downloading videos from online video-sharing sites such as YouTube, Niconico, MetaCafe, etc. Users can edit videos as they like such as cutting, rotating, flipping, adding video effects, combining multiple videos into one file. Moreover, It also allows users to create HTML5 videos with embedding code ready to use for websites, burn videos to DVD or AVCHD DVD disc, boost video conversion speed up to 6X faster with CUDA acceleration. It can also use AMD APP Encoder for X264/H264 video encoding.",
"title": "Any Video Converter"
},
{
"docid": "30005995#19",
"text": "Some users, more so those on macOS and Linux, have complained about the relatively high CPU usage of Flash for video playback. This was partially because the Flash plugin did not use the GPU to render video. Adobe has responded to some of those criticisms in the 10.1 and 10.2 releases of the Flash plugin by offloading H.264 video decoding to dedicated hardware and by introducing a new video API called Stage Video. The use of the newer ActionScript 3.0 inside Flash movies instead of the older ActionScript 2.0 improves code execution speed by a factor of around 10. The software routines written by developers can also affect the performance of applications built in Flash, reasons that would affect HTML5 animations as well.",
"title": "Comparison of HTML5 and Flash"
},
{
"docid": "26099252#11",
"text": "The adaptive bitrate streaming standard MPEG-DASH can be used in Web browsers via the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE) and JavaScript-based DASH players. Such players are, e.g., the open-source project dash.js of the DASH Industry Forum, but there are also products such as bitdash of bitmovin (using HTML5 with JavaScript, but also a Flash-based DASH players for legacy Web browsers not supporting the HTML5 MSE).",
"title": "HTML5 video"
},
{
"docid": "26099252#3",
"text": "The \"controls\" attribute enables the browser's own user interface for controlling playback. Alternatively, playback can be controlled with JavaScript, which the web designer can use to create a custom user interface. The optional \"poster\" attribute specifies an image to show in the video's place before playback is started. Its purpose is to be representative of the video.",
"title": "HTML5 video"
}
] |
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2948
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Who is the current lead of Days of Our Lives?
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[
{
"docid": "10407205#0",
"text": "\"Days of Our Lives\" is a long-running American television soap opera drama, airing on NBC. Created by Ted and Betty Corday, the series premiered on November 8, 1965. The longest-running cast member is Suzanne Rogers, who has portrayed Maggie Horton since August 20, 1973, making her one of the longest-tenured actors in American soap operas. Original cast member, Frances Reid, was previously the soap's longest-running cast member, portraying Horton family matriarch, Alice Horton, from 1965 to 2007. Actresses Susan Seaforth Hayes and Deidre Hall, who portray Julie Olson Williams and Dr. Marlena Evans, are currently the second and third longest tenured actors on \"Days of Our Lives\", joining in 1968 and 1976, respectively. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main and recurring cast members, or those who are debuting, departing or returning to the series.",
"title": "List of Days of Our Lives cast members"
},
{
"docid": "32001841#10",
"text": "On November 30, 2014, NBC launched a new logo for \"Days of Our Lives\" at the 2014 Hollywood Christmas Parade, in celebration of the series' fiftieth anniversary On February 11, 2016, NBC renewed \"Days of Our Lives\" for one-year, with the option of an additional year. In January 2017, while discussion the potential of a renewal for the soap, NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt stated: \"We don’t make a decision for another couple months. [...] But I don’t think it’s over yet.\" In February 2017, NBC officially renewed \"Days of Our Lives\" for an additional year. Jennifer Salke, President of NBC Entertainment, said in a statement: \"We feel so privileged to be able to continue the remarkable legacy of \"Days of our Lives\". [...] We thank [exec producer] Ken Corday and his team for their incredible accomplishments and look forward to all the stories from Salem that will continue to unfold.\" In March 2018, NBC announced their decision to renew \"Days of Our Lives\" through fall 2019. In January 2019, NBC renewed the serial through September 2020. In a statement, NBC Entertainment said: \"With writing that manages to weave together Salem's iconic characters with current realities, Ken Corday and his team have ushered the show's legacy into a new era that resonates with both longtime and new viewers.\"",
"title": "Days of Our Lives"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "676060#30",
"text": "He is most recognized today as the voice who recites the epigraph each day before the program begins: \"Like sands through the hourglass, so are the \"Days of Our Lives\".\" From 1966 to 1994 he would also intone, \"This is Macdonald Carey, and these are the \"Days of Our Lives\".\" (After Carey's death, the producers, out of respect for Carey's family, decided not to use the first part of the opening tagline.) At each intermission, his voice also says \"We will return for the second half of \"Days of Our Lives\" in just a moment\". Since the Horton family is still regarded as the core of \"Days of our Lives\", his memory has been allowed to remain imprinted on the show by leaving the voice-overs intact. He also served as voice-over for the very first PBS ident, in which he said \"This is PBS ... the Public Broadcasting Service.\"",
"title": "Macdonald Carey"
},
{
"docid": "32001841#5",
"text": "Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia (in contrast to shows such as \"As the World Turns\") and its portrayal of \"real American contemporary families.\" By the 1970s, critics deemed \"Days of Our Lives\" to be the most daring daytime drama, leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch, such as artificial insemination and interracial romance. The January 12, 1976 cover of \"Time\" magazine featured \"Days of Our Lives\" Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes, the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover. The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on-screen and real-life romance (they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press.",
"title": "Days of Our Lives"
},
{
"docid": "48760872#5",
"text": "In October 2014, it was announced that Sean had joined the cast of \"Days of Our Lives\" as a contract cast member. His character, pro baseball player Paul Narita, comes out as gay and becomes involved in a love triangle with supercouple Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis, and is the illegitimate son of longtime character John Black.\nSean currently voices lead character Kazuda Xiono in the animated series \"Star Wars Resistance\".",
"title": "Christopher Sean"
},
{
"docid": "716179#5",
"text": "Nichols returned to the role of Steve (Patch) Johnson on \"Days of our Lives\". His original portrayal (1985-90) earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role and five \"Soap Opera Digest\" Best Actor Awards. Steve and Kayla (Mary Beth Evans) remain one of the most popular couples, and the most-covered, on \"Days of our Lives\" ever.",
"title": "Stephen Nichols"
},
{
"docid": "32001841#23",
"text": "In recent years, \"Days of Our Lives\" has hired back many former cast members. Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show, off-and-on, since at least 1999. Since 2005, cast members from the 1980s and 1990s, such as Christie Clark (Carrie Brady), Stephen Nichols (Steve Johnson), Austin Peck (Austin Reed), Mary Beth Evans (Kayla Brady), Joseph Mascolo (Stefano DiMera), and Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) have been brought back to \"Days of Our Lives\". More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell (Dr. Carly Manning), and Louise Sorel (Vivian Alamain). In June 2010, characters such as Jennifer Horton, Bill Horton, Shane Donovan, and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton. Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley. In late 2012, the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen-year absence. In mid 2013, the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers.",
"title": "Days of Our Lives"
},
{
"docid": "47148880#0",
"text": "Joey Johnson is a fictional character from \"Days of Our Lives\", an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently portrayed by James Lastovic. Introduced in 2008, Joey was created by head writers Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella as the youngest child of supercouple, Steve \"Patch\" Johnson and Kayla Brady (Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans). The role was originated by siblings Brody and Jonas—who vacated the role in 2009 when the character was written out. Child actor, Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014. In 2015, the character was rapidly aged to 16 when Lastovic stepped into the role. Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues. It is later revealed that Joey has secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla's reunion. Unbeknownst to Joey, Ava is his father's ex-lover and has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family.",
"title": "Joey Johnson (Days of Our Lives)"
},
{
"docid": "32001841#0",
"text": "Days of Our Lives (also stylized as Days of our Lives; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network. It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world, airing nearly every weekday since November 8, 1965. It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world. Until the network's closure in 2013, Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of \"Days\" on a same-day basis each weeknight at 8:00 and 10:00 (Eastern and Pacific Time). The series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday. Irna Phillips was a story editor for \"Days of Our Lives\" and many of the show's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell.",
"title": "Days of Our Lives"
},
{
"docid": "51519244#3",
"text": "In late 2015, Miller joined the cast of \"American Fable\" as Gavin MacIntosh's mother, in the lead role of Sarah. In June 2016, it was announced that Miller had joined the cast of \"Days of Our Lives\", in the role of Abigail Deveraux, making her first appearance on November 10. In addition to her aforementioned roles, she has starred in a number of movies, including: \"Most Likely to Die\", \"J Plus C\", \"Children of the Corn: Runaway\" and \"Death Race 2050\", as well as a number of short films. In May 2018, \"Soap Opera Digest\" announced Miller had opted not to renew her deal would \"Days of Our Lives\" and would exit the role.",
"title": "Marci Miller"
}
] |
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] |
2949
|
What river was the first to have a steam powered boat on it?
|
[
{
"docid": "26161#9",
"text": "The first successful trial run of a steamboat had been made several years earlier in the United States by inventor John Fitch, on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787. Attendees included delegates from the Constitutional Convention, who were observing while taking a break from their summer-long sessions at Independence Hall. The steamboat was propelled by a bank of oars on either side of the boat. The following year Fitch launched a boat powered by a steam engine driving several stern-mounted oars. These oars paddled in a manner similar to the motion of a swimming duck's feet. With this boat he carried up to thirty passengers for hire on numerous round-trip voyages on the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.",
"title": "Robert Fulton"
},
{
"docid": "1699158#7",
"text": "The first successful trial run of his steamboat \"Perseverance\" was made on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787, in the presence of delegates from the Constitutional Convention. It was propelled by a bank of oars on either side of the boat. During the next few years, Fitch and Voigt worked to develop better designs, and in June 1790 launched a boat powered by a steam engine driving several stern-mounted oars. These oars paddled in a manner similar to the motion of a swimming duck's feet. With this boat, he carried up to 30 paying passengers on numerous round-trip voyages between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey during the summer of 1790. Estimates of miles traveled that summer range from 1,300 to 3,000, and Fitch claimed that the boat often went for 500 miles without mechanical problems. Estimated speeds were of a minimum 6 miles per hour under unfavorable conditions, to a maximum of 7 or 8 miles per hour.\nFitch was granted a U.S. patent on August 26, 1791, after a battle with James Rumsey, who had also invented a steam-powered boat. The newly created federal Patent Commission did not award the broad monopoly patent that Fitch had asked for, but rather a patent of the modern kind, for the new design of Fitch's steamboat. It also awarded steam-engine-related patents dated that same day to Rumsey, Nathan Read, and John Stevens. The loss of a monopoly due to these same-day patent awards led many of Fitch's investors to leave his company. While his boats were mechanically successful, Fitch no longer had the financial resources to carry on.",
"title": "John Fitch (inventor)"
},
{
"docid": "178690#9",
"text": "Similar boats were made in 1785 by John Fitch in Philadelphia and William Symington in Dumfries, Scotland. Fitch successfully trialled his boat in 1787, and in 1788, he began operating a regular commercial service along the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey, carrying as many as 30 passengers. This boat could typically make and travelled more than during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a commercial success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. The following year, a second boat made excursions, and in 1790, a third boat ran a series of trials on the Delaware River before patent disputes dissuaded Fitch from continuing.",
"title": "Steamboat"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40204025#2",
"text": "In 1824 Bourdon took out a patent for a new tugboat design.\nIn 1824 at Lyon, on the Saône between la Mulatière and the île Barbe, Bourdon made several attempts at steam-powered towing.\nHe ran into various difficulties, mostly not technical.\nBourdon's first two boats, \"Océan\" and \"Méditerranée\", were built at Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône in 1825-26. \nThe two boats were both steam-powered, and both had two 20 hp engines.\nThey had shallow drafts, so could navigate the river most of the year if the river were dredged.\nBourdon had a vision of the Saône becoming the key link in a water route from the Mediterranean via the Rhone to Lyon, \nthen north via the Saône towards a network of canals that would connect to the Loire and the Rhine.\nIn 1826 Bourdon created a company for steam navigation of the Saône, but it was short-lived.",
"title": "François Bourdon"
},
{
"docid": "204569#2",
"text": "Morey's first patent, in 1793, was for a steam-powered spit, but he had grander plans. Morey realized that steam could be a power source in the 1780s, and he probably appreciated a steamboat’s potential from work on his father’s ferry and the locks he designed along the Connecticut river. In the early 1790s he fitted a paddle wheel and steam engine to a small boat and powered it up and down the Connecticut River. Legend has it, this was done on a Sunday morning, when the town was at church, to avoid ridicule if he failed.\nThe most important aspect of this craft was the paddle wheel. It was an old idea – supposedly dating to antiquities – and previously tried with a steam engine. Jonathan Hulls of England used a rear-mounted paddle wheel in 1737 but an inefficient method of turning the steam engine’s reciprocating motion into the circular motion hobbled it. In 1789, Nathan Reed of Massachusetts experimented with a paddle wheel, and considered patenting it, but eventually patented a different method instead. The American John Fitch experimented with side-mounted paddle wheels, but in 1791 used and patented oars instead. Morey's may have been the first successful use of a steam power paddle wheel, which was the best method of propulsion until the propeller, invented by Fitch, was perfected.",
"title": "Samuel Morey"
},
{
"docid": "80790#16",
"text": "The first experimental steam boat was built at Lyon by Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783. Regular services were not started until 1829 and they continued until 1952. Steam passenger vessels long made up to and could do the downstream run from Lyon to Arles in a day. Cargo was hauled in \"bateau-anguilles\", boats with paddle wheels amidships, and \"bateaux crabes\", a huge toothed \"claw\"wheel across to grip the river bed in the shallows to supplement the paddle wheels. In the 20th century, powerful motor barges propelled by diesel engines were introduced, carrying .",
"title": "Rhône"
},
{
"docid": "17179780#12",
"text": "The arrival of \"New Orleans\" signaled the beginning of significant economic change along the inland rivers. Fulton and Livingston intended to have six boats running between the \"Falls of the Ohio\" and New Orleans and five between the Falls and Pittsburgh. On April 8, 1812, Fulton and Livingston secured, with the help of Livingston's brother, Edward, a New Orleans politician, the exclusive rights and concession to the use of steam navigation on the new Louisiana Territory's rivers for a period of 18 years, provided that they charge a freight rate of no more than three quarters of the rate already charged by non-steam-powered boats. After \"New Orleans\" began navigating the lower Mississippi River, Fulton and Livingston attempted to prevent other steamboats from using the river, until court decisions broke their monopoly on steamboat commerce in New York and Louisiana. As commercial shipping improved, land development also increased along the inland rivers below the \"Falls of the Ohio\" at Louisville.",
"title": "New Orleans (steamboat)"
},
{
"docid": "47118636#0",
"text": "The Palmipède was an early steamboat created in 1774 by French engineer and inventor Marquis Claude de Jouffroy . It was tested in June and July 1776 on the Doubs river between Besançon and Montbéliard and thus became the first steam-powered vessel. The boat was driven by a Newcomen steam engine and was the predecessor of the Pyroscaphe, also made by Jouffroy. It had a length of 13 m (42 ft). The steamboat was not considered a success due to its lower than desired speed, which led to the development of the first paddle steamer.",
"title": "Palmipède"
},
{
"docid": "896817#11",
"text": "While canoes played a crucial role on the Skeena for centuries, the age of the steamboat heralded a new era of boating on the Skeena. The first steam-powered vessel to enter the Skeena was the \"Union\" in 1864. In 1866 the \"Mumford\" attempted to ascend the river but was only able to reach the Kitsumkalum River. It was not until 1891 that the Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler the \"Caledonia\" successfully negotiated through the Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the century, in part due to the growing fish industry and the gold rush.",
"title": "Skeena River"
},
{
"docid": "31447614#7",
"text": "Until the development of the steamboat, transportation of goods on major rivers was generally accomplished either with barges or flatboats, floated downstream or pushed upstream with poles or by hand using overhanging tree limbs. On the Mississippi River, most shipping was down river on log rafts or wooden boats that were dismantled and sold as lumber in the vicinity of New Orleans. Steam-powered river navigation began in 1811-12, between Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and New Orleans. Inland steam navigation rapidly expanded in the following decades. Railroads appeared before the Civil War, though at first were used to link waterways. After the Civil War, railroads took over most of the hauling of goods.",
"title": "List of plantations in Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "30674005#3",
"text": "One of the earliest records is of a vessel \"Margery\" which was launched at Dumbarton in June 1814 and having run for a few months on the Clyde was purchased by the London firm of Cortis & Co. She steamed down the east coast and arrived at Gravesend in January 1815, entering service on the \"Long Ferry\" route from Gravesend to London on 23 January. Another contender for the first steamboat on the Thames was the \"Richmond\" which was brought from Bristol by a Mr. Dawson in 1813, but this was not a success. Civil engineer George Dodd placed an order for a steam paddle boat, also called \"Richmond\", with Lepinghall & Co of Yarmouth in 1814 and this may have gone into service the same year, or possibly the next, on the route from London to Richmond. Dodd next bought the steamboat \"Duke of Argyll\" in Scotland, which reached London on 12 June 1815 having covered 756 miles at sea. She was put into service as \"Thames\" between London and Margate, the third major route in the Thames estuary, much used by passengers from the continent as well as for pleasure trips to the Kent coast by Londoners. The first steam passenger boat to have been built on the Thames, the \"Regent\", designed by Marc Isambard Brunel built by Henry Maudsley and at 112 feet long larger than previous boats, was put into service in 1816 on the Margate run and served as a mail boat. Brunel's attempt to interest the Admiralty in steam-powered tugs for getting naval vessels in and out of harbour was met by the rebuff that they \"consider the introduction of steam is calculated to strike a fatal blow at the naval superiority of the empire\".",
"title": "Thames steamers"
}
] |
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] |
2951
|
Who is the father of philosophy?
|
[
{
"docid": "1213360#18",
"text": "Vasconcelos is often referred to as the father of the \"\" philosophy. In recent times, this philosophy has come under criticism from Native Americans because of its negative implications concerning indigenous peoples. To an extent, his philosophy argued for a new, \"modern\" mestizo people, but at the cost of cultural assimilation of all ethnic groups. His research on the nature of Mexican modern identity had a direct influence on the young writers, poets, anthropologists and philosophers who wrote on this subject. He also influenced the point of view of Carlos Pellicer with respect to several aesthetic assumptions reflected in his books. Together, Pellicer and Vasconcelos made a trip through the Middle East (1928–29), looking for the \"spiritual basis\" of Byzantine architecture.",
"title": "José Vasconcelos"
},
{
"docid": "6117#0",
"text": "Charles Sanders Peirce ( \"purse\"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as \"the father of pragmatism\". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.",
"title": "Charles Sanders Peirce"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22943476#21",
"text": "In summary, \"in the middle eighteenth century,\" it was \"the collegians who studied\" the ideas of the new learning and moral philosophy taught in the Colonial colleges who \"created new documents of American nationhood.\" It was the generation of \"Founding Grandfathers\", men such as President Samuel Johnson, President Jonathan Edwards, President Thomas Clap, Benjamin Franklin, and Provost William Smith, who \"first created the idealistic moral philosophy of 'the pursuit of Happiness', and then taught it in American colleges to the generation of men who would become the Founding Fathers.\"",
"title": "American philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "20604482#2",
"text": "In the 1920s the study of philosophy was taken up by universities in Quebec, including the University de Montréal in 1921 and Laval University in Quebec in 1935. This development was both inspired by and coincident with the publication in 1931 of the Papal pronouncement, Deus Scientarium, which sought to mobilize science as the basis of faith. The new century was also marked by notable contributions to the study of medieval history and philosophy by Father Ephrem Longpres, the Franciscan medievalist and the Dominican philosophers, including Hermas Bastien, Charles De Koninck, Father Louis Lachance, Father Arcade Monette, Father Julien Péghaire, Father Louis-Marie Regis, and Father Patrice Robert.",
"title": "Philosophy in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "177438#8",
"text": "In the fourteenth century, Ibn Khaldun, who is considered one of the fathers of the philosophy of history, discussed his philosophy of history and society in detail in his \"Muqaddimah\" (1377). His work represents a culmination of earlier works by medieval Islamic sociologists in the spheres of Islamic ethics, political science, and historiography, such as those of al-Farabi (c. 872 – c. 950), Ibn Miskawayh, al-Dawani, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274). Ibn Khaldun often criticized \"idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data\". He introduced a scientific method to the philosophy of history (which Dawood considers something \"totally new to his age\") and he often referred to it as his \"new science\",\nwhich is now associated with historiography. His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of the state, communication, propaganda, and systematic bias in history.",
"title": "Philosophy of history"
},
{
"docid": "8582#49",
"text": "In the United States, Enlightenment philosophy (which itself was heavily inspired by deist ideals) played a major role in creating the principle of religious freedom, expressed in Thomas Jefferson's letters and included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. American Founding Fathers, or Framers of the Constitution, who were especially noted for being influenced by such philosophy include Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Cornelius Harnett, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson. Their political speeches show distinct deistic influence.",
"title": "Deism"
},
{
"docid": "37010#19",
"text": "The origins of philosophy of science trace back to Plato and Aristotle who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of abductive, deductive, and inductive inference, and also analyzed reasoning by analogy. The eleventh century Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham (known in Latin as Alhazen) conducted his research in optics by way of controlled experimental testing and applied geometry, especially in his investigations into the images resulting from the reflection and refraction of light. Roger Bacon (1214–1294), an English thinker and experimenter heavily influenced by al-Haytham, is recognized by many to be the father of modern scientific method. His view that mathematics was essential to a correct understanding of natural philosophy was considered to be 400 years ahead of its time.",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"docid": "23612#11",
"text": "Derrida, the father of deconstruction, practiced philosophy as a form of textual criticism. He criticized Western philosophy as privileging the concept of presence and \"logos\", as opposed to absence and markings or writings.",
"title": "Postmodern philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "22943476#6",
"text": "The 18th century saw the introduction of Francis Bacon and the Enlightenment philosophers Descartes, Newton, Locke, Wollaston, and Berkeley to Colonial British America. Two native-born Americans, Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards, were first influenced by these philosophers; they then adapted and extended their Enlightenment ideas to develop their own American theology and philosophy. Both were originally ordained Puritan Congregationalist ministers who embraced much of the new learning of the Enlightenment. Both were Yale educated and Berkeley influenced idealists who became influential college presidents. Both were influential in the development of American political philosophy and the works of the Founding Fathers. But Edwards based his reformed Puritan theology on Calvinist doctrine, while Johnson converted to the Anglican episcopal religion (the Church of England), then based his new American moral philosophy on William Wollaston's Natural Religion. Late in the century, Scottish Innate or Common Sense Realism replaced the native schools of these two rivals in the college philosophy curricula of American colleges; it would remain the dominant philosophy in American academia up to the Civil War.",
"title": "American philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "41674474#2",
"text": "He is a subscriber to the philosophy of Edmund Burke, who he regards as the antithesis of Rousseau. He considers Rousseau to be the father of modern European philosophy (Kant, Hegel, Marx, Darwin, etc.). He is the author of many critiques and evaluations of Marxist-Leninism, the Frankfurt School, postmodernism, postcolonialism, and democracy in general. He notably wrote an early criticism of the concept of gender studies before it had become popular in the Japanese academy.",
"title": "Yatsuhiro Nakagawa"
},
{
"docid": "3944846#0",
"text": "The philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard has been a major influence in the development of 20th-century philosophy, especially existentialism and postmodernism. Kierkegaard was a 19th-century Danish philosopher who has been labeled by many as the \"Father of Existentialism\", although there are some in the field who express doubt in labeling him an existentialist to begin with. His philosophy also influenced the development of existential psychology.",
"title": "Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard"
}
] |
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] |
2952
|
Is there a Ekiden championship?
|
[
{
"docid": "1587744#28",
"text": "The All-Japan Interprefectural Ekiden Championships are held in January. The Empress Cup – Interprefectural Women's Ekiden is held in Kyoto, on the third Sunday in January. The Interprefectural Men's Ekiden is held in Hiroshima, in recent years on the fourth Sunday of January. \nIn the Men's All-Japan Interprefectural Ekiden Championship, 7 runners run 48 kilometers in stages of 7k 3k 8.5k 5k 8.5k 3k and 13k In both races, each team is composed of runners selected to represent one prefecture, a total of 47 teams in each race. The majority of the team members are high school and junior high school elite runners. Junior high runners are assigned to the two 3k stages and high school runners are assigned to the 7k, the 5k and 8.5k stages. Open runners are placed in the remaining 8.5k stage and the 13k stage. In 2009 the team from Nagano took its 5th title in 6 years.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "34399589#0",
"text": "The New Year Ekiden, (officially the ), is an annual men's ekiden (road running relay) over 100 kilometres which takes place in Japan's Gunma Prefecture on 1 January. The race is a national championship contested between Japan's corporate (business) running teams. There is also an annual championship race for women in Japan – the Women's Corporate Ekiden Championships. The race starts and ends in the city of Maebashi and the course passes through the major cities within the prefecture, including Takasaki, Isesaki, Ota and Kiryu. The relay is divided into seven legs of varying lengths that alternate on a frequent basis. The 2012 race was divided as follows: 12.3 km, 8.3 km, 13.6 km, 22 km, 15.8 km, 12.5 km and 15.5 km.",
"title": "New Year Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "34599509#0",
"text": "The All-Japan Interprefectural Ekiden Championships are two annual ekiden (road running relay) competitions between the 47 Prefectures of Japan. The championships are both held in January and are divided by gender. The Empress Cup - Interprefectural Women's Ekiden is held in Kyoto on the third Sunday in January. The Interprefectural Men's Ekiden is held in Hiroshima in recent years on the fourth Sunday of January.",
"title": "All-Japan Interprefectural Ekiden Championships"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#3",
"text": "The lengths of \"ekiden\" in Japan can vary greatly, as can the number of runners on a team. For example, in the national junior high ekiden championship, 5 girls cover 12 kilometers and 6 boys cover 18 kilometers. The national high school championship involves 5 girls in a 21 kilometer race and 7 boys in a 42.195 kilometer race, the length of the modern Olympic marathon. In the national inter-prefecture championships, 9 women run 42.195 kilometers and 7 men run 48 kilometers. For the collegiate Hakone Ekiden, a 2-day event, 10 male athletes for each team run 219 kilometers. Each runner covers just over a half marathon. The mid-December National Corporate Women's Ekiden Championships, 6 runners cover 42.195 kilometers. In the January 1 National Corporate Men's Ekiden Championships, 7 runners cover 100.0 kilometers. For the mid-January national open championships (teams composed of selected junior high, high school and open athletes), the distances are 42.195 for the women and 48.0 for the men. Notably in distance, in the Round-Kyūshū Ekiden, a 10 days event, 72 segments cover 1064 kilometers around Kyushu Island and it is the longest relay race in the world.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#34",
"text": "The All-Japan Corporate Ekiden Championships structure involves regional qualifying races (more details) throughout Japan in November followed by a national championship for women in December and men on New Year Day.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#36",
"text": "The All-Japan Men's Corporate Team Ekiden Championships, held in Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture on New Years Day, is also referred to as New Year Ekiden. This race for men's teams covers 100 kilometers in 7 stages. It has been claimed that the high TV viewership of this meet makes it the central motivating event in the annual calendar for professional Japanese male runners.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "34600112#2",
"text": "Teams for the women's championship gain qualification into the final ekiden race through a series of 3 preliminaries (2011 summary). The Eastern Japan Corporate Ekiden Championship qualifies men's and women's teams. Two other qualifying meets for the women are held for Central Japan and Western Japan, (women's divisions detailed in Japanese). The Western Japan women's qualifying race (6 stages, 42.195 km, 31st race on October 23, 2011) begins in Munakata, Fukuoka; website. After the 3 regional qualifying ekiden events, the field is typically narrowed to 24 to 27 teams, although new qualification standards in 2011 increased the field to include any corporate team that could break the 2:30 mark in one of the regional qualifier meets. Further details and results of the qualification races can be found at All-Japan Corporate Ekiden Championships.",
"title": "All-Japan Women's Corporate Ekiden Championships"
},
{
"docid": "34399617#3",
"text": "Teams gain qualification into the final ekiden race through a series of preliminaries which are principally conducted on a district-by-district basis. The Eastern Japan Corporate Ekiden Championship qualifies men's and women's teams. Two other qualifying meets for the women are held for Central Japan and Western Japan, (women's divisions detailed in Japanese). The Western Japan women's qualifying race (6 stages, 42.195 km, 31st race on October 23, 2011) begins in Munakata, Fukuoka; website.",
"title": "All-Japan Corporate Ekiden Championships"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#21",
"text": "On the first Sunday of November, the men compete in the 8 stage, 106.8 kilometer National Collegiate Ekiden Championship in Aichi and Mie Prefectures. This race is the second of the season's big three, the first being the Izumo Ekiden and the last being the Hakone Ekiden. Here, 27 teams battle for the national title. The race starts in front of Atsuta Shrine in Nagoya City and then proceeds out of the city, along the coast and 106.8 kilometers later to Ise Grand Shrine in Ise, Mie Prefecture.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "34599509#1",
"text": "The Empress Cup - Interprefectural Women's Ekiden Championship is held in Kyoto on the third Sunday in January. The 2012 running marks the 30th annual event. Forty seven teams from the 47 prefectures of Japan compete. The course is the same as the course for the high school boys national ekiden race held on the third Sunday of December, except that the women's relay has 9 stages (rather than 7) over the 42.195 kilometers. The stages are 6k 4k 3k 4k 4.0175k 4.0875k 4k 3k and 10k. The two 3k stages are reserved for junior high athletes and generally high school athletes run the 5 stages that are 4k or just over 4k. Collegiate and open runners take the 6k and 10k stages. The mixed-age squads maintain a rapid pace. In 2009 the first 10 team teams finished under 2 hours and 20 minutes, and 12 teams broke 2:20 in 2012. In 2009, the team from Kyoto took its 13th championship, and as of that year, in the ekiden's 20 years Kyoto has only twice placed outside the top 6. Okayama took its first ever title in 2010, Kyoto reclaimed it in 2011, and in 2012 Kyoto finished second, a minute back from the winning team from neighboring Osaka.",
"title": "All-Japan Interprefectural Ekiden Championships"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#10",
"text": "National championships are held for junior high and high school teams in late December. A series of city, prefecture and regional championships in November select the representative school teams for the national championship in late December.",
"title": "Ekiden"
},
{
"docid": "1587744#8",
"text": "Unlike the American school sports clear distinction of \"track season\" and \"cross country season\", the Japanese autumn ekiden races are intermingled with standard track competitions, although many autumn track meets have a narrow focus, calling themselves \"long distance\" meets. Japan has a very highly structured format leading to a national high school championship for track in early August and for ekiden in late December, whereas the USA school format ends at state championships in both sports. Japanese school ekiden teams compete infrequently, some only once or twice between September and December, unless they qualify to go on to higher levels; nationals are held in late December. American school cross country teams typically race almost weekly during September and October, with a narrowed set of school teams competing for state championships in late October or November. December post season American races like the Nike Cross Nationals and the Foot Locker Cross Country Championships are not officially school based.",
"title": "Ekiden"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1587744#12",
"text": "In mid December, 48 teams representing all the regions and prefectures of Japan gather in Yamaguchi City of Yamaguchi Prefecture for the annual All-Japan Junior High School Ekiden Championships. For junior high school girls, a team of 5 girls run stages that follow the 3 – 2 – 2 – 2 – 3 kilometer pattern (total 12 kilometers). The boys team consists of 6 runners following the 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 kilometer pattern (total 18 kilometers). The 2011 race was the 19th annual competition. The junior high championship ekiden is not a road race but rather each runner runs a loop within the confines of a park. The boys team (6 boys) complete 18 kilometers, in a 3k-3k-3k-3k-3k-3k pattern. The girls team (5 runners) complete 12 kilometers, in a 3k-2k-2k-2k-3k pattern. In 2008 the winning boys team had an average pace of 5:01.9/mile or 9:26/3000 meters; the girls team had an average pace of 5:21.6/mile or just over 10:00/3000 meters.",
"title": "Ekiden"
}
] |
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] |
2953
|
When did EastEnders first air?
