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2339
|
How many people watched Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome?
|
[
{
"docid": "43521887#28",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 9 drew 36,000 fans to the Tokyo Dome, reportedly (accordingly to \"Wrestleview.com\" and the \"Wrestling Observer Newsletter\") the best attendance for a NJPW January 4 Tokyo Dome Show in 13 years. The event reportedly had 12,000 to 15,000 purchases in North America.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 9"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43521887#0",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) promotion, which took place at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan on January 4, 2015. It was the 24th January 4 Tokyo Dome Show and the first event on the 2015 NJPW schedule. The event featured ten professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match, six of which were for championships.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 9"
},
{
"docid": "43521887#29",
"text": "\"Kobe Shimbun\" \"Daily Sports Online\" called Tanahashi \"Mr. Tokyo Dome\" for winning his fifth consecutive Wrestle Kingdom main event in the arena. Jason Namako of \"Wrestleview.com\", who watched the Japanese version of the show via New Japan World, said that the event \"proved one thing, \"puroresu\" is, beyond a shadow of doubt, indeed \"ichiban\"!!\" Meanwhile, Aaron Oster of \"The Baltimore Sun\" wrote that \"Wrestle Kingdom 9 has to be considered a success\".",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 9"
},
{
"docid": "43521881#0",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion, which took place at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan on January 4, 2013. It was the 22nd January 4 Tokyo Dome Show and the seventh held under the \"Wrestle Kingdom\" name. The event featured eleven matches (including two dark matches), five of which were contested for championships. Wrestle Kingdom is traditionally NJPW's biggest event of the year and has been described as their equivalent to WWE's WrestleMania.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 7"
},
{
"docid": "58123476#0",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 13 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on January 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. It was the twenty-eighth January 4 Tokyo Dome Show and the thirteenth promoted under the Wrestle Kingdom name. The event was streamed live on NJPW World and Fite TV and was aired on tape delay on AXS TV. Wrestle Kingdom is traditionally NJPW's biggest event of the year and has been described as their equivalent to WWE's WrestleMania.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 13"
},
{
"docid": "43521887#10",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 9 featured ten professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match. It saw professional wrestlers performing as characters in scripted events pre-determined by the hosting promotion, New Japan Pro Wrestling.\nThe event was headlined by Hiroshi Tanahashi defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada. Tanahashi won the title by defeating A.J. Styles on October 13, 2014, at the NJPW King of Pro-Wrestling event. Okada became the number one contender at Wrestle Kingdom 9 by winning the G1 Climax on August 10, 2014. Over the following months, he defended his position against Karl Anderson and Tetsuya Naito. The Wrestle Kingdom 9 main event was the seventh match between Okada and Tanahashi since February 2012 and their second January 4 Tokyo Dome Show main event after Wrestle Kingdom 7 on January 4, 2013.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 9"
},
{
"docid": "47539221#0",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on January 4, 2016, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Tokyo Dome. It was the 25th January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, which is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called \"the largest wrestling show in the world outside of the United States\" and the \"Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl\". The event featured ten matches and was main evented by Kazuchika Okada defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Hiroshi Tanahashi.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 10"
},
{
"docid": "43521889#0",
"text": "Wrestle Kingdom 8 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion, which took place at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan on January 4, 2014. It was the 23rd January 4 Tokyo Dome Show and the eighth held under the \"Wrestle Kingdom\" name. Like the previous year, the event aired worldwide on internet pay-per-view (iPPV). Wrestle Kingdom is traditionally NJPW's biggest event of the year and has been described as their equivalent to WWE's WrestleMania.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 8"
},
{
"docid": "55024330#1",
"text": "When New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) held the 2006 January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, Toukon Shidou Chapter 1, some saw it as a possible \"end of an era\". In recent years, the January 4 show, held annually since 1992, had been suffering from a drop in both interest and attendance and while the 2006 show drew 31,000 fans to the Tokyo Dome, only around 10,000 of them paid for their ticket. The show, however, was still considered a success due to high merchandise sales, allowing NJPW to keep the tradition alive for another year. NJPW had previously had success promoting interpromotional shows with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and decided to partner with them again for the 2007 Tokyo Dome show in an effort to boost attendance numbers. The partnership was officially announced in a press conference on November 15, 2006. AJPW had recently partnered with Yuke's, the owners of NJPW, for the video game \"Wrestle Kingdom\". As a result, the 2007 January 4 Tokyo Dome show was dubbed \"Wrestle Kingdom in Tokyo Dome\". The name stuck and the annual January 4 Tokyo Dome show has been known as Wrestle Kingdom ever since.\nThe main event of the show was booked as a tribute to Shinya Hashimoto, who had died from cerebral hemorrhage on July 11, 2005. In the match, Hashimoto's Three Musketeers partners Keiji Mutoh and Masahiro Chono would take on Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima. Both teams had actually disbanded years earlier due to Mutoh and Kojima having jumped from NJPW to AJPW at the start of 2002, but Kojima and Tenzan had recently reunited for AJPW's 2006 Real World Tag League. Mutoh was said to have been negative towards the idea of turning the match into a Hashimoto tribute, but was convinced to go along with it on the day of the show.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom I"
},
{
"docid": "43521887#4",
"text": "On August 10, 2014, NJPW made two announcements. Firstly, Wrestle Kingdom 9 would be held at the Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2015. Secondly, NJPW revealed a partnership with Jeff Jarrett's Global Force Wrestling, which it approached about bringing the event to a new market. On November 4, GFW announced that it would present the event live on American pay-per-view television and that it had a PPV market of 125 million homes.",
"title": "Wrestle Kingdom 9"
}
] |
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2340
|
Where did Suleiman I reign?
|
[
{
"docid": "22534419#9",
"text": "Suleiman I ( \"Süleymān\", ; almost always \"Kanuni Sultan Süleyman\") (6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566), was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary. In 1541 he annexed central Hungary while Transylvania became an Ottoman vassal. However rest of the Kingdom of Hungary including western and northern (Upper) Hungary and Croatia still were Habsburgs possessions. Suleiman also conquered Iraq in his conflict with the Safavid dynasty. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.",
"title": "Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "25430842#0",
"text": "The imperial campaigns (, \"sefer-i humāyūn\") of Suleiman the Magnificent were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is known in the Western world as \"Suleiman the Magnificent\", and in the East as \"the Lawgiver\" (), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. During his reign from 1520 to his death in 1566, the Ottoman Empire became the most powerful state in the world. At its height, the Empire stretched from Hungary to Yemen.",
"title": "List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent"
},
{
"docid": "26992#44",
"text": "At the time of Suleiman's death, the Ottoman Empire was one of the world's foremost powers. Suleiman's conquests had brought under the control of the Empire major Muslim cities (such as Baghdad), many Balkan provinces (reaching present day Croatia and Hungary), and most of North Africa. His expansion into Europe had given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power. Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that Austria's ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: \"On [the Turks'] side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be? ... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East; how unprepared we are I dare not say.\" Suleiman's legacy was not, however, merely in the military field. The French traveler Jean de Thévenot bears witness a century later to the \"strong agricultural base of the country, the well being of the peasantry, the abundance of staple foods and the pre-eminence of organization in Suleiman's government\".",
"title": "Suleiman the Magnificent"
},
{
"docid": "2840938#4",
"text": "Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of Suleiman I (r. 1520-1566), who conquered first Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes, before invading Hungary in 1526, defeating and killing King Louis II in the Battle of Mohács and briefly occupying Buda. Lacking a king, Hungary descended into civil war over the succession, and the Ottomans gave support to John Zápolya as a vassal prince. When their rivals the Habsburgs began to achieve the upper hand, Suleiman directly intervened by again conquering Buda and annexing it to the empire in 1541. Elsewhere, Suleiman led major campaigns against Safavid Iran, conquering Baghdad in 1534 and annexing Iraq. Ottoman rule was further extended with the incorporation of much of North Africa, the conquest of coastal Yemen in 1538, and the subsequent annexation of the interior.",
"title": "Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26888898#46",
"text": "Suleiman I (1494 – 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death. He was the son of Selim I. Suleiman I was considered one of the Empire's greatest rulers, and was known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent, as his reign engineered the Golden Age of Constantinople. He was also known by his fellow Turks as Kanuni or the Law Giver. Suleiman became embroiled in the struggle between the Templars and Assassins during 1511. After a failed kidnap attempt by Byzantine Templars working for Manuel Palaiologos, Suleiman befriended the Italian Assassin and Mentor, Ezio Auditore, who encouraged Suleiman's progressive attitude for peace in the Ottoman Empire.",
"title": "List of Assassin's Creed characters"
},
{
"docid": "51603867#36",
"text": "Sultan Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566) was the longest-reigning sultan in Ottoman history, but the last years of his reign were characterized by uncertainty over who would be his successor. Suleiman had three sons who could hope to succeed, Mustafa, Bayezid, and Selim. While the latter two were the children of Suleiman's wife Hurrem Sultan, the first was the son of an earlier concubine. Mustafa may have felt that his half-brothers possessed an unfair advantage over him, and thus worked to secure the favor of the military. Perhaps suspecting that Mustafa planned to dethrone him just as his own father had done to his grandfather, Suleiman acted first and in 1553 ordered that Mustafa be executed. The death of Hurrem Sultan in 1558 triggered open conflict between the two remaining candidates, and Selim ultimately emerged victorious. Suleiman further strengthened his son's position by arranging a marriage between Selim's daughter and the influential Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Grand Vizier 1565–1579). Suleiman died in 1566, while besieging the fortress of Szigetvar in Hungary, bringing Selim to the throne.",
"title": "Transformation of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "26992#0",
"text": "Suleiman I ( '; or '; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman (; \"The Lawgiver Suleiman\") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 15 to 25 million people.",
"title": "Suleiman the Magnificent"
},
{
"docid": "3571068#10",
"text": "Diplomatic activity had already started decreasing since the reign of Shah Abbas I (r. 1587–1629), but it decreased even more under Suleiman. Although Suleiman had requested King William III of England for adept artisans in 1668/69, he is not known to have been involved in an operating foreign diplomacy.",
"title": "Suleiman of Persia"
},
{
"docid": "3571068#4",
"text": "The first year of his reign was markedly unsuccessful. A series of natural disasters such as earthquakes (1667 Shamakhi earthquake) in Shirvan, spread of deadly diseases around Iran, combined with devastating raids by the Cossack Stenka Razin on the coast of the Caspian Sea, convinced court astrologers that the coronation had taken place at the wrong time, and the ceremony was repeated on March 20, 1668. The shah took the new name Suleiman I. He had little interest in the business of government, preferring retreat to the harem.",
"title": "Suleiman of Persia"
},
{
"docid": "1436461#1",
"text": "During the reign of his predecessor Sahib I Giray, Devlet Giray lived in Constantinople, where he won the favor of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. With the help of the Ottoman Turks, Devlet Giray was installed as the ruler of the Crimean Khanate in 1551. He is known to have been a skillful politician, who could always take advantage of auspicious conditions. Thus, Devlet Giray managed to secure his de facto independence from the Porte.",
"title": "Devlet I Giray"
}
] |
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] |
2341
|
When was New Zealand colonized?
|
[
{
"docid": "39938#0",
"text": "The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to Pākehā (European) ownership, and most Māori subsequently became impoverished.",
"title": "History of New Zealand"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18018593#7",
"text": "Much of the migration to New Zealand took place from the constituent countries of the British Isles. This was facilitated from 1839 by the New Zealand Company founded for the purpose of colonization. The work of the Otago Association and Canterbury Association in establishing the primarily Scottish settlement in Dunedin and the primarily English settlement in Christchurch, respectively, encouraged further New Zealand-bound emigration from Britain.",
"title": "New Zealand–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"docid": "5151239#6",
"text": "New Zealand was represented on the victory march by a contingent of 300 members and former members of the armed forces. The contingent consisted of 150 representatives of the army, 100 of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and 50 of the Royal New Zealand Navy. Women were also included in all three sections, and there was representation of the Maori Battalion. The contingent was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Puttick, the General Officer Commanding of the New Zealand Forces During the war. The Contingent included the Victoria Cross holders, Colone Leslie Andrew VC,DSO Sergeant Alfred Clive Hulme VC and Charles Upham, VC & Bar. The contingent sailed from New Zealand on April 20 on the New Zealand hospital ship Maunganui.",
"title": "London Victory Celebrations of 1946"
},
{
"docid": "315351#16",
"text": "Three weeks after the Bill's defeat, the New Zealand Association held its final meeting and passed a resolution to the effect that \"notwithstanding this temporary failure\", members would persevere with their efforts to establish \"a well-regulated system of colonization\". Two months later, on 29 August 1838, 14 supporters of the association and the 1825 New Zealand Company convened to form a joint-stock company, the New Zealand Colonisation Association. Chaired by Lord Petre, the company was to have paid-up capital of ₤25,000 in 50 shares of ₤50, and declared its purpose was \"the purchase and sale of lands, the promotion of emigration, and the establishment of public works\". A reserved share of ₤500 was offered to Wakefield, who by then was in Canada, working on the staff of that colony's new Governor General, Lord Durham. By December, although it was still yet to attract 20 paid-up shareholders, the company decided to buy the barque \"Tory\" for ₤5250 from Joseph Somes, a wealthy shipowner and member of the committee.",
"title": "New Zealand Company"
},
{
"docid": "315351#5",
"text": "The earliest organised attempt to colonise New Zealand came in 1825, when the New Zealand Company was formed in London, headed by the wealthy John George Lambton, MP. The company unsuccessfully petitioned the British Government for a 31-year term of exclusive trade and for command over a military force, anticipating that large profits could be made from New Zealand flax, kauri timber, whaling and sealing.",
"title": "New Zealand Company"
},
{
"docid": "21670#9",
"text": "When in 1788 the , most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. However, when the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand this and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown and on 6 February 1840, Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. From this point onward there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and to a lesser extent the United States, India, China, and various parts of continental Europe. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. New Zealand ceased to be part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841.",
"title": "New Zealand English"
},
{
"docid": "20611385#20",
"text": "The dating of the settlement of Eastern Polynesia, including Hawai'i, Easter Island, and New Zealand, is not agreed upon in every instance. Most recently, a 2010 study using meta-analysis of the most reliable radiocarbon dates available suggested that the colonization of Eastern Polynesia (including Hawaii and New Zealand) proceeded in two short episodes: in the Society Islands from 1025 to 1120 AD and further afield from 1190 to 1290 AD, with Easter Island being settled around 1200. Other archeological models developed in recent decades, which are challenged by that recent set of radiocarbon dating interpretations, have pointed to dates of between 300 and 500 AD, or alternatively 800 AD (as supported by Jared Diamond) for the settlement of Easter Island, and similarly, a date of 500 AD has been suggested for Hawaii. Linguistically, there is a very distinct \"East Polynesian\" subgroup with many shared innovations not seen in other Polynesian languages. The Marquesas dialects are perhaps the source of the oldest Hawaiian speech which is overlaid by Tahitian variety speech, as Hawaiian oral histories would suggest. The earliest varieties of New Zealand Maori speech may have had multiple sources from around central Eastern Polynesia as Maori oral histories would suggest.",
"title": "Polynesia"
},
{
"docid": "37071865#1",
"text": "New Zealand was already deeply religious with many Christian sects by the time Mormon missionaries arrived. Formal LDS Church missionary proselytizing began on 20 October 1854 by William Cooke and Thomas Holden, under the direction of mission president Augustus Farnham. All three men left for the island from the United States on the \"William Denney\". However, due to lack of materials and interested individuals, the initial work was slow up until the 1870s when missionaries had more resources. These first proselyting efforts began as part of the Australasian Missionary efforts. In 1855, the first branch of the LDS Church was organized at Karori, with the next organized in Kaiapoi in 1867. The first stakes of New Zealand were created in Auckland on 18 May 1958, and then in Hamilton and Hawkes Bay in 1960. On 4 August 1897 the Australasian Mission was divided to give New Zealand its own respective mission. The mission was again divided in May 1958 to include a New Zealand South portion. As of May 2017, New Zealand now has three missions based in Auckland, Wellington, and Hamilton, respectively. The LDS Church continues to hold a notable and respected presence in New Zealand, the first account being when Colonial Minister of Native affairs praised Mormonism for bringing good citizens to his nation back in 1912.",
"title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "39938#71",
"text": "When war broke out in 1939, New Zealanders saw their proper role as defending their proud place in the British Empire. It contributed some 120,000 troops. They mostly fought in North Africa, Greece/Crete, and Italy, relying on the Royal Navy and later the United States to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces. Japan had no interest in New Zealand in the first place; it had already over-reached when it invaded New Guinea in 1942. (There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions.) The 3rd New Zealand Division fought in the Solomons in 1943–44, but New Zealand's limited manpower meant 2 Divisions could not be maintained, and it was disbanded and its men returned to civilian life or used to reinforce the 2nd Division in Italy. The armed forces peaked at 157,000 in September 1942; 135,000 served abroad, and 10,100 died.\nNew Zealand, with a population of 1.7 million, including 99,000 Māori, was highly mobilised during the war. The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state. Agriculture expanded, sending record supplies of meat, butter and wool to Britain. When American forces arrived, they were fed as well.",
"title": "History of New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "5472856#2",
"text": "The first major step towards nationhood on the international stage came in 1919 when New Zealand was given a seat in the newly founded League of Nations. In 1926 the Balfour Declaration declared Britain's Dominions as \"equal in status\", followed by the creation of the legal basis of independence, established by the Statute of Westminster 1931 which came about mainly at the behest of nationalist elements in South Africa and the Irish Free State. However, Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland were hostile towards this development, and the statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947. Irrespective of any legal developments, some New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. This attitude began to change when the United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973 and abrogated its preferential trade agreements with New Zealand, and gradual nationality and societial changes further eroded the relationship.",
"title": "Independence of New Zealand"
}
] |
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2342
|
When were the Vikings active?
|
[
{
"docid": "21241#22",
"text": "From the 8th to the 10th century, the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings. The looting of the monastery at Lindisfarne in Northeast England in 793 by Norse people has long been regarded as the event which marked the beginning of the Viking Age. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. Norwegian Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century when heading for the Faroe Islands, and eventually came across Vinland, known today as Newfoundland, in Canada. The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western British Isles and eastern North America isles.",
"title": "Norway"
},
{
"docid": "3872186#55",
"text": "From AD 839, Viking Varangian mercenaries who were in the service of the Byzantine Empire, notably Harald Sigurdsson, campaigned in North Africa, Jerusalem and other places in the Middle East during the Byzantine-Arab Wars. They interbred with the local population as spoils of warfare or through eventual settling with many Scandinavian Viking men taking Arab or Anatolian women as wives. There is archaeological evidence the Vikings had established contact with the city of Baghdad, at the time the center of the Islamic Empire, and connected with the populace there. Regularly plying the Volga with their trade goods (furs, tusks, seal fat, seal boats and notably female slaves; the one period in the history of the slave-trade when females were priced higher than males), the Vikings were active in the Arab slave trade at the time. These slaves, most often Europeans that were captured from the coasts of Europe or during war periods, and sold to Arabic traders in Al-Andalus and the Emirate of Sicily.",
"title": "Interracial marriage"
},
{
"docid": "23168250#2",
"text": "The Vikings pillaged monasteries on Ireland's west coast in 795, and then spread out to cover the rest of the coastline. The north and east of the island were most affected. During the first 40 years, the raids were conducted by small, mobile Viking groups. From 830 on, the groups consisted of large fleets of Viking ships. From 840, the Vikings began establishing permanent bases at the coasts. Dublin was the most significant settlement in the long term. The Irish became accustomed to the Viking presence and culture and in many cases became allies, with intermarriage common throughout Ireland. A major Irish battle involving Vikings was fought at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, in which a large force of Vikings and their Irish allies were defeated by the gathered Irish forces of Brian Boru, then the High King of Ireland along with a small contingent of Viking defectors. After this date Viking activity was sporadic with various Kings and nobles attempting to extend their power base. In 1099, Magnus Barefoot, the King of Norway, and his Viking army had successfully campaigned alongside their Irish allies against opposing Irish warbands. On his return his force was ambushed and killed on the north coast of Ireland.",
"title": "Military history of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "57927525#5",
"text": "The first incursion of the Vikings in Iberia has been characterised as 'probably the most significant episode of the whole period of Viking activity in the South'. It is mentioned in \"Annales Bertiniani\", and dated August 844, when a group from a plundering expedition entered the Garonne and reached Galicia. Despite storm damage, some proceeded to South-West Spain. This account is consistent with several later, but independent sources in Latin and Arabic. In particular, the late ninth- or early tenth-century \"Chronicle of Alfonso III\" adds that after plundering a number of coastal villages they were ultimately repulsed in the vicinity of \"Farum Brecantium\" (i.e. the Tower of Hercules). Ramiro I of Asturias gathered troops in Galicia and Asturia for the counter-attack. After the Asturian victory, the Vikings continued their voyage in direction of Lisbon. While some authors consider that the reliability of this chronicle is open to doubt, others consider that other local chronicles confirm the arrival of the Norsemen.",
"title": "Vikings in Iberia"
},
{
"docid": "24410159#1",
"text": "In the year 795 Vikings (probably of Norwegian origin) raided islands off the coast of Ireland for the first time. This was the beginning of a new phase of Irish history, which saw many native communities – particularly ecclesiastical ones – relocate themselves on the continent, or further afield in places like Iceland and the Faroe Islands, to escape the pagan marauders. For about two decades the invaders confined their activities to coastal settlements; raiding parties were generally small and there is no evidence that any of them wintered in Ireland during this early phase of \"hit-and-run\" activity. Typically the Vikings would arrive at a settlement without warning, plunder what goods and people they could – the people were usually sold as slaves, though notable personages were often held for ransom – before retreating to their Scandinavian or British bases. This period lasted from 795 until 813, after which there occurred a hiatus of eight years.\nIt is now thought that these early raids were launched directly from southwest Norway, and that during the period of calm (814–820) the Norwegian Vikings were occupied in northern Britain, laying the foundations of a new kingdom referred to in Irish sources as Laithlind (later Lochlainn). Laithlind was once thought to be in Norway but it is now identified with Viking settlements in the British Isles, especially those in Scotland and the Isle of Man.",
"title": "Early Scandinavian Dublin"
},
{
"docid": "44563788#0",
"text": "Vikings were members of tribes, originally from Scandinavia, of Norse ancestry, who gained a reputation for their raids and piracy in many parts of Europe, especially England, Ireland, and Frankish territories. The term \"Viking Age\" refers to the period roughly from 793 AD to the late 11th century in Europe. In this era Viking activity started with raids on Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including parts of present-day Russia. While maritime battles were rare, Viking bands proved very successful in raiding coastal towns and monasteries due to their efficient warships, and intimidating war tactics, skillful hand-to-hand combat, and fearlessness. What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading-hubs across Europe through rudimentary colonization. Vikings' tactics in warfare gave them an enormous advantage in successfully raiding (and later colonizing), despite their small population in comparison to that of their enemies.",
"title": "Viking raid warfare and tactics"
},
{
"docid": "57927525#0",
"text": "Viking activity in the Iberian peninsula seems to have begun around the mid-ninth century as an extension of Viking raids on and establishment of bases in Frankia in the earlier ninth century. While connections between the Norse and Eastern Islamic lands were well-established, particularly involving the Rus') along the Volga and around the Caspian Sea, relations with the Western edge of Islam were more sporadic and haphazard. Although Vikings may have over-wintered in Iberia, no evidence has been found for trading or settlement. Indeed, the Iberian peninsula may not have offered particularly wealthy targets, in the ninth to tenth centuries. Sporadic raiding continued until the end of the Viking Age.",
"title": "Vikings in Iberia"
},
{
"docid": "34142436#27",
"text": "Vikings were also active in Francia. Some of these Vikings would sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and pillage the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. In the early 10th century, a group of Vikings under the leadership of Rollo settled in Rouen, France, and established the Duchy of Normandy. The descendants of these Vikings, known as the \"Normans\", would in the 11th century conquer England, Southern Italy, and North Africa, and play a leading role in launching the Crusades. Sub-groups of the Normans include Anglo-Normans, Scoto-Normans, Cambro-Normans, Hiberno-Normans and Italo-Normans.",
"title": "North Germanic peoples"
},
{
"docid": "57927525#8",
"text": "Vikings returned to Galicia in 859, beginning what seems to have been a three-year campaign, during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias. The main source for these events are Arabic histories compiled by Ibn Ḥayyān in the eleventh century, though some near-contemporary Latin sources also mention the events, and later Latin sources offer more elaborate, but less reliable, accounts. In the assessment of Ann Christys, what can be known about the Viking raids on Iberia in 859-61 is thatThe expedition of 859–861, like that of 844, seems to have involved a single band of adventurers. Returning to the scene of Viking incursions in northern Iberia and al-Andalus, but meeting with little success, they sailed on to raid targets on the shores of the Mediterranean. Here they may have taken captives for ransom or to trade as slaves. Vikings seem to have over-wintered in Francia, perhaps waiting on the northern shore of the Mediterranean for favourable tides and currents to exit the sea through the Straits of Gibraltar. They may even have sailed to Italy, Alexandria and Constantinople.Some historians have given credence, however, to a range of accounts in late sources about raids in this period as evidence for this Viking incursion. Yet different sources mention different figures; not all potentially relevant raids recounted were necessarily by Vikings; and the sources are likely more to reflect the political context in which they were composed than actual events in 859-61. For example, on the basis of an account by Al-Bakrī it has been supposed that in 859 or 860, Vikings sailed through Gibraltar and raided the little Moroccan state of Nekor, and defeated a Moorish army. But there is no evidence that the raiders in question were Vikings. Likewise, the raiders have been identified as the legendary Hastein and Björn Ironside, but this is based on modern extrapolation from already altogether unreliable medieval sources. There was a well-attested raid on Constantinople in 860, which may have been by Vikings and which has been associated with the raids on Iberia, but there is no evidence that the raid on Constantinople was by the same people who were active in the western Mediterranean at the time. Moreover, it is plausible that the Constantinople raiders came from the north by the river-routes running from the Baltic into the Black Sea (known in Old Norse as the \"Austrvegr\"). A story about an attack in the period 859-61 on \"Banbalūna\" (which could mean modern Pamplona but also the whole kingdom of Navarre), again, may or may not reflect activities of Vikings.",
"title": "Vikings in Iberia"
},
{
"docid": "32610#79",
"text": "In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on the island of Lindisfarne. The devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence. \"Never before has such an atrocity been seen,\" declared the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York. Medieval Christians in Europe were totally unprepared for the Viking incursions and could find no explanation for their arrival and the accompanying suffering they experienced at their hands save the \"Wrath of God\". More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne demonised perception of the Vikings for the next twelve centuries. Not until the 1890s did scholars outside Scandinavia begin to seriously reassess the achievements of the Vikings, recognizing their artistry, technological skills, and seamanship.",
"title": "Vikings"
}
] |
[] |
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2343
|
When was Avempace born?
|
[
{
"docid": "536739#6",
"text": "Avempace was born in Zaragoza, in what is today Aragon, Spain, around 1085 and died in Fes, Morocco, in 1138. Rulers of Zaragoza shifted constantly throughout Avempace's young life, but in 1114, a new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza was appointed: Abu Bakr 'Ali ibn Ibrahim as-Sahrawi, also known as Ibn Tifilwit. The close relationship between Avempace and Ibn Tifilwit is verified in writings by both Ibn al-Khatib and Ibn Khaqan. Avempace enjoyed music and wine with the governor and also composed panegyrics and muwashshahat to publicly praise Ibn Tifilwit, who rewarded him by nominating him as his vizier. In a diplomatic mission to meet the overthrown Imad ad-Dawla Ibn Hud King in his castle, Avempace was placed in jail for some months for reasons unknown. Ibn Tifilwit was also killed during a quest against the Christians in 1116, ending his short reign and inspiring Avempace to compose mournful elegies in his honor. Avempace also had a talent for singing and composition in music. In the beginning of his career, he wrote the manuscript \"Risālah fī l-alḥān\" (Tract on melodies) and incorporated his commentary on al-Fārābī’s treatise based on music. He determined the correlations between different melodies and temperament. According to biographer al-Maqqarī, Avempace's passion for music was due to poetry and had “the virtue of dispelling the sadness and pain of the hearts [sic].” He included his scientific knowledge and wit in many poems. Avempace joined in poetic competitions with the poet al-Tutili.",
"title": "Avempace"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "536739#20",
"text": "The renowned polymath and Jewish philosopher, Maimonides, was possibly born in the same year of Avempace's death, yet he preserved and studied the works of the deceased Andalusian. Maimonides admired Avempace for his achievements, stating that \"[Ibn Bajja] was a great and wise philosopher, and all of his works are right and correct\". Maimonides also valued Ibn Bajja's commentary on Aristotle's works on astronomy. In one of his three major works, The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides assesses Hebrew Bible theology with Aristotelian philosophy, directly drawing influence from Ibn Bajja philosophical and scientific ideas. Specifically incorporating Avempace's philosophies regarding the existence of a single intellect after death, the union of man with the Active Intellect, the division of man into three classes of increasing consciousness, and the proposal of the prophet as an ideal solitary man.",
"title": "Avempace"
},
{
"docid": "536739#17",
"text": "He defines the body as an artificial collection of matter, which acts as an instrument for the soul to work through. In doing so, he establishes the soul as an autonomous subject. Avempace believes that the human soul has three stages. It starts in the plant stage, then to the animal stage, and finally to human stage. Each stage has an important attribute that the soul grows from. The plant life is where the soul is provided with nourishment and growth. In the animal stage, the soul is introduced to sensations. When the soul moves to the human state, the soul gains common sense, imagination, and memory. Additionally, Avempace writes that the soul is geometrically formless. Because its form is beyond our understanding of geometric shapes, he states, it exists on a plane higher than that which we perceive with our bodies. Avempace is said to have been influenced by Platonic and Aristotelian views on the subject. He credits Plato with the theory of the soul as a substance:\"Since it was clear to Plato that the soul is assigned to substance, and that substance is predicated on the form and matter which is body, and that the soul cannot be said to be a body, he fervently defined the soul in its particular aspect. Since he had established that the forms of spheres are souls, he looked for the commonality of all [souls], and found that sense perception is particular to animals, [but] that movement is particular to all, and therefore he defined the soul as “something which moves itself.\"",
"title": "Avempace"
},
{
"docid": "536739#7",
"text": "After the fall of Zaragoza in 1118 by the hands of King Alfonso The Battler, Avempace looked for shelter under Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yûsuf Ibn Tashfin, another brother of the Almoravid Sultan (Ali Ibn Yusuf Ibn Tashfin) in Xàtiba. He worked, for some twenty years, as the vizir of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin. Throughout these decades, it is clear that Avempace was not as agreeable with those close to the ruler, Ibn Tashfin, as he was during the previous reign of Ibn Tifilwit. Writings by Ahmad al-Maqqari gives us insight into the hostility and disagreements between Avempace and the father of a famous physician respected by Ibn Tashfin, Abd al-Malik. A poetry anthology, Qala’id al-iqya (Necklace of Rubies)\",\" was also created by a courtier of Ibn Tashufin's, Abu Nasr al-Fath Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaqan, which condescendingly placed Avempace in last place. Under Ibn Tashfin, the Sultan of the Berber Moroccan Almoravid empire, Avempace was imprisoned twice. The details of the imprisonment are not well understood, but can be assumed. Despite being unwelcomed, Avempace remained with the Almoravid empire for the rest of his life until his death in 1138. There has been evidence presented that brings up the argument that the cause of Avempace's death was by poison from his peers. Al-Maqqari details in his writing that a physician, Abu l-'Ala' Ibn Zuhr, was an enemy of Avempace's whose servant, Ibn Ma‛yub, was suspected of poisoning him at the time but was never convicted. Among his many teachers was Abu Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo, a physician in Seville, Al-Andalus.",
"title": "Avempace"
},
{
"docid": "28364947#16",
"text": "Avempace (died 1138), a famous physicist from Muslim Spain who had an important influence on later physicists such as Galileo. He was the first to theorize the concept of a reaction force for every force exerted.",
"title": "List of medieval European scientists"
},
{
"docid": "2589714#62",
"text": "The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is \"a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars\". The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence. Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is \"a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars\" and that these stars are larger than planets.",
"title": "Milky Way"
},
{
"docid": "536739#27",
"text": "Averroes was another important philosopher, and while he was born shortly before Avempace's death, Averroes later in life would be in opposition to Avempace's theories the majority of the time. Avempace starts with a good kinematic definition of motion and construes it as a force. According to Avempace regarding freely falling objects, what is moved the a heavy body falls, is the heavy body and what moves it downward is its 'gravity' or its 'form' or 'nature'.",
"title": "Avempace"
},
{
"docid": "30370167#11",
"text": "From May 1973 to September 1974, Abdelghani Bousta lived in hiding. During this time, he realised the mistakes made when the March 1973 events were organised. In 1975, he wrote a critical analysis of UNFP on behalf of the Option Révolutionnaire (Revolutionary option) movement, harshly criticising the events and the leaders: “[…] the March 1973 events helped shed light on the internal contradictions of the Party and show the true nature of its leaders: putschist and adventurous leaders who did not see any problem in sacrificing dozens of activists in a hazardous battle.”",
"title": "Abdelghani Bousta"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "34748387#3",
"text": "The sons of Hans Georg Pasch from the previous marriage and the half brothers Tadeusz Michał Benita-Pasch were , minister in the first democratic government of Slovenia (1990-1992) and his twin brother Boris Pasch, a Slovenian diplomat in Berlin, both born in 1941.• – Films made and scheduled for release in 1939, but premiered in later years due to outbreak of World War 2",
"title": "Ina Benita"
}
] |
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2345
|
What is the deadliest mosquito-born disease?
|
[
{
"docid": "544177#0",
"text": "Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of \"Plasmodium\" that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of a female \"Anopheles\" mosquito. It is responsible for roughly 50% of all malaria cases. It causes the disease's most dangerous form called falciparum malaria. It is therefore regarded as the deadliest parasite in humans, causing 435,000 deaths in 2017. It is also associated with the development of blood cancer (Burkitt's lymphoma) and is classified as Group 2A carcinogen.",
"title": "Plasmodium falciparum"
},
{
"docid": "37789#66",
"text": "Mosquito-borne diseases are currently most prevalent in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and India; however, emergence of vector-borne diseases in Europe have recently been observed. A weighted risk analysis demonstrated associations to climate for 49% of infectious diseases in Europe including all transmission routes. One statistical model predicts by 2030, the climate of southern Great Britain will be climatically-suitable for malaria transmission \"Plasmodium vivax\" malaria for 2 months of the year. By 2080 it is predicted that the same will be true for southern Scotland.",
"title": "Mosquito"
},
{
"docid": "2190069#0",
"text": "Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring (Benign tertian) malaria, \"P. vivax\" is one of the five species of malaria parasites that commonly infect humans. Although it is less virulent than \"Plasmodium falciparum\", the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, \"P. vivax\" malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen). \"P. vivax\" is carried by the female \"Anopheles\" mosquito; the males do not bite.",
"title": "Plasmodium vivax"
},
{
"docid": "21054623#0",
"text": "Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito-borne illness each year resulting in over one million deaths.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21054623#26",
"text": "Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, typically affect third world countries and areas with tropical climates. Mosquito vectors are sensitive to climate changes and tend to follow seasonal patterns. Between years there are often dramatic shifts in incidence rates. The occurrence of this phenomenon in endemic areas makes mosquito-borne viruses difficult to treat.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
},
{
"docid": "21054623#6",
"text": "Other viral diseases like epidemic polyarthritis, Rift Valley fever, Ross River fever, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis and several other encephalitic diseases are carried by several different mosquitoes. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) occurs in the United States where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Because of the high mortality rate, EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma and death.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
},
{
"docid": "21054623#10",
"text": "Mosquitoes carrying such arboviruses stay healthy because their immune systems recognizes the virions as foreign particles and \"chop off\" the virus's genetic coding, rendering it inert. Human infection with a mosquito-borne virus occurs when a female mosquito bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding. It is not completely known how mosquitoes handle eukaryotic parasites to carry them without being harmed. Data has shown that the malaria parasite \"Plasmodium falciparum\" alters the mosquito vector's feeding behavior by increasing frequency of biting in infected mosquitoes, thus increasing the chance of transmitting the parasite.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
},
{
"docid": "21054623#34",
"text": "From the success seen in Australia, the researchers were able to begin operating in more threatened portions of the world. The Eliminate Dengue program spread to 10 countries throughout Asia, Latin America, and the Western Pacific blooming into the non-profit organization, World Mosquito Program, as of September 2017. They still use the same technique of infecting wild populations of \"Ae. aegypti\" as they did in Australia, but this time their target disease has shifted to include Zika and chikungunya on top of dengue. Although not alone in their efforts to use \"Wolbachia-\"infected mosquitoes to reduce mosquito-borne disease, the World Mosquito Program method is praised for being self-sustaining in that it causes permanent phenotype change rather than reducing mosquito populations through cytoplasmic incompatibility through male-only dispersal.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
},
{
"docid": "21054623#19",
"text": "There is a re-emergence of mosquito vector viruses (arthropod-borne viruses) called arboviruses carried by the \"Aedes aegypti\" mosquito. Examples are the Zika virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever and dengue fever. The re-emergence of the viruses has been at a faster rate, and over a wider geographic area, than in the past. The rapid re-emergence is due to expanding global transportation networks, the mosquito's increasing ability to adapt to urban settings, the disruption of traditional land use and the inability to control expanding mosquito populations. Like malaria, other arboviruses do not have a vaccine. The only exception is yellow fever. Prevention is focused on reducing the adult mosquito populations, controlling mosquito larvae and protecting individuals from mosquito bites. Depending on the mosquito vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time.",
"title": "Mosquito-borne disease"
},
{
"docid": "37063005#4",
"text": "Mosquito-borne diseases are probably the greatest threat to humans as they include malaria, elephantiasis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, and dengue fever. Studies are showing higher prevalence of these diseases in areas that have experienced extreme flooding and drought. Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates. As the climate warms over the oceans and coastal regions, warmer temperatures are also creeping up to higher elevations allowing mosquitoes to survive in areas they had never been able to before. As the climate continues to warm there is a risk that malaria will make a return to the developed world.",
"title": "Effects of global warming on human health"
}
] |
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] |
2346
|
How long is the Castlereagh River in New South Wales?
|
[
{
"docid": "1627043#4",
"text": "Estimates of the length of the course of the Castlereagh River from its commencement to its mouth vary from , 549 km, and 566 km. Over its course it drops over 600 m.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1627043#0",
"text": "The Castlereagh River is located in the central–western district of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Macquarie-Castlereagh catchment within the Murray–Darling basin and is an unregulated river, meaning no dams or storage have been built on it to control flows. On a map of NSW, the Castlereagh has a distinctive appearance among the north-western rivers for its fish-hook-like shape: from upstream in the north at its confluence with the Macquarie River it extends southwards to a hook-shape, flattened-out at the base, which curves to the right (east and northwards) through to the tip of the hook in the Warrumbungle Mountains at the river's source.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
},
{
"docid": "2729434#0",
"text": "Castlereagh is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Castlereagh is 67 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.",
"title": "Castlereagh, New South Wales"
},
{
"docid": "731925#2",
"text": "The name \"Gilgandra\" came from Aboriginal use of the word for this place, which means \"long waterhole\". Stream flows in the Castlereagh River are variable and the wide sandy riverbed is frequently dry, or has only a small stream moving through it. However, a large permanent waterhole 100 yards long and 12 feet deep existed along the river near where the township developed, and for many years subsequently. This waterhole was the source of the town's name.",
"title": "Gilgandra, New South Wales"
},
{
"docid": "2729434#5",
"text": "After two hundred years, the rich river flats still provide for a thriving agricultural industry along the Nepean River. Many of Penrith district's pioneering families had originated from Castlereagh. The suburb's historical importance is reflected in its many surviving farmhouses, outbuildings, churches and cemeteries.",
"title": "Castlereagh, New South Wales"
},
{
"docid": "58750289#0",
"text": "The Upper Castlereagh Public School is a heritage-listed former closed school building located at Castlereagh Road in the western Sydney suburb of Castlereagh in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by G. A. Mansfield and built from 1878 to 1879 by James Evans. It is also known as Upper Castlereagh Public School and residence. The property is owned by New South Wales Minister for Community Services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.",
"title": "Upper Castlereagh Public School"
},
{
"docid": "937085#0",
"text": "The Castlereagh Highway is a state highway located in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. The highway's northern terminus is at a junction with the Carnarvon Highway, south of , Queensland. Its southern terminus is at a junction with the Great Western Highway at , north of . From north to south the highway traverses South West Queensland and the North West Slopes, Orana, and Central West regions of New South Wales.",
"title": "Castlereagh Highway"
},
{
"docid": "57466861#1",
"text": "The parish is on the Nepean River between Penrith, New South Wales and Richmond, New South Wales in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range.",
"title": "Parish of Castlereagh"
},
{
"docid": "10530295#0",
"text": "Castlereagh was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales originally created in 1904, partly replacing Coonamble and named after the Castlereagh River. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Wammerawa, along with Mudgee and Liverpool Plains. It was recreated in 1927 and abolished in 1991.",
"title": "Electoral district of Castlereagh"
},
{
"docid": "1927162#0",
"text": "Capertee is a village 45 km north of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. It is on an elevated site (800 metres) above the Capertee Valley. In 2016, the town had a population of 145 people. Situated on the Castlereagh Highway (previously known as the Mudgee Road) between Lithgow and Mudgee, Capertee is surrounded by National Parks and grazing land. Principal employment is in coal mining, farming and tourism related services. The Capertee Valley forms a part of the catchment area of the Hawkesbury River.",
"title": "Capertee, New South Wales"
},
{
"docid": "1642080#0",
"text": "Mendooran is a small town adjacent to the Castlereagh River in the Warrumbungle Shire of central western New South Wales, Australia. The town lies at an altitude of 271 metres above sea level, 348 kilometres west of Sydney, 75 kilometres from Dubbo and 71 kilometres southeast of Coonabarabran. At the 2011 census, Mendooran had a population of 302 people. The Castlereagh Highway also runs through the town, changing its name to Bandulla Street in the centre.",
"title": "Mendooran"
},
{
"docid": "1627043#2",
"text": "Downstream from Gilgandra, the Castlereagh runs through alluvial plains. These are flat landforms with alluvial soil that has been created from sediments being deposited over a long period of time by one or more rivers flowing down from highland regions. Groundwater is found in the alluvial sediments on the plains in the lower Castlereagh catchment and is generally associated with the ancient channel of the river. The Castlereagh has a very sandy bed throughout its course, with especially wide outer banks on the plains. Charles Sturt, after travelling along the Castlereagh in 1828 from Coonamble to its junction with the Macquarie, noted that there was not one pebble or stone to be picked up in its bed, which was dry for the whole length he travelled.",
"title": "Castlereagh River"
}
] |
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] |
2348
|
What was the first game developed by Daydream Software?
|
[
{
"docid": "37489276#2",
"text": "Their first game was \"Safecracker\", a point and click adventure game published by DreamCatcher Interactive. The game had a tumultuous production, starting when GT Interactive bought initial publisher Warner Interactive Europe. Daydream Software went public in late 1996. The company's goal was to increase its economic and decision-making freedom, and to secure the ability to select a publisher at the end of each game's development rather than at the beginning. President Jans Phersson-Broburg argued that self-financing Daydream's future games with money from Swedish investors, instead of obtaining \"funding linked to specific projects\" from publishers, would offer the developer more stability, flexibility and room for growth. For Daydream's public launch, roughly 20 million kr worth of shares, or 45.5% of the company, were offered to investors in Sweden. The initial public offering was a success, and Daydream opened on the Stockholm Stock Exchange's Stockholm Börsinformation (SBI) list in January 1997. Daydream was eventually able to buy back the rights to \"Safecracker\".",
"title": "Daydream Software"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37489276#1",
"text": "Daydream Software was founded in 1994 in Umeå, Sweden. Its starting team of five was headed by lead designer Nigel Papworth on the principle that they would develop their own games without working with other major publishers to develop commissioned games.",
"title": "Daydream Software"
},
{
"docid": "40105342#4",
"text": "Daydream Software went public in late 1996. The company's goal was to increase its economic and decision-making freedom, and to secure the ability to select a publisher at the end of each game's development rather than at the beginning. President Jans Phersson-Broburg argued that self-financing Daydream's future games with money from Swedish investors, instead of obtaining \"funding linked to specific projects\" from publishers, would offer the developer more stability, flexibility and room for growth. For Daydream's public launch, roughly 20 million kr worth of shares, or 45.5% of the company, were offered to investors in Sweden. The initial public offering was a success, and Daydream opened on the Stockholm Stock Exchange's Stockholm Börsinformation (SBI) list in January 1997. Around the time that Daydream Software launched its initial public offering, Warner Interactive was purchased by GT Interactive.",
"title": "Safecracker (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "37489276#7",
"text": "Daydream Software was put through liquidation in February 2003 before closing in 2004. Most employees moving on to form a new development company: Resolution Interactive, which focused on iPhone games. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2012.",
"title": "Daydream Software"
},
{
"docid": "37489276#0",
"text": "Daydream Software is a defunct Swedish video game developer founded in 1994. They released four games (with another in the works) before closing in 2003.",
"title": "Daydream Software"
},
{
"docid": "50575792#0",
"text": "Daydream is a virtual reality (VR) platform developed by Google that is built into the Android mobile operating system (versions \"Nougat\" 7.1 and later). Compatible phones that follow the platform's software and hardware specifications (and are thus designated \"Daydream-ready\") are used in the Google Daydream View VR headset. The Daydream platform was announced at the Google I/O developer conference in May 2016, with the first VR headset released on November 10, 2016. Daydream is the company's second VR platform following Google Cardboard, which was a low-cost system intended to encourage interest in VR and was built into compatible mobile apps rather than the operating system itself.",
"title": "Google Daydream"
},
{
"docid": "54945134#14",
"text": "At the 1998 European Computer Trade Show (ECTS), Daydream landed distributors for \"Traitors Gate\" in eight countries. By the end of September, completion of the game was scheduled for fall; development costs had climbed to 8.06 million kr by late November. In January 1999, Daydream announced a release date of April, and confirmed K.E. Media as the game's distributor in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Deals with companies in France, Italy, Britain and the Netherlands were secured by February. However, as the year progressed, \"Traitors Gate\" encountered a four-month delay to fall 1999. This event was blamed by Daydream on numerous software bugs, caused by the game's \"size and complexity\". It proceeded to appear at E3 1999, and development costs rose to 10.6 million kr by the end of May, with 2.03 million of this figure depreciated through capitalization. Papworth estimated the final budget for \"Traitors Gate\" as between $1 and $2 million in United States currency.",
"title": "Traitors Gate (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "54945134#15",
"text": "\"Traitors Gate\" was first released in early September 1999, after roughly three years of development. It was shipped on four CD-ROMs. By the end of its debut month, the game had launched in seven countries: Sweden, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, England and the Netherlands. Daydream Software told investors on September 30 that \"Traitors Gate\" would appear in another 14 countries by March 2000. Further launches occurred in New Zealand and Australia on October 31, through Hilad Corporation; in France on November 29, through Éditions Profil; and in Spain on December 16, through FX Interactive. \"Traitors Gate\" had received translations into 10 languages by December 10, at which time Daydream reported its lifetime \"guaranteed sales volume\" as above 100,000 units.",
"title": "Traitors Gate (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "37489276#4",
"text": "Daydream's next game was a more ambitious title called \"Clusterball\", a futuristic sports game released in late 2000 for PC computers after a successful run as a downloadable title on Real.com. The game garnered mixed to positive reviews but low sales for the company.",
"title": "Daydream Software"
},
{
"docid": "57916464#1",
"text": "\"Traitors Gate 2\" was commissioned by The Adventure Company following its success with the North America release of Daydream Software's \"Traitors Gate\", which sold roughly 250,000 units in the region by August 2003. Daydream told its investors that a deal with \"an internationally recognized publisher\" to develop the sequel was reached in April 2002, and that it was funded ahead of time by this outside party. The project was scheduled for a 14-month development cycle. \"Traitors Gate 2\" was ultimately developed by the company 258 Productions. Nigel Papworth, who conceived and designed the game at 258, recalled, \"I didn't really want to go back and do a pre-rendered game. It's an awful lot of administration and the actual workload is huge. But I said [to TAC]: 'I'll do it if you'll let me do it in real-time 3D.' \" He felt that graphics technology had advanced enough to make this leap, and that the switch offered him \"a huge amount of freedom for the gameplay.\" As a result, the team licensed the Gamebryo engine to create \"Traitors Gate 2\". By June 2002, the game was set for a September 2003 release.",
"title": "Traitors Gate 2: Cypher"
}
] |
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] |
2352
|
Where was Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov born?
|
[
{
"docid": "50122#4",
"text": "His earliest documented name was Grigory Vladimirovich Andropov-Fyodorov; he changed it to Yuri Andropov only several years later. While his original birth certificate disappeared, it was established that Andropov was in fact born in Moscow where his mother had been working in a women's gymnasium since 1913 throughout 1914 and until 1917.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "50122#3",
"text": "There has been much contention over his family background. According to the official biography, Andropov was born in stanitsa Nagutskaya (modern-day Stavropol Krai of Russia) on 15 June 1914. His father Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov was a railway worker of Don Cossack descent who died from typhus in 1919. His mother Yevgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein (none of the official sources mentioned her name) was a school teacher who died in 1931. She was born in the Ryazan Governorate into a family of town dwellers and was abandoned on the doorstep of a Finnish citizen, a Jewish watchmaker Karl Franzevich Fleckenstein who lived in Moscow; he and his wife Eudokia Mikhailovna Fleckenstein adopted and raised her. Later researches has shown that many details about Andropov's biography were largely falsified during his lifetime which has contributed to the confusion connected to his family history.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50122#0",
"text": "Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (; ; – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post from November 1982 until his death in February 1984.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "50122#8",
"text": "Andropov was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical College and graduated in 1936. As a teenager he worked as a loader, a telegraph clerk, and a sailor for the Volga steamship line. At 16, Yuri Andropov, then a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (YCL, or Komsomol), was a worker in the town of Mozdok in the North Ossetian ASSR.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "50122#33",
"text": "Andropov lived at 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, the same building in which Suslov and Brezhnev also lived. He was first married to Nina Ivanovna; she was born not too far away from the local farm in which Andropov was born. In 1983 she was diagnosed with cancer and underwent a successful operation. He met his second wife, Tatyana Filipovna, during World War II on the Karelian Front when she was Komsomol secretary. She had suffered a nervous breakdown during the Hungarian revolution. Andropov's chief guard informed Tatyana about the death of her husband. She was too grief-stricken to join in the procession and during the funeral her relatives helped her to walk. Before the lid could be closed on Andropov's coffin, she bent to kiss him. She touched his hair and then kissed him again. In 1985, a respectful 75-minute film was broadcast in which Tatyana (not even seen in public until Andropov's funeral) reads love poems written by her husband. Tatyana became ill and died in November 1991.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "50758843#0",
"text": "Yurii (or Yuri) Vladimirovich Egorov (Юрий Владимирович Егоров, born 14 July 1938 in Moscow, died October 2018 in Toulouse) was a Russian-Soviet mathematician who specializes in differential equations.",
"title": "Yurii Vladimirovich Egorov"
},
{
"docid": "50122#7",
"text": "He gave different versions of his father's fate: in one case he divorced his mother soon after his birth, in another — died of illness. The \"father\" he referred to — Vladimir Andropov — was in fact his stepfather who lived and worked at Nagutskaya and died from typhus in 1919. The Fyodorov surname belonged to his second stepfather (since 1921) Viktor Fyodorov, a machinist assistant turned a school teacher. His real father remains unknown; he probably died in 1916 — a date written in Andropov's 1932 resume. During the 1937 check it was reported that his father served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army. Andropov was thoroughly interviewed four times, yet he was so convincing that he managed to drop all charges and joined the Communist Party in 1939.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "50122#5",
"text": "To make things more complicated, he named different dates of her death at various occasions: 1927, 1929, 1930 and 1931. The story of her adoption was also highly likely a mystification. In 1937 Andropov went through a check when applied for the Communist Party membership, and it turned out that \"the sister of his native maternal grandmother\" (he called her his aunt) who was living with him and who supported the legend of his Ryazan peasant origins was in fact his nurse who had been serving at Fleckensteins long before he was born.",
"title": "Yuri Andropov"
},
{
"docid": "16088968#1",
"text": "He was born Yuri Vladimirovich Nazarov in Novosibirsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His father, Nikolai Aldomirovich Nazarov (1906–1971), was an ethnic Chechen Lieutenant of the Red Army, who served in the Eastern Front and the Crimean Offensive in 1944.",
"title": "Yuriy Nazarov (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "16435573#0",
"text": "Yuri Viktorovich Ofrosimov (; 1894–1967) was a Russian poet and theater critic. He was born in Moscow and emigrated to Berlin in 1920, where he was active in the Russian emigre literary community, including the Berlin Poets' Club. In 1933, Ofrosimov moved to Belgrade; during World War II, he was arrested by German forces. After the war, he lived with his wife Dorothea Vogels in Ennenda, Switzerland.",
"title": "Yuri Ofrosimov"
}
] |
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] |
2353
|
Which country is the largest exporter of wine?
|
[
{
"docid": "2866516#1",
"text": "In 2014, Moldova was the twentieth largest wine producing country in the world. Most of the country's commercial wine production is for export; 67 million bottles of wine are exported annually, including to Poland, Romania, Russia and United States.",
"title": "Moldovan wine"
},
{
"docid": "521306#1",
"text": "A large number of French people immigrated to Chile during the late 20th century, bringing more vinicultural knowledge to the country. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines in the world, and the seventh largest producer. The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenère. So far Chile has remained free of the phylloxera louse, which means that the country's grapevines do not need to be grafted with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.",
"title": "Chilean wine"
},
{
"docid": "2579567#14",
"text": "The combined municipalities of Kavadarci and Rosoman use 20% of the Republic of Macedonia’s total landmass () for the cultivation of grapes. The country is the seventh largest exporter of wine to the EU from outside the region. Of the total harvested crop in Kavadarci, 80% are wine grapes and 20% are table grapes. The Tikveš winery processes up to 55 million km of grapes to produce approximately 35 million litres of wine each year. Although the largest and most prolific, Tikveš is by no means the only winery in the city: Others include Chekorovi () and Popov (). The combined wineries in the region export up to 26 countries.",
"title": "Kavadarci"
},
{
"docid": "17067#26",
"text": "During this period, the island also had become the largest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relatively high quality (see \"Chian wine\"). Chian amphoras, with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grapes, have been found in nearly every country with whom the ancient Greeks traded. These countries included Gaul, Upper Egypt, and Southern Russia.",
"title": "Chios"
},
{
"docid": "62264#14",
"text": "The Australian wine Industry is the fifth largest exporter of wine around the world, with 760 million litres a year to a large international export market and contributes $5.5 billion per annum to the nation's economy. Australians consume over 530 million litres annually with a per capita consumption of about 30 litres – 50% white table wine, 35% red table wine. Wine is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares. Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia. Amongst the most famous wine districts are the Hunter Region, Margaret River, Yarra Valley, and Barossa Valley and among the best known wine producers are Penfolds, Rosemount Estate, Wynns Coonawarra Estate and Lindeman's.",
"title": "Australian cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "251620#44",
"text": "Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the Thracians, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually, ranking 20th in the world.",
"title": "Culture of Bulgaria"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4049975#5",
"text": "Today, less than 15% of Israeli wine is produced for sacramental purposes. The three largest producers—Carmel Winery, Barkan Wine Cellars and Golan Heights Winery—account for more than 80% of the domestic market. The United States is the largest export destination. Even though it contains only around one-quarter of the planted acreage as Lebanon, Israel has emerged as a driving force for winemaking in the Eastern Mediterranean, due to its willingness to adopt new technology and its large export market. The country has also seen the emergence of a modern wine culture with upscale restaurants featuring international wines dedicated to an ever-increasing wine-conscious clientele.",
"title": "Israeli wine"
},
{
"docid": "3440627#1",
"text": "Historically, Argentine winemakers were traditionally more interested in quantity than quality with the country consuming 90% of the wine it produces ( per capita according to 2006 figures). Until the early 1990s, Argentina produced more wine than any other country outside Europe, though the majority of it was considered unexportable. However, the desire to increase exports fueled significant advances in quality. Argentine wines started being exported during the 1990s, and are currently growing in popularity, making it now the largest wine exporter in South America. The devaluation of the Argentine peso in 2002 further fueled the industry as production costs decreased and tourism significantly increased, giving way to a whole new concept of enotourism in Argentina.",
"title": "Argentine wine"
},
{
"docid": "19260#85",
"text": "The country has a well-established wine industry. It has a vineyard area of , of which are used for commercial production. Most of the country's wine production is made for export. Many families have their own recipes and grape varieties that have been passed down through the generations. Milestii Mici is the home of the largest wine cellar in the world. It stretches for 200 km and holds almost 2 million bottles of wine",
"title": "Moldova"
},
{
"docid": "730672#5",
"text": "Forestry and agriculture, led by wine grape plantations, are the main economic activities. The Maule region is Chile’s leading wine-making region, producing 50% of all the country’s fine export wines, and a number of the largest vineyards are located here. Owing to its high concentration of vineyards, the Curicó valley, which means \"black water\" in Mapudungun – is considered the core of Chile’s wine industry. Wine-making is a traditional activity, some vineyards dating back to 1830. The increased wine-growing area is matched by the development of the industry’s infrastructure, technology, and equipment.",
"title": "Maule Region"
}
] |
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] |
2355
|
When was Marxism established?
|
[
{
"docid": "9209651#16",
"text": "Marxism, first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-1800s, has been the foremost ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of scientific socialism, and rather than model an \"ideal society\" based on intellectuals' design, it is a non-idealist attempt at the understanding of society and history through an analysis based in real life. Marxism does not see communism as a \"state of affairs\" to be established, but rather as the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design. Therefore, Marxism does no blueprinting of a communist society and it only makes an analysis which concludes what will trigger its implementation and discovers its fundamental characteristics based on the derivation of real life conditions.",
"title": "Communism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20972#2",
"text": "In the late 1920s, after the death of Lenin, Stalin established universal ideologic orthodoxy in the Communist Party, the USSR, and the Communist International, with his coinage \"Marxism–Leninism\", a term which redefined theories of Lenin and Marx to establish universal Marxist–Leninist praxis for the exclusive, geopolitical benefit of the USSR. In the late 1930s, Stalin's official textbook \"The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)\" (1938), made the term \"Marxism–Leninism\" common, political-science usage among communists and non-communists.",
"title": "Marxism–Leninism"
},
{
"docid": "47127424#6",
"text": "In 1945 the \"Chronique sociale de France\" published a special issue \"Autour du Marxism\" (About Marxism). The authors tried to remain objective. They discussed Marxist dialectics, Marxism as an expression of the proletariat philosophy and the relationship of Marxism to religion.\nThe journal published the testimony of Pierre Tiberghien in 1952 with a preface that called it a description of the way a Frenchman thought of the activity French Social Catholics, which might not be applicable elsewhere.\nDuring the Algerian War (1954–62) Joseph Folliet and Claude Bernardin established the Lyons Committee for the respect of human rights. \nThe \"Chronique\" denounced military and civil abuses in Algeria.",
"title": "Chronique sociale"
},
{
"docid": "4948611#0",
"text": "Rethinking Marxism is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Marxist analyses of economics, culture, and society. It was established in 1988 and has been published by Routledge since 2003 on behalf of the Association for Economic and Social Analysis. The editors-in-chief are Marcus E. Green and Serap Kayatekin.",
"title": "Rethinking Marxism"
},
{
"docid": "37910002#2",
"text": "The Jefferson School of Social Science was established by the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in 1943 as part of that organization's effort to expand the teaching of Marxism to the working class. Communists of the day believed that Marxism was a form of science which it believed was being willfully ignored in the public schools and sought to correct what it viewed as a systemic educational shortcoming. Moreover, the Communist Party sought to bolster community goodwill through its efforts as part of its Popular Front effort to integrate itself into American society.",
"title": "Jefferson School of Social Science"
},
{
"docid": "34430017#0",
"text": "Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution () is a work about Marxism by the political philosopher Leszek Kołakowski. Its three volumes in English are: \"1: The Founders\", \"II: The Golden Age\", and \"III: The Breakdown\". It was first published in Polish in Paris in 1976, with the English translation appearing in 1978. In 2005, \"Main Currents of Marxism\" was republished in a one volume edition, with a new preface and epilogue by Kołakowski. The work was intended to be a \"handbook\" on Marxism by Kołakowski, who was once an orthodox Marxist but ultimately rejected Marxism. Despite his critical stand toward Marxism, Kołakowski endorsed the philosopher György Lukács's interpretation of Karl Marx.",
"title": "Main Currents of Marxism"
},
{
"docid": "21437278#2",
"text": "The book aimed to \"establish the theory of Marxism on native grounds\". The Montgomery Bus Boycott, the abolitionist movement, the American Civil War, and the fight for the eight-hour day by American workers were seen by her as revolutionary American struggles which provided fertile ground for the Humanism of Karl Marx. Dunayevskaya analyzed the latter struggles as making \"historic contributions\" to Marx's thinking, especially in the structure and content of his major theoretical work \"Capital\". The new stage of Automation in production—whether in the mines with the \"continuous miner\" (a machine the miners called a \"mankiller\") or in the auto shops—with its consequent speed-up, was also seen by Dunayevskaya as a new stage in American worker revolt.",
"title": "Marxism and Freedom: From 1776 Until Today"
},
{
"docid": "44379649#5",
"text": "György Lukács's \"History and Class Consciousness\" and Karl Korsch's \"Marxism and Philosophy\", published in 1923, are the works that inaugurated Western Marxism. In these books, Lukács and Korsch proffer a Marxism that emphasises the Hegelian components of Karl Marx's thought. Marxism is not simply a theory of political economy that improves on its bourgeois predecessors, nor is it a scientific sociology, akin to the natural sciences. Marxism is primarily a critique, a self-conscious transformation of society. Marxism does not make philosophy obsolete, as vulgar Marxism believes; Marxism preserves the truths of philosophy until their revolutionary transformation into reality.",
"title": "Western Marxism"
},
{
"docid": "1904053#58",
"text": "Libertarian Marxism refers to a broad scope of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the anti-authoritarian aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism–Leninism and its derivatives such as Stalinism, Ceaușism and Maoism. Libertarian Marxism is also often critical of reformist positions, such as those held by social democrats. Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the \"Grundrisse\" and \"The Civil War in France\", emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state to mediate or aid its liberation. Along with anarchism, libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism.",
"title": "Marxism"
},
{
"docid": "38859786#8",
"text": "The actual writing of \"Marxism and the National Question\" began in November 1912, when Stalin traveled to Cracow (then under Austrian rule), to confer with Lenin on Bolshevik party business. Lenin had published an article earlier that same month condemning nationalist fragmentation of the revolutionary movement, holding up as the disintegration of the Social Democratic Party of Austria into autonomous German, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Italian and Slovene groupings as a grim example. Lenin feared a comparable shattering of the RSDLP along national lines and sought to crush the Austro-Marxist slogan of \"national–cultural autonomy.\"",
"title": "Marxism and the National Question"
}
] |
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] |
2356
|
When was the first microphone invented?
|
[
{
"docid": "65886#4",
"text": "German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved with the \"liquid transmitter\" design in Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bell's telephone of 1876 – the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution. These systems, however, gave a very poor sound quality.\nThe first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) carbon microphone. This was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention. The carbon microphone is the direct prototype of today's microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries. Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886. This microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in 1910.\nIn 1916, E.C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone. In 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. The Marconi-Sykes magnetophone, developed by Captain H. J. Round, became the standard for BBC studios in London. This was improved in 1930 by Alan Blumlein and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day.",
"title": "Microphone"
},
{
"docid": "5238485#2",
"text": "The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) carbon microphone (then called transmitter). This was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.",
"title": "Carbon microphone"
},
{
"docid": "2193804#42",
"text": "The carbon microphone was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.",
"title": "Invention of the telephone"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2256851#5",
"text": "In the early 1920s, Drs. Walter H. Schottky and Erwin Gerlach co-invented the first ribbon microphone. By turning the ribbon circuit in the opposite direction, they also invented the first ribbon loudspeaker. A few years later, Dr. Harry F. Olson of RCA started developing ribbon microphones using field coils and permanent magnets. The RCA Photophone Type PB-31 was commercially manufactured in 1931, greatly impacting the audio recording and broadcasting industries. Condenser microphones at the time could not compare to its frequency response. Radio City Music Hall employed PB-31s in 1932. The following year, the 44A came on the scene. Its tone and pattern control helped reduce reverberation. Many RCA ribbon models are still in use and valued by audio engineers.",
"title": "Ribbon microphone"
},
{
"docid": "4578451#10",
"text": "Another German equipment manufacturer, Beyerdynamic, claims that the first wireless microphone was invented by Hung C. Lin. Called the \"transistophone,\" it went into production in 1962. The first time that a wireless microphone was used to record sound during filming of a motion picture was allegedly on Rex Harrison in the 1964 film \"My Fair Lady\", through the efforts of Academy Award-winning Hollywood sound engineer George Groves.",
"title": "Wireless microphone"
},
{
"docid": "4578451#8",
"text": "The first recorded patent for a wireless microphone was filed by Raymond A. Litke, an American electrical engineer with Educational Media Resources and San Jose State College, who invented a wireless microphone in 1957 to meet the multimedia needs for television, radio, and classroom instruction. His U.S. patent number 3134074 was granted in May 1964. Two microphone types were made available for purchase in 1959: hand-held and lavalier. The main transmitter module was a cigar-sized device which weighed . Vega Electronics Corporation manufactured the design in 1959, producing it as a product called the Vega-Mike. The device was first used by the broadcast media at the 1960 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. It allowed television reporters to roam the floor of the convention to interview participants, including presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon.",
"title": "Wireless microphone"
},
{
"docid": "20475791#4",
"text": "Litke's wireless microphone was first tested at the Olympic trials held at Stanford University in 1959. Next, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC television) tested the microphone at the Democratic and Republican Conventions in 1960. Candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon were among the first celebrities to use the Vega-Mike. TV anchor John Daly praised Litke's invention on the ABC television news broadcast in July 1960. Daly introduced it to Americans with the words: \"This is a Vega-Mike\" and went on to explain it \"is a wireless microphone, six inches long... without any wires of any kind...\" Daly pointed out it could be used to broadcast \"within the (convention) hall or outside... without the inconvenience of interconnecting microphone cables...\" Even the Federal Communication Commission was impressed with it. The FCC gave him 12 frequencies instead of the one he was seeking.",
"title": "Raymond A. Litke"
},
{
"docid": "3505454#1",
"text": "The origin of SM57 may be traced to 1937, when Shure engineer Benjamin Bauer developed the first single-element directional microphone, the Unidyne, which had a cardioid pickup pattern. In 1959, another Shure engineer, Ernie Seeler, advanced the art of microphone design significantly with the Unidyne III. Seeler torture-tested the Unidyne III during three years of research and development and thereby, produced the SM series of rugged and reliable Shure microphone capsules. The \"SM\" stands for Studio Microphone; Seeler was an aficionado of classical music and expected the SM57 to be used for orchestras. Because he \"despised\" rock music, the TEC Foundation said that it was \"ironic\" that the microphone has become \"a mainstay of rock music.\"",
"title": "Shure SM57"
},
{
"docid": "30182396#162",
"text": "An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone, which eliminates the need for a power supply by using a permanently charged material. Electret materials have been known since the 1920s, and were proposed as condenser microphone elements several times, but were considered impractical until the foil electret type was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1962 by Jim West, using a thin metallized Teflon foil. This became the most common type, used in many applications from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)"
},
{
"docid": "20475791#1",
"text": "Litke invented a wireless microphone in 1957 while employed as an electronics expert at San Jose State College. His supervisor challenged him to invent a microphone to use in educational presentations which would be free of wires.",
"title": "Raymond A. Litke"
}
] |
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] |
2357
|
What is the largest city in Pine County, Minnesota?
|
[
{
"docid": "121291#0",
"text": "Pine City is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, in East Central Minnesota. Pine City is the county seat of, and the largest city in, Pine County. A portion of the city is located on the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation. Founded as a railway town, it quickly became a logging community and the surrounding lakes made it a resort town. Today, it is an arts town and commuter town to jobs in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. It is also a green city. The population was 3,127 at the 2010 census.",
"title": "Pine City, Minnesota"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14725419#0",
"text": "Pine City High School is a six-year public high school located in Pine City, Minnesota, a fourth-tier suburb (exurb) of Minneapolis in East Central Minnesota. The school was founded in 1910 and has a current enrollment of approximately 800 students, making it the largest school in Pine County. The nickname for the school's athletic teams is the Dragons.",
"title": "Pine City High School"
},
{
"docid": "121291#7",
"text": "The Pine County Fair takes place in Pine City each year in late July/early August. A highlight of the fair is a three-night demolition derby that is one of Minnesota's largest, drawing several thousand spectators each evening. The five-day event is a free gate fair and also features free on-site parking.",
"title": "Pine City, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "121291#19",
"text": "While the largest religion in Pine City is none at all, with over half of the community unchurched, it is home to various churches of varying denominations, including:\nLakeside Medical Center is one of the largest employers, with 140 employees. MINPACK, Inc. has 130 employees, and Atscott Manufacturing, 100; both have their headquarters in Pine City. Other large employers in the community include Walmart, Product Fabricators, Inc., Broekema Beltway, ISD 578, Therapeutic Services Agency, Pine County, Community Living Options and Lake Superior Laundry.",
"title": "Pine City, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "121292#0",
"text": "Pine City Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, located south and east of the city of Pine City. The township population was 1,249 at the 2000 census.",
"title": "Pine City Township, Pine County, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "121296#2",
"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. It is by far the largest city by area in Pine County and all of East Central Minnesota.",
"title": "Rock Creek, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "121291#3",
"text": "When Buchanan County was merged with Pine County in 1861, the county seat was consolidated to Pine City because it was already well-established. Because of its location on the far southern edge of Pine County, there have been attempts over the years to move the county seat to more centrally located Hinckley and Sandstone. However, being the most populous city in the county, Pine City always prevailed as the county seat.",
"title": "Pine City, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "150609#0",
"text": "Pine Island is a city in Goodhue and Olmsted counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Most of Pine Island is located within Goodhue County, but a small part extends into Olmsted County, making that small portion part of the Rochester metropolitan area. The city's population was 3,263 at the 2010 census.",
"title": "Pine Island, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "94924#0",
"text": "Pine County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,750. Its county seat is Pine City. The county was formed in 1856 and organized in 1872.",
"title": "Pine County, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "31059025#11",
"text": "County Highway 9 is a road that serves Pine City, Pine City Township, Chegwatana Township and Pokegama Township, Pine County, Minnesota. The road begins at \"St. Croix Road Southeast\" (CR 8) in Pine City, heads out of Pine City on \"East Cross Lake Road\", generally heads northeast on \"Cross Lake Road\" for approximately along portions of former Point Douglas to Superior Military Road, then north for , terminating at \"Beroun Crossing Road\" (CR 14).",
"title": "List of county roads in Pine County, Minnesota"
}
] |
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2358
|
What species are featured in the documentary Monkey Thieves?
|
[
{
"docid": "30101328#0",
"text": "Monkey Thieves (), also known as Rebel Monkeys, is a documentary series produced by National Geographic, examining the habits and social interactions of rhesus macaques in the city of Jaipur, in northwestern India. \"Monkey Thieves\" follows a family of urban macaques within Jaipur's 'Pink City' and all the drama that comes from living close to humans. The series tells the story of the \"Galta Gang\", a sixty-strong troop that lives in the Galta Temple, a Hindu temple on the outskirts of Jaipur. This bunch live in luxury because worshipers believe they personify Hanuman, the cherished 'Monkey God' who banished evil in the Indian epic Ramayana. Defending their prized home from invaders including neighboring langur monkeys and other troops of macaques, as well as exploring Jaipur in search of food and adventure, keeps this troop in action.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30101328#13",
"text": "The following members below formed the Splinter troop featured in season two of \"Monkey Thieves\", though the first three also appeared in season one.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#3",
"text": "The following macaques were featured in the show and only these were observed and mentioned as members of the Galta Gang.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#7",
"text": "At the first season, Kamal is featured as alpha male Tarak's second in command after Tarak disappeared following a battle between the Galta Gang and Zamir's troop, Kamal manages to lead the troop into finishing the battle to keep hold of their temple. Kamal maintains his vigil for the return of Tarak though eventually finds the old leader to have died from his wounds overnight somewhere at the back of the temple. The leadership of the Galta Gang falls to Kamal who manages to gain acceptance from Rani. Their neighbours, the langur monkeys, launch an attack on the temple and Kamal, instead of being upfront defending the troop, flees leading the rest of the Galta Gang fleeing from the temple, leaving Galta Temple in the ownership of the langur monkeys. Kamal continues to fail to impress queen Rani and prove his worth. While still living at the temple, Kamal and Rani ousted half of their troop who formed a splinter troop in the city, and Kamal and the Galta Gang run into them. Once again, Kamal fails to defend the troop and the Galta Gang flees from what were their underlings. However, during a raid in a hospital, Kamal manages to prove his food-finding skills and finally impresses queen Rani, though in that very same day Kamal gets caught in a trap of the 'monkey catcher' and gets driven away for relocation, leaving Rani and her troop without an alpha male.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#60",
"text": "The twins' troop with newest member Bipin boldly raids a children's birthday party, leading monkey catcher Dhana Lal to attempt a new strategy.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#38",
"text": "The Galta Gang splits into two troops, with Bipin, Yash and Tito leading the splinter group into the city—and into the traps of the monkey catcher.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#26",
"text": "As the drought continues, the Galta Gang have to make forays into the city in search of feeding opportunities as supplies at their temple are running out. Alpha male Tarak leads his 60-strong troop to the city's main food productions, but stealing may lead to casualties with the people referring to the city's monkey catcher as they grow less tolerant of thieving macaques stealing what little food is left. The troop need to keep a low profile as to not attract attention to themselves, the wrong kind of attention. A distance away, an injured young rhesus macaque lies on the ground helpless. Kavi has been in deep trouble after suffering a big electrical shock, but fortunately luck is on his side. A kind human picks up the little monkey and takes him to the animal charity 'Help In Suffering', where he is given immediate medical treatment. The vets rehydrate Kavi with fluid and treat his infected wounds, giving the little animal the best chance to pull through. Meanwhile, the rest of the Galta Gang continue their search for food and end up at the city's fruit market. Here, a fresh supply of fruits are easy pickings for the ravenous troop and the Galta Gang begin to stock up on the rich pickings, but of coarse such a productive territory like this is already claimed by another rhesus macaque troop. The owner of this prime patch is Fang, a large male macaque whose prominent scar gives him a distinguishing feature. Fang and his formidable troop are fiercely protective of their territory and with very good reason, their territory is the most valued real-estate within Jaipur's pink city walls with such a supply of food. Fang's troop eventually catch site of the Galta Gang and a brief but decisive battle takes place, sending the Galta Gang to flee. At animal charity 'Help In Suffering', Kavi gets nurtured and looked after by the animal carer Saresh Valmiki and starts to make small attributes of pulling through to recovery. The Galta Gang have survived the clash with Fang and returned to the Temple, but if the drought continues they risk going into the city again and facing Fang and his formidable gang at their food-supplying market.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#34",
"text": "Animal caretaker Suresh tries to nurse a mother monkey and her baby back to health,but it is proving difficult. Zamir plots an attack on Tarak and the temple troop,but the attack is shattered.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#16",
"text": "Meanwhile, the monkey catcher thought he had plotted a great plan by tricking the group into entering an apartment by providing their favorite cookies and treats. His ultimate plan was to relocate the twins about 90 miles outside of the city, into a forest with other macaques. The monkey catcher's hope was to catch the thieving twins, but only one of them went in with several others in the group. The monkey catcher closed the door, thinking that catching one was better than none. Watching outside were Bipin and the other twin. They heard the screams and cries of the other monkeys and wanted to do something about it. So, after a quick look at the door, the twin unlocked it and Bipin pushed it open. Soon, all the monkeys in the group were free and the monkey catcher's plans were again foiled! And after his heroics, Bipin was welcomed into the gang with open arms!",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
},
{
"docid": "30101328#10",
"text": "Anoop is one of the young males in the Galta Gang and is featured becoming obsessive over ice-cream which he remembered having led a raid on an ice-cream cart in season one and his craving for it. In season one he is seen as one of the followers of the trio Bipin, Yash and Tito.",
"title": "Monkey Thieves"
}
] |
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] |
2360
|
Who is mayor of Mahwah, NJ?
