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2167
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What are the types of clouds?
|
[
{
"docid": "47515#22",
"text": "High clouds form at altitudes of in the polar regions, in the temperate regions and in the tropics. All cirriform clouds are classified as high and thus constitute a single genus \"cirrus\" (Ci). Stratocumuliform and stratiform clouds in the high altitude range carry the prefix \"cirro-\", yielding the respective genus names \"cirrocumulus\" (Cc) and \"cirrostratus\" (Cs). When limited-resolution satellite images of high clouds are analysed without supporting data from direct human observations, it becomes impossible to distinguish between individual forms or genus types, which are then collectively identified as \"high-type\" (or informally as \"cirrus-type\" even though not all high clouds are of the cirrus form or genus).Non-vertical clouds in the middle level are prefixed by \"alto-\", yielding the genus names \"altocumulus\" (Ac) for stratocumuliform types and \"altostratus\" (As) for stratiform types. These clouds can form as low as above surface at any latitude, but may be based as high as near the poles, at mid latitudes, and in the tropics. As with high clouds, the main genus types are easily identified by the human eye, but it is not possible to distinguish between them using satellite photography. Without the support of human observations, these clouds are usually collectively identified as \"middle-type\" on satellite images.\nLow clouds are found from near surface up to . Genus types in this level either have no prefix or carry one that refers to a characteristic other than altitude. Clouds that form in the low level of the troposphere are generally of larger structure than those that form in the middle and high levels, so they can usually be identified by their forms and genus types using satellite photography alone.",
"title": "Cloud"
},
{
"docid": "1461163#0",
"text": "The list of cloud types groups the tropospheric types as \"high\" (cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus), \"middle\" (altocumulus, altostratus), \"multi-level\" (nimbostratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus), and \"low\" (stratocumulus, stratus) according to the altitude level or levels at which each cloud is normally found. Small cumulus are commonly grouped with the low clouds because they do not show significant vertical extent. Of the multi-level genus-types, those with the greatest convective activity are often grouped separately as \"towering vertical\". The genus types all have Latin names.",
"title": "List of cloud types"
},
{
"docid": "47532#1",
"text": "Cumulus clouds are often precursors of other types of clouds, such as cumulonimbus, when influenced by weather factors such as instability, moisture, and temperature gradient. Normally, cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation, but they can grow into the precipitation-bearing congestus or cumulonimbus clouds. Cumulus clouds can be formed from water vapor, supercooled water droplets, or ice crystals, depending upon the ambient temperature. They come in many distinct subforms, and generally cool the earth by reflecting the incoming solar radiation. Cumulus clouds are part of the larger category of free-convective cumuliform clouds, which include cumulonimbus clouds. The latter genus-type is sometimes categorized separately as cumulonimbiform due to its more complex structure that often includes a cirriform or anvil top. There are also cumuliform clouds of limited convection that comprise stratocumulus (low-étage), altocumulus (middle-étage) and cirrocumulus (high-étage). These last three genus-types are sometimes classified separately as stratocumuliform.",
"title": "Cumulus cloud"
},
{
"docid": "1461163#33",
"text": "Clouds of the genus stratus form in low horizontal layers having a ragged or uniform base. Ragged stratus often forms in precipitation while more uniform stratus forms in maritime or other moist stable air mass conditions. The latter often produces drizzle. Stratus that touches the Earth's surface is given the common name, fog, rather than a Latin name that applies only to clouds that form and remain aloft in the troposphere.\"Cloud types are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted\".\nThe division of genus types into species is as shown in the following table. The species are sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or vertical extent. The genus types are arranged from top to bottom in the same ascending order of instability within each étage. (1)=Stratiform types, (2)=Cirriform types, (3)=Stratocumuliform types, (4)=Cumuliform types, (5)=Cumulonimbiform types.\nVert=Vertical or multi-level, MV=Moderate or deep vertical, TV=Towering vertical.",
"title": "List of cloud types"
},
{
"docid": "9419#14",
"text": "Another method considered for producing the warm polar temperatures were polar stratospheric clouds. Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low temperatures. Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing. Due to their minimal albedo properties and their optical thickness, polar stratospheric clouds act similar to a greenhouse gas and traps outgoing longwave radiation. Different types of polar stratospheric clouds occur in the atmosphere: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric or sulfuric acid and water (Type I) or polar stratospheric clouds that are created with only water ice (Type II).",
"title": "Eocene"
},
{
"docid": "43420826#12",
"text": "The intermediate layers of the troposphere are the regions with less influence of human activity. This region is far enough from the surface for not being affected by the surface emissions. Additionally, commercial and military flights only cross this region during ascending or descending maneuvers. Moreover, in this region there exist two types of clouds with a large horizontal extension: \"Nimbostratus\" and \"Altostratus\", which cannot originate from human activity. Consequently, it is assumed that there are no anthropic clouds of these two \"genera\". However, what can occur is enhancing existing \"Nimbostratus\" or \"Altostratus\" due to the additional water vapor or condensation nuclei emitted by a thermal power plant, for instance.",