|
[
{
"docid": "9995#79",
"text": "\"EastEnders\" is broadcast around the world in many English-speaking countries. New Zealand became the first to broadcast \"EastEnders\" overseas, the first episode being shown on 27 September 1985. This was followed by the Netherlands on 8 December 1986, Australia on 5 January 1987, Norway on 27 April, and Barcelona on 30 June (dubbed into Catalan). On 9 July 1987, it was announced that the show would be aired in the United States on PBS. BBC Worldwide licensed 200 hours of \"EastEnders\" for broadcast in Serbia on RTS (dubbed into Serbian); it began airing the first episode in December 1997. The series was broadcast in the United States until BBC America ceased broadcasts of the serial in 2003, amidst fan protests. In June 2004, the satellite television provider Dish Network picked up \"EastEnders\", broadcasting episodes starting at the point where BBC America had ceased broadcasting them, offering the series as a pay-per-view item. Episodes air two months behind the UK schedule. Episodes from prior years are still shown on various PBS stations in the US. Since 7 March 2017, \"EastEnders\" has been available in the United States on demand, 24 hours after it has aired in the United Kingdom via BritBox, a joint venture between BBC and ITV.",
"title": "EastEnders"
},
{
"docid": "9995#58",
"text": "\"EastEnders\" is often filmed on location, away from the studios in Borehamwood. Sometimes an entire quartet is filmed on location, which has a practical function and are the result of \"EastEnders\" making a \"double bank\", when an extra week's worth of episodes are recorded at the same time as the regular schedule, enabling the production of the programme to stop for a two-week break at Christmas. These episodes often air in late June or early July and again in late October or early November. The first time this happened was in December 1985 when Pauline (Wendy Richard) and Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) travelled to the Southend-on-Sea to find their son Mark, who had run away from home. In 1986, \"EastEnders\" filmed overseas for the first time, in Venice, and this was also the first time it was not filmed on videotape, as a union rule at the time prevented producers taking a video crew abroad and a film crew had to be used instead. In 2011, it was reported that eight per cent of the series is filmed on location.",
"title": "EastEnders"
},
{
"docid": "23525515#29",
"text": "When \"EastEnders\" began in 1985, the soap focused primarily around the affairs of three families: the Beales, Fowlers, and Watts. However, much of the show's early success stemmed from the drama surrounding the Watts, especially the antics of Den, who as owners of the Queen Vic pub (the show's most prominent set) were usually in the limelight. This prominence, at a time when \"EastEnders\" was at its most prolific in terms of both the media and audience, meant the Watts became perhaps \"EastEnders\" most eminent family and the characters known even to those who did not watch the show. Such was their success that producers went ahead with an experimental episode format centring on just Den and Angie, during which Angie lied about having cancer; so successful was the airing that it has since been repeated, and the format expanded to include \"three\" and \"four-handers\" (between 3 and 4 characters). Such episodes are highly prestigious and feature only the most popular and prominent characters in the show; thus, all the Watts, aside from Vicki, have featured in such episodes.",
"title": "Watts family"
},
{
"docid": "10803239#0",
"text": "The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" in 1985, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by executive producer Julia Smith. The first episode of \"EastEnders\" was broadcast on 19 February 1985, and twenty-three main characters were already created for their first appearance. The first character to be seen was Den Watts, followed by Ali Osman and then Arthur Fowler, all of whom find Reg Cox dying in his flat. Ethel Skinner, Harold Legg and Pauline Fowler appear, after Den alerts them of Reg's death. With Ethel is her pug Willy along with Lou Beale. Saeed and Naima Jeffery are seen working in the local shop whilst Angie Watts is seen in The Queen Victoria, Walford's local pub. Nick Cotton and Sue Osman are next seen, whilst Pete and Kathy Beale work at the fruit and veg stall and Hassan Osman is seen with his parents in the café. Sharon Watts, Ian Beale and Michelle Fowler are next seen and Mark Fowler is seen going into the bookies. Lastly, Roly the dog is seen in the pub when a fight breaks out.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1985)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45401211#7",
"text": "Show bosses confirmed on 1 October 2014 that \"EastEnders\" would air a full 30-minute live episode to celebrate 30 years of \"EastEnders\" and culminate the \"Who Killed Lucy Beale?\" storyline. It was also confirmed that all other episodes in the week would include live inserts. This was the third time that the show had aired a live episode, the first time being for the 25th anniversary episode, and the second time when Billy Mitchell carried the Olympic flame. Treadwell-Collins stated the live week as being \"a fantastic opportunity for \"EastEnders\" to create a massive national event, and one that will enable us to celebrate 30 years of [the show] in spectacular style.\" He went on to say that the live inserts allow them to \"surprise\" the audience. \"It is ambitious and exciting, and something I know everyone at \"EastEnders\" will excel at.\"",
"title": "EastEnders Live Week"
},
{
"docid": "12797827#55",
"text": "Colin and Guido's gay relationship was the cause of much controversy in January 1989 when \"EastEnders\" aired the first homosexual mouth-to-mouth kiss on British television. The chaste peck on the lips between Colin and Guido resulted in a front page denunciation in \"The Sun\" newspaper, who described it as \"a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs [...] when millions of children were watching\". The kiss was watched by twenty million people and came at a time when Margaret Thatcher's government had set forward a moral agenda that urged a return to traditional family values. \"The Sun\" printed the assertion that \"Furious MPs last night demanded a ban on \"EastEnders\" as the BBC soap showed two men kissing full on the lips\".",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1988)"
},
{
"docid": "6265228#13",
"text": "This episode first aired on BBC's Red Button service on 8 November 2013. Bianca Butcher (Patsy Palmer) is studying to become a beautician in Manchester for six weeks, away from her family in Walford. She meets the charming Terry Spraggan (Terry Alderton) and they fall for each other and eventually start a relationship. The episode led to the eventual introduction of Terry and his family when they returned to Walford with Bianca when the six-week course ended.\nSeveral documentaries have been made about \"EastEnders\", usually broadcast on BBC Three. Since February 2010, Watch started repeating various \"EastEnders\" documentaries. Since then, they occasionally show documentaries on Saturdays and Sundays.",
"title": "List of EastEnders television spin-offs"
},
{
"docid": "37578555#9",
"text": "Bentinck posted on Twitter that he was filming his first scenes on 28 February 2013. After his scenes aired, a Manchester solicitor received an increase in calls requesting information about mediation, and welcomed the storyline, saying, \"I watched the episode of \"EastEnders\" when it aired on Tuesday and was really pleased to see that such a high profile show was featuring [mediation]. When couples come to divorce, being offered mediation as an option can make a huge difference to their short and long-term future, especially if children are concerned, as in this storyline. We have seen numerous calls on Wednesday asking about mediation, which can only be a positive thing, especially in the light of the recent cuts to legal aid.\"",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (2013)"
},
{
"docid": "1508633#4",
"text": "In early 2000, it was announced that a new doctor would arrive in \"EastEnders\". A few days later it was announced he would be played by Nick Bailey. Bailey was working for an investment bank unloading boxes, when he received the call about auditioning for Anthony. He explained \"I was alone in the stockroom when my agent's wife rang and told me I'd got the part. I just jumped up and punched the air, then did a rumba round the room.\" \"EastEnders\" marked Bailey's first major television role. Anthony was introduced as the son of B&B owner Audrey Trueman (Corinne Skinner-Carter). He made his first on-screen appearance on 11 December 2000. It was later announced his family would arrive later in the year.",
"title": "Anthony Trueman"
},
{
"docid": "30535686#9",
"text": "O'Connor's first episode as Executive Producer aired on 11 July 2016. Although O'Connor's first credited episode aired in July, his own creative work was not seen onscreen until late September. On 23 June 2017, it was announced that O'Connor would be leaving \"EastEnders\" after a year in the role of executive producer. O'Connor said: \"I've had an amazing time at \"EastEnders.\" Working with the editorial staff, cast and crew at Elstree has been an absolute privilege. They are the kindest, most loyal and hard-working team in the business. But my heart lies in feature films and I'm hugely excited as my film projects are now reaching production. I'll enjoy watching \"EastEnders\" go from strength to strength but will miss everybody enormously. Elstree really is a place where you make friends for life.\" O'Connor's final episode as Executive Producer aired on 24 November 2017.",
"title": "Sean O'Connor (producer)"
},
{
"docid": "9372065#23",
"text": "The Philadelphia-based Punk band The Dead Milkmen's 1988 album Beelzebubba contains a song called \"Bad Party\", with the lyrics, \"I'm gonna shoot somebody / If they don't stop talking about \"EastEnders\".\" When \"Beelzebubba\" was released, \"EastEnders\" aired on WHYY, the Philadelphia PBS station. British rap group Fierce Girl have a song, called \"What Makes a Girl Fierce\", with a chorus containing the lyrics, \"Kat Slater is our sister.\"",
"title": "EastEnders in popular culture"
}
] |
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] |
2954
|
Is China socialist?
|
[
{
"docid": "23239#6",
"text": "China practices a form of democracy that it calls socialist consultative democracy. Socialist Consultative Democracy is the form of democracy that exists in the People's Republic of China, though at least one source says that this form of democracy was created by the Communist Party of China. According to an article on Qiushi Journal, \"Consultative democracy was created by the CPC and the Chinese people as a form of socialist democracy. In this sense, consultative democracy represents the grand product of our efforts to enrich and develop Marxist theories on democracy. Socialist consultative democracy exhibits distinctive features as well as unique advantages. Not only representing a commitment to socialism, it carries forward China’s fine political and cultural traditions. Not only representing a commitment to the organizational principles and leadership mode of democratic centralism, it also affirms the role of the general public in democracy. Not only representing a commitment to the leadership of the CPC, it also gives play to the role of all political parties and organizations as well as people of all ethnic groups and all sectors of society\".",
"title": "Politics of China"
},
{
"docid": "5405#38",
"text": "China's constitution states that The People's Republic of China \"is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants,\" and that the state organs \"apply the principle of democratic centralism.\" The PRC is one of the world's only socialist states openly endorsing communism (see Ideology of the Communist Party of China). The Chinese government has been variously described as communist and socialist, but also as authoritarian and corporatist, with heavy restrictions in many areas, most notably against free access to the Internet, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, the right to have children, free formation of social organizations and freedom of religion. Its current political, ideological and economic system has been termed by its leaders as the \"people's democratic dictatorship\", \"socialism with Chinese characteristics\" (which is Marxism adapted to Chinese circumstances) and the \"socialist market economy\" respectively.",
"title": "China"
},
{
"docid": "797042#2",
"text": "The socialist market economy is seen by the Communist Party of China as an early stage in the development of socialism (this stage is variously called the \"primary\" or \"preliminary\" stage of socialism), where public ownership coexists alongside a diverse range of non-public forms of ownership. The Communist Party of China maintains that despite the co-existence of private capitalists and entrepreneurs with public and collective enterprise, China is not a capitalist country because the party retains control over the direction of the country, maintaining its course of socialist development. Proponents of this economic model distinguish it from market socialism as market socialists believe that economic planning is unattainable, undesirable or ineffective and thus view the market as an integral part of socialism whereas proponents of the socialist market economy view markets as a temporary phase in development of a fully planned economy.",
"title": "Socialist market economy"
},
{
"docid": "38317811#4",
"text": "The Communist Party of China and the government of China advocate socialist patriotism. The Communist Party of China describes the policy of socialist patriotism as the following: \"Socialist patriotism has three levels. At the first level, individuals should subordinate their personal interests to the interests of the state. At the second level, individuals should subordinate their personal destiny to the destiny of our socialist system. At the third level, individuals should subordinate their personal future to the future of our communist cause.\" The PRC portrays the Communist government as the embodiment of the will of the Chinese people.",
"title": "Socialist patriotism"
},
{
"docid": "797042#0",
"text": "The socialist market economy (SME) is the economic system and model of economic development employed in the People's Republic of China. The system is based on the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises within a market economy. The term \"socialist market economy\" was first used during the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1992 to describe the goal of China's economic reforms. Originating in the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 that integrated China into the global market economy, the socialist market economy represents a preliminary or \"primary stage\" of developing socialism. Despite this, many Western commentators have described the system as a form of state capitalism.",
"title": "Socialist market economy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "38317811#5",
"text": "Mao Zedong spoke of a Chinese nation, but specified that the Chinese are a civic-based nation of multiple ethnic groups, and explicitly condemned Han ethnocentrism, that Mao called Han chauvinism that he claimed had become widespread in China. The constitution of China states that China is a multi-ethnic society and that the state is opposed to national chauvinism and specifies Han chauvinism in particular.\nThe Socialist Unity Party of Germany officially had socialist patriotism within its party statutes. The SED expanded on this by emphasizing a \"socialist national consciousness\" involving a \"love for the GDR and pride in the achievements of socialism. However the GDR claimed that socialist patriotism was compatible with proletarian internationalism and stated that it should not be confused with nationalism that it associated with chauvinism and xenophobia.",
"title": "Socialist patriotism"
},
{
"docid": "38860786#14",
"text": "Different ideologies support different governments. For example, in the era of the Soviet Union Western socialists were bitterly divided as to whether the Soviet Union was basically socialist, moving toward socialism, or inherently un-socialist and in fact inimical to true socialism. Similarly, today the government of the People's Republic of China claims to be socialist and refers to its own approach as \"Socialism with Chinese characteristics\", but most other socialists consider China to be essentially capitalist. The Chinese leadership concurs with most of the usual critiques against a command economy and many of their actions to manage what they call a socialist economy have been determined by this opinion.",
"title": "Types of socialism"
},
{
"docid": "39699737#23",
"text": "Eco-socialism has had a minor influence over developments in the environmental policies of what can be called \"existing socialist\" regimes, notably the People's Republic of China. Pan Yue, Deputy Director of the PRC's State Environmental Protection Administration, has acknowledged the influence of eco-socialist theory on his championing of environmentalism within China, which has gained him international acclaim (including being nominated for the Person of the Year Award 2006 by \"The New Statesman\", a British current affairs magazine). Yue stated in an interview that, while he often finds eco-socialist theory \"too idealistic\" and lacking \"ways of solving actual problems\", he believes that it provides \"political reference for China’s scientific view of development\", \"gives socialist ideology room to expand\" and offers \"a theoretical basis for the establishment of fair international rules\" on the environment.",
"title": "Eco-socialism"
},
{
"docid": "8649341#5",
"text": "In 1935, former members of the Research Clique created the Chinese National Socialist Party, they were known as the Socialists to avoid confusion with the German Nazis. The CPWDP joined the short-lived Productive People's Party in the Fujian Rebellion. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the YCP, CPWDP, and the Socialists formed the China Democratic League (CDL), as an umbrella group, to fight the Japanese while providing for a \"Third Way\". After the war, the YCP and the Socialists, joined the Nationalists in Taiwan. The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, CPWDP, CDL, and the CPIP joined the Communists' United Front which also included several political pressure groups.",
"title": "History of political parties in China"
},
{
"docid": "54422563#8",
"text": "Saying that \"some (extremist) foreign forces have used religion to infiltrate China\", and noting that some religion including Christianity and Islam deliberately spread their political views in China, Wang considers \"guiding religions to suit to China's development (a) core policy to solve China's religious problems.\" He supports the sinicization of religion: \"Religions should be sinicized [...] We should guide religious groups and individuals with socialist core values and excellent traditional Chinese culture and support religious groups to dig into their doctrines to find parts that are beneficial to social harmony and development.\"",
"title": "Core Socialist Values"
},
{
"docid": "10512560#1",
"text": "Both the Socialists and the Democratic Constitutionalists had strong ties to Liang Qichao's defunct Progressive Party. The former were based in China as part of the China Democratic League while the latter was made up of overseas Chinese and expatriates. Most of their members were middle-age to elderly. They never actively recruited and most of their members were friends or relatives of each other. Their small numbers meant they lacked influence but also allowed them to operate under the radar of the Kuomintang and prevent infiltration by other parties.",
"title": "China Democratic Socialist Party"
}
] |
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2956
|
When was Anushilan Samiti founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "30246791#5",
"text": "Anushilan Samiti was founded as an attempt to organize Bengali youth through a program of physical fitness and spiritual training for a nationalist program. By 1902, Calcutta had three societies working under the umbrella of Anushilan Samity, a society earlier founded by a Calcutta barrister by the name of Pramatha Mitra. These included Mitra's own group, another led by a Bengali lady by the name of Sarala Devi, and a third one led by Aurobindo Ghosh. The Anushilan Samiti had Aurobindo and Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das as the vice-presidents, Suren Tagore the treasurer. Jatindra Nath Banerjee (Niralamba Swami), Bagha Jatin, Bhupendra Nath Datta (Swami Vivekananda's brother), Barindra Ghosh were among other initial leaders.\nBy 1905, the work of Aurobindo and his brother Barin Ghosh allowed Anushilan Samity to spread through Bengal.",
"title": "Political history of Sri Aurobindo"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#6",
"text": "By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. One was founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister Pramatha Mitra, another was led by Bengali woman Sarala Devi and the third was founded by Aurobindo Ghosh. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time. By 1905 the work of Aurobindo and his brother, Barin, enabled Anushilan Samity to spread throughout Bengal. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including \"Bande Mataram\" and \"Jugantar\", had a widespread influence on Bengal youth. The 1905 partition of Bengal stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's Bhadralok community, helping Anushilan acquire a support base of educated, politically-conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. Its program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and \"lathis\" (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The Dhaka branch of Anushilan was led by Pulin Behari Das, and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam. More than 500 branches were opened in eastern Bengal and Assam, linked by \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, soon overshadowing its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach indicate a membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan devolved its aims from the Swadeshi to that of political terrorism.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#0",
"text": "Anushilan Samiti (Ōnūshīlōn sōmītī, \"lit\": body-building society) was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century, and propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (\"Akhara\") in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, if somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal identified as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti centred in Dhaka (modern day Bangladesh), and the Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta) respectively.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#5",
"text": "Around 1902, Aurobindo Ghosh arranged for Bannerjee to return to Calcutta to begin organisational work, where he began a gymnasium and a youth society. It was at this time that Bannerjee came in touch with Vibhuti Bhushan Bhattacharya, Sarala Devi Ghoshal and Pramathanath Mitra. In Calcutta, a few clubs and societies were still active at the time. Most notable was a gymnasium in Ballygunge Circular Road run by Sarala Devi herself, a second was an organisation named \"Anushilan Samiti\" founded by Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Pramathanath Mitra. A third one was a youth club called \"Attōnnōti Samiti\" (Self-improvement society) in central Calcutta.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22192360#0",
"text": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti was a branch of the Anushilan Samiti founded in the city of Dhaka in November 1905. Initially a group of eighty under the leadership of Pulin Behari Das, it \"spread like wildfire\" throughout the province of East Bengal. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin’s headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism. The \"Dhaka Anushilan Samiti\" embarked on a radical program of political terrorism. It broke with the \"Jugantar group\" due to differences with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a base for a revolution with a mass base. The Dhaka group saw this as slow and insufficient, and sought immediate action and result. It was responsible for a number of political assassinations, most notably the murder of D.C. Allen. However, it reached a temporary halt after the arrest and deportation of Pulin Das and the Barisal Conspiracy Case in 1913. Dhaka Anushilan decided not to participate in the German plot of World War I. After the war, it continued in its violent movement, and some of its members went on to form the Neo-violence group.",
"title": "Dhaka Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#20",
"text": "Anushilan and Jugantar each were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. \"Anushilan Samiti\" was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar, was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups, acting under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions together. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktolla conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries that was described by Frost. The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the \"Anushilan Samiti\" were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports. According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti had at one point 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, with 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, Bihar, and the United Provinces. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents shows a primary division between, on the one hand the two active leadersBarin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file on the other. Higher leaders including Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Erstwhile members of \"Anushilan\", particularly those of the Maniktala group, had suggested that the each group were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However historian Peter Heehs concludes the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India. He concludes the Maniktala society had links between the other groups and the Manicktalla society, such as the Anushilan and Atmannati Samitis, were more often competitive than co-operative. An internal circular of circa 1908 written by Pulin Behari Das, describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions, with central \"Samitis\" linked with a few small Samitis.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#9",
"text": "In November 1905, Bipin Chandra Pal along with Pramathanath Mitra, visited Dhaka where, at a political meeting, Pal called for volunteers ready to sacrifice their all for Motherland. Among the eighty who stepped forward was Pulin Behari Das, a resident of Wari who was soon appointed the head of the East Bengal branch of \"Anushilan Samity\". Under Das's able leadership, \"Anushilan\" \"spread like wildfire\" throughout the province. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a \"close and detailed organization\" to Pulin’s headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#36",
"text": "Through the 1920s and 1930s, many Anushilan members began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, and later the Communist Party of India. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as M. N. Roy, became an influential member of the Communist International, helping to find the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilanite Marxists, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, felt hesitant over joining the Communist Party. Holding sharp differences with the CPI and Royist ideologies, the Anushilan marxists decided to join Congress Socialist Party (CSP), but keeping a separate identity within the party. The RSP, which derived from the \"Samiti\", held a strong influence in parts of Bengal. The psrty sent two parliamentarians in the 1952 Lok Sabha elections, both previously \"Samiti\" members. In 1969 RSP sympathizers in East Pakistan formed the Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal (SKSD). RSP and SKSD have maintained close ties since. The RSP is a minor partner in the Left Front which ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 34 uninterrupted years. It also holds influence in South India, notably in parts of Kerala. The SUCI, another left wing party with a presence in Bengal, was founded in 1948 by Anushilan members.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "4131168#8",
"text": "The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti embarked on a radical program of political terrorism. It broke with the Jugantar group in West Bengal due to differences with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a mass base for revolution. The Dhaka group saw this as slow and inadequate, and sought immediate action and results. The two branches of Anushilan engaged in \"dacoity\" to raise money, and performed a number of political assassinations at this time. In December 1907, the Bengal revolutionary cell derailed a train carrying Bengal Lieutenant Governor Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser in a plot led by the Ghosh brothers. That month, the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated former Dhaka district magistrate D. C. Allen. The following year, Anushilan engineered eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and explosions and eight \"dacoities\" in West Bengal. The targets of these actions included British police officials and civil servants, Indian police officers, informants, public prosecutors of political crimes and wealthy families. Under Barin Ghosh's direction, Anushilan members also attempted to assassinate French colonial officials in Chandernagore who were seen as complicit with the Raj.",
"title": "Anushilan Samiti"
},
{
"docid": "47037945#25",
"text": "By the close of 1936 the Anushilan Marxists at the Deoli Detention Jail in Rajputana drafted a document formulating their political line. This document was then distributed amongst the Anushilan Marxists at other jails throughout the country. When they were collectively released in 1938 the Anushilan Marxists adopted this document, \"The Thesis and Platform of Action of the Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist): What Revolutionary Socialism Stands for\", as their political programme in September that year.",
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti"
}
] |
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] |
2957
|
When was the Sega Genesis made?