|
[
{
"docid": "124989#25",
"text": ", the Mayor of Mahwah is John Roth (2020). Mayor Roth was elected in November 2018 following a recall of the former mayor. Members of the Township Council are Council President David May (2020; elected to serve an unexpired term), Council Vice President George W. Ervin (2022), Janet Ariemma (2022), Robert M. Ferguson III (2022), Michelle Crowe Paz (2020; elected to serve an unexpired term) and James Wysocki (2020).",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "124989#30",
"text": "In August 1997, due to personal debt, then-Mayor David J. Dwork shot and killed himself in the town's mayoral offices. There were also unverified allegations of corruption. Dwork was memorialized with a tree dedicated to him at the site of the Mahwah Public Library. Dwork was succeeded by Richard J. Martel, then a township council member, who served for 14 years until his own death, of natural causes, on March 7, 2011. Martel himself was succeeded by Council President John DaPuzzo as acting mayor.",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "21318911#3",
"text": "Geisler resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, for 45 years. He was an ardent stamp collector and dealer, and an original member of the Apple Ridge Golf and Country Club of Mahwah, NJ. An avid golfer with a 4 handicap at one time, he won the Club Championship in all four flights, and throughout his career eagled all 18 holes. He played the bagpipes with the Fairleigh Dickinson University Pipe Band and the Kearny Caledonian Pipe Band for several years, even performing in the St. Patrick Day Parade in NYC.",
"title": "Alan Geisler"
},
{
"docid": "10506976#0",
"text": "Mahwah is a NJ Transit rail station Mahwah, New Jersey served by the Main Line, Bergen County Line, and Port Jervis Line. It is the last station in the state for westbound trains, and the first for eastbound trains.",
"title": "Mahwah station"
},
{
"docid": "124989#24",
"text": "Mahwah is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan B), implemented by direct petition as of July 1, 1984. The governing body consists of a mayor and a seven-member Township Council, with all members elected at-large to four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections held as part of the November general election in even years, with either three seats (and the mayoral seat) or four seats up for vote. The legislative power of the municipality is exercised by a seven-member Township Council. In September 2010, the township council voted to shift the township's non-partisan elections from May to November, citing increased voter participation and prospective savings of $30,000 associated with supporting each election, with the first November election taking place in 2012.",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "124989#26",
"text": "The previous mayor, Bill Laforet faced a recall election in November 2018, after a resident group submitted in June a list of 5,000 petition signatures that they had collected calling for the action, in excess of the 25% needed to place the measure in front of voters. In the November 2018 general election, Laforet was recalled from office and John Roth was elected mayor. The successful recall was the first in the county for at least 25 years.",
"title": "Mahwah, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "43673658#16",
"text": "On October 24, the Attorney General of New Jersey, Christopher Porrino, sued Mahwah and its council, alleging that by voting for the parks ban and for the summonses, they had violated the constitutional rights of Orthodox Jews. The case, filed in state court in Hackensack, sought nullification of the council's actions, statutory penalties, attorney's fees, and the return of $3.5 million in state-provided Green Acres funds with which Mahwah had purchased and maintained parks. Under the Green Acres program, parks benefitting from the funds may not discriminate, including on the basis of religion or residency. Porrino stated, \"To think that there are local governments here in New Jersey, in 2017, making laws on the basis of some archaic, fear-driven and discriminatory mindset, is deeply disappointing and shocking to many, but it is exactly what we are alleging in this case. Of course, in this case we allege the target of the small-minded bias is not African-Americans, but Orthodox Jews. Nonetheless, the hateful message is the same.\" Mayor Laforet accused Council President Hermansen of fear-mongering and stoking passions, \"His disgraceful behavior is now worsened by the severe potential financial penalties facing the township's taxpayer.\" In the municipal election on November 7, Mahwah voters easily re-elected two anti-eruv council members, defeating challengers supported by Laforet. The case was removed from state to federal court by Mahwah on November 22 as it raised questions under the federal constitution. On December 1, the council voted unanimously to allocate $175,000 to fight the lawsuits, which supplemented the $90,000 previously appropriated.",
"title": "2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy"
},
{
"docid": "10506976#4",
"text": "The beginning of railroad service in Mahwah dates to the 1840s with the Paterson and Ramapo Railroad, which had its charter approved on March 10, 1841 by the state of New Jersey. The railroad was constructed through Mahwah in 1848, and while a stop was added at Mahwah, it was nothing more than a flag stop for passengers. The passengers would have to notify the station agent, who would flag down a passing train to stop. Once the Erie Railroad leased the Paterson and Ramapo in 1852, the improvement of service at Mahwah was not improving, and it was not until citizens of Mahwah persuaded the railroad that there was enough passenger and freight traffic for a depot that one was constructed in 1871. The land for the new depot was donated by Albert Winter, a local citizen.",
"title": "Mahwah station"
},
{
"docid": "43673658#14",
"text": "To a standing ovation from some 200 residents in attendance, the Mahwah council on August 10 unanimously voted to issue summonses because the eruv had not been taken down. Mayor Laforet, though, urged the council not to take this step, pointing to the large expense the unsuccessful eruv litigation had cost Tenafly, and advocated negotiation. In response to the council's action, the Bergen-Rockland Eruv Association (of which the South Monsey group is a part) and several Orthodox Jews resident in Rockland County filed suit in federal court against Mahwah on August 11, and promised to defy any summonses. Residents of Teaneck and Englewood, each in southeastern Bergen County and home to large communities of Orthodox Jews, had gone to Mahwah and Upper Saddle River to make known their views at council meetings. Council members from Teaneck and Englewood had spoken there in support of the eruv's retention, only to meet a hostile reception. Citizens for a Better Upper Saddle River posted a screenshot of the Teaneck council schedule online, urging members to mark their calendars with the dates. Council member Mark Schwartz of Teaneck stated that visitors would be welcome, and could view how a diverse community functioned. Michael Cohen of the Englewood council stated, \"We have repeatedly attempted to communicate to the leadership of Upper Saddle River and Mahwah why it is that the rhetoric and actions being seen and taken by certain members of their governing bodies and by certain members of their communities are being viewed by the outside world as anti-Semitic. However, those attempts have largely continued to fall on deaf ears.\"",
"title": "2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy"
},
{
"docid": "43673658#11",
"text": "On June 29, the Mahwah Township Council had passed an ordinance, effective July 27, barring nonresidents of New Jersey from its parks. Residents had complained that out-of-staters were flooding Mahwah's parks, sometimes by the busload. After the ordinance passed, but before it went into effect, Mahwah police chief James Batelli received many phone calls from residents asking that it be enforced against Orthodox Jews. He contacted the Bergen County Prosecutor, Gurbir Grewal, for advice. On July 27, the date the ordinance was to go into effect, Grewal issued a directive ordering Mahwah police to disregard the ban, stating that the ban could lead to racial profiling, unlawful searches and seizures and the illegal targeting of Orthodox Jews. In response, Rob Hermansen, president of the township council, stated that that body would rework the ordinance to continue putting Mahwah residents first.",
"title": "2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy"
}
] |
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] |
2361
|
Is French spoken in Ontario?
|
[
{
"docid": "22218#43",
"text": "The principal language of Ontario is English, the province's de facto official language, which is spoken natively by about 70% of the province's population, according to the 2011 census. There is also a French-speaking population concentrated in the northeastern, eastern, and extreme Southern parts of the province, where under the \"French Language Services Act\", provincial government services are required to be available in French if at least 10% of a designated area's population report French as their native language. Roughly 4% of Ontarians speak French as their mother tongue, and 11% are bilingual, speaking both English and French, according to the 2011 census. Other languages spoken by residents include Arabic, Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Italian, Korean, Malayalam, Mandarin, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Sinhalese, Somali, Spanish, Tagalog, Tamil, Tibetan, Urdu and Vietnamese.",
"title": "Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "1385923#17",
"text": "\"Quebec French\" is spoken in Quebec. Closely related varieties are spoken by francophone communities in Ontario, Western Canada, Labrador and in the New England region of the United States and differ from Quebec French primarily by their greater conservatism. The term \"Laurentian French\" has limited application as a collective label for all these varieties, and \"Quebec French\" has also been used for the entire dialect group. The overwhelming majority of francophone Canadians speak this dialect.",
"title": "French language in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "10904336#4",
"text": "\"Quebec French\" is spoken in Quebec. Closely related varieties are spoken by francophone communities in Ontario, Western Canada and the New England region of the United States, differing only from Quebec French primarily by their greater conservatism. The term \"Laurentian French\" has limited applications as a collective label for all these varieties, and \"Quebec French\" has also been used for the entire dialect group. The overwhelming majority of francophone Canadians speak this dialect.",
"title": "Canadian French"
},
{
"docid": "211003#55",
"text": "The mining boom of the early twentieth century attracted many francophones to Northeastern Ontario, and French is still widely spoken there. While the Canadian constitution never required the province of Ontario to recognize French as an official language, the government provides full services in the French language to any citizen, resident, or visitor wishing it including communications, schools, hospitals, social services, and in the courts, under the French Language Services Act of 1986. Bilingualism is higher than the Canadian average – in 2011, 180,020 people, or 24.6% of the population, spoke both English and French. There were also 8,910 people, or 1.2% of the population, who only spoke French. All of Northeastern Ontario, with the technical exception of Manitoulin Island, is designated as a French language service area, as are a few individual municipalities in the Northwest; Manitoulin Island, while not officially designated as a French language service area, effectively functions as one anyway since it receives most provincial government services from the designated Sudbury District seat in Espanola rather than functioning as its own jurisdictional area.",
"title": "Northern Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "218667#1",
"text": "There are more than 600,000 francophones residing in Ontario. According to the 2016 Canadian census, there were 550,600 people living in Ontario who declared French their first official language spoken, 490,715 people who declared French their mother tongue, and 277,045 Ontarians who declared French as the language they speak most often at home. Over 1.4 million Ontarians reported themselves as bilingual, and 1.3 million Ontarians reported partial or full French ethnic origins. French-speaking Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec, as well as the largest minority language group within Ontario, and French is the fourth most common ethnic background in the province after English, Scottish and Irish.",
"title": "Franco-Ontarian"
},
{
"docid": "13022749#7",
"text": "French is the dominant language in Quebec and Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and is spoken in Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Louisiana. It is spoken alongside French-based creole languages in Saint Lucia, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, and the French side of Saint Martin. French is one of the two official and national languages of Canada.",
"title": "Languages of North America"
},
{
"docid": "1971129#7",
"text": "Ontario French is often divided into two categories: North and South. The further north the more French is spoken and the closer the dialect and culture is to Quebec French. The further south, the French becomes a more pronounced French with a more English cultural influence as well as a Parisian grammar and dialect structure, as both Parisian and Canadian French are taught in the French immersion schools.",
"title": "Varieties of French"
},
{
"docid": "218667#33",
"text": "The dialects of French spoken in Ontario are similar to, but distinct from, Quebec French and constitute part of the greater Canadian French dialect. Due to the large English majority in the province, English loanwords are sometimes used in the informal or slang registers of Franco-Ontarian French. While English loanwords occur to a large extent in many varieties of French in Canada and Europe, there has been more of a conscious effort in Quebec to eliminate anglicisms.",
"title": "Franco-Ontarian"
},
{
"docid": "218667#14",
"text": "Although Ontario as a whole is not officially bilingual, the Ontario government's French Language Services Act designates 25 areas of the province where provincial ministries and agencies are required to provide local French-language services to the public. An area is designated as a French service area if the francophone population is greater than 5,000 people \"or\" 10% of the community's total population. Due to the 5,000 population threshold, large cities that are actually overwhelmingly anglophone (and may also have several widely-spoken immigrant languages) with virtually no obvious francophone element due to very low percentages, such as Toronto (population 2,731,571) or Brampton (population 593,638) are nevertheless still subject to the Act.",
"title": "Franco-Ontarian"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6340#27",
"text": "In Eastern Ontario, Canadian raising is not as strong as it is in the rest of the province. In Prescott and Russell, parts of Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry and Eastern Ottawa, French accents are often mixed with English ones due to the high Franco-Ontarian population there. In Lanark County, Western Ottawa and Leeds-Grenville and the rest of Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry, the accent spoken is nearly identical to that spoken in Central Ontario and the Quinte area. Phrases such as \"got it\" is often pronounced as . \"Okay\" is often pronounced as , while \"hello\" is often pronounced as .",
"title": "Canadian English"
}
] |
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2362
|
Where is Taekwondo from?
|
[
{
"docid": "2292375#1",
"text": "Taekwondo, a popular martial sport is often claimed to have historical origins on the Korean peninsula with origins said to have been traced as far back as the 1st century BCE. However, such historical claims are difficult to empirically verify and separate from the influences of neighboring counties. The sport rose to prominence following the end of Japanese occupation with the end of WWII. Formalized rules were established in 1961 and in 1988 the sport became an Olympic event. The name \"Taekwondo\" literally means \"way of foot and fist\", although the modern emphasis lies on the kicks. This may be a way to help legitimize the sport's connection to the traditional practice called Taekkyeon, which originated in Korea during the Goguryeo period in the 4th century. Taekkyeon uses open hands and the feet, where as the use of clenched fists is not permitted. The motions are smoother and more curvilinear than in Taekwondo. Although both disciplines start with the sound \"tae\" in English, there is no relationship.",
"title": "Sport in South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "15753520#6",
"text": "Taekwondo was developed from karate for use in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces from 1954. For this purpose, karate terminology needed to be \"nationalized\". The name \"taekwondo\" is due to shotokan practitioner and army general Choi Hong Hi. After the Korean War, Taekwondo was further developed into a purely sportive discipline, since 1973 overseen by the World Taekwondo Federation. \nDuring 1964-1966, Choi Hong Hi continued to promote taekwondo, working to put together a world-class exhibition team. Taekwondo's emphasis on jumping and flying kicks dates to this period. While taekwondo was based off karate, the structural changes made in the 1950s and 1960s were significant, and it cannot now be considered a branch of karate, but is a standalone modern martial art. Taekwondo was presented at the Summer Olympics as a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992, and became an official Olympic discipline in 2000.",
"title": "Modern history of East Asian martial arts"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "869674#0",
"text": "Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens, Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events, four each for men and women.",
"title": "Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "4094350#68",
"text": "The American Taekwondo Association (ATA) was founded in 1969 in Omaha, Nebraska by Haeng Ung Lee, a former Traditional Taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military. Songahm taekwondo is the style of martial arts practiced at ATA affiliated schools. Songahm means \"Pine Tree and Rock.\" According to the ATA, the term Songahm itself represents \"Evergreen strength the year round, long life and a symbol of unchanging human loyalty\" as represented by the pine tree and the rock.\nThere are several different Tang Soo Do organizations around the world, but they generally follow a similar course with regard to hyeong. Most Tang Soo Do hyeong are related by borrowing from Japanese/Okinawan kata, with the names often directly translated from the Japanese.",
"title": "Hyeong"
},
{
"docid": "34559818#0",
"text": "The Ŭnsan Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Ŭnsan on the P'yŏngra Line to Taegŏn.",
"title": "Ŭnsan Line"
},
{
"docid": "10566090#6",
"text": "It was Byon Oh Park, who introduced the regulated form of taekwondo and started to teach to some new taekwondo instructors. Of those, Percy Vergara and Juan Infantas were the YUHmain instructors and the ones who started the dissemination of taekwondo to bigger audiences. Both Percy Vergara and Juan Infantas started to run a Taekwondo Club in the San Marcos University. They also opened up a new club, Black Belt Taekwondo Club where most of their best students from San Marcos continued training.",
"title": "Sport in Peru"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
}
] |
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] |
2363
|
What is the southernmost county in Georgia?
|
[
{
"docid": "96813#0",
"text": "Charlton County is the southernmost county of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,171. The county seat is Folkston.",
"title": "Charlton County, Georgia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "96813#3",
"text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.1%) is water. It is the fifth-largest county by area in Georgia. It is the southernmost county in Georgia. A large portion of the county lies within the Okefenokee Swamp and its federally protected areas.",
"title": "Charlton County, Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "11154279#0",
"text": "Saint George, an unincorporated community located in the \"Georgia Bend\" of the St. Mary's River, is the southernmost town in Georgia. It is in Charlton County, south of Folkston. In 2010, the population of the St. George census county division (CCD) was 2,841. Most of this population is in the town of St. George, but the figure also includes rural areas not recognized by the Census Bureau, including communities like Moniac.",
"title": "Saint George, Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "11425592#0",
"text": "Fort King George State Historic Site is a fort located in the U.S. state of Georgia in McIntosh County, adjacent to Darien. The fort was built in 1721 along what is now known as the Darien River and served as the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in the Americas until 1727. The fort was constructed in what was then considered part of the colony of South Carolina, but was territory later settled as Georgia. It was part of a defensive line intended to encourage settlement along the colony's southern frontier, from the Savannah River to the Altamaha River. Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing to control the American Southeast, especially the Savannah-Altamaha River region.",
"title": "Fort King George"
},
{
"docid": "7389291#0",
"text": "Grassy Ridge is a ridge in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Georgia that runs south to north along the Eastern Continental Divide in Rabun County, Georgia. At the southern end of the ridge, there is an unnamed peak with an elevation of just over . From there, the ridge runs north, crossing the boundary between Georgia and North Carolina at just over and then ultimately joining Ridgepole Mountain in North Carolina. In between its southernmost point and North Carolina, there is another unnamed peak with an elevation of just over 4,420 feet (8th highest point in Georgia; 3rd highest point in Rabun County) and a gap called Nichols Gap with an elevation of . Grassy Ridge is in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness of the Chattahoochee National Forest",
"title": "Grassy Ridge"
},
{
"docid": "96785#3",
"text": "This area was developed by European-American settlers and their African-American enslaved workers for cotton plantations. Agriculture was critical to the economy into the 20th century. The Cohelee Creek Bridge in the county is the southernmost covered bridge still standing. One of the last wooden flagpoles from the American Civil War era is located at the historic courthouse in downtown Blakely.",
"title": "Early County, Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "7384601#0",
"text": "Mount Oglethorpe is a mountain located in Pickens County, Georgia, USA. The southernmost peak in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the mountain has an elevation of , making it the highest point in Pickens County.",
"title": "Mount Oglethorpe"
},
{
"docid": "835226#2",
"text": "Lookout Mountain and Sand Mountain (to the southwest) make up a large portion of the southernmost end of the Cumberland Plateau. The area was lifted from an ancient sea, and worn down by erosion for millions of years. The summit, called \"High Point\", is located just east of Thompsonville in Walker County, Georgia, with an elevation of above sea level. The foothills of the mountain extend into Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.",
"title": "Lookout Mountain"
},
{
"docid": "96780#5",
"text": "The vast majority of Fannin County is located in the Ocoee River sub-basin of the Middle Tennessee-Hiwassee basin. A very small northeastern portion of Fannin County is located in the Hiwassee River sub-basin of the same Middle Tennessee-Hiwassee basin. Illustrating that watershed boundaries and county boundaries have little in common, Fannin County's southernmost corner is located in the Etowah River sub-basin in the ACT River Basin (Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin), while two slivers of the county's southwestern area are located in the Coosawattee River sub-basin of the same larger ACT River Basin. Finally, a western portion of the county is located in the Conasauga River sub-basin of the ACT River Basin.",
"title": "Fannin County, Georgia"
},
{
"docid": "768062#2",
"text": "The southernmost post in Georgia was Fort Howe (previously known as Fort Barrington), on the banks of the Altamaha River, and the northernmost Florida outpost was at Fort Tonyn, in present-day Nassau County, Florida. East Florida Governor Patrick Tonyn had under his command a regiment of rangers led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Brown, and several hundred British Army troops under the command of Major General Augustine Prevost. Tonyn and Prevost squabbled over control of Brown's regiment, and disagreed on how the province should be defended against the recurring forays from Georgia. Prevost was under orders to stay on the defensive, while Tonyn sought a more vigorous defense. To that end Tonyn deployed Brown's force along the St. Marys River, which (then as now) formed the border. Brown and his men, sometimes with support from Creeks and Seminoles, engaged in regular raids into southern Georgia, harassing the defenders and raiding plantations for cattle to supply some of the province's food needs.",
"title": "Battle of Alligator Bridge"
},
{
"docid": "96813#8",
"text": "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 12,171 people, 3,927 households, and 2,866 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 4,475 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 68.6% white, 28.5% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 7.9% were American, 7.3% were English, and 6.2% were Irish.",
"title": "Charlton County, Georgia"
}
] |
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] |
2364
|
When was Lee de Forest born?
|
[
{
"docid": "256764#1",
"text": "Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret (née Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest. He was a direct descendant of Jessé de Forest, the leader of a group of Walloon Huguenots who fled Europe in the 17th Century due to religious persecution.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "256764#0",
"text": "Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor, self-described \"Father of Radio\", and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 180 patents, but also a tumultuous career—he boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element \"Audion\" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. Although De Forest had only a limited understanding of how it worked, it was the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting, long distance telephone lines, and talking motion pictures, among countless other applications.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "256764#2",
"text": "De Forest's father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor. In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school \"open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color\", and which educated primarily African-Americans. Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "11377415#1",
"text": "Roy De Forest was born in North Platte, Nebraska to migrant farm workers during the Great Depression. De Forest's family lost their farm in Nebraska due to the harsh economic conditions during the Great Depression and were forced to move to Yakima, Washington. In Yakima, the De Forests bought a new farm, where they harvested pears and plums. De Forest described the socioeconomic status of his family as \"not well off.\" Farm life had an important impact on De Forest's art. In his early art, De Forest experimented with landscape, which was inspired by the open land of his farm. Later in his career, De Forest began painting animals and other fantasy creatures in his art, which was inspired by growing up around farm animals.",
"title": "Roy De Forest"
},
{
"docid": "256764#52",
"text": "De Forest was the guest celebrity on the May 22, 1957, episode of the television show \"This Is Your Life\", where he was introduced as \"the father of radio and the grandfather of television\". He suffered a severe heart attack in 1958, after which he remained mostly bedridden. He died in Hollywood on June 30, 1961, aged 87, and was interred in San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. De Forest died relatively poor, with just $1,250 in his bank account.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "256764#18",
"text": "On July 18, 1907, de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions by radiotelephone — race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Association (I-LYA) Regatta held on Lake Erie — which were sent from the steam yacht \"Thelma\" to his assistant, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Dock Pavilion on South Bass Island. De Forest also interested the U.S. Navy in his radiotelephone, which placed a rush order to have 26 arc sets installed for its Great White Fleet around-the-world voyage that began in late 1907. However, at the conclusion of the circumnavigation the sets were declared to be too unreliable to meet the Navy's needs and removed.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "256764#56",
"text": "Although raised in a strongly religious Protestant household, de Forest later became an agnostic. In his autobiography, he wrote that in the summer of 1894 there was an important shift in his beliefs: \"Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became more of a philosopher than I have ever since. And thus, one by one, were my childhood's firm religious beliefs altered or reluctantly discarded.\"",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "18114919#9",
"text": "Lee De Forest produced a program broadcasting opera phonograph records from the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1908. This was just an experimental stunt for other nearby hobbyists and not considered a public broadcast as the public had no access to receivers at the time. At one point, when testing the radiotelephone for the Navy, Lee de Forest played patriotic phonograph music as the ships entered the harbor.",
"title": "Birth of public radio broadcasting"
},
{
"docid": "38339036#2",
"text": "De Forest was born in Randers, Denmark, to a Danish mother, Marianna Birgitte Gudnitz and Swedish father, Ingvar de Forest (1938–2010). Following her parents' divorce when she was young, she grew up with her mother in Mariager, Denmark, and in Stockholm, Sweden. She had previously claimed that she was a great granddaughter of British king Edward VII. Danmarks Radio used the story of her claim to royal ancestry in its promotion of the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, although the claim has been discredited by researchers.",
"title": "Emmelie de Forest"
},
{
"docid": "256764#34",
"text": "U.S. patent law included a provision for challenging grants if another inventor could prove prior discovery. With an eye to increasing the value of the patent portfolio that would be sold to Western Electric in 1917, beginning in 1915 de Forest filed a series of patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the priority of the competing applications upheld by an interference hearing at the patent office. Based on a notebook entry recorded at the time, de Forest asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, 1912 across the feedback principle, which was then used in the spring of 1913 to operate a low-powered transmitter for heterodyne reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions. However, there was also strong evidence that de Forest was unaware of the full significance of this discovery, as shown by his lack of follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics involved. In particular, it appeared that he was unaware of the potential for further development until he became familiar with Armstrong's research. De Forest was not alone in the interference determination — the patent office identified four competing claimants for its hearings, consisting of Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's Langmuir, and a German, Alexander Meissner, whose application would be seized by the Office of Alien Property Custodian during World War I.",
"title": "Lee de Forest"
}
] |
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] |
2365
|
When did Monet paint his waterlilies series?
|
[
{
"docid": "6548#33",
"text": "In 1877 a series of paintings at St-Lazare Station had Monet looking at smoke and steam and the way that they affected colour and visibility, being sometimes opaque and sometimes translucent. He was to further use this study in the painting of the effects of mist and rain on the landscape. The study of the effects of atmosphere was to evolve into a number of series of paintings in which Monet repeatedly painted the same subject (such as his water lilies series) in different lights, at different hours of the day, and through the changes of weather and season. This process began in the 1880s and continued until the end of his life in 1926.",
"title": "Claude Monet"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7570666#14",
"text": "Many notable painters have been influenced by this particular series including Les Fauves, Derain, and Vlaminck. Kandinsky's memoirs refer to the series: “What suddenly became clear to me was the unsuspected power of the palette, which I had not understood before and which surpassed my wildest dreams.” \nThe \"Haystacks\" series was a financial success. Fifteen of these were exhibited by Durand-Ruel in May 1891, and every painting sold within days. The exhibit met with great public acclaim. Octave Mirbeau described Monet's daring series as representing \"what lies beyond progress itself.\" Others described the stacks as \"faces of the landscape\" - they represented the countryside as a retreat from daily problems and home for contentment with nature. Camille Pissarro said: \"These canvases breathe contentment.\" Most of the paintings sold immediately for as much as 1,000 francs. Additionally, Monet’s prices, in general, began to rise steeply. As a result, he was able to buy outright the house and grounds at Giverny and to start constructing a waterlily pond. After years of mere subsistence living, he was able to enjoy success.",
"title": "Haystacks (Monet series)"
},
{
"docid": "17603408#3",
"text": "During the festival Rouen Impressionnée which took place in Rouen in the summer of 2010 he paid tribute to the impressionist Claude Monet by painting \"Les Jardins/The Waterlilies\" series for an exhibition in the Abbatiale de Saint-Ouen. The festival was organized as the contemporary component of the Normandie Impressionniste festival, a festival under the presidency of Laurent Fabius, former French Prime Minister, celebrating the impressionist past of the region. Next to the exhibition an installation (\"Camille\") was built on the Boieldieu bridge, a bridge that has been painted by the impressionist painter Camille Pissarro several times.",
"title": "Arne Quinze"
},
{
"docid": "432660#12",
"text": "\"Matrix\" was also published in 1971 by Fulcrum. The title sequence, ‘Matrix’, like a number of Fisher's poems, draws upon painting, in this case Böcklin's series of pictures called ‘The Isle of the Dead’ and Monet's late paintings of waterlilies. This volume also includes ‘Glenthorne Poems’, ‘The Six Deliberate Acts,’ and a number of collaborations with visual artists. Two of his works, ‘Correspondence’ and ‘Metamorphoses’, were illustrated by Tom Phillips and published in 1970 by Tetrad, a small London press run by artist Ian Tyson. ‘Also’ a collaboration with artist Derrick Greaves was published by Tetrad in 1972, and the same year the artist Ronald King published \"Bluebeard’s Castle\" with text by Fisher. Other collaborations with King followed over a period of twenty-five years, mostly appearing as Artist's Books and all issued by his Circle Press.",
"title": "Roy Fisher"
},
{
"docid": "44471995#3",
"text": "In 1900, the year of this painting, he embarked on two major projects - a series of the River Thames in London and another series of his water gardens in Giverny, including some of his famous paintings of waterlilies, such as \"The Waterlily Pond\" (now in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston).",
"title": "Le Jardin de l'artiste à Giverny"
},
{
"docid": "34643279#1",
"text": "One of Monet's larger paintings, it shows the beauty of the sunset reflecting off the water. In 1919, Claude Monet was an elderly man who had already had been painting for almost 70 years, and his \"Water Lilies\" series came during a time when he was mainly painting water lilies in his pond, the pond's bridge, and his garden.",
"title": "Water Lilies (1919)"
},
{
"docid": "31289501#20",
"text": "Monet's series of 11 paintings depicting \"The Bridge at Argenteuil\" (1874) also explored the use of colored shadows in its portrayal of the blue and purple shadow on the top portion of the bridge. Over the years, Monet became more and more obsessed with color and light. When his wife was dying in September 1879, Monet painted her in \"Camille Monet on Her Deathbed\" (1879), noting the \"blue, yellow, grey tones\". Monet told his friend, French statesman Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929), that he spent the time \"focusing on her temples and automatically analyzing the succession of appropriately graded colors which death was imposing on her motionless face.\" Camille died from cancer at the age of 32. After her death, Monet largely ceased painting people, focusing instead on natural landscapes. Monet later returned to painting snow and colored shadows with \"Grainstacks Snow Effect\" (1891).",
"title": "The Magpie (Monet)"
},
{
"docid": "45646576#4",
"text": "While there Monet completed a series of artwork on the Canale Grande painting the same motif at different times of the day. Monet had the habit of studying the same subject in a varying light, at different times of the day, which resulted during his active career in many distinct Monet series, like for example the \"Water Lilies\" series, \"Poplar\" series, \"Rouen Cathedral\" series, \"Haystacks\" series and \"Charing Cross Bridge\" series. Monet painted 37 works of Venice during his three-month stay in Italy, from October to December, including this painting and five more depicting the same theme, Canale Grande. One is hosted at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.",
"title": "Le Grand Canal"
},
{
"docid": "12375263#0",
"text": "Water Lilies (or Nymphéas, ) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926). The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny, and were the main focus of his artistic production during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts.",
"title": "Water Lilies (Monet series)"
},
{
"docid": "12610728#0",
"text": "The Poplars series paintings were made by Claude Monet in the summer and fall of 1891. The trees were in a marsh along the banks of the Epte River a few kilometers upstream from Monet's home and studio. To reach his floating painting studio that was moored in a place he went by small boat up the nearby waterway to where it joined the mainstream. The trees were along the riverside in single file, following along an S-curve.\nThere were three groups of paintings — in one group the paintings have towering Poplars that go off the top edge of the canvas, in another group, there are seven trees and in another group three or four Poplars on the banks of the Epte River near Giverny. The trees, which actually belonged to the commune of Limetz, were put up for auction before Monet had completed all of his paintings. At a certain point, Monet was forced into buying the trees because he still wasn't finished with his paintings. After he finished the series he sold the trees back to the lumber merchant who wanted them.",
"title": "Poplars (Monet series)"
}
] |
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] |
2366
|
When was Yane Ivanov Sandanski born?
|
[
{
"docid": "3205466#0",
"text": "Yane Ivanov Sandanski or Jane Ivanov Sandanski (, ) (18 May 1872 – 22 April 1915), was a Bulgarian revolutionary recognised as a national hero in Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia.",
"title": "Yane Sandanski"
},
{
"docid": "3205466#3",
"text": "Sandanski was born in the village of Vlahi near Kresna in Ottoman Empire on May 18, 1872. His father Ivan participated as a standard-bearer in the Kresna-Razlog Uprising. After the crush of the uprising, in 1879 his family moved to Dupnitsa, Bulgaria, where Sandanski received his elementary education. From 1892 to 1894 he was a soldier in the Bulgarian army. Sandanski was an active supporter of the Radoslavov's wing of the Liberal Party and shortly after it came to power in February 1899, he was appointed head of the Dupnitsa Prison. Because of that, his name \"\"Sandanski\"\" distorted from \"\"Zindanski\"\" that comes from Turkish \"\"Zindancı\"\" (lit. \"Dungeon Keeper\" or \"Jailer\").\nYane Sandanski was involved in the Revolutionary Movement in Macedonia and Thrace and became one of its leaders. He joined initially the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC) in 1895 during an incursion into the Muslim-inhabited regions of the central Rhodopes ìn Thrace. In the next five years, Sandanski was a SMAC activist in the Pirin region, but in 1900 returned to become a director of the local prison in Dupnitsa. In 1901, Sandanski switched to the Internal Macedono-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (IMARO). He built up the organization’s network of committees in the districts of Serres and Gorna Dzhumaja in the Pirin region, and that is why the people gave him the nickname \"PirinTsar\" (Pirinski Tsar). He was also one from the organizers of the Miss Stone Affair - America's first modern hostage crisis. On September 3, 1901, a Protestant missionary named Ellen Stone set out on horseback across the mountainous hinterlands of Macedonia and was ambushed by a band of armed revolutionaries. Sandanski was also active in the anti-Ottoman Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising. The Militias active in the region of Serres, led by Yane Sandanski and an insurgent detachment of the \"Macedonian Supreme Committee\", held down a large Turkish force. These actions began on the day of the Feast of the Cross and did not involve the local population as much as in other regions, but were well to the east of Monastir and to the west of Thrace.",
"title": "Yane Sandanski"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26799656#1",
"text": "Yanev was born in Sandanski, a town in southwestern Bulgaria known for its agreeable climate and recreational resorts. He is son to Georgi Yanev and grandson to Yane Yanev (in whose honor he was named), both known as resistance figures to the communist regime. His grandfather served as mayor of the village Malak Tzalin for 11 years.\nYanev attended the local school in Sandanski and in 1990 entered the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, from which he matriculated with a degree in Agro-Engineering in 1994. He also pursued a Master's degree in Economics and Management from the University of Plovdiv in 1992 to 1995.\nDuring his student days he was active in student politics and was a member of the Students National Organization (Independent).",
"title": "Yane Yanev"
},
{
"docid": "3205466#5",
"text": "After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and during the Second Constitutional Era Sandanski (in association with Hristo Chernopeev, Chudomir Kantardziev, Aleksandar Buynov and others) contacted the Young Turks and started legal operation. After the disintegration of IMARO, they tried to set up the Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (MORO). Later, the congress for MORO's official inauguration failed and Sandanski and Chernopeev started to work towards a creation of one of the left political parties in the Ottoman Empire – People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section), whose headquarters was in Solun. This federalist project was supposed to include different ethnic sections in itself, but this idea failed and the only section that was created was the faction of Sandanski, called \"Bulgarian section\". In this way its activists only \"revived\" their Bulgarian national identification, as Sandanski's faction advocated the particular interests of the \"Bulgarian nationality\" in the Empire. In 1909 the group around Sandanski and Chernopeev participated in the rally of the Young Turks to Istanbul that led to the deposition of sultan Abdul Hamid II from the throne. Sandanski dreamed about the creation of a Balkan Federative Republic according to the plans of the Balkan Socialist Federation and Macedonia as a part of that Federation. He demanded that the IMARO should embrace all nationalities in the region, not only Bulgarians.",
"title": "Yane Sandanski"
},
{
"docid": "3205466#1",
"text": "In his youth Sandanski was interested in Bulgarian politics and had a career as governor of the local prison in Dupnitsa. Then he was involved in the anti-Ottoman struggle, joining initially the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), but later switched to the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (IMARO). Sandanski became one of the leaders of the IMARO in the Serres revolutionary district and head of the extreme leftist wing of the organisation. He supported the idea of a Balkan Federation, and Macedonia as an autonomous state within its framework, as an ultimate solution of the national problems in the area. During the Second Constitutional Era he became an Ottoman politician and entrepreneur, collaborating with the Young Turks and founded the Bulgarian People's Federative Party. Sandanski took up arms on the side of Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars (1912–13). Finally he was involved in Bulgarian public life again, but was eventually killed by the rivalling IMARO right-wing faction activists.",
"title": "Yane Sandanski"
},
{
"docid": "21758633#2",
"text": "Sandanski has drawn then to the idea of kidnapping a Protestant missionary of Bansko. A detachment led by the voivoda Yane Sandanski and the sub-voivodas Hristo Chernopeev and Krǎstyo Asenov realized this idea on 21 August 1901. The two women - Ellen Maria Stone and her fellow missionary Katerina Stefanova–Tsilka were kidnapped somewhere between Bansko and Gorna Dzhumaya, then towns in the Ottoman Empire. Widely covered by the media at the time, the event has been often dubbed \"America's first modern hostage crisis\". The goal of the kidnapping was to receive a heavy ransom and aid the financially struggling at the time IMARO. The detachment was pursued by the Ottoman authorities and by bands of the contending organization Supreme Macedonian Committee. Sometimes regarded as a case of the Stockholm syndrome (with the kidnappers even assisting Tsilka in giving birth to her daughter), the affair ended after intensive negotiations in early 1902, half a year after the kidnapping. IMARO was paid a ransom of 14,000 Turkish gold liras on 18 January 1902 in Bansko. The hostages were released on 2 February near Ustrumca, in present-day Macedonia.",
"title": "Miss Stone Affair"
},
{
"docid": "33422420#1",
"text": "The film is set in 1901, and is based on events surrounding the growing Macedonian resistance to the Ottoman Empire. Resistance groups known as \"Komiti\" show the readiness of the Macedonian people to fight for freedom. At the same time different religious missions are trying to expand their influence among the people. Thessaloniki is the center of the American Protestant mission in Macedonia. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization abducted U.S. Protestant missionary Miss Stone (Olga Spiridonovikj) led by Yane Sandanski (Ilija Milcin) and his unit. The group demanded 25 pounds of gold to release her. They wanted her to sign the demand. She flatly refuses, but after going through several battles with Turkish forces, she stands on the side of guerrillas and signs the letter. The gold is eventually provided.",
"title": "Miss Stone (film)"
},
{
"docid": "3205466#6",
"text": "In this way it would be possible to create a healthy system aimed at the organisation of a mass uprising. Later Sandanski and his faction actively supported the Bulgarian army in the Balkan wars of 1912–1913, initially with the idea, that their duty is to fight for autonomous Macedonia, but later fighting for Bulgaria. Οbserving the atrocity of Serbs over the local population, former IMORO members began restoration of the organizational network. In the same period a group around Petar Chaulev began negotiations with the Albanian revolutionaries. The temporary Albanian government proposed to them a common revolt to be organized and risen. The negotiations from the part of the Organization had to be carried by Petar Chaulev. The Bulgarian government believed however, that it would not come to a new war with Serbia, so it did not attend the negotiations. However, later, in June 1913 the Bulgarian government sent in Tirana Yane Sandanski for new negotiations. He gave an interview for the newspaper \"\"Seculo\"\", where he said that he came to agreement with the Albanians and that from the Bulgarian side there would be organized bands and assaults. So he helped the preparation of the Ohrid-Debar Uprising, organised jointly by IMORO and the Albanians of Western Macedonia. After the wars, Pirin Macedonia was ceded in 1913 to Bulgaria and Sandanski resettled again in the Kingdom where he was killed in 1915 by his political opponents.\nThe Macedonian liberation movement consisted of three major factions. Led by his excessive ambitions, Sandanski came into conflict with the majority — the \"Centralists\" in IMARO and the \"Varhovists\". Although initially a member of the Bulgarian nationalistic \"Varhovists\" band, later Yane Sandanski and his Serres group (the \"Federalists\") proclaimed a fight for an autonomous Macedonia which was to be included in a Balkan Socialist Federation. In this manner, the policy of Sofia was completely identified to the adversary character of Athens and Belgrade. The activists of Serres nonetheless stipulated that the Macedonian Question could not be resolved if it is formulated as a part of a Bulgarian national question. After the Ilinden Uprising, this Group insisted on cooperation with all ethnic and religious groups in the Ottoman Empire and envisioned the inclusion of Macedonia and the district of Adrianople in a Balkan Federation. However the idea of Macedonian autonomy was strictly political and did not imply a secession from Bulgarian ethnicity, even as it was seen at a later stage of the struggle by the group around Sandanski, that espoused a number of classical liberal ideas intermingled with socialism, imported from Bulgaria.",
"title": "Yane Sandanski"
},
{
"docid": "19177602#0",
"text": "Yanko Petrov Sandanski (; born 23 November 1988) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for CSKA 1948 Sofia.",
"title": "Yanko Sandanski"
},
{
"docid": "4126396#2",
"text": "The club was founded on 24 May 1925. It has carried the names \"Ustrem\", \"Gotse Delchev\", \"Yane Sandanski\" and \"Cherveno zname\" throughout its history. Until the 2004/05 season, the team participated in either the second or the third Bulgarian division, but gained a promotion to the Bulgarian A PFG for the 2005/06 season. In the first year of A PFG, FC Vihren's owner decided to bring players from other country. His first signing was the ex-FC Porto player Jose Furtado. He was from the Portugal G.D. Tourizense for free. Brazilian player Serginio Dias, and Portuguese players Mauro Alexandre and Nuno Almeida were just a few players who signed for FC Vihren after Furtado. The team coach was named Petar Zhekov. Vihren finished season 2005/06 on 10th place in A PFG with 30 points. In season 2007-08, FC Vihren's owner Konstantin Dinev decided to bring Portuguese coach Rui Dias. With the club from Sandanski signed also eight Portuguese and two Brazilian players. But three months later, Rui Dias was discharged for poor results. Again the team finished on 10th place. Season 2008/09 started excellent with a 1-0 win against Bulgarian Vice-champion Levski Sofia. In the 4th round, the club defeated Lokomotiv Sofia. In January 2008,with Vihren signed notable Greek players Christos Maladenis and Dimitrios Zografakis. In the end of the season the team finished in 14th place and were relegated to B PFG.",
"title": "OFC Vihren Sandanski"
}
] |
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] |
2367
|
Who was the first female superhero?
|
[
{
"docid": "8831275#2",
"text": "The first known female superhero is writer-artist Fletcher Hanks's minor character Fantomah, an ageless, ancient Egyptian woman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil; she debuted in Fiction House's \"Jungle Comics\" #2 (Feb. 1940), credited to the pseudonymous \"Barclay Flagg\". The first widely recognizable female superhero is \"Wonder Woman\", from All-American Publications, one of three companies that would merge to form DC Comics. In an October 25, 1940, interview conducted by former student Olive Byrne (under the pseudonym 'Olive Richard') and published in \"Family Circle\", titled \"Don't Laugh at the Comics\", William Moulton Marston described what he saw as the great educational potential of comic books (a follow up article was published two years later in 1942.) This article caught the attention of comics publisher Max Gaines, who hired Marston as an educational consultant for National Periodicals and All-American Publications, two of the companies that would merge to form the future DC Comics. At that time, Marston decided to develop a new superhero. In the early 1940s the DC line was dominated by superpowered male characters such as the Green Lantern, Batman, and its flagship character, Superman. According to the Fall 2001 issue of the Boston University alumni magazine, it was his wife Elizabeth Hollowy's idea to create a female superhero. Marston introduced the idea to Max Gaines, cofounder (along with Jack Liebowitz) of All-American Publications. Given the go-ahead, Marston developed \"Wonder Woman\" with Elizabeth (whom Marston believed to be a model of that era's unconventional, liberated woman). In creating Wonder Woman, Marston was also inspired by Olive Byrne, who lived with the couple in a polygamous/polyamorous relationship. In a 1943 issue of \"The American Scholar\", Marston wrote:",
"title": "Portrayal of women in American comics"
},
{
"docid": "9002010#32",
"text": "The first known female superhero is writer-artist Fletcher Hanks's minor character Fantomah, an ageless, ancient Egyptian woman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil; she debuted in 1940 in Fiction Houses \"Jungle Comics\".",
"title": "Gender in speculative fiction"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43076#23",
"text": "In 1966, Marvel Comics introduced the Black Panther, an African monarch who became the first non-caricatured black superhero. The first African-American superhero, the Falcon, followed in 1969, and three years later, Luke Cage, a self-styled \"hero-for-hire\", became the first black superhero to star in his own series. In 1989, the Monica Rambeau incarnation of Captain Marvel was the first female black superhero from a major publisher to get her own title in a special one-shot issue. In 1971, Red Wolf became the first Native American in the superheroic tradition to headline a series. In 1973, Shang-Chi became the first prominent Asian superhero to star in an American comic book (Kato had been a secondary character of the \"Green Hornet\" media franchise series since its inception in the 1930s.). Kitty Pryde, a member of the X-Men, was an openly Jewish superhero in mainstream American comic books as early as 1978.",
"title": "Superhero"
},
{
"docid": "5349729#4",
"text": "The first known Black superhero in mainstream American comic books is Marvel's the Black Panther, an African who first appeared in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (July 1966). This was followed by the first African-American superhero in mainstream comics, the Falcon, introduced in \"Captain America\" #117 (Sept. 1969). DC's first African-American superhero was Sgt. Willie Walker, a.k.a. Black Racer of the New Gods, introduced in writer-artist Jack Kirby's \"New Gods\" #3 (July 1971). Marvel's first major African female character was the superhero Storm.",
"title": "African characters in comics"
},
{
"docid": "16983937#15",
"text": "The first black superhero in mainstream American comic books is Marvel's the Black Panther, an African who first appeared in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (July 1966). He was originally conceived by Jack Kirby as a character named \"Coal Tiger\". This was followed by the first African-American superhero in mainstream comics, the Falcon, introduced in \"Captain America\" #117 (Sept. 1969). DC's first African-American superhero was Mal Duncan from Teen Titans #26 in 1970. He would later go on to be a member of the teen titans. The first African American female DC character is Karen Beecher aka Bumblebee from Teen Titans #46 as Karen and Teen titans #48 as Bumblebee",
"title": "Portrayal of black people in comics"
},
{
"docid": "48483748#0",
"text": "Mapui Kawlim (alias Wingstar) is a superhero appearing in the Indian comic book \"Tinkle\". It was created by Sean D′mello and Artist Vineet Nair. It made a debut on the 35th anniversary issue of the comic book, issue number 639 released in November 2015. It is the first superhero from Mizoram. The name \"Mapui\" is a popular pet name among the Mizo people. The character originates from Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. She is the first female superhero from northeast India in the series of \"Tinkle\". The editor Rajani Thindiath described it as a \"reluctant superhero\" but \"has the potential to be the most iconic female superhero characters in Indian comic history.\" She acquires super flight and super strength from gadgets developed by her inventor-father.",
"title": "Mapui"
},
{
"docid": "30863731#0",
"text": "Nelvana of the Northern Lights is a Canadian comic book character and the first Canadian national superhero, debuting in Hillborough Studios' \"Triumph-Adventure Comics\" #1 (Aug. 1941). She is also one of the first female superheroes, debuting before Wonder Woman but after Fantomah, the Golden Age Black Widow, Invisible Scarlet O'Neil and others introduced in 1940. Nelvana of the Northern Lights is Canada’s first distinctly Canadian female superhero.",
"title": "Nelvana of the Northern Lights"
},
{
"docid": "1375758#1",
"text": "As superheroes began to fade out of fashion in the post-World War II era, comic-book publishers scrambled to explore new types of stories, characters, and audiences. In an attempt to appeal to young female readers, comics companies began introducing some of the first significant female superheroes since Wonder Woman in 1941. These new female leads would include Timely's Blonde Phantom, Golden Girl, Namora, Sun Girl, and Venus, and its teen-humor star Millie the Model; Fox Comics' revival of Quality Comics' Phantom Lady; and DC's Black Canary.",
"title": "Miss America (Madeline Joyce)"
},
{
"docid": "43076#15",
"text": "Both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics; and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. Female supporting characters who were successful professionals or hold positions of authority in their own right also debuted in the pages of several popular superhero titles from the late 1950s onward: Hal Jordan's love interest Carol Ferris was introduced as the Vice-President of Ferris Aircraft and later took over the company from her father; Medusa, who was first introduced in the \"Fantastic Four\" series, is a member of the Inhuman Royal Family and a prominent statesperson within her people's quasi-feudal society; and Carol Danvers, a decorated officer in the United States Air Force who would become a costumed superhero herself years later.",
"title": "Superhero"
},
{
"docid": "43076#5",
"text": "During the 1940s there were many superheroes: The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era. This era saw the debut of first known female superhero, writer-artist Fletcher Hanks's character Fantomah, an ageless ancient Egyptian woman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil; she debuted in Fiction House's \"Jungle Comic\" #2 (Feb. 1940), credited to the pseudonymous \"Barclay Flagg\". The Invisible Scarlet O'Neil, a non-costumed character who fought crime and wartime saboteurs using the superpower of invisibility created by Russell Stamm, would debut in the eponymous syndicated newspaper comic strip a few months later on June 3, 1940.\nOne superpowered character was portrayed as an antiheroine, a rarity for its time: the Black Widow, a costumed emissary of Satan who killed evildoers in order to send them to Hell—debuted in \"Mystic Comics\" #4 (Aug. 1940), from Timely Comics, the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics. Most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. Notable characters include The Woman in Red, introduced in Standard Comics' \"Thrilling Comics\" #2 (March 1940); Lady Luck, debuting in the Sunday-newspaper comic-book insert \"The Spirit Section\" June 2, 1940; the comedic character Red Tornado, debuting in \"All-American Comics\" #20 (Nov 1940); Miss Fury, debuting in the eponymous comic strip by female cartoonist Tarpé Mills on April 6, 1941; the Phantom Lady, introduced in Quality Comics \"Police Comics\" #1 (Aug. 1941); the Black Cat, introduced in Harvey Comics' \"Pocket Comics\" #1 (also Aug. 1941); and the Black Canary, introduced in \"Flash Comics\" #86 (Aug. 1947) as a supporting character. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman. Modeled from the myth of the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Woman's first appearance was in \"All Star Comics\" #8 (Dec. 1941), published by All-American Publications, one of two companies that would merge to form DC Comics in 1944.",
"title": "Superhero"
}
] |
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2368
|
Is aggression a learned behavior?
|
[
{
"docid": "58687#65",
"text": "Some scholars believe that behaviors like aggression may be partially learned by watching and imitating people's behavior, while other researchers have concluded that the media may have some small effects on aggression. There is also research questioning this view. For instance, a long-term outcome study of youth found no long-term relationship between playing violent video games and youth violence or bullying. One study suggested there is a smaller effect of violent video games on aggression than has been found with television violence on aggression. This effect is positively associated with type of game violence and negatively associated to time spent playing the games. The author concluded that insufficient evidence exists to link video game violence with aggression. However, another study suggested links to aggressive behavior.",
"title": "Aggression"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58687#68",
"text": "The frequency of physical aggression in humans peaks at around 2–3 years of age. It then declines gradually on average. These observations suggest that physical aggression is not only a learned behavior but that development provides opportunities for the learning and biological development of self-regulation. However, a small subset of children fail to acquire all the necessary self-regulatory abilities and tend to show atypical levels of physical aggression across development. These may be at risk for later violent behavior or, conversely, lack of aggression that may be considered necessary within society. Some findings suggest that early aggression does not necessarily lead to aggression later on, however, although the course through early childhood is an important predictor of outcomes in middle childhood. In addition, physical aggression that continues is likely occurring in the context of family adversity, including socioeconomic factors. Moreover, 'opposition' and 'status violations' in childhood appear to be more strongly linked to social problems in adulthood than simply aggressive antisocial behavior. Social learning through interactions in early childhood has been seen as a building block for levels of aggression which play a crucial role in the development of peer relationships in middle childhood. Overall, an interplay of biological, social and environmental factors can be considered.\nThe Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961. In this work, Bandura found that children exposed to an aggressive adult model acted more aggressively than those who were exposed to a nonaggressive adult model. This experiment suggests that anyone who comes in contact with and interacts with children can affect the way they react and handle situations.Gender is a factor that plays a role in both human and animal aggression. Males are historically believed to be generally more physically aggressive than females from an early age, and men commit the vast majority of murders (Buss 2005). This is one of the most robust and reliable behavioral sex differences, and it has been found across many different age groups and cultures. However, some empirical studies have found the discrepancy in male and female aggression to be more pronounced in childhood and the gender difference in adults to be modest when studied in an experimental context. Still, there is evidence that males are quicker to aggression (Frey et al. 2003) and more likely than females to express their aggression physically. When considering indirect forms of non-violent aggression, such as relational aggression and social rejection, some scientists argue that females can be quite aggressive, although female aggression is rarely expressed physically. An exception is intimate partner violence that occurs among couples who are engaged, married, or in some other form of intimate relationship.",
"title": "Aggression"
},
{
"docid": "41409857#27",
"text": "The next theory that may contribute to antisocial behavior is between genetic predisposition and social learning experiences. Aggression is seen more in the evolutionary aspect. An example being, males are more aggressive than females and are involved in triple the amount of crime. Aggression has been present in males for centuries due to male dependence on dominance to compete for mates and pass genes to further generations. Most individuals are born with temperaments, impulsive tendencies, and other characteristics that relate to a delinquent. Although predisposed aspects have a great effect on the adolescent's behavior, if the child grows up in a dysfunctional family and receive poor parenting or is involved in an abusive environment that will increase the chances immensely for antisocial behaviors to appear.",
"title": "Morality throughout the Life Span"
},
{
"docid": "4190878#2",
"text": "Social learning theory originated with Bandura's which suggests that children may learn aggression from viewing others. Modeling of behavior was observed in Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments. Bandura presented children with an Aggressive Model: The model played with 'harmless' tinker toys for a minute or so but then progressed onto the Bobo doll, the model lay the Bobo doll down and was violent towards it; punched its nose, hit it with a mallet, tossed it in the air, and kicked it. In addition, verbal comments were made in relation. They then put the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video.",
"title": "Research on the effects of violence in mass media"
},
{
"docid": "57757193#0",
"text": "The International Society for Research on Aggression (abbreviated ISRA) is an international learned society dedicated to scientific research on all aspects of human aggressive behavior. It was established in August 1972 in Tokyo, Japan, by a group of academics who were there to attend the 20th Annual International Congress of Psychology. The Society was co-founded by Saul Rosenzweig and John Paul Scott, who served as its first and second president, respectively. Its official journal is \"Aggressive Behavior\", which is published by John Wiley & Sons. The current president of the society is Mike Potegal.\nNotable past presidents of the ISRA include:",
"title": "International Society for Research on Aggression"
},
{
"docid": "237253#13",
"text": "His research with Walters led to his first book, \"Adolescent Aggression\" in 1959, and to a subsequent book, \"Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis\" in 1973. During a period dominated by behaviorism in the mold of B.F. Skinner, Bandura believed the sole behavioral modifiers of reward and punishment in classical and operant conditioning were inadequate as a framework, and that many human behaviors were learned from other humans. Bandura began to analyze means of treating unduly aggressive children by identifying sources of violence in their lives. Initial research in the area had begun in the 1940s under Neal Miller and John Dollard; his continued work in this line eventually culminated in the Bobo doll experiment, and in 1977's hugely influential treatise, \"Social Learning Theory\". Many of his innovations came from his focus on empirical investigation and reproducible investigation, which were alien to a field of psychology dominated by the theories of Freud.",
"title": "Albert Bandura"
},
{
"docid": "19996292#1",
"text": "Aggression, in general, is any behavior an individual carries out with the intent to harm another person or group of people. The aggressor must believe that their behavior is harmful to their target, and that the target is motivated to avoid this behavior. A defining feature of aggression is the intent or motivation to harm. For a behavior to be considered an aggressive act, the individual committing the behavior must intend harm. In other words, if they inflict harm on another without that specific intent, it is not considered aggression.",
"title": "Workplace aggression"
},
{
"docid": "9310389#4",
"text": "Structured Learning Training is the behavioral components of ART. Many youths with criminal behavior and/or have difficulties controlling their anger lack social skills. Many of the concepts of the social skills component are taken from Albert Bandura's work. There are many different social skills that these youth are thought to lack. The ART intervention focuses on the following social skills that are particular to reducing aggressive behavior:\nThese social skills are broken down into various steps (both thinking and action steps). The facilitator discusses the day's skill, bringing out relevant examples. Then the facilitator demonstrates a situation to give the youth a picture of how to perform the skill. The youth are asked to point out each of the steps. Then each of the youths is asked to use a relevant situation that they have recently had using the skill. Again, the other youths go through and discuss each of the steps each time.",
"title": "Aggression replacement training"
},
{
"docid": "58687#58",
"text": "Humans share aspects of aggression with non-human animals, and have specific aspects and complexity related to factors such as genetics, early development, social learning and flexibility, culture and morals.\nKonrad Lorenz stated in his 1963 classic, \"On Aggression,\" that human behavior is shaped by four main, survival-seeking animal drives. Taken together, these drives—hunger, fear, reproduction, and aggression—achieve natural selection. E. O. Wilson elaborated in \"On Human Nature\" that aggression is, typically, a means of gaining control over resources. Aggression is, thus, aggravated during times when high population densities generate resource shortages. According to Richard Leakey and his colleagues, aggression in humans has also increased by becoming more interested in ownership and by defending his or her property. However, UNESCO adopted the Seville Statement of Violence in 1989 that refuted claims, by evolutionary scientists, that genetics by itself was the sole cause of aggression.",
"title": "Aggression"
},
{
"docid": "31539062#9",
"text": "In 1964, Leonard Berkowitz stated that it is necessary to have an aggression stimulus to make aggression take place. Then in 1974 and 1993, he remodified the frustration/aggression hypothesis into a theory that removed the importance of aggressive cues to the aggressive behavior. Which is to say, extremely angry subject will show aggression even if the aggression cue is absent. The most provocative theory introduced by Berkowitz is “aggressive cues” hypothesis, stating that for young children, previous exposure to any objects or events such as military weapon toys showing destruction effects will work as aggressive cues to increase the chances of aggression behaviors. The modification of frustration/aggression hypothesis by Berkowitz discussed that the aggressive behavior originates from internal forces such as anger, aggressive habits and external stimuli.These theories help explain the reasons why aggression is evoked but didn’t explain well the procedure of aggressive habits developments into aggressive stimuli.",
"title": "Frustration–aggression hypothesis"
}
] |
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2370
|
Where is Michoacán de Ocampo?\
|
[
{
"docid": "57775413#0",
"text": "Michoacán de Ocampo is a town in Baja California in Mexicali Municipality. The town had a population of 3,086 as of 2010.",
"title": "Michoacán de Ocampo, Baja California"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "195805#0",
"text": "Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: \"Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo\"), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The State is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.",
"title": "Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "14706814#3",
"text": "Ocampo was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1842. In 1844, Manuel Gómez Pedraza became president of Mexico and appointed Ocampo Governor of Michoacán. during the U.S. Invasion (1846–48). He was an activist governor, reorganizing the state treasury, building roads, proposing the founding of schools, and improving the conditions of the national guard in Michoacán. During the Mexican–American War he recruited troops without conscription or increased taxes, but solely by persuasion. Ocampo urged that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War be rejected. As governor, Ocampo appointed Santos Degollado the rector of the Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, where revolutionary Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had served prior to his exile to the village of Dolores. Degollado later was murdered seeking the murderers of his patron Ocampo.",
"title": "Melchor Ocampo"
},
{
"docid": "57762740#0",
"text": "Ocampo is one of the 113 municipalities of Michoacán, in central Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Ocampo.",
"title": "Ocampo Municipality, Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "57762748#0",
"text": "Ocampo is a town and seat of the municipality of Ocampo, in the central Mexican state of Michoacán. As of 2010, the town had a population of 3,799.",
"title": "Ocampo, Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "2530039#0",
"text": "According to the Political Constitution of the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo, the exercise of the Ejectivo Power of this Mexican organization, it is deposited in a single individual, that denominates Constitutional Governor of the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo and that is elect for a period of 6 years without any possibility of re-election. The governmental period begins day of February 15 of the year of the election and finishes on February 14 after having passed six years.",
"title": "Governor of Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "14706814#5",
"text": "He began a published polemical debate with a priest or a group of priests in Michoacán about the reform of clerical fees. Historian Enrique Krauze suggests that the priest was probably Clemente de Jesús Mungía, the bishop of Morelia, the state capital. Ocampo was subsequently deposed as governor and was forced to flee the country by President Antonio López de Santa Anna, taking refuge first in Cuba and then in the U.S. city of New Orleans, Louisiana. In New Orleans he met a group of fellow liberal exiles, including Benito Juárez. Ocampo began to publish pamphlets to promote political change in Mexico. He returned to Mexico in 1855 following the successful ouster of Santa Anna under the Plan de Ayutla. The plan had called for the overthrow of Santa Anna and the installation of the liberal general Juan Álvarez as president of Mexico. With Álvarez's victory, Ocampo served briefly in his cabinet as foreign minister, but when Álvarez stepped down and Ignacio Comonfort became president, Ocampo returned to Michoacán. He was then elected to the Constitutional Convention that drafted the liberal Constitution of 1857, which included strong provisions for the separation of Church and State.",
"title": "Melchor Ocampo"
},
{
"docid": "35220126#0",
"text": "Michoacán Nahuatl is the name given to a variety of Nahuatl language spoken by the Nahua Michoacan on the Pacific Coast of Mexico in Michoacán. It is a dialect of Nahuatl, a language of the Uto-Aztecan trunk. It is the westernmost variant of this language, although the Uto-Aztecan family is spread farther north, central, south and east. It has around 9000 speakers which mainly reside in rural communities in the municipalities of Aquila, Apatzingán Pomaro and Maruata in Michoacán de Ocampo, which coexist with the Purepecha language speakers. The Michoacan Nahuatl is one of many Nahua dialects, notably with regard to the central dialects which include \"tl\" in certain words, usually Michoacan. For example, the word for \"man\" in Central Nahuatl is \"tlacatl\", whereas in Michoacan Nahuatl it is \"lacal\".",
"title": "Michoacán Nahuatl"
},
{
"docid": "30675182#3",
"text": "The small town is noticeable because of the Milk and Cheese, they also provide a Gas station Pemex, also some Abarrotes small stores. It has a connection between Road #110 to La Piedad and Manzanillo, Colima End Road. In the town overlooking the meadow vegetation with mesquite, cactus and yucca huisache, the mixed forest of pine, oak and cedar, also shrubs of different species.\nFeatures and Land Use\nlesser extent livestock and forestry.\nIt is also known from crops and fields Corn and Chickpea.\nEl Fresno also has a Soccer field, and a large \"Presa\" where people fishe's most of the time.All in Michoacán De Ocampo.\nThere's only (2) School's in the small town.",
"title": "El Fresno, Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "14706814#0",
"text": "Melchor Ocampo (5 January 1814, Maravatío, Valladolid, Mexico, New Spain – 3 June 1861, Tepeji del Río, Hidalgo) was a mestizo by birth, a radical liberal Mexican lawyer, scientist, and politician. He was fiercely anticlerical, perhaps an atheist, and his early writings against Roman Catholic Church in Mexico gained him a reputation as an articulate liberal ideologue. Ocampo has been considered the heir to José María Luis Mora, the premier liberal intellectual of the early republic. He served in the administration of Benito Juárez and negotiated a controversial agreement with the United States, the McLane-Ocampo Treaty. His home state was much later renamed Michoacán de Ocampo in his honor.",
"title": "Melchor Ocampo"
}
] |
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] |
2371
|
How did Christopher William Clayton Hutton die?
|
[
{
"docid": "31970122#0",
"text": "Christopher William Clayton Hutton (1893–1965) a soldier, airman, journalist and inventor, was recruited as an intelligence officer to work for MI9, a branch of the British Military Intelligence, during the Second World War. Known as 'Clutty' to his friends, he was engaged towards the end of 1939 by the War Office to work under Major (later Brigadier) Norman Crockatt, in order to set up and run operations to create and distribute escape and evasion aids for Allied servicemen. Hutton's small team identified suitable manufacturers, ensured supplies and devised methods by which the concealed aids could be sent to prisoner of war camps.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31970122#3",
"text": "Clayton Hutton was born at 102 Willow Road, Birmingham, on 16 November 1893, the son of Christopher Hutton, brass manufacturer, and his wife, Edith Eliza, née Clayton. From January 1904 to December 1908, Hutton attended King Edward's School, Birmingham. His father, C. Hutton, registered him at the school from the address: 2 West Donald Place, Washwood Heath Road, Saltley, Birmingham. In Class 11, July 1907, Hutton won First Prize for Botany, and came Second in Class for Drawing. Hutton did not appear to excel at team games but we read in King Edward's School Chronicle, New Series Vol XXIII, July 1908, \nNo. 170, page 59; Gymnastic Competition - First in Class IX – \"Hutton has greatly improved during the year.\"",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#4",
"text": "Hutton's uncle, William Clayton, ran a timber business and sawmills in Saltley, then on the outskirts of Birmingham, where his nephew worked on leaving school. It was from there, in April 1913, that the stunt of Houdini's faked escape from a wooden packing case was planned, with a wager by the young Hutton and his mates. This event strengthened his fascination with both stage performances and escapology. Hutton says that he was \"discouraged by his mother\" from going onto the stage professionally. In the same context he mentions entering journalism, but the chronology is unclear from his sketchy account and perhaps his WWI service intervened.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#5",
"text": "Hutton served in the First World War He was described as a forceful character who worked ceaselessly to overcome both technical and bureaucratic obstacles when inspired by an idea. Near the start of WWI he tried to enter the Royal Flying Corps but was rejected. On 26 December 1914 he was commissioned into the South Lancashire regiment. After a few months he transferred into the Northumberland Fusiliers, where he served with the 25th battalion (2nd Tyneside Irish) for most of 1915. He then again transferred into the Yorkshire regiment, becoming a captain in its 13th battalion and then briefly an adjutant. His final WWI army posting was as captain and adjutant of the 10th battalion of the training reserve. He gained a British flying certificate dated 9 May 1917, registered as Christopher Clayton Hutton, Captain in the RFC; giving his address as Wisteria, Castle Bromwich, Nr Birmingham. Finally, on the formation of the Royal Air Force in April 1918, he was appointed an RAF Staff Captain, serving in Salonica. After two months' administration work, he passed military pilot training, and served briefly on that front, being demobilised in January 1919.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#36",
"text": "According to his own account, Hutton's approach to the authorities for permission to give talks and publish his memoirs began not unpleasantly. On 4 January 1950, he wrote to the Director of Military Intelligence concerning his intentions and requesting an interview. Meanwhile, he collected examples of how WW2 escape and evasion equipment had already been publicised. This included material from the \"Sunday Dispatch,\" written in September 1945 by a Flt Lt R. Kee. Later in January, chasing up his interview request, and following it up with more evidence supporting his contention that nothing unknown would be revealed, Hutton started to find the DMI's staff less cooperative. Nevertheless, he claimed, he was given written permission on 31 January 1950, to give lectures on escape and evasion, including descriptions of the main tools such as maps, compasses and altered uniforms.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#42",
"text": "After the publication of \"Official Secret, Hutton retired to Ashburton, Devon, on the eastern side of Dartmoor. He died at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, of a brain haemorrhage, on 3 September 1965. He was buried in Devon.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "21251505#6",
"text": "Sir Richard married Agnes Briggs of Cawmire, Westmorland, in 1591, the daughter and heiress of Thomas Briggs of Cawmire. They had four sons and five daughters. His second son, Sir Richard Hutton the younger (1617–1645) succeeded him after the death of his eldest son, Christopher, aged 24, who died after a sea voyage. Hutton was the younger brother of Sir William Hutton.\"Ship Money and Mr Justice Hutton\" by Wilfrid Prest, published in History Today Volume: 41 Issue: 1 January 1991. Wilfrid Prest used Sir Richard Hutton's diaries to illustrate the attitudes and issues behind one of the constitutional set pieces of Charles I's reign",
"title": "Richard Hutton (judge)"
},
{
"docid": "41022962#5",
"text": "Hutton died on 23 May 1968 at his home in New Radnor, Radnorshire. A fellow anthropologist of India, Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, said in an obituary that the death of Hutton \"... ended a chapter in the history of British anthropology. He was the last of the distinguished class of civil servants who in their time contributed so greatly to the knowledge of the indigenous peoples of Britain's far-flung empire and in a later phase of their career achieved positions of eminence in academic life.\"",
"title": "John Henry Hutton"
},
{
"docid": "47009989#15",
"text": "Clayton died on March 11, 1915, at his residence in Keyser at the age of 84, following an illness. Clayton was survived by his sister Clara Clayton, and his nephew Charles T. Clayton of Washington, D.C., who was a private secretary to David John Lewis, U.S. House Representative from Maryland. In his obituary in \"The Pittsburgh Post\", Clayton was described as the \"nestor\" of the Mineral County bar. He was interred at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney near his wife, Isabella. He shares an obelisk gravestone with his brother Charles T. Clayton and sister-in-law Laura D. Clayton.",
"title": "William C. Clayton"
},
{
"docid": "31970122#2",
"text": "Hutton achieved all of his wartime escape and evasion work despite shortages of materials such as silk and steel wire; he also overcame much bureaucratic obstruction. He was often in trouble with the police and with official supply authorities of various kinds, but was unreservedly backed by Crockatt. Hutton was always short of money and after WWII he wrote a book about his wartime experiences, which he believed was reasonable since there had been many stories about escapes in the newspapers, as well as open sales of items such as silk maps. But to his own apparent surprise, he encountered difficulties with the security authorities who were nervous about revelations by former members of the secret or semi-secret services.",
"title": "Christopher Hutton"
}
] |
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] |
2372
|
How large was the Pteranodon?
|
[
{
"docid": "24825#0",
"text": "Pteranodon (; from Greek πτερόν ( pteron, \"wing\") and ἀνόδων (anodon, \"toothless\") is a genus of pterosaur that included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 8 meters (26 feet). They lived during the late Cretaceous geological period of North America in present-day Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. More fossil specimens of \"Pteranodon\" have been found than any other pterosaur, with about 1,200 specimens known to science, many of them well preserved with nearly complete skulls and articulated skeletons. It was an important part of the animal community in the Western Interior Seaway.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24825#5",
"text": "Methods used to estimate the mass of large male \"Pteranodon\" specimens (those with wingspans of about 7 meters) have been notoriously unreliable, producing a wide range of estimates from as low as to as high as . In a review of pterosaur size estimates published in 2010, researchers Mark Witton and Mike Habib demonstrated that the latter, largest estimates are almost certainly incorrect given the total volume of a \"Pteranodon\" body, and could only be correct if the animal \"was principally aluminium\". Witton and Habib considered the methods used by researchers who obtained smaller mass estimates equally flawed. Most have been produced by scaling modern animals such as bats and birds up to \"Pteranodon\" size, despite the fact that pterosaurs have vastly different body proportions and soft tissue anatomy from any living animal.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#20",
"text": "Adult \"Pteranodon\" specimens may be divided into two distinct size classes, small and large, with the large size class being about one and a half times larger than the small class, and the small class being twice as common as the large class. Both size classes lived alongside each other, and while researchers had previously suggested that they represent different species, Christopher Bennett showed that the differences between them are consistent with the concept that they represent females and males, and that \"Pteranodon\" species were sexually dimorphic. Skulls from the larger size class preserve large, upward and backward pointing crests, while the crests of the smaller size class are small and triangular. Some larger skulls also show evidence of a second crest that extended long and low, toward the tip of the beak, which is not seen in smaller specimens.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "9438266#127",
"text": "\"Pteranodon\" was a large Pterosaur, notable for its skull crest. These may have been used as mating displays, or it might have acted as a rudder, or perhaps both; also, it may have acted as a counterweight to the large beak. Despite its huge size, at \"Pteranodon\" is not the biggest of the pterosaurs; creatures such as \"Quetzalcoatlus\" could reach .",
"title": "List of creatures in Primeval"
},
{
"docid": "8553292#1",
"text": "It is based on the type specimen or holotype BPV-078, an incomplete skeleton and skull. Its skull, including a large crest, was toothless and similar to that of \"Pteranodon\". The skull lacks the point of the snout but it was in life less than 200 millimeters long (7.9 inches), and the animal had a wingspan of about 1.1 meters (3.6 feet). A second specimen, D2526, described in 2006, had a larger wingspan. Despite its similarities to \"Pteranodon\", \"Eopteranodon\" was not placed into a family by its describers, who put it into the clade Pteranodontia as \"incertae sedis\" (uncertain position).",
"title": "Eopteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#23",
"text": "The fact that females appear to have outnumbered males two to one suggests that, as with modern animals with size-related sexual dimorphism, such as sea lions and other pinnipeds, \"Pteranodon\" might have been polygynous, with a few males competing for association with groups consisting of large numbers of females. Similar to modern pinnipeds, \"Pteranodon\" may have competed to establish territory on rocky, offshore rookeries, with the largest, and largest-crested, males gaining the most territory and having more success mating with females. The crests of male \"Pteranodon\" would not have been used in competition, but rather as \"visual dominance-rank symbols\", with display rituals taking the place of physical competition with other males. If this hypothesis is correct, it also is likely that male \"Pteranodon\" played little to no part in rearing the young; such a behavior is not found in the males of modern polygynous animals who father many offspring at the same time.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#9",
"text": "The wing shape of \"Pteranodon\" suggests that it would have flown rather like a modern-day albatross. This is based on the fact that \"Pteranodon\" had a high aspect ratio (wingspan to chord length) similar to that of the albatross — 9:1 for \"Pteranodon\", compared to 8:1 for an albatross. Albatrosses spend long stretches of time at sea fishing, and use a flight pattern called \"dynamic soaring\" which exploits the vertical gradient of wind speed near the ocean surface to travel long distances without flapping, and without the aid of thermals (which do not occur over the open ocean the same way they do over land). While most of a \"Pteranodon\" flight would have depended on soaring, like long-winged seabirds, it probably required an occasional active, rapid burst of flapping, and studies of \"Pteranodon\" wing loading (the strength of the wings vs. the weight of the body) indicate that they were capable of substantial flapping flight, contrary to some earlier suggestions that they were so big they could only glide.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#4",
"text": "Adult male \"Pteranodon\" were among the largest pterosaurs, and were the largest flying animals known until the late 20th century, when the giant azhdarchid pterosaurs were discovered. The wingspan of an average adult male \"Pteranodon\" was . Adult females were much smaller, averaging in wingspan. The largest specimen of \"Pteranodon longiceps\" from the Niobrara Formation measured from wingtip to wingtip. An even larger specimen is known from the Pierre Shale Formation, with a wingspan of , though this specimen may belong to the distinct genus and species \"Geosternbergia maysei\". While most specimens are found crushed, enough fossils exist to put together a detailed description of the animal.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "24825#3",
"text": "Adult \"Pteranodon\" specimens from the two major species can be divided into two distinct size classes. The smaller class of specimens have small, rounded head crests and very wide pelvic canals, even wider than those of the much larger size class. The size of the pelvic canal probably allowed the laying of eggs, indicating that these smaller adults are females. The larger size class, representing male individuals, have narrow hips and very large crests, which were probably for display.",
"title": "Pteranodon"
},
{
"docid": "570428#10",
"text": "The \"Pteranodon\" sequence took much time to create, primarily because of how hard it would be to make a model pterosaur pick up a real woman. However the solution was simple: Instead of using a large crane on location, the crew had Raquel Welch fall behind a rock, and then the model \"Pteranodon\" swoops down and flies off with a model of Welch, which was substituted during the single second in which she is behind the rock and not visible. Later, when the creature takes her to its nest, the nest was matted into the scene atop a real rock face by double printing the film. For the \"Pteranodon\" and \"Rhamphorhynchus\" fight scene, when she is dropped into the water, Harryhausen and the crew released her from two dummy rubber \"Pteranodon\" claws and while the real Welch fell onto a mattress, the film cut to a long shot of the Welch model suspended on wires.",
"title": "One Million Years B.C."