"title": "Anthropogenic cloud"
},
{
"docid": "11194583#10",
"text": "Above or below the circle for manned stations (automatic stations do not report cloud types) that indicates sky cover can lie one or more symbols indicating cloud types in any of the low, middle, and high-étages for tropospheric clouds. One predominant cloud type may be depicted for each of three étages, if known. The middle and high-étage types are depicted above the sky cover circle of the station model, while the main low-étage cloud type is indicated below the circle. Since the station model has limited room, it makes no special provision for vertical or multi-level clouds that can occupy more than one étage at a particular time. Consequently, cloud genera with significant vertical development may be coded and plotted as low or middle depending on the altitude at which they normally form. Cumulus and cumulonimbus usually form in the low étage of the troposphere and achieve vertical extent by growing upward into the middle or high étage. Conversely, nimbostratus usually forms in the middle étage of the troposphere and becomes vertically developed by growing downward into the low étage. Although the SYNOP code has no separate formal group classification for vertical or multi-level clouds, the observer procedure for selecting numerical codes is designed to give high reporting priority to those genera or species that show significant vertical development.",
"title": "Station model"
},
{
"docid": "166737#5",
"text": "Under Luke Howard's first systematized study of clouds, carried out in France in 1802, three general cloud \"forms\" were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation: \"cirriform,\" \"cumiliform\" and \"stratiform.\" These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude. In addition to these three main types, Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together: \"cumulostratus,\" a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers, and \"nimbus,\" a complex blending of cirriform, cumuliform, and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation.",
"title": "Nimbostratus cloud"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47530#3",
"text": "Clouds form when the dewpoint of water is reached in the presence of condensation nuclei in the troposphere. The atmosphere is a dynamic system, and the local conditions of turbulence, uplift and other parameters give rise to many types of clouds. Various types of cloud occur frequently enough to have been categorized. Furthermore, some atmospheric processes can make the clouds organize in distinct patterns such as wave clouds or actinoform clouds. These are large-scale structures and are not always readily identifiable from a single point of view.",
"title": "Cumulonimbus cloud"
},
{
"docid": "2006113#6",
"text": "There are three main types of tag cloud applications in social software, distinguished by their meaning rather than appearance. In the first type, there is a tag for the frequency of each item, whereas in the second type, there are global tag clouds where the frequencies are aggregated over all items and users. In the third type, the cloud contains categories, with size indicating number of subcategories.",
"title": "Tag cloud"
}
] |
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] |
2168
|
What was the first company to drill for oil in Venezuela?
|
[
{
"docid": "16852238#4",
"text": "Despite the knowledge of the existence of oil reserves in Venezuela for centuries, the first oil wells of significance were not drilled until the early 1910s. In 1908, Juan Vicente Gómez replaced his ailing predecessor, Cipriano Castro, as the president of Venezuela. Over the next few years, Gómez granted several concessions to explore, produce, and refine oil. Most of these oil concessions were granted to his closest friends, and they in turn passed them on to foreign oil companies that could actually develop them. One such concession was granted to Rafael Max Valladares who hired Caribbean Petroleum Company (later acquired by Royal Dutch Shell) to carry out his oil exploration project. On 15 April 1914, upon the completion of the (now called MG-I) oil well, the first Venezuelan oilfield of importance, , was discovered by Caribbean Petroleum in the Maracaibo Basin. This major discovery encouraged a massive wave of foreign oil companies to Venezuela in an attempt to get a piece of the action.",
"title": "History of the Venezuelan oil industry"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2711343#3",
"text": "In 1933, the company was the first to use a reflection seismograph to help with finding hydrocarbons. The company was also a \"pioneer\" in deep offshore drilling. The first independent to drill offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and the first to find commercial deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, in 1938, the company constructed the first offshore oil platform off the coast of Louisiana in cooperation with Pure Oil, another independent producer. In the Gulf, Superior set consecutive records for the deepest-drilled well. The company also became the largest independent oil producer in the United States, and according to author Kevin Krajick, Keck \"practically ran the oil-rich nation of Venezuela.\"",
"title": "Superior Oil Company"
},
{
"docid": "2711343#0",