|
[
{
"docid": "29032#3",
"text": "Released in 1988, the Genesis (known as the Mega Drive in Europe and Japan) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. In mid-1990, Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama hired Tom Kalinske as CEO of Sega of America. Kalinske developed a four-point plan for sales of the Genesis: cut the console's price, develop games for the American market with a new American team, continue aggressive advertising campaigns, and ship \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" with the Genesis as a pack-in game. The Japanese board of directors initially disapproved of the plan, but all four points were approved by Nakayama, who told Kalinske, \"I hired you to make the decisions for Europe and the Americas, so go ahead and do it.\" Magazines praised \"Sonic\" as one of the greatest games yet made, and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) decided to purchase a Genesis instead.",
"title": "Sega CD"
},
{
"docid": "29035#4",
"text": "Released in 1988, the Genesis (known as the Mega Drive in Europe, Japan and Australia) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. In mid-1990, Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama hired Tom Kalinske as president and CEO of Sega of America. Kalinske developed a four-point plan for sales of the Genesis: lower the price of the console, create a U.S.-based team to develop games targeted at the American market, continue aggressive advertising campaigns, and sell \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" with the console. The Japanese board of directors initially disapproved of the plan, but all four points were approved by Nakayama, who told Kalinske, \"I hired you to make the decisions for Europe and the Americas, so go ahead and do it.\" Magazines praised \"Sonic\" as one of the greatest games ever made, and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) decided to purchase a Genesis instead. However, the release of a CD-based add-on for the Genesis, the Sega CD (known as Mega-CD outside of North America), was commercially disappointing.",
"title": "Sega Saturn"
},
{
"docid": "386397#0",
"text": "The Sega Genesis, known as the in regions outside of North America, is a 16-bit video game console that was developed and sold by Sega. First released in Japan in 1988, in North America in 1989 and in PAL regions in 1990, the Genesis is Sega's third console and the successor to the Master System. The system supports a library of more than 700 games created both by Sega and a wide array of third-party publishers and delivered on ROM cartridges. It can also play the complete library of Master System games when the separately sold Power Base Converter is installed. The Sega Genesis also benefited from numerous peripherals, including the Sega CD and Sega 32X, several network services, and multiple first-party and third-party variations of the console that focused on extending its functionality. The console and its games continue to be popular among fans, collectors, video game music fans, and emulation enthusiasts. Licensed third party re-releases of the console are still being produced, and several indie game developers continue to produce games for it. Many games have also been re-released in compilations for newer consoles and offered for download on various digital distribution services, such as Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam.",
"title": "List of Sega Genesis games"
},
{
"docid": "29036#3",
"text": "Released in 1988, the Sega Genesis (known as the Sega Mega Drive in Japan, Europe and Brazil) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. Selling 30.75 million units worldwide, the Genesis was the most successful console Sega ever released. The successor to the Genesis, the Sega Saturn, was released in Japan in 1994. The Saturn was a CD-ROM-based console that displayed both 2D and 3D computer graphics, but its complex dual-CPU architecture made it more difficult to program for than its chief competitor, the Sony PlayStation. Although the Saturn debuted before the PlayStation in both Japan and the United States, its surprise U.S. launch—which came four months earlier than originally scheduled—was marred by a lack of distribution, which remained a continuing problem for the system. Moreover, Sega's early release was undermined by Sony's simultaneous announcement that the PlayStation would retail for US$299—compared to the Saturn's initial price of $399. Nintendo's long delay in releasing a competing 3D console and the damage done to Sega's reputation by poorly supported add-ons for the Genesis (particularly the Sega 32X) allowed Sony to establish a foothold in the market. The PlayStation was immediately successful in the U.S., in part due to a massive advertising campaign and strong third-party support engendered by Sony's excellent development tools and liberal $10 licensing fee. Sony's success was further aided by a price war in which Sega lowered the price of the Saturn from $399 to $299 and then from $299 to $199 in order to match the price of the PlayStation–even though Saturn hardware was more expensive to manufacture and the PlayStation enjoyed a larger software library. Losses on the Saturn hardware contributed to Sega's financial problems, which saw the company's revenue decline between 1992 and 1995 as part of an industry-wide slowdown. Furthermore, Sega's focus on the Saturn over the Genesis prevented it from fully capitalizing on the continued strength of the 16-bit market.",
"title": "Dreamcast"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#0",
"text": "The Sega Genesis, known as the in regions outside of North America, is a 16-bit home video game console developed and sold by Sega. The Genesis was Sega's third console and the successor to the Master System. Sega released the console as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988, followed by North America as the Genesis in 1989. In 1990, the console was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe, Ozisoft in Australasia, and Tec Toy in Brazil. In South Korea, the systems were distributed by Samsung as the Super Gam*Boy and later the Super Aladdin Boy.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2639573#10",
"text": "Sega announced a North American release date for the system on January 9, 1989. At the time, Sega did not possess a North American sales and marketing organization and was distributing its Master System through Tonka. Dissatisfied with Tonka's performance, Sega looked for a new partner to market the Genesis in North America and offered the rights to Atari Corporation, which did not yet have a 16-bit system. David Rosen made the proposal to Atari CEO Jack Tramiel and the president of Atari's Entertainment Electronics Division, Michael Katz. Tramiel declined to acquire the new console, deeming it too expensive, and instead opted to focus on the Atari ST. Sega decided to launch the console through its own Sega of America subsidiary, which executed a limited launch on August 14, 1989, in New York City and Los Angeles. The Sega Genesis was released in the rest of North America later that year.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "58798706#17",
"text": "After the release of the Sega Genesis in 1989, video game publisher Accolade began exploring options to release some of their PC games on the console. At the time, Sega had a licensing deal in place for third-party developers that increased the costs to the developer. According to Accolade co-founder Alan Miller, \"One pays them between $10 and $15 per cartridge on top of the real hardware manufacturing costs, so it about doubles the cost of goods to the independent publisher.\" To get around licensing, Accolade chose to seek an alternative way to bring their games to the Genesis. As a result of piracy in some countries and unlicensed development issues, Sega incorporated a technical protection mechanism into a new edition of the Genesis released in 1990, referred to as the Genesis III. This new variation of the Genesis included a code known as the Trademark Security System (TMSS). Accolade successfully identified the TMSS file. It later added this file to the games \"HardBall!\", \"Star Control\", \"Mike Ditka Power Football\", and \"Turrican\". In response to the creation of these unlicensed games, Sega filed suit against Accolade in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, on charges of trademark infringement, unfair competition, and copyright infringement. In response, Accolade filed a counterclaim for falsifying the source of its games by displaying the Sega trademark when the game was powered up. Despite winning an injunction in the initial district court case, as a result of Accolade's appeal, the Ninth Circuit overturned the district court's verdict and ruled that Accolade's decompilation of the Sega software constituted fair use. Ultimately, Sega and Accolade settled the case on April 30, 1993. As a part of this settlement, Accolade became an official licensee of Sega, and later developed and released \"Barkley Shut Up and Jam!\" while under license. The terms of the licensing, including whether or not any special arrangements or discounts were made to Accolade, were not released to the public. The financial terms of the settlement were also not disclosed, although both companies agreed to pay their own legal costs.",
"title": "History of Sega"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#21",
"text": "As a result of piracy in some countries and unlicensed development issues, Sega incorporated a technical protection mechanism into a new edition of the Genesis released in 1990, referred to as the Genesis III. This new variation of the Genesis included a code known as the Trademark Security System (TMSS), which, when a game cartridge was inserted, would check for the presence of the string \"SEGA\" at a particular point in the memory contained in the cartridge. If the string was present, the console would run the game, and would briefly display the message: \"\" This system had a twofold effect: it added extra protection against unlicensed developers and software piracy, and forced the Sega trademark to display when the game was powered up, making a lawsuit for trademark infringement possible if unlicensed software were to be developed. Accolade learned of this development at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1991, where Sega showed the new Genesis III and demonstrated it screening and rejecting an \"Ishido\" game cartridge. With more games planned for the following year, Accolade successfully identified the TMSS file. It later added this file to the games \"HardBall!\", \"Star Control\", \"Mike Ditka Power Football\", and \"Turrican\".",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#40",
"text": "In 1994, Sega started the Sega Channel, a game distribution system using cable television services Time Warner Cable and TCI. Using a special peripheral, Genesis players could download a game from a library of fifty each month and demos for upcoming releases. Games were downloaded to internal memory and deleted when the console was powered off. The Sega Channel reached 250,000 subscribers at its peak and ran until July 31, 1998, well past the release of the Sega Saturn.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "3151292#0",
"text": "Sega Visions was a video game magazine focusing on games made for Sega video game machines such as Sega Master System, Game Gear, Genesis, and Sega CD. Its premiere issue in June/July 1990 was sent free to registered Master System and Genesis owners. It was created by Sega and was initially published by The Communique Group. In 1992, Infotainment World (who also published the popular game magazine GamePro) took over publishing for the rest of its lifespan. The Editor in Chief for Issues 8 through 17 was Nic Lavroff. For Issues 18 through 25 the Editor in Chief was Kurt Busch. The magazine had a rather sporadic release schedule, some issues being two months apart, others four months. Sega Visions ended its run after 25 issues with its September 1995 issue being the last published. Nowhere in the magazine was there any reference made to it being the final issue and text in a caption told the reader to check out the next issue of Sega Visions for more information on mind-blowing theme parks featuring Sega games.",
"title": "Sega Visions"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#58",
"text": "Working with Sega Enterprises, JVC released the Wondermega on April 1, 1992, in Japan. The system was later redesigned by JVC and released as the X'Eye in North America in September 1994. Designed by JVC to be a Genesis and Sega CD combination with high quality audio, the Wondermega's high price ($500 at launch) kept it out of the hands of average consumers. The same was true of the Pioneer LaserActive, which requires an add-on known as the Mega-LD pack, developed by Sega, in order to play Genesis and Sega CD games. Although the LaserActive was lined up to compete with the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, the combined price of the system and the Mega-LD pack made it a prohibitively expensive option for Sega players. Aiwa released the CSD-GM1, a combination Genesis/Sega CD unit built into a boombox. Several companies added the Mega Drive to personal computers, mimicking the design of Sega's TeraDrive; these include the MSX models AX-330 and AX-990, distributed in Kuwait and Yemen, and the Amstrad Mega PC, distributed in Europe and Australia.",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
},
{
"docid": "2639573#12",
"text": "Other companies assisted in distributing the console to various countries worldwide. Ozisoft handled the Mega Drive's launch and marketing in Australia, as it had done before with the Master System. In Brazil, the Mega Drive was released by Tectoy in 1990, only a year after the Brazilian release of the Master System. Tec Toy produced games exclusively for the Brazilian market and began a network service for the system called Sega Meganet in 1995. In India, Sega entered a distribution deal with Shaw Wallace in the spring of 1995 in order to circumvent an 80% import tariff, with each unit selling for INR₹18,000. Samsung handled sales and distribution in Korea, where it was renamed the \"Super Gam*Boy\" and retained the Mega Drive logo alongside the Samsung name. It was later renamed \"Super Aladdin Boy\".",
"title": "Sega Genesis"
}
] |
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] |
2958
|
How many people died in Pearl Harbor?
|
[
{
"docid": "7008497#1",
"text": "The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack sank four U.S. battleships, destroyed 188 U.S. aircraft, and killed 2,403 U.S. citizens within two hours, and led to the United States joining World War II. Once the United States entered the war and anti-Japanese sentiment began to circulate, Americans increasingly reacted with racism and hostility, viewing people of Japanese descent were treated as enemies regardless of whether they were U.S. citizens. The U.S. government expressed concerns about the loyalty of the Japanese people living in America and about Japanese spies sending information to Japan. \"The U.S. Department of the Treasury froze the assets of all citizens and resident aliens who were born in Japan, and the Department of Justice arrested some 1,500 religious and community leaders as potentially dangerous enemy aliens. Because many of the largest populations of Japanese Americans were in close proximity to vital war assets along the Pacific coast. The result was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066.\"",
"title": "Japanese-American Claims Act"
},
{
"docid": "1120226#16",
"text": "The U.S. officially classified all 3,649 military and civilian casualties and destruction of military property at Pearl Harbor as non-combatants as there was no state of war between the U.S. and Japan when the attack occurred. Joseph B. Keenan, the chief prosecutor in the Tokyo Trials, says that the attack on Pearl Harbor not only happened without a declaration of war but was also a treacherous and deceitful act. In fact, Japan and the U.S. were still negotiating for a possible peace agreement which kept U.S. officials very distracted when Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor. Keenan explained the definition of a war of aggression and the criminality of the attack on Pearl Harbor:",
"title": "Japanese war crimes"
},
{
"docid": "29970114#16",
"text": "The overall death toll was 2,467 people: 2,403 American citizens—2,335 members of the U.S. military and 68 civilians—and 64 members of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Five U.S. battleships were sunk and the other remaining three were badly damaged. Overall, nine ships of the U.S. fleet were sunk and 21 ships were severely damaged. Three of the 21 would be irreparable. 188 U.S. aircraft were completely destroyed and 159 others were damaged. Japan lost 29 out of the 353 aircraft they attacked with. The attack on Pearl Harbor was the largest destruction of life and property on American soil both in peacetime and in general by foreign nationals prior to the September 11 attacks, and remains the deadliest attack on American soil both in peacetime and in general by a foreign nation.",
"title": "Naval Station Pearl Harbor"
},
{
"docid": "456386#76",
"text": "Pearl Harbor was surprisingly attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Navy, killing 2,403 people and sinking the main American battleship fleet. Fortuitously, the four Pacific aircraft carriers were not in port and escaped damage. Hawaii was put under martial law until 1945. Unlike the West Coast of the United States in which 100,000 ethnic Japanese citizens were interned, the Japanese American population in Hawaii completely avoided such similar fate, though hundreds of pro-Japan leaders were arrested. Pearl Harbor was the U.S.' main forward base for the Pacific War. The Japanese tried to invade in summer 1942 but were defeated at the Battle of Midway. Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, sailors, Marines, and airmen passed through on their way to the fighting.",
"title": "History of Hawaii"
},
{
"docid": "57237179#18",
"text": "On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. The great majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had anticipated that the first attack would take place in the Dutch East Indies, Thailand, or the Philippines.",
"title": "Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"docid": "60098#2",
"text": "The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time (18:18 GMT). The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers) in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the intelligence section), were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed. One Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured.",
"title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "55186653#78",
"text": "On Tuesday, April 24, Pearl Harbor died of a blood clot near his brain at the age of 6 years old. At the time, Pearl Harbor was the No. 1 bull in the PBR World Standings. He had a 46.25-point average and was 10-0 on the (UTB). \"I was a huge fan of Pearl Harbor,\" said H.D. Page. \"I wanted Bruiser to beat him every week, but there were weeks I knew we got beat. I am a huge fan of bull riding and watching a great bull like that buck, I would go buy a ticket to watch those great bulls buck. He sure will be missed. The rivalry between him and Bruiser has been there and it was just heating up. It was really fun. I was never upset when he won because those are two great bulls. Now it is like a fight that went unfought kind of deal.\" \"He was one of the best two bucking bulls in the world these past couple of years,\" Lambert said. \"He was harder to ride than Bruiser, but he didn't quite have the flash to beat him; and Bruiser is one of the all-time greats, and so is Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor is in the conversation with the all-time greats even though he hasn't won a championship.\"",
"title": "Bruiser (bull)"
},
{
"docid": "55112755#1",
"text": "Although December 7 is known as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day it is not a federal holiday in the United States. The nation does however pay homage remembering the thousands injured and killed when attacked by the Japanese in 1941 and on Pearl Harbor Day the American flag should be flown at half-staff until sunset. Schools and other establishments in many places around the country do observe lowering the American flag to half-staff out of respect. Ceremonies are held annually at Pearl Harbor itself, attended each year by some of the ever-dwindling number of elderly veterans who were there on the morning of the attack.",
"title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "4749367#7",
"text": "On December 7, 2011, during the 70th anniversary ceremony in Hawaii of the attack on Pearl Harbor (\"Pearl Harbor Day\"), William Muehleib, the President of the PHSA, announced that due to the ages and health of the 2,700 members, the executive board had decided to terminate the corporate association as of December 31 of that year. The \"Pearl Harbor-Gram\" closed its membership in February 2012. However, informal social and local activities involving Pearl Harbor survivors were to continue. Peak membership for the association was 18,000 members nationally and over 70,000 members worldwide.A proposal was introduced at the Pearl Harbor Survivors Association National Reunion in Clearwater, Florida on December 6, 1965, for an organization of the descendants of Pearl Harbor survivors. This was followed by a second proposal during the association's following reunion at New York City on December 6, 1970, where it was approved. The first chapter (Sunshine State Chapter 1) of the Sons and Daughters of Pearl Harbor Survivors (SDPHS) was founded on December 6, 1972, in St. Petersburg, Florida. On October 20, 1973, the SDPHS became an independent nationwide organization. The non-profit organization has over 3,500 members in 50 states and foreign countries. The group also allows associate membership.",
"title": "Pearl Harbor Survivors Association"
},
{
"docid": "1130125#0",
"text": "The Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory is the argument that U.S. Government officials had advance knowledge of Japan's December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor. Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught off guard, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans for an attack. In September 1944, John T. Flynn, a co-founder of the non-interventionist America First Committee, launched a Pearl Harbor counter-narrative when he published a forty-six page booklet entitled \"The Truth about Pearl Harbor\".",
"title": "Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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2960
|
When was the character Michelle Fowler's last episode of EastEnders?
|
[
{
"docid": "10803239#42",
"text": "Michelle Fowler (also Holloway), played by Susan Tully from 1985 to 1995 and Jenna Russell since 2016, is the daughter of Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) and Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard). Although she is one of the brighter people in Walford, that does not stop Michelle making some huge mistakes during her time in Albert Square. Michelle has a habit of choosing the wrong men and her stubborn nature means that she rarely accepts anyone's help or listens to good advice. She is tough, feisty, determined, outspoken and never afraid to defend herself or her beliefs. Early on in the series, the character of Michelle becomes central to the programme and is the focus of a controversial storyline involving her teenage pregnancy. Press interest in the show escalated to \"record levels\" as journalists continuously tried to predict who had fathered Michelle's baby. In whodunnit fashion, the audience had been kept in the dark as to the real identity of the father and were given teasers implicating several residents on The Square. The audience finally discovered the culprit in episode 66 of the programme, October 1985. The episode was written by series co-creator/script editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, and was considered to be a landmark episode in the show's history. Four possible suspects are seen leaving the Square in the early half of the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson) and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point a car pulls up and finally the fluffy white legs of Roly the poodle bound out of the car, and give it all away: Den Watts is the man meeting Michelle and it was he who had fathered her baby. The rest of the episode consists of just one long scene, where Den and Michelle discuss whether or not to keep the baby. Up to that time it was the longest scene ever done in a soap-opera, lasting fifteen minutes.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1985)"
},
{
"docid": "12798000#13",
"text": "Geoff Barnes is played by David Roper. Geoff is introduced as a love interest for the long running character, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), in 1994. He is much older than Michelle, and their age difference causes most of the major problems in their relationship. They plan to marry, but in the end Geoff realises that Michelle doesn't really love him. He ends the relationship and moves to Scotland in April 1995, but returns in September as part of Michelle's exit storyline. His last appearance is in October 1995.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1994)"
},
{
"docid": "3833767#0",
"text": "Michelle Fowler (also Holloway) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Susan Tully from the first episode in 1985 until the character's departure in 1995. In December 2016, it was announced Michelle would be returning to the show after 21 years, with actress Jenna Russell taking over the role making her first appearance on 24 December 2016. In her first stint Michelle made some huge mistakes during her time in Albert Square mainly through having a habit of choosing the wrong men and her stubborn nature meant that she rarely accepted help or listened to good advice. Being determined and outspoken, she has never been afraid to defend herself or her beliefs. Since the recast to Russell in 2016, Michelle's storylines have revolved around her having had an illegal relationship with her student, Preston Cooper (Martin Anzor) in America, a love triangle involving her niece Bex Fowler (Jasmine Armfield), crashing Phil Mitchell car into the local chip shop and being stalked by Tom Bailey (Daniel Casey). Russell's departure from the show was announced in March 2018, and Michelle departed on 17 April 2018.",
"title": "Michelle Fowler"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "48792000#61",
"text": "Mark Fowler, played by Ned Porteous, is the son of Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully/Jenna Russell). He appears in 13 episodes between 11 August and 9 September 2016.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (2016)"
},
{
"docid": "3833767#20",
"text": "On 23 December 2016, a day before her return, it was reported that Michelle would be returning, but that the part had been recast to Jenna Russell. Of her casting, Russell said: \"It is a great honour to play such an iconic character. I know the audience loved Michelle Fowler so much, and even though she hasn't been on our screen for 20 years, she's very much in the fans' psyche. When I used to watch \"EastEnders\" all those years ago, she was one of my favourite characters. I'm extremely excited for what is in store for Michelle.\" Executive producer Sean O'Connor said he is \"thrilled to have secured Jenna Russell to play Michelle Fowler, one of the show's most celebrated characters\" and \"the Square really has missed her over the past twenty years.\" O'Connor added, \"Jenna was always in mind when I first started planning for Michelle's return\". O'Connor also said Michelle is \"still flawed, complicated and infuriating after two decades away, but still loveable all the same. It's going to be appointment TV watching Michelle's car crash of a life unravel all over again.\"",
"title": "Michelle Fowler"
},
{
"docid": "3833767#18",
"text": "Michelle went on to feature in controversial storylines such as her daughter's kidnapping, a shooting, and a brief liaison with her best friend's ex-husband and her own nemesis Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) — which left her pregnant. This heralded one of the soap's best-kept secrets as Grant never discovered that Michelle had his child. Michelle remained central to the programme for 10 years and became one of the most popular characters of her time. She was written out of it in 1995 when Tully decided to move on. Tully since took up directing, and directed several episodes of \"EastEnders\".",
"title": "Michelle Fowler"
},
{
"docid": "52573456#47",
"text": "Preston Cooper, played by Martin Anzor, is a former student of Michelle Fowler's (Jenna Russell), with whom she had an illegal relationship with in Florida. He appears in 16 episodes between 14 February and 31 March 2017.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (2017)"
},
{
"docid": "12797990#22",
"text": "Shelley Lewis, played by Nicole Arumugam, is a college friend of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), and is first seen in November 1992. When Michelle's housemate, Rachel Kominski (Jacquetta May), leaves Walford early in 1993, Shelley moves in with Michelle and her daughter Vicki Fowler (Samantha Leigh Martin) at 55 Victoria Road. She later gets a job as a part-time barmaid in The Queen Victoria pub, and is often seen hanging around with her other student pals Rich and her on/off boyfriend Clem (Jason Yates), which causes problems with Michelle when are were caught smoking cannabis in front of Vicki.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1992)"
},
{
"docid": "7711850#67",
"text": "This episode features Michelle Fowler (Jenna Russell) revealing to her best friend Sharon Mitchell (Letitia Dean) her reasons for returning to the United Kingdom after 20 years. Although their scenes are interspersed with scenes of Dot Branning (June Brown) at home waiting for her cat, and the episode credits 20 characters, it was officially considered a two-hander by BBC Store and was included in their \"\"EastEnders\": Two's Company\" collection of two-hander episodes.",
"title": "List of EastEnders two-hander episodes"
},
{
"docid": "10803239#44",
"text": "Lofty Holloway, played by Tom Watt, is one of the serial's original characters, making his first appearance in the third episode, 26 February 1985. Lofty is generally depicted as a meek, luckless and hapless victim. A long running storyline concerns his relationship with the character Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). Their unhappy marriage finally disintegrates after Michelle has an abortion, and Lofty leaves Walford for a new start. The character's final appearance is in the episode first aired on 19 April 1988. Lofty was one of the original twenty-three characters invented by the creators of \"EastEnders\", Tony Holland and Julia Smith. Both felt that to help complete the community there was a need for a character in his early twenties. He had to be someone a bit different. Not brash and confident like a lot of the older men, and not boisterous like the younger ones. A loner, maybe someone forced to be a loner. A person who \"stuck out like a sore thumb\". Someone that was happiest in a group but still could not find one that he fit in with. Tony Holland had previously been in the army and found that ex-soldiers had these problems when they tried to reintegrate as civilians. So they decided that Lofty would be an ex-soldier, forced to quit because of his asthma. He was happiest in the army and felt incomplete without the group setting, the all-male camaraderie and even the security of the uniformity that the army provides.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1985)"
},
{
"docid": "10803239#0",
"text": "The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" in 1985, by order of first appearance. They were all introduced by executive producer Julia Smith. The first episode of \"EastEnders\" was broadcast on 19 February 1985, and twenty-three main characters were already created for their first appearance. The first character to be seen was Den Watts, followed by Ali Osman and then Arthur Fowler, all of whom find Reg Cox dying in his flat. Ethel Skinner, Harold Legg and Pauline Fowler appear, after Den alerts them of Reg's death. With Ethel is her pug Willy along with Lou Beale. Saeed and Naima Jeffery are seen working in the local shop whilst Angie Watts is seen in The Queen Victoria, Walford's local pub. Nick Cotton and Sue Osman are next seen, whilst Pete and Kathy Beale work at the fruit and veg stall and Hassan Osman is seen with his parents in the café. Sharon Watts, Ian Beale and Michelle Fowler are next seen and Mark Fowler is seen going into the bookies. Lastly, Roly the dog is seen in the pub when a fight breaks out.",
"title": "List of EastEnders characters (1985)"
}
] |
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] |
2961
|
How old was actress Chelsea Halfpenny when she joined the caste of Casualty?
|
[
{
"docid": "33164250#2",
"text": "Halfpenny's professional acting career began in 2004 when she appeared in \"Casualty\" episode \"\"What Parents Do\"\", playing an eleven-year-old girl called Karine.",
"title": "Chelsea Halfpenny"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33164250#8",
"text": "Halfpenny joined the cast of BBC One medical drama, \"Casualty\" in early 2015. She plays Alicia Munroe, a year 1 foundation officer doctor. Halfpenny's first episode aired on 19 September 2015. Halfpenny had signed for eight episodes and departed the show on 14 November 2015. In May 2016, it was announced that Halfpenny would return to \"Casualty\", with her return episode airing on 30 July 2016. On 15 January 2019, it was confirmed that Halfpenny would be leaving \"Casualty\" after four years.",
"title": "Chelsea Halfpenny"
},
{
"docid": "33164250#0",
"text": "Chelsea Halfpenny (born 26 September 1991) is an English actress, best known for her role in the ITV soap opera \"Emmerdale\", as Amy Wyatt and as Alicia Munroe in BBC medical drama \"Casualty\".",
"title": "Chelsea Halfpenny"
},
{
"docid": "16001002#159",
"text": "Alicia Munroe, played by Chelsea Halfpenny, is a junior doctor who first appeared in the series 30 episode \"Cradle to Grave\", broadcast on 19 September 2015. Alicia is undergoing her second year of the Foundation Programme, specialising in emergency medicine. Alicia is billed as \"bright and bubbly\" and Halfpenny said that \"she's got blonde and pink hair, so people expect her to be a bit ditzy, but she's not.\" The show highlighted the issue of workplace bullying when Alicia began facing constant criticism from her mentor, Lily Chao (Crystal Yu). The character departed the show after appearing in eight episodes in the series 30 episode \"Avoidable Harm\", broadcast on 14 November 2015. It was announced on 18 May 2016 that Halfpenny had reprised her role and would return to the series. Halfpenny said she was \"so excited and humbled\" to be reintroduced into the main cast.",
"title": "Characters of Casualty"
},
{
"docid": "32799225#11",
"text": "Following Halfpenny's departure from \"Casualty\" in January 2019, speculation began that she would reprise her role as Amy. However, Halfpenny stated that she would not be returning to \"Emmerdale\", as she wanted to do other things with her career. On 21 January, Jess Less of \"Digital Spy\" confirmed the character of Amy would be returning to the show, but with Natalie Ann Jamieson in the role. Of her casting, Jamieson said \"I feel very lucky to be joining the cast of such a loved and respected show. I'm very grateful for this opportunity, and can't wait to find out what the future holds for Amy!\" Halfpenny later gave her approval to Jamieson taking over her role.",
"title": "Amy Wyatt"
},
{
"docid": "41548311#0",
"text": "The thirtieth series of the British medical drama television series \"Casualty\" commenced airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 29 August 2015, and concluded on 30 July 2016. The series consisted of 43 episodes, including the broadcast of the show's 1000th episode on 25 June 2016. Erika Hossington continued her role as series producer, while Oliver Kent continued his role as the show's executive producer. Seventeen cast members reprised their roles from the previous series with five actors, including three long-serving cast members, departing during this series. Chelsea Halfpenny appeared in the serial between September and November 2015 as F2 Alicia Munroe, reprising the role as a main cast member in July 2016. Alistair Brammer joined the cast for a four-month guest stint as receptionist Jack Diamond in December 2015. Three new regular cast members joined the serial in spring 2016: Lloyd Everitt as paramedic Jez Andrews; Jason Durr as staff nurse David Hide; and Jaye Griffiths as consultant Elle Gardner.",
"title": "Casualty (series 30)"
},
{
"docid": "1157234#1",
"text": "She was born to Maureen (née Mitchelson) and Colin Halfpenny, and has two elder sisters, Nicola and Paula; the latter is the mother of actress Chelsea Halfpenny, Jill's niece. Colin Halfpenny died in 1979, when Halfpenny was only four.",
"title": "Jill Halfpenny"
},
{
"docid": "33164250#12",
"text": "In 2012 Halfpenny also took part in Sunday for Sammy a biannual charity concert held in aid of the Sammy Johnson Memorial Fund, which benefits young performers in the Newcastle area. Starring alongside Angela Lonsdale and Denise Welch, Halfpenny played Lambrini a young Newcastle woman on community service. In 2014 she appeared in a variety of roles in the West Yorkshire Playhouse production of Maxine Peake's Beryl – celebrating the extraordinary sporting achievements of Morley cyclist Beryl Burton.She is the daughter of Newcastle DJ Paula Halfpenny and the niece of actress Jill Halfpenny.",
"title": "Chelsea Halfpenny"
},
{
"docid": "1157234#6",
"text": "From spring 2006, Halfpenny appeared in the BBC One series \"Waterloo Road\" as teacher Izzie Redpath, a role for which she won the \"TV Quick\" Award for Best Actress. The character was killed off at the end of the second series. In 2007 Halfpenny appeared as the narrator of \"Freaky Eaters\" for BBC Three and \"Fat Man's Warning\" for Channel 4. She narrated a short film advertising how the National Lottery helps the North East, created by students at the Lord Lawson of Beamish School as part of a competition. The film they created won the competition.",
"title": "Jill Halfpenny"
},
{
"docid": "33164250#6",
"text": "On 8 October 2010, Halfpenny made her first appearance on Yorkshire-based soap opera \"Emmerdale\" as runaway teenager Amy Wyatt, who became a regular character. On 11 October 2013, Halfpenny confirmed that she was to leave \"Emmerdale\". Her last episode was shown on 14 November 2013.",
"title": "Chelsea Halfpenny"
}
] |
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] |
2962
|
When was the Russian Empire started?