}
] |
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] |
2373
|
Have the Buffalo Bills ever won a Super Bowl?
|
[
{
"docid": "11347008#75",
"text": "The Buffalo sports curse is an explanation for Buffalo's inability to win a Super Bowl, Stanley Cup, or an NBA championship. Those who believe in the Buffalo curse cite as examples the four consecutive Super Bowl losses by the Buffalo Bills for the 1990–1993 seasons (and the team's failure to qualify for the NFL playoffs from 2000 to 2017), as well as the failure of the Buffalo Sabres ever to win the Stanley Cup (despite winning the Presidents' Trophy for most regular-season points in 2006–07). The Bills, however, won two American Football League (AFL) titles (1964 and 1965), the latter occurring just months before an agreement was reached to merge the AFL and the National Football League (NFL) (Bills owner Ralph Wilson initiated the talks to merge the two leagues, according to the Pro Football Hall of Fame). In spite of that, it has been argued that this was achieved when the AFL was in its infancy as an upstart league, garnering little, if any, national attention before merging with the established NFL, and that even if they are considered to be at par, since there would be no Super Bowl until after the 1966 season, the Bills could be no greater than co-champions. There have been conflicting suggestions on how the Bills would have fared against the Green Bay Packers or Cleveland Browns, much as there have been disputes over how well the San Diego Chargers would have played against the Bears in 1963, had the Super Bowl existed at that time.",
"title": "Sports-related curses"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9976342#25",
"text": "The Bills won the AFC East championship in 1993 with a 12–4 record, and again won playoff games against the Los Angeles Raiders and Kansas City Chiefs, setting up a rematch with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII on January 30, 1994. The Bills became the only team ever to play in four straight Super Bowls, and in this game became the first team to face the same team in 2 straight Super Bowls, and looked ready to finally win one when they led at halftime. A Thurman Thomas fumble returned for a touchdown by James Washington tied the game, with Super Bowl MVP Emmitt Smith taking over the rest of the game for the Cowboys and the Bills were stunned again, 30–13.",
"title": "History of the Buffalo Bills"
},
{
"docid": "17005017#4",
"text": "This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has ever qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium.\nSince 1993, few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance, or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl). Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93.",
"title": "Super Bowl curse"
},
{
"docid": "3985#55",
"text": "The Bills, established in 1959, played in War Memorial Stadium until 1973, when Rich Stadium, now New Era Field, opened. The team competes in the AFC East division. Since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, the Bills have won the AFC conference championship four consecutive times (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993), resulting in four lost Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXV, Super Bowl XXVI, Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII); they were the only NFL team without a playoff appearance in the 21st century from 2011 until 2017, having missed the playoffs each season since 2000.",
"title": "Buffalo, New York"
},
{
"docid": "4174543#4",
"text": "The Bills lost their first of four consecutive Super Bowl games, and this loss was the closest the team got as the next three Super Bowls ended with the Bills losing by considerable margins (13 points to the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXVI, 35 points to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVII, and 17 points to the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII, respectively). The city of Buffalo had not won a Big 4 sports championship since 1965 (which became the longest such streak of futility for any city that has at least two major sports franchises once San Diego, whose last title came in 1963, lost one of its two teams in 2017), so Norwood's unsuccessful attempt had an even greater significance.",
"title": "Wide Right (Buffalo Bills)"
},
{
"docid": "50652815#6",
"text": "Instead, Miami’s defeat in the ‘Sea of Hands’ game ended their historic run; there would be no fourth straight Super Bowl, and to date only the Buffalo Bills have ever advanced to four straight Super Bowls (XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII). The Dolphins would not return to the Super Bowl until January 1983, when they would meet (and be defeated by) the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVII. The Raiders would not advance to Super Bowl IX, either: They would be defeated in the AFC Championship Game by the Pittsburgh Steelers, 24-13, thus beginning Pittsburgh's historic run of four Super Bowl appearances (and victories) in six years.",
"title": "The Sea of Hands"
},
{
"docid": "27718#9",
"text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game.) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV.",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "11347008#96",
"text": "The Washington Redskins have won three Super Bowl championships, the most recent coming in Super Bowl XXVI over the Buffalo Bills. However, since that time, the Redskins have not appeared in a Super Bowl or even a Conference Championship Game, and have only made the playoffs six times, losing in the First Round in three of those seasons. That Super Bowl season also represents the last time the Redskins got either the 1 or 2 seeds in the playoffs, as well as the last time they got 12 or more wins in a season.",
"title": "Sports-related curses"
},
{
"docid": "4174543#3",
"text": "The New York Giants took possession with four seconds left and ran out the clock for a 20–19 victory, making this Super Bowl the closest ever. Had Norwood successfully scored it would have likely given the Bills a 22–20 victory, and it would also have been the first Super Bowl to be decided by a game-ending field goal since Jim O'Brien's 32-yard kick which gave the Baltimore Colts a 16–13 victory against the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V.",
"title": "Wide Right (Buffalo Bills)"
},
{
"docid": "29152#0",
"text": "Super Bowl XXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1992 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 52–17, winning their third Super Bowl in team history, and their first one in 15 years. This game is tied with Super Bowl XXXVII as the third-highest scoring Super Bowl ever with 69 combined points. The Bills became the first team to lose three consecutive Super Bowls, and just the second team to play in three straight (the Miami Dolphins played in Super Bowls VI–VIII, winning VII and VIII). The game was played on January 31, 1993 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, the seventh Super Bowl held in the Greater Los Angeles Area.",
"title": "Super Bowl XXVII"
}
] |
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] |
2376
|
Where are almonds grown in the United States?
|
[
{
"docid": "1064#13",
"text": "In the United States, production is concentrated in California where and six different almond varieties were under cultivation in 2017, with a yield of of shelled almonds. California production is marked by a period of intense pollination during late winter by rented commercial bees transported by truck across the United States to almond groves, requiring more than half of the total US honeybee population. The value of total US exports of shelled almonds in 2016 was $3.2 billion.",
"title": "Almond"
},
{
"docid": "692372#9",
"text": "A majority of American almonds are grown in the state of California. In light of the recent issues with drought in California, it has become more difficult to raise almonds in a sustainable manner. The issue becomes complex because of the high amount of water needed to produce almonds. Studies show that a single almond requires roughly of water to grow properly.",
"title": "Almond milk"
},
{
"docid": "59029407#0",
"text": "Although almonds are not native to California, a hot, dry Mediterranean climate and developed water infrastructure create ideal conditions for commercial cultivation of the crop. The state produces 80% of the world’s almonds and 100% of the United States’ commercial supply.",
"title": "Almonds in California"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "59029407#5",
"text": "Like many crops, almond cultivation requires cross-pollination. Although almonds can be pollinated by many insects, they are heavily dependent on honey bees. Commercial almond growers may rent hives during the blooming season to ensure pollination success. Starting in 2006, California almond growers began to suffer losses due to colony collapse disorder, a poorly understood phenomenon resulting in the decline of bee populations. While this increased pollination expenses for many growers, high demand for almonds created an incentive to transport bees from across the United States to California. The state's bee population has since partly recovered, and in 2018 accounted for more than half of all bee colonies in the United States.",
"title": "Almonds in California"
},
{
"docid": "5796970#1",
"text": "It is considered a delicacy in Norway and in Sweden, where it is most commonly grown in the northern parts. It can be grown better in the north, since the variety is susceptible to plant diseases in the south. Finnish Lapland puikula (\"Lapin puikula\") has a European Union Protected Designation of Origin.",
"title": "Almond potato"
},
{
"docid": "1064#14",
"text": "Spain has diverse commercial cultivars of almonds grown in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Aragón regions, and the Balearic Islands. Production in 2016 declined 2% nationally compared to 2015 production data.",
"title": "Almond"
},
{
"docid": "15768858#21",
"text": "At one time the Almond was cultivated - a tee perfectly suited to Corsica, a dry and sunny region. Olive trees are also grown in elsewhere in Balagne as well as Citrus trees.Although today the culture of the Orange has collapsed, 17 January is the day the patronal festival is always held for the blessing of oranges followed by their distribution.Since 1970, following the creation of a recovery plan for almonds by the Chamber of Agriculture and the National Committee of the Almond, 300 ha have been planted. Without and prior studies of production, processing and marketing, or technical support, this operation was a failure since in 1980 Corsica numbered only 170 hectares of almond trees. In 1990 a conversion plan funded by the \"Onhiflor\" and the EEC was established. 100 ha are to be planted with new plants.",
"title": "Aregno"
},
{
"docid": "1064#5",
"text": "The almond is native to the Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey eastward to Pakistan. It was spread by humans in ancient times along the shores of the Mediterranean into northern Africa and southern Europe, and more recently transported to other parts of the world, notably California, United States. The wild form of domesticated almond grows in parts of the Levant.",
"title": "Almond"
},
{
"docid": "20263209#16",
"text": "California currently leads production of almonds worldwide, with 80% of global production. Each spring, migratory beekeepers rent hives to almond farmers in the Central Valley for pollination. Honeybees increase almond yields from an expected 40 lbs/acre to an average of 2,400 lbs/acre.",
"title": "Beekeeping in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "23345280#15",
"text": "A variety of species of plants and crops grow here, such as almond, because of the moderate climate. Other fruits include apple, pear, apricot, peach, fig, pistachio, dates and grapes. Walnut is rare but grown at a few locations. Mulberry grows wild in some of the wadis and they belong to the whole tribe. Wild figs, tasty but small, grow in many places. Olives are essential to the natives, and found in many locations. Vegetables are not grown to the extent as in the past because of less water. Flowers and medicinal herbs are grown everywhere.",
"title": "Saint Catherine, Egypt"
}
] |
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] |
2377
|
How long is a standard basketball court?
|
[
{
"docid": "3921#35",
"text": "The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.\nA regulation basketball court in international games is long and 49.2 feet (15 meters) wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is . Most courts have wood flooring, usually constructed from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension. The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.",
"title": "Basketball"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "667977#9",
"text": "The standard court size in U.S. college and WNBA play is , while the FIBA standard court is slightly smaller at . For most of its distance, the three-point line is from the middle of the basket under both FIBA and WNBA rules. Near the sidelines, the three-point line runs parallel to the.sideline, at a distance of exactly 3 feet in the WNBA and 0.9 m in FIBA play. Under NCAA rules, the three-point distance is for most of the width of the court, with a minimum distance of from the sidelines. The WNBA, FIBA, and NCAA all use a block/charge arc near each basket, with the WNBA and NCAA distance at from the center of the basket and FIBA using a marginally wider radius of exactly .",
"title": "Women's basketball"
},
{
"docid": "9958080#19",
"text": "Beach tennis merges the world of beach volleyball and tennis. It is related to beach volleyball but played with a tennis ball and paddle racket. The court is a standard beach volleyball court that is 30 feet wide and 60 feet long. There is a center line that splits the court lengthwise. At the center of the court is a 5-foot-10-inch-high (1.78 m) net. A standard tennis racquet or a paddle and a slightly depressurized tennis ball (6 oz instead of 12 oz) are used.",
"title": "Beach tennis"
},
{
"docid": "54819752#9",
"text": "Different clubs use slightly different court sizes, with the hosts of any given tournament permitted to choose the court size for that event, but the standard court is 9.45m long by 4.1m wide. It is split in half lengthways by a line and widthways by a net, at a height of 1.75m, with each player (in singles) or team (in doubles) always remaining on their side of the net.",
"title": "Tambourelli"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "25304788#2",
"text": "The game of wheelchair football is played on a standard basketball court — long by wide. The required court markings are a center line and circle, and a key area measuring wide by deep at each end of the court. It can be played either indoors or outside, as long as it meets the standard requirements. All athletes must use either a manual or a power wheelchair when competing in the sport.",
"title": "Wheelchair Football (American)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
}
] |
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] |
2378
|
What is the language spoken in Catalonia?
|
[
{
"docid": "19045573#12",
"text": "According to the official government of Catalonia, Catalan is the second most spoken language of the region, after Spanish (over 35% of Catalans use exclusively Catalan as their first language, while 11% of Catalans use equally both Catalan and Spanish). It is the most spoken language in many comarques of Catalonia, with the exception of the Barcelona metropolitan area (Barcelonès plus surrounding comarques) and Camp de Tarragona. Catalan is a compulsory subject in schools and enjoys equals rights with Spanish throughout Catalonia.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "19045573#0",
"text": "There are four languages with official status in Catalonia (an autonomous community of Spain): Catalan; Spanish- which is official throughout Spain; Aranese, a dialect of Occitan spoken in the Aran Valley; and Catalan Sign Language. Many other languages are spoken in Catalonia as a result of recent immigration from all over the world.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "19045573#5",
"text": "The main cause of Spanish and Catalan social bilingualism in modern Catalonia was large-scale migration from the rest of Spain during the 20th century, as Catalonia started a significant industrialization which demanded an increased workforce from elsewhere. Spanish has historically been spoken among a minority of civil servants born in other regions in Spain and among segments of the wealthiest bourgeoisie. Spanish has also been spoken as a second language by most Catalans, as it has been the only official language over long periods since the eighteenth century.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "19045573#9",
"text": "According to the government of Catalonia, Spanish, locally known as Castilian, is currently the most spoken language in Catalonia (45.9% daily users of Spanish vs. 35.6% daily users of Catalan vs. 11% daily users of both Spanish and Catalan) and especially in the Barcelona metropolitan area, as well as native language and usual language of many Catalan citizens. This language is widely prevalent in the press, cinema and in daily life.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6822#99",
"text": "According to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013, Spanish is the most spoken language in Catalonia (46.53% claim Spanish as \"their own language\"), followed by Catalan (37.26% claim Catalan as \"their own language\"). In everyday use, 11.95% of the population claim to use both languages equally, whereas 45.92% mainly use Spanish and 35.54% mainly use Catalan. There is a significant difference between the Barcelona metropolitan area (and, to a lesser extent, the Tarragona area), where Spanish is more spoken than Catalan, and the more rural Catalonia, where Catalan clearly prevails over Spanish.",
"title": "Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "19045573#24",
"text": "As a part of the intense immigration process which Spain in general and Catalonia in particular have experienced over the last decade, there is a large number of immigrant languages spoken in various cultural communities in Catalonia, of which (Maghrebi) Arabic and Urdu are the most common if Spanish-speaking migrants are not taken into account.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "19045573#22",
"text": "In everyday use, according to 2008 data, Spanish is the main language in the Aran valley, habitually spoken by 38% of the population, then followed by Aranese, spoken by 23.4% of the population. In Aran, Catalan is the third language, habitually spoken by 16% of the population.",
"title": "Languages of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "2828066#39",
"text": "Catalonia constitutes the original nucleus where Catalan is spoken.\nThe Catalan language shares common traits with the Romance languages of Iberia and Gallo-Romance languages of southern France, it is regarded by a minority of linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes Spanish), and by a majority as a Gallo-Romance language, such as French or Occitan from which Catalan diverged between 11th and 14th centuries.",
"title": "Principality of Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "6822#100",
"text": "Originating in the historic territory of Catalonia, Catalan has enjoyed special status since the approval of the Statute of Autonomy of 1979 which declares it to be \"Catalonia's own language\", a term which signifies a language given special legal status within a Spanish territory, or which is historically spoken within a given region. The other languages with official status are Spanish, which has official status throughout Spain, and Aranese Occitan, which enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish in the Val d'Aran.",
"title": "Catalonia"
},
{
"docid": "59890#7",
"text": "Officially the IEC provides standards for the language as a whole: the Philological Section has members from Catalonia proper, Northern Catalonia (located in France), the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Alghero in Sardinia and the Principality of Andorra (the only country where Catalan is the sole official language). However, the Valencian Region south of Catalonia has its own language academy, the \"Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua\", which nevertheless formally acknowledges that theirs is one variant of the common language. In an area known as the \"Franja de Ponent\", the eastern edge of Aragon adjacent to Catalonia where Catalan is spoken by about 44,000 inhabitants, the rules are followed \"de facto\" although Catalan is not an official language in that region.",
"title": "Institut d'Estudis Catalans"
}
] |
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] |
2379
|
When did Trinidad and Tobago become an independent nation?
|
[
{
"docid": "38104509#1",
"text": "Trinidad and Tobago became an independent monarchy on 31 August 1962. In 1974, a constitutional reform commission led by Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago Hugh Wooding recommended that the country become a republic, in line with almost universal national opinion. A new constitution was adopted on 1 August 1976, when Trinidad and Tobago became a republic within the Commonwealth with the President of Trinidad and Tobago as head of state.",
"title": "Queen of Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "3565457#51",
"text": "As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the Organization of American States (OAS). In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states.",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "30177#1",
"text": "As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the Organization of American States (OAS). In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states.",
"title": "Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "3565457#36",
"text": "Trinidad and Tobago gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. Elizabeth II remained head of state as Queen of Trinidad and Tobago. Eric Williams, a noted Caribbean historian, widely regarded as \"The Father of The Nation\", was the first Prime Minister; he served from 1956 to 1959, before independence as Chief Minister, from 1959 to 1962, before independence as Premier, from 1962 to 1976, after independence as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, then from 1976 to his death in 1981 as Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Rudranath Capildeo was the first Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago post-independence; he served from 1962 to 1967. Solomon Hochoy was the first Governor-General and he served from 1962 to 1972.",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "31331735#1",
"text": "When British rule ended in 1962, the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962 transformed the British Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago into an independent sovereign state, sharing its sovereign, Elizabeth II, the Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, with the other states headed by Queen Elizabeth II. The monarch's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago.",
"title": "Dominion of Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "3227795#3",
"text": "After independence in 1962, the team changed its name to reflect the official name of the country, Trinidad and Tobago, and when the Shell Shield began in 1965–66 the team competed under the name of Trinidad and Tobago. They won their first title on their fourth outing, in 1969–70, and also won the next year's competition, but since then Trinidad and Tobago have only taken three titles in 35 seasons. During this time cricketers from Trinidad competed in the Beaumont Cup which had first class status.",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team"
},
{
"docid": "5881012#3",
"text": "On Friday August 24, 1962, Trinidad and Tobago Television was launched one week before the two-island state of Trinidad and Tobago became an independent nation on 31st August 1962 within the British Commonwealth. Mervyn Telfer, a former Radio Trinidad announcer, read the first broadcast, the 7PM News. The two channels to transmit the service to the new twin island state were channels 2 and 13. News shown during that first week included highlights of Independence Day preparations.",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago Television"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "59623406#1",
"text": "Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago are two American nations with an early common history. Initially, both nations had been under control of the Spanish Empire. By 1802, Trinidad and Tobago became part of the British Empire. In 1962, Trinidad and Tobago became an independent nation. On 30 April 1966, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago established diplomatic relations. In 1982, Mexico opened a resident embassy in Port of Spain, however, in 1985 Mexico closed the embassy due to financial difficulties. The Mexican embassy was re-opened in 1995.",
"title": "Mexico–Trinidad and Tobago relations"
},
{
"docid": "51320862#6",
"text": "During this time, Williams also became deeply involved in politics at a crucial point in Trinidad and Tobago's transition from colony to independent nation. When the newly formed West Indies Federation, which was based on the Canadian Confederation model, held its first election in 1958, Williams represented the People's National Movement (PNM) party and was elected to the Federal Legislature as Member of Parliament for Port of Spain West. Although the local PNM party did not win the majority of federal seats in Trinidad and Tobago, it helped form the federal government as part of the larger West Indies Federal Labour Party lead by Sir Grantley Herbert Adams. Meanwhile, the PNM also controlled the local Legislative Council with Williams's party leader, Eric Williams (no relation), serving as Premier.",
"title": "Ronald Jay Williams"
},
{
"docid": "31969474#1",
"text": "Trinidad and Tobago's participation in these Olympic games marked its sixteenth appearance as an independent nation since 1964, although it had previously competed in four Olympic games under two different colonies; one as a British colony in 1948, when the nation marked its debut in the same host city for these games, and the other as part of the West Indies Federation, together with Jamaica and Barbados.",
"title": "Trinidad and Tobago at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
}
] |
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] |
2380
|
What is a jurist?
|
[
{
"docid": "51481#3",
"text": "The term \"jurist \"has another sense, which is wider, synonymous with \"legal professional\", i.e. anyone professionally involved with law and justice. In some other European languages, a word resembling \"jurist\" (such as Italian \"giurista\", German \"Jurist\", Norwegian/Danish/Swedish \"jurist\", French \"juriste\", Spanish and Portuguese \"jurista\", Russian etc.) is used in this major sense.",
"title": "Jurist"
},
{
"docid": "51481#0",
"text": "A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law). Such a person can work as an academic, legal writer or law lecturer. In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and in many other Commonwealth countries, the word \"jurist\" sometimes refers to a barrister, whereas in the United States of America and Canada it often refers to a judge.",
"title": "Jurist"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51481#2",
"text": "There is a fundamental difference between the work of a lawyer and that of a jurist. Many legal scholars and authors have explained that a person may be both a lawyer and a jurist, but a jurist is not necessarily a lawyer, nor a lawyer necessarily a jurist. Both must possess an acquaintance with the term \"law\". The work of the jurist is the study, analysis and arrangement of the law—work which can be done wholly in the seclusion of the library. The work of the lawyer is the satisfaction of the wishes of particular human beings for legal assistance—work which requires dealing to some extent therefore with people in the office, in the court room, or in the market-place.",
"title": "Jurist"
},
{
"docid": "262303#2",
"text": "Some jurists have less formal (de facto) backing by an ethical community, e.g. a religious community. In Islamic Law, for instance, such a community following (taqlid) a specific jurisprudence (fiqh) of shariah mimics judgment of a prior jurist. Catholic Canon Law has a similar structure. Such a jurist may be a theologian or simply a prominent teacher. To those outside this tradition, the jurist is simply an ethicist who they may more freely disagree with, and whose input on any issue is advisory. However, they may find it hard to avoid a fatwa or excommunication or other such shunning by the religious community, so it may be hard advice to ignore.",
"title": "Ethicist"
},
{
"docid": "8751628#3",
"text": "The features of the face are represented by the plucked carcasses of poultry and the sneering mouth by fish. It is not known if the subject is a caricature of the legal profession in general or based on a real jurist of the time. The German jurist Ulrich Zasius is normally suggested as the subject; the Nationalmuseum lists the picture in its catalogue as \"The Lawyer (Ulrich Zasius)\", but Calvin has also been suggested. Arcimboldo's portrait of \"The Librarian\" (\"Il Bibliotecario\"), painted the same year, has a more noble aspect, although this portrait too has been interpreted as a parody of librarianship, book collectors, and intellectualism.",
"title": "The Jurist (painting)"
},
{
"docid": "41074259#53",
"text": "Are the rights accorded to “everyone” also available for the benefit of juristic persons? In other words, are companies protected by the Bill of Rights? What about state-owned or state-controlled corporations such as Eskom or the SABC? These questions are answered by reference to s 8(4): “A juristic person is entitled to the rights in the Bill of Rights to the extent required by the nature of the rights and the nature of that juristic person.”",
"title": "South African constitutional litigation"
},
{
"docid": "14596479#0",
"text": "Ẑ is a Latin script letter, the letter Z with a circumflex, used for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ѕ in ISO 9 family of transliteration standards. The lower case version of the letter is ẑ.",
"title": "Ẑ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
] |
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] |
2381
|
What is the official language of Ontario?
|
[
{
"docid": "22218#29",
"text": "Ontario's official language is English. Numerous French-language services are available under the \"French Language Services Act of 1990 in designated areas where sizeable francophone populations exist.",
"title": "Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "1110171#57",
"text": "Ontario has no official language, but English is considered the \"de facto\" language. Numerous French language services are available under the French Language Services Act of 1990 in designated areas where sizable francophone populations exist.",
"title": "History of Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "3408603#2",
"text": "\"Whereas the French language is a historic and honoured language in Ontario and recognized by the Constitution as an official language in Canada; and whereas in Ontario the French language is recognized as an official language in the courts and in education; and whereas the Legislative Assembly recognizes the contribution of the cultural heritage of the French speaking population and wishes to preserve it for future generations; and whereas it is desirable to guarantee the use of the French language in institutions of the Legislature and the Government of Ontario, as provided in this Act.\"",
"title": "French Language Services Act"
},
{
"docid": "33657371#15",
"text": "On January 29, 1990, Sault Ste. Marie became a flashpoint in the Meech Lake Accord constitutional debate when council passed a resolution declaring English as the city's official language and the sole language for provision of municipal services. The city had a sizable French-speaking population and these residents objected strongly to the council's action. The Sault Ste. Marie language resolution was not the first of its kind in Ontario, but the municipality was the largest to have passed such a resolution and the first to do so despite its sizable Franco-Ontarian population.",
"title": "Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1733987#5",
"text": "LSQ is recognized as an official language in Ontario only in domains of education, legislation and judicial activities after the passing of Bill 213 within the Ontario Legislative Assembly. Across the rest of Canada, there is no protection or oversight for the language as neither federal, provincial nor territorial governments recognize LSQ as a language other than Ontario.",
"title": "Quebec Sign Language"
},
{
"docid": "144743#43",
"text": "Since 1968, French has been one of Canada's two official languages. It is the sole official language of Quebec and one of the official languages of New Brunswick, Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The province of Ontario has no official languages defined in law, although the provincial government provides French language services in many parts of the province under the French Language Services Act.",
"title": "French Canadians"
},
{
"docid": "3408603#11",
"text": "In order for an area to obtain designation, Francophones must make up at least 10% of its population, and urban centres must have at least 5,000 francophones. Previous to 2009, the definition of a francophone in Ontario included only native French speakers. This definition was broadened by the Government of Ontario in June 2009 \"to better reflect the changing face and diversity of Ontario's Francophone communities.\" The new Inclusive Definition of Francophones (IDF) now includes allophones, \"those whose mother tongue is neither French nor English but have particular knowledge of French as an official language and use French at home, including many recent immigrants to Ontario for whom French is the language of integration.\"\nBrampton was designated as the province's 24th bilingual service centre in 2004, and the designation officially came into effect in March 2007. Kingston was designated as the 25th bilingual service centre in May 2006, and French services officially came into effect in 2009.",
"title": "French Language Services Act"
},
{
"docid": "2000294#182",
"text": "In 2011 in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, 92.0% of the population spoke only English as a mother tongue; 4.5% of the population reported French, and 2.9% a non-official language, as a mother tongue. 97.6% of the population reportedly spoke mostly English while at home. The most common non-official language mother-tongue was Dutch, which accounted for 27.9% of the non-official language speaking population. In comparison, the most commonly reported non-official mother-tongue in Ontario was reportedly Italian.\nUpon the Loyalists first arrival in 1784, there was already two missionaries belonging to the Roman Catholic church in what would later be Upper Canada. Shortly after settlement, the British appointed chaplains to attend to the needs of both Anglican and Presbyterian Loyalists. Later on, Methodism was introduced to the area by ancestral German Protestants. These four religious denominations maintained strong influence in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal into the modern age.\nIn 2011, 81.5% of the population of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal associated themselves with a religion, according to NHS data. The most common religion stated was Roman Catholic.",
"title": "Edwardsburgh/Cardinal"
},
{
"docid": "21139#45",
"text": "The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions. Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the Province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick. Other French-speaking locales include the Province of Ontario (the official language is English, but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), the Province of Manitoba (co-official as \"de jure\" with English), the French West Indies and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, as well as the US state of Louisiana, where French is also an official language. Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French. Similarly, French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English.",
"title": "North America"
},
{
"docid": "22218#43",
"text": "The principal language of Ontario is English, the province's de facto official language, which is spoken natively by about 70% of the province's population, according to the 2011 census. There is also a French-speaking population concentrated in the northeastern, eastern, and extreme Southern parts of the province, where under the \"French Language Services Act\", provincial government services are required to be available in French if at least 10% of a designated area's population report French as their native language. Roughly 4% of Ontarians speak French as their mother tongue, and 11% are bilingual, speaking both English and French, according to the 2011 census. Other languages spoken by residents include Arabic, Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Italian, Korean, Malayalam, Mandarin, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Sinhalese, Somali, Spanish, Tagalog, Tamil, Tibetan, Urdu and Vietnamese.",
"title": "Ontario"
}
] |
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] |
2383
|
When was the Democratic Party in Serbia formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "2032736#2",
"text": "The Democratic Movement of Serbia was formed in May 1992 as a political alliance made up primarily of SPO, New Democracy (ND), Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). The political alliance however broke, and was dissolved in 1993. The SPO was part of the \"Together\" (\"Zajedno\") coalition in the 1996 parliamentary election which received 23.8% of the popular vote, losing to the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS). In 1997, Drašković ran twice for president but finished third in both elections. Its party won the third largest number of seats in that year's Serbian parliamentary elections. A dissident group inside the party abandoned the SPO and formed New Serbia (NS) in 1997.",
"title": "Serbian Renewal Movement"
},
{
"docid": "31590594#0",
"text": "The Democratic Movement of Serbia () or DEPOS, was a centre-right political coalition founded in 1992. The coalition was formed by:The coalition received 16.89% of the popular vote in the 1992 and 16.64% in the 1993 parliamentary elections. The DSS left the coalition ahead of the 1993 election, while the DEPOS was joined by the Civic Alliance of Serbia and the People's Peasant Party. The coalition was dissolved in 1993 after New Democracy entered into a coalition government with the Socialist Party.",
"title": "Democratic Movement of Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "424667#1",
"text": "The Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) was founded in 1992 by a breakaway nationalist faction of the Democratic Party (DS), which advocated involvement in the Democratic Movement of Serbia (DEPOS).",
"title": "Democratic Party of Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "424727#15",
"text": "In July 1992, a much more serious fragmentation of the Democratic Party occurred when a large group led by Vojislav Koštunica left to establish the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). Overnight, DS lost 40% of its membership, including such prominent members as Mirko Petrović, Đurđe Ninković, Vladeta Janković, Draško Petrović and Vladan Batić. The immediate issue behind the split was their dissatisfaction over the DS decision not to enter the DEPOS coalition. A deeper cause was differences over the handling of the so-called \"national question\" that had been brewing within DS for quite some time.",
"title": "Democratic Party (Serbia)"
},
{
"docid": "424667#3",
"text": "The DSS first competed in the December 1992 parliamentary elections. As part of DEPOS, the DSS received 18 seats in the National Assembly of Serbia - which grew to 20 after non-party-aligned members of DEPOS decided to leave the Parliament. Soon, similar differences of opinion over ways in which to fight the ruling Socialist Party of Serbia and the DSS's believe in serbian nationalism led to a division in DEPOS too. The DSS left the coalition in mid-1993.",
"title": "Democratic Party of Serbia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18176577#1",
"text": "The Government of Serbia was formed on 15 May 2007 after three-month-long negotiations and fierce political scandals and fighting that much disturbed the population, and exactly seven minutes before midnight when the three-month constitutional deadline would pass. It is formed by the Democratic Party (including the minority Sanjak Democratic Party), the coalition of the Democratic Party of Serbia and New Serbia, and G17 Plus. The DS, DSS-NS and G17+ parliamentary clubs elected the new cabinet proposed by Vojislav Koštunica (DSS), the previous Prime Minister, with the further support of some of the minorities (List for Sanjak and Roma Union of Serbia) votes accumulating 133 of the parliament's 250 seats. The Cabinet was sworn shortly before midnight, the deadline, in front of Milutin Mrkonjić (SPS), the temporary acting Speaker. The five new Ministers (Dragan Šutanovac, Božidar Đelić, Milan Marković, Mlađan Dinkić and Dušan Petrović) that were Deputies in the parliament have immediately filed their resignations, as per the Constitution which disables a Minister to be an active member in the National Assembly.",
"title": "Second cabinet of Vojislav Koštunica"
},
{
"docid": "41969644#2",
"text": "After the 2014 parliamentary election, a divergence emerged in the \"New Democratic Party – Greens\" between the original Greens and group of members that joined the party with Tadić. On 14 June, Tadić and his supporters decided to secede from the Greens and form \"New Democratic Party\" as a separate party, while the name of the \"New Democratic Party—Greens\" was changed back to the \"Greens of Serbia\". In the National Assembly, 10 deputies of the New Democratic Party are part of the parliamentary group of 12 deputies together with Ivan Karić of \"the Greens\" and Blagoje Bradić of \"Together for Serbia\", and they are in the opposition to the current Government of Serbia.",
"title": "Social Democratic Party (Serbia)"
},
{
"docid": "424665#1",
"text": "Koštunica's Democratic Party of Serbia left the coalition government in July 2001, in protest of the governments decision to extradite Slobodan Milošević to the ICTY, and officially left the coalition in July next year. Social democracy was pushed into the opposition in May 2001 after a split in the party, as the faction which was eventually recognized by the Supreme Court of Serbia as the legitimate name bearer, was not regarded as such by the DOS, which transferred all the positions held by the party members to the other faction's adherents. That faction, having not received the legal recognition, had merged in July 2002 with the Socialdemocratic Union into the Social Democratic Party. In March 2003, after a split in this party, the Socialdemocratic Union was renewed, still being a member of the DOS, while the Social Democratic Party was excluded from the coalition in November 2003, after having announced that it would support the opposition's demand for government's depose. In May 2003, New Serbia was excluded from the coalition after a series of conflicts with the other members. In 2003, New Democracy was renamed into the Liberals of Serbia, and the Association of Free and Independent Trade Unions has founded the Labour Party of Serbia, to which it transferred its membership in the DOS.",
"title": "Democratic Opposition of Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "8518291#2",
"text": "On 19 December 1989, in the eve of multi-party system in Serbia, a group of 11 activists started an initiative for creation of an authentic organization of Hungarians in Serbia. Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians was formed on 31 March 1990 in Doroslovo, a village in northern Vojvodina. Its first leader was András Ágoston. On the first post-communist parliamentary elections in Serbia held the same year, they won 2.64% of the vote, earning 8 seats in the National Assembly.",
"title": "Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians"
},
{
"docid": "863976#3",
"text": "In 2000, New Democracy was a part of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition, the candidate of which, Vojislav Koštunica, won the 2000 presidential elections. At the parliamentary election in the same year, the party was part of the same coalition and participated in the government which was formed by DOS. In 2003 the party was renamed \"Liberals of Serbia\".",
"title": "Liberals of Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "424727#1",
"text": "The party was officially founded on 3 February 1990 by a group of Serbian intellectuals as a revival of the original Yugoslav Democratic Party. It was one of the main opposition parties to the presidency of Slobodan Milošević during the 1990s. Democratic Party joined the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition in 2000, and became part of the new coalition government after the 2000 parliamentary election. Zoran Đinđić, then president of the Democratic Party, became the Prime Minister of Serbia in January 2001, but was assassinated in 2003, and the Party lost the power at the parliamentary election later that year. New president of the Democratic Party, Boris Tadić, won the 2004 presidential election, and the party returned to power after the 2007 and 2008 parliamentary elections. Tadić was reelected in 2008, but in 2012 he lost the 2012 presidential and the party lost the parliamentary elections, so it went back into opposition again. Dragan Đilas, then-Mayor of Belgrade was elected as new party president after the loss of the 2012 elections. After more disappointing results in the 2014 election, Bojan Pajtić, then-President of the Government of Vojvodina, replaced Đilas as the party president. In 2016 he was succeeded by Dragan Šutanovac. After Šutanovac resigned in 2018, Zoran Lutovac was elected new president of the Party.",
"title": "Democratic Party (Serbia)"
}
] |
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] |
2384
|
What is the biggest species of squid?
|
[
{
"docid": "30627361#1",
"text": "Ommastrephinae includes the largest species of squids belonging to the family Ommastrephidae, Humboldt squid (\"Dosidicus gigas\") which can grow to in mantle length (ML). It also contains the smallest squid species belonging to the family, the glass squid (\"Hyaloteuthis pelagica\") which has a mantle length of only up to . Ommastrephinae are mostly pelagic members of the family Ommastrephidae. All species of this subfamily contain photophores whose locations vary by species. Some species of the subfamily (notably \"Sthenoteuthis\" and \"Ommastrephes\") are known for their behavior of leaping out of the water (hence the common names 'flying squid').",
"title": "Ommastrephinae"
},
{
"docid": "20975773#0",
"text": "The colossal squid (\"Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni\", from Greek \"mesos\" (middle), \"onycho\" (claw, nail), and \"teuthis\" (squid)), sometimes called the Antarctic squid or giant cranch squid, is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass. It is the only known member of the genus \"Mesonychoteuthis\". It is known from only a few specimens, and current estimates put its maximum size at long and weighing possibly up to , based on analysis of smaller and immature specimens, making it the largest-known invertebrate.",
"title": "Colossal squid"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7099622#0",
"text": "Megalocranchia fisheri is a species of glass squid. Its natural range covers at least the waters off Hawaii. The species may attain a mantle length of and a total length of over , making it one of the largest species of squid, together with the colossal squid (\"Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni\"), giant squid (\"Architeuthis\" sp.), and robust clubhook squid (\"Onykia robusta\"). It inhabits surface and mid-depth waters of open ocean. Juveniles live near the surface, while adults occupy mesopelagic depths during the day and migrate to near-surface waters at night. \"M. fisheri\" possesses two large light organs in the gill cavity. Females additionally have light organs on the ends of their third arm pair. As the animal matures, its fins become spear-like in appearance.",
"title": "Megalocranchia fisheri"
},
{
"docid": "28055763#6",
"text": "It is one of the planet’s most economically significant invertebrate species. As many as 2.2 billion pounds of Argentine shorfin squid have been captured in only one fishing season. From 1988-2003 about 700,000 tons of Argentine shortfin squid were captured . Argentine shortfin squid are so important as they make up the second largest fishery in the world by weight . Fisheries use bright lights to attract the squid to the surface at night, and then capturing them with large nets. Fisheries additionally use both trawlers and jigging vessels to capture the shortfin squid. Although so many Argentine shortfin squid are removed from the coasts every year, populations bounce back, probably because of their short lifespan \n. They are thus labeled a species of least concern. That being said however, since 2010 stocks have steadily been declining. It is suggested that environmental changes instead of fishery impacts have caused this decline. It is essential that the nations that house this species must cooperate in order to ensure that the species is used by fisheries in a sustainable manner.",
"title": "Illex argentinus"
},
{
"docid": "38011#29",
"text": "The majority of squid are no more than long, although the giant squid may reach . The smallest species are probably the benthic pygmy squids \"Idiosepius\", which grow to a mantle length of , and have short bodies and stubby arms.",
"title": "Squid"
},
{
"docid": "7115086#0",
"text": "Taningia danae, the Dana octopus squid, is a species of squid in the family Octopoteuthidae. It is one of the largest known squid species, reaching a mantle length of and total length of . The largest known specimen, a mature female, weighed .",
"title": "Taningia danae"
},
{
"docid": "7100079#0",
"text": "Cranchia scabra is a species of glass squid. It is the only species in the genus, and is fairly small (about 150 mm). The mantle is covered by large, multi-pointed cartilagenous tubercles. When disturbed, the squid often pulls its head and arms into the mantle cavity and folds its fins tightly against the mantle to form a turgid ball. The tubercules, presumably, provide some type of protection, but it is unclear what predators are affected and how. In addition, the squid may ink into the mantle cavity, making the ball opaque. This was thought to be an aberrant behavior due to stress and confinement of shipboard aquaria until the same inking behavior was seen in cranchiids from submersibles. The function of this behavior is unknown.",
"title": "Cranchia scabra"
},
{
"docid": "38011#31",
"text": "In 2003, a large specimen of an abundant but poorly understood species, \"Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni\" (the colossal squid), was discovered. This species may grow to in length, making it the largest invertebrate. In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught the largest squid ever documented, weighing and measuring around off the coast of Antarctica. Dissection showed that the eyes, used to detect prey in the deep Southern Ocean, exceeded the size of footballs; these may be among the largest eyes ever to exist in the animal kingdom.",
"title": "Squid"
},
{
"docid": "20611428#81",
"text": "Many aquatic molluscs are present in Antarctica. Bivalves such as \"Adamussium colbecki\" move around on the seafloor, while others such as \"Laternula elliptica\" live in burrows filtering the water above. There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean, the largest of which is the colossal squid (\"Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni\"), which at up to is among the largest invertebrate in the world. Squid makes up most of the diet of some animals, such as grey-headed albatrosses and sperm whales, and the warty squid (\"Moroteuthis ingens\") is one of the subantarctic's most preyed upon species by vertebrates.",
"title": "Southern Ocean"
},
{
"docid": "23644490#0",
"text": "Gonatus is a genus of squid in the family Gonatidae, comprising twelve species, and therefore containing the most species in the family. Adult squid belonging to species in this genus are notable for their lack of tentacles.",
"title": "Gonatus"
}
] |
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] |
2385
|
What is the national agency governing rail transportation in the Philippines?
|
[
{
"docid": "2353403#11",
"text": "The Philippine National Railways is a state-owned railway system in the Philippines, organized under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) as an attached agency. Established during the Spanish colonial period, the modern PNR was developed only in 1984. It formerly operated around 479 kilometres of track on the island of Luzon, where most Philippine rail infrastructure is located. Because of this, PNR has become synonymous with the Philippine rail system.",
"title": "Rail transport in the Philippines"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4964851#0",
"text": "The Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) is a public transport operator that is responsible for the construction, operation, maintenance and/or lease of Manila Light Rail Transit System in the Philippines. Founded by Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos on July 12, 1980. It is organized as a government-owned and controlled corporation under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) as an attached agency.",
"title": "Light Rail Transit Authority"
},
{
"docid": "3013520#40",
"text": "Land transportation in the Philippines is administered through various means such as trains, jeepneys, tricycles, taxis, buses, and many others. Various Philippine expressway network have been established throughout the country to hasten land transportation. Construction of more expressway networks and train railways are currently being made by the government, especially for Mindanao. Rail transport in the Philippines is mostly administered by the Philippine National Railways, while the Philippine expressway network and the Philippine highway network are mostly administered by the Department of Public Works and Highways.",
"title": "Tourism in the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "2353403#23",
"text": "A 28-kilometer monorail project has been endorsed by the City Government of Davao to the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Philippine National Railways (PNR).",
"title": "Rail transport in the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "2353403#0",
"text": "Rail transport in the Philippines is used mostly to transport passengers within Metro Manila and the nearby province of Laguna. Freight transport is nonexistent, although there are plans for a revival from Port Area, Manila to Laguna. Currently, the country has a railway footprint of only through LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, MRT Line 3 and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) Metro Commuter Line. The government has plans to expand its current footprint to more than 320 kilometers by 2022.",
"title": "Rail transport in the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "47352897#3",
"text": "Aquino blamed the issues experienced by the MRT-3 Metro Rail Transit Corporation, the private corporation tasked to managed elevated rail system. According to Aquino, the contract between the government and the company and a series of temporary restraining orders and arbitration was the reason for the lack of improvement of the rail system. He encouraged the much-criticized Department of Transportation and Communication secretary, Jun Abaya and told him not to lose heart over his critics and praised him for his accomplishments. He highlighted the granting of Category One rating from the United States Federal Aviation Agency, which enables local carrier to create flight routes with locations in the United States and the lifting of a ban over local carriers by the European Union to make flights to its member countries.",
"title": "2015 State of the Nation Address (Philippines)"
},
{
"docid": "8672649#0",
"text": "The Land Transportation Office ( or LTO) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation and is responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the Land Transportation Office include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of license and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, adjudication of traffic cases, and the collection of revenues for the government of the Philippines.",
"title": "Land Transportation Office (Philippines)"
},
{
"docid": "1786680#12",
"text": "In 1966, the Philippine government granted a franchise to Philippine Monorail Transport Systems (PMTS) for the operation of an inner-city monorail. The monorail's feasibility was still being evaluated when the government asked the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to conduct a separate transport study. Prepared between 1971 and 1973, the JICA study proposed a series of circumferential and radial roads, an inner-city rapid transit system, a commuter railway, and an expressway with three branches. After further examination, many recommendations were adopted; however, none of them involved rapid transit and the monorail was never built. PMTS' franchise subsequently expired in 1974.",
"title": "Manila Light Rail Transit System"
},
{
"docid": "54082703#3",
"text": "The Anti-Distracted Driving Act took effect on May 18, 2017 under the new administration of President Rodrigo Duterte. Under the law, drivers are only allowed to use hands-free functions of gadgets, such as speaker phones, provided that these do not block their line of sight. The implementing agency is the Land Transportation Office (LTO) under the Department of Transportation that was tasked to promulgate the necessary implementing rules and regulations within 60 days from the effectivity of the Act. It also ordered the LTO, the Philippine Information Agency, the Department of Education, the Department of the Interior and Local Government and the Philippine National Police (PNP) to undertake a nationwide information, education and communication campaign for a period of 6 months from the effectivity of the Act. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, the PNP and other law enforcement agencies are required to enforce the act.",
"title": "Anti-Distracted Driving Act (Philippines)"
},
{
"docid": "2353403#10",
"text": "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's Administration worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country, including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects. Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were controversial and were never completed.",
"title": "Rail transport in the Philippines"
}
] |
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] |
2386
|
Do Germans have free university?
|
[
{
"docid": "375698#75",
"text": "Public universities in Germany are funded by the federal states and do not charge tuition fees. However, all enrolled students do have to pay a semester fee (\"Semesterbeitrag\"). This fee consists of an administrative fee for the university (only in some of the states), a fee for \"Studentenwerk\", which is a statutory student affairs organization, a fee for the university's AStA (\"Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss\", students' government) and \"Studentenschaft\" (students' union), at many universities a fee for public transportation, and possibly more fees as decided by the university's students' parliament (e.g., for a cooperation with a local theater granting free entry for students). Summed up, the semester fee usually ranges between €150 and €350.",
"title": "Education in Germany"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8247152#3",
"text": "The academic program at the universities of the Federal Armed Forces can be finished faster than at civilian universities because the curriculum contains about one third more content per year (\"trimesters\" instead of \"semesters\" are utilized). In exchange, the officers and officer candidates are fully paid and do not have to work in their free time.",
"title": "University of the German Federal Armed Forces"
},
{
"docid": "262301#27",
"text": "Tübingen's elitist self-conception is often controversially discussed. Since almost all German universities are public (most private universities do not have the official German \"Universitätsstatus\"), and therefore mainly paid by taxes and generally egalitarian, there is no German Ivy League of institutions of higher education. Moreover, the German Universities Excellence Initiative is a publicity-laden fund for specific research projects only. It aims to promote cutting-edge research, to create outstanding conditions for young scientists at universities, and to strengthen some selected universities more than others in order to raise their international visibility.",
"title": "University of Tübingen"
},
{
"docid": "30870841#1",
"text": "The German Bundestag collaborates with the Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin and Technical University of Berlin to run its International Parliamentary Internships (IPS) program. This gives well qualified young people from the USA, Canada, France, Israel, Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe and the Arab region with a strong interest in politics the opportunity to gain first-hand experience of Germany's system of parliamentary government. The scheme involves a three month placement with a Member of the German Bundestag. Participants are introduced to the wide variety of tasks carried out in a Member's office. They may find themselves drafting speeches, articles and letters, for example, or doing preparatory work for plenary sittings. The German Bundestag's exchange programs aim to provide an exciting way to teach young people about the significance of friendly cooperation based on shared political and cultural values. The scholarship recipients are chosen by the German Bundestag's independent selection panel.",
"title": "International Parliamentary Scholarship"
},
{
"docid": "15972703#1",
"text": "Since almost all German universities are public (most private universities do not have the official German \"Universitätsstatus\"), and therefore mainly paid by taxes and generally egalitarian, there is no German Ivy League of institutions of higher education. However, the Excellence Initiative aims to strengthen some selected universities more than others in order to raise their international visibility. The initiative is conducted by the German Research Foundation (DFG) together with the German Council of Science and Humanities (WR). More than 30 universities in total received funding. It includes three lines of funding:",
"title": "German Universities Excellence Initiative"
},
{
"docid": "315275#55",
"text": "In April 2005, the Free University of Berlin, in conjunction with Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU Munich), opened a joint representative office in New York. This German University Alliance, located in German House, the seat of the German Consulate General and the German UN Mission, represents the interests of the two universities in the United States and Canada and works to increase the exchange of students and scientists.",
"title": "Free University of Berlin"
},
{
"docid": "315275#14",
"text": "The year 2007 was another crucial year for the Free University of Berlin as it was the university with the most approved funding applications in the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and it is now one of nine elite German universities to receive funding for its future development strategy. In the same year, Free University of Berlin dedicated a monument to the founding students who were murdered during the protests. The university presents its Freedom Award to personalities who have made a special contribution toward the cause of freedom.",
"title": "Free University of Berlin"
},
{
"docid": "315275#53",
"text": "Today, Free University of Berlin has established over 400 partnerships in five continents, many of them as part of the European ERASMUS program.\nEvery year, about 600 visiting scientists contribute to the university teaching and research. For the grant programs in Germany, Free University of Berlin is one of the first choices both for the ERASMUS and Tempus as well as for the Fulbright program and the international programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).\nAn International Summer and Winter University (FUBiS) has been set up for international students offering (semi-)intensive German courses and numerous subject courses.",
"title": "Free University of Berlin"
},
{
"docid": "315275#10",
"text": "In the late 1960s, Free University of Berlin was one of the main scenes of the German student movement of 68 as a reaction to the global student protests during that time. After the assassination of student Benno Ohnesorg and the attempt on Rudi Dutschke's life, protests quickly escalated to violence in all of Germany. The events of the 68-movement provided the impulse for more openness, equality, and democracy in German society.",
"title": "Free University of Berlin"
}
] |
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2387
|
What was apartheid?
|
[
{
"docid": "13812379#17",
"text": "The Apartheid ideology was developed by Werner Eiselen as an alternative to the policies of racial segregation which still allowed for a multi-racial society. Apartheid was a system of relocating Africans to what were supposedly ethnically homogenous reservations and then fostering individual nationalities for each of these ten different groups. This process was accompanied by a set of acts designed to coerce black groups into this new system and maximize their separation from white society while maintaining their economic exploitation (see Apartheid Legislation in South Africa). The core of the Apartheid system was the Group Areas Act of 1950 which divided the state into race-specific partitions.",
"title": "History of South African nationality"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#0",
"text": "Apartheid (South African English: ; , segregation; lit. \"separateness\") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on \"baasskap\" (or white supremacy), which encouraged state repression of Black African, Coloured, and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation's minority white population. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.",
"title": "Apartheid"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33797800#7",
"text": "From the mid-1950s, the United Nations began to express concern over apartheid, and there was a growing general awareness in Britain of its effects. In 1960 the UK Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, criticised apartheid in his \"Wind of Change\" speech to the South African parliament. However, the British government was cautious; the large number of British passport holders and businesses based in South Africa made them reluctant to force the issue and provoke a confrontation. Additionally, there was support for the policy among some right-wing politicians. When the MCC team toured South Africa in 1956–57, the players observed and were shocked by what they considered to be injustices against the black population. As many players and officials had family and friends in the country, they were disinclined to take a stand, but several condemned the situation in print at the time or later.",
"title": "D'Oliveira affair"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#1",
"text": "Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into \"petty apartheid\", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and \"grand apartheid\", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some aspects of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by White South Africans and the socially enforced separation of Black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid was adopted as a formal policy by the South African government after the election of the National Party (NP) at the 1948 general election.",
"title": "Apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "5358303#0",
"text": "Gender apartheid (also called sexual apartheid or sex apartheid) is the economic and social sexual discrimination against individuals because of their gender or sex. It is a system enforced by using either physical or legal practices to relegate individuals to subordinate positions. Feminist psychologist Phyllis Chesler defines the phenomenon as \"practices which condemn girls and women to a separate and subordinate sub-existence and which turn boys and men into the permanent guardians of their female relatives' chastity\". Instances of gender apartheid lead not only to the social and economic disempowerment of individuals, but can also result in severe physical harm.",
"title": "Gender apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#18",
"text": "The state passed laws that paved the way for \"grand apartheid\", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy was in part adopted from \"left-over\" British rule that separated different racial groups after they took control of the Boer republics in the Anglo-Boer war. This created the black-only \"townships\" or \"locations\", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. In addition, \"petty apartheid\" laws were passed. The principal apartheid laws were as follows.",
"title": "Apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#123",
"text": "Apartheid developed from the racism of colonial factions and due to South Africa's \"unique industrialization\". The policies of industrialization led to segregation of and classing of people, which was \"specifically developed to nurture early industry such as mining\". Cheap labour was the basis of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant groups and the migrants. Furthermore, Philip Bonner highlights the \"contradictory economic effects\" as the economy did not have a manufacturing sector, therefore promoting short term profitability but limiting labour productivity and the size of local markets. This also led to its collapse as \"Clarkes emphasises the economy could not provide and compete with foreign rivals as they failed to master cheap labour and complex chemistry\".",
"title": "Apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#75",
"text": "In 1983, anti-apartheid leaders determined to resist the tricameral parliament assembled to form the United Democratic Front (UDF) in order to coordinate anti-apartheid activism inside South Africa. The first presidents of the UDF were Archie Gumede, Oscar Mpetha and Albertina Sisulu; patrons were Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Dr Allan Boesak, Helen Joseph, and Nelson Mandela. Basing its platform on abolishing apartheid and creating a nonracial democratic South Africa, the UDF provided a legal way for domestic human rights groups and individuals of all races to organise demonstrations and campaign against apartheid inside the country. Churches and church groups also emerged as pivotal points of resistance. Church leaders were not immune to prosecution, and certain faith-based organisations were banned, but the clergy generally had more freedom to criticise the government than militant groups did. The UDF, coupled with the protection of the church, accordingly permitted a major role for Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who served both as a prominent domestic voice and international spokesperson denouncing apartheid and urging the creation of a shared nonracial state.",
"title": "Apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "2200527#4",
"text": "Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations and brought about an extensive arms and trade embargo on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s, internal resistance to apartheid became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed to appease most activist groups.",
"title": "Apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "5358303#1",
"text": "The term \"gender apartheid\" stems from South Africa's racial apartheid that instituted a system of white supremacy () and separated the country's majority black inhabitants from whites. Afrikaans for \"apartness\" or \"separateness\", the use of the term \"apartheid\" to refer to gender reflects a human rights violation that entails both separation and oppression. In defining apartheid, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt wrote:\nThe concept of separateness in itself does not necessarily imply that any group is or will be favored over any other... The distinctive characteristic of apartheid and of other kinds of oppressive segregation is that political, economic, social, and even geographic conditions are created consciously and systematically in order to forcibly separate groups, invariably to the benefit—at least the short-term benefit—of at least one of the groups, but never, or only accidentally, to the benefit of all of them.",
"title": "Gender apartheid"
}
] |
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2390
|
What do radical feminist believe?
|
[
{
"docid": "28141903#34",
"text": "Radical feminism considers the male-controlled capitalist hierarchy, which it describes as sexist, as the defining feature of women's oppression. Radical feminists believe that women can free themselves only when they have done away with what they consider an inherently oppressive and dominating patriarchal system. Radical feminists feel that there is a male-based authority and power structure and that it is responsible for oppression and inequality, and that, as long as the system and its values are in place, society will not be able to be reformed in any significant way. Some radical feminists see no alternatives other than the total uprooting and reconstruction of society in order to achieve their goals.",
"title": "Feminist movements and ideologies"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37209664#0",
"text": "Feminist views on sexuality widely vary. Many feminists, particularly radical feminists, are highly critical of what they see as sexual objectification and sexual exploitation in the media and society. Radical feminists are often opposed to the sex industry, including opposition to prostitution and pornography. Other feminists define themselves as sex-positive feminists and believe that a wide variety of expressions of female sexuality can be empowering to women when they are freely chosen. Some feminists support efforts to reform the sex industry to become less sexist, such as the feminist pornography movement.",
"title": "Feminist views on sexuality"
},
{
"docid": "2420783#9",
"text": "Chesler is considered a radical feminist and a second wave feminist leader. Chesler believes that men can and should be feminists, and she wrote in her book \"Letters to a Young Feminist\" that she envisions her heirs as both women and men. Chesler has studied male psychology and published a book on the subject (\"About Men\") which discussed the father-son, mother-son, and brother-brother relationships; the book also tried to understand male conformity, how and why men obeyed the orders of male tyrants, and what kind of men resisted doing so.",
"title": "Phyllis Chesler"
},
{
"docid": "15461919#7",
"text": "Sex-positive feminists believe that no form of sexual expression should be vilified, except that which is not consensual. One of the main advocates of this feminist perspective is Carol Queen. She argues that radical feminists probably generalize too widely as far as women are concerned, and do not take into consideration more complicated circumstances such as sadomasochism and prostitution. Elisa Glick also states that configurations of power within relationships do not prevent women from exercising it and that they can be used to enable women to exercise it.",
"title": "Sex workers' rights"
},
{
"docid": "53899336#6",
"text": "Radical feminist ideology is different from mainstream or liberal feminism because it believes that women's liberation can only be achieved through the re-ordering of patriarchal society, while mainstream/liberal feminism seeks equality within the current system in place. Radical feminism also focuses on sex as the root of female oppression, as opposed to social class and/or race. Notable radical feminist groups and organizations include Cell 16, Redstockings, The Radical Feminists #28 and The Furies Collective.",
"title": "Womyn's land"
},
{
"docid": "25998#6",
"text": "Radical feminists claim that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the \"other\" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (and non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that \"the \"need\" men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression\".",
"title": "Radical feminism"
},
{
"docid": "15461919#6",
"text": "Contrarily, liberal feminists believe that capitalism allows women to freely make whatever choices they desire. As such, some women freely choose to participate in pornography, as they do in other forms of labour. The main thing that these feminists fight for is anti-censorship, regardless of whether they personally agree with pornography or not. On this side of the debate are feminists such as Gayle Rubin and Lynn Chancer. Rubin argues that anti-pornography laws could negatively harm sexual minorities such as gays/lesbians, sex workers, and feminists because they would create new problems and modes of abuse resulting from the anti-pornography side's use of a limited amount of porn that demonstrates the most extreme cases of violence such as sadomasochism. Likewise, Chancer argues that it is possible for such imagery to be able to circulate consensually and lawfully while genuine feelings of pleasure are being experienced without women feeling subordinated. She also states that some of these feminists believe that pornography is negatively affecting women by leading to violence against women when in actuality it is not. Thus, she concludes that radical feminists are looking at pornography as a quick fix to a much larger societal problem.",
"title": "Sex workers' rights"
},
{
"docid": "25998#10",
"text": "In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged simultaneously within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and Australia. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the middle-class nuclear family that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the counterculture, the New Left, and Marxist political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both New Left organizations such as the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW. Initially concentrated in big cities like New York, Chicago, Boston, Washington, DC, and on the West Coast, radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.",
"title": "Radical feminism"
},
{
"docid": "25998#23",
"text": "Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman. \"Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women\".",
"title": "Radical feminism"
},
{
"docid": "25998#34",
"text": "Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the \"psychological oppression\" of heteronormativity, which they believe to be \"the sexual foundation of the social institutions\". They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuate patriarchal power relations through \"personal domination\" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement. As one radical lesbian wrote, \"no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered\". They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.",
"title": "Radical feminism"
}
] |
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] |
2391
|
What's the speed limit on the A6 motorway?
|
[
{
"docid": "19901040#1",
"text": "The speed limit for most of the length of A6 is default 90 km/h (outside city limits). The section from Kaunas to Jonava has been upgraded to a dual carriageway with at-grade junctions and traffic-lights. The remaining sections are roads with one lane in each direction, leading through towns like Ukmergė, Utena and Zarasai.",
"title": "A6 highway (Lithuania)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "531233#4",
"text": "Two sections between Llanddulas (Junction 23) to Conwy (Junction 17) are signed as a 70 mph (110 km/h) speed limit because they are classed as non-motorway special roads. Unlike other sections of the A55 that have National Speed Limit (NSL) signage and are accessible to all motor vehicles, motorway-style restrictions (although the A55 is not a motorway) apply on these stretches of road (e.g. no pedestrians, learner drivers, farm vehicles etc). As the section is not part of the UK motorway network, or classed as an all-purpose road (public right of way), the National Speed Limit does not apply so 70 mph (110 km/h) signs (the maximum speed permitted on UK roads) are used instead.",
"title": "A55 road"
},
{
"docid": "8013304#3",
"text": "The A6 motorway is a significant north–south motorway in Croatia connecting the largest seaport of the country, Rijeka, to its hinterland and to the rest of the Croatian motorway network via the A1 motorway Bosiljevo 2 interchange. The motorway follows a route through the Gorski Kotar region. Part of the road network of Croatia, the motorway is also part of European route E65 Nagykanizsa–Zagreb–Rijeka–Zadar–Split–Dubrovnik–Podgorica. The motorway is of major importance to Croatia in terms of development of the economy; it is especially important for tourism and as a transit transport route. The road serves tourist resorts in Istria and the Kvarner Gulf islands. Because of the link formed between Zagreb and Rijeka, tourism-related traffic originating from the countries neighbouring Croatia to the north flows via this road to the Adriatic coast on the south. The road also serves tourists originating in the northern inland areas of Croatia. The A6 route predominantly follows an east–west orientation, but the motorway is locally regarded as a north–south communication. The ultimate importance of the motorway as a transit route shall be achieved upon completion of the proposed expansion of Port of Rijeka and the Rijeka transport node. The expansion is planned to encompass an enhancement of the cargo handling capacity of the Port of Rijeka; improved railroad links; and a new Rijeka bypass motorway linking the A6, via a new interchange, with the present routes of the A7 and A8 motorways. One of the aims of the project is to increase traffic along the A6 route. As of the June 1997 Pan-European Transport Conference in Helsinki, the motorway is a part of the Pan-European corridor Vb.",
"title": "A6 (Croatia)"
},
{
"docid": "17969960#1",
"text": "The route of the A2 motorway is shared with two major European routes. Between its start, at Amstel Interchange, near Amsterdam, and the Interchange Oudenrijn, near Utrecht, European route E35 follows the A2 motorway. From the Oudenrijn Interchange towards the Belgian border just south of Maastricht, European route E25 follows the route of the A2. Local and express lanes on A2 have different speed limits. The speed limit on express lanes is 120 km/h (75 mph) and locals is 100 km/h (63 mph).",
"title": "A2 motorway (Netherlands)"
},
{
"docid": "78809#29",
"text": "In 1965, the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place on a 30 km stretch of German motorway A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg, Austria. Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, \"danger zone\" or \"accident\". Personnel monitored traffic using video technology, and manually controlled the signage. Beginning in the 1970s, additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service. Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions. In 2009, of German motorways were equipped with such systems.",
"title": "Speed limit"
},
{
"docid": "336922#7",
"text": "The original speed limit on the M50 was 70 mph (112 km/h). The Southern Cross Route from J12-J13 was given a lower limit of 60 mph (96 km/h), due to its more undulating, twisting route. The route from J3-J13 was changed to 100 km/h after the Republic of Ireland's speed limits became metric in 2005, while the Southeastern Motorway section (J13-J17) became 120 km/h. The Airport Motorway-Port Tunnel section of the route from J1-J3 has a speed limit of 80 km/h due to the closely packed junctions and heavy volume of weaving traffic.",
"title": "M50 motorway (Ireland)"
},
{
"docid": "28572417#0",
"text": "The default speed limits in the Netherlands are 50 km/h (31 mph) inside built-up areas, 80 km/h (50 mph) outside built-up areas, 100 km/h (62 mph) on expressways (\"autowegen\"), and 130 km/h (81 mph) on motorways (\"autosnelwegen\"). On September 1, 2012, the motorway default speed limit was raised from 120 km/h (75 mph) to 130 km/h (81 mph) \n, but it applies to only 48% of all motorways with the intent of 60% of motorways.",
"title": "Speed limits in the Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "28572417#1",
"text": "Additionally, lower speed limits may apply in speed zones. Motorways passing through urban areas are usually limited to 100 km/h and narrow regional roads may have 60 km/h (37 mph) speed limits. Starting in May 2002, 80 km/h zones have been introduced on some motorways that had daily traffic congestion and air pollution issues; however, most of these zones have been or will be abolished, with the exception of short stretches of the A20 ring road near Rotterdam and the A10 ring road near Amsterdam.",
"title": "Speed limits in the Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "56647464#2",
"text": "Historically, maximum speed limit in Georgia was 90 km/h as there were no motorways in the country. With the change of government in 2004 and activation of country's economy, the construction of first motorway started. The motorway forms the one of the main transit routes of the country – S1/E60. Currently, the motorway part of the route spans from north exit of Tbilisi to Zemo Osiauri, a small village near Khashuri.",
"title": "Speed limits in Georgia (country)"
},
{
"docid": "28572384#1",
"text": "Out of localities, the speed limits for categories A and B (motorcycles and automobiles) are: 130 km/h on motorways, 100 km/h on expressways and E-roads, and 90 km/h on other roads. For categories C, D, and D1 (trucks and buses), the limits are: 100, 80, and 70 km/h respectively, and for categories A1, B1, and C1 (low weight/power motorcycles and automobiles) they are: 80, 70 and 60 km/h respectively. Tractors and mopeds have a maximum speed limit of 35 km/h both in and out of localities, and are not allowed on motorways.",
"title": "Speed limits in Romania"
}
] |
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] |
2393
|
What's the difference between generic medication and name brand?
|
[
{
"docid": "293885#19",
"text": "Before a company can market a generic drug, it needs to file an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) with the Food and Drug Administration, seeking to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to a previously approved \"reference-listed drug\" and proving that it can manufacture the drug safely and consistently. For an ANDA to be approved, the FDA requires the bioequivalence of a generic drug to be between 80% and 125% of the innovator product. (This range is part of a statistical calculation, and does not mean that generic drugs are allowed to differ from their brand-name counterparts by up to 25 percent.) The FDA evaluated 2,070 studies conducted between 1996 and 2007 that compared the absorption of brand-name and generic drugs into a person's body. The average difference in absorption between the generic and the brand-name drug was 3.5 percent, comparable to the difference between two batches of a brand-name drug. Non-innovator versions of biologic drugs, or biosimilars, require clinical trials for immunogenicity in addition to tests establishing bioequivalency. These products cannot be entirely identical because of batch-to-batch variability and their biological nature, and they are subject to extra rules.",
"title": "Generic drug"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "611768#1",
"text": "Having unambiguous standard names for each drug (standardization of drug nomenclature) is important because a drug may be sold by many different brand names, or a branded medication may contain more than one drug. For example, the branded medications Celexa, Celapram and Citrol all contain the same active ingredient: citalopram; and the branded preparation Lemsip contains two active ingredients: paracetamol and phenylephrine.",
"title": "International nonproprietary name"
},
{
"docid": "421981#14",
"text": "Many markets for commonly used goods feature products which are perfectly substitutable yet are differently branded and marketed, a condition referred to as monopolistic competition. A good example may be the comparison between store brand and name brand versions of medications - the products may be \"identical\" but the packaging is differentiated by the vendors. Since the goods are essentially alike, the only genuine difference between them is the price - their vendors rely primarily on price and branding to effect sales. In those sectors consumer choice is usually driven by discriminate according to \"lowest price\", with higher-priced variants relying on a sense of exclusivity created by slicker branding to maintain competitiveness.Perfect substitutability is significant in the era of deregulation, since there are usually several competing providers in a field (e.g. electricity suppliers) each retailing exactly the same product. The result is often aggressive price competition between the retailers.",
"title": "Substitute good"
},
{
"docid": "772990#12",
"text": "In an effort to limit the cost of PBS, the Australian Government introduced Brand Premiums on medications where cheaper generic brands were available. The Brand Premium is usually the price difference between the innovator brand and the generic brand. The patient pays the Brand Premium in addition to the normal patient contribution if they decline to purchase the generic brand. The Brand Premium paid does not count toward either safety net threshold and must still be paid even after the threshold is reached.",
"title": "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"
},
{
"docid": "350292#42",
"text": "A generic drug is a chemically equivalent, cheaper version of a brand-name drug. A generic drug form is required to have the same dose, strength and active ingredient(s) as the brand name drug; thus, they carry the same risks and benefits. To ensure compliance, the FDA Generic Drugs Program conducts stringent reviews (3,500 inspections of manufacturing plants per year). Although generic drugs sound like a great money-saver, generic medicines can only be sold after the patents of the brand name versions end. Because of this mandatory period of exclusivity for many brand-name drugs (a period in which generic medicines cannot be sold), delay of generic drugs reaching the market is expected. The high cost of upfront research that the brand-name products have to go through to ensure safety and efficacy largely account for the high discrepancy in pricing between the two groups.",
"title": "Prescription drug prices in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "293885#17",
"text": "Bioequivalence does not mean generic drugs must be exactly the same as the brand-name product (\"pharmaceutical equivalent\"). Chemical differences may exist; a different salt or ester may be used, for instance. Different inactive ingredients means that the generic may look different to the originator brand. However, the therapeutic effect of the drug must be the same (\"pharmaceutical alternative\"). Most small molecule drugs are accepted as bioequivalent if their pharmacokinetic parameters of area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (C) are within a 90% confidence interval of 80–125%; most approved generics are well within this limit. For more complex products—such as inhalers, patch delivery systems, liposomal preparations, or biosimilar drugs—demonstrating pharmacodynamic or clinical equivalence is more challenging.",
"title": "Generic drug"
},
{
"docid": "3260631#1",
"text": "A rational drug policy is one based on drug use in which patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community. Pharmaceutical companies make considerable money by selling drugs under their trade names, promoting the branded drugs as against those named generically. Doctors often prescribe branded drugs which are more expensive than generic drugs which have the same efficacy.",
"title": "Essential medicines policies"
},
{
"docid": "293885#26",
"text": "Some generic drugs are viewed with suspicion by doctors. For example, warfarin (Coumadin) has a narrow therapeutic window and requires frequent blood tests to make sure patients do not have a subtherapeutic or a toxic level. A study performed in Ontario showed that replacing Coumadin with generic warfarin was safe, but many physicians are not comfortable with their patients taking branded generic equivalents. In some countries (for example, Australia) where a drug is prescribed under more than one brand name, doctors may choose not to allow pharmacists to substitute a brand different from the one prescribed unless the consumer requests it.",
"title": "Generic drug"
},
{
"docid": "350292#39",
"text": "Prices vary from one pharmacy to another as listed prices determine what the insurance companies will have to pay for the drug. Therefore, patients are rarely expected to pay the high prices listed for each prescription. According to the 2017 consumer reports, it is important to compare prices of various retail pharmacies to get the best deal. Other tips include seeking 90-day prescription when possible, asking for the lowest price when deciding to pay for a medication, asking for generics (refer to \"Generics versus Brand-name Products\" for more details regarding generic drugs vs. brand-name drugs), comparing insurance plans and talking to your doctor about costs in order to find cheaper alternative(s).",
"title": "Prescription drug prices in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1330266#11",
"text": "A generic brand skin care product may have a consumer unsure about its ‘health and safety’ quotient. This implies that there are certain product categories more aligned to generic brands. Examples include over-the-counter medications, cereal and gasoline among others.",
"title": "Generic brand"
}
] |
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] |
2394
|
How many people live in Burkina Faso?