|
[
{
"docid": "14115#47",
"text": "The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden sued for peace with Russia. Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland, thus securing his coveted access to the sea. There, in 1703, he had already founded the city that was to become Russia's new capital, Saint Petersburg, as a \"window opened upon Europe\" to replace Moscow, long Russia's cultural center. Russian intervention in the Commonwealth marked, with the Silent Sejm, the beginning of a 200-year domination of that region by the Russian Empire. In celebration of his conquests, Peter assumed the title of emperor, and the Russian Tsardom officially became the Russian Empire in 1721.",
"title": "History of Russia"
},
{
"docid": "20611504#0",
"text": "The Russian Empire, also known as Imperial Russia or simply Russia, was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.",
"title": "Russian Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "191966#8",
"text": "The Russians wanted to ensure that despite losing the war, they still left the Congress of Paris with some strength left in their empire and with some of their wartime possessions left under their rule. When Alexander II took the crown of Russia in 1855, he inherited a potential crisis that threatened to collapse the Russian Empire. Problems all throughout the Empire stretching from parts of Finland to Poland, as well as Crimea and many tribal conflicts stretched the Russian economy to the brink of collapse. Russia knew that within a few months, a total defeat in the Crimean War was imminent, which would mean the complete humiliation of Russia on a global scale. Peace talks were pursued by Alexander II with Britain and France in Paris in 1856 as not just a means of attempting to keep some imperial possession but also a means of stopping the deaths of thousands of its barely-trained army reserves as well as an economic crisis. A main aim of the Russians was ending war with the appearance of some strength left in the Russian bear, which had once terrified the Western allies. It contrived \"to turn defeat into victory... through... peacetime [internal] reforms and diplomatic initiatives.\" Like the Ottoman Empire, the Russians desired to turn their attention inward to fix many internal problems, such as the economy and growing unrest in the society that Russia had not done enough in the war effort to crush the weak Turks.",
"title": "Treaty of Paris (1856)"
},
{
"docid": "16643#24",
"text": "The Russian Empire started to integrate the Kazakh steppe. Between 1822 and 1848, the three main Kazakh Khans of the Lesser, Middle and Great Horde were suspended. Russians built many forts to control the conquered territories. Moreover, Russian settlers were provided with land, whereas nomadic tribes had less area available to drive their herds and flocks. Many of the nomadic tribes were forced to adopt sedentary lifestyles. Because of the Russian Empire policy, between 5 and 15 per cent of the population of Kazakh Steppe were immigrants.",
"title": "History of Kazakhstan"
},
{
"docid": "47046227#5",
"text": "The first Russian postage stamp was officially issued on , by the circular of the Postal Department \"On the bringing of postal stamps for the common use\" that also directed the following:\nStarting from 1 January of the next year 1858, usual private letters to all the places of the Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Finland brought to the post in usual envelopes or without envelope at all just with addresses written on the letter itself should be sent only with the stamp corresponding to the letter weight.",
"title": "First stamp of the Russian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "20611504#53",
"text": "Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled Russian America. With the exception of this territorymodern-day Alaskathe Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that while the British and French colonial empires declined in the 20th century, the Russian Empire kept a large portion of its territory, first as the Soviet Union, and later as part of present-day Russia as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States.",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"docid": "10998218#2",
"text": "The first migratory wave of Russians began in the early 18th century, when Finland was part of the Swedish Empire. About 40,000 Russian soldiers, civilian workers, and about 600 businessmen moved to the Grand Duchy of Finland, which became part of the Russian Empire in 1809. When Finland became independent in 1917, many soldiers returned to Russia. Many businessmen stayed, including the Sinebrychoff family. During the Russian Revolution many aristocrats and officers fled to Finland as refugees. The biggest refugee wave was in 1922 when about 33,500 people came to Finland. Many of them had Nansen passports for many years. During the Kronstadt Rebellion about 1,600 officers fled to Finland. Russian citizens who moved in these three waves are called \"Old Russians\", whose 3–5,000 descendants live in Finland today.",
"title": "Russians in Finland"
},
{
"docid": "411747#46",
"text": "The onset of Russian expansionism to the south in the direction of Chechnya began with Ivan the Terrible's conquest of Astrakhan. Russian influence started as early as the 16th century when Ivan the Terrible constructed a fort in Tarki in 1559 where the first Cossack army became stationed. The Russian Terek Cossack Host was secretly established in lowland Chechnya in 1577 by free Cossacks resettled from Volga River Valley to the Terek River Valley. With the new Cossack hosts settled in the proximity of the North Caucasian peoples and with the rivaling Turkish and Iranian empires from the south, the region would for the next few centuries be contested between the three, with Russia emerging as victorious only in the late 19th century, after multiple victorious wars against Iran, Turkey, and the native Caucasian peoples later on.",
"title": "History of Chechnya"
},
{
"docid": "9461425#16",
"text": "In 1902 Japan and the British Empire forged the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which would last until 1923. The purpose of this alliance was to contain the Russian Empire in East Asia. In response to this alliance, Russia formed a similar alliance with France and began to renege on agreements to reduce troop strength in Manchuria. From Russian perspective, it seemed inconceivable that Japan, a non-European power which was considered to be undeveloped (i.e. not-industrial), and almost bereft of natural resources, would challenge the Russian Empire. This view would change when Japan started and won the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).",
"title": "Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
}
] |
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] |
2964
|
How old was Terry Southern at his death?
|
[
{
"docid": "600026#101",
"text": "In September 1995 Southern received the Gotham Award for lifetime achievement by the Independent Film Producers Association at the age of 71. The \"Easy Rider\" controversy reared its head again shortly before Southern's death, when Dennis Hopper alleged during an interview on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" that Rip Torn had been replaced because he had pulled a knife on Hopper during their argument in New York in 1968. Torn sued Hopper over the remark, and Southern agreed to testify on Torn's behalf. The case brought to light several of Southern's drafts of the \"Easy Rider\" screenplay, which effectively ended the dispute over his contributions.",
"title": "Terry Southern"
},
{
"docid": "600026#0",
"text": "Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and university lecturer, noted for his distinctive satirical style. Part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s and a companion to Beat writers in Greenwich Village, Southern was also at the center of Swinging London in the 1960s and helped to change the style and substance of American films in the 1970s. He briefly wrote for \"Saturday Night Live\" in the 1980s.",
"title": "Terry Southern"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "600026#102",
"text": "In 1995, shortly before his death, Southern hired a new agent and began making arrangements for the republication of \"Candy\" and \"The Magic Christian\" by Grove. His final project was the text for a 1996 coffee table book about Virgin Records. He appeared at the Yale Summer Writing Program mid-year, and in October he made his last media appearance when he was interviewed for a documentary on cult Scottish novelist Alexander Trocchi.",
"title": "Terry Southern"
},
{
"docid": "213396#24",
"text": "On 21 July 1928, Terry died of a cerebral haemorrhage at her home at Smallhythe Place, near Tenterden, Kent, aged 81. Her son Edward later recalled, \"Mother looked 30 years old ... a young beautiful woman lay on the bed, like Juliet on her bier\". Margaret Winser created a death mask. Terry was cremated at Golders Green, Middlesex. Her ashes are kept in a silver chalice on the right side of the chancel of the actors' church, St Paul's, Covent Garden, London, where a memorial tablet was unveiled by Sir John Martin-Harvey.",
"title": "Ellen Terry"
},
{
"docid": "600026#69",
"text": "Southern covered the Rolling Stones 1972 American Tour, where he met and began a collaboration with Peter Beard, and they would work sporadically on the never-filmed screenplay \"The End of the Game\" until Southern's death. Southern immersed himself in the bacchanalian atmosphere of the tour, and his essay on the Stones tour, \"Riding The Lapping Tongue\", was published in the August 12, 1972, edition of \"Saturday Review\". He also wrote a bawdy anti-Nixon skit which was performed at a George McGovern fundraiser, and \"Twirlin' at Ole Miss\" was included in \"The New Journalism\".",
"title": "Terry Southern"
},
{
"docid": "600026#88",
"text": "Southern turned 60 in 1984, and his career continued to alternate between promise and disappointment. \"Flash and Filigree\" was reissued by Arbor House with a new introduction by Burroughs, and Sandy Lieberson (now at Fox) hired him to work on a script called \"Intensive Heat\", based on the life of jewel thief Albie Baker. During this period, Southern ran into problems with his long-overdue new book (a \"buildingsroman\" inspired by his Texas childhood alternatively known as \"Youngblood\", \"Southern Idyll\" and \"Behind the Grassy Knoll\") when Putnam demanded the return of the $20,000 advance, precipitating his abandonment of the work. In 1985, \"Candy\" and \"The Magic Christian\" were reprinted by Penguin and Southern featured prominently in the Howard Brookner documentary \"\".",
"title": "Terry Southern"
},
{
"docid": "600026#61",
"text": "Southern's pre-eminence waned rapidly in the 1970s—his screen credits decreased, his book and story output dwindled, and he acquired a reputation as an out-of-control substance abuser. He continued to drink heavily and take various drugs; in particular, his dependence on Dexamyl badly affected his health as he aged. Biographer Lee Hill suggests that Southern was a functioning alcoholic and that his image was largely based on his occasional public appearances in New York, partying and socializing; in private, he remained a tireless worker.",
"title": "Terry Southern"
},
{
"docid": "13559285#5",
"text": "Terry, aged 26 at his death, was buried at Roselawn Memorial Park in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas.",
"title": "Seymour W. Terry"
},
{
"docid": "1188981#1",
"text": "Wilkinson was 43 years old, and a temporary lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:On 14 February 1942 in the Java Sea, off Malaya, , a patrol vessel, formerly a passenger steamer, commanded by Lieutenant Wilkinson, sighted two enemy convoys, one escorted by Japanese warships, The lieutenant told his crew he had decided to engage the convoy and fight to the last in the hope of inflicting some damage, a decision that drew resolute support from the whole ship's crew. In the action that followed, a Japanese transport was set on fire and abandoned, and \"Li Wo\" engaged a heavy cruiser for over an hour before being hit at point-blank range and sunk. Lieutenant Wilkinson ordered his crew to abandon ship, but he went down with \"Li Wo\".His VC is in the Imperial War Museum.",
"title": "Thomas Wilkinson (VC 1942)"
},
{
"docid": "261243#5",
"text": "On 5 July 2003, he died from multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis while he was out on an excursion for hunting guinea fowl. According to official estimates he was about 58 or 59 years old at the time. He was buried on 12 July in a semi-traditional ceremony at Tsumkwe, next to the grave of his second wife. He had six surviving children.",
"title": "Nǃxau ǂToma"
},
{
"docid": "29347356#2",
"text": "Despite his initial reluctance, Terry Sullivan) (Brian Regan) soon proved easy prey for Simon after the death of his wife Sue (Annie Miles) and son Danny. In indoctrinating Terry, Simon however invokes the wrath of Terry's friend Barry Grant (Paul Usher).",
"title": "Simon Howe"
}
] |
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] |
2965
|
Who won the Super Bowl in 2006?
|
[
{
"docid": "699349#28",
"text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers won Super Bowl XL 21–10 over the Seattle Seahawks in Detroit on February 5, 2006. Roethlisberger had one of the worst passing games of his career, completing just nine of 21 passes for 123 yards and two interceptions; his passer rating of 22.6 was the lowest in Super Bowl history by a winning quarterback. Though he did convert eight third-down situations in the game to help the Steelers win, none of them was bigger than his 37-yard pass to Super Bowl XL MVP Hines Ward on a third-and-28 that set up the Steelers' first touchdown (a one-yard quarterback sneak by Roethlisberger on third and goal). With the victory, Roethlisberger, at 23 years old, became the youngest quarterback to win the Super Bowl, a record previously held by Tom Brady of the New England Patriots.",
"title": "Ben Roethlisberger"
},
{
"docid": "1169451#9",
"text": "On February 5, 2006, Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers won Super Bowl XL by defeating the Seattle Seahawks 21–10, giving Cowher his first Super Bowl ring. Through the Super Bowl, Cowher's team had compiled a record of 108–1–1 in games in which they built a lead of at least 11 points.",
"title": "Bill Cowher"
},
{
"docid": "685028#0",
"text": "Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan.",
"title": "Super Bowl XL"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1431530#7",
"text": "In 2006, he won a super bowl ring after winning Super Bowl XLI with the Colts.",
"title": "James Mungro"
},
{
"docid": "27718#18",
"text": "Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division championship each year. In this same period, the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years, only to lose all four. After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York (1990) and Washington (1991), the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls (XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX) led by quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Emmitt Smith, and wide receiver Michael Irvin. All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame. The Cowboys' streak was interrupted by the 49ers, who won their league-leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young, Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers. The NFC's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who, under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, won Super Bowl XXXI, their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s.",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "4557845#10",
"text": "Kuhn won a Super Bowl ring on February 5, 2006 as a member of the Steelers in Super Bowl XL with their 21–10 win over the Seattle Seahawks.",
"title": "John Kuhn"
},
{
"docid": "27718#17",
"text": "The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "29157#40",
"text": "Denver was the first team with a previous 0–2 Super Bowl record to win (their record had been 0–4). The Broncos' victory snapped the NFC's 13-game winning streak in the Super Bowl, becoming the first AFC team to win the NFL championship since the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII. Denver also became the first team to score on four 1-yard touchdown runs in a Super Bowl. The Packers became the third defending Super Bowl champion to lose the Super Bowl, joining the Dallas Cowboys (won Super Bowl XII, lost Super Bowl XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII).",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXII"
},
{
"docid": "330174#40",
"text": "During the first years of the new league format Oakland was a dominant franchise, winning the AFC West Division every year except 1971, and was kept out of the Super Bowls between 1970 and 1975 only by phenomenal Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins and Pittsburgh Steelers teams. Indeed, during the nine-year span from 1967 through 1975, the Raiders were eliminated by the team that won the Super Bowl on seven occasions (Green Bay in Super Bowl II at the end of the 1967 season, Super Bowl III champion New York in the 1968 AFL Championship Game, Super Bowl IV champion Kansas City in the 1969 AFL Championship Game, Super Bowl V champion Baltimore in the 1970 AFC Championship, Super Bowl VIII champion Miami in the 1973 AFC Championship Game, and Super Bowl IX and X champion Pittsburgh in the 1974 and 1975 AFC Championship Games). Finally, in 1976, the Raiders won their first title in Super Bowl XI under Davis's homegrown head coach John Madden. From 1970 to 1981 Oakland was able to reach the AFC Championship Game seven out of eleven years, and won two Super Bowls in that period. They also captured additional division titles during that period.",
"title": "Al Davis"
},
{
"docid": "1227585#23",
"text": "It was the first time since the 1996 postseason that the home team won both of the conference championship games. The Colts were the first dome team to win the Super Bowl in an outdoor game (the St. Louis Rams were the first dome team to win a Super Bowl, XXXIV inside the Georgia Dome in Atlanta). The 2006 Indianapolis Colts were the first division champion to win a Super Bowl with four postseason wins and the second division champion (2003 Carolina Panthers) to win a conference title with three postseason wins.",
"title": "Super Bowl XLI"
},
{
"docid": "1088360#39",
"text": "It also added to the recent success of Boston-area teams, following the Patriots wins in Super Bowls XXXVI and XXXVIII. With the Patriots having won Super Bowl XXXVIII the previous February, the Red Sox winning the World Series marked the first time since 1979 that the same city had a Super Bowl and World Series winner in the same year – the last city to accomplish the feat had been Pittsburgh, when the Steelers and Pirates had won Super Bowl XIII and the World Series respectively. The city would go on to record a decade of sports success from 2001 to 2011 with seven championships in the four major North American sports leagues (MLB, the NFL, the NBA and the NHL), including one in each league after the Patriots won two more Super Bowls, the Celtics won the 2008 NBA championship and the Bruins won the Stanley Cup in 2011. Following the Bruins winning the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, \"Boston Globe\" columnist Dan Shaughnessy ranked all seven championships and chose the Red Sox' 2004 World Series win as the greatest Boston sports championship during the ten-year span.",
"title": "2004 World Series"
}
] |
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2966
|
When did Guillaume Apollinaire die?
|
[
{
"docid": "62013#0",
"text": "Guillaume Apollinaire (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish-Belarusian descent.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "62013#14",
"text": "The war-weakened Apollinaire died of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "62013#3",
"text": "Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918; he was 38.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "47004962#23",
"text": "Other Paris artists took part in the war; the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, for example, went into the army and was seriously wounded in 1916. While recovering in Paris, he wrote \"Les Mamelles de Tirésias\" and coined the word Surrealism in the program notes for Jean Cocteau and Erik Satie's ballet \"Parade\". He also published an artistic manifesto, \"L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes\". The war-weakened Apollinaire died of influenza during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 and was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.",
"title": "Paris in World War I"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "62013#7",
"text": "On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting the theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre, but released him a week later. The theft of the statues was committed by a former secretary of Apollinaire, Honoré Joseph Géry Pieret, who had returned one of the stolen statues to the French newspaper the \"Paris-Journal\". Apollinaire implicated his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning in the theft of the \"Mona Lisa\", but he was also exonerated. The theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" was perpetrated by Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian house painter who acted alone and was only caught two years later when he tried to sell the painting in Florence.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "62013#17",
"text": "Shortly after his death, Mercure de France published \"Calligrammes\", a collection of his concrete poetry (poetry in which typography and layout adds to the overall effect), and more orthodox, though still modernist poems informed by Apollinaire's experiences in the First World War and in which he often used the technique of automatic writing.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "22801915#13",
"text": "This set the tone for a glittering series of important exhibitions, such as the \"Première Exposition d’Art Nègre et d’Art Océanien\", organized by Paul Guillaume, 13–19 May 1919, with a catalogue by Henri Clouzot and additional text by Guillaume Apollinaire. Apollinaire, who died the previous year, had collaborated with Paul Guillaume on the pioneering study \"Sculptures Nègres\" in 1917. This exhibition – drawn from Guillaume's private collection - placed African art at the heart of Modernism.\nArtists exhibiting at Galerie Devambez included Mary Cassatt, Armand Guillaumin, Claude-Oscar Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Marquet, Paul Signac, Raoul Dufy, Maurice de Vlaminck, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani, Tsuguharu Foujita, and Giorgio de Chirico.",
"title": "Maison Devambez"
},
{
"docid": "62013#16",
"text": "In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known erotic novel, \"The Eleven Thousand Rods\" (\"Les Onze Mille Verges\"). Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was \"The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan)\", in which the 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt. Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions. The book was made into a movie in 1987.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "62013#13",
"text": "Apollinaire fought in World War I and, in 1916, received a serious shrapnel wound to the temple, from which he would never fully recover. He wrote \"Les Mamelles de Tirésias\" while recovering from this wound. During this period he coined the word \"Surrealism\" in the programme notes for Jean Cocteau's and Erik Satie's ballet \"Parade\", first performed on 18 May 1917. He also published an artistic manifesto, \"L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes\". Apollinaire's status as a literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the Marquis de Sade, whose works were for a long time obscure, yet arising in popularity as an influence upon the Dada and Surrealist art movements going on in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century as, \"The freest spirit that ever existed.\"",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
},
{
"docid": "62013#15",
"text": "In 1900 he wrote his first novel \"Mirely, ou le petit trou pas cher\" (pornographic), which was eventually lost. Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was \"L'enchanteur pourrissant\" (1909), but \"Alcools\" (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the Symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay \"Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques\" on the Cubist painters, a movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term \"orphism\" to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of Robert Delaunay and others.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
}
] |
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2967
|
Where was Meghan Markle born?
|
[
{
"docid": "11214029#3",
"text": "Rachel Meghan Markle was born on August 4, 1981, in Los Angeles, California. Her mother, Doria Ragland, is a former social worker and yoga instructor living in View Park–Windsor Hills, California. Markle has often described having a very close friendship with her mother. Her father, Thomas Markle Sr., who lives in Rosarito, Mexico, is a retired television director of photography and lighting director, whose profession resulted in his young daughter often visiting the set of \"Married...with Children\". Markle's parents divorced when she was six years old. She has two older paternal half-siblings, Samantha Markle and Thomas Markle Jr., from whom she is reportedly estranged.",
"title": "Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "11214029#1",
"text": "Markle was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, and has a mixed ethnic heritage. During her studies at Northwestern University, she began playing small roles in American television series and films. From 2011 to 2017, she played Rachel Zane, on the American legal drama series \"Suits\". An outspoken feminist, Markle has addressed issues of gender inequality, and her lifestyle website \"The Tig\" featured a column profiling influential women. She represented international charity organisations in the 2010s. She has received recognition for her fashion and style, releasing a line of clothing in 2016.",
"title": "Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57462292#3",
"text": "Samantha Marie Markle (also known as Samantha Grant, born Yvonne Markle) is the paternal half-sister of the Duchess of Sussex, the daughter of Thomas Markle Sr. and Roslyn Markle (\"née\" Loveless). She was born in November 1964 and lives with her boyfriend Mark Phillips in Belleview, Florida. Markle has been divorced twice and has been through personal bankruptcy. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 2008, and has been using a wheelchair since then. She has worked as a model, actress, and mental health counselor. Markle has three children, one of whom she is estranged from. She is also estranged from her mother, her brother, and her half-sister. At the time of the royal wedding, she had been estranged from her half-sister for almost a decade and had not spoken to her since 2015. \nShe was not invited to the wedding of Prince Harry and her half-sister and had not attended her half-sister's first wedding either. She has cited Doria Ragland as the main reason behind their estrangement, and insisted that Meghan should have helped their father financially (as he had declared bankruptcy in 2016). However, Markle's mother criticized her daughter's behavior and remarks to the press, saying she was \"an embarrassment\" and needed to \"get some dignity\". She appeared on the TLC special program \"When Harry Met Meghan: A Royal Engagement\" to discuss her half-sister and her upcoming book, \"The Diary of Princess Pushy's Sister\". In October 2017, Markle insisted that it will not be a tell-all book, but will rather merely be about \"some of the beautiful nuances of our lives\". In an interview with \"The Sun\", Markle called her half-sister a \"shallow social climber\" whose behavior was not \"befitting of a royal family member\", though she later changed her mind, describing Meghan as \"very animated, very charming, very lively\", and \"absolutely lovely\".",
"title": "Family of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "57462292#1",
"text": "Thomas Wayne Markle is the father of the Duchess of Sussex. He is a retired American television lighting director, born in 1945. Markle was raised in Newport, Pennsylvania, the son of Doris May Rita (Sanders) and Gordon Arnold Markle. His mother was from New Hampshire. He has two brothers. He was previously married to Roslyn Markle (\"née\" Loveless), with whom he had Thomas Markle Jr. and Samantha Grant (\"née\" Markle). He was a co-recipient of two Daytime Emmy Awards for work on the television medical drama \"General Hospital\" (in 1982 and 2011) and received a Chicago / Midwest Emmy Award for work on the television program \"Made in Chicago\" (in 1975). He also won $750,000 in the California State Lottery in 1990, although he later declared personal bankruptcy (in 2016). He currently resides in Rosarito Beach, Baja California, Mexico. He had planned to walk Meghan down the aisle for her wedding, but did not. He said his absence was due to his health, as he was recovering from a heart attack and had undergone heart surgery. In reference to his son and other daughter's comments about the royal wedding, he said they \"should just shut up about everything\".",
"title": "Family of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "57462292#0",
"text": "Members of the Markle and Ragland families have been related by marriage to the British royal family since the wedding of Meghan Markle and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, on May 19, 2018, when Meghan became the Duchess of Sussex. The Markle (originally spelled Merckel) family is of German descent and originates in Alsace on the modern French–German border, and Meghan's paternal ancestors moved to the United States in the 17th century; among her father's other ancestors are American settlers of English, Dutch, and Irish descent. The Ragland family is of African American descent, and Meghan's maternal ancestors were enslaved in the U.S. state of Georgia.",
"title": "Family of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "55772605#0",
"text": "The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle was held on 19 May 2018 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom. The groom, Prince Harry, is a member of the British royal family; the bride, Meghan Markle, is an American former actress. On the morning of the wedding, Prince Harry's grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, conferred upon him the titles of Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton and Baron Kilkeel. On her marriage, Markle became Duchess of Sussex. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, officiated at the wedding using the standard Anglican church service for Holy Matrimony published in \"Common Worship\", the liturgical text of the Church of England.",
"title": "Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle"
},
{
"docid": "57462292#6",
"text": "Thomas Wayne Markle Jr. is the paternal half-brother of the Duchess of Sussex, the son of Thomas Markle Sr. and Roslyn Markle (\"née\" Loveless). He was born in 1966 and lives in Grants Pass, Oregon, with his fiancée Darlene Blout. He was married to Tracy Dooley until their divorce in 2001 and then to Johannes Rawha until their divorce in 2009. He and Tracy Dooley have two sons, Thomas and Tyler Dooley. He works as a window fitter. He was arrested in January 2017 after threateningly holding a gun to Blout's head during an argument while he was under the influence of alcohol. Later in 2018, following another incident, Blout claimed in a police call that \"Markle was beating himself up\" and \"drinking\", saying that he \"was not mentally fit\". Blout got arrested by the police on assault charges, but was later released. The couple were involved in another domestic violence incident in July 2018 after which Blout was arrested again and released \"after posting bail\".",
"title": "Family of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "11214029#5",
"text": "Markle grew up in Hollywood. She was educated at private schools, beginning at age two at the Hollywood Little Red Schoolhouse. At age 11, her successful campaign to get Procter & Gamble to change a national television commercial she viewed as sexist was profiled by Linda Ellerbee on \"Nick News\". Though she was raised as a Protestant, Markle attended Immaculate Heart High School, an all-girl Catholic private school in Los Angeles. She then attended Northwestern University, where she joined Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and participated in community service and charity projects. She also served an internship at the American embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and studied for a semester in Madrid, Spain. Markle received a bachelor's degree from Northwestern's School of Communication in 2003, with a double major in theater and international studies.",
"title": "Meghan, Duchess of Sussex"
},
{
"docid": "55902147#7",
"text": "The dress is augmented by a long 5 metre (16-ft) veil, hand-embroidered with a variety of flowers on its hem, and symbolic crops of wheat. It was 3 metres wide. The veil took longer to create than the dress itself. Markle chose two favourite flowers – wintersweet (\"Chimonanthus praecox\"), which grows outside Nottingham Cottage at Kensington Palace, where she and Harry lived, and the California poppy (\"Eschscholzia californica\"), from where she was born – along with individual flowers representing the 53 countries of the Commonwealth, reflecting the couple's interest in the work of the Commonwealth. The countries and flowers are:Elizabeth Emanuel, co-designer of Diana, Princess of Wales's wedding gown, thought that the gown made a \"really solid fashion statement\" and thought that Waight Keller \"should be pleased because Meghan looked absolutely stunning and beautiful.\" Waight Keller stated that Prince Harry told her \"Oh my God. Thank you. She is absolutely magnificent.\"",
"title": "Wedding dress of Meghan Markle"
},
{
"docid": "57462235#0",
"text": "Thomas Wayne Markle Sr. (born July 18, 1944) is an American retired television lighting director and director of photography. He received a Chicago / Midwest Emmy Award for work on the television program \"Made in Chicago\" in 1975 and was a co-recipient of two Daytime Emmy Awards for work on the television soap opera \"General Hospital\", in 1982 and 2011. He is the father of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, by his second wife, Doria Ragland.",
"title": "Thomas Markle"
}
] |
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2968
|
When was the Canadian Mounted Police formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "54500220#0",
"text": "The history of the North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north describes the activities of the North-West Mounted Police in the North-West Territories at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th. The mounted police had been established to control the prairies along the Canadian-United States border in 1873, but were then also deployed to control the Yukon region during the Klondike Gold Rush, and subsequently expanded their operations into the Hudson Bay area and the far north. The force was amalgamated in 1920 to form part of the new Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who continued their predecessors' work across the region.",
"title": "North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north"
},
{
"docid": "21983967#0",
"text": "The Dominion Police Force was the federal police force of Canada between 1868 and 1920, and was one of the predecessors of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. It was the first federal police force in Canada, formed the year following the Canadian Confederation to enforce federal laws and perform policing duties for the Federal Government of Canada. On 1 February 1920, the Dominion Police was merged with the North-West Mounted Police to form the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as the new federal police force of Canada.",
"title": "Dominion Police"
},
{
"docid": "69080#1",
"text": "The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP), founded in 1873, with the Dominion Police founded in 1868. The former was originally named the North West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the \"Royal\" prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP and RNWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. The RCMP-GRC wording is protected under the Trade-marks Act.\nDespite its name, the RCMP is no longer an actual mounted police force, with horses only being used at ceremonial events. The predecessor NWMP and RNWMP had relied on horses for transport for most of their history, though the RNWMP was switching to automobiles at the time of the merger.",
"title": "Royal Canadian Mounted Police"
},
{
"docid": "21983967#3",
"text": "The Dominion Police, although the federal police of Canada, was mainly active in the Eastern Canada region, while the Royal Northwest Mounted Police handled the expansive and sparsely populated Northwest Territories of Western Canada. In May 1918, the 969-member Dominion Police was reassigned under the Department of Militia and Defence and became a civilian wing of the Canadian Military Police Corps (CMPC). In the early 1900s, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police had declined as the Northwest Territories was divided into new provinces and territories, and due to the general unpopularity of the force for conduct during industrial disputes such as the Winnipeg General Strike. On 1 February 1920, the civilian members of the CMPC, including the Dominion Police, were merged with the Royal Northwest Mounted Police to form the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as the new federal police force of Canada, and the CMPC was disbanded on 1 December 1920.",
"title": "Dominion Police"
},
{
"docid": "23627#35",
"text": "In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873.\nThe merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police.",
"title": "Police"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "69080#47",
"text": "In September 1939, at the outset of the Second World War, the Canadian Army had no military police. Five days after war was declared the Royal Canadian Mounted Police received permission to form a Provost Company of Force volunteers. It was designated No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP), and became the Canadian Provost Corps. Six months after war was declared its members were overseas in Europe and served throughout the Second World War as military police.",
"title": "Royal Canadian Mounted Police"
},
{
"docid": "36499256#4",
"text": "For over a century the New South Wales Mounted Police were a key part of policing, as horses were the main form of transport. The unit was formed three years before the London Mounted Police and 38 years prior to the 1873 formation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.\nBy the 1900s the Mounted Police had grown to a strength of over 800 personnel and more than 900 horses. Most stations throughout the state had mounted units attached to them. It was around this time that they unit was moved from Belmore Barracks, to allow for the construction of the present Central railway station, to a temporary base at Moore Park, and then on to the Bourke Street Police complex at Redfern in 1907.",
"title": "New South Wales Mounted Police"
},
{
"docid": "69080#7",
"text": "Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald first began planning a permanent force to patrol the North-West Territories after the Dominion of Canada purchased the territory from the Hudson's Bay Company. Reports from Army officers surveying the territory led to the recommendation that a mounted force of between 100 to 150 mounted riflemen could maintain law and order. The Prime Minister first announced the force as the \"North West Mounted Rifles\". However, officials in the United States raised concerns that an armed force along the border was a prelude to a military buildup. Macdonald then renamed the force the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) when formed in 1873.",
"title": "Royal Canadian Mounted Police"
},
{
"docid": "584547#0",
"text": "The North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was a Canadian police force, established in 1873 by the Prime Minister, Sir John Macdonald, to maintain order in the North-West Territories. The mounted police combined military, police and judicial functions along similar lines to the Royal Irish Constabulary, and deployed the following year to the Alberta border in response to the Cypress Hills Massacre and subsequent fears of a United States military intervention. Their ill-planned and arduous journey of nearly became known as the March West and was portrayed by the force as an epic journey of endurance. Over the next few years, the police extended Canadian law across the region, establishing good working relationships with the First Nations. The force formed part of the military response to the North-West Rebellion in 1885, but faced criticism for their performance during the conflict.",
"title": "North-West Mounted Police"
},
{
"docid": "69080#46",
"text": "During the First World War, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted border patrols, surveillance of enemy aliens, and enforcement of national security regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On August 6, 1914, a squadron of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, A Squadron for service in France and Flanders and B Squadron for service in the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force",
"title": "Royal Canadian Mounted Police"
}
] |
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] |
2969
|
How long is Interstate 97?