|
[
{
"docid": "2904025#0",
"text": "Centre is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre was 1,523,980 in 2006 and increased by 40.2% in 5 years to 2,136,581 in 2011 (est.). It is the most populous and urbanised region in Burkina Faso; in 2006 11.1% of Burkina's population lived in Centre. The region's capital is Ouagadougou, which also serves as the national capital. Centre region consists of only one province, Kadiogo.",
"title": "Centre Region, Burkina Faso"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "743341#0",
"text": "The Mossi (or \"Mole\", \"Mosse\", sing. \"Moaaga\") are a people in central Burkina Faso, living mostly in the villages of the Nazinon and Nakanbe (formerly Volta) River Basin. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, constituting more than 40% of the population, or about 6.2 million people. The other 60% of Burkina Faso's population is composed of more than 60 ethnic groups, mainly the Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo and Fulani. The Mossi speak the Mòoré language.",
"title": "Mossi people"
},
{
"docid": "42489952#13",
"text": "In much of the literature on African art the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing. These people call themselves Bobo. They speak a Mandé language. The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso, although the area occupied by the Bobo extends north into Mali. The Bobo are far from homogeneous. They are an ancient amalgamation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area. Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbors to the north, the Bamana and Minianka, than to their Voltaic neighbors thegurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people, that live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region. Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also claim to be autochthonous.",
"title": "Art of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "23327340#2",
"text": "In 2016, the average life expectancy in Burkina Faso was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females which gives it a world life expectancy ranking of 166. \nIn 2016, Burkina Faso had 3400 (2200 - 5000) new HIV infections and 3100 (2000 - 4500) AIDS-related deaths. There were 95 000 (77 000 - 120 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 60% (49% - 74%) were accessing anti retroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 83% (65% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - <1000) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. The key populations most affected by HIV in Burkina Faso are sex workers, with an HIV prevalence of 16.2%, gay men and other men who have sex with men, with an HIV prevalence of 3.6% and prisoners, with an HIV prevalence of 3%. \nIn Burkina Faso, three out of four girls and women have undergone FGM (Female Genital Mutiliation) . But work to reverse this trend is proving successful: community meetings, peer education and a law banning the practice have helped to reduce the numbers of girls getting cut by 31%.The World Bank approved an $80 million International Development Association (IDA)* grant and $20 million from the Global Financing Facility (GFF) in Support of Every Woman, Every Child, to support the government’s efforts to strengthen health services in Burkina Faso. The Governments of Norway and Burkina Faso, the World Bank Group, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will co-host the GFF replenishment conference slated for November 6, 2018 in Oslo, Norway..",
"title": "Health in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#91",
"text": "Poverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity. As one of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso has around 43.7% of its population living under the poverty line and ranked 185 out of 188 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2015. The Human Development Index is a measure of quality of life, taking into account three main areas of human development: longevity, education, and economic standard of living. These high levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso, combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis continue to contribute to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity. The global food crisis of 2007–2008 was a drastic surge in food prices that lead to high rates of hunger, malnutrition, and political and economic instability in nations across the globe. This strongly affected Burkina Faso because around 80% of Burkina's population is rural, relying on subsistence farming to make a living. For instance, when natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail, farmers in Burkina Faso become dependent on grain purchases. Because of the global food crisis, local grain prices dramatically increased, limiting farmers' access to grain through market exchanges.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "18541294#2",
"text": "The Bwa live in central Burkina Faso and south-east Mali, between Mali's Bani River and the Mouhoun River (Black Volta) in Burkina Faso. Their total population is approximately 300, 000. The major towns occupied by the Bwa are Houndé, Boni, Bagassi, Dossi and Pa.",
"title": "Bwa people"
},
{
"docid": "3470#106",
"text": "Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina Faso's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 persons per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3678#8",
"text": "In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people in the country were living under \"modern slavery\" according to the Global Slavery Index. News reports also indicate that \"most child slaves on cocoa farms (Ivory Coast and Ghana) come from Mali and Burkina Faso, two of the poorest nations on Earth. The children, some as young as ten, are sent by their families or trafficked by agents with the promise of money. They are made to work long hours for little or no money.\"",
"title": "Demographics of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3678#0",
"text": "This article is about the demographic features of the population of Burkina Faso, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.\nBurkina Faso's /1e6 round 1 million people belong to two major West African cultural groups—the Gur (Voltaic) and the Mandé. The Voltaic are far more numerous and include the Mossi, who make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso and established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi are still bound by the traditions of the Mogho Naba, who hold court in Ouagadougou.",
"title": "Demographics of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#109",
"text": "In 2009 the U.S. Department of State's \"Trafficking in Persons Report\" reported that slavery in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims. Slavery in the Sahel states in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to the Arab slave trade. In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people in the country were living under \"modern slavery\" according to the Global Slavery Index.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
}
] |
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2396
|
Is Korean phonetic?
|
[
{
"docid": "158772#1",
"text": "Although a phonetic Korean alphabet, now known as Chosŏn'gŭl or Hangul, had been created by Sejong the Great, it did not come into widespread official use until the late 19th and early 20th century. Thus, until that time it was necessary to be fluent in reading and writing Hanja in order to be literate in Korean, as the vast majority of Korean literature and most other Korean documents were written in Literary Chinese, using Hanja as its primary script. Today, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts (up to about the 1990s), or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. Learning a certain number of Hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, and for enlarging one's Korean vocabulary. Today, Hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in Hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—\"Hanja-eo\" ()—are written with the Hangul alphabet most of the time, with the corresponding Chinese character often written next to it in order to prevent confusion with other characters or words with the same phonetics.",
"title": "Hanja"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1004626#5",
"text": "Chinese and Koreans had long used Chinese characters to write non-Chinese terms and proper names phonetically, by selecting characters for Chinese words that sounded like each syllable.\nKoreans also used the characters phonetically to write Korean particles and inflections added to Chinese texts as an aid to reading (Idu script).\nIn Japan, the practice was developed into \"man'yōgana\", a complete script for the Japanese language using Chinese characters phonetically, and the ancestor of modern kana syllabaries.\nThis system was already in use in the verse parts of the \"Kojiki\" (712) and the \"Nihon Shoki\" (720).\nFor example, the first line of the first poem in the \"Kojiki\" was written with five characters:",
"title": "Old Japanese"
},
{
"docid": "8588667#20",
"text": "These are all \"progressive\" assimilation. Korean also has regressive (anticipatory) assimilation: a consonant tends to assimilate in manner but not in place of articulation: Obstruents become nasal stops before nasal stops (which, as just noted, includes underlying ), but do not change their position in the mouth. Velar stops (that is, all consonants pronounced in final position) become ; coronals () become , and labials () become . For example, is pronounced (phonetically ).",
"title": "Korean phonology"
},
{
"docid": "42538288#93",
"text": "Until the 20th century, no official orthography of the Korean alphabet had been established. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectal variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in multiple ways. Sejong seemed to prefer morphophonemic spelling (representing the underlying root forms) rather than a phonemic one (representing the actual sounds). However, early in its history the Korean alphabet was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns and later in verbs. The modern Korean alphabet is as morphophonemic as is practical. The difference between phonetic Romanization, phonemic orthography and morpho-phonemic orthography can be illustrated with the phrase \"motaneun sarami\":",
"title": "Hangul"
},
{
"docid": "16756#48",
"text": "The vast majority of loanwords other than Sino-Korean come from modern times, approximately 90% of which are from English. Many words have also been borrowed from Western languages such as German via Japanese ( (\"areubaiteu\") \"part-time job\", (\"allereugi\") \"allergy\", (\"gibseu\" or \"gibuseu\") \"plaster cast used for broken bones\"). Some Western words were borrowed indirectly via Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Korea, taking a Japanese sound pattern, for example \"dozen\" > \"dāsu\" > \"daseu\". Most indirect Western borrowings are now written according to current \"Hangulization\" rules for the respective Western language, as if borrowed directly. There are a few more complicated borrowings such as \"German(y)\" (see names of Germany), the first part of whose endonym \"Deutschland\" the Japanese approximated using the kanji \"doitsu\" that were then accepted into the Korean language by their Sino-Korean pronunciation: \"dok\" + \"il\" = \"Dogil\". In South Korean official use, a number of other Sino-Korean country names have been replaced with phonetically oriented \"Hangeulizations\" of the countries' endonyms or English names.",
"title": "Korean language"
},
{
"docid": "16756#52",
"text": "Before the creation of the modern Korean alphabet, known as Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea and as Hangul in South Korea, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages and the large number of characters to be learned, the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education, had much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters. To assuage this problem, King Sejong () created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people.",
"title": "Korean language"
},
{
"docid": "293791#11",
"text": "Phonetic changes between syllables in given names are not transcribed: → \"Jeong Seokmin\" or \"Jeong Seok-min\", → \"Choe Bitna\" or \"Choe Bit-na\".",
"title": "Revised Romanization of Korean"
},
{
"docid": "1189822#2",
"text": "The international Unicode standard contains special characters for representing the Korean language in the native hangul phonetic system. There are two ways supported by Unicode. The way used by Microsoft Windows is to have every one of the 11,172 syllable combinations as a code and a pre-formed font character. The other way is to encode letters (\"jamos\"), and to let the software combine them into correct combinations, which is not supported in Windows. Of course the former way needs more font memory, but gives the possibility of getting better shapes, since it is complicated to create fully correct combinations which may be preferred when creating documents.",
"title": "Korean language and computers"
},
{
"docid": "280679#2",
"text": "Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phonetically distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like \"p'\", \"k'\", and \"t'\" are distinguished by apostrophe from unaspirated ones, which may be falsely understood as a separator between syllables (as in → \"twich'agi\", which consists of the syllables \"twi\", \"ch'a\" and \"gi\"). The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of (\"n'g\") as opposed to (\"ng\"): → \"chan'gŭm\" vs. → \"changŭm\").",
"title": "McCune–Reischauer"
},
{
"docid": "50782183#5",
"text": "The two languages have previously been thought to not share any cognates (other than loanwords), for their vocabularies do not phonetically resemble each other. However, a recent 2016 paper proposing a common lineage between Korean and Japanese traces around 500 core words thought to share a common origin.",
"title": "Comparison of Japanese and Korean"
}
] |
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] |
2397
|
How old do Galapagos tortoises get?
|
[
{
"docid": "46903603#5",
"text": "Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived animals on the planet. Some individual Aldabra giant tortoises are thought to be over 200 years of age, but this is difficult to verify because they tend to outlive their human observers. Adwaita was reputedly one of four brought by British seamen from the Seychelles Islands as gifts to Robert Clive of the British East India Company in the 18th century, and came to Calcutta Zoo in 1875. At his death in March 2006 at the Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) Zoo in India, Adwaita is reputed to have reached the longest ever measured life span of 255 years (birth year 1750). Today, Jonathan, a -year-old, Saint Helena-dwelling Seychelles giant tortoise, is thought to be the oldest living terrestrial animal on Earth since the 2006 death of Harriet; a 176 year old Galapagos giant tortoise who lived at Australia Zoo. Coming in second to Jonathan is Esmeralda, at years old. Esmeralda is an Aldabra giant tortoise that lives in the Galapagos Islands.",
"title": "Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa"
},
{
"docid": "1435586#13",
"text": "Large tortoises are among the longest-lived animals. Some individual Aldabra giant tortoises are thought to be over 200 years of age, but this is difficult to verify because they tend to outlive their human observers. Adwaita was reputedly one of four brought by British seamen from the Seychelles Islands as gifts to Robert Clive of the British East India Company in the 18th century, and came to Calcutta Zoo in 1875. At his death in March 2006 at the Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) Zoo in India, Adwaita is reputed to have reached the longest ever measured lifespan of 255 years (birth year 1750). Today, Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise (\"A. g. hololissa\"), is thought to be the oldest living giant tortoise at the age of years and Esmeralda is second at the age of years, since the death of Harriet at 176, a Galapagos giant tortoise. Esmeralda is an Aldabra giant tortoise.",
"title": "Aldabra giant tortoise"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "213329#11",
"text": "The closest living relative of the Galapagos giant tortoise is the small Chaco tortoise from South America, although it is not a direct ancestor. Scientists believe the first tortoises arrived to Galapagos 2–3 million years ago by drifting 600 miles from the South American coast on vegetation rafts or on their own. They were already large animals before arriving in Galapagos. Colonizing the eastern-most islands of Española and San Cristóbal first, they then dispersed throughout the archipelago, eventually establishing about 16 separate populations on ten of the largest Galapagos Islands. Currently there are only 10 species of Galapagos Giant Tortoises left of the original 16 species. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Galápagos were frequented by buccaneers preying on Spanish treasure ships. Filling a ship's hold with tortoises was an easy way to stock up on food, a tradition that was continued by whalers in the centuries that followed: \"whaling skippers were almost lyrical in their praise of tortoise meat, terming it far more delicious than chicken, pork or beef'. They said the meat of the giant tortoise was 'succulent meat and the oil from their bodies as pure as butter, but best of all, the giants could hibernate in a ship's damp for a year or more.\" The tortoises also conveniently held water in their neck that could be used as drinking water.",
"title": "Giant tortoise"
},
{
"docid": "1949885#20",
"text": "The small Natural History Museum (Museo de Ciencias Naturales) has a statue of Charles Darwin at the entrance. It is located in the heart of the town to the east of the Parque la Carolina, next to the Franciscan mission. It contains exhibits of many animals, plants and minerals of the Galápagos. Of note is a giant tortoise, which is said to be more than 80 years old; an exhibit of a predecessor species of iguana; the flightless cormorant; and the Galapagos tortoise – three drawings for each of these fauna are on display.",
"title": "Puerto Baquerizo Moreno"
},
{
"docid": "213329#13",
"text": "Galapagos tortoises are herbivorous, feeding primarily on cactus pads, grasses, and native fruit. They drink large quantities of water when available that they can store in their bladders for long periods of time. There are two main types of shell among the saddle-back and the domed shell. They both provide special adaption to different environments. The saddle-back shell tortoises are the smallest Galapagos tortoises, but present a very long neck and pairs of legs. They live on arid zone and feed on cactus. The domed shell tortoises are bigger with shorter neck and legs, they are found in the more vegetated islands and feed on grass. \nThey spend an average of 16 hours a day resting. Their activity level is driven by ambient temperature and food availability. In the cool season, they are active at midday, sleeping in in the morning and afternoon. In the hot season, their active period is early morning and late afternoon, while midday finds them resting and trying to keep cool under the shade of a bush or half-submerged in muddy wallows.",
"title": "Giant tortoise"
},
{
"docid": "7934681#52",
"text": "An estimated 200,000 animals were taken before the 20th century. The relatively immobile and defenceless tortoises were collected and stored live on board ships, where they could survive for at least a year without food or water (some anecdotal reports suggest individuals surviving two years), providing valuable fresh meat, while their diluted urine and the water stored in their neck bags could be used as drinking water. The 17th-century British pirate, explorer, and naturalist William Dampier wrote, \"They are so extraordinarily large and fat, and so sweet, that no pullet eats more pleasantly,\" while Captain James Colnett of the British Navy wrote of \"the land tortoise which in whatever way it was dressed, was considered by all of us as the most delicious food we had ever tasted.\" US Navy captain David Porter declared, \"after once tasting the Galapagos tortoises, every other animal food fell off greatly in our estimation ... The meat of this animal is the easiest of digestion, and a quantity of it, exceeding that of any other food, can be eaten without experiencing the slightest of inconvenience.\" Darwin was less enthusiastic about the meat, writing \"the breast-plate roasted (as the Gauchos do \"carne con cuero\"), with the flesh on it, is very good; and the young tortoises make excellent soup; but otherwise the meat to my taste is indifferent.\"",
"title": "Galápagos tortoise"
},
{
"docid": "12507419#7",
"text": "Yellow-footed tortoises are a large species – fifth-largest overall and third-largest mainland species, after the Aldabra giant tortoise (\"Aldabrachelys gigantea\"), Galapagos giant tortoise (\"Chelonoidis nigra\"), African spurred tortoise, and Asian forest tortoise. Typical sizes average 40 cm (15.75 in), but much larger specimens are common. The largest know specimen is a female that was 94 cm (37 in) long. They closely resemble the red-footed tortoise, and can sometimes be difficult to tell apart, especially as a preserved specimen, which led to quite a bit of confusion over the names and ranges.",
"title": "Yellow-footed tortoise"
},
{
"docid": "46903601#6",
"text": "Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived animals on the planet. Some individual Aldabra giant tortoises are thought to be over 200 years of age, but this is difficult to verify because they tend to outlive their human observers. Adwaita was reputedly one of four brought by British seamen from the Seychelles Islands as gifts to Robert Clive of the British East India Company in the 18th century, and came to the Calcutta Zoo in 1875. At his death in March 2006 at the Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) Zoo in India, Adwaita is reputed to have reached the longest ever measured life span of 255 years (birth year 1750). Today, Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise, is thought to be the oldest living giant tortoise at the age of 184 years and Esmeralda second at the age of 170 years, since the death of Harriet, a Galapagos giant tortoise, at 176. Esmeralda is an Aldabra giant tortoise.",
"title": "Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi"
},
{
"docid": "213329#0",
"text": "Giant tortoises are characteristic reptiles that are currently found on two groups of tropical islands: the Aldabra Atoll and Fregate Island in Seychelles and the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador (a population at the Mascarene Islands was exterminated by the 1900s). These tortoises can weigh as much as and can grow to be long. Giant tortoises originally made their way to islands from the mainland; for example, the Aldabra Atoll and Mascarenes giant tortoises are related to Madagascar tortoises while the Galapagos giant tortoises are related to Ecuador mainland tortoises. This phenomenon of excessive growth is known as island gigantism or insular gigantism. It occurs when the size of the animals that are isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to their mainland relatives. This is due to several factors such as relaxed predation pressure, competitive release, or as an adaptation to increased environmental fluctuations on islands. However, giant tortoises are no longer considered to have been examples of island gigantism, as they originally evolved their massive sizes on the mainland. Giant tortoises were once common across the Cenozoic faunas of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas.",
"title": "Giant tortoise"
},
{
"docid": "7934681#22",
"text": "On the southern island of Española, only 14 adult tortoises were found, two males and 12 females. The tortoises apparently were not encountering one another, so no reproduction was occurring. Between 1963 and 1974, all 14 adult tortoises discovered on the island were brought to the tortoise center on Santa Cruz and a tortoise breeding program was initiated. In 1977, a third Española male tortoise was returned to Galapagos from the San Diego Zoo and joined the breeding group. After 40 years' work reintroducing captive animals, a detailed study of the island's ecosystem has confirmed it has a stable, breeding population. Where once 15 were known, now more than 1,000 giant tortoises inhabit the island of Española. One research team has found that more than half the tortoises released since the first reintroductions are still alive, and they are breeding well enough for the population to progress onward, unaided.",
"title": "Galápagos tortoise"
}
] |
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] |
2398
|
When did Scott Westerfeld create Uglies?
|
[
{
"docid": "6324034#0",
"text": "Uglies is a 2005 science fiction novel by Scott Westerfeld. It is set in a future post scarcity dystopian world in which everyone is considered an \"ugly\", but then turned \"Pretty\" by extreme cosmetic surgery when they reach the age 16. It tells the story of teenager Tally Youngblood who rebels against society's enforced conformity, after her newfound friends Shay and David show her the downsides to becoming a \"Pretty\".",
"title": "Uglies"
},
{
"docid": "7093297#0",
"text": "Pretties is a 2005 science fiction novel and the second book of the \"Uglies\" Trilogy written by Scott Westerfeld. It is set in a future dystopian world in which everyone is turned \"Pretty\" by extreme cosmetic surgery upon reaching age 16. It tells the story of teenager Tally Youngblood who rebels against society's enforced conformity.",
"title": "Pretties"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9933726#0",
"text": "Uglies is a book series by Scott Westerfeld for young adults. Westerfeld originally intended for \"Uglies\" to be a trilogy. However, after publishing the series' first three novels, \"Uglies\", \"Pretties\", and \"Specials\", he ultimately wrote an additional fourth book, \"Extras\". This fourth book is dedicated \"[t]o everyone who wrote to me to reveal the secret definition of the word 'trilogy'.\" On February 2, 2018 author Scott Westerfeld announced a continuation of the series consisting of four new novels, the first one being \"Impostors\", to be released September 2018.",
"title": "Uglies series"
},
{
"docid": "4372124#0",
"text": "Scott David Westerfeld (born May 5, 1963) is an American writer of young adult fiction, best known as the author of the \"Uglies\" and the \"Leviathan\" series.",
"title": "Scott Westerfeld"
},
{
"docid": "4372124#9",
"text": "Several of his novels have been optioned for films. \"So Yesterday\" has been optioned to be made into a film by one of the producers of \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" and \"Bowling for Columbine\". However, this option 'slowly died', as Scott Westerfeld wrote on his blog. The \"Uglies\" series was optioned in 2006 by Twentieth Century Fox as a possible film series.",
"title": "Scott Westerfeld"
},
{
"docid": "9933726#4",
"text": "In an interview with Simon and Schuster's book newsletter, author Scott Westerfeld talks about the inspiration behind the series. Westerfeld thinks that the future will allow people greater control over their appearance: \"We are definitely heading toward a world in which lots of people will get to decide how they look. That will change what we think of as beautiful, and what beauty means to us.\" In light of this Westerfeld \"wanted to write a future in which these technologies were fairly common.\"",
"title": "Uglies series"
},
{
"docid": "4372124#10",
"text": "A major theme in Westerfeld's work is the idea of free thinking or questioning authority. In \"Uglies,\" the protagonist Tally rebels against her society's rules first with harmless pranks and eventually by leaving the city altogether. She finds a group of runaway uglies who refuse to conform to social norms that includes undergoing cosmetic surgery. Similarly, \"So Yesterday\" examines popularity and why certain trends are considered 'cool.' The novels praises innovators who think outside the box and come up with new fashion statements entirely on their own.",
"title": "Scott Westerfeld"
},
{
"docid": "10956305#0",
"text": "Leviathan is a 2009 novel written by Scott Westerfeld and illustrated by Keith Thompson. First of a trilogy set in alternative version of World War I, it has Central Powers (known in-universe as \"Clankers\") using mechanized war machines opposed by Entente Powers (as \"Darwinists\") who fabricate living creatures genetically. The central protagonists are Aleksander, son of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; and Deryn, a Scottish girl with dreams of joining the British Air Service with her brother. The sequels are \"Behemoth\" and \"Goliath\". The first two chapters of this book were released with \"Bogus to Bubbly: Insider's Guide to the World of Uglies\".",
"title": "Leviathan (Westerfeld novel)"
},
{
"docid": "6324034#15",
"text": "In the dedication page for Uglies, Westerfeld says: “This novel was shaped by a series of e-mail exchanges between myself and Ted Chiang about his story “Liking What You See: A Documentary.” His input on the manuscript was also invaluable.” In another interview, Westerfeld says that this documentary is about a new technology that enables an individual to turn off their ability to see beauty so they can focus on the deeper and more important parts of another individual. In a 2012 interview on Bookyurt, Westerfeld explained that his point in writing the book was not to make a big commentary on the issues with beauty, but to make people aware of the culture of retouching that is developing in the world and to be aware of our own ideas about beauty and our need to think for ourselves.",
"title": "Uglies"
},
{
"docid": "4372124#4",
"text": "Westerfield is best known for the \"Uglies\" series, including the spin-off graphic novel series \"Shay's Story\". Other novels of his include \"Afterworlds\" and, for adults, \"The Risen Empire\" and \"The Killing of Worlds\", parts one and two of \"Succession\".",
"title": "Scott Westerfeld"
}
] |
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] |
2399
|
Where was Robert FitzRoy from?
|
[
{
"docid": "271121#2",
"text": "Robert FitzRoy was born at Ampton Hall, Ampton, Suffolk, England, into the upper echelons of the British aristocracy and a tradition of public service. Through his father, General Lord Charles FitzRoy, Robert was a fourth great-grandson of Charles II of England; his paternal grandfather was Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton. His mother, Lady Frances Stewart, was the daughter of the first Marquess of Londonderry and the half-sister of Viscount Castlereagh, who became Foreign Secretary. From the age of four, Robert FitzRoy lived with his family at Wakefield Lodge, their Palladian mansion in Northamptonshire.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29140202#1",
"text": "Fitzroy was born in Norfolk, England in 1844. His father was the Reverend Frederick Thomas William Coke Fitzroy (1808–1862) and his mother was Emilia Le-Strange Styleman. His grandfather was Lt.-Gen. William FitzRoy (1773–1837), and his great-grandfather was Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton (1737–1797). He was a distant nephew of Robert FitzRoy, the 2nd Governor of New Zealand, whose grandfather Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton was the elder brother of the 1st Baron Southampton. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge.",
"title": "Cecil Fitzroy"
},
{
"docid": "271121#0",
"text": "Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy FRS (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, FitzRoy's second expedition to Tierra del Fuego and the Southern Cone.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
},
{
"docid": "29630330#1",
"text": "Born the son of Admiral Robert FitzRoy, FitzRoy Junior joined the Royal Navy in 1853. He served in the Second Opium War in 1857 and was promoted to Captain in 1872. In 1878 he commanded HMS \"Alexandra\", flagship of Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby through the Dardanelles to Constantinople and although he grounded the ship, it was later re-floated. On 16 April 1886 he was made an Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen.",
"title": "Robert O'Brien FitzRoy"
},
{
"docid": "271121#41",
"text": "Mount Fitz Roy (Argentina–Chile, at the extreme south of the continent), was named after him by the Argentine scientist and explorer Francisco Moreno. It is high. The aboriginals had not named it, and used the word \"chaltén\" (meaning smoking mountain) for this and other peaks. Fitzroy River, in northern Western Australia, was named after him by Lieutenant John Lort Stokes who, at the time, commanded HMS \"Beagle\" (previously commanded by FitzRoy). The South American conifer \"Fitzroya cupressoides\" is named after him, as well as the \"Delphinus fitzroyi\", a species of dolphin discovered by Darwin during his voyage aboard the \"Beagle\". Fitzroy, Falkland Islands and Port Fitzroy, New Zealand are also named after him.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
},
{
"docid": "511818#0",
"text": "Fitzroya is a monotypic genus in the cypress family. The single living species, Fitzroya cupressoides, is a tall, long-lived conifer native to the Andes mountains of southern Chile and Argentina, where it is an important member of the Valdivian temperate rain forests. Common names include alerce (\"larch\" in Spanish), lahuán (Spanish, from the Mapuche Native American name \"lawal\"), and Patagonian cypress. The genus was named in honour of Robert FitzRoy.",
"title": "Fitzroya"
},
{
"docid": "271121#40",
"text": "A memorial to FitzRoy is erected atop a metamorphic outcrop beside the Bahia Wulaia dome middens on Isla Navarino, in the Chilean part of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, South America. It was presented in his bicentenary (2005) and commemorates his 23 January 1833 landing on Wulaia Cove. Another memorial, presented also in FitzRoy's bicentenary, commemorates his Cape Horn landing on 19 April 1830.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
},
{
"docid": "45708087#1",
"text": "Born to an aristocratic family, Robert FitzRoy joined the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth aged 12 and entered the Royal Navy the following year, rising rapidly through the ranks. The novel begins in 1828 with the suicide of the commander of \"HMS Beagle\", Pringle Stokes, and FitzRoy’s subsequent appointment as the vessel’s (temporary) captain at the age of twenty-three.",
"title": "This Thing of Darkness"
},
{
"docid": "271121#14",
"text": "At Valparaiso in 1834, while Charles Darwin was away from the ship exploring the Andes, the Admiralty reprimanded FitzRoy for buying the \"Adventure\". He took the criticism badly, selling the schooner and announcing they would go back to recheck his survey, then resigning his command with doubts about his sanity. The ship's officers persuaded him to withdraw his resignation and continue as planned once Darwin returned to the ship. FitzRoy continued his voyage, sailing on to the Galapagos, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. He detoured to Bahia in Brazil on the return voyage so that he could carry out an additional check, to ensure the accuracy of his longitude measurements before returning to England.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
},
{
"docid": "271121#33",
"text": "When \"The Origin of Species\" was published FitzRoy was dismayed and apparently felt guilty for his part in the theory's development. He was in Oxford on 30 June 1860 to present a paper on storms and attended the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at which Samuel Wilberforce attacked Darwin's theory. During the debate FitzRoy, seen as \"a grey haired Roman nosed elderly gentleman\", stood in the centre of the audience and \"lifting an immense Bible first with both and afterwards with one hand over his head, solemnly implored the audience to believe God rather than man\". As he admitted that \"The Origin of Species\" had given him \"acutest pain\", the crowd shouted him down.",
"title": "Robert FitzRoy"
}
] |
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2400
|
Is education in China free?
|
[
{
"docid": "5405#91",
"text": "In February 2006, the government pledged to provide completely free nine-year education, including textbooks and fees. Annual education investment went from less than US$50 billion in 2003 to more than US$250 billion in 2011. However, there remains an inequality in education spending. In 2010, the annual education expenditure per secondary school student in Beijing totalled ¥20,023, while in Guizhou, one of the poorest provinces in China, only totalled ¥3,204. Free compulsory education in China consists of primary school and junior secondary school between the ages of 6 and 15. In 2011, around 81.4% of Chinese have received secondary education. By 2007, there were 396,567 primary schools, 94,116 secondary schools, and 2,236 higher education institutions in China.",
"title": "China"
},
{
"docid": "407843#0",
"text": "Education in China is a state-run system of public education run by the Ministry of Education. All citizens must attend school for at least nine years, known as the nine-year compulsory education, which is funded by the government. Compulsory education includes six years of primary education, starting at age six or seven, and three years of junior secondary education (junior middle school) for ages 12 to 15. Some provinces may have five years of primary school but four years for junior middle school. After junior middle school, there are three years of senior middle school, which then completes the secondary education.",
"title": "Education in China"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "407843#33",
"text": "Tuition-free primary education is, despite compulsory education laws, still a target rather than a realized goal throughout China. As many families have difficulty paying school fees, some children are forced to leave school earlier than the nine-year goal.",
"title": "Education in China"
},
{
"docid": "17815558#2",
"text": "CORE was a consortium of universities that began with 26 IET Educational Foundation member universities and 44 China Radio and TV Universities, with a total enrollment of 5 million students. It aimed to provide Chinese universities with free and easy access to global open educational resources and provides the framework for Chinese-speaking universities to participate in the shared, global network of advanced courseware with MIT and other leading universities.",
"title": "China Open Resources for Education"
},
{
"docid": "407843#32",
"text": "As a further example of the government's commitment to nine-year compulsory education, in January 1986 the State Council drafted a bill passed at the Fourteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress that made it illegal for any organization or individual to employ youths before they had completed their nine years of schooling. The bill also authorized free education and subsidies for students whose families had financial difficulties.",
"title": "Education in China"
},
{
"docid": "44102865#9",
"text": "In 1986, the Compulsory Education Law mandated that every child is given the right to nine years of free public education: six years of elementary school and three years of secondary school.",
"title": "Disability in China"
},
{
"docid": "407843#45",
"text": "Under the Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education, primary schools were to be tuition-free and reasonably located for the convenience of children attending them; students would attend primary schools in their neighborhoods or villages. Parents paid a small fee per term for books and other expenses such as transportation, food, and heating. Previously, fees were not considered a deterrent to attendance. Under the education reform, students from poor families received stipends, and state enterprises, institutions, and other sectors of society were encouraged to establish their own schools. A major concern was that scarce resources be conserved without causing enrollment to fall and without weakening of the better schools. In particular, local governments were told not to pursue middle-school education blindly while primary school education was still developing, or to wrest money, teaching staff, and materials from primary schools.",
"title": "Education in China"
},
{
"docid": "407843#106",
"text": "China could not afford a heavy investment, either ideologically or financially, in the education of a few students. Since 1978 China's leaders have modified the policy of concentrating education resources at the university level, which, although designed to facilitate modernization, conflicted directly with the party's principles. The policies that produced an educated elite also siphoned off resources that might have been used to accomplish the compulsory nine-year education more speedily and to equalize educational opportunities in the city and the countryside. The policy of key schools has been modified over the years. Nevertheless, China's leaders believe an educated elite is necessary to reach modernization goals. Corruption has been increasingly problematic for rural schools. Because the educational funding is distributed from the top down, each layer of bureaucracy has tended to siphon off more than its share of funding, leaving too little for the bottom rural level.",
"title": "Education in China"
},
{
"docid": "56135992#19",
"text": "December 1, 1927, Republic Daily published, Chinese rural education movement spot which is edited by Tao Xingzhi and translated by Zhang Zonglin. This is a report sent by the Chinese representative to the World Education Conference in Canada. The editorial emphasizes that rural education in China is a major event for one-fifth of the world's population, but the situation of rural education in China is not satisfactory. To this end, China Education Improvement Society has formulated a plan to transform rural education in China, ready to be phased in three stages. The report elaborates on the details of this plan and introduces the situation of carrying out rural education campaigns in Xiaozhuang, Nanjing.",
"title": "Chinese Education Improving Institute"
},
{
"docid": "33053163#5",
"text": "Few educational institutions serve special needs students. As of 2008, 1640 institutions specifically serve disabled people, with forty-six thousand teaching staff spread across those institutions.\nIn China, students with disabilities are usually separated from typical classrooms and placed in schools dedicated to special education. The first school dedicated to students with disabilities in China was established in 1987 in the city of Beijing. Currently this school has 60 staff members who teach more than 200 children in 17 classrooms. The school provides professional development and resource centers and an intensive diagnostic and training center for 3- and 4-year-olds with autism, as well as special education classes for school-age children\". The school is described as being very academic however the students are involved in active activities and plenty of one on one time with their instructors. The school also recruits students from all around China due to the scarcity of special education schools across the country. Segregation in education is what is typically seen within special education in China, however China has begun to adopt the idea of classroom inclusion which has proven to be beneficial in other nations who have adopted the method. Although this strategy is fairly new in China it has already shown positive results “Between 1987 and 1996, the school entrance rate of students with disabilities rose from 6% to 60%, and a large majority of these students were in general education classrooms.” Meaning students with special needs are being placed in typical classrooms with specialized instruction being given to students who have varying needs.",
"title": "Special education in China"
},
{
"docid": "2055056#18",
"text": "During the process of securing an Olympics bid from the International Olympics Committee (IOC), China promised to improve its human rights record. Wang Wei, head of the bid committee was quoted saying, \"We are confident that the Games coming to China not only promote our economy but also enhance all social conditions, including education, health and human rights.\" However, China largely failed to improve its human rights abuses and major news sources around the world criticised both the Chinese government for failing to fulfil its promise and the IOC for not being more discerning in its choice for the 2008 Olympics. Activists argued that China’s human rights violations were incompatible with the spirit of the Olympic Games.",
"title": "Free Tibet"
},
{
"docid": "407843#58",
"text": "Senior secondary education often refers to three years of high school (or called senior middle school) education, as from grade 10 to grade 12. Normally, students who have finished six years of primary education will continue three more years of academic study in middle schools as regulated by the Compulsory education law at the age of twelve. This, however, is not compulsory for senior secondary education, where junior graduates may choose to continue a three-year academic education in academic high schools, which will eventually lead to university, or to switch to a vocational course in vocational high schools.",
"title": "Education in China"
},
{
"docid": "407843#56",
"text": "In the drive to spread vocational and technical education, regular secondary-school enrollments fell. By 1986 universal secondary education was part of the nine-year compulsory education law that made primary education (six years) and junior-middle-school education (three years) mandatory. The desire to consolidate existing schools and to improve the quality of key middle schools was, however, under the education reform, more important than expanding enrollment.",
"title": "Education in China"
}
] |
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] |
2403
|
What political party did Hitler belong to?
|
[
{
"docid": "28083700#1",
"text": "The book is divided into two sections: in the first part, a narrative retells the formative years of the young Adolf Hitler between 1907 and 1918, when he lived as a starving artist on the streets and in the asylums of Vienna, and then joined World War I as a volunteer on the Western Front. When the war ends, Hitler comes into contact with members of the Thule Society in Munich, an association of occultists who had launched a political party, the German Workers Party (DAP).The narration ends in 1920 when Hitler takes over the DAP and turns it into the Nazi Party (NSDAP). In an interview with The Guardian, author Claus Hant explained that the events after 1920 are exhaustively documented in the numerous Hitler biographies. But what the biographies do not investigate is the time before then, when Hitler was transformed from inconsequential artist and drifter to towering political leader. Hant says that he has centered Young Hitler deliberately around this momentous transformation. According to Hant, this decisive turning point in Hitler’s life can only be explained satisfactorily now that recent research has unearthed certain previously unknown data and facts.",
"title": "Young Hitler"
},
{
"docid": "46335927#1",
"text": "When Hitler returned to Munich from military service in 1918, he became a member of the Nazi Party, an extremist far-right political party in Bavaria. In 1921, he was elected leader of the party. As his speeches promoted violence and racism, Hitler needed permanent security.",
"title": "Adolf Hitler's bodyguard"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3796622#0",
"text": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in Germany in September 1919 when Hitler joined the political party known as the \"Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\" – DAP (German Workers' Party). The name was changed in 1920 to the \"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\" – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). This political party was formed and developed during the post-World War I era. It was anti-Marxist and opposed to the democratic post-war government of the Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles; and it advocated extreme nationalism and Pan-Germanism as well as virulent anti-Semitism. Hitler's \"rise\" can be considered to have ended in March 1933, after the Reichstag adopted the Enabling Act of 1933 in that month. President Paul von Hindenburg had already appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues. The Enabling Act—when used ruthlessly and with authority—virtually assured that Hitler could thereafter constitutionally exercise dictatorial power without legal objection.",
"title": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power"
},
{
"docid": "3796622#1",
"text": "Adolf Hitler rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of the best speakers of the party, he told the other members to either make him leader of the party or he would never return. He was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members who were willing to do the same. The Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923 and the later release of his book \"Mein Kampf\" (Translation: \"My Struggle\") introduced Hitler to a wider audience. In the mid-1920s, the party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer, as well as in street battles and violence between the \"Rotfrontkämpferbund\" and the Nazis' \"Sturmabteilung\" (SA). Through the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Nazis gathered enough electoral support to become the largest political party in the Reichstag, and Hitler's blend of political acuity, deceptiveness and cunning converted the party's non-majority but plurality status into effective governing power in the ailing Weimar Republic of 1933.",
"title": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power"
},
{
"docid": "1033852#9",
"text": "In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. They capitulated to Hitler's demand and on 29 July 1921 a special congress was convened to formalize Hitler as the new chairman; the vote was 543 for Hitler and one against.",
"title": "Political views of Adolf Hitler"
},
{
"docid": "1033852#7",
"text": "While he studied the activities of the German Workers' Party (DAP), Hitler became impressed with founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. Drexler was impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, and invited him to join the DAP on 12 September 1919. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). Hitler, in his work \"Mein Kampf\", later claimed to be the seventh party member (he was in fact the seventh executive member of the Party's central committee).",
"title": "Political views of Adolf Hitler"
},
{
"docid": "1033852#29",
"text": "Hitler believed in the leader principle (hence his title, the Leader, \"der Führer\"), and he considered it ludicrous that an idea of governance or morality could be held by the people above the power of the leader. As Joachim Fest described a 1930 confrontation between Hitler and Otto Strasser, \"Now Hitler took Strasser to task for placing 'the idea' above the Führer and wanting 'to give every party comrade the right to decide the nature of the idea, even to decide whether or not the Führer is true to the so-called idea.' That, he cried angrily, was the worst kind of democracy, for which there was no place in their movement. 'With us the Führer and the idea are one and the same, and every party comrade has to do what the Führer commands, for he embodies the idea and he alone knows its ultimate goal.'\"",
"title": "Political views of Adolf Hitler"
},
{
"docid": "3796622#11",
"text": "On 14 September 1921, Hitler and a substantial number of SA members and other Nazi Party adherents disrupted a meeting at the Löwenbräukeller of the Bavarian League. This federalist organization objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution, but accepted its social program. The League was led by Otto Ballerstedt, an engineer whom Hitler regarded as \"my most dangerous opponent.\" One Nazi, Hermann Esser, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria, and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Both Hitler and Esser were arrested, and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, \"It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak.\" Hitler was eventually sentenced to 3 months imprisonment and ended up serving only a little over one month.",
"title": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power"
},
{
"docid": "1033852#1",
"text": "Hitler's political views were formed during three periods: (1) His years as a poverty-stricken young man in Vienna and Munich prior to World War I, during which he turned to nationalist-oriented political pamphlets and antisemitic newspapers out of distrust for mainstream newspapers and political parties; (2) The closing months of World War I when Germany lost the war; Hitler is said to have developed his extreme nationalism during this time, desiring to \"save\" Germany from both external and internal \"enemies\" who, in his view, betrayed it; (3) The 1920s, during which his early political career began and he wrote \"Mein Kampf\". Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; thereby allowing him to run for public office. Hitler was influenced by Benito Mussolini who was appointed Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922 after his \"March on Rome\".",
"title": "Political views of Adolf Hitler"
},
{
"docid": "51485#4",
"text": "The small number of party members were quickly won over to Hitler's political beliefs. He organized their biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people for 24 February 1920 in the \"Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München\". Further in an attempt to make the party more broadly appealing to larger segments of the population, the DAP was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) on 24 February. Such was the significance of Hitler's particular move in publicity that Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement. The new name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (the Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei, i.e. the German National Socialist Workers' Party), although Hitler earlier suggested the party to be renamed the Social Revolutionary Party. It was Rudolf Jung who persuaded Hitler to adopt the NSDAP name.",
"title": "German Workers' Party"
}
] |
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] |
2404
|
What can we learn with nuclear physics?
|
[
{
"docid": "48698111#2",
"text": "Primary focus of the institute is nuclear physics, both theoretical and experimental. It carries out studies in the nuclear spectroscopy of beta and gamma radiation, nuclear reactions including the collisions of heavy ions and hyper-nuclear physics. Its work is also focused on related fields, such as the study of the solid phase using neutron scattering, mathematical physics and theoretical subnuclear physics.Isochronous cyclotron U-120M is the primary experimental facility of the institute and it is the only cyclotron in the Czech Republic. It has been operating since 1977. The cyclotron is used both for fundamental research and applications. It can accelerate ions within the range of the mass-to-charge ratio A/q = 1 - 2.8. The present internal radial ion source is suitable for acceleration of H^+, D^+, 4-He^+2 and 3-He^+2. Maximum proton energy is 36 MeV, and the maximum energy for heavier ions is given by 40 q^2/A MeV. Currents of an internal beam of protons and deuterons can reach 100 microA, and for extracted beams 5 microA. Particles are extracted from the cyclotron chamber by means of a 3-section deflection electrostatic system to the entrance of the beam lines.",
"title": "Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21961#2",
"text": "Nucleons sit at the boundary where particle physics and nuclear physics overlap. Particle physics, particularly quantum chromodynamics, provides the fundamental equations that explain the properties of quarks and of the strong interaction. These equations explain quantitatively how quarks can bind together into protons and neutrons (and all the other hadrons). However, when multiple nucleons are assembled into an atomic nucleus (nuclide), these fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly (see lattice QCD). Instead, nuclides are studied within nuclear physics, which studies nu and their interactions by approximations and models, such as the nuclear shell model. These models can successfully exp nuclide properties, as for example, whether or not a particular nuclide undergoes radioactive decay.",
"title": "Nucleon"
},
{
"docid": "3185688#36",
"text": "In practice, buildup of reactor poisons in nuclear fuel is what determines the lifetime of nuclear fuel in a reactor: long before all possible fissions have taken place, buildup of long-lived neutron absorbing fission products damps out the chain reaction. This is the reason that nuclear reprocessing is a useful activity: spent nuclear fuel contains about 96% of the original fissionable material present in newly manufactured nuclear fuel. Chemical separation of the fission products restores the nuclear fuel so that it can be used again.",
"title": "Nuclear reactor physics"
},
{
"docid": "21285#21",
"text": "Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as high spin and excitation energy. Nuclei may also have extreme shapes (similar to that of Rugby balls or even pears) or extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can create such nuclei using artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from an accelerator. Beams with even higher energies can be used to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced a phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark–gluon plasma, in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as they are in neutrons and protons.",
"title": "Nuclear physics"
},
{
"docid": "3567455#1",
"text": "It groups all experimental data relevant for nuclear physics and nuclear applications. It includes a large number of physical quantities, like scattering and reaction cross sections (which are generally functions of energy and angle), nuclear structure and nuclear decay parameters, etc. It can involve neutrons, protons, deuterons, alpha particles, and virtually all nuclear isotopes which can be handled in a laboratory.",
"title": "Nuclear data"
},
{
"docid": "21285#12",
"text": "With the discovery of the neutron, scientists could at last calculate what fraction of binding energy each nucleus had, by comparing the nuclear mass with that of the protons and neutrons which composed it. Differences between nuclear masses were calculated in this way. When nuclear reactions were measured, these were found to agree with Einstein's calculation of the equivalence of mass and energy to within 1% as of 1934.",
"title": "Nuclear physics"
},
{
"docid": "21285#30",
"text": "From certain of the heaviest nuclei whose fission produces free neutrons, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission can be obtained, in a chain reaction. Chain reactions were known in chemistry before physics, and in fact many familiar processes like fires and chemical explosions are chemical chain reactions. The fission or \"nuclear\" chain-reaction, using fission-produced neutrons, is the source of energy for nuclear power plants and fission type nuclear bombs, such as those detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, at the end of World War II. Heavy nuclei such as uranium and thorium may also undergo spontaneous fission, but they are much more likely to undergo decay by alpha decay.",
"title": "Nuclear physics"
},
{
"docid": "48579#1",
"text": "Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term \"atomic physics\" is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of \"atomic\" and \"nuclear\" in standard English. However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone. The important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy. Molecular physics, while closely related to atomic physics, also overlaps greatly with theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics.",
"title": "Atomic, molecular, and optical physics"
},
{
"docid": "22939#54",
"text": "Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.",
"title": "Physics"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
2405
|
What can we do with an electrostatic machine?
|
[
{
"docid": "52642#21",
"text": "Other electrostatic machines like the Wimshurst machine or Bonetti machine work similarly to the Van De Graaff; charge is transported by moving plates, disks, or cylinders to a high voltage electrode. For these generators, however, corona discharge from exposed metal parts at high potentials and poorer insulation result in smaller voltages. In an electrostatic generator, the rate of charge transported (current) to the high-voltage electrode is very small. After the machine is started, the voltage on the terminal electrode increases until the leakage current from the electrode equals the rate of charge transport. Therefore, leakage from the terminal determines the maximum voltage attainable. In the Van de Graaff generator, the belt allows the transport of charge into the interior of a large hollow spherical electrode. This is the ideal shape to minimize leakage and corona discharge, so the Van de Graaff generator can produce the greatest voltage. This is why the Van de Graaff design has been used for all electrostatic particle accelerators. In general, the larger the diameter and the smoother the sphere is, the higher the voltage that can be achieved.",
"title": "Van de Graaff generator"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26877140#0",
"text": "An electrostatic nuclear accelerator is one of the two main types of particle accelerators, where charged particles can be accelerated by subjection to a static high voltage potential. The static high voltage method is contrasted with the dynamic fields used in oscillating field particle accelerators. Owing to their simpler design, historically these accelerators were developed earlier. These machines are operated at lower energy than some larger oscillating field accelerators, and to the extent that the energy regime scales with the cost of these machines, in broad terms these machines are less expensive than higher energy machines, and as such they are much more common. Many universities worldwide have electrostatic accelerators for research purposes.",
"title": "Electrostatic nuclear accelerator"
},
{
"docid": "26877140#10",
"text": "Electrostatic accelerators are often confused with linear accelerators simply because they can (but do not always) accelerate particles in a line. As we can see even early in their history, accelerators were named in some way referring to the method or type of acceleration. Terminal accelerators pre-date both linear accelerator technology and the nomenclature, so it would be confusing and incorrect to categorize them with a newer technology which is quite different. Linear accelerators use an array of oscillating electric fields, historically arranged in a line, but nothing would prevent a person from using magnets in between the columns of linear accelerators to form some other geometric shape. Oscillating field accelerators do not actually produce beams of particles, but rather packets of particles, unlike electrostatic accelerators which can have a beam current that is constant in time. Thus, the naming scheme for accelerators is based on the method of acceleration, or the physics, and not its geometry, which can be a point of confusion. In fact, it was the oscillating field design of the linear accelerator which inspired Lawrence to construct the cyclotron, which accelerates particles in a spiral, thus taking up a considerably smaller amount of space. A linear accelerator has more in common with a cyclotron than an electrostatic terminal accelerator.",
"title": "Electrostatic nuclear accelerator"
},
{
"docid": "1573430#15",
"text": "In 1878, the British inventor James Wimshurst started his studies about electrostatic generators, improving the Holtz machine, in a powerful version with multiple disks. The classical Wimshurst machine, that became the most popular form of influence machine, was reported to the scientific community by 1883, although previous machines with very similar structures were previously described by Holtz and Musaeus. In 1885, one of the largest-ever Wimshurst machines was built in England (it is now at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry). The Wimshurst machine is a considerably simple machine; it works, as all influence machines, with electrostatic induction of charges, which means that it uses even the slightest existing charge to create and accumulate more charges, and repeats this process for as long as the machine is in action. Wimshurst machines are composed of: two insulated disks attached to pulleys of opposite rotation, the disks have small conductive (usually metal) plates on their outward-facing sides; two double-ended brushes that serve as charge stabilizers and are also the place where induction happens, creating the new charges to be collected; two pairs of collecting combs, which are, as the name implies, the collectors of electrical charge produced by the machine; two Leyden Jars, the capacitors of the machine; a pair of electrodes, for the transfer of charges once they have been sufficiently accumulated. The simple structure and components of the Wimshurst Machine make it a common choice for a homemade electrostatic experiment or demonstration, these characteristics were factors that contributed to its popularity, as previously mentioned.",
"title": "Electrostatic generator"
},
{
"docid": "47194113#2",
"text": "Corbett's electrostatic machine consists of a wooden base platform sitting on a frame, forming a box. The wooden platform is about wide and about deep. To one side of the wooden platform is mounted a small axle on pivots, which holds a rotating glass jar cylinder about the size of a Mason jar. This glass jar is attached to a crank wheel of about with a leather belt. The crank wheel can be turned by hand. The wooden platform also contains a Leyden jar-style battery in one corner, standing some high. The Leyden jar is a glass receptacle with a metal rod in the center, covered by a metal ball on top which collects and releases a high voltage electrical charge.",
"title": "Corbett's electrostatic machine"
},
{
"docid": "1143981#7",
"text": "Instead of an electrostatic field we can also use a magnetic field to focus charged particles. The Lorentz force acting on the electron is perpendicular to both the direction of motion, and to the direction of the magnetic field (vxB). A homogeneous field deflects charged particles, but does not focus them. The simplest magnetic lens is a donut-shaped coil through which the beam passes, preferably along the axis of the coil. To generate the magnetic field an electric current is passed through the coil. The magnetic field is strongest in the plane of the coil, and gets weaker as we move away from it. In the plane of the coil, the field gets stronger as we move away from the axis. Thus, a charged particle further from the axis experiences a stronger Lorentz force than a particle closer to the axis (assuming that they have the same velocity). This gives rise to the focusing action. Unlike the paths in an electrostatic lens, the paths in a magnetic lens contain a spiraling component, i.e. the charged particles spiral around the optical axis. As a consequence, the image formed by a magnetic lens is rotated relative to the object. This rotation is absent for an electrostatic lens. \nThe spatial extent of the magnetic field can be controlled by using an iron (or other magnetically soft material) magnetic circuit. This makes it possible to design and build more compact magnetic lenses with well defined optical properties. The vast majority of electron microscopes in use today use magnetic lenses due to their superior imaging properties, and the absence of the high voltages that are required for electrostatic lenses.",
"title": "Electrostatic lens"
},
{
"docid": "1573430#0",
"text": "An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an electromechanical generator that produces \"static electricity\", or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current. The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon, without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy. Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode. The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction.",
"title": "Electrostatic generator"
},
{
"docid": "368319#0",
"text": "Inertial electrostatic confinement is a branch of fusion research that uses an electric field to elevate a plasma to fusion conditions. Electric fields can do work on charged particles (either ions or electrons), heating/confining them to fusion conditions. This is typically done in a sphere, with material moving radially inward, but can also be done in a cylindrical or beam geometry. The electric field can be generated using a wire grid or a non-neutral plasma cloud.",
"title": "Inertial electrostatic confinement"
},
{
"docid": "368328#51",
"text": "Electrostatic induction was used in the past to build high-voltage generators known as Influence machines.\nThe main component that emerged in these times is the capacitor. \nElectrostatic induction is also used for electro-mechanic precipitation or projection.In such technologies, charged particles of small sizes are collected or deposited intentionally on surfaces. Applications range from Electrostatic precipitator to Spray painting or Inkjet printing.\nRecently a new Wireless power Transfer Technology has been based on electrostatic induction between oscillating distant dipoles.",
"title": "Electrostatics"
},
{
"docid": "26877140#2",
"text": "These accelerators are being used for nuclear medicine in medical physics, sample analysis using techniques such as PIXE in the material sciences, depth profiling in solid state physics, and to a lesser extent secondary ion mass spectrometry in geologic and cosmochemical works, and even neutron beams can be made from the charged particles emerging from these accelerators to perform neutron crystallography in condensed matter physics. The principles used in electrostatic nuclear accelerators could be used to accelerate any charged particles, but particle physics operates at much higher energy regimes than these machines can achieve, and there are various better methods suited for making electron beams, so these accelerators are used for accelerating nuclei.",
"title": "Electrostatic nuclear accelerator"
}
] |
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] |
2406
|
How many championships did the Maryland Terrapins win under Jim Tatum?
|
[
{
"docid": "21116545#0",
"text": "From 1947 to 1955, Jim Tatum served as the head coach of the Maryland Terrapins football team, which represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football. Maryland hired Tatum to replace Clark Shaughnessy after the 1946 season. Tatum had created both success and controversy during his one season as head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football team. During his nine-year tenure, Tatum became one of the most successful head football coaches in Maryland history, and the Terrapins compiled two national championships, three conference championships, and five bowl game appearances. His teams compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season, and as of the end of 2016, he has the highest winning percentage of any Maryland football coach who coached at least seven games. In 1954, the University of Maryland appointed a new president, Dr. Wilson Elkins, who chose to de-emphasize football. Following the 1955 season, Tatum took a pay cut to coach at his alma mater, North Carolina, and he died four years later.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#47",
"text": "During his tenure at Maryland, Tatum became one of the most successful head football coaches in school history. In nine seasons, he led the Terrapins to two national championships, three conference championships, and five bowl game appearances. His teams compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season. To date, he remains the winningest Maryland football coach of the modern era with a winning percentage of 0.819.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21116545#23",
"text": "The AP preseason poll ranked Maryland second in the nation. The Terrapins recorded a 37-point shutout of 19th-ranked Georgia and defeated 20th-ranked Navy, 38–7. Maryland finished the season with a No. 13 final ranking. Their loss at Mississippi ended a 22-game winning streak for the Terrapins. Tatum blamed the Terrapins' late season slide to injuries suffered by star quarterback Scarbath and weariness from the grueling road schedule.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "6969824#5",
"text": "Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a brief stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Maryland's sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons and became the school's most successful head coach in modern history. During his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships (one retroactive), three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans. Under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football"
},
{
"docid": "57023702#3",
"text": "Jim Tatum was hired in 1947, after a brief stint at Oklahoma where he had led the Sooners to a conference championship in his only season there. He was Maryland's sixth head coach in eight years, but Tatum stayed for nine seasons and became the school's most successful head coach in modern history. During his tenure, he led Maryland to two national championships (one retroactive), three conference championships, three perfect seasons, six top-20 final rankings, and five bowl game appearances. Seven of his players were named first-team All-Americans, including five consensus All-Americans. Under Tatum, Maryland finished every season with a winning record.",
"title": "History of Maryland Terrapins football"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#11",
"text": "The Terrapins started off as the 15th-ranked team in the preseason AP Poll. At Georgia, Maryland lost its season-opener, 7–27. Tatum said, \"We weren't ready for Georgia in a game as early as September 23 ... We weren't in shape and the [] heat killed us.\" The loss, however, did not affect Maryland's poll ranking as the situation surrounding the game was generally understood.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#32",
"text": "At North Carolina, the undefeated Terrapins met the undefeated Tar Heels. Two 15-yard penalties against North Carolina set up a quarterback sneak by Faloney for a touchdown. In the second quarter, Bill Walker caught a pitch at the Maryland 35 and ran it 49 yards to the North Carolina 16-yard line. From there, Charlie Boxold scored another touchdown for the Terrapins. In the third quarter, Hanulak took a pitch and took it 34 yards into the end zone. The 26–0 win was the Maryland's first in Chapel Hill, North Carolina since 1924. Tatum later called it \"the greatest win of any team I ever coached, including the [1952] Sugar Bowl [over national champion Tennessee].\"",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#16",
"text": "Maryland entered the season at number-16 on the AP and Coaches' polls, and remained ranked for the duration. A 40-point trouncing of conference foe George Washington in the season-opener propelled the Terrapins to a number-nine ranking in both polls. Other wins included games against Southeastern Conference powerhouses: a romp over Georgia and a shutout against LSU. Before the Georgia game, Tatum showed his team that Georgia had charged only $5 for tickets, instead of the usual $7.50 ($ instead of $, adjusted for inflation). Tatum said, \"They don't think very much of you, do they?\"",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "21116545#6",
"text": "In Tatum's initial season at Maryland, his results were similar to those at Oklahoma. After compiling a 3–6 record the year prior, the Terrapins improved to 7–2–2 under Tatum. Whereas his predecessor Clark Shaughnessy had pioneered the T-formation, Tatum installed the split-T offense that his former colleague Don Farout had invented. The team's two losses came at the hands of two ranked period powerhouses, Duke and North Carolina. Maryland's star running back, Lu Gambino, scored three touchdowns against West Virginia to lead the team to their first victory in the third meeting of the series. The Terrapins' regular-season play earned them a berth in their first postseason game.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum"
},
{
"docid": "5928395#15",
"text": "In 1945, Paul \"Bear\" Bryant began his long and distinguished career as a head football coach at the University of Maryland. The following year, he was replaced by Jim Tatum, a pioneer of the split T. Maryland football achieved its greatest success under Tatum, who compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season, and to date, he remains the winningest Maryland coach of the modern era. NCAA recognized selectors awarded Maryland the national football championship in 1951 and 1953. During Tatum's tenure from 1946 to 1955, Maryland also secured one Southern Conference championship and two Atlantic Coast Conference championships. In 1962, Darryl Hill transferred to Maryland from the United States Naval Academy, making the school the first team in the Atlantic Coast Conference with a black player. Jerry Claiborne became head coach in 1972, and led Maryland to three consecutive ACC championships from 1974 to 1976. The Terrapins finished the 1976 regular season with an undefeated 11–0 record, but lost to Houston in the Cotton Bowl Classic, which ended national championship speculation. Bobby Ross replaced Claiborne in 1982, and he repeated the feat of three consecutive ACC championships from 1983 to 1985. In 1984, Maryland quarterback Frank Reich led the Terrapins to the then greatest halftime comeback against the defending national champions, Miami. After a long bowl game drought, Ralph Friedgen was hired as head coach in 2001, and in his first season, led Maryland to the ACC championship and its first Bowl Championship Series game appearance.",
"title": "Maryland Terrapins"
}
] |
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] |
2407
|
Who discovered electromagnetic radiation?
|
[
{
"docid": "13758#45",
"text": "The prediction that light represented a transmission of energy in wave form through a \"luminiferous ether\", and the seeming confirmation of that prediction with Helmholtz student Heinrich Hertz's 1888 detection of electromagnetic radiation, was a major triumph for physical theory and raised the possibility that even more fundamental theories based on the field could soon be developed. Experimental confirmation of Maxwell's theory was provided by Hertz, who generated and detected electric waves in 1886 and verified their properties, at the same time foreshadowing their application in radio, television, and other devices. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. Research on the electromagnetic waves began soon after, with many scientists and inventors conducting experiments on their properties. In the mid to late 1890s Guglielmo Marconi developed a radio wave based wireless telegraphy system (see invention of radio).",
"title": "History of physics"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9426#40",
"text": "Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than those of visible light were discovered in the early 19th century. The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to astronomer William Herschel, who published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a glass prism to refract light from the Sun and detected invisible rays that caused heating beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded with a thermometer. These \"calorific rays\" were later termed infrared.",
"title": "Electromagnetic radiation"
},
{
"docid": "34151#7",
"text": "Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, just as the studies of crystal symmetry were being concluded. Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, but soon suspected (correctly) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation—in other words, another form of light. At that time, the wave model of light—specifically, the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation—was well accepted among scientists, and experiments by Charles Glover Barkla showed that X-rays exhibited phenomena associated with electromagnetic waves, including transverse polarization and spectral lines akin to those observed in the visible wavelengths. Single-slit experiments in the laboratory of Arnold Sommerfeld suggested that X-rays had a wavelength of about 1 angstrom. However, X-rays are composed of photons, and thus are not only waves of electromagnetic radiation but also exhibit particle-like properties. Albert Einstein introduced the photon concept in 1905, but it was not broadly accepted until 1922, when Arthur Compton confirmed it by the scattering of X-rays from electrons. Therefore, these particle-like properties of X-rays, such as their ionization of gases, caused William Henry Bragg to argue in 1907 that X-rays were \"not\" electromagnetic radiation. Nevertheless, Bragg's view was not broadly accepted and the observation of X-ray diffraction by Max von Laue in 1912 confirmed for most scientists that X-rays were a form of electromagnetic radiation.",
"title": "X-ray crystallography"
},
{
"docid": "9426#43",
"text": "The last portion of the EM spectrum to be discovered was associated with radioactivity. Henri Becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate through a covering paper in a manner similar to X-rays, and Marie Curie discovered that only certain elements gave off these rays of energy, soon discovering the intense radiation of radium. The radiation from pitchblende was differentiated into alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899, but these proved to be charged particulate types of radiation. However, in 1900 the French scientist Paul Villard discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium, and after he described it, Rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation, which in 1903 Rutherford named gamma rays. In 1910 British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914 Rutherford and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths, finding that they were similar to X-rays but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequency, although a 'cross-over' between X and gamma rays makes it possible to have X-rays with a higher energy (and hence shorter wavelength) than gamma rays and vice versa. The origin of the ray differentiates them, gamma rays tend to be a natural phenomena originating from the unstable nucleus of an atom and X-rays are electrically generated (and hence man-made) unless they are as a result of bremsstrahlung X-radiation caused by the interaction of fast moving particles (such as beta particles) colliding with certain materials, usually of higher atomic numbers.",
"title": "Electromagnetic radiation"
},
{
"docid": "10134#4",
"text": "The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800, when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation. He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to \"calorific rays\" that were a type of light ray that could not be seen.",
"title": "Electromagnetic spectrum"
},
{
"docid": "14785284#1",
"text": "In 1981, Bo Thidé discovered electromagnetic emissions stimulated by powerful radio waves in the ionosphere during experiments in August 1981 at the EISCAT facility in Tromsø, Norway. For the first time it was shown that the plasma turbulence excited by powerful radio waves in the ionosphere radiates secondary electromagnetic radiation that can be detected and analysed on the ground. These stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) exhibit a rich spectral structure, particularly near harmonics of the ionospheric electron gyro frequency. The SEE technique is now a useful tool in plasma turbulence research. For his discovery, Thidé was awarded the Edlund Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1991.",
"title": "Bo Thidé"
},
{
"docid": "25856#39",
"text": "Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than visible light were discovered in the early 19th century. The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel, like Ritter, used a prism to refract light from the Sun and detected the infrared (beyond the red part of the spectrum), through an increase in the temperature recorded by a thermometer.",
"title": "Radiation"
},
{
"docid": "518692#1",
"text": "Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845, the Faraday effect was the first experimental evidence that light and electromagnetism are related. The theoretical basis of electromagnetic radiation (which includes visible light) was completed by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s and 1870s. This effect occurs in most optically transparent dielectric materials (including liquids) under the influence of magnetic fields.",
"title": "Faraday effect"
},
{
"docid": "26692522#30",
"text": "Pendry discovered that the radiation absorption property did not come from the molecular or chemical structure of the material, i.e. the carbon per se. This property came from the long and thin, physical shape of the carbon fibers. He realized rather than conventionally altering a material through its chemistry, as lead does with glass, the behavior of a material can be altered by changing a material’s internal structure on a very fine scale. The very fine scale was less than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that is applied. The theory applies across the electromagnetic spectrum that is in use by today's technologies. The radiations of interest are from radio waves, and microwaves, through infrared to the visible wavelengths. Scientists view this material as \"beyond\" conventional materials. Hence, the Greek word \"meta\" was attached, and these are called metamaterials.",
"title": "History of metamaterials"
},
{
"docid": "9426#42",
"text": "Wilhelm Röntgen discovered and named X-rays. After experimenting with high voltages applied to an evacuated tube on 8 November 1895, he noticed a fluorescence on a nearby plate of coated glass. In one month, he discovered X-rays' main properties.",
"title": "Electromagnetic radiation"
}
] |
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] |
2408
|
Where is the Parliament of Australia located?
|
[
{
"docid": "333768#0",
"text": "Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and opened on 1988 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. It cost more than A$1.1 billion to build.",
"title": "Parliament House, Canberra"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6701737#5",
"text": "Parliament House is located overlooking St Georges Terrace and Mitchell Freeway, and is at the centre of the Parliament precinct. Also in the precinct is Dumas House, the original Perth Observatory, the second location of Hale School, Solidarity Park, Edith Dircksey Cowan Memorial, and the Constitutional Centre of Western Australia.",
"title": "West Perth, Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "15566781#0",
"text": "Parliament House in Darwin is Australia's newest Parliament Building, it has been the seat of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly since 1994. Parliament House is located on State Square in the centre of Darwin, which is also the administrative centre of the Northern Territory law and government. It features Post modern features. The Northern Territory Library is housed in Parliament House.Construction of Parliament House began in 1990, and the building was completed in 1994, and officially opened by the Governor-General of Australia, Bill Hayden on 18 August 1994. Before Parliament House the former Northern Territory Legislative Council established in 1948 was housed in various temporary buildings around Darwin. After 1974 the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly continued to operate on the same basis, and settled in buildings on the current location until 1990 when they were demolished to allow commencement of the construction of Parliament House. From 1990 to the end of 1994, the Assembly temporarily met in the Chan Building.",
"title": "Parliament House, Darwin"
},
{
"docid": "2919287#0",
"text": "Parliament House, Perth is located on Harvest Terrace in West Perth, Western Australia. It is the home of the Parliament of Western Australia, including the Legislative Council (upper house) and Legislative Assembly (lower house).",
"title": "Parliament House, Perth"
},
{
"docid": "11316177#0",
"text": "Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta by King Edward I of England. A 1297 copy of Magna Carta, purchased by the Australian government in 1952, is on display in nearby Parliament House, Canberra. The monument was unveiled by the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard in 2000 prior to the centenary of federation in 2001. Magna Carta Place is located on a semicircular network of roads consisting of King George Terrace, Queen Victoria Terrace and Langton Crescent.",
"title": "Magna Carta Place"
},
{
"docid": "333768#1",
"text": "Federal Parliament meetings were held in Melbourne until 1927. Between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as \"Old Parliament House\". Construction of Australia's permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated. Construction of the new building began in 1981. The principal design of the structure is based on the shape of two boomerangs and is topped by an flagpole. \nParliament House contains 4,700 rooms, and many areas are open to the public. The main foyer contains a marble staircase and leads to the Great Hall, which has a large tapestry on display. The House of Representatives chamber is decorated green, while the Senate chamber has a red colour scheme. Between the two chambers is the Members' Hall, which has a water feature and is not open to the public. The Ministerial Wing houses the office of the prime minister and other ministers.",
"title": "Parliament House, Canberra"
},
{
"docid": "4623958#6",
"text": "When finally completed, the British Houses Of Parliament were so delighted the building was completed after such a long time they organized to have the Lion forming part of a Royal Coat of Arms at the Westminster Houses Of Parliament removed from the stonework and shipped to Adelaide. It was presented to The Parliament Of South Australia by The Empire Parliamentary Association United Kingdom in 1939. The statue and plaque are located in a setting at the front of the building. The completed Parliament House was formally opened on 5 June 1939 by Lord Gowrie, the 10th Governor-General of Australia, (and also a former Governor of South Australia). Since that time, occasional plans to complete the building by constructing the towers and dome are revived, but none of them has ever been implemented.",
"title": "Parliament House, Adelaide"
},
{
"docid": "1079635#1",
"text": "The building is located on Spring Street in East Melbourne, Victoria. Construction began in 1855, and the building was officially opened the following year; however, it was not totally completed until 1929. Beginning in 1901, it served as the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, during the period when Melbourne was the temporary national capital. The federal parliament moved to Parliament House, Canberra, in 1927, allowing the Victorian state parliament to return to the building.",
"title": "Parliament House, Melbourne"
},
{
"docid": "4613247#0",
"text": "Parliament House, Hobart, located on Salamanca Place in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is the meeting place of the Parliament of Tasmania. The building was originally designed as a customs house but changed use in 1841 when Tasmania achieved self-government. The building served both purposes from 1841 to 1904, when the customs offices were relocated.",
"title": "Parliament House, Hobart"
},
{
"docid": "11315772#0",
"text": "Constitution Place is a park in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The area was named in February 1998 by Prime Minister of Australia John Howard during the course of the Fourth Constitutional Convention on the options for an Australian republic. The park is located to the south-east of Old Parliament House and adjoining the Old Parliament House Gardens and nearby to the National Archives of Australia. It is semicircular in shape, with curved road frontages on King George Terrace, Walpole Crescent and Queen Victoria Terrace. There is also a windbreak of trees, which were planted by Charles Weston as superintendent of parks and gardens in Canberra.",
"title": "Constitution Place, Canberra"
}
] |
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] |
2409
|
When was the first Batman comic published?
|
[
{
"docid": "4335#13",
"text": "The first Batman story, \"The Case of the Chemical Syndicate\", was published in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939). Finger said, \"Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps\", and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940 while continuing to star in \"Detective Comics\". By that time, Detective Comics was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success. The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of \"World's Finest Comics\", which was originally titled \"World's Best Comics\" when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.",
"title": "Batman"
},
{
"docid": "451907#0",
"text": "Detective Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first volume, published from 1937 to 2011 (and later continued in 2016), is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (cover dated May 1939).",
"title": "Detective Comics"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3622838#3",
"text": "The character of Batman made his first appearance in the pages of \"Detective Comics\" #27 in May 1939. In Spring of 1940, \"Batman\" #1 was published and introduced new characters into Batman's pantheon, most notably those of Catwoman and Batman's eventual nemesis, the Joker. Alfred Pennyworth, the Wayne family butler, was introduced in issue #16 (April–May 1943). \nEditor Whitney Ellsworth assigned a \"Batman\" story to artist Dick Sprang in 1941. Anticipating that Bob Kane would be drafted to serve in World War II, DC inventoried Sprang's work to safeguard against delays. Sprang's first published Batman work was the Batman and Robin figures on the cover of \"Batman\" #18 (Aug.-Sept. 1943), reproduced from the art for page 13 of the later-published \"Detective Comics\" #84 (Feb. 1944). Sprang's first original published Batman work, and first interior-story work, appeared in \"Batman\" #19 (Oct.-Nov. 1943), for which he drew the cover and the first three Batman stories, and penciled the fourth Batman story, inked by Norm Fallon. Like all Batman artists of the time, Sprang went uncredited as a ghost artist for Kane.",
"title": "Batman (comic book)"
},
{
"docid": "3622838#26",
"text": "The \"Batman\" series has had annuals published beginning in 1961. Seven issues of \"Batman Annual\" were published from 1961 – Summer 1964. An additional 17 issues were published from 1982 to 2000 and the numbering continued from the 1961 series. Writer Mike W. Barr and artist Trevor Von Eeden crafted \"Batman Annual\" #8 (1982) and Von Eeden has noted that it is \"the book I’m most proud of, in my 25 year career at DC Comics. I was able to ink it myself, and also got my girlfriend at the time, Lynn Varley, to colour it - her first job in comics.\"",
"title": "Batman (comic book)"
},
{
"docid": "12377372#0",
"text": "The Untold Legend of the Batman is a three-issue Batman comic book miniseries published by DC Comics in 1980. It was written by Len Wein. The first issue was penciled by John Byrne and inked by Jim Aparo. The second and third issues were drawn entirely by Aparo. José Luis García-López drew the covers for the entire series. The primary plot elements of the story are retellings of the origins of several Batman characters. It is the second miniseries published by DC Comics as well as the first starring Batman.",
"title": "The Untold Legend of the Batman"
},
{
"docid": "4731#0",
"text": "\"Year One\", later referred to as \"Batman: Year One\", is an American comic book story arc published by DC Comics which recounts the superhero Batman's first year as a crime-fighter. It was written by Frank Miller, illustrated by David Mazzucchelli, colored by Richmond Lewis, and lettered by Todd Klein. \"Batman: Year One\" originally appeared in issues #404–407 of the comic book title \"Batman\" in 1987. As well as recounting Batman's early crime-fighting career, the story simultaneously examines the life of recently transferred officer James Gordon – eventually building towards their partnership.",
"title": "Batman: Year One"
},
{
"docid": "913075#2",
"text": "\"Batman: Hush\" was published in monthly installments within the comic book series \"Batman\", running from issue #608–619 (December 2002–November 2003) by DC Comics. The first issue of the story arc was a success ranking 1st in the Top 300 comics for the October 2002 period with pre-order sales of 113,061. It was later collected into two volumes as hardcover and softcover, and later in 2005 in an oversized \"Absolute Batman: Hush\" hardcover slipcase. DC Comics released the story arc in one volume in August 2009. A hardcover collected edition featuring Jim Lee's artwork entirely in pencil form, titled \"Batman: Hush Unwrapped Deluxe Edition\", was released on February 22, 2011.",
"title": "Batman: Hush"
},
{
"docid": "39193492#15",
"text": "\"Batman: Death of Innocents\" was published in 1996, paralleling the Superman landmine comics, DC also unveiled a graphic novel for publication starring Batman and his message about landmines. The graphic novel is authored by Dennis O'Neil. This comic takes place in a fictitious land named Kravian and its goal is to highlight the overall danger of landmines and the inability of landmines to discriminate between civilian and military personnel. Batman is drawn into the conflict of Kravia when some of his employees encounter landmines are injured and killed by them.",
"title": "United States propaganda comics"
},
{
"docid": "4335#98",
"text": "The character of Batman has appeared in various media aside from comic books, such as newspaper syndicated comic strips, books, radio dramas, television, a stage show, and several theatrical feature films. The first adaptation of Batman was as a daily newspaper comic strip which premiered on October 25, 1943. That same year the character was adapted in the 15-part serial \"Batman\", with Lewis Wilson becoming the first actor to portray Batman on screen. While Batman never had a radio series of his own, the character made occasional guest appearances in \"The Adventures of Superman\" starting in 1945 on occasions when Superman voice actor Bud Collyer needed time off. A second movie serial, \"Batman and Robin\", followed in 1949, with Robert Lowery taking over the role of Batman. The exposure provided by these adaptations during the 1940s \"helped make [Batman] a household name for millions who never bought a comic book\".",
"title": "Batman"
},
{
"docid": "7581208#2",
"text": "First published in July 1964, \"Batmania\" was a comics fanzine published by Bill \"Biljo\" White, produced for \"Batmanians\" as the unofficial \"fanzine for Batman fans.\" Appearing under the motto \"For Batman, we accept nothing as impossible,\" White's fanzine was released a year after sales on the two Batman titles – \"Batman\" and \"Detective Comics\" (DC Comics) – had \"dipped alarmingly.\" With editor Julius Schwartz replacing Jack Schiff, and \"assign[ing] his favorite writer, John Broome, to raise the level of the stories, and his most popular artist, Carmine Infantino, to upgrade the visuals,\" White's fanzine helped revive interest in the character. Schwartz returned the character to his roots, removing much of the \"gimmickry\" and members of the then so-called Bat-family – Batwoman, Batgirl (Betty Kane), Ace the Bathound and Bat-Mite in particular – for a \"new look\" debut of mid-1964 with \"Detective Comics\" #327 (May 1964) and \"Batman\" #164 (June 1964), a mere matter of months before White's fanzine debuted.",
"title": "Batmania"
}
] |
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] |
2410
|
What was the worst hurricane in history?