|
[
{
"docid": "78103#0",
"text": "Interstate 97 (I-97) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs entirely within Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The intrastate Interstate runs from U.S. Route 50 (US 50) and US 301 in Parole near Annapolis north to I-695 and I-895 in Brooklyn Park near Baltimore. The Interstate is the primary highway between Baltimore and Annapolis. I‑97 connects Annapolis with Baltimore–Washington International Airport and links the northern Anne Arundel County communities of Crownsville, Millersville, Severna Park, Glen Burnie, and Ferndale. It is the shortest primary Interstate Highway.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#3",
"text": "I-97 begins at US 50 and US 301 (John Hanson Highway), which run concurrently with unsigned I-595, on the edge of the community of Parole west of Annapolis. The freeways meet at a semi-directional T interchange; the ramp from I-97 to eastbound US 50 and US 301 merges with a collector-distributor road that extends east to that freeway's interchange with MD 665 (Aris T. Allen Boulevard). I-97 heads northwest as a four-lane freeway with a speed limit of . The freeway crosses over MD 450 (Defense Highway) and passes along the south and west sides of Crownsville, where it crosses several tributaries of the Bacon Ridge Branch of the South River. North of Crownsville, I-97 has a partial interchange that comprises a pair of long ramps to MD 178 (Generals Highway); the interchange allows access from southbound I-97 to MD 178 and from the state highway to the northbound Interstate. I-97 gains an extra lane in each direction from the MD 178 ramps; those extra lanes split off at the freeway's partial interchange with the eastern end of MD 32 just north of Millersville. The Interstate curves northeast and has a complementary partial interchange with the northern end of MD 3 (Robert Crain Highway). The two state highways meet each other at a six-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange immediately to the west of I-97's sweeping curve, which facilitates all movements between the three highways.\nI-97 continues north as a six-lane freeway and is closely paralleled on the east by Veterans Highway on the western edge of Severna Park. The highways cross Severn Run within Severn Run Natural Environment Area before they diverge slightly at the Interstate's partial cloverleaf interchange with Benfield Boulevard; access from northbound I-97 to the crossroad is via Veterans Highway. I-97 and Veterans Highway continue to parallel each other to the latter highway's northern end at I-97's partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern end of MD 3 Business (Robert Crain Highway) and New Cut Road. The interchange includes a flyover ramp from northbound I-97 to northbound Veterans Highway just south of its intersection with MD 3 Business. The freeway continues north along the west side of Glen Burnie and meets MD 174 (Quarterfield Road) at a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and MD 100 at a cloverstack interchange that has flyover exit ramps from both directions of I-97.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "78103#5",
"text": "I-97 does not have an official name. However, the Interstate is dedicated to John A. Cade, who served the area around Severna Park in the Maryland Senate from 1974 to his 1996 death and who worked to secure funding for the highway. The Maryland General Assembly passed a dedication bill in 1998, and the Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA) installed a pair of signs noting the dedication in Millersville and near Parole. Like all Interstate Highways, I-97 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length. I-97 is the shortest 2-digit mainline Interstate and only intracounty 2-digit Interstate in the contiguous United States.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#1",
"text": "I-97 was constructed along the corridor of Maryland Route 3 (MD 3) between Millersville and Ferndale and MD 178 between Parole and Millersville. From Millersville to south of Glen Burnie, the Interstate closely follows the former course of MD 3, which was built in the late 1910s and early 1920s and expanded to a divided highway in the late 1950s. North of there, the highway follows the Glen Burnie Bypass, a freeway built in the mid-1950s. The segment of I-97 from Millersville to Crownsville originated as a two-lane portion of MD 32 in the early 1970s. The Interstate was introduced in 1979 after the state of Maryland successfully obtained Interstate mileage for a Baltimore–Annapolis freeway from the federal government. The state decided to build the highway along I-97's current corridor rather than along the MD 2 corridor, which has partial freeway access via MD 10.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#4",
"text": "I-97 temporarily gains two extra lanes in each direction between MD 100 and its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 176 (Dorsey Road). Access from the southbound Interstate to MD 176 is via MD 162 (Aviation Boulevard), which forms part of the Airport Loop surrounding Baltimore–Washington International Airport. I-97 continues through Ferndale, where it crosses over the Glen Burnie branch of MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink immediately before the highway's four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 648 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard), which provides access to the transit line's terminal station, Cromwell / Glen Burnie station. I-97's final interchange is with I-695 (Baltimore Beltway). The Interstate crosses the Cabin Branch of Curtis Creek within the interchange, which includes a flyover ramp from I-97 to westbound I-695; that ramp and the one from eastbound I-695 to I-97 merge on the inside of the two carriageways of the Beltway. The Interstate drops to four lanes and reaches its northern terminus just north of the loop ramp from westbound I-695 to I-97 in Brooklyn Park. The highway continues as I-895A, a pair of ramps that merge with the spur from I-895 (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) to MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway). The continuation from I-97 includes a ramp to westbound I-695 that allows access to the Beltway's interchange with MD 648.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#2",
"text": "Construction on I-97 began in the late 1980s with new construction from US 50 and US 301 to Crownsville. The Crownsville–Millersville segment of MD 32 was expanded and incorporated into the Interstate and the MD 3–MD 32 junction was upgraded. The portion of the MD 3 corridor from Millersville to south of Glen Burnie was upgraded on the spot to Interstate Highway standards in the early 1990s, after which MD 3 was truncated at Millersville. I-97's interchange with I-695 was rebuilt in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Glen Burnie Bypass was upgraded and expanded to six lanes in the mid-1990s. The complex process included reconstruction of several interchanges; the last interchange to be reconstructed was upgraded in the mid-2000s.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "15443980#1",
"text": "US 97 begins in Weed at an interchange with Interstate 5. It runs on Weed's Business Loop of Interstate 5, which all of the loop used to be U.S. Route 99. At the junction with California State Route 265, U.S. Route 97 ends its concurrency with the Business Loop and turns right, heading to the northeast into the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, and later the Klamath National Forest. US 97 passes by Grass Lake as it travels through the mountains before descending into the community of Macdoel. The route continues into the city of Dorris before intersecting with California State Route 161 near Indian Tom Lake before it crosses Oregon state border and leaves California.\nUS 97 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. US 97 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. As of 2007, it is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.",
"title": "U.S. Route 97 in California"
},
{
"docid": "2818604#0",
"text": "West Virginia Route 97 is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 52 and West Virginia Route 80 in Hanover. The eastern terminus is at exit 42 of the West Virginia Turnpike (Interstate 64 and Interstate 77) in Mabscott. West Virginia Route 16, which runs concurrent with WV 97 between Sophia and Mabscott, continues north into Beckley on Robert C. Byrd Drive, the right-of-way of both WV 16 and WV 97.",
"title": "West Virginia Route 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#10",
"text": "With Interstate funding assured, MDSHA commissioned the Baltimore–Annapolis Transportation Corridor Study in 1973 to figure out, among other things, the best route for the Baltimore–Annapolis Interstate. The study discovered a western route following the MD 3 and MD 178 corridors would be less disruptive and require fewer acquisitions of homes and businesses compared to an extension of the Arundel Expressway south along the MD 2 corridor. In June 1979, MDSHA announced plans for I-97. The original route numbering plan, which was approved by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) at its November 1975 meeting, was for I-97 to include its current route plus US 50 from Parole west to I-95 (Capital Beltway). That proposal included two auxiliary Interstate highways. I-197 would follow US 50 and US 301 east from I-97 to just west of the Severn River. I-297 would follow MD 3 between a pair of intersections with I-97 in Millersville and Bowie. AASHTO rescinded its approval of the 1975 plan at its June 1981 meeting, then approved what was essentially the original 1975 plan at its June 1982 meeting. The east–west segment of I-97 and I-197 was replaced by I-68. I-297 was withdrawn by request of the state of Maryland in 1983. The 1982 concept of I-68 became unsigned I-595 and I-68 was applied to the National Freeway in Western Maryland in 1991 after AASHTO approved the new designations at its June 1989 meeting.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
},
{
"docid": "78103#11",
"text": "The first portion of I-97 proper to be constructed was the section south of Millersville, which was placed under construction in three sections in March 1985. The first section of the highway, from US 50 and US 301 to Millersville Road west of the MD 178 interchange, opened in December 1987. Construction of I-97 from Millersville Road to the intersection of MD 3 and MD 178 at Dorrs Corner started in July 1987. The Interstate through Millersville opened in April 1989. The interchange at I-97's southern terminus was originally constructed as a partial interchange, with I-97 tying into what are now the collector-distributor lanes of US 50 and US 301. The ramps from eastbound US 50 and US 301 to I-97 and from I-97 to the westbound U.S. Highways were added during the reconstruction of US 50 and US 301 in 1992 and 1993.",
"title": "Interstate 97"
}
] |
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] |
2970
|
Who designed Blenheim Palace?
|
[
{
"docid": "53518#17",
"text": "Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener \"Capability Brown\", who planted the trees in the battle formation of the victorious army. In the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874.",
"title": "Oxfordshire"
},
{
"docid": "142294#9",
"text": "The architect selected for the ambitious project was a controversial one. The Duchess was known to favour Sir Christopher Wren, famous for St Paul's Cathedral and many other national buildings. The Duke however, following a chance meeting at a playhouse, is said to have commissioned Sir John Vanbrugh there and then. Vanbrugh, a popular dramatist, was an untrained architect, who usually worked in conjunction with the trained and practical Nicholas Hawksmoor. The duo had recently completed the first stages of the Baroque Castle Howard. This huge Yorkshire mansion was one of England's first houses in the flamboyant European Baroque style. The success of Castle Howard led Marlborough to commission something similar at Woodstock.\nBlenheim, however, was not to provide Vanbrugh with the architectural plaudits he imagined it would. The fight over funding led to accusations of extravagance and impracticality of design, many of these charges levelled by the Whig factions in power. He found no defender in the Duchess of Marlborough. Having been foiled in her wish to employ Wren, she levelled criticism at Vanbrugh on every level, from design to taste. In part their problems arose from what was demanded of the architect. The nation (which was then assumed, by both architect and owners, to be paying the bills) wanted a monument, but the Duchess wanted not only a fitting tribute to her husband but also a comfortable home, two requirements that were not compatible in 18th-century architecture. Finally, in the early days of the building the Duke was frequently away on his military campaigns, and it was left to the Duchess to negotiate with Vanbrugh. More aware than her husband of the precarious state of the financial aid they were receiving, she criticised Vanbrugh's grandiose ideas for their extravagance.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47825045#19",
"text": "Blenheim Palace is an English country house situated in the civil parish of Blenheim near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. The Palace was a gift from Queen Anne to the 1st Duke of Marlborough for his victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Designated by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site in 1987, Blenheim Palace is also the birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill. Handed down through successive generations, the palace continues to be resided in by the Spencer-Churchill family and is the official seat of the current and 12th Duke of Marlborough, Jamie Spencer-Churchill.",
"title": "Blenheim Art Foundation"
},
{
"docid": "142294#24",
"text": "Blenheim Palace was the birthplace of the 1st Duke's famous descendant, Winston Churchill, whose life and times are commemorated by a permanent exhibition in the suite of rooms in which he was born \"(marked \"K\" on the plan)\". Blenheim Palace was designed with all its principal and secondary rooms on the \"piano nobile\", thus there is no great staircase of state: anyone worthy of such state would have no cause to leave the \"piano nobile\". Insofar as Blenheim does have a grand staircase, it is the series of steps in the Great Court which lead to the North Portico. There are staircases of various sizes and grandeur in the central block, but none are designed on the same scale of magnificence as the palace. James Thornhill painted the ceiling of the hall in 1716. It depicts Marlborough kneeling to Britannia and proffering a map of the Battle of Blenheim. The hall is high, and remarkable chiefly for its size and for its stone carvings by Gibbons, yet in spite of its immense size it is merely a vast anteroom to the saloon.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
},
{
"docid": "142294#22",
"text": "The palace chapel, as a consequence of the Duke's death, now obtained even greater importance. The design was altered by the Marlboroughs' friend the Earl of Godolphin, who placed the high altar in defiance of religious convention against the west wall, thus allowing the dominating feature to be the Duke's gargantuan tomb and sarcophagus. Commissioned by the Duchess in 1730, it was designed by William Kent, and statues of the Duke and Duchess depicted as Caesar and Caesarina adorn the great sarcophagus. In bas relief at the base of the tomb, the Duchess ordered to be depicted the surrender of Marshal Tallard. However, the theme throughout the palace of honouring the Duke did not reach its apotheosis until the dowager duchess's death in 1744. Then, the Duke's coffin was returned to Blenheim from its temporary resting place, Westminster Abbey, and husband and wife were interred together and the tomb erected and completed. Now Blenheim had indeed become a pantheon and mausoleum. Successive Dukes and their wives are also interred in the vault beneath the chapel. Other members of family are interred in St. Martin's parish churchyard at Bladon, a short distance from the palace.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
},
{
"docid": "142294#0",
"text": "Blenheim Palace (pronounced ) is a monumental country house in Blenheim, Oxfordshire, England. It is the principal residence of the Dukes of Marlborough, and the only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1722, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
},
{
"docid": "28219858#1",
"text": "In 1900, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land between Ohio Avenue and Park Place on the Boardwalk, and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was financially successful and, in 1905, he chose to expand. White hired Philadelphia architect Will Price of Price and McLanahan to design a new, separate tower to be called the Blenheim. \n\"Blenheim\" refers to Blenheim Palace in England, the ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill, a grandson of the Duke of Marlborough.",
"title": "Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel"
},
{
"docid": "142294#11",
"text": "Vanbrugh's severe massed Baroque used at Blenheim never truly caught the public imagination, and was quickly superseded by the revival of the Palladian style. Vanbrugh's reputation was irreparably damaged, and he received no further truly great public commissions. For his final design, Seaton Delaval Hall, which was hailed as his masterpiece, he used a refined version of the Baroque employed at Blenheim. He died shortly before its completion.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
},
{
"docid": "142294#2",
"text": "Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s. It is unique in its combined use as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
},
{
"docid": "3276917#2",
"text": "The parish of St Martin's includes Blenheim Palace, the family seat of the Duke of Marlborough. Most members of the Spencer-Churchill family are interred in St. Martin's parish churchyard at Bladon; only the Dukes and Duchesses are buried in the Blenheim Palace chapel. Blenheim Palace is also the birthplace of Winston Churchill, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1940–45 and again 1951–55. Like his parents, he was buried in St. Martin's parish churchyard after his death in 1965; his wife Clementine was buried in the same grave after her own death 12 years later.",
"title": "Bladon"
},
{
"docid": "142294#17",
"text": "In the design of great 18th-century houses comfort and convenience were subservient to magnificence, and this is certainly the case at Blenheim. This magnificence over creature comfort is heightened as the architect's brief was to create not only a home but also a national monument to reflect the power and civilisation of the nation. To create this monumental effect, Vanbrugh chose to design in a severe Baroque style, using great masses of stone to imitate strength and create shadow as decoration.",
"title": "Blenheim Palace"
}
] |
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2971
|
When was Jacob Aaron Westervelt born?
|
[
{
"docid": "195799#2",
"text": "Westervelt was the eldest son of Ari and Vrowti Westervelt. Ari Westervelt was a builder by occupation. He built several houses in Franklin Street, New York, and constructed the South Church in Schraalenburgh in today's Bergenfield borough. Westervelt was born in Tenafly, New Jersey, on January 20, 1800 and was baptized at Schraalenburgh on February 16, being the first child to receive that sacrament after the completion of the new church. The Westervelts then resided at the old family homestead on Tenafly Road midway between Englewood and Tenafly. When Ari Westervelt was working on improving the riverfront, he moved, together with his infant son, to New York in 1804, to be nearer his work. It was to his father that Jacob Aaron owed his good education. His father died when Westervelt was only 14.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#0",
"text": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt (January 20, 1800 – February 21, 1879) was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder who constructed 247 vessels of all descriptions during his career of over 50 years. From 1853 until 1855 he was Mayor of New York City.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22424081#5",
"text": "Jacob Westervelt (1794–1881) is often confused with his brother-in-law John Jacob V.B. Westervelt (1805–1866), who was a Deputy Sheriff under him, and subsequently High Sheriff of New York City himself too (1846–1849), as well as Assistant Alderman from the 16th Ward (1844–1846). Another namesake is Jacob Aaron Westervelt (1800–1879), the shipbuilder, Alderman from the 13th Ward and later Mayor of New York City (1853–1855).",
"title": "Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)"
},
{
"docid": "195799#36",
"text": "In the middle of the 17th century a few Westervelts lived in Meppel, situated a few miles from the eastern shore of the Zuiderzee, in the province of Drenthe and three miles east of Zwolle. Amongst them were two brothers, Willem and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, both farmers and cattle raisers, who with their wives and children decided to move to the New World. They left Amsterdam on board (\"Hope\") on April 8, 1662. On their arrival on May 24, 1662, New Amsterdam (which later became New York City) was suffering from a prolonged drought as no rain had fallen for eighty consecutive days. Lubbert settled near Hackensack, New Jersey and was one of the promoters of the Dutch Church organized there in 1686. Willem was a member of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in New Amsterdam (1667), whilst his son lived at New Utrecht on Long Island. This son sold his lands in 1706 and is supposed to have moved to New Jersey, where the family has been numerous and prominent for the past 300 years. William Lubbertsen van Westervelt with his wife and six children, and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, with his wife and four children, became the progenitors of the \"van Westervelt/Westervelt\" family in America, and were at one time the second largest family in Bergen County, New Jersey. Jacob Aaron Westervelt was a seventh-generation descendant of Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#34",
"text": "The feelings of the members of this movement against the participation of foreign-born citizens in municipal affairs had grown very bitter, and Westervelt set himself so sternly against them that his house was mobbed again. Probably due to the paucity of support for his reformist efforts during his term, but also because he applied himself more and more to the business of shipbuilding again, Westervelt declined a renomination, which for him was equivalent to an election, and was succeeded as Mayor by Fernando Wood. In 1857 Westervelt became a member of the New York State Assembly for Rockland County.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#37",
"text": "Westervelt married Eliza M. Thompson in New York City on April 25, 1825. They had eight children:",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#35",
"text": "Westervelt, as his name indicates, came from old Dutch stock. The name was known in the Netherlands at a very early period, and although the family members were not of nobility, they had been extensive property owners for many generations. The earliest mention of the Westervelts that has been recorded is of a Dirk van Westervelt and his family who resided in and around the town of Harderwijk for many years. Some individuals sharing that name appear to have been early inhabitants of Zwolle, and their descendants are still to be found there, known by the name Westerveld.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#18",
"text": "The most successful year for Westervelts's yard was 1858 when 12 ships were built (aggregating 14,081 tons). At the outbreak of the Civil War, Westervelt was one of the richest shipowners in the country. He was a supporter of the Union cause. President Abraham Lincoln esteemed his judgment highly, and entrusted him with the purchase of many of the river craft which were altered to suit the demands of blockading and transport service. Westervelt accepted nothing for such service, but contented himself with the profits accruing from his shipyard. It was during this period that his fortune shrank very much faster than it had been accumulated. Steamer after steamer was wrecked, burned or captured by Confederate cruisers, until at the close of the war he was almost bankrupt. During one year alone his losses from marine casualties amounted to $500,000.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#20",
"text": "When the Dock Department was created in 1870, Wilson G. Hunt prevailed upon Westervelt to accept the duties of Superintendent of the Department. His management was characterized by prudence, sagacity and honesty. When William Frederick Havemeyer became Mayor in 1873, Westervelt was appointed a Commissioner of Docks and at the same time elected President of the Board of Dock Commissioners (which position he also held at the time of his death), and as such made tremendous improvements in piers and docks. His chief engineer, whom he selected in July 1870, was General George B. McClellan, and his secretary General was Louis Fitzgerald. In 1875 George S. Greene Jr. became the new chief engineer.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#24",
"text": "Westervelt was politically an ardent but not very active Democrat. In 1840 he was elected to the Common Council, in which he served for two years as an Alderman from the thirteenth ward. Westervelt stepped back from active political involvement for a couple of years, but remained a shrewd observer of current affairs and recognized nuisances and the needs of the people of \"his\" town. He witnessed sharply increasing taxes between 1850 and 1852 and the establishment of a reform movement that began to decry excessive government spending. Grand jury revelations of widespread corruption on the common council heightened such concerns. Reformers mobilized and ran the Democratic incumbents out of office, electing in their place a combination of Whigs and reform Democrats committed to \"economy\" in government. In November 1852 Westervelt was nominated for Mayor of the city by reformist representatives of the Democratic party. The mayoralty election was held at the same time as the presidential election, and the Democrats were successful in both.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
}
] |
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] |
2972
|
Is there a Fist of the North Star game?
|
[
{
"docid": "8003592#0",
"text": "The following is a list of video games based on the manga \"Fist of the North Star\". Since , many video games based on the \"Hokuto no Ken\" franchise have been released for the Japanese market, including coin-operated arcade games and computer software. The majority of these games were released only in Japan, with the exceptions of \"Fist of the North Star\" for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Taxan Soft in , \"Fist of the North Star: 10 Big Brawls for the King of Universe\" for the Game Boy by Electro Brain in , and the \"\" series by Koei Tecmo, which started in . The arcade games \"Fighting Mania\" by Konami and the \"Fist of the North Star\" fighting game by Sega, also received international distribution. Additionally, the Sega games \"Black Belt\" for the Master System and \"Last Battle\" for the Genesis, were originally released as \"Hokuto no Ken\" video games in Japan before they were stripped of the license and rebranded for the international market.",
"title": "List of Fist of the North Star video games"
},
{
"docid": "519115#34",
"text": "Numerous video game titles based on the \"Fist of the North Star\" have been produced since the 1986 release of the Enix adventure game, simply titled \"Hokuto no Ken\" for the PC-88. The earlier games in the franchise were released by Sega for the Mark III and Mega Drive and by Toei Animation for Nintendo's Famicom, Game Boy and Super Famicom. These titles included side-scrolling action games, role-playing video games and competitive-style fighting games. The two Sega titles were released overseas without the \"Hokuto no Ken\" license under the titles of \"Black Belt\" and \"Last Battle\", while a couple of the Toei titles, namely \"Fist of the North Star\" for the NES and \"Fist of the North Star: 10 Big Brawls for the King of Universe\" for the Game Boy, had American releases with the license intact. Further games were released for the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Arcade, PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS among other platforms. In 2000, Konami released an arcade game based on the franchise titled \"Fighting Mania\". Another arcade game, a 2D fighting game simply titled \"Fist of the North Star\", was produced by Sega and Arc System Works in 2005. Both games saw international distributions, although the PS2 version of the fighting game was released exclusively in Japan. Tecmo Koei produced a \"Dynasty Warriors\" spinoff focusing on the events from the first half of the manga, titled \"\". It which was released in Japan on March 25, 2010, and later in North America on November 2, 2010, and Europe on November 5, 2010. A sequel, \"\", expanded on the first game and incorporated the events from the second half of the manga. It was released in Japan on December 20, 2012, and in North America on February 5, 2013. On August 25, 2017, Sega announced a new game, \"\", for release in 2018 on PlayStation 4. The game was released on March 8, 2018 by the team behind the \"Yakuza\" series and features similar gameplay and elements.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
},
{
"docid": "57745522#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise is an action-adventure video game for the PlayStation 4, developed and published by Sega. It is based on the manga franchise \"Fist of the North Star\" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was released in Japan on March 8, 2018 and worldwide on October 2, 2018.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise"
},
{
"docid": "7531200#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star is a side-scrolling action video game produced by Toei Animation and developed by Shouei System for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was first released in Japan under the title on April 17, 1987, being the second \"Hokuto no Ken\" video game released for the Family Computer (Famicom) by the anime production company (which briefly entered the video game publishing business after their success with the original \"Hokuto no Ken\" game for the Famicom in 1986), while also serving as a tie-in to the \"Hokuto no Ken 2\" anime series which began airing on Fuji TV a few weeks earlier. Taxan published the localized NES version on April 1989, making it one of the earliest \"Fist of the North Star\" products released in the U.S. alongside Viz Communications' English adaptation of the manga.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "26158128#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage, originally released in Japan as , is a 3D beat 'em up for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 developed by Omega Force and published by Tecmo Koei. It is a spin-off of the \"Dynasty Warriors\" series based on the manga franchise \"Fist of the North Star\" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was first released in Japan on March 25, 2010, and it was released in North America on November 2, 2010 and in Europe on November 5. A was announced with a surprise trailer at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2012. New playable characters and story arcs are featured, and the game was released in Japan on December 2012.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage"
},
{
"docid": "7531200#6",
"text": "The U.S. version was shown at the 1988 Summer Consumer Electronic Show under the title \"Ken the Great Bear Fist\", which is the localized title used by Toei's international sales department. The title was changed to \"Fist of the North Star\" for its release in order to tie in with Viz's English adaptation of the manga. The cover artwork for the U.S. version depicts Kenshiro sparring with Toki, who doesn't appear in the game and never actually appeared in the \"Hokuto no Ken 2\" anime series outside flashbacks (as the character was already deceased by that point of the storyline). The NES version has some slight differences from its Famicom counterpart, which cuts the appearances of side characters at the end of certain stages (such as Bat and Rin at the end of the first stage), as well as the kanji that appear at the top of the screen when Kenshiro defeats a boss after striking its weak point at the start of the battle.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "7531200#1",
"text": "\"Fist of the North Star\" is a single-plane beat-'em-up in which the player (as Kenshiro) proceeds through the game by walking from left to right, using his martial arts of Hokuto Shinken to defeat enemies. Similarly to \"Kung-Fu Master\", jumping is performed by pressing the d-pad upwards instead of having a dedicated button, leaving the A and B buttons solely for attacks. To enter a door, the player must press the d-pad right while holding A and B simultaneously, which is a requirement to proceed through certain stages. In addition to the regular enemies, the player must also defeat sub-bosses and bosses to proceed in the game. Each boss in the game has a weak point that will result in massive damage if the player strikes it with the proper attack before hitting any other part of the body, along with a greater bonus after the stage is cleared.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "26158128#10",
"text": "Hisashi Koinuma, the game's producer said that the staff aim to create a \"new realistic feel\" for the \"Fist of the North Star\" series while still being faithful to the original's roots. During this process, he mentioned his concerns for the characters' body structure, muscles, and other minute details (such as perfecting the model for Raoh's wrinkled forehead). He noted that the official mode for this title carries more action adventure tones than other \"Warriors\" titles thus far yet gave his assurance that \"Warriors\" fans can easily feel at home in the game's original story mode. He personally spoke his thoughts regarding the game at Yodobashi-Akiba, Biccamera Yurakucho, and Biccamera Ikebukuro on March 22 and March 25. He also played a rock-paper-scissor game for attendants, the winner of the crowd obtaining an original T-shirt signed by the game's voice actors.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "519115#0",
"text": "\"Fist of the North Star\" was adapted into two anime television series produced by Toei Animation, which together aired on Fuji TV and its affiliates from 1984 through 1988, comprising a combined total of 152 episodes. It has since expanded into a media franchise, including a number of films, OVAs, video games, and a series of spin-offs centering on other characters from the original story. It has also had a number of video games and pachinko machines produced by Sega Sammy. As of June 2018, \"Fist of the North Star\" is the 18th highest-grossing media franchise of all time, estimated to have generated more than in total revenue.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
},
{
"docid": "57745522#4",
"text": "The Japanese voice cast features many of the actors from the \"Yakuza\" series portraying characters analogous to those they played in previous \"Yakuza\" titles, such as Kazuma Kiryu voice actor Takaya Kuroda playing Kenshiro. The worldwide release of the game includes an English dub, making it the studio's second game since the original \"Yakuza\" and \"Binary Domain\" to feature one. The worldwide release also includes an option to increase the amount of in-game gore that is exhibited on screen. It is also the first \"Fist of the North Star\" game since the first \"Ken's Rage\" to have an English dub, as \"Ken's Rage 2\" did not have one due to budget constraints.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise"
}
] |
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] |
2973
|
Which country colonized the Beagle Channel? Chile or Argentina?