|
[
{
"docid": "322245#0",
"text": "The Great Galveston Hurricane, known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900, was the deadliest natural disaster in United States history, one of the deadliest hurricanes (or remnants) to affect Canada, and the fourth-deadliest Atlantic hurricane overall. The hurricane left between 6,000 and 12,000 fatalities in the United States; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000. Most of these deaths occurred in the vicinity of Galveston after storm surge inundated the entire island with of water. In addition to the number killed, every house in the city sustained damage, with at least 3,636 destroyed. Approximately 10,000 people in the city were left homeless, out of a total population of nearly 38,000. The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston, as the hurricane alarmed potential investors, who turned to Houston instead. The Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island was subsequently raised by and a seawall erected.",
"title": "1900 Galveston hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "322245#14",
"text": "The Great Galveston hurricane made landfall on September 9, 1900, near Galveston, Texas. It had estimated winds of at landfall, making the cyclone a Category 4 storm on the modern day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.\nThe hurricane caused great loss of life, with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000 people; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000, giving the storm the third-highest number of deaths or injuries of all Atlantic hurricanes, after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is the deadliest natural disaster to strike the United States. This loss of life can be attributed to the fact that officials for the Weather Bureau in Galveston brushed off the reports because the city had \"weathered them all\" and they did not realize the threat. The second-deadliest storm to strike the United States, the San Ciriaco hurricane of 1899, caused around 3,400 deaths.",
"title": "1900 Galveston hurricane"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19027360#32",
"text": "At least 300,000 people were evacuated from Gustav's path as 155 mph (250 km/h) winds toppled telephone poles and fruit trees, shattered windows and tore off the tin roofs of homes. Cuban authorities declared that Gustav is the worst hurricane to hit the country in 50 years. Authorities called the storm damage the worst since 1956. The 211 mph (341 km/h) wind gusts registered in the city of Paso Real de San Diego were the highest in Cuba's history, according to the provincial newspaper, the \"Guerrillero\". Winds were so strong that the weather station instruments broke. Gustav is considered Cuba's worst hurricane in 45 years, the last hurricane that was worse than Gustav for Cuba was Hurricane Flora in 1963, which was the deadliest Cuban storm since the 1932 Cuba Hurricane.",
"title": "Hurricane Gustav"
},
{
"docid": "987094#2",
"text": "In a single town, between 2,000 and 5,000 people were killed overnight after a massive flood inundated the area. Fifi brought continuous rainfall to the area for three days, hampering relief efforts in what was the worst disaster in Honduras' history at the time. In nearby Guatemala, an additional 200 people were killed by severe flooding, making Fifi the worst hurricane to impact the country in nearly 20 years. Following the catastrophic damage wrought by the storm, relief agencies from around the world flew in emergency supplies to assist the hundreds of thousands of homeless people. Countries closer to Honduras, such as the United States, set up city donation centers that would send supplies to the country. In efforts to prevent the spread of post-storm diseases, the government allowed the burning of bodies as they were recovered. In a single day, up to 6,000 bodies were burned. Due to the extreme damage and loss of life, the name was retired from the list of Atlantic hurricane names and has not been used since.",
"title": "Hurricane Fifi–Orlene"
},
{
"docid": "53842#36",
"text": "New Orleans was catastrophically affected by what Raymond B. Seed called \"the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl\", when the Federal levee system failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. By the time the hurricane approached the city at the end of August 2005, most residents had evacuated. As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history. Floodwalls and levees constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers failed below design specifications and 80% of the city flooded. Tens of thousands of residents who had remained were rescued or otherwise made their way to shelters of last resort at the Louisiana Superdome or the New Orleans Morial Convention Center. More than 1,500 people were recorded as having died in Louisiana, most in New Orleans, while others remain unaccounted for. Before Hurricane Katrina, the city called for the first mandatory evacuation in its history, to be followed by another mandatory evacuation three years later with Hurricane Gustav.",
"title": "New Orleans"
},
{
"docid": "8020604#25",
"text": "Through all of the changes, the mission of the 40th remained the same. Hurricane Camille, the worst hurricane in the history of the United States, hit the east coast in August 1969. In the first of a series of hurricane relief efforts, the 40th launched aircraft full of supplies for the stricken area. Hurricanes continued to decimate the east coast of the United States, and the 40th continued to respond. Hurricanes David and Frederick in 1979, Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 all brought out the 40th on missions of mercy. From 1969 on, the 40th flew humanitarian mission for a litany of disasters. Mud slides in Bogotá, Colombia in September 1970, an earthquake on the border between Peru and Ecuador a month later, floods in Bolivia, and a volcanic eruption in Nicaragua in 1971, floods in Virginia and Pennsylvania in July 1972, and an earthquake in Nicaragua six months later, in 1973 Operation Authentic Assistance, a massive drought and famine relief operation in Mali, an earthquake in Turkey in 1976, blizzards in New York in 1977, and again in Massachusetts in 1979 all proved the squadron's worth as an instrument of humanitarian relief as well as war. This is only a small handful of the many humanitarian relief operations throughout the history of the 40th. To name them all would take far too much space, but this short list illustrates the immeasurable service the squadron has given representing the United States to the world.",
"title": "40th Airlift Squadron"
},
{
"docid": "21297596#1",
"text": "The season produced nineteen tropical or subtropical cyclones, of which seven intensified into tropical or subtropical storms; three became hurricanes, but none further intensified into major hurricanes, the first such occurrence since the 1968 season. Despite the inactivity, the 1972 season resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in American history, Hurricane Agnes. Agnes was a weak but large storm that initially made landfall on the Florida Panhandle before moving up the eastern United States. The hurricane killed 122 people and caused $2.1 billion (1972 USD) in damage, mostly due to flooding in Pennsylvania and New York.",
"title": "Timeline of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season"
},
{
"docid": "598523#21",
"text": "The overall property damage was estimated at $2.98 billion (1988 USD). Earlier estimates put property damage from Gilbert at $2.5 billion but were as high as $10 billion. A final count of Hurricane Gilbert's victims is not possible because many people remained missing in Mexico, but the total confirmed death toll was 433 people. Gilbert was the worst hurricane in the history of Jamaica and the most destructive tropical cyclone on record to strike Mexico. Due to its widespread impact, extensive damage, and extreme loss of life, the name \"Gilbert\" was retired in the spring of 1989 by the World Meteorological Organization and was the first name to be retired since Hurricane Gloria in 1985. The name will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by \"Gordon\" during the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season.",
"title": "Hurricane Gilbert"
},
{
"docid": "13732973#0",
"text": "The 1932 Cuba hurricane, known also as the Hurricane of Santa Cruz del Sur or the 1932 Camagüey hurricane, was the deadliest and one of the most intense tropical cyclones in Cuban history. The only Category 5 Atlantic hurricane ever recorded in November, the cyclone had a path through the Caribbean Sea atypical to most hurricanes developing late in the Atlantic hurricane season. The storm's strong winds, storm surge, and rain devastated an extensive portion of central and eastern Cuba, where the storm was considered the worst natural disaster of the 20th century. Though the effects from the hurricane were concentrated primarily on Cuba, significant effects were also felt in the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas, with lesser effects felt elsewhere.",
"title": "1932 Cuba hurricane"
},
{
"docid": "97694#19",
"text": "BROUSSARD: We have been abandoned by our own country. Hurricane Katrina will go down in history as one of the worst storms ever to hit an American coast. But the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina will go down as one of the worst abandonments of Americans on American soil ever in U.S. history. … Whoever is at the top of this totem pole, that totem pole needs to be chainsawed off and we’ve got to start with some new leadership. It’s not just Katrina that caused all these deaths in New Orleans here. Bureaucracy has committed murder here in the greater New Orleans area and bureaucracy has to stand trial before Congress now...",
"title": "Jefferson Parish, Louisiana"
},
{
"docid": "1458045#21",
"text": "In North Carolina, the hurricane produced winds of up to in Manteo. Described as one of the worst hurricanes in record in Hatteras, the storm resulted in $25,000 in damage (1936 USD, $360,000 2006 USD) to roads and bridges and $30,000 in damage (1936 USD, $440,000 2006 USD) to buildings and piers. Very high tides were reported along the Outer Banks, with Nags Head losing about of beach. The hurricane destroyed the highway bridge along the Currituck Sound, and resulted in heavy crop damage in northeastern North Carolina. The hurricane was also considered among the worst hurricanes on record in the Norfolk, Virginia, area. Winds of up to at Cape Henry destroyed windows, roofs, and some entire buildings, resulting in around $500,000 in damage (1936 USD, $7.3 million 2006 USD). The hurricane produced a storm tide of in Sewell's Point, Virginia, the second highest on record at that location. Two locations along the James River experienced record crest levels of over . Rough seas washed several boats ashore, and shipping was cancelled in and out of Norfolk. The hurricane resulted in cancelled train service and increased traffic. The hurricane was indirectly responsible for two casualties. The first fatality occurred when debris from the hurricane struck a person in the head and later died. Another person drowned in the Elizabeth River in an effort to recover a rowboat blown adrift. Though hurricane warnings were posted for the northeast United States and hurricane-force winds occurred there, damage, if any, is unknown.",
"title": "1936 Atlantic hurricane season"
},
{
"docid": "8394508#5",
"text": "At the Delaware Breakwater East End Lighthouse in Lewes, strong waves destroyed the lower deck of the lighthouse, while powerful winds blew out the watchroom window. A group of eight volunteers quickly repaired the damage. Moderate wind gusts knocked down numerous trees, tree limbs, and power lines, causing widespread power outages in the state. Conectiv Energy reported the power outage associated with the hurricane as one of the worst in its history. At least 15,300 were left without power during the worst of the hurricane, including 2,500 in the capital city of Dover. Due to the power outages, only one traffic light north of the city of Wilmington was operational. The strong winds also resulted in the Delaware River and Bay Authority to reduce the speed limit on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to 40 mph (65 km/h). 62 roads throughout the state were initially closed due to flooding, downed trees, or downed power lines. Eight roads, including U.S. Route 13A remained closed for several days, primarily due to flooding. Flooding affected the cities of Seaford, Blades, Bayview, and Augustine Beach, with residents in the latter two being forced to evacuate due to severe flooding conditions. Several state parks reported downed trees and damage. Damage in the state totaled $40 million (2003 USD, $44 million 2006 USD), and there were no deaths in the state as a result of the storm.",
"title": "Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Delaware"
}
] |
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] |
2412
|
How old Jeffrey Dunham?
|
[
{
"docid": "4699275#0",
"text": "Jeffrey Dunham (born April 18, 1962) is an American ventriloquist and comedian who has also appeared on numerous television shows, including \"Late Show with David Letterman\", \"Comedy Central Presents\", \"The Tonight Show\" and \"Sonny With a Chance\". He has six specials that run on Comedy Central: \"\", \"\", \"Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas Special\", \"\", \"\", and \"\". Dunham also starred in \"The Jeff Dunham Show\", a series on the network in 2009.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4699275#44",
"text": "Dunham met his first wife, Paige Brown, at the Comedy Corner in West Palm Beach, Florida. They began dating in December 1992. In May 1994, Dunham married Brown and adopted her one-and-a-half-year-old daughter, Bree. Their daughters Ashlyn and Kenna were born in 1995 and 1997, respectively. Dunham's time away while performing proved a strain on the marriage, and in November 2008, he filed for divorce. By mid-2009, Dunham was in a relationship with fellow Texan Audrey Murdick, a certified nutritionist, personal trainer, and competition bodybuilder, and on December 25, 2011 they became engaged. On October 12, 2012, the couple married. On May 14, 2015, Dunham announced, via Facebook, that he and Audrey were expecting twin boys. In October, she gave birth to James Jeffrey and Jack Steven.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "32979158#5",
"text": "After his death, the then 2000 acre Oaklawn estate was bequeathed to Dunham's son Wirth Stewart Dunham, who was 21 years old at the time and finishing law school at Harvard. Wirth Dunham married Mary Louise Ward, whose father, Dennis Ward, was the President of City National Bank. During the first World War, Wirth was a Captain in the remount section, quartermaster corps, and afterward was a major in the reserve corps. Wirth Dunham was the President of the Horse Association of America and was made a Chevalier Merite Agricole by the French Government.",
"title": "Mark Wentworth Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "4699275#3",
"text": "Dunham was born in Dallas, Texas on April 18, 1962. When he was three months old, he was adopted by real estate appraiser Howard Dunham, and his homemaker wife Joyce, who raised him in a devoutly Presbyterian household in an affluent Dallas neighborhood, as an only child.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "4699275#11",
"text": "At the end of 1988, Dunham was told by James McCawley, a talent booker for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\", that Dunham would be given a spot on the coveted program. Though the 26-year-old Dunham was elated that his 10-year goal was arriving two years early, McCawley later cancelled Dunham's appearance after attending, with Roseanne Barr, a public performance of Dunham's the day before Dunham's scheduled \"Tonight Show\" taping. McCawley informed Dunham on the day of the scheduled taping that he had been wrong in his initial assessment of Dunham, whom he now said was not ready for \"The Tonight Show\". Dunham continued to tighten his act in Los Angeles clubs, performing the same six-minute segment with Peanut a total of nine times for McCawley over the next few months. Finally at the Ice-House in Pasadena in April 1990, after Dunham did the same segment, McCawley informed Dunham that he would finally get his \"Tonight Show\" appearance. Dunham and Peanut appeared on \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" on April 6, 1990, alongside guests Bob Hope and B.B. King. Following his bit, he was invited to sit on Johnny Carson's couch, a mark of approval on Carson's show. Upon sitting down next to Carson's desk, Dunham pulled out Walter, who told Carson sidekick Ed McMahon, \"Stop sending me all your damn mail.\" At the time, Dunham saw his \"Tonight Show\" appearance as his big break, but was frustrated at his parents' initial disapproval over Walter's use of the words \"hell\" and \"damn\", and he would toil in obscurity for another twelve years, continuing his stand up at venues such as The Improv chain, and appearing in small roles on TV. One of these was a 1996 episode of \"Ellen\", in which he appeared with Walter. Dunham also appeared with Walter in a TV commercial for Hertz. Dunham would appear on \"The Tonight Show\" a total of four times, as well as similar TV venues such as \"Hot Country Nights\", appearing in one segment with Reba McEntire. This exposure helped make Dunham a large theater headliner, a rare accomplishment for a ventriloquist, but by the mid-1990s, his television appearances had dwindled, and with them, so did his stage audiences.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "37264026#8",
"text": "Dunham's first film appearance was in the 2006 short \"Dealing\" as June, a 13-year-old art dealer. \"Dealing\" was written and directed by Dunham's older sister, Lena.",
"title": "Grace Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "1116555#3",
"text": "Katherine Mary Dunham was born on June 22, 1909, in a Chicago hospital and taken as an infant to her parents' home in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, a village about 25 miles west of Chicago. Her father, Albert Millard Dunham, was a descendant of slaves from West Africa and Madagascar. Her mother, Fanny June Dunham (née Taylor), who was of mixed French-Canadian and Native American heritage, died when Dunham was three years old. She had an older brother, Albert Jr., with whom she had a close relationship. After her father's remarriage a few years later, the family moved to a predominantly white neighborhood in Joliet, Illinois, where her father ran a dry-cleaning business.",
"title": "Katherine Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "55989451#9",
"text": "Dunham's book \"Secure: Discovering True Financial Freedom\" was originally released in 2011, with a new edition published in 2013. In the book, he writes how real security is not found in one's paycheck, one's possessions, or the size of your one's portfolio. He explains how one can experience the financial freedom, personal peace, and genuine security God desires for one's life. Dunham discusses the book in a live interview on LeSea Broadcasting’s Harvest Show where LeSea President & CEO, Pete Sumrall describes \"Secure\" saying it is a \"terrific, terrific book that will bless you.”",
"title": "Rick Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "16970381#1",
"text": "Dunham was born on October 10, 1905, in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey into a Philadelphia family with progressive leanings. His maternal grandfather had commanded a regiment of freed slaves in the Civil War, and his father James Henry Dunham was a Presbyterian minister who resigned his ministry in 1912, when Barrows was seven years old, because his study of philosophy and science, begun in the 1880s and 90s at the then College of New Jersey and at the University of Berlin, led him ultimately to disbelieve in supernatural religion. He took a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania in 1913 and went on to become a professor and dean at Temple University, where his son would eventually come to teach as well.",
"title": "Barrows Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "4699275#4",
"text": "He began ventriloquism in 1970 at age eight, when his parents gave him a Mortimer Snerd dummy for Christmas, and an accompanying how-to album. The next day he checked out a how-to book on ventriloquism from the library, and explained in 2011 that he still had it, remarking that he was \"a thief in the third grade\". By the fourth grade, Dunham decided he not only wanted to be a professional ventriloquist, but the best one ever. Dunham began practicing for hours in front of a mirror, studying the routines of Edgar Bergen, and the how-to record \"Jimmy Nelson's Instant Ventriloquism\", finding ventriloquism to be a learned skill, similar to juggling, that anyone with a normal speaking voice can acquire. Dunham has explained that, as an only child, he enjoyed being alone, likening his solitude to a \"warm blanket\" with which he could explore his own thoughts and ideas, which prepared him for the solitude of living alone when he later moved to Los Angeles as a struggling comedian.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "4699275#25",
"text": "Dunham was heckled and criticized for mocking TV critics during a July 2009 press tour to promote his then-upcoming Comedy Central TV series, \"The Jeff Dunham Show\", as well as Comedy Central programming chief Lauren Correo. In October 2009 \"The Jeff Dunham Show\" enjoyed good initial ratings, but was not well liked by critics, some of whom either questioned the wisdom of translating his act into a series, or cited Dunham, his previous specials, or ventriloquism itself as reasons for disliking the show.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
},
{
"docid": "4699275#20",
"text": "His fourth special, \"Jeff Dunham: Controlled Chaos\", premiered on September 25, 2011, on Comedy Central. His fifth special, \"Minding the Monsters\", which was taped in Savannah, premiered on Comedy Central on October 7, 2012. His sixth special, \"All Over the Map\", which was taped in various international cities, premiered on Comedy Central on November 16, 2014.",
"title": "Jeff Dunham"
}
] |
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] |
2415
|
What are the official languages of Iran?
|
[
{
"docid": "54517310#2",
"text": "Persian is Iran's official language and the language of the country's ethnic majority (i.e., the Persians), and Persian literature has been the country's most influential literary tradition. Apart from Iran, Persian literature was used and developed further through several medieval Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, and the language is still used widely in Central Asia (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and Afghanistan.",
"title": "Literature in Iran"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1986639#1",
"text": "The primary and official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani, Azeri, a Turkic language closely related to and partially mutually intelligible with Modern Turkish. Together with Turkish, Turkmen and Gagauz, Azerbaijani is a member of Oghuz branch of southwestern group Turkic language family. Although Azerbaijani is used in the Republic of Azerbaijan, South Russia (Dagestan) and Northern Iran, the dialects are different. Furthermore, Azerbaijan is recognized as an official medium of instruction in Dagestan and in the Republic of Azerbaijan, however, it is not an official language in Northern Iran where the number of Azerbaijanis exceed the ones in the Republic of Azerbaijan itself. The Azerbaijani language spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan is quite different than the one spoken in North Azerbaijan and instead of promoting the use of language, the Iranian government has discouraged and even banned it for several decades.",
"title": "Languages of Azerbaijan"
},
{
"docid": "338883#13",
"text": "Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although the country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was Persian the dichotomy between pure Persian and Turkic elements had remained obvious until 1925. The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use minority languages such as Azerbaijani and successful suppression of separatist movements. Reza Pahlavi is credited for reunification of Iran under a powerful central government. The use of minority languages in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime – the Islamic Republic of Iran – has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of ethnic minorities and their language, however the issues as to Azeris, the Iran's largest ethnic minority, remain and pose considerable challenges for the unity and territorial integrity of Iran.",
"title": "Pahlavi dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "42964558#42",
"text": "The majority of the population speaks the Persian language, which is also the official language of the country, as well as other Iranian languages or dialects. Turkic languages and dialects, most importantly Azerbaijani language, are spoken in different areas in Iran. In southwestern and southern Iran, the Luri language and Lari language are spoken. In Kurdistan Province and nearby area's Kurdish is widely spoken. In Khuzestan, many distinct Persian dialects are spoken. Arabic is also spoken in Khuzestan. Notable minority languages in Iran include Armenian, Georgian, and Neo-Aramaic. Circassian was also once widely used by the large Circassian minority, but due to assimilation over the many years no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.",
"title": "Languages in censuses"
},
{
"docid": "15182418#9",
"text": "There are several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran, namely, Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar TV as well as IFilm. Currently, the sole newspaper in Arabic language published in Iran is Kayhan Al Arabi out of 23 Persian dailies and three English dailies newspapers in Iran.",
"title": "List of countries where Arabic is an official language"
},
{
"docid": "14653#104",
"text": "The majority of the population speak Persian, which is also the official language of the country. Others include speakers of a number of other Iranian languages within the greater Indo-European family, and languages belonging to some other ethnicities living in Iran.",
"title": "Iran"
},
{
"docid": "385653#106",
"text": "In February 2011, Ali Khamenei supported the Egyptian uprising against their government, describing it as Islamic awakening instead of Arab Spring. Trying to communicate with Arab people, he addressed Egypt's protesters in Arabic. (Iranians are not Arabs, and Iran's official language is Persian) He introduced himself as \"your brother in religion\", while praising the \"explosion of sacred anger\". Later, in \"Islamic Awakening conferences\" which were held in Tehran, Khamenei praised the Muslim youths of Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Yemen and Bahrain for what he described as Islamic awakening. He also paralleled these events with Islamic revolution in Iran during his Nowruz oration in 2011. However, major protests against the Iranian regime also broke out throughout Iran in 2011, and they became known as the 2011–12 Iranian protests.",
"title": "Ali Khamenei"
},
{
"docid": "173589#2",
"text": "The first legislation which granted the Persian language its status was initiated back in 1906, as part of an electoral law that positioned it as the official language of the state of Iran, its government, its political institutions and its legal system. In the course of time this enactment followed by others, which eventually lead to a monolingual policy by the Iranian regime.",
"title": "Languages of Iran"
},
{
"docid": "19180442#43",
"text": "Later, during the 2nd millennium CE, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. Saladin, a noted adversary of the Crusaders, was an ethnic Kurd, while various empires centered in Iran (including the Safavids) re-established a modern dialect of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and the Caucasus. Iranian influence spread to the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, where Persian was often spoken at court (though a heavy Turko-Persian basis there was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans in Anatolia, namely the Seljuks and the Sultanate of Rum amongst others) as well to the court of the Mughal Empire. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern national identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries (just as Germans and Italians were beginning to formulate national identities of their own).",
"title": "Iranian peoples"
},
{
"docid": "16278842#1",
"text": "Iran – sovereign country located in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. Iran is bound by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south and the Caspian Sea to its north. Shi'a Islam is the official religion, and Persian is the official language. The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at , Iran has a population of over seventy million. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. Throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and is a regional power. The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 Constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader, currently Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.Geography of Iran",
"title": "Outline of Iran"
}
] |
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2416
|
Is there really a yellow brick road in Kansas?
|
[
{
"docid": "169164#9",
"text": "The actual road is believed to be one in Peekskill, New York, where L. Frank Baum attended Peekskill Military Academy. According to a local legend, the Yellow Brick Road was derived from a road paved with yellow bricks near Holland, Michigan, where Baum spent summers. Ithaca, New York, also makes a claim for being Frank Baum's inspiration. He opened a road tour of his musical, The Maid of Arran, in Ithaca, and he met his future wife Maud Gage Baum while she was attending Cornell University. At the time, yellow bricks paved local roads. Yellow brick roads can also be found in Aberdeen, South Dakota; Albany, New York; Rossville (Baltimore County), Maryland; Montclair, New Jersey (Parkhurst Place and Afterglow Way); Bronxville, New York (on Prescott and Valley roads); Chicago, Illinois; Liberal, Kansas; Sedan, Kansas and Chittenango, New York, as well as a school in Abington, Pennsylvania, and abroad in Sofia, Bulgaria.",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "169164#12",
"text": "The Vision Oz Fund was established in November 2009 to raise funds that will be used to help increase the awareness, enhancement, and further development of Oz-related attractions and assets in Wamego, Kansas. The first fundraiser is underway and includes selling personalized engraved yellow bricks, which will become part of the permanent walkway (aka \"The Yellow Brick Road\") in downtown Wamego.",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
},
{
"docid": "169164#8",
"text": "In Disney's 1985 live action semi-sequel to the 1939 movie \"Return to Oz\", Dorothy returns to Oz six months after being sent back home to Kansas from her first visit. Upon her second arrival she finds the yellow brick road in ruins by the hands of the evil Nome King who also conquered the Emerald City. In the end, it is presumed that after she defeats him and saves the city and its citizens, the road is restored as well.",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
},
{
"docid": "169164#4",
"text": "The road is first introduced in the third chapter of \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". The road begins in the heart of the eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country in the Land of Oz. It functions as a guideline that leads all who follow it, to the road's ultimate destination—the imperial capital of Oz called Emerald City that is located in the exact center of the entire continent. In the book, the novel's main protagonist, Dorothy, is forced to search for the road before she can begin her quest to seek the Wizard. This is because the cyclone from Kansas did not release her farmhouse closely near it as it did in the various film adaptations. After the council with the native Munchkins and their dear friend the Good Witch of the North, Dorothy begins looking for it and sees many pathways and roads nearby, (all of which lead in various directions). Thankfully it doesn't take her too long to spot the one paved with bright yellow bricks.",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
},
{
"docid": "18191977#1",
"text": "The music video for the song features a yellow brick road and dancing puppets including one that looks like the character of Dorothy from the \"Wizard of Oz\". In the Wizard of Oz Dorothy Gale was from the US state of Kansas. The Kansas City most people recognize (from skyline photos and sports teams) is the city in the US state of Missouri. Still, references to Kansas City being in Kansas can be technically correct because there is a separate municipality of Kansas City, Kansas across the Kansas-Missouri border from Kansas City, Missouri.",
"title": "Kansas City (Sneaky Sound System song)"
},
{
"docid": "126608#21",
"text": "In 1982, the village installed a brick sidewalk on either side of the downtown portion of Genesee St. which was painted yellow as an homage to the yellow brick road from the novels and film. The sidewalk required regular upkeep as the color would fade over time and the bricks would chip and crack due to the freeze-thaw cycles in the colder months and regular use throughout the year. As part of a downtown Chittenango revitalization project in 2007, the sidewalks were replaced with concrete which was then stamped and colored to replicate the yellow brick road. The old bricks have been made available to purchase at the All Things Oz museum and during the festival to raise money for the town's festival. In 2017, the village also added a yellow brick road sidewalk to Dr. West memorial park where the annual Oz-stravaganza festival is held.",
"title": "Chittenango, New York"
},
{
"docid": "169164#7",
"text": "In the classic 1939 film, a red brick road can be seen starting at the same point as the yellow brick road and is entwined with it, despite seemingly going in a different direction. This version of the road does not exist in Baum's books. Also, at the cornfield where Dorothy meets and befriends the Scarecrow, there is a fork in the yellow brick road leading in different directions. Luckily they choose the correct one of the three branches that leads to Emerald City.",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
},
{
"docid": "5524702#2",
"text": "The Yellow Brick Road is an image taken from the 1939 film adaptation of Lyman Frank Baum's \"The Wizard of Oz\". In that film, Dorothy and her three misfit friends are instructed to follow the yellow brick road in search of the Wizard of Oz, only to find that they had what they were looking for all along. The road leads to the Emerald City in the land of Oz, often referred to as a metaphor for \"The road that leads to life's fantasies\" or \"The road that leads to life's answers.\" The lyrics describe wanting to go back to a simpler existence after living what the narrator thought was a good life but realizing he has simply been treated like a pet by his rich socialite lover.",
"title": "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)"
},
{
"docid": "169164#6",
"text": "In the second Oz book, \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\", Tip and his companion Jack Pumpkinhead, likewise follow a yellow brick road to reach Emerald City while traveling from Oz's northern quadrant, the Gillikin Country. In the book \"The Patchwork Girl of Oz\", it is revealed that there are two yellow brick roads from Munchkin Country to the Emerald City: according to the Shaggy Man, Dorothy took the longer and more dangerous one in \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\".",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
},
{
"docid": "1866292#2",
"text": "In \"Dorothy of Oz\", Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Doll Princess arrive in the Munchkin Village where they meet up with Boq. When Dorothy tells him that Toto is a prisoner of the Jester at Princess Gaylette's castle, Boq tells Dorothy that it has been raining for several months and that much of Munchkin County is underwater enough to put the Yellow Brick Road into a state of disrepair. Boq tells the group that the secret of the Yellow Brick Road involved the Wizard of Oz having the Good Witch of the North use magical ingredients to make it where it had the color of sunlight even when it rains for a short time. Following a break in the storm, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Boq headed to where Dorothy's house landed when she first arrived in the Land of Oz. While there, the group encounters the Queen of the Field Mice who mentioned that the constant rains have forced the Field Mice out of their burrows and even detect the presence of the Wicked Witch of the East's ghost. After a part of the Yellow Brick Road is put back in place and the Wicked Witch of the East's ghost disappears, the Munchkins and the Field Mice celebrate the spell being broken as Dorothy's group boards Tugg and heads down the Munchkin River once more.",
"title": "Boq"
},
{
"docid": "169164#0",
"text": "The Yellow Brick Road is a fictional element in the 1900 children's novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" by American author L. Frank Baum. The road also appears in the several sequel Oz books such as \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904) and \"The Patchwork Girl of Oz\" (1913).",
"title": "Yellow brick road"
}
] |
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] |
2417
|
How many stops are on the Dulwich Hill Line?
|
[
{
"docid": "38670803#0",
"text": "The Dulwich Hill Line (numbered L1 and also known as the Inner West Light Rail) is a light rail line in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia running from Central railway station through the Inner West to Dulwich Hill. The 23-stop, 12.8-kilometre route is currently the only operational line on the Sydney light rail network.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "38670803#60",
"text": "Dulwich Hill (known as Dulwich Hill Interchange during planning and construction) is located in the southern part of the suburb of Dulwich Hill, adjacent to Dulwich Hill railway station on the Bankstown Line. The stop sits at the end of Bedford Crescent, where the Rozelle branch line joined the main Metropolitan Goods railway line and is thus the terminus of the light rail.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#44",
"text": "As part of the extension to Dulwich Hill, a stabling facility for four trams was built in the cutting, to the west of the stop. The track configuration through the stop was also redesigned. In November 2013, the outbound platform was brought into use and the points at the city end were removed. A new crossover past the outbound end of the stop was installed to enable terminating trams to switch tracks and to provide access to the stabling facility.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#52",
"text": "The stop sits in an medium density residential area which was subject to urban renewal soon after the stop opened. The area on the Lewisham side of the stop featured various light industrial buildings. The Summer Hill side of the stop is dominated by the former flour mill complex, which underwent redevelopment. The mill provided the final traffic for the freight railway line, and the cessation of traffic after the mill's closure provided the catalyst for conversion of the line to light rail. The stop is located adjacent to the flour mill, within walking distance of Lewisham railway station on the Inner West & Leppington Line. The 2014 extension's Product Definition Report describes the positioning of the stop:",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#51",
"text": "Lewisham West is located on the border of Lewisham and Summer Hill. The platforms are not located opposite one another, but are staggered, with the track crossing located between the platforms. A crossover is located at the city end of the stop. Access to the stop from the Summer Hill side is via a pathway through the grounds of the former Mungo Scott flour mill.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#38",
"text": "The stop opened with a single platform in 1997 when it was the original terminus of the line. When the light rail was extended to Lilyfield in August 2000, a new platform for Lilyfield bound services was opened. A crossover remains just past the city end of the stop. To the west of the stop, a viaduct carries the light rail over Wentworth Park.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#41",
"text": "Lilyfield serves a residential area in Lilyfield. The stop is located at the edge of a wide cutting, beneath the City West Link road which passes overhead. It is the only station on the line to be built as an island platform. The entrance is on Catherine Street, with access to the platform either by stairs or a lift. The stop was the terminus of the line between 2000 and 2014.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "1236361#10",
"text": "The Dulwich Hill Line of Sydney's light rail network includes four stations located in the suburb. These are - Dulwich Hill (adjacent to the railway station), Dulwich Grove (between New Canterbury Road and Hercules Street), Arlington (adjacent to Johnson Park near Constitution Road) and Waratah Mills (near Davis Street). Access to the city is quicker by the heavy rail Bankstown Line, but the light rail may be used for some cross-regional journeys. The service also interchanges with Lewisham railway station on the Inner West & Leppington Line.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill, New South Wales"
},
{
"docid": "93979#32",
"text": "The journey to London Victoria from West Dulwich takes about 12 minutes and there are direct trains to and from London Blackfriars and points north on the Thameslink line during the morning and evening peak periods respectively, East Dulwich is 12 minutes from London Bridge and North Dulwich is 14 minutes from London Bridge. The nearest stations are in: Denmark Hill, East Dulwich, West Dulwich, North Dulwich, Gipsy Hill, Herne Hill, Peckham Rye, Sydenham Hill and Tulse Hill.",
"title": "Dulwich"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#6",
"text": "Buoyed by the success of the original line, a 3.6-kilometre, four stop extension of the route opened on 13 August 2000. This saw the light rail reach Lilyfield, which was then the limit of the closed section of the goods line.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
},
{
"docid": "38670803#18",
"text": "As the original line of Sydney's light rail network, the Dulwich Hill Line lacked special branding and was simply known as the Sydney Light Rail - and later Metro Light Rail after the system was re-branded. Following the purchase of Metro Transport Sydney by the New South Wales Government and the announcement of the CBD and South East Light Rail, the line was named Inner West Light Rail. Since the opening of the 2014 extension to Dulwich Hill, passenger-facing branding of the line has referred to it as the Dulwich Hill Line. The line was given the number L1 as part of a broader program to also number all Sydney Trains and Sydney Ferries routes.",
"title": "Dulwich Hill Line"
}
] |
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] |
2419
|
Where is Sang Min Leo Whang from?
|
[
{
"docid": "53492533#0",
"text": "Sang Min Leo Whang (November 10, 1962 - ) is a South Korean psychologist, author, and popular political commentator. His has empirically investigated \"the Korean Peoples' identity & their mass-psychology\" by connecting it to a variety of issues such as self, online world identity, consumption behavior, love & relationships, power desire and political decision making. He has mainly researched the different psychological types of people and how the human mind works in on and offline settings. His most well-known projects are WPI (Whang's Personality Inventory), research on the identities of online game players, and research on politicians' public images. Whang has been a professor at Sejong University from 1994-1997 and at Yonsei University from 1994-2016. In January 2016, he was dismissed from his position as a tenured professor at Yonsei University, by excuse of violating an ethical rule, 'having a job outside of professorship without the permission of the university president.' There is controversy and speculation surrounding his dismissal. The unusual dismissal of a tenured professor from his position was a retaliatory decision made because of Whang's criticism against Geun-hye Park, the 11th President of South Korea. She was later impeached and dismissed from the presidency. Whang's dismissal was planned and executed by the late president of Yonsei University, Gap Young Cheung who denied his involvement of this case as a president of university. The late president Gap Young Cheung had a strong reputation that he had wished to hold a government or Blue House position during Ms. Park's presidency. After the impeachment of Ms. Park, Cheung retired from the university and remained as an honorary professor. Whang's dismissal is appreciated as an example of an evidence of latent oppression on academia by power. Dr. Whang currently runs a podcast \"WhangShimSo\", where he provides free consultations on personal and career conflicts, and commentates on the diverse social issues in Korean Society.",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53492533#14",
"text": "After publishing his “President Geun Hye Park Image” research in \"Shin Dong Ah\" magazine, Sang Min Whang was sent to Yonsei University's disciplinary committee for “violation of prohibition on holding a job outside of professorship and violation of prohibition on engaging in commercial activity” and the former Yonsei University president, Gap Young Cheung, who was being mentioned as a potential minister nominee in Geun Hye Park's regime, passed the dismissal motion on his last day in office on January 29, 2016. Yonsei University has claimed there is no relation between Sang Min Whang's research and the exclusionary disciplinary action and that he was removed because of “holding concurrent offices,” but through the Soon Sil Choi affair it was proven Sang Min Whang's research predicted the hidden commander's existence. The retaliatory decision to dismiss a tenured professor, along with Yoo Ra Chung's illicit admission incident, showed that universities lost academic autonomy and became an instrument of political power.",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
},
{
"docid": "53492533#6",
"text": "In his life as a researcher, Sang Min Whang delved into the subject of the “self,” especially “identification and respect for an individual’s disposition” based on the study of “Korean Peoples’ Identity.” In particular, he researched the relationship between “the self oneself perceives” and “the self others perceive,” or the “real self” and the “ideal self” Koreans experience and build in various aspects by connecting it to specific fields in education, development, politics, marketing, etc. He especially asserts that instead of the medical model that defines a student or a child's particular behavior as a “problem” and tries to solve it, the “developmental perspective,” which helps a student or a child understand herself by diagnosing and understanding each individual's character and the meaning each individual attributes to her actions, needs to be applied to education and psychotherapy.",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
},
{
"docid": "12409425#1",
"text": "The eldest of four children, Whang emigrated to the United States in December 1951 at the age of 20, arriving at San Francisco, California by ship. After arriving, he enrolled in the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to study electrical engineering; he received his bachelor's degree in 1956, and his master's from the same school in 1966. He met his wife Mary, who was born in Pyongyang, while a student there; she had emigrated to the States along with her father, who worked with the U.S. army in South Korea. His wife died in 1995 after a ten-year battle with lung disease.",
"title": "Sang Whang"
},
{
"docid": "53492533#1",
"text": "He was born as a second child in the town of Jinhae, and lived there until he was 9 years old when his parents decided to move to the bigger city of Pusan for the opportunity to better educate their children. He has said the thought “I need to do well academically in ordered to be treated like a person” was a motivating factor in his youth to study hard. In an interview with \"Chosun Ilbo\", he recalled “Once I received grades that put me in 25th place in class and the kids who used to ask me questions during recess stopped asking me any questions. They would not even reply when I said something. What was even more surprising was that kids who were known to be physically dominant in the class started bothering me. It was strange. So I came in 2nd place in class on the next test. The teacher told me to stop playing with grades. And the other kids treated me normally again. This led me to think that in Korean society I need to do well academically in order to be treated properly as a person even before having any idea of what I really want to do.”",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
},
{
"docid": "47724665#0",
"text": "Maria Whang (1865-1937) was a Korean-American educator and community organizer. In 1913, she became the first leader of the Korean Women's Association in the Territory of Hawaii. Whang was born in Pyongan Province, Korea. In 1905, she emigrated to Hawaii with her daughter and two sons. When they arrived in Hawaii, she told her son Ok Kang about her escape from her affluent husband who had many mistresses. Whang was a Methodist, and the church assisted her in moving to the United States. She felt that in Korea she was \"not allowed to be anything\", and desired the freedom she saw in the United States. She was an early educator of plantation children, and she established the Korean Women's Association (\"Taehan Puinhoe\") which merged in 1919 with the Korean Ladies Relief Society.",
"title": "Maria Whang"
},
{
"docid": "53492533#20",
"text": "Sang Min Whang appeared on the 219th episode of the television program “Gordian Knot” and discussed the phenomenon that Park, who was a presidential candidate at the time, was being advertised as the “first female president.” In the episode, he argued the public is delusional to expect a mother like aspect from candidate Park who was raised only as a princess and did not marry or experience becoming a mother. This is because in Korean society the life of a woman comes from having to perform a societal role, not from the genitals that are different from men. After this episode was aired, many in the press including \"Kyunghyang Shinmun\", \"SBS\", \"Dailian\", etc. released articles saying Whang remarked “Geun Hye Park is a woman only in her genitals” and there was hot debate on the internet on “how a professor could say something like ‘a woman only in her genitals?’” As a result, the debate on candidate Park’s qualifications and tendencies as a leader moved onto value assessment and criticism on a remark made by a peculiar professor, and the question “is it possible for the people to expect candidate Park to demonstrate the role and capability of a woman in Korean society?” was not brought up again. However, in the actual recording of Gordian Knot, the sensational line “Candidate Park is a woman only in her genitals” was not found and there was only a comment ‘that (the claim by anchor Jong Jin Park that at-the-time candidate Geun-hye Park also has femininity) is an issue of genitals (not) acting in the role of a woman…’",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
},
{
"docid": "53492533#16",
"text": "Gap Young Cheung, who removed Sang Min Whang from Yonsei University, was one of the figures being mentioned as a nominee for the first chief of staff or the minister of economy under Geun Hye Park's regime, but he unable to take a government post. Afterwards, he tried for reappointment of Yonsei University's president, but failed after “being ranked as the lowest among potential candidates on performance and qualifications in an opinion gathering session by Yonsei University faculty.” After the next term (18th) president of Yonsei University was decided to be Yong Hak Kim, the dismissal procedure for Whang progressed quickly. Gap Young Cheung signed the dismissal resolution on his last day of his president term and announced it is “chance” that the two dates coincide. Some analyze Gap Young Cheung's removal of Sang Min Whang, who continued to maintain a critical tone of Geun Hye Park's regime on a daily basis, as a move Cheung made to become appointed to public office under Geun Hye Park's regime. However, Gap Young Cheung claimed in an interview with the press that he “did not know” about Sang Min Hwang's dismissal from Yonsei University's professorship and that he only followed the decision of the disciplinary committee even though he was Yonsei University's president when the dismissal process was in progress. These actions by Gap Young Cheung along with the illicit admission of Yoo Ra Chung into Ewha University is analyzed as a case of how university personnel have transformed into, not people who pursue learning, but rather agents of political power under Geun Hye Park's regime.",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
},
{
"docid": "50894710#1",
"text": "Whang was born in Seoul and relocated to Busan in the fifth grade of elementary school. In 1985, at age fifteen, she moved to the United States with her family. During her sophomore year in high school, she received an acoustic guitar as a birthday gift and started playing and writing music in her diary. She graduated from Rush–Henrietta Senior High School, and began college at the Pratt Institute in art studies. She and a male college friend formed the duo Sun & Fish and started busking on the streets of New York City. She then left college, without graduating, for an \"extended tramp around the world to find herself and her voice\", visiting Japan, Vietnam, France and Thailand.",
"title": "Whang Bo-ryung"
},
{
"docid": "53492533#26",
"text": "At the end of 2016, the occurrence of “Geun Hye Park–Soon Sil Choi Gate” shed new light on Sang Min Whang's dismissal from Yonsei University in the press and in politics. He also took this time to reset his own values, which can be known from his words in the following: “If I could do what was enjoyable to me then I was not going to be concerned with anything else and tried hard to be indifferent and lived thinking “a professor’s duty is only to do research.” I tried to live detached from the power struggle as an aloof scholar who would occasionally observe it from afar and provide advice. But in Korea, after knowing the truth that I cannot do the work I enjoy and do well at all outside of its influence… I realized the truth that I was terminated because my desire to stay as an aloof scholar was not as clear compared to those who tried to gain power who had very clear desires and was thorough in their pursuit of it. So I thought I should no longer stay as an observer… The people were also deceived by Lee-Myung-Park-Geun-Hye because they did not face what they want and did not make it clear enough.” After diagnosing the Korean peoples’ mind as being in “a state of slavery” in relation to the “Geun Hye Park–Soon Sil Choi Gate,” Whang spoke out more proactively and clearly on his opinions in politics in the press and on his podcast after his dismissal, and is leading “the Korean Peoples’ Psychological Independence Movement” with the public through the podcast «\"Whangshimso\"».",
"title": "Sang-Min Whang"
}
] |
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] |
2420
|
How long is Nahum Tate's adaptation of King Lear?
|
[
{
"docid": "16087074#0",
"text": "The History of King Lear is an adaptation by Nahum Tate of William Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". It first appeared in 1681, some seventy-five years after Shakespeare's version, and is believed to have replaced Shakespeare's version on the English stage in whole or in part until 1838.",
"title": "The History of King Lear"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "301491#0",
"text": "Nahum Tate ( ; 1652 – 30 July 1715) was an Irish poet, hymnist and lyricist, who became England's poet laureate in 1692. Tate is best known for \"The History of King Lear\", his 1681 adaptation of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\".",
"title": "Nahum Tate"
},
{
"docid": "221376#12",
"text": "Kean was the first to restore the tragic ending to Shakespeare's \"King Lear\", which had been replaced on stage since 1681 by Nahum Tate's happy ending adaptation \"The History of King Lear\". Kean had previously acted Tate's Lear, but told his wife that the London audience \"have no notion of what I can do till they see me over the dead body of Cordelia.\" Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances. They were not well received, though one critic described his dying scene as \"deeply affecting\", and with regret, he reverted to Tate.",
"title": "Edmund Kean"
},
{
"docid": "14224671#76",
"text": "In 1985 the Riverside Shakespeare Company presented the New York premiere of \"The History of King Lear\", adapted with a happy ending by 18th-century English Poet Laureate, Nahum Tate, from William Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". The production was directed by W. Stuart McDowell, produced by Andrew B. Harris, who had joined Riverside as its executive director at the beginning of the season.",
"title": "Riverside Shakespeare Company"
},
{
"docid": "55721#38",
"text": "All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government on 6 September 1642. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies (the King's Company and the Duke's Company) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them. And from the restoration until the mid-19th century the performance history of \"King Lear\" is not the story of Shakespeare's version, but instead of \"The History of King Lear\", a popular adaptation by Nahum Tate. Its most significant deviations from Shakespeare were to omit the Fool entirely, to introduce a happy ending in which Lear and Cordelia survive, and to develop a love story between Cordelia and Edgar (two characters who never interact in Shakespeare) which ends with their marriage. Like most Restoration adapters of Shakespeare, Tate admired Shakespeare's natural genius but saw fit to augment his work with contemporary standards of art (which were largely guided by the neoclassical unities of time, place, and action). Tate's struggle to strike a balance between raw nature and refined art is apparent in his description of the tragedy: \"a heap of jewels, unstrung and unpolish't; yet so dazzling in their disorder, that I soon perceiv'd I had seiz'd a treasure.\" Other changes included giving Cordelia a \"confidante\" named Arante, bringing the play closer to contemporary notions of poetic justice, and adding titilating material such as amorous encounters between Edmund and both Regan and Goneril, a scene in which Edgar rescues Cordelia from Edmund's attempted kidnap and rape, and a scene in which Cordelia wears men's pants that would reveal the actress's ankles. The play ends with a celebration of \"the King's blest Restauration\", an obvious reference to Charles II.",
"title": "King Lear"
},
{
"docid": "30961627#1",
"text": "\"The Taming of the Shrew\" was revived following the English Civil War in the second half of the seventeenth century, but not necessarily in Shakespeare's 'original' version. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw multiple adaptations of Shakespeare's \"The Shrew.\" And, as in Nahum Tate's adaptation of \"King Lear\", which transforms the tragic ending into a happy marriage between Cordelia and Edgar, the idea that Shakespeare's works were sacrosanct and inalterable was not yet established.",
"title": "Catharine and Petruchio"
},
{
"docid": "161003#9",
"text": "Later into Barry’s career, she was given more roles of a motherhood figure than a sexual object. Barry worked for the Duke's Company from 1675 to 1682, taking the role of Cordelia opposite Thomas Betterton's Lear in Nahum Tate's 1681 adaptation of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". After the Duke's and the King's companies were amalgamated in 1682, she continued as one of the star performers of the new United Company, which remained for 12 years the only theatrical company in London. The absence of rival companies left the actors in a weak bargaining position in relation to management, and when the United Company fell under the mismanagement of Christopher Rich (theatre manager) in the 1690s, \"as sly a Tyrant as ever was at the Head of a Theatre.\"",
"title": "Elizabeth Barry"
},
{
"docid": "16087074#32",
"text": "Nahum Tate's \"The History of King Lear\" was successfully remounted in New York, at The Shakespeare Center on Mahattan's Upper West Side, staged by the Riverside Shakespeare Company in 1985. For this production, conventions of the mid-17th century English theatre, when Tate's \"Lear\" was popular, were used in the staging, such as raked stage covered with green felt (as was the custom for tragedies), footlights used for illumination on an apron stage (or curved proscenium stage), and period costumes drawn from the era of David Garrick. Musical interludes were sung by cast members during the act breaks, accompanied by a harpsichord in the orchestra pit before the stage. The production was directed by the company's Artistic Director, W. Stuart McDowell, and featured Eric Hoffmann in the role of Lear, and supported by an Equity company of fifteen, including Frank Muller in the role of the Bastard Edmund. The play, with its \"happy ending\", became known as a \"\"King Lear\" for optimists\" by the press, and proved one of the most popular productions by the Riverside Shakespeare Company.",
"title": "The History of King Lear"
},
{
"docid": "55721#16",
"text": "Besides the subplot involving the Earl of Gloucester and his sons, the principal innovation Shakespeare made to this story was the death of Cordelia and Lear at the end; in the account by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cordelia restores Lear to the throne, and succeeds him as ruler after his death. During the 17th century, Shakespeare's tragic ending was much criticised and alternative versions were written by Nahum Tate, in which the leading characters survived and Edgar and Cordelia were married (despite the fact that Cordelia was previously betrothed to the King of France). As Harold Bloom states: \"Tate's version held the stage for almost 150 years, until Edmund Kean reinstated the play's tragic ending in 1823.\"",
"title": "King Lear"
},
{
"docid": "301491#5",
"text": "Tate then turned to making a series of adaptations of Elizabethan dramas. His version of William Shakespeare's \"Richard II\" altered the names of the characters, and changed the text so that every scene, to use his own words, was \"full of respect to Majesty and the dignity of courts\"; but in spite of these precautions \"The Sicilian Usurper\" (1681), as his rewrite was called, was suppressed on the third performance on account of a possible political interpretation. In 1681 Thomas Betterton played Tate's version of \"King Lear\", which entirely omitted the Fool, and ended happily in marriage between Cordelia and Edgar. (Though Joseph Addison protested at this mutilation of Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson defended the poetic justice of Tate's adaptation.)\"Coriolanus\" became \"The Ingratitude of a Commonwealth\", played at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1682. Tate's farce \"Duke and no Duke\" (first printed 1685, but acted earlier at the Theatre Royal) imitated Sir Aston Cockayne's \"Trappolin suppos'd a Prince\". His \"Cuckold's Haven\" (performed 1685 at the Theatre Royal) was derived from Chapman and Marston's \"Eastward Ho\". \"The Island Princess, or the Generous Portugals\" (1687) was adapted from John Fletcher. \"Injur'd Love, or the Cruel Husband\" (1707), altered from Webster's \"The White Devil\", seems never to have been acted.",
"title": "Nahum Tate"
}
] |
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] |
2421
|
What unit is used to measure velocity?
|
[
{
"docid": "38889765#16",
"text": "The following example concerns definitions of quantities and units. The (average) velocity (\"v\") of an object is defined as the quantitative physical property of the object that is directly proportional to the distance (\"d\") traveled by the object and inversely proportional to the time (\"t\") of travel, i.e., \"v\" = \"kd\"/\"t\", where \"k\" is a constant that depends on the units used. Suppose that the meter (m) and the second (s) are base units; then the kilometer (km) and the hour (h) are noncoherent derived units. The meter per second (mps) is defined as the velocity of an object that travels one meter in one second, and the kilometer per hour (kmph) is defined as the velocity of an object that travels one kilometer in one hour. Substituting from the definitions of the units into the defining equation of velocity we obtain, 1 mps = \"k\" m/s and 1 kmph = \"k\" km/h = 1/3.6 \"k\" m/s = 1/3.6 mps. Now choose \"k\" = 1; then the meter per second is a coherent derived unit, and the kilometer per hour is a noncoherent derived unit. Suppose that we choose to use the kilometer per hour as the unit of velocity in the system. Then the system becomes noncoherent, and the numerical value equation for velocity becomes {\"v\"} = 3.6 {\"d\"}/{\"t\"}. Coherence may be restored, without changing the units, by choosing \"k\" = 3.6; then the kilometer per hour is a coherent derived unit, with 1 kmph = 1 m/s, and the meter per second is a noncoherent derived unit, with 1 mps = 3.6 m/s.",
"title": "Coherence (units of measurement)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20069953#25",
"text": "This section is based on the work of Jong-Ping Hsu and Leonardo Hsu. They decided to use the word \"Taiji\" which is a Chinese word meaning the ultimate principles that existed before the creation of the world. In SI units, time is measured in seconds, but taiji time is measured in units of metres — the same units used to measure space. Their arguments about choosing what units to measure time in, lead them to say that they can develop a theory of relativity which is experimentally indistinguishable from special relativity, but without using the second postulate in their derivation. Their claims have been disputed.\nThe transformations that they derive involve the factor formula_2 where β is the velocity measured in metres per metre (a dimensionless quantity). This looks the same as (but should NOT be conceptually confused with) the velocity as a fraction of light v/c that appears in some expressions for the Lorentz transformations. Expressing time in metres has previously been done by other authors: Taylor and Wheeler in \"Spacetime Physics\" and Moore in \"Six Ideas that Shaped Physics\".",
"title": "Special relativity (alternative formulations)"
},
{
"docid": "221047#44",
"text": "The cross-sectional area of the flow is calculated from a depth measurement and the average velocity of the flow is measured directly (Doppler and propeller methods are common). Velocity times the cross-sectional area yields a flow rate which can be integrated into volumetric flow. There are two types of area velocity flow meter: (1) wetted; and (2) non-contact. Wetted area velocity sensors have to be typically mounted on the bottom of a channel or river and use Doppler to measure the velocity of the entrained particles. With depth and a programmed cross-section this can then provide discharge flow measurement. Non-contact devices that use laser or radar are mounted above the channel and measure the velocity from above and then use ultrasound to measure the depth of the water from above. Radar devices can only measure surface velocities, whereas laser-based devices can measure velocities sub-surface.",
"title": "Flow measurement"
},
{
"docid": "23874520#0",
"text": "In astronomy, the velocity dispersion (\"σ\") is the statistical dispersion of velocities about the mean velocity for a group of objects, such as an open cluster, globular cluster, galaxy, galaxy cluster, or supercluster. By measuring the radial velocities of its members, the velocity dispersion of a cluster can be estimated and used to derive the cluster's mass from the virial theorem. Radial velocity is found by measuring the Doppler width of spectral lines of a collection of objects. The more radial velocities one measures, the more accurately one knows their dispersion. A central velocity dispersion refers to the σ of the interior regions of an extended object, such as a galaxy or cluster.",
"title": "Velocity dispersion"
},
{
"docid": "221047#32",
"text": "A Pitot-tube is used to measure fluid flow velocity. The tube is pointed into the flow and the difference between the stagnation pressure at the tip of the probe and the static pressure at its side is measured, yielding the dynamic pressure from which the fluid velocity is calculated using Bernoulli's equation. A volumetric rate of flow may be determined by measuring the velocity at different points in the flow and generating the velocity profile.",
"title": "Flow measurement"
},
{
"docid": "46224462#0",
"text": "Velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) is a time-resolved velocity measurement tool using laser interferometry used to measure the surface velocity of solids moving at high velocities. For solids experiencing high velocity impact or explosive conditions, VISAR plots the free-surface velocity against time to view the shock wave profile of a material (See Figure). VISAR is a useful tool in determining the pressure-density relationship of a material known as the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions or simply the \"Hugoniot\".",
"title": "Velocity interferometer system for any reflector"
},
{
"docid": "636702#59",
"text": "The U.S. military uses metric measurements extensively to ensure interoperability with allied forces, particularly NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAG). Ground forces have measured distances in \"klicks\", slang for kilometers, since 1918. Most military firearms are measured in metric units, beginning with the M-14 which was introduced in 1957, although there are a few legacy exceptions, such as .50-caliber guns. Aircraft ordnance is normally measured in pounds. Heavy weapon caliber is measured in millimeters. Military vehicles are generally built to metric standards. An exception is the U.S. Navy, whose guns are measured in inches and whose undersea fleet measures distances in terms of \"kiloyards\" (equivalent to 914.4 m), depth as \"feet\", and velocity, in some cases, as \"feet per second\". The Navy and Air Force continue to measure distance in nautical miles and speed in knots; these units are now accepted for use with SI by the BIPM. Furthermore, in military aviation NATO countries use feet for flight heights, as they do in the civilian aviation.",
"title": "Metrication in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "38390513#18",
"text": "To be able to measure the sound velocity, and more specifically the change in sound velocity, in a material subjected to some stress state, one can measure the velocity of an acoustic signal propagating through the material in question. There are several methods to do this but all of them use one of two physical relations of the sound velocity. The first relation is related to the time it takes a signal to propagate from one point to another (typically the distance between two acoustic transducers or two times the distance from one transducer to a reflective surface). This is often referred to as \"Time-of-flight\" (TOF) measurements, and use the relation\nwhere formula_153 is the distance the signal travels and formula_51 is the time it takes to travel this distance. The second relation is related to the inverse of the time, the frequency, of the signal. The relation here is\nwhere formula_73 is the frequency of the signal and formula_1 is the wave length. The measurements using the frequency as measurand use the pheonomenon of acoustic resonance where formula_5 number of wave lengths match the length over which the signal resonate. Both these methods are dependent on the distance over which it measure, either directly as in the Time-of-flight, or indirectly through the matching number of wavelengths over the physical extent of the specimen which resonate.",
"title": "Acoustoelastic effect"
},
{
"docid": "200161#1",
"text": "Automated direct measurement of streamflow discharge is difficult at present. In place of the direct measurement of streamflow discharge, one or more surrogate measurements can be used to produce discharge values. In the majority of cases, a stage (the elevation of the water surface) measurement is used as the surrogate. Low gradient (or shallow-sloped) streams are highly influenced by variable downstream channel conditions. For these streams, a second stream gauge would be installed, and the slope of the water surface would be calculated between the gauges. This value would be used along with the stage measurement to more accurately determine the streamflow discharge. Within the last ten years, the technological advance of velocity sensors has allowed the use of water velocity as a reliable surrogate for streamflow discharge at sites with a stable cross-sectional area. These sensors are permanently mounted in the stream and measure velocity at a particular location in the stream and related to flow in a manner similar to the use of traditional water level.",
"title": "Stream gauge"
},
{
"docid": "28935079#0",
"text": "Velocity is a metric for work done, which is often used in agile software development. Measuring velocity is sometimes called \"velocity tracking\". The velocity metric is used for planning sprints and measuring team performance. There is no scientific evidence that measuring velocity improves planning effectiveness or team performance. Furthermore, the metric can be misleading.",
"title": "Velocity (software development)"
}
] |
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] |
2424
|
Who is Luke Cage married to in the comics?
|
[
{
"docid": "1872189#7",
"text": "Jessica Jones tells her baby girl, Danielle, about the first time she met Luke Cage. Jessica decides to consent to be his wife, though she has not informed Luke. [She would marry him in \"New Avengers Annual\" #1]",
"title": "The Pulse (comics)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "448120#42",
"text": "In her analysis of the comics, Sharon Packer M.D. made connections between Cage's origin story and historical events taking place in the time of the comics' publication. Carl Lucas uses his newfound power to crash through the prison's cement barricades, he symbolically breaks through barriers that were once closed to him, similar to other black people of his era. Luke Cage's story has a distinct connection to unethical medical experiments; his comics presumably enhanced awareness of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments that made New York Times headlines in the very same month and year that Luke Cage debuted. Dr. Altman published a book on self-experimentation ethics, one of many texts discussing ethical breaches in medical experiments at that time, meaning that the Luke Cage stories likely picked up on the rhetoric on prison experiments during that time and tapped into opprobrium about ethics. Since his comics were released at the same time that the news broke about the Tuskegee syphilis experiments on black men in Alabama, an event which caused public outrage and swayed public opinion against non-consenting or coercive human experimentation, it can be inferred that Luke Cage's story influenced some of the aforementioned public opinion.",
"title": "Luke Cage"
},
{
"docid": "448120#41",
"text": "A different version of Power Man appears in the Ultimate Marvel universe as a member of the Defenders, although he is never referred to as \"Luke Cage\". In this universe, the Defenders consist of several people who want to be superheroes but have no useful superpowers, and appear to be more interested in the celebrity aspect of being heroes than actually doing anything heroic. This version originally never had any powers. However, in \"\", he and the Defenders all appear with powers, given to them by Loki.Luke Cage was ranked as the 34th greatest comic book character of all time by \"Wizard\" magazine. IGN also ranked Luke Cage as the 72nd greatest comic book hero of all time stating that \"Cage embodies much of what we love about Marvel's heroes\", and 15th in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012.",
"title": "Luke Cage"
},
{
"docid": "45082948#9",
"text": "Stephanie Maslansky, the costume designer for \"Daredevil\" and \"Jessica Jones\", serves as costume designer for \"Luke Cage\" as well. The series sees Cage have a wardrobe evolution from his initial look of T-shirts, jeans, leather jackets or an army jacket that was introduced in \"Jessica Jones\". Maslansky took inspiration from the comics illustrations, as she did on the other Marvel Netflix series, but also looked to the \"rich and colorful history\" of Harlem, and Coker's own vision. In looking to pay homage to Cage's original costume with his updated clothing for the series, Maslansky and Coker considered \"the idea of him wearing a gold hoodie, a gold T-shirt, but those just seemed too on the nose, and just too bright for a guy who is trying to keep his identity quiet.\" Instead, Maslansky lined the insides of all of Cage's hoodies with yellow, so the color could frame the character's face in close ups. The series' title sequence, which uses yellow overtones, blends a silhouette of Luke Cage with images of Harlem.",
"title": "Luke Cage (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "448120#1",
"text": "Created during the height of the Blaxploitation genre, Luke Cage is an ex-convict imprisoned for a crime he did not commit, who gains the powers of superhuman strength and unbreakable skin after being subjected voluntarily to an experimental procedure. Once freed, Cage becomes a \"hero for hire\" and teams up with fellow superhero Iron Fist as part of the duo, Power Man and Iron Fist. He later marries the super-powered private investigator Jessica Jones, with whom he has a daughter. In 2005, writer Brian Michael Bendis added Luke Cage to the lineup of the New Avengers, and he has since appeared in various \"Avengers\" titles, and became the leader of a group of reformed supervillains called the Thunderbolts.",
"title": "Luke Cage"
},
{
"docid": "18487644#34",
"text": "James settled down with his wife Esther and they both had two sons, and Carl, the latter of whom would grow up to become Luke Cage. James had a rough relationship with Carl who was always getting arrested due to the gang he was in. When his wife died, James and Carl's relationship was strained even more. Years later, James Jr. joined The Corporation which did not settle well with James Sr. due to its racist history. Carl, who by then had become Luke Cage, rescues James Sr. from Corporation, but are unable to save James Jr. who had transformed into Coldfire. They reconcile, but are driven apart by the memory of Esther.",
"title": "List of Marvel Comics characters: L"
},
{
"docid": "52153124#3",
"text": "Dave Griffith makes a recurring appearance on \"Luke Cage\" played by Jeremiah Richard Craft. He is black, as opposed to Caucasian like in the comics, and is usually seen on the streets attempting to sell bootleg recordings of \"The Incident\". Cage approached him on the street and asked that he use his eyes to inform him about the goings on. Despite some reluctance, Dave gave in, acting as an informant. He appears in the episode \"You Know My Steez,\" filming the street fight between Cage and Willis Stryker. He returns in season 2 where he has set up a Luke Cage merchandise store within Pop's Barber Shop, much to Cage and Bobby Fish's chagrin. He follows Cage around by using the \"Harlem's Hero\" app and films his many exploits. Following Cage's defeat at the hands of Bushmaster, Griffith begins selling tapes of the fight, despite still admitting support for Cage. Griffith is also present when Danny Rand arrives to visit Cage and he even gets to see him briefly use his powers. While at a party, Griffith and his girlfriend Aisha Axton witness two friends of theirs reacting violently to a drug labeled 'Bushmaster' and inform Cage. When Cage makes a bid to act as the \"sheriff\" of Harlem, Griffith voices his concern. He ultimately decides to use the money he earned from his Luke Cage gift shop to buy Pop's Barber Shop stating that Harlem needs a Switzerland. He is last seen putting a \"Help Wanted\" sign up on the window.",
"title": "David Griffith (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "448120#3",
"text": "Luke Cage was created by Roy Thomas, Archie Goodwin and John Romita Sr. shortly after blaxploitation films emerged as a popular new genre. He debuted in his own series, with the cover trademark \"Luke Cage, Hero for Hire\" and the title \"Hero for Hire.\" The series initially was written by Goodwin and pencilled by George Tuska. The character was the first black superhero to star in his own comic-book series, which was retitled with the cover trademark \"Luke Cage, Power Man\" and the trademarked title \"Power Man\" with issue #17. Cage's adventures were set in a grungier, more crime-dominated New York City than that inhabited by other Marvel superheroes of the time.",
"title": "Luke Cage"
},
{
"docid": "52184824#3",
"text": "By November 2014, Lance Gross, Colter, and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage, a recurring role on the series \"Marvel's Jessica Jones\" followed by a headlining role on \"Luke Cage\". Colter was confirmed in the role the next month, as a series regular in both series. He signed on for the two shows without reading any scripts. Colter had been reluctant to sign on due to the comics depiction of the character, which he was familiar with already, saying \"when I saw the tiara, all the 1970s blacksploitation stuff, I was like, 'oh my God...' But they assured me, '...we're doing a modern day version.'\"",
"title": "List of Luke Cage characters"
},
{
"docid": "4051007#11",
"text": "The Chicago Spectator newspaper hired Dakota's company to provide a full background on super-mercenary Luke Cage, the former Power Man, whom the paper wanted to feature for sales purposes. During her investigation, Dakota learned that Cage's father, James Lucas, still lived, though Cage believed him dead. Dakota did not add this information to Cage's paper file, fearing villains could use it against the hero if they learned of it. After briefing the paper's affiliates including Analisa Medina, Jeryn Hogarth, Mickey Hamilton, and Mr. Drewston, Dakota met Cage, who agreed to work for the paper on specific cases. Dakota briefed Cage on his first assignment, criminal businessman Elio Angelopoulos III, and she was later hired to run the paper's security.",
"title": "Dakota North (comics)"
}
] |
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] |
2425
|
What is the most common source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?
|
[
{
"docid": "653006#0",
"text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized). The simplest such chemicals are naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene.",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "22201177#0",
"text": "Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) are a group of compounds comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more aromatic rings and one or more chlorine atoms attached to the ring system. Cl-PAHs can be divided into two groups: chloro-substituted PAHs, which have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by a chlorine atom, and chloro-added Cl-PAHs, which have two or more chlorine atoms added to the molecule. They are products of incomplete combustion of organic materials. They have many congeners, and the occurrences and toxicities of the congeners differ. Cl-PAHs are hydrophobic compounds and their persistence within ecosystems is due to their low water solubility. They are structurally similar to other halogenated hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Cl-PAHs in the environment are strongly susceptible to the effects of gas/particle partitioning, seasonal sources, and climatic conditions.",
"title": "Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
},
{
"docid": "46611475#14",
"text": "Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known to be tumorigenic or mutagenic are found in atmospheric aerosols, which is connected to the thermal rearrangement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fast soot formation during combustion.",
"title": "Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons"
},
{
"docid": "19179706#99",
"text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most common and abundant of the known polyatomic molecules in the observable universe, and are considered a likely constituent of the primordial sea. In 2010, PAHs, along with fullerenes (or \"buckyballs\"), have been detected in nebulae.",
"title": "Abiogenesis"
},
{
"docid": "653006#3",
"text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life.",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
},
{
"docid": "653006#5",
"text": "PAHs with five or six-membered rings are most common. Those composed only of six-membered rings are called \"alternant\" PAHs, which include \"benzenoid\" PAHs. The following are examples of PAHs that vary in the number and arrangement of their rings:",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
},
{
"docid": "57425816#0",
"text": "Contorted aromatics or more precisely contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons represent a unique class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which the fused aromatic molecules deviate from the usual planarity.",
"title": "Contorted aromatics"
},
{
"docid": "653006#9",
"text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily found in natural sources such as creosote. They can result from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. PAHs can also be produced geologically when organic sediments are chemically transformed into fossil fuels such as oil and coal. PAHs are considered ubiquitous in the environment and can be formed from either natural or manmade combustion sources. The dominant sources of PAHs in the environment are thus from human activity: wood-burning and combustion of other biofuels such as dung or crop residues contribute more than half of annual global PAH emissions, particularly due to biofuel use in India and China. As of 2004, industrial processes and the extraction and use of fossil fuels made up slightly more than one quarter of global PAH emissions, dominating outputs in industrial countries such as the United States. Wildfires are another notable source. Substantially higher outdoor air, soil, and water concentrations of PAHs have been measured in Asia, Africa, and Latin America than in Europe, Australia, the U.S., and Canada.",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
},
{
"docid": "41696772#0",
"text": "Erich Clar (August 23, 1902 – March 27, 1987) was an organic chemist who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. He is considered as the father of that field. He authored the two-volume \"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\", which described the syntheses, properties, and UV-visible absorption spectra of hundreds of PAHs. He created the Sextet Theory, now eponymously called \"Clar's rule\", to describe the behavior of PAH isomers. This was described in his book \"The Aromatic Sextet\". He was awarded the August Kekulé Medal by the Chemical Society of the GDR in 1965, the highest award given by that society to foreign scientists, and the first Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Research Award of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in 1987.",
"title": "Erich Clar"
},
{
"docid": "653006#38",
"text": "Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified by the US EPA, the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to their carcinogenicity or genotoxicity and/or ability to be monitored are the following:",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon"
}
] |
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] |
2426
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What language family is Malay?
|
[
{
"docid": "5662829#0",
"text": "Malay is a major language of the Austronesian language family. Over a period of two millennia, from a form that probably consisted of only 157 original words, Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade, religious expansion, colonisation and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolved into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today, but are unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE.",
"title": "History of the Malay language"
},
{
"docid": "126630#0",
"text": "Malay (; ) is a major language of the Austronesian family spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. A language of the Malays, it is spoken by 290 million people across the Strait of Malacca, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo. It is also used as a trading language in the southern Philippines, including the southern parts of the Zamboanga Peninsula, the Sulu Archipelago, and the southern predominantly Muslim-inhabited municipalities of Bataraza and Balabac in Palawan.",
"title": "Malay language"
},
{
"docid": "279720#41",
"text": "The Malay language is one of the major languages of the world and of the Austronesian family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. The language is also spoken in Thailand, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Sri Lanka. It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the Malay Archipelago and is used as a second language by an estimated 220 million.",
"title": "Malays (ethnic group)"
},
{
"docid": "28678#44",
"text": "Malay is the main language spoken in the state, although with a different creole from Sarawak Malay and Peninsular Malay. The state has its own slang for Malay which originated either from indigenous words, Brunei Malay, Suluk, Cocos Malay and Indonesian language. The indigenous languages of Sabah can be divided into four language families of Dusunic, Murutic, Paitanic and Sama–Bajau. As the Hakka forms the majority of Chinese in Sabah, the Hakka dialect is the most commonly spoken Chinese dialect in the state apart from Cantonese and Hokkien dialects.",
"title": "Sabah"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "126630#9",
"text": "Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.",
"title": "Malay language"
},
{
"docid": "13426780#0",
"text": "The indigenous languages of Malaysia belong to the Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian families. The national, or official, language is Malay which is the mother tongue of the majority Malay ethnic group, however English may take preference in many settings and is spoken by the majority of the population. The main ethnic groups within Malaysia comprise the Malays, Chinese and Indians, with many other ethnic groups represented in smaller numbers, each with its own languages. The largest native languages spoken in East Malaysia are the Iban, Dusunic, and the Kadazan languages. English is widely understood and spoken in service industries and is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary school. It is also the main language spoken in most private colleges and universities. English may take precedence over Malay in certain official contexts as provided for by the National Language Act, especially in the states of Sabah and Sarawak, where it may be the official working language.",
"title": "Languages of Malaysia"
},
{
"docid": "37042#18",
"text": "Indonesian is one of the many varieties of Malay. Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan. Indonesian, which originated from Malay, is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean; the Philippines national language, Filipino; and the native language of New Zealanders, Māori language are also members of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.",
"title": "Indonesian language"
},
{
"docid": "16002579#4",
"text": "Sumatra is the homeland of the Malay languages, which today spans all corners of Insular Southeast Asia. The Indonesian language which is the country's official language and lingua franca was based on Riau-Lingga (or Johor-Riau) Malay. The Malay language has a long history, which has a literary record as far back as the 7th century AD. A famous early Malay inscription, the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920, at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 cm. It is written in Old Malay, a possible ancestor of today's Malay language and its variants. Most Malay languages and dialects spoken in Indonesia are mutually unintelligible to Standard Indonesian. The most widely spoken are Palembang Malay (3.2 million), Jambi Malay (1 million), Bengkulu Malay (1.6 million) and Banjarese (4 million) (although not considered to be a dialect of Malay by its speakers; its minor dialect is typically called Bukit Malay). Besides the proper Malay languages, there are several languages closely related to Malay such as Minangkabau, Kerinci, Kubu and others. These languages are closely related to Malay, but their speakers do not consider their languages to be Malay. There are many Malay-based creoles spoken in the country especially in eastern Indonesia due to contacts from the western part of Indonesia and during colonial rule where Malay replaced Dutch as a lingua franca. The most well-known Malay creoles in Indonesia are Ambonese Malay, Betawi, Manado Malay and Papuan Malay.",
"title": "Malay Indonesian"
},
{
"docid": "626817#39",
"text": "Ancient Malaysian and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Malaya, Sumatra and Java influenced the history, lifestyles, and culture of the Filipino peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense influence on many languages spoken in the Philippines. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native \"Sugbuanon\" (Cebuano) during this time period.",
"title": "Languages of the Philippines"
},
{
"docid": "624323#14",
"text": "Singapore Bazaar Malay, also known as Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, or Market Malay, is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore. Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language. However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore have four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.",
"title": "Malay trade and creole languages"
}
] |
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] |
2427
|
Is Death in the Discworld series?
|
[
{
"docid": "757205#0",
"text": "Death is a fictional character in Terry Pratchett's \"Discworld\" series and a parody of several other personifications of death. Like most Grim Reapers, he is a black-robed skeleton usually carrying a scythe. His jurisdiction is specifically the Discworld itself; he is only a part, or minion, of Azrael, the universal Death. He has been generally used by Pratchett to explore the problems of human existence, and has become more sympathetic throughout the series.",
"title": "Death (Discworld)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "355950#0",
"text": "Susan Sto Helit (also spelled Sto-Helit), once referred to as Susan Death, is a fictional character in Terry Pratchett's \"Discworld\" series of fantasy novels. She is the \"granddaughter\" of Death, the Disc's Grim Reaper, and, as such, has \"inherited\" a number of his abilities. She appeared in three \"Discworld\" novels: \"Soul Music\", \"Hogfather\", and \"Thief of Time\". She is also referred to (though not by name) at the end of \"Mort\", when her father invites Death to her christening. She is one of the \"Discworld\" series' principal protagonists. Being both human and supernatural, Susan is frequently (and reluctantly) forced away from her \"normal\" life to do battle with various malign supernatural forces or, barring that, to take on her grandfather's job in his absence. Death tends to employ her in his battles against the Auditors of Reality, particularly in situations where he has no power or influence. As the series progresses, she also begins to take on roles educating children, so that, as Pratchett mentions in \"The Art of Discworld\", she has \"ended up, via that unconscious evolution that dogs characters, a kind of Goth Mary Poppins\".",
"title": "Susan Sto Helit"
},
{
"docid": "757205#58",
"text": "The Death of Rats has appeared in the animated \"Soul Music\" and in the radio play of \"The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents\", but has not been given a voice credit for either. In the \"Hogfather\" TV series the voice was credited to Dorckey Hellmice (an anagram of Michelle Dockery who played Susan Sto Helit in the same TV series), while in the \"Discworld 2\" game, the voice is credited as Katherine the Crocodile. The Death of Rats also appears in Discworld Noir.",
"title": "Death (Discworld)"
},
{
"docid": "13185705#3",
"text": "Death's Domain is the home of one of the series' principal characters, Death. It is shaped by human expectation and Death's own attempts to have (for a lack of a better word) a life beyond his allotted task. \"Death's Domain\" () is also a Discworld Mapp, drawn by Paul Kidby, with additional material by Pratchett and Stephen Briggs. In the live-action adaptations of \"Hogfather\" and \"The Colour of Magic\", the same Victorian country home was used for exterior shots of Death's house.",
"title": "List of dimensions of the Discworld"
},
{
"docid": "757205#54",
"text": "Death has appeared in various other media: in the Discworld Game Series he is voiced firstly by Rob Brydon and later by Nigel Planer.",
"title": "Death (Discworld)"
},
{
"docid": "927136#0",
"text": "Death's Domain is a book by Terry Pratchett and Stephen Briggs, and illustrated by Paul Kidby. It is the fourth in the \"Discworld Mapp\" series, other publications of which include \"The Streets of Ankh-Morpork, The Discworld Mapp\" and \"A Tourist Guide to Lancre.\" It was first published in paperback by Corgi in 1999. It was the second in the series to be illustrated by Kidby. As with the other \"mapps\", the basic design and booklet were compiled by Pratchett and Briggs.",
"title": "Death's Domain"
},
{
"docid": "757205#1",
"text": "Death has appeared in every Discworld novel, with the exception of \"The Wee Free Men\" and \"Snuff\", and had a possible cameo at the end of \"Johnny and the Dead\" (the character was not identified, but spoke in unquoted small caps). The Discworld books with Death as a leading character, starting with \"Mort\" in 1987, are:",
"title": "Death (Discworld)"
},
{
"docid": "13185705#0",
"text": "Discworld, the fictional planet of a fantasy series by Terry Pratchett, exists at a point near the very edge of universe's reality spectrum. From here, the fabric of the fictional universe's reality is gossamer-thin, and excessive pushing can and often does break holes into other, often far less hospitable, domains. The most dangerous of these domains are the Dungeon Dimensions, a region beyond the narrative's reality itself, whose inhabitants (inspired by the formless horrors of H. P. Lovecraft) wait to swamp our reality with all the force \"of an ocean warming itself against a candle\". A number of minor fictional universes attach themselves tangentially to the Discworld universe, particularly Death's Domain, the home of the Disc's Grim Reaper, from which he descends to do his job, and the parasite universe of Fairyland, home of the sociopathic and vicious Elves. Additionally, the Dark Desert is a region that, according to the Discworld's Omnian religion, souls cross to pass into the next world. The Discworld character Death frequently takes souls here, and in recent books, it seems to have become the afterlife of choice for most Discworld characters, not just Omnians.",
"title": "List of dimensions of the Discworld"
},
{
"docid": "1348008#143",
"text": "Azrael, also known as the Great Attractor and the Death of Universes, is apparently not a worshipped god on the Discworld, but he exists nonetheless, and is an entity of enormously unthinkable scope and size. While in the \"Discworld\" novels there are many 'Deaths' for different worlds (themselves divided into Deaths for different creatures), Azrael is their ruler. All other Deaths are aspects of him (a similar relationship to that between the Discworld Death and the Death of Rats).",
"title": "Discworld gods"
},
{
"docid": "606554#28",
"text": "Death is a recurring character in the Discworld series written by Terry Pratchett. Books featuring Death include \"Mort\", \"Reaper Man\", \"Soul Music\", \"Hogfather\" and \"Thief of Time\". He also makes a cameo appearance in \"Interesting Times\".",
"title": "List of death deities"
}
] |
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] |
2428
|
Who was the last emperor of Rome?
|
[
{
"docid": "214974#7",
"text": "The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117 CE), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. By 285 CE the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The Roman Empire began when Augustus Caesar became the first emperor of Rome (31 BCE) and ended, in the west, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic King Odoacer (476 CE). In the east, it continued as the Byzantine Empire until the death of Constantine XI and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture.",
"title": "Culture of ancient Rome"
},
{
"docid": "219117#4",
"text": "The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century. Romulus Augustulus is often considered to be the last emperor of the West after his forced abdication in 476, although Julius Nepos maintained a claim recognized by the Eastern Empire to the title until his death in 480. Following Nepos' death, the Eastern Emperor Zeno abolished the division of the position and proclaimed himself as the sole Emperor of a reunited Roman Empire. The Eastern imperial lineage continued to rule from Constantinople (\"New Rome\"); they continued to style themselves as Emperor of the Romans (later βασιλεύς Ῥωμαίων in Greek), but are often referred to in modern scholarship as Byzantine emperors. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Roman emperor in Constantinople, dying in the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453.",
"title": "Roman emperor"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25507#9",
"text": "Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate emperor, the Tetrarchy. Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome, he abdicated along with his co-emperor, and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed. Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great, who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity, and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire. During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties, the empire was divided along an east–west axis, with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome. The reign of Julian, who under the influence of his adviser Mardonius attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire.",
"title": "Roman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "17958273#2",
"text": "Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate Emperor (the Tetrarchy). Confident that he fixed the disorders plaguing Rome, he abdicated along with his co-emperor, and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed. Order was eventually restored by Constantine, who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity, and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire. During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties, the Empire was divided along an east–west axis, with dual power centers in Constantinople and Rome. The reign of Julian, who under the influence of his adviser Mardonius attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the Empire.",
"title": "History of the Roman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "21967718#29",
"text": "Rome's population declined after its peak in the 2nd century. At the end of that century, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the Antonine Plague killed 2,000 people a day. Marcus Aurelius died in 180, his reign being the last of the \"Five Good Emperors\" and Pax Romana. His son Commodus, who had been co-emperor since AD 177, assumed full imperial power, which is most generally associated with the gradual decline of the Western Roman Empire. Rome's population was only a fraction of its peak when the Aurelian Wall was completed in the year 273 (in that year its population was only around 500,000).",
"title": "History of Rome"
},
{
"docid": "8223762#43",
"text": "In the year 457, Leo I became the first emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Anthemius (467-472), one of the last Western Roman emperors, seems to have planned a pagan revival at Rome. He was a descendant of Procopius, the relative of Julian. Anthemius gave Messius Phoebus Severus, a pagan philosopher who was a close friend of his, the important offices of Praefectus urbi of Rome, Consul and Patrician. Anthemius placed the image of Hercules, in the act of vanquishing the Nemean lion, on his coins. The murder of Anthemius (by Ricimer) destroyed the hopes of those pagans who believed that the traditional rites would now be restored. Shortly thereafter, in 476, the western emperor was deposed by Odoacer, who became the first barbarian king of Italy. In spite of this disaster, pagans made one last attempt to revive the pagan rites. In 484, the Magister militum per Orientem, Illus, revolted against Zeno and raised his own candidate, Leontius, to the throne. Leontius hoped to reopen the temples and restore the ancient ceremonies and because of this many pagans joined in his revolt against Zeno. Illus and Leontius were compelled, however, to flee to a remote Isaurian fortress, where Zeno besieged them for four years. Zeno finally captured them in 488 and promptly had them executed.",
"title": "Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism"
},
{
"docid": "21967718#38",
"text": "In 480, the last Western Roman emperor, Julius Nepos, was murdered and a Roman general of barbarian origin, Odoacer, declared allegiance to Eastern Roman emperor Zeno. Despite owing nominal allegiance to Constantinople, Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy as a virtually independent realm from Ravenna. Meanwhile, the Senate, even though long since stripped of wider powers, continued to administer Rome itself, with the Pope usually coming from a senatorial family. This situation continued until Theodahad murdered Amalasuntha, a pro-imperial Gothic queen, and usurped the power in 535. The Eastern Roman emperor, Justinian I (reigned 527–565), used this as a pretext to send forces to Italy under his famed general Belisarius, recapturing the city next year. The Byzantines successfully defended the city in a year-long siege, and eventually took Ravenna.",
"title": "History of Rome"
},
{
"docid": "390368#2",
"text": "Commodus, the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty, remembered by contemporaneous chronicles as an unpopular ruler notorious for his extravagance and cruelty, was assassinated in 192. Without sons to be his heir, a struggle for power immediately broke out amongst the governors of the most important provinces. Pertinax was elevated to the purple and recognized by his peers, but following his murder by a restive Praetorian Guard, Septimius Severus decided to make his bid for power and usurped the throne. Although initially a usurper, Severus managed to remain in power for the next 18 years and died a natural death while campaigning in northern Britain. The death of Severus Alexander (the last emperor of the Severan dynasty) in 235 triggered what historians call the crisis of the third century. In this period, from 235 to the accession of Diocletian and the establishment of the Tetrarchy in 286, Rome saw 28 emperors of whom only two had a natural death (from the plague). However, there were also 38 usurpers who raised revolts across the Empire, a clear sign that the security of the frontiers was not the only problem within the Roman world. Usurpation attempts were a constant worry for the emperors in this period; it was a too common method of acceding the throne. Successful usurpers were usually either provincial governors, commanders of a large grouping of Roman legions, or prefects of the Praetorian Guard, which had control of Rome, where the Imperial palace still lay.",
"title": "Roman usurper"
},
{
"docid": "182161#4",
"text": "Gaius was born in Rome in 20BC to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was a part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and was related to all the Julio-Claudian emperors. On his mother's side, he was the oldest grandson of emperor Augustus. He was the stepson of Tiberius by his mother Julia’s marriage to him, and Brother in law of Claudius by his sister Agrippina the Elder's marriage to Germanicus. He also was the uncle of Caligula, who was the son of his sister Agrippina. The last emperor of the dynasty was Nero, who was Gaius' great-nephew and the grandson of Germanicus. An annual sacrifice on his birthday was granted in a decree.",
"title": "Gaius Caesar"
},
{
"docid": "38160955#12",
"text": "Justinian I (527–565), who succeeded Justin and was the last Latin speaking emperor, is generally regarded as the greatest of the Byzantine emperors and another Emperor-Saint. Justinian brought the empire to its greatest years of power and glory before the long decline that set in during the second half of the first millennium as western civilization moved from Late Antiquity into the High Middle Ages.\nJustinian's foreign policy centred around trying to recapture the lost territories of the western empire after half century of Barbarian occupation, recapturing Rome in 536. However the western operations were hampered by competing wars in the east (see below) and the outbreak of plague in 541 (see below). Rome and Italy changed hands frequently after 541 but by 554 the Byzantines were firmly in control again.",
"title": "Byzantine Anatolia"
}
] |
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] |
2429
|
Is emotional IQ the same as regular IQ?
|
[
{
"docid": "2144492#0",
"text": "Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ is a 1995 book by Daniel Goleman. In this book, Goleman posits that emotional intelligence is as important as IQ for success, including in academic, professional, social, and interpersonal aspects of one's life. Goleman says that emotional intelligence is a skill that can be taught and cultivated, and outlines methods for incorporating emotional skills training in school curricula.",
"title": "Emotional Intelligence"
},
{
"docid": "96009#10",
"text": "However, the term became widely known with the publication of Goleman's book: \"Emotional Intelligence – Why it can matter more than IQ\" (1995). It is to this book's best-selling status that the term can attribute its popularity. Goleman has followed up with several further popular publications of a similar theme that reinforce use of the term.\nTo date, tests measuring EI have not replaced IQ tests as a standard metric of intelligence. Emotional Intelligence has also received criticism on its role in leadership and business success.",
"title": "Emotional intelligence"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37689507#7",
"text": "Using MRI, researchers are able to acquire volumetric measurements of brain size. Some studies have tried to explain the relationship between brain size (meaning volume) and intelligence, specifically in terms of IQ. In general, it has been found that Full Scale IQ and Verbal IQ have a stronger correlation with brain size than Performance IQ. It is thought by some that grey and white matter specifically relate to different IQs (grey matter with Verbal IQ and white matter with Performance IQ), but the results have not been consistent. It has been found that within the cortex, the correlation with IQ was very influenced by the volume of prefrontal grey matter.",
"title": "Neuroimaging intelligence testing"
},
{
"docid": "96009#46",
"text": "In an academic exchange, Antonakis and Ashkanasy/Dasborough mostly agreed that researchers testing whether EI matters for leadership have not done so using robust research designs; therefore, currently there is no strong evidence showing that EI predicts leadership outcomes when accounting for personality and IQ. Antonakis argued that EI might not be needed for leadership effectiveness (he referred to this as the \"curse of emotion\" phenomenon, because leaders who are too sensitive to their and others' emotional states might have difficulty making decisions that would result in emotional labor for the leader or followers). A recently published meta-analysis seems to support the Antonakis position: In fact, Harms and Credé found that overall (and using data free from problems of common source and common methods), EI measures correlated only ρ = 0.11 with measures of transformational leadership. Ability-measures of EI fared worst (i.e., ρ = 0.04); the WLEIS (Wong-Law measure) did a bit better (ρ = 0.08), and the Bar-On measure better still (ρ = 0.18). However, the validity of these estimates does not include the effects of IQ or the big five personality, which correlate both with EI measures and leadership. In a subsequent paper analyzing the impact of EI on both job performance and leadership, Harms and Credé found that the meta-analytic validity estimates for EI dropped to zero when Big Five traits and IQ were controlled for. Joseph and Newman meta-analytically showed the same result for Ability EI.",
"title": "Emotional intelligence"
},
{
"docid": "96009#51",
"text": "Research of EI and job performance shows mixed results: a positive relation has been found in some of the studies, while in others there was no relation or an inconsistent one. This led researchers Cote and Miners (2006) to offer a compensatory model between EI and IQ, that posits that the association between EI and job performance becomes more positive as cognitive intelligence decreases, an idea first proposed in the context of academic performance (Petrides, Frederickson, & Furnham, 2004). The results of the former study supported the compensatory model: employees with low IQ get higher task performance and organizational citizenship behavior directed at the organization, the higher their EI. It has also been observed that there is no significant link between emotional intelligence and work attitude behavior.",
"title": "Emotional intelligence"
},
{
"docid": "14892#29",
"text": "Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high statistical reliability. A high reliability implies that – although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and although they may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age – the scores generally agree with one another and across time. Like all statistical quantities, any particular estimate of IQ has an associated standard error that measures uncertainty about the estimate. For modern tests, the standard error of measurement is about three points . Clinical psychologists generally regard IQ scores as having sufficient statistical validity for many clinical purposes. In a survey of 661 randomly sampled psychologists and educational researchers, published in 1988, Mark Snyderman and Stanley Rothman reported a general consensus supporting the validity of IQ testing. \"On the whole, scholars with any expertise in the area of intelligence and intelligence testing (defined very broadly) share a common view of the most important components of intelligence, and are convinced that it can be measured with some degree of accuracy.\" Almost all respondents picked out abstract reasoning, ability to solve problems and ability to acquire knowledge as the most important elements.\nSince the early 20th century, raw scores on IQ tests have increased in most parts of the world. When a new version of an IQ test is normed, the standard scoring is set so performance at the population median results in a score of IQ 100. The phenomenon of rising raw score performance means if test-takers are scored by a constant standard scoring rule, IQ test scores have been rising at an average rate of around three IQ points per decade. This phenomenon was named the Flynn effect in the book \"The Bell Curve\" after James R. Flynn, the author who did the most to bring this phenomenon to the attention of psychologists.",
"title": "Intelligence quotient"
},
{
"docid": "96009#47",
"text": "However, it is important to note that self-reported and Trait EI measures retain a fair amount of predictive validity for job performance after controlling Big Five traits and IQ. Newman, Joseph, and MacCann contend that the greater predictive validity of Trait EI measures is due to their inclusion of content related to achievement motivation, self efficacy, and self-rated performance. Meta-analytic evidence confirms that self-reported emotional intelligence predicting job performance is due to mixed EI and trait EI measures' tapping into self-efficacy and self-rated performance, in addition to the domains of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and IQ. As such, the predictive ability of mixed EI to job performance drops to nil when controlling for these factors.",
"title": "Emotional intelligence"
},
{
"docid": "398459#14",
"text": "IQ classification varies from one publisher to another. IQ tests do not have validity for determining test-takers' rank order at higher IQ levels, and are perhaps only effective at determining whether a student is gifted rather than distinguishing among levels of giftedness. The Wechsler tests have a standard score ceiling of 160. Today, the Wechsler child and adult IQ tests are by far the most commonly used IQ tests in hospitals, schools, and private psychological practice. Older versions of the Stanford-Binet test, now obsolete, and the Cattell IQ test purport to yield IQ scores of 180 or higher, but those scores are not comparable to scores on currently normed tests. The Stanford-Binet Third Revision (Form L-M) yields consistently higher numerical scores for the same test-taker than scores obtained on current tests. This has prompted some authors on identification of gifted children to promote the Stanford-Binet form L-M, which has long been obsolete, as the only test with a sufficient ceiling to identify the exceptionally and profoundly gifted, despite the Stanford-Binet L-M never having been normed on a representative national sample. Because the instrument is outdated, current results derived from the Stanford-Binet L-M generate inflated and inaccurate scores. The IQ assessment of younger children remains debated.",
"title": "Intellectual giftedness"
},
{
"docid": "176855#12",
"text": "IQ tests purport to be measures of intelligence, while achievement tests are measures of the use and level of development of use of the ability. IQ (or cognitive) tests and achievement tests are common norm-referenced tests. In these types of tests, a series of tasks is presented to the person being evaluated, and the person's responses are graded according to carefully prescribed guidelines. After the test is completed, the results can be compiled and compared to the responses of a norm group, usually composed of people at the same age or grade level as the person being evaluated. IQ tests which contain a series of tasks typically divide the tasks into verbal (relying on the use of language) and performance, or non-verbal (relying on eye–hand types of tasks, or use of symbols or objects). Examples of verbal IQ test tasks are vocabulary and information (answering general knowledge questions). Non-verbal examples are timed completion of puzzles (object assembly) and identifying images which fit a pattern (matrix reasoning).",
"title": "Psychological testing"
},
{
"docid": "11840996#9",
"text": "IQ and educational attainment are strongly correlated (estimates range form .40 to over .60.) There is controversy, however, as to whether education affects intelligence – it may be both a dependent and independent variable with regard to IQ. A study by Ceci illustrates the numerous ways in which education can affect intelligence. It was found that; IQ decreases during summer breaks from schooling, children with delayed school entry have lower IQ's, those who drop out of education earlier have lower IQ's and children of the same age but of one years less schooling have lower IQ scores. Thus it is difficult to unravel the interconnected relationship of IQ and education where both seem to affect one another.",
"title": "Environment and intelligence"
}
] |
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] |
2430
|
What is the wavelength of visible light?
|
[
{
"docid": "10134#29",
"text": "Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colors of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.",
"title": "Electromagnetic spectrum"
},
{
"docid": "17939#0",
"text": "Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is the visible spectrum that is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz).\nThe main source of light on Earth is the Sun. Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps. With the development of electric lights and power systems, electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called bioluminescence. For example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey.",
"title": "Light"
},
{
"docid": "41464#0",
"text": "The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to 740 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770 THz.",
"title": "Visible spectrum"
},
{
"docid": "25856#29",
"text": "Light, or visible light, is a very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye, or 380–750 nm which equates to a frequency range of 790 to 400 THz respectively. More broadly, physicists use the term \"light\" to mean electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.",
"title": "Radiation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1054632#8",
"text": "Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. \"Near infrared\" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and \"far infrared\" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.",
"title": "Infrared photography"
},
{
"docid": "49667222#0",
"text": "Blue Light is a range of the visible light spectrum, defined as having a wavelength between 400−495 nm. This short wavelength means that blue light is a type of high-energy visible light, defined as having a wavelength between 400 and 450 nm. Violet, indigo, and some blue-green light are other types of high-energy visible light.",
"title": "Effects of blue light technology"
},
{
"docid": "5921#5",
"text": "[[Electromagnetic radiation]] is characterized by its [[wavelength]] (or [[frequency]]) and its [[Luminous intensity|intensity]]. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 [[nanometre|nm]] to 700 nm), it is known as \"visible light\".",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"docid": "49598#3",
"text": "Pigments appear colored because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of visible light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the entire spectrum of visible light with a wavelength in a range from about 375 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or 780 nm. When this light encounters a pigment, parts of the spectrum are absorbed by the pigment. Organic pigments such as diazo or phthalocyanine compounds feature conjugated systems of double bonds. Some inorganic pigments, such as vermilion (mercury sulfide) or cadmium yellow (cadmium sulfide), absorb light by transferring an electron from the negative ion (S) to the positive ion (Hg or Cd). The other wavelengths or parts of the spectrum are reflected or scattered. The new reflected light spectrum creates the appearance of a color. Pigments, unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths from the source light, never add new ones.",
"title": "Pigment"
},
{
"docid": "41464#2",
"text": "Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere via the \"optical window\" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air scatters blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue. The optical window is also referred to as the \"visible window\" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the long wavelength or far infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may experience them.",
"title": "Visible spectrum"
},
{
"docid": "6198776#1",
"text": "The INFITEC or Wavelength Multiplex Technology (WMT) is based on the fact that the visible light spectrum can be divided into different wavelength ranges using steep-edged optical filters. Some of these wavelength ranges are presented to the left eye, the others to the right eye. By an appropriate design of the transmission spectra of the filters it can be ensured that both eyes are reached by wavelengths in the red, green, and blue range of the visible light, so both eyes will see a fully colored image. Such multi-bandpass optical filters can currently be made only as so called interference filters. The WMT requires filters for the glasses as well as for the projectors (except laser projectors).",
"title": "Infitec"
}
] |
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] |
2431
|
When did the peace treaty between Croatia and Serbia go into effect?
|
[
{
"docid": "6851165#3",
"text": "On 20 November 1991 Lord Carrington asked: \"Can the internal boundaries between Croatia and Serbia and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia be regarded as frontiers in terms of public international law?\" Applying the principle of \"uti possidetis juris\", the commission concluded on 11 January 1992, \"The boundaries between Croatia and Serbia, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and possibly other adjacent independent states may not be altered except by agreement freely arrived at... Except where otherwise agreed, the former boundaries become frontiers protected by international law\".",
"title": "Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "36684742#16",
"text": "During the war between the Byzantium and Bulgaria of Simeon I, in about 923, the Byzantines concluded an alliance with Croatia. Prior to that the Bulgarians had several decisive victories against the Byzantines, capturing Adrianople and endangering Constantinople. In 924 Simeon I deposed Zaharija from rule in Serbia, who fled to Croatia. In 926, Simeon's troops invaded Croatia, but were severely defeated in the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands. In 927 Pope John X sent his legates to mediate a peace treaty between Croats and Bulgarians.",
"title": "Duchy of Croatia"
},
{
"docid": "25862556#54",
"text": "Milošević rejected the independence of Croatia in 1991, and even after the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), it too did not initially recognize Croatia's independence. Plans by Milošević to carve out territory from Croatia to the local Serbs had begun by June 1990, according to the diary of Borisav Jović. The Serbian government along with a clique of pro-Milošević members of the Yugoslav army and its general staff, secretly adopted the RAM or \"frame\" plan that involved the partition of Croatia and Bosnia to give large amounts of territory to the local Serbs that would remain united with Serbia, effectively a Greater Serbia. Armaments and military equipment were placed in strategic positions throughout Croatia and Bosnia for use by the Serbs and local Serbs were trained as police and paramilitary soldiers in preparation for war. Milošević was less interested in annexing the Serb breakaway republic of Krajina. According to testimony by Krajina's former President Milan Babić, Milošević had abandoned plans of having \"all Serbs in one state\" by March 1991 in the secret Karađorđevo agreement with Croatian President Franjo Tuđman that discussed the partition of Bosnia. Babić attended the meeting and noted that Milošević stated that \"Tuđman needs Bihać\" – a city in Bosnia that was separated by Serbian Krajina from Croatian government-controlled territory in Croatia; and then added \"He needs a road between Benkovac and Drniš as well\" that would involve the road going through territory claimed by Krajina.",
"title": "Slobodan Milošević"
},
{
"docid": "13349267#29",
"text": "During 2015 and 2016, relations between Croatia and Serbia were further affected by to the ongoing migrant crisis, when Croatia decided to close its border with Serbia. In September 2015, Croatia barred all cargo traffic from Serbia, due to the migrant influx coming from Serbia in a move which further eroded the fragile relations between the two countries. \nIn response to these actions, Vučić announced that counter measures will be enacted if an agreement with Croatia is not reached. \nThe dispute was eventually resolved through the mediation of the EU Commission, yet the relations between the two neighboring countries remain fragile. \nOn March 31, 2016, Vojislav Seselj, leader of the Serbian Radical Party, was acquitted of War Crime charges in the Hague Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. The verdict has caused controversy in Croatia. Vučić distanced himself from Šešelj and his policy, but stated that the verdict should not be used as a tool for political pressure on Serbia.",
"title": "Aleksandar Vučić"
},
{
"docid": "374695#1",
"text": "NATO was responsible to the United Nations (UN) for carrying out the Dayton Peace Accords. The Dayton Peace Accords were started on 22 November 1995 by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, on behalf of Serbia and the Bosnian Serb Republic. The actual signing happened in Paris on 14 December 1995. The peace accords contained a General Framework Agreement and eleven supporting annexes with maps. The accords had three major goals: ending of hostilities, authorization of military and civilian program going into effect, and the establishment of a central Bosnian government while excluding individuals that serve sentences or under indictment by the International War Crimes Tribunals from taking part in the running of the government. IFOR's specific role was to implement the military Annexes of \"The General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina\".",
"title": "Implementation Force"
},
{
"docid": "42461018#10",
"text": "The evolution of the Croatia–Serbia border began in 1699 with the Treaty of Karlowitz, transferring Slavonia and a portion of Syrmia from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Monarchy at the conclusion of the Great Turkish War. The rest of Syrmia was transferred to the Habsburg Monarchy through the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. The transferred territories were organised within the monarchy into the Kingdom of Slavonia, with its eastern border established at the Danube, and the defensive belt of Military Frontier stretching along the Sava River, governed directly from Vienna.",
"title": "Croatia–Serbia border dispute"
},
{
"docid": "42461018#3",
"text": "The bulk of the territory in dispute is in the vicinity of the town of Apatin, while the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar are cited as particularly contentious parts of the dispute. Further disputed areas are located near the town of Bačka Palanka, and in the municipality of Sombor, at the tripoint of Croatia, Hungary and Serbia. Croatia claims that the cadastre-based boundary was adopted by the Đilas Commission, set up in 1945 to determine the borders between federal constituents of Yugoslavia, while Serbia claims that the same commission identified the boundary as the course of the Danube in 1945. In 1991, the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the border between federal units of Yugoslavia became inviolable international borders, without referring to locations of any specific claim or line. The opinion was rendered at the request of Serbia. Prior to the ruling, Serbia asserted that the borders were subject to change following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia. Since the Croatian War of Independence, the line of control coincides with the Serbian claim.",
"title": "Croatia–Serbia border dispute"
},
{
"docid": "8056034#14",
"text": "Milošević rejected the independence of Croatia in 1991, and even after the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), it too did not initially recognize Croatia's independence. Plans by Milošević to carve out territory from Croatia to the local Serbs had begun by June 1990, according to the diary of Serbian official Borisav Jović. The Serbian government along with a clique of pro-Milošević members of the Yugoslav army and its general staff, secretly adopted the RAM or \"frame\" plan that involved the partition of Croatia and Bosnia to give large amounts of territory to the local Serbs that would remain united with Serbia, effectively a Greater Serbia. Armaments and military equipment were placed in strategic positions throughout Croatia and Bosnia for use by the Serbs, and local Serbs were trained as police and paramilitary soldiers in preparation for war.",
"title": "Serbian nationalism"
},
{
"docid": "11558916#45",
"text": "Beginning on 16 September 2015, migrants and refugees from the Middle East, South Asia and Africa began entering Croatia from Serbia in large numbers after the construction of the Hungary-Serbia barrier. On 17 September Croatia closed its border with Serbia. After initial efforts to register all migrant entrances into Croatia, registration ceased on 18 September and migrants began to be transported toward Slovenia and Hungary. By 23 September 2015 over 40.000 had entered Croatia from Serbia, with main acceptance centers set up in Opatovac and Zagreb, while migrants were also held in Beli Manastir, Ilača, Tovarnik, Ježevo and Sisak. Milanović criticized Serbia for sending migrants only towards the Croatian border, while sparing Hungary and Romania and stated that his country \"will not become a migrant hotspot\". Tensions escalated between Serbia and Croatia and on 24 September Serbia banned imports from Croatia, while Croatia responded by banning all Serbian-registered vehicles from entering the country. On 25 September Croatia lifted the blockade on its border and Serbia lifted its ban on imports from Croatia, but Milanović said that he is ready to block the border again if necessary. With winter approaching a new, more permanent refugee acceptance center was built in Slavonski Brod in late 2015.",
"title": "Zoran Milanović"
},
{
"docid": "13349267#30",
"text": "On April 7, 2016 Croatia refused to endorse the EU Commission opinion to open Chapter 23, a part of Serbia’s EU accession negotiations, thus effectively blocking Serbia’ EU integration process. Serbia accused Croatia of obstructing its EU membership, and Vučić said that his government was: \"\"Stunned by Croatia's decision not to support Serbia's European path.\"\"\nCroatia has not agreed for Serbia to open negotiations of Chapter 23. \nOn April 14, 2016, the EU Commission rejected Croatian arguments in its dispute with Serbia. However, on July 7, 2016, Croatian Foreign Minister Miro Kovač announced that five conditions set by Croatia have been incorporated in the common position of the EU member states for negotiations with Serbia which will be the basis on which Serbia's progress in Chapter 23, concerning the judiciary and fundamental rights, will be assessed. These five conditions are: Serbia has to: 1. steer clear of conflicts of jurisdiction concerning war crimes, 2. cooperate with neighboring countries in search and identification of missing persons or their remains, 3. strengthen its investigative, prosecution, and judicial authorities, 4. strengthen protection of (Croatian) minority, and 5. fully cooperate with the ICTY.",
"title": "Aleksandar Vučić"
}
] |
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2432
|
When was the TI-83 released?
|
[
{
"docid": "439710#0",
"text": "The TI-83 series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments.\nThe original TI-83 is itself an upgraded version of the TI-82. Released in 1996, it was one of the most popular graphing calculators for students. In addition to the functions present on normal scientific calculators, the TI-83 includes many features, including function graphing, polar/parametric/sequence graphing modes, statistics, trigonometric, and algebraic functions, along with many useful applications. Although it does not include as many calculus functions, applications (for the TI-83 Plus—see below) and programs can be downloaded from certain websites, or written on the calculator.",
"title": "TI-83 series"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "439710#1",
"text": "TI replaced the TI-83 with the TI-83 Plus calculator in 1999, which included Flash memory, enabling the device's operating system to be updated if needed, or for large new Flash Applications to be stored, accessible through a new Apps key. The Flash memory can also be used to store user programs and data. In 2001, the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was released, which featured approximately nine times the available flash memory, and over twice the processing speed (15 MHz) of a standard TI-83 Plus, all in a translucent grey case inlaid with small \"sparkles.\"",
"title": "TI-83 series"
},
{
"docid": "439710#6",
"text": "The TI-83 Plus Silver Edition is a newer version of the TI-83 Plus calculator, released in 2001. Its enhancements are 1.5 MB of Flash memory, a dual-speed 6/15 MHz processor, 96 kB of additional RAM (but TI has yet to code support for the entire RAM into an OS), an improved link transfer hardware, a translucent silver case, and more applications preinstalled. This substantial Flash memory increase is significant. Whereas the TI-83+ can only hold a maximum of 10 apps (or more often less, dependent on size), the Silver Edition can hold up to 94 apps. It also includes a USB link cable in the box. It is almost completely compatible with the TI-83 Plus; the only problems that may arise are with programs (i.e. games) that may run too quickly on the Silver Edition or with some programs which have problems with the link hardware. The key layout is the same.",
"title": "TI-83 series"
},
{
"docid": "657653#0",
"text": "The TI-81 is the first graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments. It was designed in 1990 for use in algebra and precalculus courses. Since its original release, it has been superseded several times by newer calculators: the TI-85, TI-82, TI-83, TI-86, TI-83 Plus, TI-83 Plus Silver Edition, TI-84 Plus, TI-84 Plus Silver Edition, and most recently the TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire CAS. Most of these share the original feature set and 96×64-pixel display that began with this calculator.",
"title": "TI-81"
},
{
"docid": "615169#0",
"text": "The TI-84 Plus is a graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments which was released in early 2004. There is no original TI-84, only the TI-84 Plus and TI-84 Plus Silver Edition models. The TI-84 Plus is an enhanced version of the TI-83 Plus. The key-by-key correspondence is relatively the same, but the 84 features some improved hardware. The archive (ROM) is about 3 times as large, and CPU about 2.5 times as fast (over the TI-83 and TI-83 Plus). A USB port and built-in clock functionality were also added. The USB port on the TI-84 Plus series is USB On-The-Go compliant, similar to the next generation TI-Nspire calculator, which supports connecting to USB based data collection devices and probes, and supports device to device transfers over USB rather than over the serial link port..",
"title": "TI-84 Plus series"
},
{
"docid": "439710#11",
"text": "The TI-84 Plus series was introduced in April 2004 as a further update to the TI-83 Plus line. Despite the new appearance, there are very few actual changes. The main improvements of the TI-84 Plus and TI-84 Plus Silver Edition are a modernized case design, changeable faceplates (Silver Edition only), a few new functions, more speed and memory, a clock, and USB port connectivity. The TI-84 Plus also has a brighter screen with a clearer contrast, though this caused a bug with the LCD driver in some calculators sold. The TI-84 Plus has 3 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus, and the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition has 9 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus. They both have 2.5 times the speed of the TI-83 Plus. The operating system and math functionality remain essentially the same, as does the standard link port for connecting with the rest of the TI calculator series.",
"title": "TI-83 series"
},
{
"docid": "439710#4",
"text": "The TI-83 Plus is a graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments, designed in 1999 as an upgrade to the TI-83. The TI-83 Plus is one of TI's most popular calculators. It uses a Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 6 MHz, a 96×64 monochrome LCD screen, and 4 AAA batteries as well as backup CR1616 or CR1620 battery. A link port is also built into the calculator in the form of a 2.5mm jack. The main improvement over the TI-83, however, is the addition of 512 kB of Flash ROM, which allows for operating system upgrades and applications to be installed. Most of the Flash memory is used by the operating system, with 160 kB available for user files and applications. Another development is the ability to install Flash Applications, which allows the user to add functionality to the calculator. Such applications have been made for math and science, text editing (both uppercase and lowercase letters), organizers and day planners, editing spread sheets, games, and many other uses.",
"title": "TI-83 series"
},
{
"docid": "615169#2",
"text": "The TI-84 Plus Silver Edition was released in 2004 as an upgrade to the TI-83 Plus. Like the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition, it features a 15 MHz Zilog Z80 processor and 24 kB user available RAM. The chip has 128 kB, but TI has not made an OS that uses all of it. Newer calculators have a RAM chip that is only 48 kB. All calculators with the letter H or later as the last letter in the serial code have fewer ram pages, causing some programs to not run correctly. There is 1.5 MB of user-accessible Flash ROM. Like the standard TI-84 Plus, the Silver Edition includes a built-in USB port, a built-in clock, and assembly support. It uses 4 AAA batteries and a backup button cell battery. The TI-84 Plus Silver Edition comes preloaded with a variety of applications. These programs are also available for the TI-84 Plus, but some must be downloaded separately from TI's website. It is manufactured by Kinpo Electronics.",
"title": "TI-84 Plus series"
},
{
"docid": "657651#5",
"text": "An enhanced version of the TI-82, the TI-82 STATS, was first released in 2017 in Europe. There are several improvements, most notably the statistical features as the name would suggest. In addition, it featured numerical differentiation and integration, together with complex numbers, financial functions and other improvements. In specification terms, it is virtually identical to the TI-83.",
"title": "TI-82"
},
{
"docid": "615169#10",
"text": "In July 2009, a community-made patch was released which allowed user-made operating systems to be easily uploaded onto the TI-84 plus series. Shortly after the patch was developed, the RSA keys for the calculator's operating system were factored via the General number field sieve (GNFS) algorithm, making a software patch unnecessary. In response to this, Texas Instruments released a newer hardware revision which only accepts other, stronger RSA keys, making it harder to load user-made operating systems or older TI operating systems (2.53MP and earlier). The community has found a way around the newest limitation by discovering a way to revert to older versions of the boot code.The TI-84 Plus is based heavily on its predecessor, the TI-83 Plus. As with all other calculators in the series, the TI-84 Plus supports native Z80 assembly as well as TI's interpreted, BASIC-like language for calculators, dubbed TI-BASIC. Programming for the TI-84 Plus is nearly identical to programming for the TI-83 Plus, with a few new functions in both TI-BASIC and the calculator's assembly support that do not exist on earlier models and OS versions. Several attempts have been made at creating a C to Zilog Z80 assembly assemblers, such as SDCC.",
"title": "TI-84 Plus series"
}
] |
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] |
2433
|
When was evidence of the Catopsbaatar first found?
|
[
{
"docid": "209342#0",
"text": "Catopsbaatar is a genus of multituberculate, an extinct order of rodent-like mammals. It lived in what is now Mongolia during the late Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period, about 72 million years ago. The first fossils were collected in the early 1970s, and the animal was named as a new species of the genus \"Djadochtatherium \" in 1974, \"D. catopsaloides\". The specific name refers to the animal's similarity to the genus \"Catopsalis\". The species was moved to the genus \"Catopsalis\" in 1979, and received its own genus (\"Catopsbaatar\", Greek and Mongolian for \"visible hero\") in 1994. Five skulls, one molar, and one skeleton with a skull are known; the latter is the genus' most complete specimen. \"Catopsbaatar\" was a member of the family Djadochtatheriidae.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "209342#6",
"text": "Kielan-Jaworowska originally classfied \"Catopsbaatar\" as a member of the multituberculate family Taeniolabididae in 1974. In 1994, she suggested that \"Djadochtatherium\" was close to \"Catopsbaatar\" ancestry. She and Hurum named a new family of multituberculates, Djadochtatheriidae (which they placed in the new suborder Djadochtatheria), in 1997. The family included the genera \"Djadochtatherium\", \"Catopsbaatar\", \"Kryptobaatar\", and \"Tombaatar\", all from the Gobi Desert. The family differs from other multituberculates (and other mammals) in that the front margins of its snout were confluent with the zygomatic arches (cheekbones), giving the snout a trapezoid shape when seen from above. In general, other mammals have snouts where the side margins are curved inward in front of the zygomatic arches. Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum revised the higher ranks within Multituberculata in 2001, replacing the suborder Djadochtatheria with the superfamily Djadochtatherioidea (placed in the suborder Cimolodonta).\nThe following cladogram shows the placement of \"Catopsbaatar\" among other multituberculates according to Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum, 1997:\nThe most complete adult \"Catopsbaatar\" skull (specimen PM 120/107) is long and wide, with a lower jaw. By comparison, the skull of the juvenile holotype (ZPAL MgM−I/78) is about long and wide, with a lower jaw. The largest adult skull (ZPAL MgM−I/79) is long but, since it is incomplete, its other measurements are unknown. \"Catopsbaatar\" was larger than its relatives, \"Kryptobaatar\" and \"Djadochtatherium\". Multituberculates had relatively large skulls and short necks; their skulls were proportionally longer and wider than those of similarly sized rodents and marsupials. The external appearance of their heads may have been similar to those of rodents.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#4",
"text": "Kielan-Jaworowska and American palaeontologist Robert E. Sloan considered the genus \"Djadochtatherium\" a junior synonym of \"Catopsalis\", and created the new combination \"C. catopsaloides\" in 1979. American palaeontologists Nancy B. Simmons and Miao Desui conducted a 1986 cladistic analysis which indicated that \"Catopsalis\" was a paraphyletic taxon (an unnatural grouping of species), and \"C. catopsaloides\" required its own generic name. Kielan-Jaworowska followed Simmons and Miao's suggestion, moving \"C. catopsaloides\" to its own monotypic genus (\"Catopsbaatar\") in 1994. \"Catops\" is derived from the Greek word \"katoptos\" (\"visible\" or \"evident\"); \"baatar\" is Mongolian for \"hero\", and the name refers to \"Catopsbaatar\"'s similarity to the genus \"Catopsalis\" (as is the case for the specific name). The name \"Catopsalis\" itself consists of the Greek words for \"visible\" and \"cutting shears\" (\"psalis\").\nLater in 1994, Kielan-Jaworowska and the Russian palaeontologist Petr P. Gambaryan mentioned caudal (tail) vertebrae which may have belonged to \"Catopsbaatar\"; this attribution is uncertain, since they may instead belong to the related \"Tombaatar\" (named in 1997). A fourth skull (PIN 4537/4, a juvenile), discovered during the 1975 Soviet−Mongolian Expedition, was mentioned by Gambaryan and Kielan-Jaworowska in 1995. Canadian palaontologist Phillip J. Currie found a new \"Catopsbaatar\" specimen during the 1999 Dinosaurs of the Gobi expedition, organised by the American Nomadic Expeditions Company. Housed at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in Ulaanbaatar as PM120/107, this most completely preserved known specimen consists of the complete skull (which may be slightly flattened) and partial skeleton of an adult individual. The specimen has rather complete fore- and hind limbs, which were unknown for the genus until then and which are generally rarely preserved in multituberculates. Its pelvic ilia were stolen and destroyed by a schoolboy on tour at the Natural History Museum of Oslo, when it was prepared in 2000. The specimen was reported in 2002 by Kielan-Jaworowska, Norwegian palaeontologist Jørn Hurum, Currie and Mongolian palaeontologist Rinchen Barsbold, who also mentioned another skull (PIN 4537/5, a juvenile) found during the 1975 expedition. \"Catopsalis joyneri\", the basis of the name \"C. catopsaloides\", was moved to the new genus \"Valenopsalis\" in 2015.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#5",
"text": "\"Catopsbaatar\" belonged to the order Multituberculata, a group within Allotheria (an infraclass of mammals outside Theria, the group that contains modern placentals and marsupials). Multituberculates are characterized by having premolars and molars with multiple low cusps, arranged in longitudal rows. Multituberculates are the best-known group of mammals from the Mesozoic Era, when the dinosaurs dominated; although the earliest multituberculate remains are from the Jurassic Period, the group is known as recently as the Eocene Epoch (thereby surviving the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event). The group may have become extinct due to competition with eutherian mammals, such as rodents. Multituberculates were mainly known from teeth and jaws until the 1920s, when more complete specimens were discovered—first in Asia, and then elsewhere. Postcranial bones (the rest of the skeleton, other than the skull) remain rare.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#18",
"text": "In 2008, Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum suggested that the long spinous process on a \"Catopsbaatar\" vertebra and the long transverse processes in \"Nemegtbaatar\" may indicate that some multituberculates were saltatorial (had the ability to jump). \"Catopsbaatar\" probably had strong muscles attaching to the tuber calcanei, which further supports the jumping hypothesis. Although it has been suggested that multituberculates were arboreal (lived in trees), most Asian taxa were probably terrestrial; some others were fossorial, digging and living underground.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#16",
"text": "Although multituberculates were thought to have been carnivores or herbivores, since American palaeontologist William A. Clemens and Kielan-Jaworowska suggested modern rat kangaroos as analogues for the group in 1979 they have been considered omnivores (feeding on both plants and animals). Uniquely among mammals, multituberculates employed a backward chewing stroke which resulted in the masticatory muscles—the muscles which move the mandible—being inserted more to the front than in other groups (including rodents). Gambaryan and Kielan-Jaworowska reconstructed the masticatory musculature of various multituberculates in 1995, and found that \"Catopsbaatar\" and its relatives had very powerful masticatory musculature, due to their high zygomatic arches and large anterior and intermediate zygomatic ridges and coronoid processes. Their powerful incisors, with limited bands of enamel, would have been well adapted to gnawing and to cutting hard seeds (similar to rodents). Since it was larger than some other multituberculates, \"Catopsbaatar\" would only have to open its mouth 25 degrees to crush hard seeds in diameter; a 40-degree gape would have caused dislocation. After the incisors cut, the premolars and molars would begin to grind with a \"power stroke\".\nAccording to Gambaryan and Kielan-Jaworowska, the adaptation for crushing hard seeds sometimes—as in \"Catopsbaatar\"—opposed the benefit of a low condylar process (which discourages mandibular dislocation). The anterior and intermediate zygomatic ridges of the skull were the origin of the superficial masseter muscle, which facilitates chewing. The separation of the origin of this muscle into two parts and the rounded muscle scars left by them are unique among mammals to multituberculates. The masticatory muscles of multituberculates independently evolved features shared with rodents and small herbivorous marsupials. As with rodents, multituberculates may have been capable of bilateral mastication—where both rows of teeth in the mandible perform the same function simultaneously—and unilateral mastication (where the rows on one side are used).",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#19",
"text": "All specimens of \"Catopsbaatar\" are known from the Red Beds of Hermiin Tsav formation, except for one molar from the Barun Goyot Formation. The formations are considered coeval (of the same geological age), contain many of the same animals, and probably date to the late Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period (about 72 million years ago). The rock facies of the Red Beds of Hermiin Tsav formation consist of orange-coloured, thick-bedded sandstone, with a thin interbedding of light-coloured silt stones and claystones. The rock facies of the Barun Goyot Formation are considered to be the result of an arid or semi-arid environment, with aeolian (deposited by wind) beds.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#14",
"text": "Hurum, Zhe-Xi Luo, and Kielan-Jaworowska suggested in 2006 that the spurs on the ankles of Mesozoic mammals (such as \"Catopsbaatar\") were homologous with those of monotremes, and were a basal (or \"primitive\") feature lost by later therian mammals. The male platypus uses the spur to deliver venom from a gland, but it is unknown if the extinct groups were venomous as well. Mesozoic mammals were mostly small (with exceptions such as the fox-sized \"Repenomamus\") and, although they were too small to be prey for large theropod dinosaurs, smaller theropods, large lizards, crocodiles, and birds could have fed on them. For example, mammal jaws have been found in the abdomen of a specimen of the small theropod \"Sinosauropteryx\"; the jaws belonged to \"Zhangheotherium\", which also had spurs, and the multituberculate \"Sinobaatar\". Since dinosaurs dominated Earth during the Mesozoic, this period has been called the \"dark ages\" of mammalian history. The spur, which would have been more effective if venomous, was probably used as a defensive weapon by small, early mammals. It could also have been used during intraspecific competition or predation.\nThe pelvic bones of \"Catopsbaatar\" specimen PM120/107 may not have been fused because fusion occurred late in development, because it was a sexually dimorphic feature only occurring in males (unfused pelvic bones might have enabled expansion of the birth canal in females), or pelvic fusion may be a taxonomic difference between \"Catopsbaatar\" and other multituberculates. Unlike with other mammals, the pelvis of multituberculates was very narrow; in other genera where the pelvis is known, each half of the pubis and ischium were fused together, forming a keel. The length and rigidity of the keel indicate that the pelvis could not have spread during birth. Because there would be little space for the passage of an egg (egg-laying monotremes have wide ischial archs), Kielan-Jaworowska suggested in 1979 that multituberculates were viviparous (gave live birth) and that the newborns were extremely small—similar to those of marsupials.",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "209342#15",
"text": "Hair, structurally similar to that of modern mammals and associated with bones of the Mongolian multituberculate \"Lambdopsalis\", has been identified in coprolites (fossilised feces) of carnivorous mammals from the Palaeocene Epoch. This indicates that multituberculates had hair for insulation, similar to modern mammals (and possibly fossil mammals), a feature probably related to homeothermy (warm-bloodedness).",
"title": "Catopsbaatar"
},
{
"docid": "210373#1",
"text": "At one time, the genus was also formally reported from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. However, that material was subsequently referred to the genera of \"Djadochtatherium\" and \"Catopsbaatar\". \"Catopsalis\" is within the suborder of Cimolodonta and a member of the superfamily Taeniolabidoidea.",
"title": "Catopsalis"
}
] |
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] |
2434
|
What is the heaviest pig recorded in history?
|
[
{
"docid": "308330#18",
"text": "The world record for the heaviest pig so far is held by Big Bill, owned by Elias Buford Butler of Jackson, Tennessee. It was a Poland China breed of hog that tipped the scales at 2,552 lb (1,157 kg) in 1933. Bill was due to be exhibited at the Chicago World Fair when he broke a leg and had to be put down. At about this point in time, the trend in hog production began to shift to hogs that were much trimmer and very lean.",
"title": "List of pigs"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2841370#0",
"text": "Shen Dzu or God Pig, sometimes known as Holy pig (Traditional Chinese: 神豬, Simplified Chinese: 神猪; Mandarin Pinyin: shénzhū, Wade–Giles: shen-chu, Hokkien POJ: sîn-tu), are pigs that have been chronically fattened for use in Hakka religious and cultural ceremonies, for example, the New Year Lunar celebration in Sanxia, northern Taiwan. Pigs are fattened in a process similar to (and as controversial as) gavage to make them as large as possible in preparation for contests and awards at the festival. The heaviest pig is declared the winner and the owner may receive a prize. The winning pig and other pigs entered into the contest are ritually killed as a sacrifice to a city god or a local deity, a popular one being the deified Buddhist monk Qingshui Zushi.",
"title": "Shen Dzu"
},
{
"docid": "43007322#0",
"text": "Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari (born 28 February 1991) is a Saudi Arabian man who in August 2013 was found to be the heaviest living person and the second-heaviest person in recorded history at , behind Jon Brower Minnoch. He also had a BMI of 204, the highest ever recorded. He was ordered by King Abdullah to be transferred from his home — which he had been unable to leave for over two years — to the country's capital, Riyadh, to receive treatment. As a result of this treatment, he lost a total of — more than half his body weight — in six months. In 2016, Fox News reported he was walking with the assistance of a walker.",
"title": "Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari"
},
{
"docid": "46962373#0",
"text": "What Went Down is the fourth studio album by British rock band Foals, released on 28 August 2015 via Transgressive Records in the United Kingdom. The album is produced by James Ford, known for his work with Simian Mobile Disco, The Last Shadow Puppets and Arctic Monkeys amongst others. According to frontman Yannis Philippakis, it is slated to be their loudest and heaviest record to date. \"What Went Down\" debuted at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and at number 58 on the \"Billboard\" 200, making it their highest charting album in the United States to date. With the departure of bassist Walter Gervers on 05 January 2018, this album marked the last album to feature him on bass.",
"title": "What Went Down"
},
{
"docid": "37014827#1",
"text": "Domestic cats are similar in size to the other members of the genus \"Felis\", typically weighing between and . However, Meow weighed , making him the heaviest cat in the world at the time, although not the heaviest on record. Himmy, a cat from Australia, weighed 21.3 kilograms (46.8 pounds) at his death during his tenth year, in 1986. Guinness World Records has since stopped recording the world's heaviest pets in order to discourage deliberate overfeeding.",
"title": "Meow (cat)"
},
{
"docid": "20753871#6",
"text": "Eleven new couples arrive at the ranch. Season 7 featured several new records – the oldest couple (Jerry and Estella, each age 63), the youngest man (Mike, age 18), the heaviest female (Carla, 379 lbs/172 kg), the heaviest male/contestant (Daniel, 454 lbs/206 kg), and the most 400+-pound contestants (three) in American Biggest Loser history. The average age of the contestants is 34; they take a total of 45 different medications, making them both the sickest and the heaviest group of contestants to date.",
"title": "The Biggest Loser (season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "55002905#3",
"text": "Ōrora already weighed on his debut in March 2000, and in 2010 reached , surpassing Yamamotoyama to be the second-heaviest sumo wrestler recorded. He recalled on one occasion ordering 50 servings of yakiniku, plus six bowls of ramen noodles. After reaching in the January 2017 health check-up he tried changing his diet, eating only once a day and taking more exercise by walking around his \"heya.\" However, he did not check his weight on a scale until the next health check-up on 22 August 2017, and in the seven months since he had, in fact, increased his weight by another five kilograms to reach , surpassing former \"ōzeki\" Konishiki's set in 1996 to become the heaviest wrestler ever in professional sumo. Ōrora remarked that he had not been aiming for the record but at least would now have a place in history. He joked that a rice ball eaten as a snack must have put him over.\nIn a Twitter post on April 6, 2018, Orora stated that his weight had increased to .",
"title": "Ōrora Satoshi"
},
{
"docid": "43763385#3",
"text": "The strongest post monsoon storm ever recorded in Pakistan's recorded history took place on 3 September on a very low pressure system which started to affect parts of Jammu and Kashmir and northeast Pakistani districts of Sialkot, Lahore, Narowal city|Gujrat]], Mandi Bahauddin, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura. By fourth, the rains became more widespread as the northern Punjab, Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including the twin cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Mangla, Rawalakot, Kotli and Jhelum. The heaviest amounts of rainfall however were recorded on 4 and 5 September as several weather stations broke their 24-hour, 48-hour and total monthly rainfall records for the month of September.",
"title": "2014 India–Pakistan floods"
},
{
"docid": "25636339#2",
"text": "At approximately 300 tons, the Great Bell of Dhammazedi is the largest bell to have existed in recorded history. Cast in 1484 by King Dhammazedi of Mon, this bell was located at the Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar). The bell was said to be twelve cubits (6.276 m) high and eight cubits (4.184 m) wide. Click here to see a drawing of the bell as it appeared while still at the Shwedagon Pagoda.",
"title": "List of heaviest bells"
},
{
"docid": "42988748#4",
"text": "The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 12.5 lb (81.7 kg), per rower more than their opponents; at the time, jointly the crews were the heaviest in the history of the event. Bradley and A. V. Sutcliffe were also the heaviest strokes on record. Two of the Cambridge crew returned to participate in the race, including Sambell who was rowing in his third consecutive event. Oxford's boat contained five former Blues including R. W. G. Holdsworth who was making his third appearance in four years for the Dark Blues. Three of the participants in the race were registered as non-British: Oxford's number six J. H. Lascelles was from New Zealand, while Cambridge's crew contained two Australians in William Sambell and D. J. Wilson.",
"title": "The Boat Race 1934"
}
] |
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] |
2435
|
Where is Michoacán?
|
[
{
"docid": "31442908#0",
"text": "The Michoacán Market is a “mercado público\" or traditional retail food market located in Condesa, one of the more prestigious districts of Mexico City. It is located between Avenida Michoacán, Avenida Vicente Suárez, and Avenida Tamaulipas streets, where three intersect.",
"title": "Michoacán Market"
},
{
"docid": "195805#0",
"text": "Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: \"Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo\"), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The State is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.",
"title": "Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "12299304#0",
"text": "Aporo is a small town and municipality in the far eastern part of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. Most of the municipality is forested and considered to be part of Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, where millions of monarch butterflies arrive to stay five months each winter. The town and municipality have mostly adobe structures with tile roofs and the main architectural site is the San Lucas Evangelista Church, which was built in the 20th century.",
"title": "Aporo, Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "195805#9",
"text": "From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Augustinian, Franciscan and Carmelite missions were constructed in the territory as well as civil constructions, especially in the city now known as Morelia. Mining in areas such as Angangueo, Tlalpujahua and Inguaran had begun, as well as the establishment of agricultural and livestock haciendas. The first school of higher education, called the Primera Casa de Altos Estudios en América, was founded by Alonso de la Veracruz in Tiripetío. Michoacán was made a separate province from \"Mexico\" in 1602. By the mid-17th century, the indigenous population had declined by half. In 1776, the territory of Michoacán was reduced to the area in which the modern states of Michoacán and Colima are now. Soon after, Colima split to join with the province of Guadalajara, leaving Michoacán roughly with the territory it has today.",
"title": "Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "44973915#0",
"text": "Michoacán handcrafts and folk art is a Mexican regional tradition centered in the state of Michoacán, in central/western Mexico. Its origins traced back to the Purépecha Empire, and later to the efforts to organize and promote trades and crafts by Vasco de Quiroga in what is now the north and northeast of the state. The state has a wide variety of over thirty crafts, with the most important being the working of wood, ceramics, and textiles. A number are more particular to the state, such as the creation of religious images from corn stalk paste, and a type of mosaic made from dyed wheat straw on a waxed board. Though there is support for artisans in the way of contests, fairs, and collective trademarks for certain wares (to protect against imitations), Michoacán handcrafts lack access to markets, especially those catering to tourists.",
"title": "Handcrafts and folk art in Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "211584#4",
"text": "Cárdenas set his sights on becoming a teacher, but was drawn into politics and the military during the Mexican Revolution after Victoriano Huerta overthrew President Francisco Madero in February 1913. Michoacán was far from the revolutionary action that had brought Madero to the Mexican presidency, but after Huerta's coup and Madero's assassination, Cárdenas joined a group of Zapatistas, but Huerta's forces scattered the group, where Cárdenas had served as captain and paymaster. Since revolutionary forces were voluntary organizations, his position of leadership points to his skills and his being paymaster to the perception that he would be honest in financial matters. Both characteristics followed him through his subsequent career. He escaped the Federal forces in Michoacán and moved north where he served initially with Álvaro Obregón, then Pancho Villa, and after 1915 when Villa was defeated by Obregón to Plutarco Elías Calles, who served Constitutionalist leader, Venustiano Carranza. Although Cárdenas was from the southern state of Michoacán, his key experiences in the Revolution were with northerners, whose faction won. In particular, he served under Calles, who tasked him with military operations against Yaqui Indians and against Zapatistas in Michoacán and Jalisco, during which time he rose to a field command as general, and then in 1920 after Carranza was overthrown by northern generals, Cárdenas was given the rank of brigadier general at the age of 25. Cárdenas was appointed provisional governor of his home state of Michoacán under the brief presidency of Adolfo de la Huerta.",
"title": "Lázaro Cárdenas"
},
{
"docid": "35220126#0",
"text": "Michoacán Nahuatl is the name given to a variety of Nahuatl language spoken by the Nahua Michoacan on the Pacific Coast of Mexico in Michoacán. It is a dialect of Nahuatl, a language of the Uto-Aztecan trunk. It is the westernmost variant of this language, although the Uto-Aztecan family is spread farther north, central, south and east. It has around 9000 speakers which mainly reside in rural communities in the municipalities of Aquila, Apatzingán Pomaro and Maruata in Michoacán de Ocampo, which coexist with the Purepecha language speakers. The Michoacan Nahuatl is one of many Nahua dialects, notably with regard to the central dialects which include \"tl\" in certain words, usually Michoacan. For example, the word for \"man\" in Central Nahuatl is \"tlacatl\", whereas in Michoacan Nahuatl it is \"lacal\".",
"title": "Michoacán Nahuatl"
},
{
"docid": "195805#14",
"text": "In 1831, the state was reorganized into 61 municipalities and 207 locales (tenencias). Due to the struggle between centralists and federalists in Mexico in the 19th century, Michoacán's rights as an entity would change depending on who was in control. The state was declared a department in 1836 but became a more independent state again in 1846. Colima broke off from Michoacán to form its own state in this year. In 1849, the municipality of Coyuca was separated to form the state of Guerrero. In 1853, the state became a department again, regaining state status in 1856. In 1857, Contepec was separated from the state of Guanajuato and attached to Michoacán. In 1863, the diocese of Michoacán was reduced in size, but its status was also elevated to archdiocese.",
"title": "Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "195805#1",
"text": "Michoacán is located in Western Mexico, and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest, Guanajuato to the north, Querétaro to the northeast, the State of México to the east, and Guerrero to the southeast.",
"title": "Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "195805#20",
"text": "The state is located in the center west of the Mexican Republic, on the extreme southwest of the central highlands. It borders the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Colima, with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state has a territory of , making it the sixteenth largest in Mexico (exactly at midpoint among Mexican states in Area). In addition, it also has of marine territory off its Pacific coast.",
"title": "Michoacán"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50374186#0",
"text": "Beautiful Michoacán (Spanish:¡Qué lindo es Michoacán!) is a 1943 Mexican musical comedy film directed by Ismael Rodríguez and starring Tito Guízar, Gloria Marín and Víctor Manuel Mendoza. A wealthy woman travels to Michoacán where she has inherited an estate.",
"title": "Beautiful Michoacán"
},
{
"docid": "18695217#2",
"text": "Following up on an operation planned by predecessor, Vicente Fox, on December 12, President Felipe Calderón ordered the military to send 4,000 troops to his home state of Michoacán, where drug-related crime had left over 500 dead. Troops were assigned to areas under the control of organized criminals, conducting raids, making arrests and establishing control points on highways and secondary roads. In 2007 May 8 in Apatzingan, Michoacán, Soldiers from the 51st Infantry Battalion engaged drug traffickers. Soldiers driving HMMWV armed with Mk 19 grenade launchers killed 4 cartel gunmen, 3 soldiers were reported wounded.Operation Michoacán is the first stage of the so-called War Against Drug Trafficking implemented by the federal government of President Felipe Calderón. The joint operation has been questioned about the human rights violations that may have occurred, given the military presence among the civilian population of the state of Michoacán. The chairman of the National Commission on Human Rights, José Luis Soberanes, in May 2007, charged that had been at least 53 complaints of human rights violations by the military to the civilian population.",
"title": "Operation Michoacán"
}
] |
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2439
|
What's hegemony?
|
[
{
"docid": "26619916#8",
"text": "The concept of hegemony describes the ways in which a dominant group, in this case mainly U.S. Protestant Christians, disseminate their \"dominant\" social constructions as common sense, normative, or even universal, even though most of the world's inhabitants are not Christian. Christian hegemony also accepts Christianity as part of the natural order, even at times by those who are marginalized, disempowered, or rendered invisible by it. Thus, Christian hegemony helps to maintain the marginality of other religions and beliefs. According to Beaman, \"the binary opposition of sameness/difference is reflected in Protestant/minority religion in which mainstream Protestantism is representative of the 'normal'\".",
"title": "Christian privilege"
},
{
"docid": "53829430#0",
"text": "The concept of hegemony, which first was put forward by Antonio Gramsci (1971), refers to the moral, philosophical, and political leadership of a social group, which is not gained by force but by an active consent of other social groups through taking control of culture and ideology. During this process, the leading social group exerts its impact and gain its legitimacy mainly through social mechanisms such as education, religion, family and the mass media. Based on the definition of hegemony, media hegemony means the dominance of a certain aspects of life and thoughts by penetrating dominant culture and values in social life. In other words, media hegemony served as a crucial shaper of culture, values and ideology of society (Altheide, 1984). \nFor example, TV news departments are considered as extensions of a capitalistic economic order (Hall, 1979). The products of the media contain messages that convey the nature of society, the nature of relation of production within the media and the domain of institutions and social process (Golding, 1979). Thus it is crucial to decode media to figure out the latent capitalist ideology within the products of the media, and more importantly to realize the role of the media as tools to produce merchandise in a late capitalist economic order.",
"title": "Media Hegemony"
},
{
"docid": "53451#1",
"text": "In the 19th century, hegemony came to denote the \"Social or cultural predominance or ascendancy; predominance by one group within a society or milieu\". Later, it could be used to mean \"a group or regime which exerts undue influence within a society\". Also, it could be used for the geopolitical and the cultural predominance of one country over others, from which was derived \"hegemonism\", as in the idea that the Great Powers meant to establish European hegemony over Asia and Africa.",
"title": "Hegemony"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53451#26",
"text": "From the Gramsci analysis derived the political science denotation of hegemony as \"leadership\"; thus, the historical example of Prussia as the militarily and culturally predominant province of the German Empire (Second Reich 1871–1918); and the personal and intellectual predominance of Napoleon Bonaparte upon the French Consulate (1799–1804). Contemporarily, in \"Hegemony and Socialist Strategy\" (1985), Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe defined hegemony as a political relationship of power wherein a sub-ordinate society (collectivity) perform social tasks that are culturally unnatural and not beneficial to them, but that are in exclusive benefit to the imperial interests of the hegemon, the superior, ordinate power; hegemony is a military, political, and economic relationship that occurs as an articulation within political discourse. Beyer analysed the contemporary hegemony of the United States at the example of the Global War on Terrorism and presented the mechanisms and processes of American exercise of power in 'hegemonic governance'.",
"title": "Hegemony"
},
{
"docid": "9722933#0",
"text": "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy is a 1985 work of political theory in the post-Marxist tradition by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. Developing several sharp divergences from the tenets of canonical Marxist thought, the authors begin by tracing historically varied discursive constitutions of class, political identity, and social self-understanding, and then tie these to the contemporary importance of hegemony as a destabilized analytic which avoids the traps of various procedures Mouffe and Laclau feel constitute a foundational flaw in Marxist thought: essentializations of class identity, the use of \"a priori\" interpretative paradigms with respect to history and contextualization, the privileging of the base/superstructure binary above other explicative models.",
"title": "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy"
},
{
"docid": "1674879#3",
"text": "The Hegemony itself is a largely decadent society, relying on its military to incorporate into the WorldWeb the colony planets, even unwillingly, and to defend the Hegemony from attacks by the Ousters, \"interstellar barbarians\" who dwell free of and beyond the bounds of the Hegemony and shun all the works of the TechnoCore (especially farcasters). Ostensibly a direct democracy governed through the \"All Thing\" forum, the Hegemony is also managed by a chief executive officer advised by the TechnoCore advisory council and the Hegemony Senate.",
"title": "Hyperion (Simmons novel)"
},
{
"docid": "4333649#0",
"text": "Monetary hegemony is an economic and political concept in which a single state has decisive influence over the functions of the international monetary system. A monetary hegemon would need:\nThe term monetary hegemony appeared in Michael Hudson's \"Super Imperialism\", describing not only an asymmetrical relationship that the US dollar has to the global economy, but the structures of this hegemonic edifice that Hudson felt supported it, namely the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The US dollar continues to underpin the world economy and is the key currency for medium of international exchange, unit of account (e.g. pricing of oil), and unit of storage (e.g. treasury bills and bonds) and, despite arguments to the contrary, is not in a state of hegemonic decline (cf. Fields & Vernengo, 2011, 2012).",
"title": "Monetary hegemony"
},
{
"docid": "4377476#9",
"text": "In \"Men Own the Fields, Women Own the Crops,\" Miriam Goheen elaborated on the gender inequality in Nso community. This gender inequality is established by the ideology of hegemony among the Nso people. According to Gramsci, \"hegemony is the ways in which a governing power wins consent from those it subjugates; it is carried in cultural, political, and economic forms, in non-discursive as well as in theoretical utterances\" (Goheen 1996:12). Hegemony is a discourse established in the favor of the government or any given society to control their population. Therefore, the government or the leaders establish laws to back up with this ideology. Hence, it generated inequality among the Nso men and Nso women. This gender inequality is defined by the subjectivity of the women to their men regardless that the women are considered the \"backbone of the country\" (Goheen 1996: 63). The Nso have an agricultural society and most of their food subsistence comes from farming. Nso women are called the \"backbone of the country\" because they are the farmers. However, these women do not have any power over what they produce on the farms except to feed their husbands and children with the food crops. In addition, these farmers women do not have any power over their farms because these farms could only be allocated to them by their men. Besides, the Nso women think it is their responsibility to take care of the food supplies of their households and they find great pride and strength in doing it. Therefore, in the Nso community, any woman who is not a farmer is marginalized by the society especially, by the women. Moreover, regardless of the women's power as farmers and the \"backbone of the country,\" they are not allowed into the council of the men. This distinction is made because the Nso men considered their women as inadequate to reason. \"Women, say the men, should always listen only to the man. They cannot reason correctly because their hearts get in the way\" (Goheen 1996:71). Only men are required to discuss public matters with the chief or other leaders at the council of men.",
"title": "Nso people"
},
{
"docid": "53451#25",
"text": "In the historical writing of the 19th century, the denotation of \"hegemony\" extended to describe the predominance of one country upon other countries; and, by extension, \"hegemonism\" denoted the Great Power politics (c. 1880s – 1914) for establishing hegemony (indirect imperial rule), that then leads to a definition of imperialism (direct foreign rule). In the early 20th century, in the field of international relations, the Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci developed the theory of cultural domination (an analysis of economic class) to include social class; hence, the philosophic and sociologic theory of cultural hegemony analysed the social norms that established the social structures (social and economic classes) with which the ruling class establish and exert cultural dominance to impose their \"Weltanschauung\" (world view)—justifying the social, political, and economic \"status quo\"—as natural, inevitable, and beneficial to every social class, rather than as artificial social constructs beneficial solely to the ruling class.",
"title": "Hegemony"
},
{
"docid": "53451#2",
"text": "In international relations theory, hegemony denotes a situation of (i) great material asymmetry in favour of one state, who has (ii) enough military power to systematically defeat any potential contester in the system, (iii) controls the access to raw materials, natural resources, capital and markets, (iv) has competitive advantages in the production of value added goods, (v) generates an accepted ideology reflecting this status quo; and (vi) is functionally differentiated from other states in the system, being expected to provide certain public goods such as security, or commercial and financial stability.",
"title": "Hegemony"
}
] |
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2440
|
When was Zimbabwe founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "43453584#1",
"text": "Miss Tourism Zimbabwe was founded in 1980 when the national beauty pageant was transformed from Miss Rhodesia after attaining independence. In 2012, the Miss Tourism Zimbabwe was renamed the Miss Zimbabwe (Miss World Zimbabwe) pageant. Basically there are two licenses for Zimbabwe into the Miss Tourism Zimbabwe: Miss Universe and Miss World. Since 2002, the pageant did not send its winner to the Miss Universe pageant due to losing the franchise of the pageant. Automatically, the pageant since 2002 sends the grand winner to the Miss World competition. For many years, Kiki Divaris was the \"driving force behind the Miss Zimbabwe competition\".",
"title": "Miss Zimbabwe"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11981676#2",
"text": "The Mapungubwe people, a Bantu-speaking group of migrants from present day South Africa, inhabited the Great Zimbabwe site from about AD 1000 - 1550, displacing earlier Khoisan people. From about 1100, the fortress took shape, reaching its peak by the fifteenth century. These were the ancestors of the Kalanga and Karanga people. The Royal Totem was Moyo. Today bearers of the Moyo Totem are found amongst The Kalanga people in Zimbabwe and Botswana as well as the Karanga people in the Masvingo area. According to Prof. Thomas Huffman (chairman of the wits school of Archeology, Geography and Environmental Studies) Kalanga was the language of the Mapungubwe Kingdom, which predates the Great Zimbabwe kingdom. He further suggests that the Karanga dialect could have emerged from Kalanga as a result of influence from Zezuru. However other researchers insist that Kalanga is a derivative of Karanga. They believe that Kalanga must have emerged as a result of corruption of the Karanga dialect by invading Ndebele. The later seems less likely if one considers that Kalanga is spoken in areas where the invading Ndebele did not penetrate. Unadulterated Kalanga is still spoken in Shoshong Botswana, where ruins similar to Great Zimbabwe are found. Other ruins similar to Great Zimbabwe are found in Lusvingo, Khami, Dlodlo and other areas where Kalanga is still the language spoken by the local communities. The self-designations Kalanga and Karanga are the same word pronounced differently because of the lexical shift of r to l characteristic of how the languages are related to each other.",
"title": "Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"docid": "916232#2",
"text": "The entity that eventually became Air Zimbabwe formally came into being on 1 September 1967, when the Government of Rhodesia created \"Air Rhodesia Corporation\" to succeed \"Air Rhodesia\", a wholly owned subsidiary of Central African Airways Corporation (CAAC) that had existed since 1964 as a domestic airline within Rhodesia. Following the dissolution of CAAC at the end of 1967, Air Rhodesia inherited CAAC operations, as well as a fleet of Boeing, DC-3 and Viscount aircraft. It became the short-lived \"Air Zimbabwe Rhodesia\" in 1978, and finally \"Air Zimbabwe\" in April 1980 when the Republic of Zimbabwe was formed. Services connecting Harare with South Africa (Durban and Johannesburg) had been operated before the country gained its independence. Scheduled services began on to London-Gatwick. The company had leased a Boeing 707 from South African Airways until , when three Boeing 707-320Bs were bought from Lufthansa. That year, flights to Frankfurt were inaugurated. The airline recorded a ZWL 330,000 (£220,000) profit for the fiscal year that ended on 30 June 1980.\nDuring 1982, a service to Perth and Sydney commenced; it was run in cooperation with Qantas and flown with Qantas Boeing 747SP aircraft. In that year, the Government directed Air Zimbabwe and the national freighter airline Affretair to merge their operations; the freighter company was eventually taken over by Air Zimbabwe in . The cargo carrier continued its operations under the Affretair brand. During 1983, Air Zimbabwe became a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA); it also extended its regional routes to Gaborone, Lilongwe, Lusaka and Nairobi.",
"title": "Air Zimbabwe"
},
{
"docid": "177952#11",
"text": "Causes for the decline and ultimate abandonment of the site around 1450 have been suggested as due to a decline in trade compared to sites further north, the exhaustion of the gold mines, political instability and famine and water shortages induced by climatic change. The Mutapa state arose in the fifteenth century from the northward expansion of the Great Zimbabwe tradition, having been founded by Nyatsimba Mutota from Great Zimbabwe after he was sent to find new sources of salt in the north; (this supports the belief that Great Zimbabwe's decline was due to a shortage of resources). Great Zimbabwe also predates the Khami and Nyanga cultures.",
"title": "Great Zimbabwe"
},
{
"docid": "177952#10",
"text": "Archaeological evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe became a centre for trading, with artefacts suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network linked to Kilwa and extending as far as China. Copper coins found at Kilwa Kisiwani appear to be of the same pure ore found on the Swahili coast. This international trade was mainly in gold and ivory; some estimates indicate that more than 20 million ounces of gold were extracted from the ground. That international commerce was in addition to the local agricultural trade, in which cattle were especially important. The large cattle herd that supplied the city moved seasonally and was managed by the court. Chinese pottery shards, coins from Arabia, glass beads and other non-local items have been excavated at Zimbabwe. Despite these strong international trade links, there is no evidence to suggest exchange of architectural concepts between Great Zimbabwe and centres such as Kilwa.",
"title": "Great Zimbabwe"
},
{
"docid": "8273392#3",
"text": "Central Zimbabwe contains the \"Great Dyke\" – a source of serpentine rocks of many types including a hard variety locally called springstone. An early pre-colonial culture of Shona peoples settled the high plateau around 900 AD and \"Great Zimbabwe\", which dates from about 1250–1450 AD, was a stone-walled town showing evidence in its archaeology of skilled stone working. The walls were made of a local granite and no mortar was used in their construction. When excavated, six soapstone birds and a soapstone bowl were found in the eastern enclosure of the monument, so art forms in soapstone were part of that early culture. However, stone carving as art had no direct lineage to the present day and it was only in 1954 that its modern renaissance began. This was when Frank McEwen became advisor to the new Rhodes National Gallery to be built in Harare and from 1955 to 1973 was its founding director (it opened in 1957). The Gallery had been intended to bring non-African art to Harare but when McEwen created the Workshop School to encourage new work in painting and sculpture, the local community of artists re-discovered latent talents for stone sculpture. Joram was introduced to McEwen and soon they were in regular contact: Mariga exhibited at the Gallery extensively from 1962 but always worked on his own in his spare time and later at his studio in Greendale, Harare.",
"title": "Joram Mariga"
},
{
"docid": "49466374#0",
"text": "Zimbabwe First Party (ZimFirst) is a political party in Zimbabwe which was founded on 10 April 2015. The party was founded by its current President Maxwell Zeb Shumba, who once served as the Chief Political Strategist for the other opposition political party's leader Morgan Tsvangirai. \nAccording to the official statement posted on the party's website, ZimFirst 's main objective is to form the next government through the electoral process, National elections in Zimbabwe are slated for 2018 and the party states that it will contest the presidential and parliamentary election. According to the party's manifesto primary focus of its government would be to re build the economy from an alleged US$4 billion to a \"near US$1,5 trillion robust economy\". At the time, Morgan Tsvangirai's spokesperson said he was unmoved by Shumba’s departure to form a new party.\nThe Party slogan is \"Nyika Vanhu, Vanhu Ndiyo Nyika\" (Shona language version), \"Abantu Ilizwe, Yilizwe Ngabantu\" (Ndebele language version). Its ideology is enshrined in the three key principles of Honesty, Accountability, and Unity.",
"title": "Zimbabwe First Party"
},
{
"docid": "355225#4",
"text": "The name \"Zimbabwe\", based on a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, an ancient ruined city in the country's south-east, was first recorded as a term of national reference in 1960, when it was coined by the black nationalist Michael Mawema, whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961. The term Rhodesia, derived from Rhodes' surname, was perceived as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations. According to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, and the names Machobana and Monomotapa were proposed before his suggestion, Zimbabwe, prevailed. A further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been \"Matopos\", referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo.",
"title": "List of renamed places in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"docid": "13364855#4",
"text": "There is an artistic tradition in Zimbabwe that can be traced back to pottery of the Early and Late Stone Age and rock paintings from the Late Stone Age. Many rock paintings produced by San artists between 10000 and 2000 years ago are found in cultural sites in Zimbabwe and these demonstrate a high degree of skill in drawing. Many depict recognisable animal figures and use shading and colour to enhance the visual impact. The archaeology of Zimbabwe includes numerous pottery finds, which assist in the reconstruction of linguistic and cultural groupings within what is here termed Shona. The pottery indicates that the people of the Late Iron Age were settled agriculturists and they have been categorised as forming groups such as the Harare culture and the Leopard’s Kopje culture: the latter established in 980 AD in a site called K2. This group moved to Mapungubwe where they used stone walls to separate the ruling class from the rest of the population. This settlement was abandoned in the thirteenth century at around the time that a now much better-known site was developed by others who lived on the Zimbabwean plateau. This was Great Zimbabwe, which dates from about 1250–1500 AD. It is a stone-walled town (\"Zimbabwe\" means \"royal residence\") and shows evidence in its archaeology of skilled stone working: the walls were made of a local granite and no mortar was used in their construction. When excavated, six soapstone birds and a soapstone bowl were found in the eastern enclosure of the monument, so these Shona-speaking Gumanye people certainly produced sculpture. Each object was carved from a single piece of stone and the birds have an aesthetic quality that places them as genuine \"art\". In comparing them to other better-known African stone sculpture, for example from the Yoruba culture, Philip Allison, writing in 1968, stated \"The stone sculptures of Rhodesia are few in number and of no great aesthetic distinction, but Zimbabwe itself has a place of peculiar importance in the study of African cultures\".",
"title": "Zimbabwean art"
},
{
"docid": "13364855#9",
"text": "Archaeology at Zimbabwe has shown several distinct phases of building and styles of stonework. It is likely the original complex was rather functional - essentially a fort and trading post only, and the later and more elaborate building occurred when the complex became the central administrative and royal centre of activity for the area. Some of the architectural features are probably linked with styles of coastal Swahili architecture and some are uniquely local. Chinese pottery shards, ivory, glass objects, local gold objects, Arabic and local beads, copper ingots, iron ingots and other trade items have been found at Zimbabwe. The herringbone and other stepped linear forms of decoration in the walls are a feature of the most recent stonework. Similar stonework is seen at Khami ruins, a fort built on the way to Zimbabwe. However, the most impressive and unique feature of Zimbabwe are the huge soapstone birds, the so-called Zimbabwe birds, depicting a bird of prey perched on a zig-zag base motif. These birds are possibly based on the bateleur eagle or maybe a vulture species and might have had something to do with a religious cult or indicative of a totem animal for the ruling people at the time. Most of these sculptures are still in the country but one is in South Africa where it still adorns Groote Schuur an official residence, once the home of Cecil Rhodes. Another unexplained motif at Zimbabwe, which like the birds were mounted on the perimeter wall of the Great Enclosure, were stelae or tall narrow rectilinear pillars of rock (probably natural fracture artefacts) set at intervals round the top of the wall. The Zimbabwe bird is the most prominent motif of the current Zimbabwe flag.",
"title": "Zimbabwean art"
}
] |
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2442
|
How did the Cold War end?