|
[
{
"docid": "13939841#0",
"text": "The region of the Beagle Channel, explored by Robert FitzRoy in the 1830s, was one of the last to be colonized by Chile and Argentina. The cold weather, the long distances from other inhabited regions, and the shortage of transport and subsistence, kept it far from the governmental task.",
"title": "Beagle Channel cartography since 1881"
},
{
"docid": "19486130#1",
"text": "Both countries disagreed about the sovereign rights over the zone and Snipe, an uninhabitable islet between Picton Island and Navarino Island, claimed by both. Chileans call the waterway around the islet \"Beagle Channel\", but in Argentina they called it \"Moat channel\" on the grounds that the Beagle Channel, allegedly, went south around Navarino Island. In accordance with the Beagle Channel Arbitration and the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, it should be called Beagle Channel.",
"title": "Snipe incident"
},
{
"docid": "17805779#0",
"text": "The direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina about the islands and maritime rights in Beagle conflict began after the Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announced on 2 May 1977 the judgement of the Beagle Channel Arbitration to the governments of both countries. The court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. The direct negotiations finished with the Act of Montevideo on 9 January 1979, where both countries accept the papal mediation after Argentina's call off of the Operation Soberanía. This was the most dangerous phase of the Beagle Conflict and there was a real possibility of open warfare.",
"title": "Direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina in 1977–78"
},
{
"docid": "17489464#11",
"text": "About the course of the Beagle Channel there were discrepancies. The eastern end of the Channel can be seen as a delta with an east-west arm and a north-south arm (around Navarino Island). The channel specified in the border treaty of 1881 was seen by Chile as the east-west arm, but by Argentina as the north-south arm. Following this controversy, two clauses were in dispute: Chile argued the Channel clause (\"... to Chile shall belong all the islands to the south of Beagle Channel up to Cape Horn...\"), while Argentina the Atlantic clause (\"... the other islands there may be on the Atlantic to the east of Tierra del Fuego ...\"). Some Chileans argued that the text \"\"until it touches the Beagle Channel\"\" in article III meant that Argentina had no navigable waters in the Beagle Channel, although this interpretation was not supported by the Chilean claim.",
"title": "Beagle Channel Arbitration"
},
{
"docid": "19283960#104",
"text": "Most of the members of the Junta are currently in prison for crimes against humanity and genocide.\nThe Beagle conflict began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully hers. In 1971, Chile and Argentina signed an agreement formally submitting the Beagle Channel issue to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration. On May 2, 1977 the court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. See the Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration.",
"title": "History of Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "10002382#15",
"text": "Both countries submitted the controversy to binding arbitration by the international tribunal. The decision (see Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, \"Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration\") recognized all the islands to be Chilean territory. Argentina unilaterally repudiated the decision of the tribunal and planned a war of aggression against Chile.",
"title": "Argentina–Chile relations"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1645580#8",
"text": "Due to their strategic location south of the Beagle Channel, Chile and Argentina disagreed if the islands were on the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean. The dispute started in 1904 when Argentina started to claim the islands, overlapping the Chilean claim. In 1893, both countries agreed that Argentina should only have access to the Atlantic Ocean and Chile to the Pacific Ocean. Both countries disagreed if the Beagle Channel was to the north or the west of the islands. Whichever government controlled Picton, Lennox, and Nueva could stake territorial rights further into the ocean (important for the fishing industry), to several other islands, and to a larger part of Antarctica (import for resource development and exploration).",
"title": "Picton, Lennox and Nueva"
},
{
"docid": "1132278#7",
"text": "Several small islands (Picton, Lennox and Nueva) up to the Cape Horn were the subject of the long-running Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina; by the terms of a Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina they are now part of Chile. From the 1950s to 1970s several incidents involving the Chilean and Argentine Navy occurred in the waters of the Beagle Channel, for example the 1958 Snipe incident, the 1967 \"Cruz del Sur\" incident and the shelling of \"Quidora\" the same year. See List of incidents during the Beagle conflict.",
"title": "Beagle Channel"
},
{
"docid": "2446229#10",
"text": "Until 1887 there was no doubt in Argentina and Chile that the islands Picton, Nueva and Lennox belonged to Chile:\nIn 1904 the Argentine government solicited Chile to define jointly which was the deepest arm of the Beagle channel in the zone in order to find the demarcation of the border. On the basis of the international cartography of the zone, the descriptions of the discoverer of the channel, and the discourse of the signatories of the 1881 Treaty, Chile initially did not attach importance to the note.",
"title": "Beagle conflict"
},
{
"docid": "18694883#5",
"text": "The treaty recognizes the Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina and its \"«…supplementary and declaratory instruments…»\" as the unshakeable foundation of relations between Chile and Argentina and defines the border \"«…from the end of the existing boundary in the Beagle Channel, i.e., the point fixed by the coordinates 55°07.3' South latitude and 66°25.0' West longitude…»\" (Bold by Wikipedia). That is, Argentina recognizes the borderline determined by the Beagle Channel Arbitration in 1977 (Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration), which it had earlier rejected. Hence, there is no mention of Picton, Nueva, Lennox and other islands. The Treaty calls its content a \"Transaction\"",
"title": "Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina"
}
] |
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2974
|
What is Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky best known for?
|
[
{
"docid": "444712#0",
"text": "Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky (, ; – September 27, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in colour photography and his effort to document early 20th-century Russia.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "444712#2",
"text": "Prokudin-Gorsky was born in Murom in the ancestral estate of Funikova Gora, in what is now Kirzhachsky District, Vladimir Oblast. His parents were of the Russian nobility, and the family had a long military history. They moved to Saint Petersburg, where Prokudin-Gorsky enrolled in Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology to study chemistry under Dmitri Mendeleev. He also studied music and painting at the Imperial Academy of Arts.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#15",
"text": "Prokudin-Gorsky was also acquainted with the use of Autochrome color plates, which did not require a special camera or projector. He was one of the favored few the Lumière Brothers introduced to their new product in 1906, the year before it went into commercial production. Autochrome plates were expensive and not sensitive enough for casual \"snapshots\" with a hand-held camera, but their use was simple and in expert hands they were capable of producing excellent results. They made color photography truly practical for advanced amateurs and led some pioneering users of color separation cameras to abandon their methods as outmoded, but Prokudin-Gorsky was not won over. No Autochromes by Prokudin-Gorsky are known to survive.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#12",
"text": "Adolf Miethe designed a high-quality, sequential-exposure color camera, which was manufactured by Bermpohl and became available commercially in 1903. Prokudin-Gorsky published an illustration of it in \"Fotograf-Liubitel\" in 1906. The most common model used a single oblong plate 9 cm wide by 24 cm high, the same format as Prokudin-Gorsky's surviving negatives, and it photographed the images in unconventional blue-green-red sequence, which is also a characteristic of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives if the usual upside-down image in a camera and gravity-compliant downward shiftings of his plates are assumed. An inventor as well as a photographer, Prokudin-Gorsky patented an optical system for cameras of the simultaneous-exposure type, and it is often claimed or implied that he invented, or at least built, the camera used for his Russian Empire project. No definite written or photographic documentation of his field equipment is known to exist, only the evidence inherent in the photographs themselves, and no rationale has been suggested for going to the trouble and expense of building a functionally identical copy of a Miethe-Bermpohl camera instead of simply buying one.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#3",
"text": "In 1890, Prokudin-Gorsky married Anna Aleksandrovna Lavrova, and later the couple had two sons, Mikhail and Dmitri, and a daughter, Ekaterina. Anna was the daughter of the Russian industrialist Aleksandr Stepanovich Lavrov, an active member in the Imperial Russian Technical Society (IRTS). Prokudin-Gorsky subsequently became the director of the executive board of Lavrov's metal works near Saint Petersburg and remained so until the October Revolution. He also joined Russia's oldest photographic society, the photography section of the IRTS, presenting papers and lecturing on the science of photography. In 1901, he established a photography studio and laboratory in Saint Petersburg. In 1902, he traveled to Berlin and spent six weeks studying colour sensitization and three-colour photography with photochemistry professor Adolf Miethe, the most advanced practitioner in Germany at that time. Throughout the years, Prokudin-Gorsky's photographic work, publications and slide shows to other scientists and photographers in Russia, Germany and France earned him praise, and in 1906 he was elected the president of the IRTS photography section and editor of Russia's main photography journal, the \"Fotograf-Liubitel\". Gorsky was a member of the Royal Photographic Society between 1920 and 1932..\nPerhaps Prokudin-Gorsky's best-known work during his lifetime was his color portrait of Leo Tolstoy, which was reproduced in various publications, on postcards, and as larger prints for framing. The fame from this photo and his earlier photos of Russia's nature and monuments earned him invitations to show his work to the Russian Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich and Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in 1908, and to Tsar Nicholas II and his family in 1909. The Tsar enjoyed the demonstration, and, with his blessing, Prokudin-Gorsky got the permission and funding to document Russia in color. In the course of ten years, he was to make a collection of 10,000 photos. Prokudin-Gorsky considered the project his life's work and continued his photographic journeys through Russia until after the October Revolution. He was appointed to a new professorship under the new regime, but he left the country in August 1918. He still pursued scientific work in color photography, published papers in English photography journals and, together with his colleague S. O. Maksimovich, obtained patents in Germany, England, France and Italy.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#4",
"text": "In 1920, Prokudin-Gorsky remarried and had a daughter with his assistant Maria Fedorovna née Schedrimo. The family finally settled in Paris in 1922, reuniting with his first wife and children. Prokudin-Gorsky set up a photo studio there together with his three adult children, naming it after his fourth child, Elka. In the 1930s, the elderly Prokudin-Gorsky continued with lectures showing his photographs of Russia to young Russians in France, but stopped commercial work and left the studio to his children, who named it Gorsky Frères. He died in Paris on September 27, 1944, a month after the Liberation of Paris. He is buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#7",
"text": "Another very notable practitioner was Adolf Miethe, with whom Prokudin-Gorsky studied in Germany in 1902. Miethe was a photochemist who greatly improved the panchromatic characteristics of the black-and-white photographic materials suitable for use with this method of color photography. He presented projected color photographs to the German Imperial Family in 1902 and was exhibiting them to the general public in 1903, when they also began to appear in periodicals and books. Miethe took the first known aerial color photographs, from a hot air balloon, in 1906.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#23",
"text": "It was only with the advent of digital image processing that multiple images could be quickly and easily combined into one. The Library of Congress undertook a project in 2000 to make digital scans of all the photographic material received from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs and contracted with the photographer Walter Frankhauser to combine the monochrome negatives into color images. He created 122 color renderings using a method he called digichromatography and commented that each image took him around six to seven hours to align, clean and color-correct. In 2001, the Library of Congress produced an exhibition from these, \"The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated\". The photographs have since been the subject of many other exhibitions in the area where Prokudin-Gorsky took his photos.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#17",
"text": "Prokudin-Gorsky's own inventions, some of them collaborative, led to the granting of numerous patents, most issued during the years of his voluntary exile and not directly related to the body of work on which his fame now rests. Some concern processes for making subtractive color transparencies, which do not require any special projection or viewing equipment. Examples of these were preserved by Prokudin-Gorsky's family and have recently appeared online. Most of his patents relate to the production of natural-color motion pictures, a potentially lucrative application that attracted the attention of many inventors in the field of color photography during the 1910s and 1920s.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
},
{
"docid": "444712#25",
"text": "On 30 August 2018, to commemorate what would have been his 155th birthday, Google released a Google Doodle celebrating him.",
"title": "Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"
}
] |
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] |
2975
|
Were there indigenous peoples in Hispaniola?
|
[
{
"docid": "29752102#1",
"text": "The Taíno of Hispaniola were an Arawak people related to the inhabitants of the other islands in the Greater Antilles. At the time of European contact, they were suffering attacks from a rival indigenous group, the Island Caribs. In 1508, there were about 60,000 Taínos in the island of Hispaniola; by 1531 infectious disease epidemics and exploitation had resulted in a dramatic decline in population. An estimated 600.",
"title": "Chiefdoms of Hispaniola"
},
{
"docid": "13714#7",
"text": "The primary indigenous group on the island of Hispaniola was the Arawak/Taíno people. The Arawak tribe originated in the Orinoco Delta, spreading from Venezuela. They travelled to Hispaniola around 1200 CE. Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom with a lead known as a cacique. In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island, the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa). Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period. There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range upwards of 750,000.",
"title": "Hispaniola"
},
{
"docid": "13714#9",
"text": "The Arawak/Taíno people travelled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes, and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe. The Taíno came in contact with the Caribs, another indigenous tribe, often. The caribs lived mostly in modern day Puerto Rico and northeast Hispaniola and were known to be hostile towards other tribes. The Arawak/Taíno people had to defend themselves using bow and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs. When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs.",
"title": "Hispaniola"
},
{
"docid": "3088900#14",
"text": "The Classic Taíno lived in eastern Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. They spoke a dialect called Classic Taíno. Compared to their neighbors, the Classic Taíno had substantially developed agricultural societies. Puerto Rico was divided into twenty chiefdoms which were organized into one united kingdom or confederation, Borinquen. Hispaniola was divided into roughly 45 chiefdoms, which were organized into five kingdoms under the leadership of the chief of each area's premier chiefdom. Beginning around 1450, Classic Taíno from Hispaniola began migrating to eastern Cuba; they are conventionally known as the Cuban Taíno. The Cuban Taíno gained power over some of Cuba's earlier Western Taíno inhabitants, the Ciboney, but no regional or island-wide political structure had developed on the island at the time of Spanish colonization of the Americas.",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean"
},
{
"docid": "5635#86",
"text": "Since the late 20th century, historians have criticized Columbus for initiating colonization and for abuse of natives. Among reasons for this criticism is the poor treatment of the native Taíno people of Hispaniola, whose population declined rapidly after contact with the Spanish. Columbus required the natives to pay tribute in gold and cotton. Modern estimates for the pre-Columbian population of Hispaniola are around 250,000–300,000. According to the historian Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, by 1548, 56 years after Columbus landed, and 42 years after he died, fewer than 500 Taíno were living on the island. The indigenous population declined rapidly, due primarily to the first pandemic of European endemic diseases, which struck Hispaniola after 1519. The natives had no acquired immunity to these new diseases and suffered high fatalities. There is also documentation that they were overworked.",
"title": "Christopher Columbus"
},
{
"docid": "31998621#0",
"text": "The Taíno were an indigenous people of the Caribbean. At the time of European contact in the late fifteenth century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, The Bahamas and the northern Lesser Antilles. The Taíno were the first New World peoples to be encountered by Christopher Columbus during his 1492 voyage. They spoke the Taíno language, an Arawakan language.",
"title": "Taíno"
},
{
"docid": "13374#3",
"text": "Following the arrival of Europeans, La Hispaniola's indigenous population suffered greatly to near extinction, in possibly the worst case of depopulation in the Americas. A commonly accepted hypothesis attributes the high mortality of this colony in part to European diseases to which the natives had no immunity. A small number of Taínos were able to survive and set up villages elsewhere. Spanish interest in Hispaniola began to wane in the 1520s, as more lucrative gold and silver deposits were found in Mexico and South America. Thereafter, the population of Spanish Hispaniola grew at a slow pace.",
"title": "History of Haiti"
},
{
"docid": "13714#8",
"text": "An Arawak/Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering. Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used. The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch. The Taíno village also had a flat court used for ball games and festivals. Religiously, the Arawak/Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called zemí. Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the zemí for advise in public ceremonies. For food, the Arawak/Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein; some small mammals on the island were hunted such as rats, but ducks, turtles, snakes, and bats as a common food source. The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source. The indigenous people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion. Some common agricultural goods were cassava, maize, squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco, which was used as an aspect of social life and religious ceremonies.",
"title": "Hispaniola"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3088900#16",
"text": "The Western Taíno lived in the Bahamas, central Cuba, westernmost Hispaniola, and Jamaica. They spoke a dialect known as Ciboney Taíno or Western Taíno. The Western Taíno of the Bahamas were known as the Lucayans, they were wiped out by Spanish slave raids by 1520. Western Taíno living in Cuba were known as the Ciboney. There are still Tainos in Hispaniola and Jamaica. They had no chiefdoms or organized political structure beyond individual villages, but by the time of Spanish conquest many were under the control of the Cuban Taíno in eastern Cuba.",
"title": "Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean"
},
{
"docid": "31998621#4",
"text": "A direct translation of the word \"Taíno\" signified \"men of the good\". Additionally, the name was used by the indigenous people of Hispaniola to indicate that they were \"relatives\". The Taíno people, or Taíno culture, has been classified by some authorities as belonging to the Arawak, as their language was considered to belong to the Arawak language family, the languages of which were present throughout the Caribbean, and much of Central and South America.\nThe early ethnohistorian Daniel Garrison Brinton called the Taíno people the \"Island Arawak\". \nNevertheless, contemporary scholars have recognized that the Taíno had developed a distinct language and culture.",
"title": "Taíno"
}
] |
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] |
2976
|
Who developed the first hard drive?
|
[
{
"docid": "13777#51",
"text": "IBM's first hard drive, the IBM 350, used a stack of fifty 24-inch platters and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators. In 1962, IBM introduced its model 1311 disk, which used six 14-inch (nominal size) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine. This became a standard platter size and drive form-factor for many years, used also by other manufacturers. The IBM 2314 used platters of the same size in an eleven-high pack and introduced the \"drive in a drawer\" layout, although the \"drawer\" was not the complete drive.",
"title": "Hard disk drive"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#24",
"text": "Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million units and has been in a slow decline since then. Shipments in 2017 estimated at about 404 million units.Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the first HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350. The industry grew slowly at first with three additional companies in the market by 1964, Anelex Corp., Bryant Computer Products and Data Products Corp.. The industry grew rapidly in the late 1960s and again in the 1980s reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984. There have been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives but most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. Surviving manufacturers are Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as the senior participant having entered the market in 1977, twenty years after IBM started the market.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#0",
"text": "In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a \"Random Access File\" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2004239#0",
"text": "Conner Peripherals (commonly referred to as Conner) was a company that manufactured hard drives for personal computers. Conner Peripherals was founded in 1985 by Seagate Technology co-founder and San Jose State University alumnus (1943– ). In 1986, they merged with CoData, a Colorado start-up founded by MiniScribe founders Terry Johnson and John Squires. CoData was developing a new type of small hard disk that put the capacity of a 5.25-inch drive into the smaller (and now commonplace) 3.5-inch format. The CoData drive was the first Conner Peripherals product. The company was partially financed by Compaq, who was also a major customer for many years.",
"title": "Conner Peripherals"
},
{
"docid": "3093575#19",
"text": "By 2000, Steve Jobs expressed interest in developing a portable music player. But Rubinstein demurred, saying the necessary components were not yet available. While on a routine supplier visit to Toshiba Corp. in February, 2001, however, Rubinstein first saw the tiny, 1.8-inch hard disk drive that became a critical component of the iPod. While Toshiba engineers had developed the drive, they were not sure how it could be used. At a Tokyo hotel later that evening, Rubinstein met with Jobs, who was in Japan on separate business. \"I know how to do it now. All I need is a $10 million check,\" he told Jobs.",
"title": "Jon Rubinstein"
},
{
"docid": "8773349#4",
"text": "By 1985, Plus Development had engineered their first Hardcard; it had a 10 megabyte (MB) capacity; its suggested retail price was $1,095. In the mid-1980s, hard drives were as small as 1.6 inches tall, but in order to fit into a single ISA PC card expansion slot a custom one-inch thick hard drive had to be designed. Having spent $15 million on the project, Plus Development started shipping Hardcard in October 1985, and trademarked the Hardcard brand in 1988.",
"title": "Hardcard"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#16",
"text": "The 1980s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture minicomputer compatible hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage. Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 7935 as one such drive. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives.\nHard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However by the late '80s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
},
{
"docid": "9376539#1",
"text": "It was the first ever commercially produced hard drive in a 1.3 inch form factor. The original implementation (model 3013) had the capacity of 20 MB. A 40 MB model called Kittyhawk II (model 3014) was eventually introduced, with the retail price of $499. Both models have IDE interfaces. It appears that some variations of the hard drive were produced with PC card interface as well. The drive measured 2.0\" x 1.44\" x 0.414\" (50.8 mm x 36.5 mm x 10.5 mm), and weighed about 1 ounce (28 g). It was manufactured by Citizen Corporation, at the time a leader in small device manufacturing. The drive featured a number of unique technologies, including a built-in accelerometer that protected the hard drive from falls. Kittyhawk was claimed to be able to survive a 3-foot drop onto concrete while operating without loss of data.",
"title": "HP Kittyhawk microdrive"
},
{
"docid": "504848#2",
"text": "Early on, the company designed smaller ST-506-compatible versions of its hard drives, the \"Q500\" series, using the same servo system. In 1985, it introduced the Plus Hardcard, which was essentially a smaller version of the Q500, designed to fit in an ISA slot. In 1986, Quantum entered the then-new SCSI market with the Q280 80MB drive, which was one of the first mass-market drives to use embedded servo. Later on, Quantum combined the Q280's embedded controller design with the servo hardware from the Q500 series, and developed the \"ProDrive\" range, which was also its first drive family to support the ATA interface.",
"title": "Quantum Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "9483388#0",
"text": "M-Systems Ltd., (sometimes spelled msystems) was a Nasdaq-listed Israeli producer of flash memory storage products founded in 1989 by Dov Moran and based in Kfar Saba, Israel. They were best known for developing and patenting the first flash drive, marketed in 1995 as \"DiskOnChip\", and the first USB flash drive, marketed in 2000 as \"DiskOnKey\". They also created the patented True Flash Filing System (TrueFFS) which presented the flash memory as a disk drive to the computer. After 17 years of business, they were acquired by their prior competitor, SanDisk, in 2006.\nThe DiskOnChip (DOC) was developed at the R&D Center established by M-Systems called EUROM. Rick Iorillo, Rony Levy and David Deitcher were the individuals that worked on the development and marketing of the first 2 MB DOC. This product went on to receive the Most Innovative Award from EDN in 1995 and later went on to become the Flash Drive and DiskOnKey.",
"title": "M-Systems"
},
{
"docid": "6396462#0",
"text": "HyperDrive (HD) is a series of RAM-based solid-state drives invented by Accelerated Logic B.V. (became Accelerated Logic ltd., and is now a German company) employee Pascal Bancsi (for HyperDrive II architecture), who partnered with the British company HyperOs Systems, who manufactured the retail product. The HyperDrive interfaces with and is recognized by computer systems as a standard hard drive.",
"title": "HyperOs HyperDrive"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#8",
"text": "The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. Subsequently there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs. Today SSDs compete with HDDs in the marketplace.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
}
] |
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] |
2977
|
How did Hitchens die?
|
[
{
"docid": "2674304#10",
"text": "The embattled under-marshal would try hard to retain his power and after two months of being accused of the felonies, at last, on 16 December, he showed his poorly written \"answer\" spread on 9 pages of foolscap. The document is a record of the names of all those places mentioned above, where Hitchen met the thieves and organised crimes with them. It also gives the examples of social details, one of which explains how Lord Barnard's bills through a chain of accidents appeared in Hitchen's hands. If one did not tip the porter in the General Post Office, he would throw the letter out. Pickpockets, visiting the Office for their own purpose in the midnight, saw the other one at the door with the bills inside. Seeing the boys with the papers on the one side of the tavern and a sad victim on the other, set Hitchen to assist him. Certainly, this rather comic justification with others added to his main reason of being maliciously persecuted by the robbers was not to blindfold the Court of Aldermen, who were reluctant to take decision against him anyway for the clear reasons discussed above. On the other hand, they could not utterly ignore the Lord Mayor's reminder to the committee, that marshal's behaviour humiliated the City and reflected other officers' behaviour under the Mayor. All they did, though, was rather cynical. After waiting for Hitchen's written defence, presented itself as late as 16 December, they did not read it until 16 January 1713. As for their decision on marshal's suspension, it came over five months late, that was 24 June 1713 and \"forbade him attendance on the Lord Mayor\" while retaining his power as a constable to obtain warrant when needed and apprehend.",
"title": "Charles Hitchen"
},
{
"docid": "228998#32",
"text": "Hitchens died of hospital-acquired pneumonia on 15 December 2011 in the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, aged 62. In accordance with his wishes, his body was donated to medical research. \"Mortality\", a collection of seven of Hitchen's \"Vanity Fair\" essays about his illness, was published posthumously in September 2012.",
"title": "Christopher Hitchens"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "228998#15",
"text": "Hitchens did not leave his position writing for \"The Nation\" until after the September 11 attacks, stating that he felt the magazine had arrived at a position \"that John Ashcroft is a greater menace than Osama bin Laden\". The 11 September attacks \"exhilarated\" him, bringing into focus \"a battle between everything I love and everything I hate\" and strengthening his embrace of an interventionist foreign policy that challenged \"fascism with an Islamic face.\" His numerous editorials in support of the Iraq War caused some to label him a neoconservative, although Hitchens insisted he was not \"a conservative of any kind\", and his friend Ian McEwan described him as representing the anti-totalitarian left. Hitchens recalls in his memoir having been \"invited by Bernard-Henri Levy to write an essay on political reconsiderations for his magazine \"La Regle du Jeu\". I gave it the partly ironic title: 'Can One Be a Neoconservative?' Impatient with this, some copy editor put it on the cover as 'How I Became a Neoconservative.' Perhaps this was an instance of the Cartesian principle as opposed to the English empiricist one: It was decided that I evidently was what I apparently only thought.\" Indeed, in a 2010 BBC interview, he stated that he \"still [thought] like a Marxist\" and considered himself \"a leftist.\"",
"title": "Christopher Hitchens"
},
{
"docid": "2674304#21",
"text": "The prosecutor provided embarrassing details of the crime to the jury. He described how Hitchen and Williamson moved from Royal Oak in the Strand to Rummer Tavern and came to the Talbot Inn, where the under-marshal ordered a bedroom. Along the way in each bar Hitchen offered either beer or wine and showed disgraceful manners. Williamson said he wanted to leave the marshal but was not allowed to, being forced to leave his hat with him and receiving a little money in return. According to Williamson's testimony he was persuaded to follow the marshal into the room, where he \"did all that a beastly appetite could prompt him to\". Williamson reported going to his relative, Joseph Cockrost, who took him back to the tavern and asked to be informed as soon as the prisoner appeared, which happened the following Saturday. In his testimony Cockrost mentioned knocking at the door after seeing \"filthy actions\" through the keyhole. When opening the door he took the marshal by the collar and threatened him, saying, \"I'll whip you through the Gills\" when he laid his hand on the sword. Testimonies were given by a servant of the tavern proving to have seen the same scene with the prosecutor, a constable, John Carter, watchmen and some character witnesses. The constable opposed the watchmen, who were probably trying to accuse Williamson of inventing the story. At last, the prisoner was acquitted of actual sodomy and found guilty on the second charge, assault. For \"sodomitical practices\" Hitchen was fined £20 and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment and standing in the pillory near the end of Catherine Street, in the Strand.",
"title": "Charles Hitchen"
},
{
"docid": "294115#49",
"text": "Following Hitchens' death in 2011, Cockburn wrote an obituary of him for \"CounterPunch\" in which he heavily criticised the positions Hitchens had taken over the years. At one point writing \"I guess the lowest of a number of low points was when [Hitchens] went to the White House to give a cheerleading speech on the eve of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.\" In April 2012 there was a memorial for Christopher Hitchens and Cockburn penned a satirical playlet in which Hitchens goes to heaven where he is met by Henry Kissinger, Mother Teresa, Pope Pius V and John Paul II. The playlet was later incorporated into \"A Colossal Wreck\".",
"title": "Alexander Cockburn"
},
{
"docid": "228998#4",
"text": "Hitchens attended Mount House School (now absorbed into Mount Kelly) in Tavistock, Devon, from the age of eight, followed by the independent Leys School in Cambridge. In 1967, Hitchens enrolled at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was tutored by Steven Lukes and Anthony Kenny and read Philosophy, Politics and Economics, graduating in 1970 with a third-class degree. Hitchens was 'bowled over' in his adolescence by Richard Llewellyn's \"How Green Was My Valley\", Arthur Koestler's \"Darkness at Noon,\" Fyodor Dostoyevsky's \"Crime and Punishment\", R. H. Tawney's critique on \"Religion and the Rise of Capitalism,\" and the works of George Orwell. In 1968, he took part in the TV quiz show \"University Challenge\".",
"title": "Christopher Hitchens"
},
{
"docid": "5570102#5",
"text": "After his quick visit to America, he returned to Iraq for several months, then suddenly departed for his native Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother, asking him to come back. According to Michael Ledeen, who has quoted \"family sources,\" he was blackmailed into returning. During a stay in Washington, he met with famed author and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, according to whom he received Hitchens' Quran, kissed it and added to it the references he considered canonical in disapproving of the Islamic republic's legitimacy. He also met Hitchens in Qom in 2005. In “Christopher Hitchens Arguably” Page 455 their meeting is described in “Iran’s Waiting Game” which features in (-page 466-) “Vanity Fair,July 2005.”\nIn his biography, Hitch-22, Hitchens praised Khomeini as a \"courageous foe of his grandfather's theocracy\".",
"title": "Hussein Khomeini"
},
{
"docid": "6481658#10",
"text": "In \"The Spectator\", John Redwood wrote that he was \"exhilarated\" by the book, and that Hitchens had written with \"passion and flair\". Redwood added that Hitchens was at his best when \"exposing the way in which our educational system and cultural standards have been systematically undermined\". Also writing in \"The Spectator\", Peregrine Worsthorne was more circumspect: \"after eloquently telling the tale of how successive British parliamentary governments, Tory as much as Labour, have 'abolished' old Britain, Hitchens reaches the wholly illogical conclusion that that same British democracy alone is quite capable of putting the clock back\". He also stated that Hitchens was wrong to hold Eurosceptic views.",
"title": "The Abolition of Britain"
},
{
"docid": "228998#31",
"text": "In June 2010, Hitchens was on tour in New York promoting his memoirs \"Hitch-22\" when he was taken into emergency care suffering from a severe pericardial effusion. Soon after he announced he was postponing his tour to undergo treatment for esophageal cancer. In a \"Vanity Fair\" piece titled \"Topic of Cancer\", he stated that he was undergoing treatment for the cancer. He said that he recognised the long-term prognosis was far from positive, and that he would be a \"very lucky person to live another five years\". A heavy smoker and drinker since his teenage years, Hitchens acknowledged that these habits likely contributed to his illness. During his illness, Hitchens was under the care of Francis Collins and was the subject of Collins' new cancer treatment, which maps out the human genome and selectively targets damaged DNA.",
"title": "Christopher Hitchens"
},
{
"docid": "2674304#2",
"text": "Charles Hitchen was born in poverty to a family in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, presumably in about 1675. He was apprenticed as a cabinet maker before he married Elizabeth, the daughter of one John Wells of King's Walden, Hertfordshire, in 1703. Shortly, he set up trade as a joiner for a time and the couple moved to live on the north side of St. Paul's Churchyard in the City of London. They must have had at least one child as Hitchen mentioned his \"family\" though other than that nothing is known about them. In 1711, John Wells died and left his property to his two daughters to be equally divided between two of them. Not long after, Hitchen persuaded his wife to sell all her inheritance to invest in a very profitable business as he foresaw it and on 8 January 1712, with his wife's proceeds he purchased the office of City under-[marshal]] for £700.",
"title": "Charles Hitchen"
},
{
"docid": "905188#16",
"text": "Over the next few months, the filmmakers negotiated two key scenes in the script: the girl getting ripped apart and the eyeball in the hamburger. For the latter scene, Harmon just changed the body part to a finger. As for the former, everyone at HBO/Silver Screen, except Dubrow, wanted it changed. Fuchs did not want the girl to die and Dubrow argued that this would change the story significantly. There were arguments about how the girl should die and Dubrow remembers, \"they were trying to make her death not horrible, when – by the nature of the script – it had to be\". The studio even suggested softening her death by having a funeral. The filmmakers refused to back down and Silver Screen executives finally relented at the last minute.",
"title": "The Hitcher (1986 film)"
}
] |
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] |
2978
|
What was Nikola Tesla's first patented invention?