|
[
{
"docid": "23415939#9",
"text": "End of the Cold War – While many observers state the 1989 Malta Summit was the end of the Cold War, it was December 1991 before the Presidents of the United States and the Soviet Union formally recognised the conflict's end, with the Soviet Union also being dissolved at that time. Some key events leading up to the end include:",
"title": "Outline of the Cold War"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3993649#59",
"text": "Chernenko also did some work to help improve the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Soviet Union ended the intermediate-range nuclear force negotiations in Geneva, all strategic arm talks ceased and neither side talked to the other for the next 12 months. Nonetheless, Chernenko, contacted recently re-elected President Ronald Reagan to reopen negotiations and met him in Geneva, on January 7, 1985. After two long days of negotiation, both sides agreed to \"resume formal negotiations on the basis of a new framework.\" This was a new advance in the Soviet Union and the United States' relationship because it addressed questions regarding both nuclear and space weapons. This new agreement was one way Chernenko helped the Soviet Union's relationship with the United States. However, Chernenko did not end the Afghanistan invasion, which could have started the process to end the Cold War.",
"title": "Cold War (1979–1985)"
},
{
"docid": "360422#23",
"text": "End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950. In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949, it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war, but the request could not be granted. The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons, and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since \"the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany\".\nAt a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France, the UK, and the US in New York from 12 September – 19 December 1950, it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany's position in the Cold War that the western allies would \"end by legislation the state of war with Germany\". In 1951, many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany: Australia (9 July), Canada, Italy, New Zealand, the Netherlands (26 July), South Africa, the United Kingdom (9 July), and the United States (19 October). The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955.",
"title": "End of World War II in Europe"
},
{
"docid": "36313696#6",
"text": "Tirman has long argued that social movements can and do have important impacts on international security, a view he published in a widely cited and reproduced essay in \"The Nation\", \"How We Ended the Cold War.\" The argument he made was that the peace movement convinced the American public that the Cold War was dangerous and costly, giving Reagan “permission” to pursue détente with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. At SSRC, he explored how structural adjustment policies were a proximate cause of instability and conflict, convening a conference and publishing on the topic, notably in the journal, \"Development\". He also took up human security topics as they relate to migration; after the 9/11 attacks, he convened a group of scholars to produce the volume, \"The Maze of Fear: Security and Migration After 9/11\" (The New Press, 2004). In this and in work with Chatham House and others, he provided sharp critiques of the treatment of Muslim immigrants and assailed the excesses of the “war on terrorism.” In 2009, he co-edited with Susan Martin, \"Women, Migration and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle\" (Springer), the result of an advisory project he convened on behalf of the U.N. Population Fund.",
"title": "John Tirman"
},
{
"docid": "47246185#127",
"text": "The term \"Cold War\" was introduced in 1947 by Americans Bernard Baruch and Walter Lippmann to describe emerging tensions between the two former wartime allies. There never was a direct military engagement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but there was a half-century of military buildup, and political battles for support around the world, including significant involvement of allied and satellite nations. Although the U.S. and the Soviet Union had been allied against Nazi Germany, the two sides differed on how to reconstruct the postwar world even before the end of World War II. Over the following decades, the Cold War spread outside Europe to every region of the world, as the U.S. sought the \"containment\" of communism and forged numerous alliances to this end, particularly in Western Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.",
"title": "History of socialism"
},
{
"docid": "3978499#8",
"text": "The Cold War began in the aftermath, much like in the real world. The United States did not develop nuclear weapons for several more years (they didn't need to finish them, as Superior's early victory in the war meant the Manhattan Project was canceled late in development). However, the real arms race was in the new \"Alpha\" class super-humans. A handful of other \"Alphas\" emerged at the end of the war, and in the aftermath, and the Soviet Union was able to \"create\" several new Alphas, none as powerful as Superior, but still enough to challenge him. In 1949 they also detonated an atomic bomb, and the Cold War began in earnest. Even Superior was uncertain he could survive a nuclear blast. The United States quickly finished its own nuclear program, and like the real world, the fear and paranoia of the Cold War gripped the nation. Senator Joseph McCarthy held his HUAC hearings, but Superior's moral superiority eventually shamed him into closing them.",
"title": "Brave New World (role-playing game)"
},
{
"docid": "39246077#7",
"text": "This struggle, known as the Cold War, lasted from about 1947 to 1991, beginning with the second Red Scare and ending with the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. Prominent Historian of the Cold War, John Lewis Gaddis, wrote at the dawn of the post-Cold War era that the characteristics of the new era are not yet certain but it is certain that it will be very different from the Cold War era and it means that a turning point of world-historical significance took place:\nThe collapse of the Soviet Union caused profound changes in nearly every society in the world. Much of the policy and infrastructure of the West and the Eastern Bloc had revolved around the capitalist and communist ideologies respectively and the possibility of a nuclear warfare.",
"title": "Post–Cold War era"
},
{
"docid": "10689543#7",
"text": "The post-1989 world saw the end of the totalitarian regimes of the Cold War and the ending of client state status for many states. The Cold war was effectively ended by the Revolutions of 1989, and the Malta Summit on December 3, 1989. The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 26, 1991. Various \"post-Cold War regimes\" established were democratic republics, though some were authoritarian/oligarchic republics.",
"title": "Contemporary history"
},
{
"docid": "7085#36",
"text": "The Cold War (1947–1991) provided a global network of material and ideological support that often helped perpetuate civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support. Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro- or anti-communist forces lasted 141% longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars. Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92% or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars. Lengthy Cold War-associated civil conflicts that ground to a halt include the wars of Guatemala (1960–1996), El Salvador (1979–1991) and Nicaragua (1970–1990).",
"title": "Civil war"
},
{
"docid": "325329#144",
"text": "In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in Southeast Asia. Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years. Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations, which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages, some of which can still be heard today.",
"title": "Cold War"
}
] |
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] |
2444
|
Who was the leader singer of The Ronettes?
|
[
{
"docid": "167377#0",
"text": "The Ronettes () were an American girl group from New York City. One of the most popular groups from the 1960s, they placed nine songs on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, five of which became Top 40 hits. The trio from Spanish Harlem, New York, consisted of lead singer Veronica Bennett (later known as Ronnie Spector), her older sister Estelle Bennett, and their cousin Nedra Talley. Among the Ronettes' most famous songs are \"Be My Baby\", \"Baby, I Love You\", \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\", and \"Walking in the Rain\", all of which charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Walking in the Rain\" won a Grammy Award in 1965, and \"Be My Baby\" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The Ronettes were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007.",
"title": "The Ronettes"
},
{
"docid": "3573693#4",
"text": "Phil Spector decided to keep lead singer Ronnie Bennett in California to record \"Baby, I Love You\" while the other two Ronettes, Estelle Bennett and Nedra Talley, went out on the tour with Dick Clark. Ronnie's cousin, Elaine, took her place on the tour while Ronnie recorded the song at Gold Star Studios in California. Since the other Ronettes were unavailable for recording, Spector used Darlene Love and Cher to complete the backing vocals. The song also featured Leon Russell on piano. \"Baby, I Love You\" peaked at number 11 in the UK during January 1964, at a time when the Ronettes were touring the UK as the support act to the Rolling Stones.",
"title": "Baby, I Love You"
},
{
"docid": "27427605#0",
"text": "\"Is This What I Get For Loving You?\" is a pop song written by Phil Spector, Carole King and Gerry Goffin and recorded by 1960s girl group The Ronettes. The song featured Ronettes lead singer Ronnie Spector on lead vocals (credited as Veronica), and Ronettes Nedra Talley and Estelle Bennett on backing vocals.\nReleased on Philles Records, reaching No. 75 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965.",
"title": "Is This What I Get For Loving You?"
},
{
"docid": "23350542#2",
"text": "However, according to Ronnie Spector, the group's lead singer, producer Phil Spector had already begun to somewhat lose enthusiasm for the Ronettes in early 1964. The group had recorded the Phil Spector, Jeff Barry, and Ellie Greenwich song \"Chapel of Love\" in early 1964, but Spector refused to release it. \"It doesn't sound like a hit,\" he told the group, so The Dixie Cups recorded their version of the song, which peaked at number one on the Billboard top 100, a position never held by the Ronettes.",
"title": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up"
},
{
"docid": "1170158#0",
"text": "Ronnie Spector (born Veronica Yvette Bennett; August 10, 1943) is an American rock and roll singer known as \"The Bad Girl of Rock & Roll\". Spector was the lead singer of the rock/pop vocal girl group the Ronettes, who had a string of hits during the early to mid–1960s such as \"Be My Baby\", \"Baby, I Love You\", and \"The Best Part of Breakin' Up\". Subsequently, Spector launched her solo career and has since released five studio albums (\"Siren\" in 1980, \"Unfinished Business\" in 1987, \"Something's Gonna Happen\" in 2003, \"Last of the Rock Stars\" in 2006, and \"English Heart\" in 2016) and one extended play (\"She Talks to Rainbows\" in 1999).",
"title": "Ronnie Spector"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "167377#22",
"text": "Following the successful release of \"Walking in the Rain\", Philles Records released the group's first studio album, \"Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica\", in late 1964. The album proved to be slightly successful, peaking at number 96 on the \"Billboard\" charts, but it is notable for being the first evidence of Phil Spector publicly promoting lead singer Veronica \"Ronnie\" Bennett over Estelle Bennett and Nedra Talley. Every Ronettes single after this referred to the group as \"The Ronettes featuring Veronica\" on the record labels.",
"title": "The Ronettes"
},
{
"docid": "31557363#3",
"text": "During the Summer of 1964, the Ronettes spent a lot of time hanging out at Odine's, an exclusive East Side club on Fifty-Ninth Street in Manhattan. According to Ronnie, that is where the Ronettes were first introduced to Jimi Hendrix, who was an unknown guitarist there at the time. Ronnie used to get up and sing along with Hendrix as he played guitar. After running into Hendrix again at a party in 1969, Estelle and Ronnie were invited into the studio to do backing vocals on Hendrix's \"Earth Blues\" song. Their work on the backing vocals earned The Ronettes a credit on Hendrix's posthumously released LP \"Rainbow Bridge\", released in October 1971.",
"title": "The Ronettes discography"
},
{
"docid": "167377#36",
"text": "The Ronettes won a Grammy Award in 1965 for \"Walking in the Rain\". They were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for \"Be My Baby\" in 1999. The Ronettes were also inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004 and the People's Hall of Rock and Roll Legends in 2010. The Ronettes' influence on music was significant. In addition to Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, Billy Joel and Bruce Springsteen have both cited Ronnie Bennett as an influence. The Ronettes' fashion style was emulated by British musician Amy Winehouse.",
"title": "The Ronettes"
},
{
"docid": "1209689#0",
"text": "Nedra Talley, now known as Nedra Talley-Ross (born January 27, 1946), is an American singer best known as a former member of the girl group The Ronettes, in which she performed with her cousins Ronnie and Estelle Bennett. She is of African American, Native American and Puerto Rican descent. In 2007, the Ronettes were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Nedra Talley"
},
{
"docid": "167377#37",
"text": "It was reported that Phil Spector, in his capacity as a member of the Board of Governors, resisted the Ronettes (and Darlene Love) being nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, although they had been eligible for a considerable time. The alleged reasons included the acrimonious divorce of Ronnie and Spector, in addition to the group's having successfully sued Spector for back royalties. Spector claimed that, apart from Ronnie, the other group members did not appear on their records, and that they did not make the contribution required for induction. While Spector was awaiting trial on a murder charge and out on $1 million bail, the Ronettes were finally inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 12, 2007, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Keith Richards, a longtime fan, inducted the trio. Ronnie Bennett (Spector) and Nedra Talley performed \"Baby, I Love You\", \"Walking in the Rain\", and \"Be My Baby\". Estelle Bennett was present to accept her award, but was not well enough to perform, so Tricia Scotti (a regular backup singer with Ronnie) took her place behind the microphone.",
"title": "The Ronettes"
}
] |
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2445
|
Where was the first fur trading in North America?
|
[
{
"docid": "30702722#4",
"text": "Europeans mainly traded alongside the coast of North America with Native Americans. The early fur trade with Native Americans, which developed alongside the coasts of North America, was not limited to the beaver. Beavers were not particularly valued and people preferred \"fancy fur\" or \"fur that is used with or on the pelt. The fur trade was viewed as secondary to fishing during this era.\nThe earliest North American fur trading did not include long distance transportation of the furs after they were obtained by trade with the First Nations; it started with trading near settlements or along the coast or waterways accessible by ship. Soon, coureurs des bois achieved business advantages by travelling deeper into the wilderness and trading there. By 1681, the King of France decided to control the traders by publishing an edict that banned fur and pelt trading in New France.",
"title": "Voyageurs"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20850603#2",
"text": "French explorer Jacques Cartier in his three voyages into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the 1530s and 1540s conducted some of the earliest fur trading between European and First Nations peoples associated with sixteenth century and later explorations in North America. Cartier attempted limited fur trading with the First Nations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and along the St. Lawrence River. He concentrated on trading for furs used as trimming and adornment. He overlooked the fur that would become the driving force of the fur trade in the north, the beaver pelt, which would become fashionable in Europe.\nThe earliest European trading for beaver pelts dated to the growing cod fishing industry that spread to the Grand Banks of the North Atlantic in the 16th century. The new preservation technique of drying fish allowed the mainly Basque fishermen to fish near the Newfoundland coast and transport fish back to Europe for sale. The fisherman sought suitable harbors with ample lumber to dry large quantities of cod. This generated their earliest contact with local Aboriginal peoples, with whom the fisherman began simple trading.",
"title": "North American fur trade"
},
{
"docid": "1642077#0",
"text": "The American Fur Company (AFC) was founded in 1808, by John Jacob Astor, a German immigrant to the United States. During the 18th century, furs had become a major commodity in Europe, and North America became a major supplier. Several British companies, most notably the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, were eventual competitors against Astor and capitalized on the lucrative trade in furs. Astor capitalized on anti-British sentiments and his commercial strategies to become one of the first trusts in American business and a major competitor to the British commercial dominance in North American fur trade. Expanding into many former British fur-trapping regions and trade routes, the company grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States by 1830, and became one of the largest and wealthiest businesses in the country.",
"title": "American Fur Company"
},
{
"docid": "20850603#0",
"text": "The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America. Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Native Americans in the United States of different regions traded among themselves in the pre–Columbian Era, but Europeans participated in the trade beginning from the time of their arrival in the New World and extended its reach to Europe. The French started trading in the 16th century, the English established trading posts on Hudson Bay in present-day Canada in the 17th century, and the Dutch had trade by the same time in New Netherland. The 19th-century North American fur trade, when the industry was at its peak of economic importance, involved the development of elaborate trade networks.",
"title": "North American fur trade"
},
{
"docid": "20850603#69",
"text": "On the Pacific coast of North America, the fur trade mainly pursued seal and sea otter. In northern areas, this trade was established first by the Russian-American Company, with later participation by Spanish/Mexican, British, and U.S. hunters/traders. Non-Russians extended fur-hunting areas south as far as the Baja California Peninsula.",
"title": "North American fur trade"
},
{
"docid": "26963215#7",
"text": "Russian maritime fur trading in the northern Pacific began after the exploration voyages of Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov in 1741 and 1742. Their voyages demonstrated that Asia and North America were not connected but that sea voyages were feasible, and that the region was rich in furs. Private fur traders, mostly \"promyshlenniki\", launched fur trading expeditions from Kamchatka, at first focusing on nearby islands such as the Commander Islands. Unlike fur trading ventures in Siberia, these maritime expeditions required more capital than most \"promyshlenniki\" could obtain. Merchants from cities such as Irkutsk, Tobolsk, and others in European Russia, became the principal investors.",
"title": "Maritime fur trade"
},
{
"docid": "52460#10",
"text": "The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. However, at the beginning of the 17th century, France was more interested in fur from North America. The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600. Four years later, Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur. Although he had no formal mandate on this trip, he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing, on his return to France, a report entitled \"Savages\" (relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac).",
"title": "French colonization of the Americas"
},
{
"docid": "28889567#2",
"text": "In 1679, French explorer Pierre-Esprit Radisson and financier Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye met in Paris, and laid the foundations for the establishment of a fur trading company they called the Compagnie du Nord. Its objective was to engage in fur trade in northern North America, where the English Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) had realized significant profits in that business. The Compagnie's first major expedition in 1682 successfully seized York Factory. After the Compagnie's profits were virtually wiped out by taxes imposed by authorities in New France, Radisson entered service with the HBC, and led several profitable shipping expeditions to Hudson Bay, including recovering for the company York Factory and the furs taken there.",
"title": "Hudson Bay expedition (1686)"
},
{
"docid": "14893969#15",
"text": "Innis's 15-page conclusion to the \"Fur Trade in Canada\" explains the significance of staple products, such as furs, to colonial development. It also explores the effects of the staples trade on the more technologically advanced home countries of France and Britain. \"Fundamentally the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe,\" Innis writes, \"and the interest of this volume is primarily in the effects of a vast new land area on European civilization.\" He notes that European settlers in North America survived by borrowing the cultural traits of the indigenous peoples, but also sought to maintain European standards of living by exporting goods not available in the home country in exchange for manufactured products. In Canada's case, the first such goods were the staples cod fish and beaver fur. Later staples included lumber, pulp and paper, wheat, gold, nickel and other metals.",
"title": "Harold Innis and the fur trade"
},
{
"docid": "5075309#14",
"text": "For centuries one of the most important economic ventures in North America was the fur trade. This trade, which had been pioneered by the French, came to be dominated by the British as they gained increasing territory on the continent. The main British fur trading posts were located inside of what became the United States (the British were forced to relocate northward as borders were established with the new nation). First Nations were central to the trade as they were the primary fur trappers. The role gave the peoples of many of the First Nations a political voice as, though they were viewed as an underclass, they were too important to simply be ignored. The American Revolution led to intense competition between the British and the U.S. By the 1830s changing fashions in Europe had begun a steep decline in fur prices and an overall collapse in the market. Apart from the economic losses to \"whites\" involved in the fur trade, many of the First Nations were devastated, both in terms of economic loss and in terms of loss of influence in local politics.",
"title": "Canada under British rule"
}
] |
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] |
2446
|
When did the WWE Network intorduce the Raw brand?
|
[
{
"docid": "55755565#0",
"text": "Raw is a brand of the U.S. based professional wrestling promotion WWE. The brand was first established on March 25, 2002, with a draft on \"Monday Night Raw\" and went into effect one week later on April 1. The brand split was discontinued in August 2011, but was brought back in July 2016. Wrestlers assigned to the Raw brand wrestle predominantly on the \"Raw\" television program as well as \"Main Event\", the seasonal \"Mixed Match Challenge\", and Raw branded or co-branded pay-per-view events and WWE Network events. During the first brand split, they also competed on \"Heat\" and on \"ECW\" under a talent exchange program.",
"title": "Raw (WWE brand)"
},
{
"docid": "26397277#3",
"text": "The Brand Extension storyline was initiated in March 2002, in which WWE's Raw and SmackDown television programs were made into brands (similar to conferences within a league) to which employees were assigned to; the ECW brand additionally involved between 2006 and 2009. Since its inception, annual drafts have followed, except for in 2003. As in previous drafts that followed the Brand Extension, the purpose of the 2010 WWE Draft was to increase television ratings of WWE programming and refresh the rosters with new storylines for each brand. The 2010 WWE Draft was confirmed both by WWE and Richmond Coliseum via their websites between March and April 2010, which featured the draft eligibility of WWE employees from the Raw and SmackDown brands. The event was scheduled to take place over two days, in which the televised draft would air live on the USA Network in the United States from the Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia on the April 26 episode of \"Raw\". The second portion of the draft, the \"supplemental draft,\" was originally scheduled for April 28; however, it was announced during the live broadcast that it would be held the next day on April 27 with selections being announced via WWE's website.",
"title": "2010 WWE draft"
},
{
"docid": "31344058#2",
"text": "The Brand Extension storyline was initiated in March 2002, in which WWE's Raw and SmackDown television programs were made into brands (similar to conferences within a league) to which employees were assigned; the ECW brand was additionally involved between 2006 and 2009. Annual drafts have followed since this occurrence, except for in 2003. As with past drafts, the purpose of the 2011 WWE draft was to increase television ratings of WWE programming and refresh the rosters for each brand. The 2011 event was confirmed by the RBC Center in April 2011, with WWE officially announcing it on the April 18 episode of \"Raw\". A USA Network executive had also confirmed the event to occur via a press release on the same day of the WWE announcement.",
"title": "2011 WWE draft"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "55755565#6",
"text": "Initially, the Undisputed WWE Championship and the original WWE Women's Championship were available to both brands. The other championships were exclusive to the brand the champion was a part of. When the brand extension began, Raw received the Intercontinental Championship and European Championship when their respective holders were drafted. In September 2002, the WWE Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship again and was moved to SmackDown, prompting Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff to create the World Heavyweight Championship for Raw. Shortly thereafter, Raw became the exclusive brand for the World Tag Team Championships, the Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Women's Championship.",
"title": "Raw (WWE brand)"
},
{
"docid": "440467#11",
"text": "On March 10, 2005, Viacom and WWE decided not to go on with the agreement with Spike TV, effectively ending \"Raw\" and other WWE programs's tenure on the network when their deal expired in September 2005. On April 4, 2005, WWE announced a three-year deal with NBCUniversal to bring \"Raw\" back to its former home, the USA Network, with two yearly specials on NBC and a Spanish \"Raw\" on Telemundo. On the same week as \"Raw\"s return to the USA Network, Spike TV scheduled Ultimate Fighting Championship's live \"Ultimate Fight Night\" in \"Raw\"'s old timeslot in an attempt to go head-to-head with \"Raw\".",
"title": "WWE Raw"
},
{
"docid": "55755485#18",
"text": "On March 10, 2005, Viacom and WWE decided not to go on with the agreement with Spike TV, effectively ending \"Raw\" and other WWE programs's tenure on the network when their deal expired in September 2005. On April 4, 2005, WWE announced a three-year deal with NBCUniversal to bring \"Raw\" back to its former home, the USA Network, with two yearly specials on NBC and a Spanish \"Raw\" on Telemundo. On the same week as \"Raw\"s return to the USA Network, Spike TV scheduled Ultimate Fighting Championship's live \"Ultimate Fight Night\" in \"Raw\"'s old timeslot in an attempt to go head-to-head with \"Raw\".",
"title": "History of WWE Raw"
},
{
"docid": "55755565#4",
"text": "The 2005 draft was held on the June 6 episode of \"Raw\". The first draft lottery pick was then WWE Champion John Cena, thus moving the WWE Championship to Raw and having two titles on the brand. Eventually, then World Heavyweight Champion Batista was deafted to SmackDown as the last draft pick, leaving only the WWE Championship on \"Raw\". On the 2008 draft lottery, CM Punk got drafted to Raw and then won the World Heavyweight Championship from Edge, who was a SmackDown wrestler. Triple H, who was the WWE Champion at the time, got drafted to SmackDown while Kane, who was the then ECW Champion, got drafted to Raw. After the draft lottery in 2009, the WWE Championship was brought back to Raw when Triple H was drafted from SmackDown while the World Heavyweight Championship was brought back to SmackDown when Edge defeated John Cena to win the title at Backlash.\nOn the August 29, 2011, episode of \"Raw\", it was announced that performers from Raw and SmackDown were no longer exclusive to their respective brand. Subsequently, championships previously exclusive to one show or the other were available for wrestlers from any show to compete for—this would mark the end of the brand extension as all programming and live events featured the full WWE roster. In a 2013 interview with \"Advertising Age\", Stephanie McMahon explained that WWE's decision to end the brand extension was due to wanting their content to flow across television and online platforms.",
"title": "Raw (WWE brand)"
},
{
"docid": "55755565#5",
"text": "On May 25, 2016, it was announced that WWE would be reintroducing the brand split in July, with distinctive rosters for both Raw and SmackDown. On the July 11 episode of \"Raw\", Vince McMahon named Stephanie McMahon the commissioner of \"Raw\". The draft took place on the live premiere of \"SmackDown Live\" on July 19, with the general managers of the respective brands hand-picking the wrestlers for their brands. Raw's Commissioner Stephanie McMahon and General Manager Mick Foley created a new championship—the WWE Universal Championship. This championship would be exclusive to the Raw brand, as the WWE World Championship had become exclusive to the SmackDown brand. Clash of Champions was scheduled as the first Raw-exclusive pay-per-view since January 2007 and the reintroduction of the Cruiserweight division where as Elimination Chamber has been scheduled as final Raw-exclusive pay-per-view making upcomings to be interbranded after WrestleMania.",
"title": "Raw (WWE brand)"
},
{
"docid": "57080430#0",
"text": "The 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up was the twelfth WWE draft, produced by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE between the Raw and SmackDown brands. The two-day event took place on the April 16 and April 17 episodes of \"Monday Night Raw\" and \"SmackDown Live\", respectively, on the USA Network in the United States. \"Raw\" was broadcast from Hartford, Connecticut at the XL Center, and \"SmackDown\" was broadcast from the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island.",
"title": "2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up"
},
{
"docid": "2066952#6",
"text": "During the 2007 draft, ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley was stripped of the title after being drafted to Raw. The first half of the draft was televised live for three hours on World Wrestling Entertainment's flagship program, \"Raw\" on USA Network. The second half of the draft, or the \"supplemental draft\", was conducted over WWE's website, WWE.com, for four hours on June 17, 2007 as draft picks were announced at twenty-minute intervals. There were twenty-three draft picks, with twenty-seven wrestlers drafted overall, between the promotion's three brands: Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. For the televised half of the draft, each brand's draft pick was determined by nine matches, one being a battle royal for two draft picks, where wrestlers from their respective brands wrestled to earn a draft pick. The supplemental draft, however, was conducted randomly, with each brand receiving random draft selections. Raw and SmackDown! received five random draft picks, while ECW received three random draft picks. The televised draft picks were randomly selected by a computer that was shown on the Raw titantron. Every WWE wrestler from Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW was eligible to be drafted.",
"title": "WWE draft"
}
] |
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] |
2447
|
When did the Hundred Years' War end?
|
[
{
"docid": "6461518#0",
"text": "The Lancastrian War was the third and final phase of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War. It lasted from 1415, when King Henry V of England invaded Normandy, to 1453, when the English lost Bordeaux. It followed a long period of peace from the end of the Caroline War in 1389. The phase was named after the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry V belonged.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War (1415–53)"
},
{
"docid": "3691536#0",
"text": "This is a timeline of the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337 to 1453 as well as some of the events leading up to the war. (The Hundred Years' War actually spanned for 116 years.)\nThe Battle of Castillon is generally considered the end of the Hundred Years' War as Henry VI's insanity and the Wars of the Roses left England in no position to wage war in France. However Calais remained an English possession until 1558 and the title of King of France was not omitted from the English royal style until 1 January 1801 ( after the Battle of Castillon).",
"title": "Timeline of the Hundred Years' War"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19038039#72",
"text": "The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke Charles of Burgundy, counting on English support, took up arms against Louis XI. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in the Treaty of Picquigny (1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to claim the title until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King Louis XVIII, who was living in England after the French Revolution.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "38719536#0",
"text": "Chivalry and Betrayal: The Hundred Years' War is a 2013 documentary television series written and presented by cultural historian Dr. Janina Ramirez looking at a time when the ruling classes of England and France were bound together by shared sets of values, codes of behaviour and language for three hundred years that ended with the Hundred Years' War when chivalry ended with the devastating warfare of cannon and betrayal between rulers when England lost her French possessions. It was originally broadcast by the BBC in February 2013.",
"title": "Chivalry and Betrayal: The Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "16509#36",
"text": "The Hundred Years' War continued for twenty-two years after her death. Charles VII retained legitimacy as the king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for Henry VI at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris on 16 December 1431, the boy's tenth birthday. Before England could rebuild its military leadership and force of longbowmen lost in 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy when the Treaty of Arras was signed in 1435. The Duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became the youngest king of England to rule without a regent. His weak leadership was probably the most important factor in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues that Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced French tactics for the rest of the war.",
"title": "Joan of Arc"
},
{
"docid": "8925403#0",
"text": "Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War is a historical real-time tactics video game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms. It was published by Koei and developed by Omega Force. A enhanced expansion remake, entitled Bladestorm: Nightmare was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PlayStation 3 in Japan at the end of January, 2015 and a couple of months later in the rest of the world. The worldwide Microsoft Windows release was on May 29, 2015.\nThe game is loosely based on the Hundred Years' War between the Kingdoms of England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries. Just like the Kessen and Musou series from Koei, certain liberties are taken from the original history. For example, unlike what happened in real life, it is possible to save Joan of Arc from being burned at the stake. The Nightmare edition features even fable creatures like Dragons and Goblins in an alternate storyline",
"title": "Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "6384774#18",
"text": "In 1378 Charles V's support for the election of the Avignon Pope Clement VII started the Great Schism. This event split the Church for almost four decades and thwarted papal efforts to prevent or end the Hundred Years' War. The disputed papal succession resulted in several lines of popes competing for the support of national rulers, which exacerbated the political divisions of the war. Despite papal involvement in peace conferences throughout the 14th century, no settlement was ever reached, in part because the papacy was not influential enough to impose one.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War (1369–89)"
},
{
"docid": "19039354#84",
"text": "The war also brought to an end the \"Old System\" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British attempted to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.",
"title": "Seven Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "19038039#25",
"text": "On 22 June 1340, Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the Zwin estuary the next day. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluis. The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing. When the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys. England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French invasions. At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip VI.",
"title": "Hundred Years' War"
},
{
"docid": "11512204#7",
"text": "The French military rivalry continued with British opposition of the French Revolution and the ensuing wars with first the new French Republic and then the Empire of Napoleon. His defeat in 1814 was followed by his abdication and exile, but he escaped the following year to begin the Hundred Days. These came to a close with his military disaster at the Battle of Waterloo, facing an Allied force commanded by the Duke of Wellington. The end of the Napoleonic Wars effectively ended the recurrent conflict between France and Britain. However, Britain and her allies' goal of restoring the French Bourbon monarchy in the Treaty of Paris and the subsequent Congress of Vienna, which sought to prevent further revolutions in Europe, ultimately failed with the later Revolutions of 1848.",
"title": "Second Hundred Years' War"
}
] |
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] |
2448
|
When was the San Francisco Chronicle first published?
|
[
{
"docid": "6528779#0",
"text": "The Chronicle Publishing Company was a print and broadcast media corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California that was in operation from 1865 until 2000. Owned for the whole of its existence by the de Young family, CPC was most notable for owning the namesake \"San Francisco Chronicle\" newspaper and KRON-TV, the longtime National Broadcasting Company (NBC) affiliate in the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose) television media market.",
"title": "Chronicle Publishing Company"
},
{
"docid": "23409409#7",
"text": "For 35 years starting in 1965, the \"San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner\" operated under a Joint Operating Agreement whereby the \"Chronicle\" published a morning paper and the \"Examiner\" published in the afternoon. The \"Examiner\" published the Sunday paper's news sections and glossy magazine, and the \"Chronicle\" contributed the features. Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays. By 1995, discussion was already brewing in print media about the possible shuttering of the \"Examiner\" due to low circulation and an extremely disadvantageous revenue sharing agreement for the \"Chronicle\".",
"title": "The San Francisco Examiner"
},
{
"docid": "12271718#3",
"text": "James King of William began publishing the \"Daily Evening Bulletin\" in San Francisco in October, 1855 and built it into the highest circulation paper in the city. He criticized a city supervisor named James P. Casey, who, on the afternoon of the story about him, ran in the paper, shot and mortally wounded King. Casey was lynched by the early vigilante committee. The \"Morning Call\" was established and began publishing in December 1856, and later merged with the \"Bulletin\" to become the long-running \"Call-Bulletin\". The \"San Francisco Chronicle\" debuted in June, 1865 as the \"Dramatic Chronicle\", founded by Charles and M.H. de Young aged 19 and 17.",
"title": "Media in the San Francisco Bay Area"
},
{
"docid": "319442#2",
"text": "The \"Chronicle\" was founded by brothers Charles and M. H. de Young in 1865 as \"The Daily Dramatic Chronicle\", and inside of 10 years, it had the largest circulation of any newspaper west of the Mississippi River. The paper's first office was in a building at the corner of Bush and Kearney Streets. The brothers then commissioned a building from Burnham and Root at 690 Market Street at the corner of Third and Kearney Streets to be their new headquarters, in what became known as Newspaper Row. The new building, San Francisco's first skyscraper, was completed in 1889. It was damaged in the 1906 earthquake, but it was rebuilt under the direction of William Polk, Burnham's associate in San Francisco. That building, known as the \"Old Chronicle Building\" or the \"DeYoung Building\", still stands and was restored in 2007. It is an historic landmark and is the location of the Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences.",
"title": "San Francisco Chronicle"
},
{
"docid": "319442#0",
"text": "The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. It was founded in 1865 as \"The Daily Dramatic Chronicle\" by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is currently owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. It is the only major daily paper covering the city and county of San Francisco.",
"title": "San Francisco Chronicle"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34214995#2",
"text": "The \"San Francisco Chronicle\" was the first newspaper in the country to introduce a Sunday magazine when it did so in 1869 with the aim of providing a \"literary dimension\" to the newspaper. That magazine, however, ended sometime prior to the Chronicle's absorption of the \"Examiner\" staff and the creation of the current \"San Francisco Chronicle Magazine\".",
"title": "San Francisco Chronicle Magazine"
},
{
"docid": "58387274#0",
"text": "Newspaper Row referred to the intersections of Market Street, Kearny Street, Third Street and Geary Street, where three of San Francisco's largest daily newspapers were headquartered. By 1902, \"The San Francisco Call\", \"The San Francisco Examiner\" and the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" were in buildings on the corner, with the \"Chronicle\" in the Chronicle Building, the \"Call\" in the Spreckels Building and the \"Examiner\" in the Examiner building. The row became known as the \"Times Square of the West\". It was partially destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco Fire. The \"Call\" and \"Examiner\" buildings were slowly gutted over two hours, and the \"Chronicle\"s building was similarly destroyed. The three newspapers published a combined issue from the office of the Oakland Tribune.",
"title": "Newspaper Row (San Francisco)"
},
{
"docid": "30876663#15",
"text": "The \"San Francisco Foghorn\" is the official student weekly newspaper and is sponsored by ASUSF. The \"Foghorn\" was founded in 1903, and was first called \"The Ignatian\". In the 1930s when the college name was changed, the newspaper became the \"San Francisco Foghorn.\" The \"Foghorn\" has played a significant role on campus throughout the years, and has some notable alumni: Pierre Salinger, editor of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" and Press Secretary for President John F. Kennedy; well-known author and historian Kevin Starr; and Leo T. McCarthy, former California Lieutenant Governor. In 1961 the \"Foghorn\" received the American Newspaper Publishers Association \"Pacemaker Award\". In 1998 Associated Collegiate Press named it \"College Paper of the Year\".",
"title": "University of San Francisco"
},
{
"docid": "17846839#0",
"text": "San Francisco Review of Books (SFRB) was a book review periodical published from the mid-1970s to 1997 in the Bay Area. Founding editor-publisher Ronald Nowicki launched his publication April 1975, a time when the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" depended on the wire services for its reviews. \"SFRB\" began as a magazine and later adopted a tabloid format.",
"title": "San Francisco Review of Books"
},
{
"docid": "9629608#3",
"text": "In San Francisco, de Young and his brother, Charles de Young (1846–1880), founded the \"Daily Dramatic Chronicle\" newspaper, first published on January 17, 1865, with the loan of a twenty dollar gold piece which Michael received from his landlord. A third brother, Gustavus, whose initial originally appeared in the masthead (\"G. and C. de Young\"), later vanished. The \"Daily Dramatic Chronicle\" was a four page tabloid that was freely distributed throughout San Francisco. According to the de Youngs, the \"Daily Dramatic Chronicle\" would be “the best advertising medium on the Pacific Coast.” On September 1, 1868, the de Youngs expanded their tabloid into a daily newspaper. The first issue stated that the Chronicle would be \"independent in all things, neutral in none.\" The \"Daily Dramatic Chronicle\" was sold under the condition that it be renamed the \"Dramatic Review\". De Young was also the director of the Associated Press for many years.",
"title": "M. H. de Young"
},
{
"docid": "34214995#1",
"text": "Prior to the creation of the magazine, the first issue of which appeared Sunday, November 26, 2000, readers of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" and \"The San Francisco Examiner\" were served by \"The San Francisco Examiner Magazine\", included in the Sunday edition of the papers which were produced jointly under the JOA that the two papers operated under. \"The San Francisco Examiner Magazine\" was preceded by \"Image Magazine\", which was in turn preceded by \"California Living Magazine\".",
"title": "San Francisco Chronicle Magazine"
},
{
"docid": "319442#11",
"text": "The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27, 2000, when it was sold to Hearst Communications, Inc., which owned the \"Examiner\". Following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the \"Examiner\" to the Fang family, publisher of the \"San Francisco Independent\" and \"AsianWeek\", along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the \"Examiner\" became a free tabloid, leaving the \"Chronicle\" as the only daily broadsheet newspaper in San Francisco.",
"title": "San Francisco Chronicle"
}
] |
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] |
2450
|
What is Tennessee main export?
|
[
{
"docid": "346194#1",
"text": "Tennessee whiskey is one of the top ten exports of Tennessee. According to the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, as of 2013, the U.S. market for bourbon and Tennessee whiskey reached $2.4 billion, and exports of bourbon and Tennessee whiskey grew to exceed $1 billion. There are two major producers of Tennessee whiskey, Jack Daniel's based in Lynchburg (owned by the Louisville, Kentucky-based Brown-Forman) and George Dickel based in Cascade Hollow near Tullahoma (owned by the London-based Diageo), as well as numerous locally-based producers throughout the state, including Benjamin Prichard's of Kelso, Chattanooga Whiskey Company of Chattanooga, Nelson's Green Brier Distillery of Nashville, and Tennsouth of Lynnville. In June 2017, the Tennessee Distillers Guild launched the Tennessee Whiskey Trail, a 25-stop distillery tour across the state, to further promote Tennessee whiskey and local whiskey culture.",
"title": "Tennessee whiskey"
},
{
"docid": "30395#3",
"text": "Tennessee's major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the state's primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is headquartered in the eastern part of the state, and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies and Ober Gatlinburg in Gatlinburg; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis; and Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol.",
"title": "Tennessee"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52417113#7",
"text": "In 2017, trade between Mexico and Tanzania totaled $11.9 million USD. Mexico's main export to Tanzania include: medicine, electrical equipment and adaptors. Tanzania's main exports to Mexico include: mimosa extract and wood based products.",
"title": "Mexico–Tanzania relations"
},
{
"docid": "307186#12",
"text": "The Tennessee River has historically been a major highway for riverboats through the south and today they are still found along the river in abundance. Major ports include Guntersville, Chattanooga, Decatur, and Yellow Creek, and Muscle Shoals. Navigation has contributed greatly to the economic and industrial development of the Tennessee Valley as a whole. The economies of cities like Decatur and Chattanooga would not be as dynamic as they are today, were it not for the Tennessee River. Many companies still rely on the river as a means of transportation for their materials. In Chattanooga, for example, steel is exported on boats, as it is much more efficient than moving it on land. Locks along the Tennessee River waterway provide passage between reservoirs for more than 13,000 recreational craft each year. The Chickamauga Dam, located just upstream from Chattanooga, is currently planned to have a new lock built. However, the project has been delayed due to a lack of funding. The river not only has many economic functions, such as the boat building industry and transportation, but it also provides water and natural resources to those who live near the river. Many of the major ports on the river are connected to a settlement that was started because of its proximity to the river.",
"title": "Tennessee River"
},
{
"docid": "30138#34",
"text": "Togo imports machinery, equipment, petroleum products, and food. Main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are cocoa, coffee, re-export of goods, phosphates and cotton. Major export partners are Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) and Mali (7.4%).",
"title": "Togo"
},
{
"docid": "15948534#17",
"text": "In 2013, Taiwan harvested flowers with a total value of NT$16.52 billion, in which US$189.7 million of it was exported. Flower plantation land spreads over an area of 138 km2. Chrysanthemum floriculture takes the most land share among other types of flowers. Taiwan is the world's largest exporter of orchids, which represented 87% of the flower export value in 2013. The main export markets for Taiwanese flowers are United States, Japan and the Netherlands.",
"title": "Agriculture in Taiwan"
},
{
"docid": "59623406#4",
"text": "In 2018, trade between Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago totaled $420 million USD. Mexico's main exports to Trinidad and Tobago include: refrigerators; dolomite; malt extract; tubes and hollow profiles; and chemical based products. Trinidad and Tobago main exports to Mexico include: petroleum gas; ammonia and chemical based products. Mexican multinational company Cemex invests and operates in Trinidad and Tobago.",
"title": "Mexico–Trinidad and Tobago relations"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "151090#2",
"text": "The historic unincorporated village of Concord (listed on the National Register of Historic Places) was founded in 1854 just east of what would become the eastern boundary of Farragut. Concord is located on the main rail line to Atlanta and main channel of the Tennessee River, and was an important transloading center for the Tennessee marble industry in the late 19th century. Picturesque buildings and antebellum homes sit along the river, as well as several very old churches.",
"title": "Farragut, Tennessee"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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2451
|
How did Lucille Ball die?
|
[
{
"docid": "841096#32",
"text": "Actress Lucille Ball died April 26, 1989 from an abdominal aortic aneurysm. At the time of her death, she was in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center recovering from emergency surgery performed just six days earlier because of a dissecting aortic aneurysm near her heart. Ball was at increased risk, as she had been a heavy smoker for decades.",
"title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10959769#2",
"text": "Formerly, each May, the museum celebrated 'Lucy-Desi Days' which featured several events included panel discussions with those closest to Lucy and Desi. In the spring of 1989, Lucille Ball was meant to attend the commencement ceremony at Jamestown Community College and receive an honorary degree from the institution, and during the same weekend she planned to attend the Lucille Ball Festival of New Comedy, which she had developed in cooperation with the Arts Council of Jamestown. Unfortunately she died shortly before the scheduled event. In 1991, The Comedy Center established the annual Lucille Ball Comedy Festival, which is now held every August. Past festivals have featured Ray Romano, Ellen DeGeneres, Lewis Black, Billy Gardell, Jay Leno, Bill Engvall, Joan Rivers, Paula Poundstone, Kathleen Madigan, Tammy Pescatelli, and many more.",
"title": "Lucille Ball–Desi Arnaz Center"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#5",
"text": "In 1962, Ball became the first woman to run a major television studio, Desilu Productions, which produced many popular television series, including \"\" and \"\". Ball did not back away from acting completely. She appeared in film and television roles for the rest of her career until her death in April 1989 from an abdominal aortic dissection at the age of 77.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#10",
"text": "In February, 1915, when Lucille was three years old, her 27-year-old father died of typhoid fever. Henry Ball was a lineman for Bell Telephone Company and was frequently transferred. The family had moved from Jamestown to Anaconda, Montana, and later to Trenton, New Jersey. At the time of Henry's death, DeDe Ball was pregnant with her second child, Frederick. Ball recalled little from the day her father died, but remembered a bird getting trapped in the house. From that day forward, she suffered from ornithophobia.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#33",
"text": "In 1966, Ball became a friend and mentor to Carol Burnett. She guested on Burnett's highly successful CBS-TV special \"Carol + 2\" and the younger performer reciprocated by appearing on \"The Lucy Show\". It was rumored that Ball offered Burnett a chance to star on her own sitcom, but in truth Burnett was offered (and declined) \"Here's Agnes\" by CBS executives. She instead chose to create her own variety show due to a stipulation that was on an existing contract she had with CBS. The two women remained close friends until Ball's death in 1989. Ball sent flowers every year on Burnett's birthday. When Burnett awoke on the day of her 56th birthday in 1989, she discovered via the morning news that Lucille Ball had died. Later that afternoon, flowers arrived at Burnett's house with a note reading, \"Happy Birthday, Kid. Love, Lucy.\"",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#14",
"text": "In 1925, Ball, then only 14, started dating Johnny DeVita, a 21-year-old local hoodlum. DeDe was unhappy with the relationship, but unable to influence her daughter to end it. She expected the romance to burn out after a few weeks, but that did not happen. After about a year, DeDe tried to separate them by exploiting Lucille's desire to be in show business. Despite the family's meager finances, she arranged for Lucille to attend the John Murray Anderson School for the Dramatic Arts, in New York City, where Bette Davis was a fellow student. Ball later said about that time in her life, \"All I learned in drama school was how to be frightened.\" Ball's instructors felt she would not be successful in the entertainment business, and were not afraid to say this to her face.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#8",
"text": "Born at 69 Stewart Avenue, Jamestown, New York, Lucille Désirée Ball was the daughter of Henry Durrell Ball (1887–1915) and Désirée \"DeDe\" Evelyn Ball (née Hunt; 1892–1977). Her family lived in Wyandotte, Michigan, for a time. She sometimes later claimed that she had been born in Butte, Montana, where her grandparents had lived. A number of magazines reported inaccurately that she had decided that Montana was a more romantic place to be born than New York and repeated a fantasy of a \"western childhood\". However her father had moved the family to Anaconda for his work, where they lived briefly, among other places.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#37",
"text": "In May 1988, Ball was hospitalized after suffering a mild heart attack. Her last public appearance, just one month before her death, was at the 1989 Academy Awards telecast in which she and fellow presenter Bob Hope were given a standing ovation.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
},
{
"docid": "17501497#6",
"text": "Fred Ball died of natural causes in Cottonwood, Arizona, on February 5, 2007, at the age of 91. He was cremated and buried in the Hunt family plot at Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown, New York, where his parents, Henry and Desirée (Hunt) Ball, his sister, Lucille Ball, and his grandparents are buried. He was survived by his four children, Pamela Ball Von Pinnon, Melissa LeBritton, April Jackson, and Geoffrey Ball, as well as seven grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Fred's wife, Zo Ball, died on May 12, 2013, at the age of 93.",
"title": "Fred Ball"
},
{
"docid": "24191364#53",
"text": "Attempts to revive her failed and her death was officially pronounced at 5:47 a.m. PDT. Doctors determined that Ball had succumbed to an abdominal aortic aneurysm and subsequent rupture, and that it was not directly related to her upper aneurysm and surgery the previous week. Cigarette smokers are known to have increased risk of abdominal aneurysm. Ball had been a heavy smoker most of her life. She was 77 years old.",
"title": "Lucille Ball"
}
] |
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2452
|
What's a tariff?
|
[
{
"docid": "55551#99",
"text": "In contrast, in economic theory tariffs are viewed as a primary element in international trade with the function of the tariff being to influence the flow of trade by lowering or raising the price of targeted goods to create what amounts to an artificial competitive advantage. When tariffs are viewed and used in this fashion, they are addressing the country's and the competitors' respective economic healths in terms of maximizing or minimizing revenue flow rather than in terms of the ability to generate and maintain a competitive advantage which is the source of the revenue. As a result, the impact of the tariffs on the economic health of the country are at best minimal but often are counter-productive.",
"title": "Tariff"
},
{
"docid": "55551#91",
"text": "A tariff is called an optimal tariff if it's set to maximize the welfare of the country imposing the tariff. It is a tariff derived by the intersection between the \"trade indifference curve\" of that country and the offer curve of another country. In this case, the welfare of the other country grows worse simultaneously, thus the policy is a kind of \"beggar thy neighbor policy\". If the offer curve of the other country is a line through the origin point, the original country is in the \"condition of a small country\", so any tariff worsens the welfare of the original country.",
"title": "Tariff"
},
{
"docid": "55551#0",
"text": "A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade. It is a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or protect domestic industry. It helps limit trade deficits. The tariff is historically used to protect infant industries and to allow import substitution industrialization.",
"title": "Tariff"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30297#47",
"text": "An import or export tariff (also called customs duty or impost) is a charge for the movement of goods through a political border. Tariffs discourage trade, and they may be used by governments to protect domestic industries. A proportion of tariff revenues is often hypothecated to pay government to maintain a navy or border police. The classic ways of cheating a tariff are smuggling or declaring a false value of goods. Tax, tariff and trade rules in modern times are usually set together because of their common impact on industrial policy, investment policy, and agricultural policy. A trade bloc is a group of allied countries agreeing to minimize or eliminate tariffs against trade with each other, and possibly to impose protective tariffs on imports from outside the bloc. A customs union has a common external tariff, and the participating countries share the revenues from tariffs on goods entering the customs union.",
"title": "Tax"
},
{
"docid": "26104444#0",
"text": "A water tariff (often called water rate in the United States and Canada) is a price assigned to water supplied by a public utility through a piped network to its customers. The term is also often applied to wastewater tariffs. Water and wastewater tariffs are not charged for water itself, but to recover the costs of water treatment, water storage, transporting it to customers, collecting and treating wastewater, as well as billing and collection. Prices paid for water itself are different from water tariffs. They exist in a few countries and are called water abstraction charges or fees. Abstraction charges are not covered in this article, but in the article on water pricing). Water tariffs vary widely in their structure and level between countries, cities and sometimes between user categories (residential, commercial, industrial or public buildings). The mechanisms to adjust tariffs also vary widely.",
"title": "Water tariff"
},
{
"docid": "26614167#9",
"text": "Trade tariffs are a tax that are placed on the import of foreign goods. Tariffs increase the price of imports and are usually levied onto the country the goods are being imported from. Governments will use tariffs as a way to promote competition within their own country with businesses of the foreign country that wishes to sell their goods or services. In some instances, a country's government will use them as a means of protectionism for their own interests. In modern history, generally starting at the mid-20th century, the use of tariffs has been largely diminished in favor of the rise of international trade. Beginning in 2017, the Trump administration began to impose tariffs on several of nations that were involved in trade deals with the United States. The countries targeted by the Trump Tariffs then retaliated with their own tariffs on American goods.",
"title": "Commercial policy"
},
{
"docid": "55551#97",
"text": "When tariffs are an integral element of a country's technology strategy, some economists believe that such tariffs can be highly effective in helping to increase and maintain the country's economic health. Other economists might be less enthusiastic, as tariffs may reduce trade and there may be many spillovers and externalities involved with trade and tariffs. The existence of these externalities makes the imposition of tariffs a rather ambiguous strategy. As an integral part of the technology strategy, tariffs are effective in supporting the technology strategy's function of enabling the country to outmaneuver the competition in the acquisition and utilization of technology in order to produce products and provide services that excel at satisfying the customer needs for a competitive advantage in domestic and foreign markets. The notion that government and policy would be effective at finding new and infant technologies, rather than supporting existing politically motivated industry, rather than, say, international technology venture specialists, is however, unproven.",
"title": "Tariff"
},
{
"docid": "40838871#80",
"text": "A tariff-rate quota (TRQ) is an international trade policy tool that combines import quotas and tariffs. By 2013, there were approximately 1200 WTO TRQs in the agricultural sector annually among supplying countries under GATT Article XIII. TRQs are a result of the \"current market access requirements\" and the \"minimum market access requirements\" forming the basis of the \"Uruguay Round country schedules for agriculture.\" TRQs are two-tiered tariffs in which quotas of certain sensitive domestic products are assigned a quantitative threshold or WTO \"minimum access commitments\" for imports during a designated time period. Tariffs for imports that are at or below the threshold, are either nonexistent or very low. Imports above the quantitative threshold, are much higher, making the cost of importation intentionally prohibitive. Once imports exceed the \"minimum access commitments\" as required by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which allow for imports at no or lower tariffs, in Canada imports face prohibitive tariffs such as 168% for eggs, 285% for chicken, 246% for cheese and over 300% for butter. These steep tariffs have been often cited to criticize SM for creating barriers to free trade and artificially raising prices by SM critics such as David E. Bond (2010), Andrew Coyne (2011), Hall Findlay (2012) and President Trump in 2016.",
"title": "Supply management (Canada)"
},
{
"docid": "23609869#0",
"text": "A tariff-rate quota (TRQ) is a two-tiered international trade tariff that combines two policy instruments used historically to protect domestic production by restricting imports−Import quotas and tariffs. The quotas set a quantitative threshold for a designated time period for imports of a protected domestic product. Under that threshold, tariffs applied to imports are either very low or nonexistent. Over that threshold, imports are subject to a significantly higher tariff that is intentionally prohibitive. TRQs have been required by the World Trade Organization (WTO) since the 1995 Uruguay Round Agreement 123 contract party nations engaged in international trade.",
"title": "Tariff-rate quota"
},
{
"docid": "19012029#0",
"text": "The letter Ƭ (minuscule: ƭ), called T with hook, is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on the letter t. It is used some alphabets of African languages such as Serer and (in Burkina) Tamasheq.",
"title": "Ƭ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "55551#50",
"text": "Trade deficits mean that consumers buy too much foreign goods and too few domestic products. According to Keynesian theory, trade deficits are harmful. Countries that import more than they export weaken their economies. As the trade deficit increases, unemployment or poverty increases and GDP slows down. And surplus countries getting richer at the expense of deficit countries. They destroy the production of their trading partners. John Maynard Keynes thought that surplus countries should be taxed to avoid trade imbalances. The tariff is used to equalize the trade balance in order to protect domestic workers. Peter Temin explain that \"a tariff is an expansionary policy, like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers\".",
"title": "Tariff"
}
] |
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2454
|
Where is the The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance?
|
[
{
"docid": "384307#0",
"text": "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (, ; English abbreviation , , or ) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world.",
"title": "Comecon"
},
{
"docid": "426740#0",
"text": "The founding of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (also referred to as Comecon, CMEA, CEMA, or the Council) dates from a January 1949 communiqué agreed upon by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania in Moscow. The communiqué announcing the event cited the refusal of these countries to \"subordinate themselves to the dictates of the Marshall Plan\" and their intention to resist the trade boycott imposed by \"the United States, Britain and certain other countries of Western Europe\" as the major factors contributing to the decision \"to organize a more broadly based economic cooperation among the countries of the people's democracy and the USSR.\"",
"title": "History of the Comecon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "384307#35",
"text": "The official hierarchy of Comecon consisted of the Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the Executive Committee of the Council, the Secretariat of the Council, four council committees, twenty-four standing commissions, six interstate conferences, two scientific institutes, and several associated organizations.",
"title": "Comecon"
},
{
"docid": "426755#2",
"text": "The official hierarchy of Comecon consisted of the Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the Executive Committee of the Council, the Secretariat of the Council, four council committees, twenty-four standing commissions, six interstate conferences, two scientific institutes, and several associated organizations:",
"title": "Structure of the Comecon"
},
{
"docid": "33622#0",
"text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.",
"title": "Warsaw Pact"
},
{
"docid": "426744#0",
"text": "The \"Council for Mutual Economic Assistance\" (Comecon) was an economic organization of communist states, created in 1949, and dissolved in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. International relations within Comecon is best discussed under three separate categories, as the nature of the relationships between the Soviet Union and its constituent members were not homogeneous.",
"title": "International relations within the Comecon"
},
{
"docid": "97477#72",
"text": "Soviet dominance further tied other Eastern Bloc economies, except for Yugoslavia, to Moscow via the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or Comecon, which determined countries' investment allocations and the products that would be traded within Eastern Bloc. Although Comecon was initiated in 1949, its role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the indirect sophistication of the Council. It played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning.",
"title": "Eastern Bloc"
},
{
"docid": "1618193#1",
"text": "Nigeria and other ECOWAS members agreed to a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance, in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981. Among other organs such as a Defence Committee and Council, it provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) as needed.",
"title": "Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group"
},
{
"docid": "40567064#0",
"text": "The European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters is a 1959 Council of Europe mutual legal assistance treaty. It has been ratified by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe.",
"title": "European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters"
},
{
"docid": "384307#36",
"text": "The Session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, officially the highest Comecon organ, examined fundamental problems of socialist economic integration and directed the activities of the Secretariat and other subordinate organizations. Delegations from each Comecon member country attended these meetings. Prime ministers usually headed the delegations, which met during the second quarter of each year in a member country's capital (the location of the meeting was determined by a system of rotation based on Cyrillic script). All interested parties had to consider recommendations handed down by the Session. A treaty or other kind of legal agreement implemented adopted recommendations. Comecon itself might adopt decisions only on organizational and procedural matters pertaining to itself and its organs.",
"title": "Comecon"
}
] |
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] |
2457
|
Do all males have to enlist in the Korean Aarmy?
|
[
{
"docid": "27781946#0",
"text": "Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 28 to perform in the army compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but may voluntarily enlist.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "27781946#2",
"text": "By law, when a Korean man turns 18 years old, he is enlisted for \"first citizen service,\" meaning he is liable for military duty, but is not yet required to serve. When he turns 19 years old (or, in some instances, 20 years old), he is required to undergo a physical exam to determine whether he is suitable for military service. The table below shows the physical exam's possible grades and their outcomes, according to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28 (Korean age).\nThe length of compulsory military service in South Korea varies based on military branch. Active duty soldiers serve 21 months in the Army or Marine Corps, 23 months in the Navy, and 24 months in the Air Force. After conscripts finish their military service, they are automatically placed on the reserve roster and are obligated to attend a few days of annual military training for 6 years.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "27781946#1",
"text": "The basis for military conscription in South Korea is the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, which was promulgated on July 17, 1948. The constitution states in Article 39, \"All citizens shall have the duty of national defense under the conditions as prescribed by Act.\" The Military Service Act of 1949, which was implemented in 1957, specified that compulsory military service is required for men ages 19 or older. Conscription is managed by the Military Manpower Administration, which was created in 1948.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6760490#26",
"text": "Military service is mandatory for all male citizens in South Korea. Enlistees are drafted through the Military Manpower Administration (MMA; ) which administers a \"psychology test\" at the time of enlistment that includes several questions regarding the enlistee's sexual preferences. Homosexual military members in active duty are categorized as having a \"personality disorder\" or \"behavioural disability\" and can either be institutionalized or dishonorably discharged. A lawsuit is currently before the South Korean Constitutional Court. In 2017, Amnesty International accused the military of engaging in a \"gay witch hunt\" to expose and punish gay personnel, including sentencing a gay soldier to six months imprisonment for having consensual sex with another gay soldier in a private place.",
"title": "LGBT rights in South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "5935646#7",
"text": "In addition to his entertainment career, Cheng is completing his part-time university studies in tourism management at Hsing Wu College. As all males in Taiwan have to enlist for National Service, Cheng is due to enlist as soon as he completes his education. In 2010 Cheng represented Taiwan and performed at the 7th Asia Song Festival, organised by \"Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange\", at the Seoul Olympic Stadium.",
"title": "Joe Cheng"
},
{
"docid": "11182#84",
"text": "Contemporary South Korean funerals typically mix western culture with traditional Korean culture, largely depending on socio-economic status, region, and religion. In almost all cases, all related males in the family wear woven armbands representing seniority and lineage in relation to the deceased, and must grieve next to the deceased for a period of three days before burying the body. During this period of time, it is customary for the males in the family to personally greet all who come to show respect. While burials have been preferred historically, recent trends show a dramatic increase in cremations due to shortages of proper burial sites and difficulties in maintaining a traditional grave. The ashes of the cremated corpse are commonly stored in columbaria.",
"title": "Funeral"
},
{
"docid": "341418#48",
"text": "Starting in 1944, Japan started the conscription of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans provided workers to mines and construction sites around Japan. The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war. From 1944, about 200,000 Korean males were inducted into the army.",
"title": "Korea under Japanese rule"
},
{
"docid": "16084512#34",
"text": "In early 2015, the North Korean government decided to make military service mandatory for all women living inside the country's borders. The intention is to improve the country's dwindling military forces. For women ages 17 to 20 that have graduated from middle and high school, enlistment is now a requirement. Prior to 2015, women only served on a voluntary basis, whereas men have always been forced to serve.",
"title": "Women in North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "2284275#50",
"text": "Military service is mandatory for all South Korean men. In the ROK Navy, all members are volunteers, with enlisted seamen serving for 23-month periods, and enlisted Marines serving for 21-month periods; commissioned officers, warrant officers, and petty officers serving longer terms than those of enlisted seamen, or as career.",
"title": "Republic of Korea Navy"
},
{
"docid": "38836311#12",
"text": "Several months after his Korean mini-album release, Heo Young-saeng announced his plans to enlist in the army to fulfil his conscription requirements. Heo released his last Japanese album \"Memories to You\" and Korean mini-album \"She\" on July 3 and October 7, respectively, before enlisting. He also held his first concert in Seoul entitled \"2013 Heo Young Saeng Seoul Concert 0513 My Story\" with the attendance of all the members of SS501 at the UNIQLO AX Hall. He enlisted on October 31, 2013 as a conscripted policeman after he passed the army test in late July.",
"title": "Life (Heo Young-saeng EP)"
},
{
"docid": "938728#72",
"text": "In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, brought back draft registration. All males up to the age of 26 are required to register with the Selective Service System, whose mission is \"to provide manpower to the armed forces in an emergency\" including a \"Health Care Personnel Delivery System\" and \"to run an Alternative Service Program for men classified as conscientious objectors during a draft.\" No one has been prosecuted for violating the conscription law in the USA since 1986, but registration is required for certain benefits such as federal college aid, or in certain states, state college aid, or even driver's license. Women do not currently register for Selective Service in the United States; however they may still enlist for voluntary service.",
"title": "Military service"
},
{
"docid": "53755018#11",
"text": "All men over the age of 17 effectively have to enlist. They have to partake in constant enlistment rallies during which it is nearly impossible to refuse service.",
"title": "Conscription in North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "26916262#6",
"text": "In 1961, the Finnish Defence Forces started to enlist females for second-line duties. The duties available to women were radar operator, sea-control person, and C3 person. Most of the female enlisted served in coastal artillery and Finnish Air Force. The women enlisted all served in the rank of \"värvätty\" (enlisted), using a special female uniform. In 1994, the female enlisted were given the same status as military persons as the male enlisted. At the same time, the women who had undergone the voluntary military service received the possibility to be recruited for all military careers. In the beginning of the year 2007, the term enlisted (\"värvätty\") was changed to NCO (\"aliupseeri\") to better recognize the change in the duties of this personnel group. The female enlistees who had not undertaken military service were grandfathered. They remain in the rank of enlistee unless they complete the conscript NCO course.",
"title": "Women in the military in Europe"
}
] |
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] |
2458
|
How long do horses live?
|
[
{
"docid": "32526098#25",
"text": "On Gili islands, horses suffer a bad treatment.\nWhereas horses normally live about 25 years, they do not live more than a few years on Gili islands because of the amount of work they are demanded and the lack of care from their owners who ignore what they need. Pulling carts around the island wouldn’t be a problem for their health if they could drink fresh water and rest regularly, and be treated when they need to.\nThat’s why the Gili Eco Trust opens its clinic for free to the horses of the island every 1st and 15th day of the month, in association with the horse center Umalas from Bali and encourages businesses to install in front of their shop a fresh water bucket for the horses.",
"title": "Gili Eco Trust"
},
{
"docid": "4795594#8",
"text": "During the winter and early spring, horses lose about 30% of their body weight. They must regain this weight during summer and fall so as to survive another year. During particularly hard winters (\"zuds\"), horses may starve to death en masse or die of exposure. Herdsmen can do little to save their herds in such conditions. In the bitter winter of 2009 - 2010, 188,270 Mongol horses perished. Despite their life in semi-feral conditions, most horses live to be 20 – 40 years old.",
"title": "Mongolian horse"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4763194#0",
"text": "A guide horse is an alternative mobility option for blind people who do not wish to or cannot use a guide dog. They are provided by The Guide Horse Foundation, founded in 1999 to provide miniature horses as assistance animals to blind users living in rural environments. There are several perceived advantages to using a horse rather than a dog. Miniature horses, with an average lifespan of thirty years, live much longer than dogs, and for those allergic to or frightened of dogs, a horse could make a good alternative. However, while a dog can adapt to many different home situations, a horse must live outdoors, requiring a shelter and room to move about when not on duty.",
"title": "Guide horse"
},
{
"docid": "5019316#11",
"text": "Pallid sturgeon have a long lifespan, living in excess of 50 and perhaps as long as 100 years. They lack bones and scales, which makes it more difficult to establish their age and determine exactly how long they live. As is true for many long-lived species, pallid sturgeon reach reproductive maturity relatively late. Males reach sexual maturity between the ages of 5 and 7 years, while females are believed to become capable of reproduction when they are at least 15 years old. One study of nine females indicated that they begin egg development between the ages of 9 and 12 years, but do not reach reproductive maturity until they are 15 years old. Reproduction does not take place every year; the average interval between spawnings is three years, although other studies suggest an interval as long as 10 years. Spawning usually takes place May to July.",
"title": "Pallid sturgeon"
},
{
"docid": "2957741#1",
"text": "Horses require both shelter from natural elements like wind and precipitation, as well as room to exercise. Worldwide, horses and other equids usually live outside with access to shelter for protection from the elements. In some cases, animals are kept in a barn or stable for ease of access by managers, or for protection from the weather for various reasons. For horse owners who do not own their own land, fields and barns can be rented from a private land owner or space for an individual horse may be rented from a boarding farm. Horses that are not on full-time turnout in a field or pasture normally require some form of regular exercise, whether it is being ridden, longed or turned out for free time. However, if a horse is ill or injured it may need to be confined to a stable, usually in a box stall.",
"title": "Horse care"
},
{
"docid": "16177398#0",
"text": "\"One Horse Town\" is a song by Elton John with lyrics written by Bernie Taupin. It is the third track of his 1976 album, \"Blue Moves\". The song tells a story about a man who lives in a small village in Alabama, and how there's nothing to do; simply a \"one horse town\". It might reference the American civil war; \"\"They ain't too well acquainted with the stars and stripes\"\". Musically, it uses a lot of instruments; a string section, xylophones, vibraphones, organs and more. The first one and a half minutes is a slow-tempo intro with heavy orchestration, before settling into the main upbeat tempo which could remind a little bit of disco. It was also performed at his last concert before his throat surgery in Sydney, on 14 December 1986.",
"title": "One Horse Town"
},
{
"docid": "26150978#6",
"text": "The horses used are usually Tinkers, Fjords and Haflingers. A shoulder height between 1.40 and 1.45m is ideal. The horses should be of equal shoulder height, preferably have a long back and an even, calm tread. Training a team of horses usually takes a year.\nSmaller ponies are used for small wagons, but these are not suitable for bigger children or adults and the ponies do not have such a calm tread.",
"title": "Wagon-bed riding"
},
{
"docid": "10630614#9",
"text": "Horses can be bathed by being wet down with a garden hose or by being sponged off with water from a bucket. Horses do not require bathing and many horses live their entire lives without a bath. However, horses are often hosed off with water after a heavy workout as part of the cooling down process, and are often given baths prior to a horse show to remove every possible speck of dirt. They must be trained to accept bathing, as a hose and running water are unfamiliar objects and initially may frighten a horse. A hose is usually used for bathing. Start near the legs, being careful to point the hose at a downward angle. When spraying the body, be sure to angle the hose so that water doesn't hit the horse in the face. Either horse or human shampoo may be safely used on a horse, if thoroughly rinsed out, and cream rinses or hair conditioners, similar to those used by humans, are often used on show horses. Too-frequent shampooing can strip the hair coat of natural oils and cause it to dry out. Though horses in heavy work, such as racehorses, may be rinsed off after their daily workout, it is generally not advisable to shampoo a horse more than once a week, even in the show season. A well-groomed, clean horse can be kept clean by wearing a horse blanket or horse sheet.",
"title": "Horse grooming"
},
{
"docid": "12220639#4",
"text": "Horses affected with this condition rarely recover without surgical intervention, although there have been some instances where horses have recovered without treatment. The recovery time in affected horses can range from three months to three years. Horses may be affected so severely that euthanasia is necessary. It is unknown how long it takes for clinical signs to develop after the exposure to the cause of the condition.",
"title": "Stringhalt"
},
{
"docid": "13480#9",
"text": "Many changes brought about by the domestication of the horse have led to a need for shoes for numerous reasons, mostly linked to management that results in horses' hooves hardening less and being more vulnerable to injury. In the wild, a horse may travel up to per day to obtain adequate forage. While horses in the wild cover large areas of terrain, they usually do so at relatively slow speeds, unless being chased by a predator. They also tend to live in arid steppe climates. The consequence of slow but nonstop travel in a dry climate is that horses' feet are naturally worn to a small, smooth, even and hard state. The continual stimulation of the sole of the foot keeps it thick and hard. However, in domestication, the ways horses are used differ from what they would encounter in their natural environment. Domesticated horses are brought to colder and wetter areas than their ancestral habitat. These softer and heavier soils soften the hooves and make them prone to splitting, making hoof protection necessary. Consequently, it was in northern Europe that the nailed horseshoe arose in its modern form.",
"title": "Horseshoe"
}
] |
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] |
2460
|
Is the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway still active?
|
[
{
"docid": "59587364#0",
"text": "Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 1309 is a steam locomotive built in 1949 for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) where it pulled coal trains until retirement in 1956. It was the last steam engine built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the North American market. In 1976, it was moved to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum for static display. The engine was purchased in 2014 by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad which began restoration with the intention of returning it to service as the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad 1309.",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio 1309"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3672641#0",
"text": "Chesapeake & Ohio 614 is a 4-8-4 steam locomotive built by the Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio, in June 1948 for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) as a member of the J3a class. As one of the last commercially built steam locomotives in the United States, the locomotive was built with the primary purpose of hauling long, heavy, high speed express passenger trains for the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway such as the \"George Washington\" and the \"Fast Flying Virginian\". Retired from active service in the late 1950s, the 614 was preserved and placed on display at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1979, the locomotive was restored to operating condition and was used for extensive mainline excursion service from the 1970s until the late 1990s. Today the locomotive is on temporary display at the C&O Railway Heritage Center in Clifton Forge, Virginia awaiting a potential return to steam.",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio 614"
},
{
"docid": "38124069#8",
"text": "After the war, the tunnel continued to be used by the Virginia Central Railroad, and after 1868, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad was reorganized as the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878, and continued to route trains through the tunnel up until the tunnel's demolition with the construction of Interstate 64 in the 1960s and 1970s. At the time of the tunnel's demolition, it was one of only two of Crozet's original four tunnels of the Blue Ridge Railroad still in operation (the other, which as of 2013 is still in use, was the Little Rock Tunnel). Today, Interstate 64 passes over the cut that replaced the Brookville Tunnel.",
"title": "Brookville Tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "1474349#2",
"text": "After the war, both longtime president Edmund Fontaine and former Confederate General Williams Carter Wickham served as president of the Virginia Central and oversaw its expansion towards Covington. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad was formed in 1868 from the merger of the Virginia Central Railroad and the Covington and Ohio Railroad, and had expanded westward to the Ohio River by 1873 after new financing from Collis P. Huntington was recruited. The new railroad (reorganized as the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878) expanded eastward in the 1880s via the Peninsula Subdivision to Newport News. The Chesapeake and Ohio operated for over one hundred years until it was reorganized through merger as CSX Transportation in the 1980s. Today, CSX, Amtrak, and the Buckingham Branch Railroad still use portions of the old Virginia Central line for freight and passenger rail service.",
"title": "Virginia Central Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "53480539#0",
"text": "The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Station is a railway depot located in Pioneer Park on West Lake Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The building now houses the Little Traverse Historical Museum.",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio Depot (Petoskey, Michigan)"
},
{
"docid": "1095792#44",
"text": "Tex Beneke and his Orchestra performed a big band number 'Chesapeake And Ohio', written by Sigman & Magidson, in which Tex sang of his regret about not requesting the address of a lady he met on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio Railway"
},
{
"docid": "53480539#2",
"text": "In 1899, the Chicago and West Michigan Railway and this station was absorbed into the Pere Marquette Railway. The Pere Marquette, in turn, was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1947. The Petoskey station continued to serve passengers until the 1950s, when it was abandoned. IN 1970, the Little Traverse Regional Historical Society obtained a lease on the depot and some of the surrounding land. The building was converted into a museum in 1971, and as of 2017 is used as the Little Traverse Historical Museum",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio Depot (Petoskey, Michigan)"
},
{
"docid": "1474479#8",
"text": "The Blue Ridge Railroad ceased to exist once the route across the mountains was completed, becoming a part of the Virginia Central Railroad. In 1868 the Virginia Central was merged with another state-chartered railroad, the Covington and Ohio Railroad, to create the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (renamed Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878). This helped achieve Virginia's long-term goal of linking its navigable rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed with the Ohio River. The C&O Railroad was subsequently sold to Collis Potter Huntington.",
"title": "Blue Ridge Tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "59587364#1",
"text": "Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 1309 was built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1949. It was the last Class 1 mainline locomotive built by Baldwin, closing out more than 100 years of production, a total of more than 70,000 locomotives. It was ordered by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway to pull heavy coal trains in the mountainous terrain of West Virginia and Kentucky which it did from 1949 until 1956, after which it was stored for twenty years at their roundhouse at Peach Creek, West Virginia. The engine, along with several others, all considered impractical to restore to working condition, were moved to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland in 1976 for cosmetic restoration and static display. It remained there until 2014 when it was purchased by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad for restoration. When returned to service, it will be the largest steam engine in regular scheduled service in the United States. The Western Maryland intends to use the locomotive on excursion trains between Cumberland and Frostburg in Maryland.",
"title": "Chesapeake and Ohio 1309"
},
{
"docid": "40038410#0",
"text": "The Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad was a 19th-century railway company in Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1882, when it purchased the Paducah and Elizabethtown Railroad and the Memphis, Paducah and Northern Railroad, until 1896, when it was purchased by the Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans Railroad. It later made up part of the Illinois Central network and its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-II Paducah and Louisville Railway.",
"title": "Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad"
}
] |
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] |
2462
|
When was St. Peter's Anglican Church built in East Maitland?
|
[
{
"docid": "58059520#0",
"text": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery are a heritage-listed Anglican church and closed cemetery in East Maitland, New South Wales. The church is at 47 William Street while the cemetery is approximetely away, approximately beyond the end of George St, also in East Maitland. The church was designed by Cyril and Arthur Blacket (Blacket Brothers) and built from 1884 to 1886. The cemetery is also known as Glebe Gully Burial Ground and Glebe Paddock. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 31 August 2012.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#2",
"text": "St. Peter's, East Maitland, is one of the oldest Anglican parishes in Australia, having been established in 1834. From 1829, Church of England services were held inside the school house on Stockade Hill, very close to the later site of the first dedicated church.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58059520#19",
"text": "The Church Group is on ground rising from near Newcastle Street (New England Highway) up to St. Peter's Church which stands on the commanding eminence of Stockade Hill, East Maitland. It is thus situated at the western end of William Street, the principal axis of colonial East Maitland. This broad avenue still connects St Peter's visually and spatially to the Maitland Courthouse and the Maitland Gaol at the eastern end, providing a powerful reminder of the interplay between church and state in colonial NSW. The site, which has a double street frontage to Banks Street and William Street, slopes away to the north-west.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#9",
"text": "After the war, its more than two hundred timber-framed huts were used as a reception camp for migrants. One of these was purchased by the parish in 1960 and moved to Eastville, a newly developed, chiefly Housing Commission suburb at the eastern boundary of East Maitland. In 1961 the building was dedicated as the Church of St. Mark. It ceased to be used as such in 1976, although for a time the Sunday School continued to use it. The building, by then called St Mark's Hall, was used by the 3rd East Maitland Scouts until 1982, when it was relocated to the approximate site of the original church. Although the Scout group relocated in 1989, the Youth Centre, as it is now known, continues to serve the needs of young people of the parish and of the wider community. It is being used by the Samaritans, the Anglican charitable organisation, as a drop-in centre for those in physical need or seeking spiritual counsel.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#54",
"text": "St Peter's Church Group site, in continuous use for religious purposes since 1829, encompasses St Peter's Church (1886), Church Hall (1840s), Rectory (1860) and other built and archaeological items. The broad avenue of William Street, principal axis of colonial East Maitland, connects St Peter's visually and spatially to the Courthouse and the Gaol, providing a powerful reminder of the interplay between church and state in colonial NSW. The Church is one of the finest examples in New South Wales of a sandstone church in the Victorian Academic Gothic style as interpreted by a leading architectural practice of the time. The Church Hall is one of the earliest substantially intact large brick school buildings still extant in New South Wales.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#66",
"text": "The church is situated at the western end of William Street, the principal axis of colonial East Maitland. This broad avenue still connects St Peter's visually and spacially to the Courthouse and the Gaol at the eastern end, providing a powerful reminder of the interplay between church and state in colonial NSW.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#73",
"text": "St. Peter's church is exemplifies the highest aspirations of the Anglo-Catholic tradition in New South Wales, which from the 1890s has been the dominant in Anglican ecclesiastic tradition in New South Wales. It has a special association for those who are members of the parish or who were once members, and for citizens of the City of Maitland.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "43521915#0",
"text": "St Peter's Church is in Green Lane, Formby, Sefton, Merseyside, England, and is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool. It was built in 1746 to replace a chapel on another site that had been destroyed in a storm. The church built at this time is in Georgian style. It was extended at the east end in 1873, and this part of the church is in Gothic Revival style. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.",
"title": "St Peter's Church, Formby"
},
{
"docid": "58059520#6",
"text": "St. Peter's Church Hall was once the East Maitland Denominational School. It is likely that the building was erected between 1842 and 1847. The school bell appears to have been transferred from an older school house after its closure. After 1867, the building was rented out; from 1885 until 1897 it was occupied by the Department of Lands. The old school then became the parish hall. It was then leased by Miss Barker, the principal of \"Rydal\", a private boarding school for girls and preparatory school for boys. During the Second World War the building was used by the National Emergency Service as a first aid post. It then reverted to use as a parish hall and office.",
"title": "St Peter's Anglican Church and Glebe Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "58057958#0",
"text": "St James' Anglican Church is a heritage-listed Anglican church precinct at 19 Tank Street, Morpeth, City of Maitland, New South Wales, Australia. The original design has been attributed to Edward Charles Close, with later additions by Edmund Blacket and John Horbury Hunt and built from 1837 to 1875 by E.C. Close and James Sherwood. The precinct also includes the St. James' rectory and parish hall (formerly schoolhouse). The property is vested in the Trustees of Church Property for the Diocese of Newcastle.It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 January 2017.",
"title": "St James' Anglican Church, Morpeth"
}
] |
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] |
2463
|
Is Legend of Zelda an RPG?
|
[
{
"docid": "165798#19",
"text": "\"The Legend of Zelda\" is considered a spiritual forerunner of the modern role-playing video game (RPG) genre. Though it is often not considered part of the genre since it lacked key RPG mechanics such as experience points, it had many features in common with RPGs and served as the template for the action role-playing game genre. The game's fantasy setting, musical style and action-adventure gameplay were adopted by many RPGs. Its commercial success helped lay the groundwork for involved, non-linear games in fantasy settings, such as those found in successful RPGs, including \"Crystalis\", \"Soul Blazer\", Square's \"Seiken Densetsu\" series, \"Alundra\", and \"Brave Fencer Musashi\". The popularity of the game also spawned several clones trying to emulate the game.",
"title": "The Legend of Zelda (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2255337#7",
"text": "An important influence on the action RPG genre was the 1986 action-adventure, \"The Legend of Zelda\", which served as the template for many future action RPGs. In contrast to previous action RPGs, such as \"Dragon Slayer\" and \"Hydlide,\" which required the player to bump into enemies in order to attack them, \"The Legend of Zelda\" featured an attack button that animates a sword swing or projectile attack on the screen. It was also an early example of open-world, nonlinear gameplay, and introduced new features such as battery backup saving. These elements have been used in many action RPGs since.",
"title": "Action role-playing game"
},
{
"docid": "356777#49",
"text": "Typically action RPGs feature each player directly controlling a single character in real time, and feature a strong focus on combat and action with plot and character interaction kept to a minimum. Early action RPGs tended to follow the template set by 1980s Nihon Falcom titles such as the \"Dragon Slayer\" and \"Ys\" series, which feature hack and slash combat where the player character's movements and actions are controlled directly, using a keyboard or game controller, rather than using menus. This formula was refined by the action-adventure game, \"The Legend of Zelda\" (1986), which set the template used by many subsequent action RPGs, including innovations such as an open world, nonlinear gameplay, battery backup saving, and an attack button that animates a sword swing or projectile attack on the screen. The game was largely responsible for the surge of action-oriented RPGs released since the late 1980s, both in Japan and North America. \"The Legend of Zelda\" series would continue to exert an influence on the transition of both console and computer RPGs from stat-heavy, turn-based combat towards real-time action combat in the following decades.",
"title": "Role-playing video game"
},
{
"docid": "22604364#0",
"text": "The player controls a boy who must save the world from the evil monsters and villains the roam the areas outside the villages and the dungeons. The game is considered to be an action-RPG similar to the \"Legend of Zelda\" and \"Secret of Mana\" style of video games. According to the story, the super-nation Millennium which had conquered the world before searches for the secret which had disappeared in one night. Up to three people can be in a party, these three party members are changed around depending on the part of the story that is being played.",
"title": "Eternal Legend"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "165798#17",
"text": "\"Computer Gaming World\" in 1988 named the game as the best adventure of the year for Nintendo, stating that \"Zelda\" had been a \"sensational success\" in translating a computer RPG to consoles. In 1990 the magazine stated that the game was a killer app, causing computer CRPG players who had dismissed consoles as \"mere arcade toys\" to buy the NES. \"Zelda\" was reviewed in 1992 by \"Total!\" #2 where it received a 78% rating due in great part to mediocre subscores for music and graphics. A 1993 review of the game was printed in \"Dragon\" #198 by Sandy Petersen in the \"Eye of the Monitor\" column. Petersen gave the game 4 out of 5 stars.",
"title": "The Legend of Zelda (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "773215#42",
"text": "Bill Johnson compared \"Dragon Warrior\" to modern RPGs and noted the game's complete lack of replay value, which is due as much to the requirement that almost everything in the game must be done to beat it as to its difficulty. Johnson noted the game's historical importance; he said: \"[Playing \"Dragon Warrior\" is] a tough road to walk, but reaching its end will instill a new appreciation of what today's RPG's are all about.\" The 2009 book \"Vintage Games\" contrasted \"Dragon Warrior\" to the 1986 NES title \"The Legend of Zelda\"; it said, while both titles share common RPG elements, \"Zelda\" features a fantasy setting and magic but no level or turn-based combat system, and \"Dragon Warrior\" features both. \"Nintendo Power\" said the game's historical significance is its greatest aspect, and noted that \"playing \"Dragon Warrior\" these days can be a bit of a chore\". \"GamePro\" wrote that their favorite aspect of the game was the Elizabethan-English dialogue, and that they were disappointed by its removal in the GBC remake.",
"title": "Dragon Quest (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "30035#27",
"text": "The second game, \"\", was released for the Famicom Disk System in Japan on January 14, 1987, and for the Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe in November 1988 and North America in December 1988. The game exchanged the top-down perspective for side-scrolling (though the top-down point of view was retained for overworld areas), and introduced RPG elements (such as experience points) not used previously or thereafter in the series. \"The Legend of Zelda\" and \"Zelda II\" were released in gold-coloured cartridges instead of the console's regular grey cartridges. Both were re-released in the final years of the Nintendo Entertainment System with grey cartridges.",
"title": "The Legend of Zelda"
},
{
"docid": "694625#3",
"text": "The original \"Dragon Slayer\", released for the PC-88 in 1984, is considered to be the first action-RPG. In contrast to earlier turn-based roguelikes, \"Dragon Slayer\" was a dungeon crawl RPG that was entirely real-time with action-oriented combat. \"Dragon Slayer\" also featured an in-game map to help with the dungeon-crawling, required item management due to the inventory being limited to one item at a time, and introduced the use of item-based puzzles which later influenced \"The Legend of Zelda\". \"Dragon Slayer\" was a major success in Japan, where its overhead action-RPG formula was used in many later games. The game's MSX port was also one of the first titles to be published by Square.",
"title": "Dragon Slayer (series)"
},
{
"docid": "79982#11",
"text": "The successor to \"The Legend of Zelda\", \"\", bears little resemblance to the first game in the series. \"The Adventure of Link\" features side-scrolling areas within a larger world map rather than the bird's eye view of the previous title. The game incorporates a strategic combat system and more RPG elements, including an experience points (EXP) system, magic spells, and more interaction with non-player characters (NPCs). Link has extra lives; no other game in the series includes this feature. \"The Adventure of Link\" plays out in a two-mode dynamic. The overworld, the area where the majority of the action occurs in other \"The Legend of Zelda\" games, is still from a top-down perspective, but it now serves as a hub to the other areas. Whenever Link enters a new area such as a town, the game switches to a side-scrolling view. These separate methods of traveling and entering combat are one of many aspects adapted from the role-playing genre. The game was highly successful at the time, and introduced elements such as Link's \"magic meter\" and the Dark Link character that would become commonplace in future Zelda games, although the role-playing elements such as experience points and the platform-style side-scrolling and multiple lives were never used again in the official series. The game is also looked upon as one of the most difficult games in the \"Zelda\" series and 8-bit gaming as a whole. Additionally, \"The Adventure of Link\" was one of the first games to combine role-playing video game and platforming elements to a considerable degree.",
"title": "Shigeru Miyamoto"
},
{
"docid": "2957671#4",
"text": "Scary Larry of \"GamePro\" viewed the game as the Genesis's answer to \"\", and remarked that \"While \"Zelda\" had tons of hidden surprises, weapons, and fearsome bosses (making it one of the best action/RPGs ever), \"Crusader of Centy\" has a too-familiar story line, minor enemies, and a serious shortage of puzzles.\" He nonetheless concluded that though \"Crusader of Centy\" would bore the average RPG gamer, it successfully appeals to its young target audience. The four reviewers of \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" contended that the game is a worthy \"Zelda\" clone, with Ed Semrad and Sushi-X going so far as to say it is equally good as the \"Zelda\" series. They identified the story and Zelda-like play mechanics as the game's strongest points, and gave the game a 7.75 out of 10.",
"title": "Crusader of Centy"
}
] |
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2464
|
When does Kingdom Hearts 3 come out?
|
[
{
"docid": "10007933#2",
"text": "\"Kingdom Hearts III\" was released worldwide in January 2019. Upon release, the game was met with generally positive reviews from critics.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts III"
},
{
"docid": "10007933#33",
"text": "\"Kingdom Hearts III\" was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on January 25, 2019 in Japan and other Asian countries, and is scheduled to be released on January 29, 2019 elsewhere. In July 2017, at D23, it was announced that the game would release in 2018. Almost a year later, at an additional performance of the \"Kingdom Hearts\" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles, the game's North American release date was revealed to be January 29, 2019. Nomura spoke to moving the game's release date outside of 2018, stating the development team had been told the original release date they had considered was not \"good timing in the year\" to release the game, especially considering \"differences in holiday lengths and how stores behave in different regions\". In addition, Square Enix requested the game be released as simultaneously as possibly between Japan and the rest of the world, and not wanting to move up the release at the expense of development, resulted in the January 2019 date being chosen. The game's epilogue is planned to be added to the game on January 26 for Japan and January 30 elsewhere, while the secret film content is planned to be added worldwide on January 31, 2019. This was done in order to help prevent them from leaking beforehand, since Nomura called them \"the biggest spoilers\" in the game.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts III"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40788371#2",
"text": "In the credits of \"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix\", clips of the games featured in the collection were shown, hinting at the collection. Additionally, when IGN interviewed Shinji Hashimoto about \"Kingdom Hearts III\", he stated that the studio would consider another HD collection if the reaction to the first one was positive enough. The collection was announced on October 14, 2013, exclusively for the PlayStation 3. As with \"HD 1.5 Remix\", the collection was developed mainly by the Square Enix 1st Production Department in Osaka, along with some help from Square Enix's Tokyo team. In July 2017, Nomura spoke on bringing the collection to the Xbox One, saying he did not believe there was much demand for it outside of North America, but felt it could be a possibility after Square Enix completed development on \"Kingdom Hearts III\".",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix"
},
{
"docid": "27725538#18",
"text": "The game was first released in Japan on March 29, 2012, and in North America and Europe on July 31, 2012 and July 20, 2012, respectively. In Australasia, it was released on July 26, 2012. A limited edition titled \"Mark of Mastery\" was also released in North America featuring twelve art cards, AR cards able to unlock new Dream Eaters, and a protector case for the 3DS console. While this has been noted to be the shortest gaps between the Japanese and English releases in the \"Kingdom Hearts\", the latter version does not include new features not seen in the former. However, the Mark of Mastery limited edition was made so that English gamers would be able to obtain bonus material that can only be obtained in Japan. The game was also included within the \"Kingdom Hearts 10th Anniversary Box\" package made in commemoration of the franchise's 10th anniversary. The box also included the Nintendo DS games \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\" and \"Kingdom Hearts Re:coded\". Unlike \"Kingdom Hearts\", \"Kingdom Hearts II\" and \"Birth by Sleep\", there would not be an updated version of the game according to Tetsuya Nomura.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance"
},
{
"docid": "13351690#19",
"text": "In the credits of \"HD 1.5 Remix\", clips of \"Kingdom Hearts Re:coded\" were shown, hinting at its inclusion in another collection. On October 14, 2013, Square Enix announced that \"Re:coded\" would be part of the \"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix\" collection, released exclusively on the PlayStation 3. Due to the games touch screen use on the Nintendo DS, console conversion was ruled out as it would necessitate a full remake. Two additional hours of cinematics were created for the game to cover the entire story and show the game's connections to other \"Kingdom Hearts\" titles. The collection features the game as HD cinematics, much like \"358/2 Days\" was in the \"HD 1.5 Remix\" collection. The collection also includes both \"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\" and \"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix\" in HD and trophy support. Additional events occur in the cinematic scenes not seen in the original, with new voice acting, orchestrated audio, and including new battle scenes and a scene that ties \"Re:coded\" and \"Dream Drop Distance\" together. The collection was released in Japan on October 2, 2014, North America on December 2, 2014, Australia on December 4, 2014, and Europe on December 5, 2014.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts Coded"
},
{
"docid": "10007933#16",
"text": "Sony announced \"Kingdom Hearts III\" for the PlayStation 4 with a teaser trailer at its E3 2013 event in June 2013. Square Enix later confirmed the game's cross-platform release for the Xbox One as a port of the PlayStation 4 version. Though some development and concepts for the game began during the seventh generation of video game consoles, it was always intended that the game would release during the eighth generation. Unlike \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", which were developed by Square Enix's Product Development Division 1 team, \"Kingdom Hearts III\" was developed by Square Enix's 1st Production Department, who developed \"Birth by Sleep\", \"Dream Drop Distance\", and worked on the \"HD 1.5 Remix\" collection and Square Enix's Business Division 3. Rie Nishi serves as the game's producer. The game began using the in-house Luminous Studio engine to develop the game after some initial development tests had been done using the Unreal Engine 3.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts III"
},
{
"docid": "10007933#20",
"text": "A gameplay trailer was released during the \"Kingdom Hearts\" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017. The next month, Nomura stated that a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created, but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions before exploring other platform possibilities. Commenting on the long development process, Nomura noted it was not due to problems with development or any choices made by the development team, but rather internal Square Enix corporate decisions, such as changing to the Unreal Engine 4 about a year into the game's development, which lead to \"extensive delays\" and \"a bit of time that needed to be rewinded and started over\", and \"certain timing and resources challenges within Square Enix\", despite submitting and getting approved a plan for when more personal resources would be needed on the project. Regarding downloadable content (DLC) for the game, Nomura stated that \"nothing is set in stone\" regarding it, but he told the development team to \"be prepared to be able to accommodate for something like that. We can't develop a system where we're accommodating for downloadable content. So it's not confirming or denying either way, but just so that the development team will be prepared\". He would later add that he wanted to have some sort of additional content for the game, but nothing in depth had been discussed. Nomura was open to potentially adding customizable accessories, as was able to be done in \"Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage\" with Aqua, as that feature does not return for \"Kingdom Hearts III\". Nomura also preferred DLC to expand or change the game over releasing a \"Final Mix\" version as had been done with some past entries in the series.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts III"
},
{
"docid": "13351653#1",
"text": "Development of the game began in June 2005 with parts of the game \"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix\" meant to bring clues of \"Birth by Sleep\". The game was directed by Tetsuya Nomura and co-directed by Tai Yasue. Nomura has referred to the game as \"Episode 0\" (and later \"Episode 0.1\" following the release of \"Kingdom Hearts χ\") saying that the game is on the same scale and plays as big an importance as \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\". The game has been well-received, selling 1.27 million copies worldwide as of November 2010, and receiving positive comments by video game publications. Critics praised the gameplay, graphics, music, and storyline of the game, with criticism reserved for the level design and the characters. A high definition version of the \"Final Mix\" edition was released for the PlayStation 3 in 2014 and PlayStation 4 in 2017 as a part of the \"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix\" collection.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep"
},
{
"docid": "10007933#24",
"text": "Since the release of \"Kingdom Hearts II\" in 2005, The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm. When asked in 2013 if any of these properties would appear in \"Kingdom Hearts III\", Nomura said he contacts Disney after he hears of an acquisition, though he noted that \"Disney's pretty honest [on the possibility of an inclusion]. If the situation is really difficult, they'll say, it's really difficult. If it's impossible, they'll say it's impossible.\" He later stated that even though the Disney Company had acquired these properties, Disney Interactive Studios may not necessarily have the ability to license the content due to existing deals, such as Disney's deal with Electronic Arts for \"Star Wars\" games. Yasue added that they were \"looking at all of Disney, the new ones as well\" when choosing worlds for the game, including worlds potentially based on Marvel Comics and \"Star Wars\" properties. He expanded, saying, \"We have to come up with a world that has a lot of originality. We want variety... so we don't want too many of one sort of world, that would look the same. For each world there has to be some meaning for it, in the plot... Also, gameplay-wise, is that world something that would make gameplay fun?\"",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts III"
},
{
"docid": "47824655#2",
"text": "In the credits of \"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix\", clips of \"\" were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game, hinting at a possible additional collection. In September 2015, Square Enix announced \"Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue\", for release in 2016. Also in the month, Nomura stated the collection, which was developed alongside \"Kingdom Hearts III\", was created to allow players to experience new elements being developed for \"Kingdom Hearts III\" \"sooner than later\", and it was decided to release the collection on the PlayStation 4. On how the name of the collection was determined, Nomura stated that \"Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance\" is considered \"number 2.6\" in the series since it follows the events in \"HD 2.5 Remix\", and the \"χ\" games, with the absence of Sora, are considered 0, while \"Birth by Sleep\" is 0.1, thus resulting in 0.2 for \"A Fragmentary Passage\". When added together, the numbers total 2.8. In December 2015, a trailer for the game was debuted at Jump Festa, with the game being praised for its aesthetic quality. A trailer released in September 2016 at the Tokyo Game Show featured a new remix of \"Simple and Clean\", produced specifically for \"2.8\" and its opening cinematics. In July 2017, Nomura spoke on bringing the collection to the Xbox One, saying he did not believe there was much demand for it outside of North America, but felt it could be a possibility after Square Enix completed development on \"Kingdom Hearts III\".",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue"
},
{
"docid": "13351670#21",
"text": "In September 2012, Square Enix announced \"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix\" a compilation for the PlayStation 3 to include both \"Kingdom Hearts Final Mix\" and \"\" in high definition and trophy support. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\". The idea of a full remake, like \"Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories\", was considered for \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\". However, it was later scrapped in favor of an almost 3 hour long cinematic retelling of the game. New voice work was done for \"358/2 Days\" and the HD collection has \"70% of the main plot.\" It was released in Japan on March 14, 2013, in North America on September 10, 2013, in Australia on September 12, 2013 and on September 13, 2013 in Europe. A PlayStation 4 version of the \"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix\" compilation was released on March 9, 2017, in Japan, March 28, 2017, in North America, and March 31, 2017, in Europe. A piece of downloadable content for the PlayStation 4 version adds an additional scene to the cinematic, depicting the battle between Roxas and Xion.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days"
},
{
"docid": "1098784#27",
"text": "In September 2012, Square Enix announced \"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix\" a compilation for the PlayStation 3 to include both \"Kingdom Hearts Final Mix\" and \"Re:Chain of Memories\" in high definition and trophy support. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from \"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days\". It was released in Japan on March 14, 2013 and in North America on September 10, 2013. Releases on September 12, 2013 for Australia and September 13, 2013 for Europe marked the first time \"Re:Chain of Memories\" was available in both of those territories. This version was later ported to the PlayStation 4 as part of \"Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix\", released in March 2017.",
"title": "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories"
}
] |
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] |
2465
|
How fast are the trains in the Zürich Underground Railway?
|
[
{
"docid": "33074544#2",
"text": "Trains on the S6 provide a half-hourly connection to Zürich Hauptbahnhof station, taking 12 minutes for the journey via the southern connector and Oerlikon station. In the opposite direction, S6 trains continue to Baden station, taking 28 minutes for the journey. The station also sees significant through freight traffic, most of which takes the Furttal line in order to avoid passing through central Zürich, using the northern connector onto or off the Zürich–Winterthur line.",
"title": "Zürich Seebach railway station"
},
{
"docid": "23113323#2",
"text": "Winterthur is Switzerland's fifth busiest station, and is a major node between Switzerland's largest railway nucleus in Zürich and places in Eastern Switzerland (such as St. Gallen and Schaffhausen), as well as Germany (Munich), and Austria (Vorarlberg). The station is served by trains on Zürich's suburban S-Bahn network, as well as by regional and intercity trains, with most through passenger trains making a stop. It is also connected with Zürich's airport railway station Zürich Flughafen, which can be reached in about 15 minutes about every 8 minutes. Zürich Hauptbahnhof can be reached with up to 16 direct connections per hour and the fastest connection takes only 22 minutes (S12). The station has 9 standard gauge platforms (numbered 1-9).",
"title": "Winterthur railway station"
},
{
"docid": "253102#19",
"text": "Zürich Airport railway station is located underneath the \"Airport Centre\". The station has frequent Zürich S-Bahn services, plus direct InterRegio, InterCity, and Eurocity services, to many places including Basel, Bern, Biel/Bienne, Brig, Geneva, Konstanz, Lausanne, Lucerne, Munich, Romanshorn, St. Gallen, and Winterthur. There are some 13 trains per hour to Zürich Hauptbahnhof, Zürich's main city centre station, with a journey time of between 10 and 15 minutes. By changing trains at Hauptbahnhof, most other places in Switzerland can be reached in a few hours.",
"title": "Zurich Airport"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50616338#0",
"text": "The Zürich Underground Railway, or Zürich U-Bahn, was a project started in the 1970s to build a rapid transit network in the Swiss city of Zürich and several bordering municipalities. This project was itself preceded by several earlier plans dating from between 1864 and 1959. In April 1962, the \"Tiefbahn\" (rapid transit) project was proposed, which would have included placing the Zürich trams underground in the city centre by building 21.15 km of underground lines, but this was rejected in a referendum before any construction had been undertaken.",
"title": "Zürich Underground Railway"
},
{
"docid": "50616338#4",
"text": "In 1946, Kurt Wiesinger, professor of engineering at the ETH Zürich, put forward plans for a highspeed train that would have covered the distance between Zürich main station and Oerlikon in two minutes. Architect Wolfgang Nägeli presented a more realistic project in the Schweizerische Bauzeitung in 1947. Several tramlines were to be relocated underground in the city centre. He proposed building a tunnel underneath the Bahnhofsstrasse between Bürkliplatz and the Platzspitz park, along with lines branching off from Paradeplatz to Sihlstrasse and from the main station to Weinbergstrasse. This first draft comprised 2.7 kilometres of tunnels, as well as 0.2 kilometres of ramps and bridges. He calculated the costs would be between 35 and 40 million Swiss Francs. In a second step, he planned a second stage from Weinbergstraße to Beckenhof covering 1.1 kilometres of distance (plus 0.7 kilometres for ramps) and costing another 14 to 18 million Swiss Francs.",
"title": "Zürich Underground Railway"
},
{
"docid": "50616338#5",
"text": "On 28 March 1949, a private \"initiative committee for an Underground Railway in Zürich\", led by construction engineer Adolf Weber, submitted an application for a constructing and operating concession to the Federal Post and Railway Department. The plan was to build a widespread underground network which would cover 158 stations and have a length of 107 km – including lines from Zürich to Küsnacht, Witikon, Dübendorf, Kloten, Weiningen, Dietikon, Sellenbüren, Adliswil and Thalwil. After revision, the overall length was reduced to 90 km. The required capital investment of approximately two billion Swiss francs was to be supplied from private investors, at an interest rate partly guaranteed by the state. Considering the horrendous costs, an acceptance of the application by the Federal Assembly seemed to be unfeasible. Thus, the proposal was withdrawn.Bundesblatt Nr. 39/1972, S. 573.",
"title": "Zürich Underground Railway"
},
{
"docid": "27497245#5",
"text": "The station is served by approximately 300 trains per day, formed of a mixture of EuroCity (EC) InterCity (IC) and InterRegio (IR) trains, serving cities throughout Switzerland, as well as Zürich S-Bahn trains on lines S2, S16 and S24. Most trains also serve Zürich Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station, with, for most of the day, some 13 trains per hour (tph) taking between 10 and 15 minutes for the journey.",
"title": "Zürich Airport railway station"
},
{
"docid": "313723#13",
"text": "The municipality of Rapperswil-Jona is served by four railway stations, of which the main one is Rapperswil railway station. This is served by lines S5, S7, S15 and S40 of the Zürich S-Bahn, the first three of which provide frequent (6 trains per hour) and fast (36 minute journey time) links to the city of Zürich. It is also a calling point of the \"Voralpen Express\", running hourly between Lucerne and St. Gallen, and the terminus of an hourly regional train that operates south-east to Linthal via Ziegelbrücke.",
"title": "Rapperswil-Jona"
},
{
"docid": "50616338#1",
"text": "In the 1970s \"U-Bahn\" project, the first line would have led from Dietikon via Schlieren, Zürich main station, Oerlikon and Opfikon to Zürich airport, including two short branch lines to Schwamendingen and Kloten. The two most important development axes of the agglomeration, Limmattal and Glatttal, would have been joined onto the network. The line would have been 27.5 km long, 14.8 km of which would have been underground. At a later point in time the construction of two more lines was planned. In spite of initial optimism the project was rejected in a referendum by the voters in the Canton of Zürich. Some parts of the lines, which had been built as preliminary work for the Underground that was never realised, are used today as the Milchbuck-Schwamendingen tram tunnel and as the terminus of the Sihltal-Zürich-Uetliberg-Bahn.",
"title": "Zürich Underground Railway"
},
{
"docid": "50616338#6",
"text": "On 30 May 1959, another committee handed in two civic appeals concerning the \"realization of the Zürich underground on behalf of all voters\". The first one addressed the city parliament (legislative authority) asking for the provision of 200 000 Swiss Francs that would be used for a report on two underground lines (Enge – Kloten and Altstetten – Tiefenbrunnen), with a total length of 19.7 kilometres. Since that type of appeal falls under the responsibility of the city council (executive authority), it was dismissed. The second one instructed the city council to solve traffic problems, in a way it would have enabled establishing an operating company for the Zürich underground on a public economical basis. As the city council had already commissioned a report for similar routes, it advised the voters to turn that request down. In the following election campaign there were several opinions saying that the plans were unrealistic and not properly thought through. According to them, Zürich didn't have the required size for an underground system and the costs ware too high. On election day, 14 February 1960, 69.8% (48'502: 20'944 votes) voted against the Zurich underground.",
"title": "Zürich Underground Railway"
}
] |
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2469
|
How many casualties were there during the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 ?
|
[
{
"docid": "54966986#28",
"text": "In 1932, Edmonds recorded 1,344 German casualties; 615 men in the attack and 729 during British counter-attacks. British casualties in the 47th Division from 22 to 24 May were 1,571, 2nd Division casualties were 267 and the 7th Brigade (25th Division) had 637 casualties, a total of 2,475. In 1936, the official historians of \"Der Weltkrieg\", the German official history, recorded that 300 British prisoners had been taken.",
"title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "54966735#0",
"text": "Orders of battle for The German Attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 (Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein/Operation Schleswig-Holstein), 21 May 1916. The operation was a local German attack on Vimy Ridge on the Western Front during the First World War. At the Third Battle of Artois (25 September – 4 November 1915) the French Tenth Army captured positions on the western slope of Vimy Ridge and the German 6th Army was forced back to positions on the steeper eastern slope. Both sides resorted to a continuous underground offensive. The Tenth Army was transferred south by March 1916, during the Battle of Verdun (21 February – 18 December 1916) and the British First Army and Third Army on either flank extended their lines to take over Vimy Ridge.",
"title": "Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "54966986#0",
"text": "The German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916 (\"Unternehmen Schleswig-Holstein\"/Operation Schleswig-Holstein) was a local attack on the Western Front during the First World War. The Germans intended to prevent mines being blown under German positions by capturing the British front line and mine gallery entrances. After the Third Battle of Artois (25 September – 4 November 1915) The French Tenth Army had held positions on the western slope of Vimy Ridge and the German 6th Army (\"Generaloberst\" [Colonel General] Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria) occupied positions on the steeper eastern slope. After the beginning of the Battle of Verdun (21 February – 18 December 1916), the Tenth Army was withdrawn and the British First Army and Third Army on either flank, took over the French positions.",
"title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "54966986#2",
"text": "The Germans attacked on 21 May and were able to consolidate their objectives, before the British could conduct counter-attacks powerful enough to recapture the ground. In the attack and its aftermath the Germans suffered against the A British plan to recapture the front positions and take the German side of the ridge was cancelled, because of the demand for men and equipment of the forthcoming Battle of the Somme, the attack on the Gommecourt Salient taking priority. British planning continued and became the basis for the much larger attack by the Canadian Corps at the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917).",
"title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "54966735#3",
"text": "Northern Sector (Data taken from Rogers \"The German Attack at Vimy Ridge\" [2010] pp. 46–47 unless indicated.)",
"title": "Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "1142371#3",
"text": "The 47th Division conducted effective mining operations against Vimy Ridge on 3 May and 15 May 1916, but a German attack on the evening of Sunday 21 May moved forward 800 yards, capturing 1,000 yards of the British front line, and the Division performed badly during a counterattack on 23 May. The 47th Division conducted a carefully planned single battalion raid on the night of 27–8 June, claiming to have killed 300–600 Germans for only 13 British casualties.",
"title": "47th (1/2nd London) Division"
},
{
"docid": "952246#4",
"text": "The ridge fell under German control in October 1914, during the Race to the Sea, as the Franco-British and German forces continually attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France. The French Tenth Army attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and Notre Dame de Lorette. During the attack, the French 1st Moroccan Division briefly captured the height of the ridge, where the Vimy memorial is currently located, but was unable to hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements. The French made another attempt during the Third Battle of Artois in September 1915, but were once again unsuccessful in capturing the top of the ridge. The French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory.",
"title": "Canadian National Vimy Memorial"
},
{
"docid": "54966986#3",
"text": "Vimy Ridge extends from the Scarpe river valley east of Arras for north to the valley of the Souchez river. During the winter of 1915–1916, the German and French troops on the ridge spent much time trying to drain and repair trenches. In the area of the German 17th Reserve Division, long trenches were dug to divert water from the front trenches; in January 1916, about of duckboards were laid by Reserve Infantry Regiment 76 alone. Conditions were so bad in the front line, that soldiers fraternised to alleviate the conditions; on 25 January, the German companies in the line were transferred to prevent it. Conditions became so bad that infantry units were set to work to maintain the troops in the front line. The rains and French mortar fire destroyed German field fortifications almost as fast as they were built. To gain more defensive depth and to mislead the French about German offensive preparations at Verdun, the I Bavarian Reserve Corps (\"General der Infanterie\" Karl von Fasbender) conducted \"Unternehmen Rupprecht\" (Operation Rupprecht), several carefully prepared local attacks.",
"title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "54966735#7",
"text": "25th Division (Data taken from Rogers \"The German Attack at Vimy Ridge\" [2010] p. 47 unless indicated.)",
"title": "Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
},
{
"docid": "54966986#10",
"text": "At on 3 May, the British sprung four mines a little to the north of Ersatz Ave, which formed three big craters. The crater lips, from which the British had excellent observation, were occupied by troops from the 1/21st Battalion, London Regiment (1/21st Battalion) of the 142nd Brigade, 47th (1st London) Division (Major-General Sir Charles Barter) and the 2/3rd London Field Company RE, with casualties of four killed and 18 wounded; the craters were named Momber, Love and Kennedy. On 15 May, the British blew another five mines between White Hart Ave and Angel Ave in the Berthonval sector, under German trenches in an area they had captured in a previous attack. The new craters were swiftly occupied by six parties of the 11th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers and a detachment from the 9th Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire from the 74th Brigade, 25th Division and named the Crosbie Craters. Working parties dug in on the forward edge of the craters, assisted by the 105th Field Company RE and the divisional pioneer battalion, for the loss of 107 casualties. The Germans detonated a mine some distance behind the German front line to site an observation post but did not counter-attack. The Germans bombarded the craters every night and used trench mortars, systematically to obliterate the British defensive positions on the ridge.",
"title": "German attack on Vimy Ridge, 21 May 1916"
}
] |
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] |
2470
|
Does Prime Minister have more power than President?
|
[
{
"docid": "24150#83",
"text": "However, the presidentialisation thesis has been extensively criticised as well. Keith Dowding, for example, argues that British Prime Ministers are already more powerful than the American presidents, as the Prime Minister is part of the legislature, and unlike presidents, can directly initiate legislation. Thus, Dowding argues that adding to these powers, makes the Prime Minister less like presidents, and that what Britain is witnessing is not presidentialisation but, increase in powers overtime, can be best explained as \"Prime Ministerialisation\" of British politics. Regarding the thesis, Dowding writes:",
"title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "516093#3",
"text": "The President's greatest power is their ability to choose the Prime Minister. However, since the Assembly of the Republic has the sole power to dismiss the Prime Minister's government, the Prime Minister named by the President must have the confidence of the majority of the representatives in the assembly, otherwise he or she may face a motion of no confidence. The President has the discretionary power to dissolve parliament when sees it fit (colloquially known as the \"atomic bomb\" in Portugal), and President Sampaio made use of this prerogative in late 2004 to remove the controversial government of Pedro Santana Lopes, despite the absolute majority of deputies supporting the government. In 2003 President Sampaio also intervened to limit the Portuguese participation in the Iraq War - as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces he forbade the deployment of the Portuguese Army in a war that he personally disagreed with, clashing with the then Prime-Minister José Manuel Barroso (128 National Republican Guards were eventually deployed from 2003 to 2005).",
"title": "President of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "40543#12",
"text": "In accordance to Poland's semi-presidential system, most official acts of the presidency require the Prime Minister's countersignature in order to become valid. Through this, the Prime Minister acts as a gatekeeper to the President to certain acts, while also accepting responsibility to the Sejm for the president's actions. This legal relationship, established under the constitution, attaches a significant presidential dependence on the prime minister's signature, arguably enlarging the premier's responsibilities and legal standing. The President, however, does not need the Prime Minister's countersignature for a limited selection of other acts, including the appointment of judges, conferring orders and decorations, appointing a president to the Supreme Court of Poland, exercising pardons, making a referral to the Constitutional Tribunal, or appointing members to the National Broadcasting Council. The presidency's most significant power over the prime minister is the right to veto the government's legislation, but this procedure may be overruled by a three-fifths voting majority in the Sejm.",
"title": "Prime Minister of Poland"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "218751#4",
"text": "On the other hand, while the Prime Minister does not have to ask for vote of confidence after cabinet's formation and they can depend their legitimacy on the President's assignment as Prime Minister and approval of the cabinet, because the National Assembly does have the power to force the resignation of the cabinet by motion of no confidence, the choice of Prime Minister must reflect the will of the majority in the Assembly. For example, right after the legislative election of 1986, President François Mitterrand had to appoint Jacques Chirac Prime Minister although Chirac was a member of the RPR (Rally for the Republic) and therefore a political opponent of Mitterrand. Despite the fact that Mitterrand's own Socialist Party was the largest party in the Assembly, it did not have an absolute majority. The RPR had an alliance with the UDF, which gave them a majority. Such a situation, where the President is forced to work with a Prime Minister who is an opponent, is called a cohabitation.",
"title": "Prime Minister of France"
},
{
"docid": "17775#17",
"text": "Lebanon operates under a strong semi-presidential system. This system is unique in that it grants the president wide unilateral discretion, does not make him accountable to Parliament (unless for treason), yet is elected by the Parliament. The President has the sole power to appoint the Prime Minister, and may dismiss him whenever he wishes (without input from the Chamber of Deputies, which can also force him to resign). In addition, he has the sole authority to form a government (which must then receive a vote-of-confidence from Parliament) and dismiss it when he wishes. This thus makes Lebanon a president-parliamentary system rather than a premier-presidential system (such as France), as the President does not have to cohabitate with a Prime Minister he dislikes.\nThe historical reason for the broad powers of the President are that his powers were merged with those of the French High Commissioner of Greater Lebanon, thus creating an exceptionally powerful presidency for semi-presidential systems.",
"title": "Politics of Lebanon"
},
{
"docid": "384442#4",
"text": "Perhaps the president's greatest power is his or her ability to choose the prime minister. However, the President must nominate the prime minister from among the parliamentary majority after consultation with the parliamentary majority, if an obvious majority exists, and if it does not exist, must nominate a prime minister who has a once renewable 30 day exploratory mandate to form a coalition. The prime minister and cabinet must present their plan of action to the National Assembly, which must approve the government and the plan of action by an absolute majority. Only the National Assembly has the power to dismiss the Prime Minister's government.",
"title": "President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"docid": "63147#3",
"text": "The office of the President of the Executive Council was less powerful than either its modern equivalent, the office of Taoiseach, or the offices of most modern prime ministers in nations that follow the parliamentary system of government. In particular, the powers of the President were subject to two important limitations:The result of these restrictions was, according to Brian Farrell, that the President of the Executive Council was closer to being the Executive Council's chairman or presiding officer, than its dominant leader. Nonetheless a strong president could exercise authority beyond the limits laid down in the 1922 constitution. The president's weak position arose from the fact that the status of his office was modelled on that of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom before 1918. Until 1918, the British prime minister's powers had been theoretically quite limited and, as a member of the cabinet, the office-holder was regarded strictly as \"primus inter pares\". Under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, however, from 1918 onwards, the powers of the office increased, as Lloyd George unilaterally claimed for himself powers that had previously belonged to the Cabinet collectively, including, most dramatically, the right to seek a parliamentary dissolution.",
"title": "President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State"
},
{
"docid": "162772#1",
"text": "Unlike analogous offices in some other nations, such as the Vice President of the United States or the Deputy Prime Minister of Ireland (or Tánaiste), the British deputy prime minister possesses no special constitutional powers as such, though he or she will always have particular responsibilities in government. The DPM does not assume the duties and powers of the Prime Minister in the latter's absence, illness, or death, such as the powers to seek a dissolution of Parliament, appoint peers or brief the sovereign.",
"title": "Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "24110#16",
"text": "A second system is the semi-presidential system, also known as the French model. In this system, as in the parliamentary system, there are both a president and a prime minister; but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. For example, in France, when their party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly, the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by their opponents, however, the president can find themselves marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as cohabitation. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle, are used in France, Portugal, Romania, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and several post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model. In Finland, although the 2000 constitution moved towards a ceremonial presidency, the system is still formally semi-presidential, with the President of Finland retaining e.g. foreign policy and appointment powers. \nThe parliamentary republic, is a parliamentary system in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with either \"de facto\" or no significant executive authority (such as the President of Austria) or \"de jure\" no significant executive power (such as the President of Ireland), and the executive powers rests with the Prime Minister who automatically assumes the post as head of a majority party or coalition, but takes oath of office administered by the president. However, the president is head of the civil service, commander in chief of the armed forces and in some cases can dissolve parliament. Countries using this system include Austria, Armenia, Albania, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta, Pakistan, Singapore.",
"title": "President"
},
{
"docid": "207358#3",
"text": "Before the 1980s cabinets tended to be short-lived: the President was the most important political figure and he had the right to form a new cabinet whenever he wanted. From the 1980s onwards cabinets have tended to serve full terms (although the Prime Minister may have changed midterm in a few cases, most of the other cabinet has remained nearly unchanged) and the Prime Minister has become more powerful a figure than the President. Under the current constitution, the Prime Minister is chosen by the Parliament and only appointed by the President.",
"title": "List of Prime Ministers of Finland"
}
] |
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] |
2471
|
How many First Nations currently exist?
|
[
{
"docid": "386555#60",
"text": "The 2010 United States Census found 2,932,248 Americans who identified themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native, about 0.9% of the US population. The Canada 2011 Census found 1,836,035 Canadians who identified themselves as being First Nations (or Inuit or Métis), about 4.3% of the Canadian population. No consensus exists on how many people lived in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, but extensive research continues to be conducted. Contemporary estimates range from 2.1 million to 18 million people living on the North American continent prior to European colonization, but the US Census Bureau stated in 1894 that North America was an almost empty continent in 1492 and that Indian populations \"could not have exceeded much over 500,000.\"",
"title": "American Indian Wars"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24441714#48",
"text": "The medical journalist Maggie Mahar has criticized the bill for the suggestion that people with pre-existing conditions should be moved into high risk pools run in each state. She points out that existing state-based high risk pools can’t provide affordable coverage for nearly enough of the medically needy who have no other option, and that others have noted how \"high-risk pools have been around for over 30 years and currently exist in 35 states, but they only cover about 207,000 Americans. The biggest barrier to enrollment is cost. High-risk pools are inevitably expensive because all of the enrollees have medical conditions that could potentially result in costly medical bills, which means the pools cannot spread costs across low-risk and high-risk individuals. Despite attempts to cap premium rates, the coverage is still unaffordable for many. In fact, a recent study found that premiums for high-risk pools are unaffordable for about one-third of eligible individuals.\"",
"title": "Empowering Patients First Act"
},
{
"docid": "6955172#1",
"text": "\"The truth is, we have a story worth talking about. We have a history worth celebrating. Long before the first Europeans arrived here, there were some 500 nations already in North America. They blanketed the continent from coast to coast, from Central America to the Arctic. There were tens of millions of people here, speaking over 300 languages. Many of them lived in beautiful cities, among the largest and most advanced in the world. In the coming hours, \"500 Nations\" looks back on those ancient cultures, how they lived, and how many survived... What you're about to see is what happened. It's not all that happened, and it's not always pleasant. We can't change that. We can't turn back the clock. But we can open our eyes and give the first nations of this land the recognition and respect they deserve: their rightful place in the history of the world.\" Kevin Costner",
"title": "500 Nations"
},
{
"docid": "26980935#5",
"text": "The National Center for Charitable Statistics was established on March 15, 1982, as a research division of Independent Sector. Russy Sumariwalla was the first executive director of the National Center for Charitable Statistics. Prior to its establishment, no one knew exactly how many nonprofit organizations existed and how nonprofit organizations were using their donations, and enacting laws and policies related to nonprofit organization was very difficult.",
"title": "National Center for Charitable Statistics"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "14162036#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming). Other names in common use include lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase, dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, lysine forming), epsilon-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine, forming), N6-(glutar-2-yl)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming), 6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and (L-lysine-forming). This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation.",
"title": "Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming)"
},
{
"docid": "3217319#0",
"text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).",
"title": "Ơ"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "39527518#0",
"text": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase (, \"epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:CoM transferase\", \"epoxyalkane:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate transferase\", \"coenzyme M-epoxyalkane ligase\", \"epoxyalkyl:CoM transferase\", \"epoxypropane:coenzyme M transferase\", \"epoxypropyl:CoM transferase\", \"EaCoMT\", \"2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\", \"(R)-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (cyclizing\", \"(R)-1,2-epoxypropane-forming)\") is an enzyme with systematic name \"(R)-(or (S)-)2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming)\". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction",
"title": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase"
}
] |
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2473
|
When was Karl Dietrich Bracher born?
|
[
{
"docid": "1961039#0",
"text": "Karl Dietrich Bracher (13 March 1922 – 19 September 2016) was a German political scientist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Born in Stuttgart, Bracher was awarded a Ph.D. in the classics by the University of Tübingen in 1948 and subsequently studied at Harvard University from 1949 to 1950. During World War II, he served in the Wehrmacht and was captured by the Americans while serving in Tunisia in 1943. He was then held as a POW in Camp Concordia, Kansas. Bracher taught at the Free University of Berlin from 1950 to 1958 and at the University of Bonn since 1959. In 1951 Bracher married Dorothee Schleicher, the niece of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. They had two children.",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1961039#25",
"text": "Bracher emerged as one of the first proponents of the idea of the Federal Republic as a \"post-national democracy\" or what become known as \"constitutional patriotism\", a new definition of what it meant to be German. Bracher argued that in the aftermath of the Third Reich, the traditional German nationalism based on a \"blood-and-soil\" ideology that defined \"Deutschtum\" (Germanness) in racial terms was too morally compromised by its association with Nazism, and the values promoted by the old Prussian-Imperial \"Obrigkeitsstaat\" (authoritarian state) were not suitable for a democratic society, thus requiring something new. Instead, Bracher called for a new German nationalism that defined itself in terms of its commitment to democracy and made upholding the humanist values of the 1949 Basic Law (the constitution) the centerpiece of what it meant to be German. Bracher argued contra the traditional \"national patriotism\" with loyalty to the nation that with \"constitutional patriotism\" the primary loyalty of Germans was to be towards the Basic Law and its values, creating a new sense of German national identity based upon a sense of loyalty to the Basic Law that would to apply to all regardless of sex, religion, skin color or ethnicity. Many supporters of \"national patriotism\" like the historian Hagen Schulze argued Bracher's \"constitutional patriotism\" was too dry and abstract, maintaining that Germans needed a stronger glue than loyalty to the Basic Law to have a sustainable sense of national identity, thus requiring loyalty to the nation. In the 1970s-80s, Bracher published a series of essays calling for \"constitutional patriotism\" and a \"post-national democracy\" that redefined \"Deutschtum\" in terms of republican belonging to a democratic state and rejected the old definitions of the nation-state. Such was the success of Bracher's efforts that many younger Germans starting in the 1980s embraced his idea of \"constitutional patriotism\" as a way of affirming one's pride in being German. In 1989-1990, Bracher welcomed the fall of the East German dictatorship and German reunification. Bracher did not feel the East German SED dictatorship was morally equivalent to the Nazi regime, but he argued that the memory of how awful the Communist regime in East Germany should be preserved to prevent any return to Communism.",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
},
{
"docid": "1961039#7",
"text": "Another well-known book associated with Bracher was the 1960 monograph co-written with Wolfgang Sauer and Gerhard Schulz \"Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung\" (\"The National Socialist Seizure of Power\"), which described in considerable detail the \"Gleichschaltung\" of German life in 1933–1934. In a review of \"Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung\", the American historian Walter Laqueur praised Bracher, Sauer and Schulz for their refusal to engage in apologetics, and willingness to ask tough questions about the conduct of Germans under the Nazi regime. In the same review, Laqueur expressed regret that books like William L. Shirer's \"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\" were best-sellers, while a book like \"Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung\", which Laqueur regarded as infinitely better work of scholarship then Shirer's book was unlikely ever to be translated into English, let alone become a bestseller.",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
},
{
"docid": "1961039#22",
"text": "During the \"Historikerstreit\" (Historians' Dispute) of the 1986–88, Bracher argued in a letter to the editor of \"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung\" published on 6 September 1986 that nothing new was being presented by either side. Bracher wrote that he approved of Joachim Fest's essay “Encumbered Remembrance“ about the moral equivalence of Nazi and Communist crimes, through he remained pointly silent about Fest's support for the theory of Ernst Nolte of a “casual nexus” with German National Socialism as an extreme, but understandable response to Soviet Communism. Bracher argued that \"...the \"totalitarian\" force of these two ideologies [Communism and National Socialism] seized the whole human and seduced and enslaved him\". Bracher accused both Jürgen Habermas and Ernst Nolte of both \"...tabooing the concept of totalitarianism and inflating the formula of fascism\". Bracher complained about the \"politically polarized\" dispute that was blinding historians to the \"comparability\" of Communism and National Socialism Bracher ended his letter by writing that neither National Socialism nor Communism lost none of \"...their respective \"singular\" inhumanity by comparisons. Neither a national nor a socialist apologetic can be supported on that basis\".",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
},
{
"docid": "1961039#11",
"text": "In the 1960s, Bracher was a leading critic of the theory of generic fascism presented by Ernst Nolte. Bracher criticized the entire notion of generic fascism as intellectually invalid and argued that it was individual choice on the part of Germans as opposed to Nolte's philosophical view of the \"metapolitical\" that produced National Socialism. Bracher's \"magnum opus\", his 1969 book \"Die deutsche Diktatur\" (\"The German Dictatorship\") was partly written to rebut Nolte's theory of generic fascism, and instead presented a picture of the National Socialist dictatorship as a totalitarian regime created and sustained by human actions. In \"Die deutsche Diktatur\", Bracher rejected theories of generic fascism, and instead used totalitarianism theory and the methods of the social sciences to explain Nazi Germany. As an advocate of history as a social science, Bracher took a strong dislike to Nolte's philosophical theories of generic fascism. In a 1971 review, the American historian Lucy Dawidowicz called \"The German Dictatorship\" \"...a work of unparalleled distinction, combing the most scrupulous objectivity with a passionate commitment to the democratic ethos\". In 1989, the British historian Richard J. Evans called \"The German Dictatorship\" a \"valuable\" book",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
},
{
"docid": "84199#2",
"text": "Bonhoeffer was born on 4 February 1906 in Breslau, Germany into a large family. In addition to his other siblings, Dietrich had a twin sister, Sabine Bonhoeffer Leibholz: he and Sabine were the sixth and seventh children out of eight. His father was psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Bonhoeffer, noted for his criticism of Sigmund Freud, and his mother Paula Bonhoeffer, née von Hase, was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and painter Stanislaus Kalckreuth. His oldest brother Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer became a chemist, and, along with Paul Harteck, discovered the spin isomers of hydrogen in 1929. Walter Bonhoeffer, the second born of the Bonhoeffer family, was killed in action during World War I, when the twins were 12. The third Bonhoeffer child, Klaus, was a lawyer until he was executed for his involvement in the 20 July plot. Both of Bonhoeffer's older sisters, Ursula Bonhoeffer Schleicher and Christel Bonhoeffer von Dohnanyi, married men who were eventually executed by the Nazis. Christel was imprisoned by the Nazis but survived. Sabine and their youngest sister Susanne Bonhoeffer Dress each married men who survived Nazism. His cousin Karl-Günther von Hase was the German Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1977.",
"title": "Dietrich Bonhoeffer"
},
{
"docid": "1961039#1",
"text": "Bracher was mainly concerned with the problems of preserving and developing democracy. Bracher was consistent in all his works in arguing for the value of human rights, pluralism and constitutional values, together with urging that Germans align themselves with the democratic values of the West. He saw democracy as a frail institution and has argued that only a concerned citizenry can guarantee it. This theme began with Bracher's first book in 1948, \"Verfall und Fortschritt im Denken der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit\" which concerned the downfall of the Roman Republic and the rise of Augustus. His 1955 book \"Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik\" (\"The Disintegration of the Weimar Republic\") is his best known book, in which he ascribed the collapse of German democracy not to the \"Sonderweg\" (\"special path\" of German historical development) or other impersonal forces but to human action that followed conscious choice. In that book, Bracher rejected not only the \"Sonderweg\" thesis, but also the Marxist theory of National Socialism as the result of a capitalist \"conspiracy\", the theory that the Treaty of Versailles caused the collapse of the Weimar Republic, and the view that the Nazi dictatorship was simply the work of \"fate\". Bracher's methodology in \"Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik\" involving a mixture of political science and history was considered to be highly innovative and controversial in the 1950s. The German historian Eberhard Kolb wrote \"Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik\" was \"still unsurpassed as a work of research\" on the end of the Weimar Republic. Bracher wrote that though almost all Germans rejected the Treaty of Versailles, this dislike of Versailles had nothing with do with the coming of \"presidential government\" in March 1930 or rise of the Nazi Party starting with the September 1930 \"Reichstag\" election. Furthermore, Bracher wrote that under Weimar, the judicial system had already politicized as the judges, almost all of whom had begun their careers in the Imperial era, had a tendency to impose very lenient sentences for political crimes done in the name of the right. In \"Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik\", Bracher wrote the judiciary was in part responsible for the collapse of the Weimar republic, \"contributing to its overthrow by authoritarian and totalitarian movements.\"",
"title": "Karl Dietrich Bracher"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "37861574#1",
"text": "Breer was born in Los Angeles, California, on 8 November 1883. He was from German ancestry. His father came from a village of the Hartz Mountains in Germany, while his mother came from a village of the Black Forest. Breer was the youngest of 9 children in the family. He had 2 sisters and 6 brothers. His father's name was Louis (b. 1828). His mother's name was Julia (b. 1840).",
"title": "Carl Breer"
}
] |
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] |
2474
|
Who introduced the concept of complex numbers?
|
[
{
"docid": "5826#4",
"text": "The complex numbers give rise to the fundamental theorem of algebra: every non-constant polynomial equation with complex coefficients has a complex solution. This property is true of the complex numbers, but not the reals. The 16th century Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is credited with introducing complex numbers in his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations.",
"title": "Complex number"
},
{
"docid": "14554#3",
"text": "Although Greek mathematician and engineer Heron of Alexandria is noted as the first to have conceived these numbers, Rafael Bombelli first set down the rules for multiplication of complex numbers in 1572. The concept had appeared in print earlier, for instance in work by Gerolamo Cardano. At the time imaginary numbers, as well as negative numbers, were poorly understood and regarded by some as fictitious or useless, much as zero once was. Many other mathematicians were slow to adopt the use of imaginary numbers, including René Descartes, who wrote about them in his \"La Géométrie\", where the term \"imaginary\" was used and meant to be derogatory. The use of imaginary numbers was not widely accepted until the work of Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) and Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855). The geometric significance of complex numbers as points in a plane was first described by Caspar Wessel (1745–1818).",
"title": "Imaginary number"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21690#72",
"text": "In 1850 Victor Alexandre Puiseux took the key step of distinguishing between poles and branch points, and introduced the concept of essential singular points. This eventually led to the concept of the extended complex plane.",
"title": "Number"
},
{
"docid": "19629934#0",
"text": "The Oedipus complex (also spelled Œdipus complex) is a concept of psychoanalytic theory. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept in his \"Interpretation of Dreams\" (1899) and coined the expression in his \"A Special Type of Choice of Object made by Men\" (1910). The positive Oedipus complex refers to a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and hatred for the same-sex parent. The negative Oedipus complex refers to a child's unconscious sexual desire for the same-sex parent and hatred for the opposite-sex parent. Freud considered that the child's identification with the same-sex parent is the successful outcome of the complex and that unsuccessful outcome of the complex might lead to neurosis, pedophilia, and homosexuality.",
"title": "Oedipus complex"
},
{
"docid": "5826#129",
"text": "A further source of confusion was that the equation formula_135 seemed to be capriciously inconsistent with the algebraic identity formula_136, which is valid for non-negative real numbers and , and which was also used in complex number calculations with one of , positive and the other negative. The incorrect use of this identity (and the related identity formula_137) in the case when both and are negative even bedeviled Euler. This difficulty eventually led to the convention of using the special symbol in place of to guard against this mistake. Even so, Euler considered it natural to introduce students to complex numbers much earlier than we do today. In his elementary algebra text book, Elements of Algebra, he introduces these numbers almost at once and then uses them in a natural way throughout.",
"title": "Complex number"
},
{
"docid": "5826#5",
"text": "Geometrically, complex numbers extend the concept of the one-dimensional number line to the two-dimensional complex plane by using the horizontal axis for the real part and the vertical axis for the imaginary part. The complex number can be identified with the point in the complex plane. A complex number whose real part is zero is said to be purely imaginary; the points for these numbers lie on the vertical axis of the complex plane. A complex number whose imaginary part is zero can be viewed as a real number; its point lies on the horizontal axis of the complex plane. Complex numbers can also be represented in polar form, which associates each complex number with its distance from the origin (its magnitude) and with a particular angle known as the argument of this complex number.",
"title": "Complex number"
},
{
"docid": "893559#31",
"text": "The use of split-complex numbers dates back to 1848 when James Cockle revealed his tessarines. William Kingdon Clifford used split-complex numbers to represent sums of spins. Clifford introduced the use of split-complex numbers as coefficients in a quaternion algebra now called split-biquaternions. He called its elements \"motors\", a term in parallel with the \"rotor\" action of an ordinary complex number taken from the circle group. Extending the analogy, functions of a motor variable contrast to functions of an ordinary complex variable.",
"title": "Split-complex number"
},
{
"docid": "450541#40",
"text": "Zero-knowledge proofs were first conceived in 1985 by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in their paper \"The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems\". This paper introduced the IP hierarchy of interactive proof systems (\"see interactive proof system\") and conceived the concept of \"knowledge complexity\", a measurement of the amount of knowledge about the proof transferred from the prover to the verifier. They also gave the first zero-knowledge proof for a concrete problem, that of deciding quadratic nonresidues mod \"m\" (this more or less means that there isn't any number \"x\" where formula_86 is \"equivalent\" to some given number). Together with a paper by László Babai and Shlomo Moran, this landmark paper invented interactive proof systems, for which all five authors won the first Gödel Prize in 1993.",
"title": "Zero-knowledge proof"
},
{
"docid": "7787730#7",
"text": "Muses also envisioned a mathematical number concept, Musean hypernumbers, that includes hypercomplex number algebras such as complex numbers and split-complex numbers as primitive types. He assigned them levels based on certain arithmetical properties they may possess. While many open questions remain, in particular about defining relations of these levels, Muses pictured a wide range of applicability for this concept. Some of these are based on properties of magic squares, and even related to religious belief. He believed that these hypernumbers were central to issues of consciousness.",
"title": "Charles Musès"
},
{
"docid": "5826#136",
"text": "The common terms used in the theory are chiefly due to the founders. Argand called formula_140 the \"direction factor\", and formula_141 the \"modulus\"; Cauchy (1828) called formula_140 the \"reduced form\" (l'expression réduite) and apparently introduced the term \"argument\"; Gauss used for formula_143, introduced the term \"complex number\" for , and called the \"norm\". The expression \"direction coefficient\", often used for formula_140, is due to Hankel (1867), and \"absolute value,\" for \"modulus,\" is due to Weierstrass.",
"title": "Complex number"
}
] |
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2475
|
Which country is the largest producer of wine?
|
[
{
"docid": "37584#1",
"text": "In 2014, the five largest producers of wine in the world were, in order, Italy, Spain, and France. (see list of wine-producing countries for a complete rank).\nThe following is a list of the top wine-producing countries and their volume of wine production for the year 2014 in metric tonnes, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which is an agency of the United Nations; this is the latest information available from the FAO.",
"title": "List of wine-producing regions"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6030443#0",
"text": "Romania is one of the world's largest wine producers and sixth largest among European wine-producing countries. In 2015 it produced around 4.069 million hectolitres of wine. In recent years, Romania has attracted many European business people and wine buyers, due to the affordable prices of both vineyards and wines compared to other wine-producing nations such as France, Germany, and Italy.",
"title": "Romanian wine"
},
{
"docid": "20311611#0",
"text": "The Argentina Wine Route (Spanish: Ruta del Vino) is an enotourism belt in Argentina that covers approximately and traverses several provinces and wine producing regions of varying altitudes and geographical features. Argentina has an estimated 2,000 wineries, many of which now offer vineyard and winery tours, as well as hospitality accommodations for the country's growing number of wine related tourists. Argentina is the largest producer of wine in South America, and the 5th largest producer of wine in the world.",
"title": "Argentina Wine Route"
},
{
"docid": "4371178#0",
"text": "Spanish wines () are wines produced in Spain. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 2.9 million acres (over 1.17 million hectares) planted—making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation but it is the third largest producer of wine in the world, the largest being Italy followed by France. This is due, in part, to the very low yields and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry, infertile soil found in many Spanish wine regions. The country is ninth in worldwide consumptions with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.706 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native grape varieties, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain though 80 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes—including the reds Tempranillo, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites Albariño from Galicia, Palomino, Airen, and Macabeo; and the three cava grapes Parellada, Xarel·lo, and Macabeo.",
"title": "Spanish wine"
},
{
"docid": "11953901#7",
"text": "There are more than 200 wineries in Texas, producing around 4,100 tons of wine, making it the fourth-largest wine producing state in the nation. That puts Texas behind California, New York, and Washington respectively. The University of Texas System is the largest wine producer in the state with over planted near Fort Stockton in West Texas. First established as an experimental vineyard in 1987, the university leases the land to a group of Bordeaux wine makers who produce two labels-Ste. Genevieve and Escondido Valley. The second largest winery is Llano Estacado Winery.\nMany of the wineries offer tastings. The experience of having tastings is quite different to what one experiences in different European wine producing countries. This may have to do with culture and the relatively young age of the industry in Texas (noting the statement in the History section.",
"title": "Texas wine"
},
{
"docid": "22576748#10",
"text": "Albania is the 42nd largest producer of wine in the world. The country has one of Europe`s longest history of viticulture and belongs chronologically to the old world of wine producing countries. The most important wine regions of the country are located in the center but also the mountainous areas in the north, east and south. Following the end of communism in the 20th century, the development and fortunes of the Albanian wine industry were deeply influenced by the economic influences of the country.",
"title": "Agriculture in Albania"
},
{
"docid": "4173662#0",
"text": "American wine has been produced for over 300 years. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 89 percent of all US wine. The United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.",
"title": "American wine"
},
{
"docid": "2866516#1",
"text": "In 2014, Moldova was the twentieth largest wine producing country in the world. Most of the country's commercial wine production is for export; 67 million bottles of wine are exported annually, including to Poland, Romania, Russia and United States.",
"title": "Moldovan wine"
},
{
"docid": "6030443#4",
"text": "Romania has about 187,000 hectares of vine plantations; that ranks it on sixth place between the European wine-producing countries. With a wine production of about 4.5 million hl/year, Romania is the thirteenth largest wine-producing country in the world.",
"title": "Romanian wine"
},
{
"docid": "521306#1",
"text": "A large number of French people immigrated to Chile during the late 20th century, bringing more vinicultural knowledge to the country. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines in the world, and the seventh largest producer. The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenère. So far Chile has remained free of the phylloxera louse, which means that the country's grapevines do not need to be grafted with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.",
"title": "Chilean wine"
}
] |
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] |
2477
|
How long was The Secret of Monkey Island in production?
|
[
{
"docid": "80981#15",
"text": "\"The Secret of Monkey Island\" ultimately cost $200,000 to produce, and was developed over nine months.",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "80981#8",
"text": "Ron Gilbert conceived the idea of a pirate adventure game in 1988, after completing \"Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders\". He first wrote story ideas about pirates while spending the weekend at a friend's house. Gilbert experimented with introductory paragraphs to find a satisfactory idea. His initial story featured unnamed villains that would eventually become LeChuck and Elaine; Guybrush was absent at this point. He pitched it to Lucasfilm Games's staff as a series of short stories. Gilbert's idea was warmly received, but production was postponed because Lucasfilm Games assigned its designers, including Gilbert, to \"\". Development of \"The Last Crusade\" was finished in 1989, which allowed Gilbert to begin production of \"The Secret of Monkey Island\", then known internally under the working title \"Mutiny on Monkey Island\".",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "23049623#1",
"text": "Players assume the role of pirate Guybrush Threepwood, who—while attempting to destroy his nemesis, the undead pirate LeChuck—accidentally releases a voodoo pox across the Gulf of Melange. With the assistance of his wife, Elaine, Guybrush seeks out a cure. The game was conceived in late 2008, due to renewed interest in adventure game development within LucasArts. It was developed concurrently with LucasArts' special edition of the 1990 title \"The Secret of Monkey Island\"; LucasArts oversaw production of \"Tales of Monkey Island\", and ensured that it matched the remake in certain areas, such as art direction. Production began in early 2009; franchise creator Ron Gilbert was involved in project planning, while development was led by Dave Grossman, who co-designed the first two \"Monkey Island\" games. The game's music was composed by Michael Land, and the core cast of \"The Curse of Monkey Island\" reprised their voice roles.",
"title": "Tales of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "80981#17",
"text": "LucasArts's game producer Craig Derrick and his team conceived the idea of the remake in 2008. After researching the \"Monkey Island\" series' history, they decided to make \"something fresh and new while staying true to the original\", which resulted in the idea of \"The Secret of Monkey Island\" remake. The developers tried to leave much of the original design unchanged. Any changes were intended to achieve the level of immersion desired for the original. To that end, they added details like a pirate ship or pirates talking in the background of scenes. While the team considered the SCUMM interface revolutionary at the time, LucasArts community manager Brooks Brown noted that it is incompatible with an analog stick, which most consoles use. The designers made the cursor contextual to the game objects as the primary interface. Brown had considered updating the reference to advertise \"\" because \"Loom\" was not on the market at the time, but concluded that the game would not be the same if such changes were implemented. Prior to the \"Special Edition\" release, however, LucasArts announced that \"Loom\", along with other games from its back catalog, would be made available on Steam. Brown stated that the decision to distribute the game online was because \"digital downloads have finally gotten going\".\n\"The Secret of Monkey Island\" received positive reviews from critics. According to Gilbert, it \"sold well\" but was \"never a big hit\". Grossman later summarized that the game's sales were \"north of 100,000, far south of 1 million\". According to \"Next Generation\", \"The Secret of Monkey Island\" was a \"relatively minor hit\" in the United States, but the game and its sequel became \"blockbusters on the PC and the Amiga throughout Europe.\"",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "80981#23",
"text": "\"The Secret of Monkey Island\" spawned four sequels. The first, \"\", was released in 1991 and focuses on LeChuck's return. Six years later, LucasArts released \"The Curse of Monkey Island\", which features a new visual design. In 2000, the company released \"Escape from Monkey Island\", which uses the GrimE engine of \"Grim Fandango\" to produce 3D graphics. The next title, \"Tales of Monkey Island\" released in 2009, is a series of five episodic chapters.",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "80981#16",
"text": "LucasArts released a remake with updated audiovisuals titled \"The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition\" in July 2009 for iPhone, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360 exclusively via digital distribution. PlayStation 3, macOS and iPad versions followed early in 2010 for download on their respective services. LucasArts confirmed the game's development on June 1, 2009; rumors appeared several days earlier when the Xbox 360 version of the game received an USK rating. The game was first displayed to the public at the 2009 E3 in June. The remake features hand-drawn visuals with more detail, a remastered musical score, voice work for characters, and a hint system. The developers included the function to switch between 2009 and original audiovisuals at will. The voice actors included Dominic Armato as Guybrush Threepwood and Earl Boen as LeChuck; most had provided voice work in sequels to \"The Secret of Monkey Island\".",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "357020#7",
"text": "\"The Secret of Monkey Island\" is the first game in the \"Monkey Island\" series and was released in 1990. The game, noted for its greater use of witty humor over previous titles, was designed by Ron Gilbert, Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer. The concept itself was pioneered by Gilbert. Following the deviation in gameplay in \"Loom\", \"The Secret of Monkey Island\" returned to similar point-and click gameplay featured in \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". The SCUMM engine was again upgraded for the title. Set in the Caribbean in the Golden Age of Piracy, the game introduced Guybrush Threepwood, a hapless amateur pirate. The game's MIDI music soundtrack was the first to feature work by Michael Land. The added a new CD-audio music soundtrack, and updated the game's graphical user interface.",
"title": "LucasArts adventure games"
},
{
"docid": "18078680#21",
"text": "The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition was the first game to be released on InstantAction's embed-tech platform. The game is an enhanced remake of The Secret of Monkey Island developed by LucasArts. It was originally released on July 15, 2009 for the PC, Xbox Live Arcade and iPhone/iPod touch. On April 29, 2010 InstantAction released a 20-minute demo of the game to show off the companies new embed technology, along with the option to buy the full game for $9.99.",
"title": "InstantAction"
},
{
"docid": "80981#1",
"text": "The game was conceived in 1988 by Lucasfilm employee Ron Gilbert, who designed it with Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman. Gilbert's frustrations with contemporary adventure titles led him to make the player character's death almost impossible, which meant that gameplay focused the game on exploration. The atmosphere was based on that of the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park ride. \"The Secret of Monkey Island\" was the fifth game built with the SCUMM engine, which was heavily modified to include a more user-friendly interface.",
"title": "The Secret of Monkey Island"
},
{
"docid": "23049623#13",
"text": "Following hints by Telltale Games that they would soon announce a major new series, \"Tales of Monkey Island\" was unveiled at the June 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Its roughly 50 person development team was headed by Dave Grossman, who co-designed the first two \"Monkey Island\" games. \"Escape from Monkey Island\" and \"Sam & Max Hit the Road\" co-designer Michael Stemmle contributed design and story writing, in collaboration with Mark Darin and Sean Vanaman. Series creator Ron Gilbert was involved in brainstorm sessions for the game, but did not have a large role in its development; however, the development team asserted that Gilbert's \"thumbprints are all over [the game]\". \"Tales of Monkey Island\" counterparts a LucasArts-developed enhanced remake of \"The Secret of Monkey Island\". On his blog, Gilbert wrote that he was \"very excited\" for both Telltale's adaptation and LucasArts' reimagining of the original game, and stated that \"it's strange and humbling to see something you created 20 years ago take on a life of its own\".",
"title": "Tales of Monkey Island"
}
] |
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