|
[
{
"docid": "251075#4",
"text": "The first AC commutator-free three-phase induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. Tesla applied for US patents in October and November 1887 and was granted some of these patents in May 1888. In April 1888, the \"Royal Academy of Science of Turin\" published Ferraris's research on his AC polyphase motor detailing the foundations of motor operation. In May 1888 Tesla presented the technical paper \"A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers\" to the \"American Institute of Electrical Engineers\" (AIEE)",
"title": "Induction motor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21473#39",
"text": "In 1895, Edward Dean Adams, impressed with what he saw when he toured Tesla's lab, agreed to help found the Nikola Tesla Company, set up to fund, develop, and market a variety of previous Tesla patents and inventions as well as new ones. Alfred Brown signed on, bringing along patents developed under Peck and Brown. The board was filled out with William Birch Rankine and Charles F. Coaney. It found few investors; the mid-1890s was a tough time financially, and the wireless lighting and oscillators patents it was set up to market never panned out. The company would handle Tesla's patents for decades to come.",
"title": "Nikola Tesla"
},
{
"docid": "264823#0",
"text": "Nikola Tesla was an inventor who obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives. There are a minimum of 278 patents issued to Tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, Britain, and Canada, but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe. Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection.\nIn the book \"\", there are references to missing patents. Some patents of his experiments are lost to history, as well as some of the scientific notes and records pertaining to Tesla's patents. These, though, are alluded to in the redacted FBI files. The missing patents may be among effects seized by government agents and military intelligence officers following Tesla's death in 1943. In various patent logs, it is recorded Tesla received for \"\"Filings Tube\"\" (such as Charles Henry Sewall's \"\"Wireless Telegraphy\"\" (New York, 1904)). This number does not match the U. S. Patent office records (that patent is issued to G. Kelly for an \"\"Illuminating torch\"\").The following is a list of other countries that hold known patents by Tesla. The number following the country is the number of known patents in their records. This is not an exhaustive list. The total number may be incomplete and additional countries still may hold patents unknown.",
"title": "List of Nikola Tesla patents"
},
{
"docid": "21473#85",
"text": "Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives. There are a minimum of 278 known patents issued to Tesla in 26 countries. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, Britain, and Canada, but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe. Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection.",
"title": "Nikola Tesla"
},
{
"docid": "428795#29",
"text": "Nikola Tesla invented a deceptively simple one-way valve for fluids in 1916, called a Tesla valve. It was patented in 1920 (U.S. patent 1,329,559).",
"title": "Check valve"
},
{
"docid": "870889#10",
"text": "In (\"Incandescent Electric Light\", 1894 February 6), Nikola Tesla describes a plasma lamp. This patent is for one of the first high-intensity discharge lamps. Tesla used an incandescent-type lamp globe with a single internal conductive element and excited the element with high voltage currents from a Tesla coil, thus creating the brush discharge emanation. He gained patent protection on a particular form of the lamp in which a light-giving small body or button of refractory material is supported by a conductor entering a very highly exhausted globe or receiver. Tesla called this invention the single terminal lamp, or, later, the \"Inert Gas Discharge Tube\".",
"title": "Plasma globe"
},
{
"docid": "21473#21",
"text": "In late 1886, Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck. The two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain. Based on Tesla's new ideas for electrical equipment, including a thermo-magnetic motor idea, they agreed to back the inventor financially and handle his patents. Together they formed the Tesla Electric Company in April 1887, with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go 1/3 to Tesla, 1/3 to Peck and Brown, and 1/3 to fund development. They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan, where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors, generators, and other devices.",
"title": "Nikola Tesla"
},
{
"docid": "27945098#50",
"text": "A remote control is an electronic device used to operate any machine, such as a television, remotely. Many of these remotes communicate to their respective devices through infrared signals and radio control. In Madison Square Garden, at the Electrical Exhibition, Nikola Tesla gave the first demonstration of a boat propelling in water, controlled by his remote control which he designed using radio signals. Tesla received a patent for his invention in 1898.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)"
},
{
"docid": "21473#19",
"text": "Soon after leaving the Edison company, Tesla was working on patenting an arc lighting system, possibly the same one he had developed at Edison. In March 1885, he met with patent attorney Lemuel W. Serrell, the same attorney used by Edison, to obtain help with submitting the patents. Serrell introduced Tesla to two businessmen, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an arc lighting manufacturing and utility company in Tesla's name, the Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. Tesla worked for the rest of the year obtaining the patents that included an improved DC generator, the first patents issued to Tesla in the US, and building and installing the system in Rahway, New Jersey Tesla's new system gained notice in the technical press, which commented on its advanced features.",
"title": "Nikola Tesla"
},
{
"docid": "1105907#30",
"text": "The first person to use resonant circuits in a radio application was Nikola Tesla, who invented the resonant transformer in 1891. At a March 1893 St. Louis lecture he had demonstrated a wireless system that, although it was intended for wireless power transmission, had many of the elements of later radio communication systems. A grounded capacitance-loaded spark-excited resonant transformer (his \"Tesla coil\") attached to an elevated wire monopole antenna transmitted radio waves, which were received across the room by a similar wire antenna attached to a receiver consisting of a second grounded resonant transformer tuned to the transmitter's frequency, which lighted a Geissler tube. This system, patented by Tesla 2 September 1897, 4 months after Lodge's \"syntonic\" patent, was in effect an inductively coupled radio transmitter and receiver, the first use of the \"four circuit\" system claimed by Marconi in his 1900 patent \"(below)\". However, Tesla was mainly interested in wireless power and never developed a practical radio \"communication\" system.",
"title": "Spark-gap transmitter"
}
] |
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] |
2979
|
Who developed the first VHF-band radar system?
|
[
{
"docid": "27693223#127",
"text": "Germany has a long heritage of using electromagnetic waves for detecting objects. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz, who first demonstrated the existence of these waves, also noted that they, like light, were reflected by metal surfaces. In 1904, Christian Hülsmeyer obtained German and foreign patents for an apparatus, the \"Telemobilskop\", using a \"spark gap transmitter\" that could detect ships and prevent collisions; this is often cited as the first radar, but, without directly providing range, it does not qualify for this classification. With the advent of the radio tube and electronics, other detection-only systems were developed, but all used continuous waves and could not measure distance.\nIn 1933, physicist Rudolf Kühnhold, Scientific Director at the \"Kriegsmarine\" (German Navy) \"Nachrichtenmittel-Versuchsanstalt\" (NVA—Experimental Institute of Communication Systems) in Kiel, initiated experiments in the microwave region to measure the distance to a target. For the transmitter, he obtained assistance from two radio amateur operators, Paul-Günther Erbslöh and Hans-Karl Freiherr von Willisen. In January 1934, they formed at Berlin-Oberschöneweide the company \"Gesellschaft für Elektroakustische und Mechanische Apparate\" (GEMA) for this work.",
"title": "Radar in World War II"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "403883#28",
"text": "VHF radar systems have wavelengths comparable to aircraft feature sizes and should exhibit scattering in the resonance region rather than the optical region, allowing most stealth aircraft to be detected. This has prompted Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT) to develop VHF AESAs such as the NEBO SVU, which is capable of performing target acquisition for Surface-to-air missile batteries. Despite the advantages offered by VHF radar, their longer wavelengths result in poor resolution compared to comparably sized X band radar array. As a result, these systems must be very large before they can have the resolution for an engagement radar. An example of a ground-based VHF radar with counter-stealth capability is the P-18 radar.",
"title": "Stealth aircraft"
},
{
"docid": "49613184#1",
"text": "The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars. These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented \"first offs\" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan: the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D radar: the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar: the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK). Other innovations were radars with frequency hopping; the P-10 Volga A (NATO: KNIFE REST B) in 1953, radars with transmitter signal coherency and special features like moving target indicator (MTI); the P-12 Yenisei (NATO: SPOON REST) in 1955 as well as the P-70 Lena-M with chirp signal modulation in 1968 or the widely used P-18 Terek (NATO: SPOON REST D) in 1970.",
"title": "Russian air surveillance radars"
},
{
"docid": "3511733#0",
"text": "The CXAM radar system was the first production radar system deployed on United States Navy ships, operating in the mid-high VHF frequency band of 200 MHz. It followed several earlier prototype systems, such as the NRL radar installed in April 1937 on the destroyer ; its successor, the XAF, installed in December 1938 on the battleship ; and the first RCA-designed system, the CXZ, installed in December 1938 or January 1939 on the battleship . Based on testing in January 1939, where the XAF was more reliable, the US Navy ordered RCA to build six XAF-based units for deployment and then shortly thereafter ordered 14 more.",
"title": "CXAM radar"
},
{
"docid": "6888913#1",
"text": "CHL traces its origins to early experiments with Airborne Interception radar systems in 1936. These were developed as a short-range radar that would be used to close the gap between Chain Home's (CH) approximate accuracy and the visual range of a night fighter pilot at about . Developed by a second team at Bawdsey Manor led by \"Taffy\" Bowen, the new radar had to operate at much smaller wavelengths in order to limit the antenna sizes to something that could be practically fit on an aeroplane. After considerable experimentation, the team settled on a set working at 1.5 meter wavelength, about 193 MHz in the VHF band.",
"title": "Chain Home Low"
},
{
"docid": "48975617#13",
"text": "In August 1940, the Army issued a specification for a new GL radar that combined a VHF set like the Mk. II with a microwave-frequency tracking system with high accuracy. It required:P. E. Pollard of the Air Defence Research and Development Establishment in Christchurch, Dorset had been one of the first people to consider radar as early as 1930, and had been working with the \"Army Cell\" at the Air Ministry Experimental Station for some time before joining other Army researchers at Christchurch, Dorset. They selected British Thomson-Houston (BTH), who built the earlier 5 m GL sets, to build a prototype. Pollard moved to BTH's plants in Rugby, Warwickshire to work on the new system.",
"title": "GL Mk. III radar"
},
{
"docid": "25634966#8",
"text": "The Germans had not yet developed a magnetron suitable for use in such systems, so their equipment operated in the VHF region. At the NTRI, they followed the Germans and built a prototype VHF set operating at 4.2 m (71 MHz) and producing about 5 kW. This was completed on a crash basis, and in early September 1941, the set detected a bomber at a range of 97 km (61 mi). The system, Japan’s first full radar, was designated Mark 1 Model 1 and quickly went into production.",
"title": "Yoji Ito"
},
{
"docid": "977144#0",
"text": "The Lichtenstein radar was among the earliest airborne radars available to the Luftwaffe in World War II and the first one used exclusively for air interception. Developed by Telefunken, it was available in at least four major revisions, called FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C, FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1, FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 and the very rarely used FuG 228 Lichtenstein SN-3. (FuG is short for \"Funk-Gerät\", radio set). The Lichtenstein series remained the only widely deployed airborne interception radar used by the Germans on their night fighters during the war — the competing FuG 216 through 218 \"Neptun\" mid-VHF band radar systems were meant as a potentially more versatile stopgap system through 1944, until the microwave-based FuG 240 \"Berlin\" could be mass-produced; the \"Berlin\" system was still being tested when the war ended.\nEarly FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C units were not deployed until 1942. They operated at a maximum RF output power of 1.5 kW, on the 61 cm wavelength (490 MHz, or low UHF band), requiring complex \"Matratze\" (mattress) antennas, consisting of thirty-two dipole elements, mounted in four groups of eight, each at the forward end of one of four forward-projecting masts.",
"title": "Lichtenstein radar"
},
{
"docid": "43239543#21",
"text": "Meanwhile, Hibberd had successfully built a new push–pull amplifier using two of the same tubes but working in the 1.25-meter band, an upper-VHF band (around 220 MHz); below 1.25 m the sensitivity dropped off sharply. Gerald Touch, originally from the Clarendon Laboratory, converted the EMI receiver to this wavelength by using the existing set as the intermediate frequency (IF) stage of a superheterodyne circuit. The original 45 MHz frequency would remain the IF setting for many following radar systems. On its first test on 17 August, Anson \"K6260\" with Touch and Keith Wood aboard immediately detected shipping in the English Channel at a range of . The team later increased the wavelength slightly to 1.5 m to improve sensitivity of the receiver, and this 200 MHz setting would be common to many radar systems of this era.",
"title": "AI Mk. IV radar"
},
{
"docid": "43971988#2",
"text": "Beginning in 1975, NNIIRT developed the first VHF 3D radar capable of measuring height, range, and azimuth to a target. This effort produced the 55Zh6 'Nebo' VHF surveillance radar, which passed acceptance trials in 1982.",
"title": "Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "43971988#6",
"text": "Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan; the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D-radar; the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar; the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK).",
"title": "Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering"
}
] |
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2980
|
When did Keith M. Davidson become a lawyer?
|
[
{
"docid": "57715712#6",
"text": "For the next two years Davidson worked in government, with the state legislature and later at the Plymouth County district attorney's office. He began applying to law schools, and was accepted at Whittier Law School in Costa Mesa, California. After moving cross-country to study there, he graduated in 2000 and was admitted to the California bar at the end of the year.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57715712#0",
"text": "Keith M. Davidson (born 1971) is a lawyer in private practice in Beverly Hills, California, United States; he currently resides near Lake Sherwood. While his practice began as criminal defense, he has since represented plaintiffs in civil torts such as medical malpractice, and managed professional boxers including Manny Pacquiao and James Toney. A native of Brockton, Massachusetts, he settled in Southern California after studying law at Whittier.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#15",
"text": "Davidson settled a legal malpractice case brought by a woman who said that not only had he made false claims in her legal pleadings, he had apparently lost interest in her tort case against the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office when he learned her injuries were not as severe as he had originally believed and thus would not have earned him a high contingency fee. Clients in several other cases charged that Davidson had mishandled their cases, and/or put his interests above their own; they also recalled that, in his ads and personal consultations, Davidson had represented his firm as employing dozens of talented and skilled lawyers when he in fact employed only a single paralegal. A couple suing the state over an injury their son received at a state mental hospital learned that Davidson's repeated failure to appear on their behalf had led the judge to dismiss their case a long time after that had happened.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#16",
"text": "These cases resulted in three complaints against Davidson to the state bar. In 2010 he accepted culpability for incompetence in the practice of law and willful violations of professional rules, including mishandling client funds and failure to keep a client informed of the progress of their case; he was suspended from practicing law for two years, to be followed by three years' probation requiring attendance at an ethics class and regular updates from other lawyers. However, after other lawyers filed letters of their own with the bar noting his lack of prior misconduct and \"overall honesty\", that suspension was reduced to 90 days. Davidson says that the neglected cases that led to the suspension were the result of being \"spread a little too thin.\"",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#58",
"text": "While he has downplayed the role that that business plays in his legal practice, he is aware that has defined him and that he has been seen as the lawyer to retain in these cases. On the recorded conversations in the Hulk Hogan case he is heard telling David Houston, Hogan's attorney, that these cases are \"my specialty\"; Houston said he was \"amazed that there was a lawyer actually making a living doing this\". Both Bastone, who reported on what seemed to him like an effort on Davidson's part to blackmail him out of writing his story, and Redden likened him to Saul Goodman, the profit-driven lawyer in the TV series \"Breaking Bad\" who helps launder profits from illegal drug sales. Kevin Blatt, who had referred some clients to Davidson in the early 2010s, now no longer does because \"he flies too close to the fucking sun\".",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#3",
"text": "There have been other complaints about Davidson's adherence to legal ethics. The State Bar of California suspended his license in 2010 for incompetence in representing a client and other willful violations of rules of professional conduct after several incidents reported to it; a two-year suspension was reduced to 90 days. However, a report in \"The Smoking Gun\" alleged that even during that short period Davidson continued to practice law, and detailed many other questionable practices on his part, such as possibly splitting fees with non-lawyers like a \"TMZ\" assistant producer who referred clients to him.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#7",
"text": "Davidson opened up a solo practice after receiving his law license. Recalling his own modest background, and a letter from an aunt who had become a nun, his initial intent was to use his professional position to stand up for the poor and marginalized. He thus began representing criminal defendants. One of his earliest clients in that capacity, he recalled in 2018, was a young woman charged with murder, whom he was able to get acquitted. Her family was in such tight financial straits that the woman's mother sometimes paid Davidson in rolls of quarters.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#21",
"text": "A month remained in the suspension when Davidson began contacting Sheen's attorney, to negotiate a settlement and demand at least a million dollars in payment, details that later emerged when Sheen sued Anderson, without naming Davidson either as defendant or in the complaint but describing his role in detail, arguing she was attempting to extort him. Davidson also arranged for Anderson to appear on \"Good Morning America\" to discuss her case and sat next to her on camera as she did. Davidson told \"Smoking Gun\" reporter William Bastone that he had been very careful not to violate the terms of his suspension and did not think these actions did.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#5",
"text": "After graduating from Brockton High School in 1989, he attended Boston College. Since he could not afford housing fees but wanted to live on-campus, a friend converted an closet in a six-person suite into a space where Davidson could sleep. He graduated with a B.S. in economics in 1993.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
},
{
"docid": "57715712#4",
"text": "Davidson was born in Massachusetts in 1971, and raised in Brockton, a working-class suburb of Boston, in a large Irish American family whose several generations of firefighters included Davidson's father. Brockton calls itself the \"City of Champions\", since title-winning boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler were natives. During the latter's tenure as middleweight champion during the 1980s, Davidson and other local children often ran after the fighter in the streets as he ran while training for fights.",
"title": "Keith M. Davidson"
}
] |
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2982
|
Where does U.S. Route 101 begin and end?
|
[
{
"docid": "70780#0",
"text": "U.S. Route 101, or U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as (The Royal Road) where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos, and presidios. It merges at some points with California State Route 1 (SR 1).",
"title": "U.S. Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "70780#2",
"text": "The nearly highway's northern terminus is in Tumwater, Washington: the route remains along the Olympic Peninsula's coastal perimeter west, north, and east; the northernmost point on the highway is in Port Angeles. The southern terminus of US 101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the world's busiest freeway interchange.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1568519#0",
"text": "Route 101 is a numbered state highway running in Rhode Island. It begins at the Connecticut state line in the town of Foster and ends at U.S. Route 6 in the town of Scituate.",
"title": "Rhode Island Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "4551682#1",
"text": "Route 101 begins at a junction with Route 61 in Augusta, in Hancock County. The route leaves Augusta to the east and crosses into Schuyler County, entering Weinberg-King State Park across the county line. The highway continues east past the park until the community of Brooklyn, where it meets Route 99. After passing through Brooklyn, Route 101 heads eastward through Littleton before terminating at a junction with U.S. Route 67.",
"title": "Illinois Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "5922378#1",
"text": "SH 101 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 81 on the far southeast side of Bowie, and travels southeast about 7 miles to Sunset. This section was the original routing of US 81 and US 287 before an upgraded routing was built for those routes. This section of SH 101 also remains within a mile of the upgraded US 81/US 287 along the entire route. In Sunset, the route sutns to the south, departing from it parallel routing with the US Routes, and continues southward through Chico to its southern terminus on the north side of Bridgeport, where it meets U.S. Route 380 and SH 114. This section from Sunset to Bridgeport was a previous routing of SH 114 before it was redirected westward in 1976.",
"title": "Texas State Highway 101"
},
{
"docid": "29685149#13",
"text": "The business and bypass cross Route 102 soon after splitting. The western half of the bypass is a two-lane limited access road, with one grade separation — under Gleaner Chapel Road — and one intersection — at Route 102. This newer section ends as it merges with Route 101, once the Rhode Island and Connecticut Turnpike, and now called Hartford Pike. The two parallel alignments cross the Scituate Reservoir and Route 116 before they merge near the east edge of Scituate. This merge was the east end of the Foster and Scituate Turnpike, and was the east end of Route 101 until the early 2000s (when it was truncated to the merge with US 6 Byp.). The Rhode Island and Connecticut Turnpike continued to the Olneyville section of Providence, where it is known as Hartford Avenue.\nU.S. Route 6A (US 6A) is an alternate route of US 6 in Rhode Island. The route begins at US 6 and I-295 in Johnston and follows Hartford Avenue through the city. US 6A continues into Providence, traveling along Hartford Avenue to its terminus at US 6.",
"title": "Special routes of U.S. Route 6"
},
{
"docid": "4669902#6",
"text": "State Highway 101 was defined, along with many other routes, by Chapter 440 of the 1933 Minnesota Session Laws:\nLegislative Route No. 187. Beginning at a point on Legislative Route No. 18 [U.S. Highway 169] at or near Elk River, thence extending in a southerly direction to a point on Legislative Route No. 117 [State Highway 13] as herein established.\nThe Minnesota Department of Highways (now MnDOT) took over maintenance of the roadway in 1934. Highway 101 began at State Highway 13 in Savage, at the intersection of \"Dakota Avenue\" and \"McColl Drive\", and ran west on \"McColl Drive\" and \"Eagle Creek Boulevard\" to downtown Shakopee. Old Highway 101 crossed the Minnesota River with U.S. Highway 169, and crossed U.S. Highway 212 along the present day Carver County portion of Highway 101. From Shakopee to near Rogers, the original routing of Highway 101 matched the present day State Highway 101 and \"County Road 101\" except in downtown Chanhassen, where old 101 had followed \"Great Plains Boulevard\" and \"78th Street\" (the later State Highway 5), in downtown Wayzata, where old 101 followed \"LaSalle Street\" to \"Central Avenue\", and on the State Highway 55 / 101 concurrency at Plymouth / Medina, which was along \"Old Rockford Road\" and \"Hamel Road\". Instead of using old State Highway 152 (now County Road 81) into Rogers, old Highway 101 continued north on \"Brockton Avenue\" (now County 13) and crossed the Crow River at its mouth, then heading northwest and north on \"River Road\" and \"Parrish Avenue\" to the Parrish Avenue Bridge over the Mississippi River. Upon crossing the bridge, old Highway 101 entered Elk River and immediately ended at U.S. Highway 10 and U.S. Highway 169 via short pieces of \"Main Street\" and \"Jackson Avenue\".",
"title": "Minnesota State Highway 101"
},
{
"docid": "2291042#2",
"text": "Route 101 starts at the Missouri–Arkansas state line, at the northern terminus of Arkansas Route 101 and County Road 583 (CRD 583). The road travels through a forest and parallel to the state line for the first . At CRD 588, the route turns northeastward, intersecting a few driveways until it reaches CRD 586, where it turns northward past the intersection. Route 101 travels eastward before it intersects CRD 584, and enters the corporate limits of Bakersfield at CRD 585. The route briefly travels north and intersects Route O, which leads to the unincorporated area of Udall. The road enters the center of the city at Main Street and curves northward at the western terminus of Route 142. Route 101 leaves the city north of Starks. The road enters through a mix of farmland and forests as it continued through southeast Ozark County. At CRD 101-174, the route begins to turn northeastward and later intersects CRD 597. Route 101 crosses the county line at CRD 7890, and enters Howell County. Once inside the county, the route turns north at Route YY and intersects CRD 7690. The road turns to the northeast in the community of Caulfield, and ends at US 61 in a T-intersection.",
"title": "Missouri Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "14621225#9",
"text": "At the Hood Canal, US 101 follows the western shore to SR 106, where it turns directly south to the east end of SR 106 and Shelton, to meet the west end of SR 3. After some time going south, US 101 meets SR 108, the second-to-last major junction. After going southeast, US 101 finally joins SR 8 and turns into a freeway to its easternmost point of US 101 in Washington, the so-called \"north end\" at I-5 near Tumwater.",
"title": "U.S. Route 101 in Washington"
},
{
"docid": "21272440#1",
"text": "SR 101 begins in the south at an intersection with US 1 in Kittery, just northeast of its intersection with SR 236, where US 1 Bypass meets its northern end. Near this intersection is the exits 2 and 3 interchanges from the Maine Turnpike. The route heads northwest, intersecting local roads as it passes east of the town of Eliot. SR 101 intersects with SR 236 and enters the southern tip of South Berwick. The highway continues a short distance northwest before crossing the Piscataqua River into Dover, New Hampshire. Upon crossing into New Hampshire, SR 101 ends and the road continues as unnumbered Gulf Road. Motorists following this road west will soon come across signage leading to New Hampshire Route 4 towards downtown Dover. No advance signage exists in the reverse direction, with Gulf Road simply transitioning to SR 101 upon crossing into Maine.",
"title": "Maine State Route 101"
},
{
"docid": "7522059#1",
"text": "Route 101 was planned to begin at Harrison Avenue in Kearny, Hudson County. From here, the route was to head north into the New Jersey Meadowlands in Bergen County, where it would pass through Lyndhurst, Rutherford, and East Rutherford. Route 101 would continue north through Carlstadt before running in between Moonachie Road and the Hackensack River. The route was to pass through Little Ferry and into the eastern part of Hackensack, where Route 101 was to terminate at an intersection with Route 4. From this point, Route S101 was planned to continue north to the border in Montvale.",
"title": "New Jersey Route 101"
}
] |
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] |
2983
|
How far can a radio station broadcast?
|
[
{
"docid": "33094374#23",
"text": "The other meaning of the term \"channel\" in telecommunications is seen in the phrase communications channel, which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously. For example, one radio station can broadcast radio waves into free space at frequencies in the neighborhood of 94.5 MHz (megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at frequencies in the neighborhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves over a frequency bandwidth of about 180 kHz (kilohertz), centered at frequencies such as the above, which are called the \"carrier frequencies\". Each station in this example is separated from its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system.",
"title": "Telecommunication"
},
{
"docid": "1607203#29",
"text": "VHF Radio waves do not travel far beyond the visual horizon, so reception distances for FM stations are usually limited to 30–40 miles (50–65 km) They can also be blocked by hills or buildings.",
"title": "FM broadcasting"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "491851#11",
"text": "The signal strength of radio waves decreases the farther they travel from the transmitter, so a radio station can only be received within a limited range of its transmitter. The range depends on the power of the transmitter, the sensitivity of the receiver, atmospheric and internal noise, as well as any geographical obstructions such as hills between transmitter and receiver. AM broadcast band radio waves travel as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth, so AM radio stations can be reliably received at hundreds of miles distance. Due to their higher frequency, FM band radio signals cannot travel far beyond the visual horizon; limiting reception distance to about 40 miles (64 km), and can be blocked by hills between the transmitter and receiver. However FM radio is less susceptible to interference from radio noise (RFI, sferics, static) and has higher fidelity; better frequency response and less audio distortion, than AM. So in many countries serious music is only broadcast by FM stations, and AM stations specialize in radio news, talk radio, and sports. Like FM, DAB signals travel by line of sight so reception distances are limited by the visual horizon to about 30–40 miles (48–64 km).",
"title": "Radio receiver"
},
{
"docid": "173088#9",
"text": "Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations. There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting, non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio, student-run campus radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the BBC, VOA, VOR, and Deutsche Welle have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.",
"title": "Radio broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "1720678#9",
"text": "Radio news broadcasts can range from as little as one minute to as much as the station's entire schedule, such as the case of all-news radio, or talk radio. Stations dedicated to news or talk content will often feature newscasts, or bulletins, usually at the top of the hour, usually between three and eight minutes in length. They can be a mix of local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sport, entertainment, weather, and traffic reports, or they may be incorporated into separate bulletins. There may also be shorter bulletins at the bottom of the hour, or three at 15-minute intervals, or two at 20-minute intervals. All-news radio stations exist in some countries (most commonly in North America), primarily located in major metropolitan areas such as Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and Toronto, which often broadcast local, national, and international news and feature stories on a set time schedule (sometimes known as a \"wheel\" format, which schedules the presentation of certain segments focused on a specific type of news content at a specific point each hour).",
"title": "News broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "178808#125",
"text": "In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by Ofcom). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 km and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest—such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. For example, you can listen to stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families.",
"title": "Public broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "67066#14",
"text": "Ground stations transmit signals to the satellites which are 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the Equator in Clarke belt orbits. The satellites send the signals back down to radio receivers in cars and homes. This signal contains scrambled broadcasts, along with meta data about each specific broadcast. The signals are unscrambled by the radio receiver modules, which display the broadcast information. In urban areas, ground repeaters enable signals to be available even if the satellite signal is blocked. The technology allows for nationwide broadcasting, so that, for instance US listeners can hear the same stations anywhere in the country.",
"title": "Satellite radio"
},
{
"docid": "113604#9",
"text": "The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as \"recorded\" or \"live\". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship \"Hindenburg\" disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world.",
"title": "Broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "630006#32",
"text": "Law No 9612/1998 deals with community radio broadcasting, sound stations belonging to foundations or associations representing a public contained therein, living in a neighborhood or united by a social cause and that the station presents itself as a spokesperson of these people. It has to operate with a maximum power of 25 watts ERP and its tower will have the limit of 30 meters. These technical characteristics delineate a portion coverage of an urban area, a partial coverage in the municipality. As said, the community broadcaster has a cultural function, there can be no explicit commercial breaks but cultural supports of the content of the grid. Programming times can not be sold to third parties and broadcasting to other stations is prohibited (going against the idea of a \"community radio\").",
"title": "Community radio"
},
{
"docid": "253491#1",
"text": "VHF/UHF television and radio signals are normally limited to a maximum \"deep fringe\" reception service area of approximately in areas where the broadcast spectrum is congested, and about 50 percent farther in the absence of interference. However, providing favourable atmospheric conditions are present, television and radio signals sometimes can be received hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their intended coverage area. These signals are often received using a large outdoor antenna system connected to a sensitive TV or FM receiver, although this may not always be the case. Many times smaller antennas and receivers such as those in vehicles will receive stations farther than normal depending on how favourable conditions are.",
"title": "TV and FM DX"
}
] |
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2984
|
Where was Babylon located in the world?
|
[
{
"docid": "20609622#42",
"text": "European travelers in many cases could not discover the city's location, or mistook Fallujah for it. Twelfth-century traveler Benjamin of Tudela mentions Babylon but it is not clear if he really went there. Others referred to Baghdad as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the Tower of Babel. Pietro della Valle found the ancient site in the seventeenth century and noted the existence of both baked and dried mudbricks cemented with bitumen.",
"title": "Babylon"
},
{
"docid": "20609622#3",
"text": "The remains of the city are in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about south of Baghdad, comprising a large tell of broken mud-brick buildings and debris.",
"title": "Babylon"
},
{
"docid": "20609622#10",
"text": "The remains of the city are in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about south of Baghdad, comprising a large tell of broken mud-brick buildings and debris. The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds covering an area of about , oriented north to south, along the Euphrates to the west. Originally, the river roughly bisected the city, but the course of the river has since shifted so that most of the remains of the former western part of the city are now inundated. Some portions of the city wall to the west of the river also remain.",
"title": "Babylon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50976020#1",
"text": "By order of building contractor Alfred Schrobsdorff (1861–1940), Hans Poelzig designed from 1927 to 1929 eight blocks for a perimeter development at the Bülowplatz (today Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz). The completed blocks included 170 apartments and 80 shops. The block where Babylon is located has the form of a right triangle, where Hirtenstraße and Kleine Alexanderstraße form the catheti and Weydingerstraße borders the block as hypotenuse. The layout of the block is given a facet at the acute-angled corner Weydingerstraße / Hirtenstraße, so that the building has a short front on Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße, where the entrance of the cinema is located at the address \"Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 30.\" After the destruction of World War II the block of the Babylon was the only complete survivor left from the overall design by Poelzig.",
"title": "Kino Babylon"
},
{
"docid": "20609622#32",
"text": "Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon—one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World—said to have been built for his homesick wife Amyitis. Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute. German archaeologist Robert Koldewey speculated that he had discovered its foundations, but many historians disagree about the location. Stephanie Dalley has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located in the Assyrian capital, Nineveh.",
"title": "Babylon"
},
{
"docid": "260081#0",
"text": "Babylon is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. Located on Long Island, the town population was 214,191 as of the 2014 census. Parts of Jones Beach Island, Captree Island and Fire Island are in the southernmost part of the town. It borders Nassau County to the West, and the Atlantic Ocean to the South. At its westernmost point, its location is approximately from New York City at the Queens border, and approximately from Manhattan. There is also a village of Babylon located within the town.",
"title": "Babylon, New York"
},
{
"docid": "2885665#31",
"text": "George S. Clason here gives a historical overview of Babylon, noting that although \"its very name conjures visions of wealth and splendor\" that the city itself was located next to the Euphrates River \"in a flat, arid valley. It had no forests, no mines--not even stone for building. It was not even located upon a natural trade-route. The rainfall was insufficient to raise crops. Babylon is an outstanding example of man's ability to achieve great objectives, using whatever means are at his disposal. All of the resources supporting this large city were man-developed. All of its riches were man-made.\" Clason then continues to speak about the history of Babylon and its immense walls.",
"title": "The Richest Man in Babylon"
},
{
"docid": "530532#20",
"text": "Located just 5 km north of the city of Hillah, Babylon was a marveled city of the ancient world, especially under the rule of king Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC). It was the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and its walls and hanging gardens were considered one of the seven wonders of the world.",
"title": "Hillah"
},
{
"docid": "4800#4",
"text": "The \"Babylon 5\" space station is located in the Epsilon Eridani system, at the fifth Lagrangian point between the fictional planet Epsilon III and its moon. The station is an O'Neill cylinder long and in diameter. Living areas accommodate the various alien species, providing differing atmospheres and gravities. Human visitors to the alien sectors are shown using breathing equipment and other measures to tolerate the conditions. \"Babylon 5\" is the last of the Babylon project started by Earth to form hubs for peaceful inter-species trade and diplomacy, but the original three stations were all destroyed before completion, while \"Babylon 4\" mysteriously vanished shortly after being made operational.",
"title": "Babylon 5"
},
{
"docid": "18963910#18",
"text": "The oldest known world maps date back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map, however, is the \"Imago Mundi\" of 600 BC. The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu and several cities, in turn surrounded by a \"bitter river\" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived. In contrast to the \"Imago Mundi\", an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"docid": "19771335#0",
"text": "Babylon Istanbul is a music venue located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was opened by Pozitif on April 23, 1999 with a concert by John Lurie & the Lounge Lizards.\nIn 2010, Babylon launched its Lounge restaurant, which is located just a street behind the main venue. They started \"happy hours\", warm-ups and after parties hosted by various DJs, before and after the concerts in Babylon. In earlier hours before the concerts, the audience can have a sit in the restaurant and have a dinner.\nSince then, the venue in Beyoğlu has hosted hundreds of bands and over 1,500 concerts. The venue can accommodate 450 standing or 350 tables & standing audience.\nBabylon's past hosted acts include: Patti Smith & Band, Marianne Faithfull, Of Montreal, The National, Roy Ayers, Omara Portuondo, Jane Birkin, Gotan Project, Matthew Herbert, Balkan Beat Box, Michael Franti & Spearhead, Meshell Ndegeocello, İlhan Erşahin’s Wax Poetic featuring Norah Jones, Elbow, Stereolab, Mouse on Mars, Rachid Taha, Natacha Atlas, Mulatu Astatke, Seu Jorge & Almaz, Ed Harcourt, Wax Tailor, Bomba Estereo, Tindersticks, US3, Roberto Fonseca, Efterklang, Lou Rhodes, Hercules & Love Affair, Sophie Ellis Bextor, Manu Chao, Buzzcocks, Lee Scratch Perry.",
"title": "Babylon Istanbul"
},
{
"docid": "20609622#1",
"text": "The town became part of a small independent city-state with the rise of the First Babylonian dynasty in the 19th century BC. After the Amorite king Hammurabi created a short-lived empire in the 18th century BC, he built Babylon up into a major city and declared himself its king, and southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed Nippur as its holy city. The empire waned under Hammurabi's son Samsu-iluna and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BC. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, although a number of scholars believe these were actually in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, and Sassanid empires.",
"title": "Babylon"
}
] |
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2985
|
When did Handel write his Water Music Suite?
|
[
{
"docid": "49031#151",
"text": "The Water Music composed by George Frideric Handel premiered on 17 July 1717, when King George I requested a concert on the River Thames. The concert was performed for King George I on his barge and he is said to have enjoyed it so much that he ordered the 50 exhausted musicians to play the suites three times on the trip.",
"title": "River Thames"
},
{
"docid": "44844658#0",
"text": "The Water Music is a collection of orchestral movements, often published as three suites, composed by George Frideric Handel. It premiered on 17 July 1717, in response to King George I's request for a concert on the River Thames.",
"title": "Water Music"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2634486#3",
"text": "For the fourth season in 1723, for which his first opera was \"Ottone\", Handel assembled a cast of star singers including the internationally famous castrato, Senesino, beginning a long and sometimes stormy association with Handel that included creating seventeen leading roles in his operas for London, at a vast salary. The star soprano Margherita Durastanti, who had sung in many of Handel's early works in Italy as well as his previous operas in London, joined the cast, as did English soprano Anastasia Robinson, who was unhappy about much of the music Handel had written for her to sing in \"Ottone\", feeling that she could not portray, as he desired, scorn and anger, and appealed in a letter to one of the patrons of the Royal Academy to intervene with Handel to write gentler music for her to suit her abilities. Also in the cast was another internationally renowned castrato, Gaetano Berenstadt, in the first of three roles he created in Handel operas.",
"title": "Ottone"
},
{
"docid": "149131#13",
"text": "At the end of his manuscript Handel wrote the letters \"SDG\"—', \"To God alone the glory\". This inscription, taken with the speed of composition, has encouraged belief in the apocryphal story that Handel wrote the music in a fervour of divine inspiration in which, as he wrote the \"Hallelujah\" chorus, \"he saw all heaven before him\". Burrows points out that many of Handel's operas, of comparable length and structure to \"Messiah\", were composed within similar timescales between theatrical seasons. The effort of writing so much music in so short a time was not unusual for Handel and his contemporaries; Handel commenced his next oratorio, \"Samson\", within a week of finishing \"Messiah\", and completed his draft of this new work in a month. In accordance with his frequent practice when writing new works, Handel adapted existing compositions for use in \"Messiah\", in this case drawing on two recently completed Italian duets and one written twenty years previously. Thus, ' from 1722 became the basis of \"O Death, where is thy sting?\"; \"His yoke is easy\" and \"And he shall purify\" were drawn from ' (July 1741), \"Unto us a child is born\" and \"All we like sheep\" from ' (July 1741). Handel's instrumentation in the score is often imprecise, again in line with contemporary convention, where the use of certain instruments and combinations was assumed and did not need to be written down by the composer; later copyists would fill in the details.",
"title": "Messiah (Handel)"
},
{
"docid": "48643802#28",
"text": "As with \"Nero\", it is possible that music from \"Florindo\" or \"Daphne\" was recycled by Handel for use in later works. The overture to the opera \"Rodrigo\" consists of eight French-style dances, which Cudworth believes might have begun life as ballet music in one or other of the lost Hamburg operas. In 1709–10 Handel composed the cantata \"Apollo e Dafne\", which has common ground with the earlier operas. Harris makes the point that when writing the cantata, Handel would have recalled his earlier setting, and perhaps borrowed from it. Dean and Knapp provide further example of works in which the \"Florinda\" and \"Daphne\" music may have re-emerged: the oratorio \"Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno\" (1707); the opera \"Radamisto\" (1720); and the overture in B flat, HWV336, which Baselt conjectures might have been written as the overture to \"Florindo\". This last-named has been combined with HWV352–354 and HWV356 to form the \"Suite from the operas Florindo and Daphne\", which in 2012 was adapted and recorded by The Parley of Instruments under Peter Holman.",
"title": "Handel's lost Hamburg operas"
},
{
"docid": "2786513#4",
"text": "Greenaway was one of the composers commissioned to write music for the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in 2012 in honour of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The piece, entitled \"The New Water Music\", was inspired by the George Frederic Handel's Water Music and contained movements by several modern British composers working under the direction of Greenaway. After the pageant, Greenaway was critical of the BBC coverage of the pageant as the live broadcast did not feature the performance at all. In his personal blog, he expressed the view that the presenters had focused on interviewing celebrities while ignoring the musicians completely.",
"title": "Gavin Greenaway"
},
{
"docid": "149131#6",
"text": "In 1735 Handel received the text for a new oratorio named \"Saul\" from its librettist Charles Jennens, a wealthy landowner with musical and literary interests. Because Handel's main creative concern was still with opera, he did not write the music for \"Saul\" until 1738, in preparation for his 1738–39 theatrical season. The work, after opening at the King's Theatre in January 1739 to a warm reception, was quickly followed by the less successful oratorio \"Israel in Egypt\" (which may also have come from Jennens). Although Handel continued to write operas, the trend towards English-language productions became irresistible as the decade ended. After three performances of his last Italian opera \"Deidamia\" in January and February 1741, he abandoned the genre. In July 1741 Jennens sent him a new libretto for an oratorio; in a letter dated 10 July to his friend Edward Holdsworth, Jennens wrote: \"I hope [Handel] will lay out his whole Genius & Skill upon it, that the Composition may excell all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other subject. The Subject is Messiah\".",
"title": "Messiah (Handel)"
},
{
"docid": "2203863#9",
"text": "The theme of the \"Handel Variations\" is taken from an aria in the third movement of Handel's Harpsichord Suite No. 1 in B Major, HWV 434 (\"Suites de pièces pour le clavecin,\" published by J. Walsh, London 1733 with five variations). Brahms himself owned a copy of the 1733 First Edition. The appeal of the aria for Brahms might have been its simplicity: its range is restricted to one octave; the harmony is plain, with every note taken from the B-flat major scale; it \"made an admirably neutral starting-place\". While Handel had written only five variations on his theme, Brahms, with the piano as his instrument rather than the more limited harpsichord, enlarged the scope of his opus to 25 variations ending with an extended fugue. Brahms's use of Handel exemplifies his love of the music of the past and his tendency to incorporate it and transform it in his own compositions.",
"title": "Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel"
},
{
"docid": "10480132#2",
"text": "Among the eight suites published for harpsichord in 1720, G. F. Handel published his Suite no. 5 in E Major, HWV 430. This suite consists of four movements: The Prelude, Allemande, Courante and Air and Variations; the first three movements having stylized dance rhythms. This suite was promulgated a year after Handel became Master of the Orchestra at the Royal Academy of Music, also known as the first Italian opera company in London. Handel lived the remainder of his life in London after leaving Germany to work as resident composer for Earl of Carnarvon.",
"title": "The Harmonious Blacksmith"
},
{
"docid": "12775#27",
"text": "In 1733 the Earl of Essex received a letter with the following sentence: \"Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs\". The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with John Rich he started his third company at Covent Garden Theatre. Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of Marie Sallé, for whom Handel composed \"Terpsicore\". In 1735 he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time Handel allowed Gioacchino Conti, who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias. Financially, \"Ariodante\" was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act. \"Alcina\", his last opera with a magic content, and \"Alexander's Feast or the Power of Music\" based on John Dryden's \"Alexander's Feast\" starred Anna Maria Strada del Pò and John Beard.",
"title": "George Frideric Handel"
}
] |
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] |
2986
|
When was the first carburetor invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "49209#3",
"text": "The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826. The first person to patent a carburetor for use in a petroleum engine was Siegfried Marcus with his 6 July 1872 patent for a device which mixes fuel with air.",
"title": "Carburetor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "49209#45",
"text": "The \"spread-bore\" four-barrel carburetor, first released by Rochester in the 1965 model year as the \"Quadrajet\" has a much greater \"spread\" between the sizes of the primary and secondary throttle bores. The primaries in such a carburetor are quite small relative to conventional four-barrel practice, while the secondaries are quite large. The small primaries aid low-speed fuel economy and driveability, while the large secondaries permit maximum performance when it is called for. To tailor airflow through the secondary venturis, each of the secondary throats has an air valve at the top. This is configured much like a choke plate, and is lightly spring-loaded into the closed position. The air valve opens progressively in response to engine speed and throttle opening, gradually allowing more air to flow through the secondary side of the carburetor. Typically, the air valve is linked to metering rods which are raised as the air valve opens, thereby adjusting secondary fuel flow.",
"title": "Carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "3546104#1",
"text": "Edoardo Weber began his automotive career working for Fiat, first at their Turin plant (in 1914) and later at a dealership in Bologna. After the war, with gasoline prices high, he reached a certain success in selling conversion kits for running trucks on kerosene instead. The company was established as \"Fabbrica Italiana Carburatori Weber\" in 1923 when Weber produced carburetors as part of a conversion kit for Fiats. Weber pioneered the use of two-stage twin barrel carburetors, with two venturis of different sizes, the smaller one for low speed running and the larger one optimised for high speed use.",
"title": "Weber carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "41512586#0",
"text": "Carter Carburetor Company in St. Louis, Missouri was established in 1909, and ceased operation in 1985. It was founded by William Carter, who started experimenting with automotive carburetors while running a successful bicycle shop. His first, cast brass carburetor could meter and deliver fuel more accurately than many competing units. He sold Carter Carburetor Company 13 years after founding it to American Car and Foundry Company, a firm older than William Carter. Carl Breer wrote that, upon learning that the Ball family (owners of Ball & Ball) was planning to leave the carburetor business, he set them up with Carter, which continued to produce the Ball & Ball basic designs used by Chrysler.",
"title": "Carter Carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "41512586#1",
"text": "Carter adapted carburetors for Willys Jeep four-cylinder engines, waterproofing them for water crossings and making it possible to keep the engine going even on a steep incline (the Y-S carburetor). Carter also produced the first American four-barrel carburetor, used for Buick’s 1952 straight-eight, and followed by the WCFB on the 1955 Chrysler C300. This was eventually superseded by the AFB and the AVS. The final Chrysler use of four-barrel Carter carburetors was the Thermo-Quad, which used a lightweight thermoplastic float bowl, on the most powerful Chrysler engines.",
"title": "Carter Carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "18678709#3",
"text": "\"Their first original carburetor, called the \"iron pot\", appeared on the curved-dash Oldsmobile in 1904.\" In April 1905 Holley Brothers Company was established with an address at 661-75 Beaubien St., Detroit, Michigan. The brothers then concentrated on the manufacturing of carburetors and ignition systems. As a result of the Motorette Henry Ford commissioned the brothers to produce a carburetor for his Model T. \"The carburetor they built for Ford was an immediate success and the brothers founded Holley Carburetor Co., which became one of Ford's biggest suppliers.\"",
"title": "Holley Performance Products"
},
{
"docid": "49209#28",
"text": "Alternately to employing a power valve, the carburetor may utilize a \"metering rod\" or \"step-up rod\" system to enrich the fuel mixture under high-demand conditions. Such systems were originated by Carter Carburetor in the 1950s for the primary two venturis of their four barrel carburetors, and step-up rods were widely used on most 1-, 2-, and 4-barrel Carter carburetors through the end of production in the 1980s. The step-up rods are tapered at the bottom end, which extends into the main metering jets. The tops of the rods are connected to a vacuum piston or a mechanical linkage which lifts the rods out of the main jets when the throttle is opened (mechanical linkage) or when manifold vacuum drops (vacuum piston). When the step-up rod is lowered into the main jet, it restricts the fuel flow. When the step-up rod is raised out of the jet, more fuel can flow through it. In this manner, the amount of fuel delivered is tailored to the transient demands of the engine. Some 4-barrel carburetors use metering rods only on the primary two venturis, but some use them on both primary and secondary circuits, as in the Rochester Quadrajet.",
"title": "Carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "49209#44",
"text": "The first four-barrel carburetors, with two primary bores and two secondary bores, were the Carter WCFB and identical Rochester 4GC simultaneously introduced on the 1952 Cadillacs, Oldsmobile 98, Oldsmobile Super 88 and Buick Roadmaster. Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the “Quadri-Jet” (original spelling) while Buick called it the “Airpower”.",
"title": "Carburetor"
},
{
"docid": "18595567#0",
"text": "Dell'Orto is an Italian company, headquartered in Cabiate, specialized in the construction of carburetors and electronic injection systems. The company was founded in 1933 as \"Società anonima Gaetano Dell'Orto e figli\" (Gaetano Dell’Orto and Sons) but actually only founded by Gaetano's sons, Luigi Piero and Giuseppe. The first production was carburetors for motorbikes. Right before World War II the company started producing carburetors with aluminum body, for competitive racing. Under the second Dell'Orto generation, towards the end of the 60s, the company began producing OEM carburetors for the Fiat group, as well as other Italian and foreign manufacturers (i.e.Flandria, Belgium). At the end of the 1980s,\nunder the supervision of Luigi Dell'Orto (son of Gaetano), the company's first injection systems were released. In 2006 the company expanded on the Indian market, opening Dell'Orto India. In September 2009 Dell’Orto India Private Limited, founded in 2006 with the cooperation of a local partner, becomes 100% Italian and fully owned by the Dell’Orto family. In 2011 Dellorto decided to establish a new technical and commercial site in China, named Dell’Orto Shanghai trading company. In 2018, Dellorto signed a strategic joint venture with VARROC to develop Fuel injection systems for the Indian market and worldwide.",
"title": "Dell'Orto"
},
{
"docid": "37161#35",
"text": "In 1980, Motorola (now NXP Semiconductors) introduced the first electronic engine control unit, the EEC-III. Its integrated control of engine functions (such as fuel injection and spark timing) is now the standard approach for fuel injection systems. The Motorola technology was installed in Ford North American products.\nIn the 1970s and 1980s in the U.S. and Japan, the respective federal governments imposed increasingly strict exhaust emission regulations. During that time period, the vast majority of gasoline-fueled automobile and light truck engines did not use fuel injection. To comply with the new regulations, automobile manufacturers often made extensive and complex modifications to the engine carburetor(s). While a simple carburetor system is cheaper to manufacture than a fuel injection system, the more complex carburetor systems installed on many engines in the 1970s were much more costly than the earlier simple carburetors. To more easily comply with emissions regulations, automobile manufacturers began installing fuel injection systems in more gasoline engines during the late 1970s.",
"title": "Fuel injection"
}
] |
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] |
2987
|
Does TLC have a hit single?
|
[
{
"docid": "11333889#1",
"text": "They have had four number one hit singles in the United States: \"Creep\", \"Waterfalls\", \"No Scrubs\" and \"Unpretty\". The group have certified shipping of 23 million albums and 6.5 million singles in the United States. In 2008, the group was inducted into the All Time Hot 100 Artist Hall of Fame by \"Billboard\" magazine at 56th place.",
"title": "TLC discography"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12982825#5",
"text": "\"The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits\" material is taken from four of their studio albums. \"Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip\" (1992), \"CrazySexyCool\" (1994), \"FanMail\" (1999), and \"3D\" (2002), and \"Now & Forever: The Hits\" (2003), which were all recorded from 1991 to 2003. Their 1993 cover of The Time's \"Get It Up\" for the soundtrack of \"Poetic Justice\" does not appear on any of their studio albums, but still appears on the compilation along with the trio's most successful singles in England. These include \"No Scrubs\", which placed at number three on the UK Singles Chart and was awarded a Platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI); \"Waterfalls\", which peaked at number four in the UK Singles Chart and also achieved Platinum status; \"Unpretty\", a Silver-certificated single which peaked at number six in the UK Singles Chart, and \"Creep\", which also peaked at sixth place in the UK Singles Chart after being re-issued across Britain and Europe. It did not however include \"Dear Lie\", a moderately received UK single which was certified Silver. Instead, other non-charting songs \"Come Get Some\", \"Damaged\" and \"Get It Up\" made their ways to the final tracklist, with \"Whoop De Woo\" (a non-LP track) and \"In Your Arms Tonight\" (from \"3D\") the only two non-single tracks that appeared the compilation.",
"title": "The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits"
},
{
"docid": "12982825#0",
"text": "The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits (or The Best of TLC for digital release), is the second greatest hits album from American group TLC. It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom by Sony BMG on August 20, 2007. This is the trio's third compilation to be released in the country after the moderately successful \"\" back in 2003. Having a similar tracklist to the first compilation, the album contains TLC's most successful singles from four of their studio albums, which have been credited to many of the group's producers like Dallas Austin and Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds.",
"title": "The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits"
},
{
"docid": "169414#17",
"text": "TLC eventually began working with other producers for their third album, until finally negotiating with Austin, who produced the bulk of the album. Lopes always had an idea of a futuristic-feel for the project, which Austin incorporated into the album. Titled \"FanMail\", the album was released in February 1999 to another critical and commercial success. It debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart and was certified six-time platinum by the RIAA for six million copies shipped in the United States, and worldwide sales exceed 14 million copies. \"No Scrubs\" was released as the lead single and became a worldwide hit, topping the singles chart in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. The album's second single, \"Unpretty\", became TLC's fourth number one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The other three singles also received decent radio play: \"Silly Ho\", \"I'm Good at Being Bad\", and Edmonds-written ballad, \"Dear Lie\".",
"title": "TLC (group)"
},
{
"docid": "169414#27",
"text": "TLC was featured on \"Crooked Smile\", the second single from American rapper J. Cole's 2013 album \"Born Sinner\". It peaked at number 27 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, giving TLC their first top 40 hit in over a decade. The collaboration won the \"Impact Track\" award at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards and was nominated for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. They also made an appearance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, introducing Drake's performance. TLC signed a new recording contract with Epic Records and released an American version of the compilation album \"20\" on October 15, 2013. The album included one new recording, \"Meant to Be\", written and produced by Ne-Yo. The song served as the soundtrack for \"\", a TLC biographical telefilm, which premiered on VH1 on October 21, 2013. Directed by Charles Stone III, the film starred Keke Palmer as Thomas, Lil Mama as Lopes and Drew Sidora as Watkins. The film uses the newly rearranged songs from \"TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits\". The premiere broadcast garnered 4.5 million viewers, a five-year ratings high for VH1. In November 2013, TLC had three albums charting on the \"Billboard\" 200 including \"20\" at number 12, \"CrazySexyCool\" at number 108 and \"Now and Forever: The Hits\" at number 169.",
"title": "TLC (group)"
},
{
"docid": "53960948#2",
"text": "\"TLC\" spawned the single \"Way Back\" which became their fourth \"Billboard\" Adult R&B top 10 hit, eventually peaking at #8. Haters was released as the lead international single.",
"title": "TLC (album)"
},
{
"docid": "9300030#0",
"text": "\"Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg\" is the debut single by American group TLC from their debut album, \"Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip\". It was released by LaFace Records on November 22, 1991. The song would ultimately peak at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number two on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, becoming their first single to reach the top ten on both charts. The single also reached the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart. The song is very much about the girls saying that they don't mind begging for sex from their significant others. Songwriters Dallas Austin and Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes received a nomination for the 1993 Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. The song appeared in \"Dance Central 3\". In 2017, TLC fansite Cyber TLC World revealed that the \"Smoothed Down Extended Remix\" does not feature T-Boz's vocals but featured background singer Debra Killings vocals instead which T-Boz confirmed herself on Twitter.",
"title": "Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg"
},
{
"docid": "169414#26",
"text": "In 2012, Watkins and Thomas appeared in British pop group Stooshe's music video for their cover version of \"Waterfalls\". It was later be included in \"Totally T-Boz\", a docu-series chronicling Watkins's move to California, health issues and solo endeavors. Stooshe later performed \"Waterfalls\" at the 17th annual MOBO Awards on November 3, 2012, where TLC was honored with Outstanding Contribution to Music. On June 23, 2013, TLC received the Legend Award at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, at which they also performed a medley of their hit singles. On June 19, 2013, to celebrate their 20th anniversary in the music industry, the group released a Japan-exclusive compilation album entitled \"TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits\", which includes remastered versions of their old songs; as a gift for their Japanese fans, they also recorded a new version of \"Waterfalls\", enlisting Japanese singer Namie Amuro to sing Lopes's part. The decision to record with Amuro was raised as an issue by Lopes's family, who felt \"betrayed\", as they were not informed about the vocal replacement. Watkins and Thomas subsequently stated that they had been unable to gain clearance to use Lopes' vocals for the new version of the song, but that Lopes would've approved of having Amuro on the track.",
"title": "TLC (group)"
},
{
"docid": "169414#12",
"text": "All four singles from \"CrazySexyCool\" reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100—\"Creep\" and \"Waterfalls\" reached number one, \"Red Light Special\" peaked number two and \"Diggin' on You\" reached number five. \"Waterfalls\", an Organized Noize-produced song that features an old-school soul-based musical arrangement, socially conscious lyrics criticizing drug dealing and unsafe sex, and an introspective rap from Lopes, became the biggest hit of TLC's career. Its million-dollar music video was an MTV staple for many months and made TLC the first black act to win MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year.",
"title": "TLC (group)"
},
{
"docid": "7180710#0",
"text": "\"Baby-Baby-Baby\" is a song recorded by American girl group TLC. It was the second single released from their debut album \"Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip\" (1992), and their second consecutive top-ten hit. It was the most successful single from the album, reaching number two on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, giving them their first number-one single on that chart.",
"title": "Baby-Baby-Baby"
}
] |
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