"text": "Superior Oil Company (1921–1984) was an independent American oil company that is now part of ExxonMobil. Founded in 1921 in Coalinga, California, by William Myron Keck, Superior Oil began as a drilling contracting firm and grew into the exploration and production of oil and natural gas. In 1930 the company was the first to successfully use directional drilling in California. Moving to Houston, Texas, by 1931 the company had wells in Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Louisiana and Venezuela. In 1938, the company constructed the first offshore oil platform off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. In the 1970s, Superior Oil was involved in the oil shale industry developing the Superior multimineral process. In September 1984 the company, then based in Houston, became a wholly owned subsidiary of Mobil.",
"title": "Superior Oil Company"
},
{
"docid": "2711343#2",
"text": "The Superior Oil Company was founded in 1921 in Coalinga, California, by Keck, after he had accumulated enough leases to start his own firm. Superior Oil began as a drilling contracting firm and grew into other oil services including exploration and production of oil and natural gas. The company soon focused on the exploration and production of oil and gas, and was involved with a number of new methods. In 1930 the company was the first to successfully use directional drilling in California. Keck was one of the first oilmen to move his business to Houston, Texas, and by 1931, the company had wells in Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Louisiana and Venezuela.",
"title": "Superior Oil Company"
},
{
"docid": "28266720#9",
"text": "In 2009, China entered into a partnership with Venezuela to launch a railway company in Venezuela which will be 40% controlled by the China Railways Engineering Corporation (CREC) and the remainder by Venezuela. Venezuela outlined the role of the venture as one which would link Venezuela's oil producing regions and agricultural farming areas. In September 2009 Venezuela announced a new $16bn deal with China to drill for oil in a joint venture with PDVSA to produce of extra heavy crude. Hugo Chavez stated that \"In addition, there will be a flood of technology into the country, with China going to build drilling platforms, oil rigs, railroads, houses.\". In September 2013, China decided to lend $50bn over 5 years to finance 201 housing projects in Venezuela.",
"title": "China–Venezuela relations"
},
{
"docid": "25184863#7",
"text": "The area was worked initially in 1885, followed by Ventura County Power Company drilling 7 shallow gas wells in 1903. While they reached depths of between 400 and , it is not known if they produced oil. In May 1916 the first commercially viable well, No. \"Lloyd\" 1, was drilled by State Consolidated Oil Company to a depth of 2,555 feet. Initial production consisted of 100 barrels a day. Shell Oil drilled the first well into what is now known as the 2nd Pool, in the Pico Formation, in March 1919, reaching a depth of .",
"title": "Ventura Oil Field"
},
{
"docid": "6896458#36",
"text": "Despite diplomatic protests from Venezuela, the government of Guyana awarded the American oil corporation Exxon a license to drill for oil in the disputed maritime area in early 2015. In May the government of Guyana announced that Exxon had indeed found promising results in their first round of drilling on the so-called Stabroek Block, an area offshore the Guayana Esequiba territory with a size of . The company announced that further drillings would take place in the coming months to better evaluate the potential of the oil field. Venezuela responded to the declaration with a decree issued on 27 May 2015, including the maritime area in dispute in its national marine protection sphere, thus extending the area that the Venezuelan Navy controls into the disputed area. This in turn caused the government of Guyana to summon the Venezuelan ambassador for further explanation. The tensions have further intensified since and Guyana withdrew the operating license of Conviasa, the Venezuelan national airline, stranding a plane and passengers in Georgetown.",
"title": "Guayana Esequiba"
},
{
"docid": "2711577#5",
"text": "In 1933, under Keck the company was the first to use a reflection seismograph to help with finding hydrocarbons. Keck was a \"pioneer\" in deep offshore drilling, and in 1938, the company constructed the first offshore oil platform off the coast of Louisiana. The first independent to drill offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, he was the first to find commercial deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, where he set consecutive records for the deepest-drilled well. Running his company like a \"one-man machine,\" he kept control of the company's stock after it went public. The company also became the largest independent oil producer in the United States. According to author Kevin Krajick, Keck also \"practically ran the oil-rich nation of Venezuela.\" Keck was an active stalwart of the oil lobby politically, in part through his attorney Harold Morton and lobbyist Monroe Butler. Upon his death in 1964, his son William M. Keck Jr. became Superior's chief executive officer, followed by leadership from his second son Howard. He served as chairman of Superior. At one point, his fortune was estimated at $160 million, and at the time of his death, he and his family owned 51 per cent of Superior's shares.",
"title": "William Myron Keck"
},
{
"docid": "2133976#1",
"text": "He then began highly profitable oil operations in Tampico, Mexico's \"golden belt\", drilling the first well in the nation in 1901. He expanded operations during the Mexican Revolution, and opened large new oil fields in Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela). His holdings developed as the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, one of the largest oil companies in the world in the 1920s.",
"title": "Edward L. Doheny"
},
{
"docid": "3896816#2",
"text": "He moved to Alberta in the fall of 1950 and founded Peter Bawden Drilling in 1952 shortly after his arrival in Calgary. In 1960, at the age of 31, Peter Bawden’s first drilling rig struck oil. With its acquisition of Trident Drilling, Bawden Drilling became Canada’s largest drilling company. In 1968, Peter Bawden Drilling acquired Brown Drilling in California. Thereafter, as a land drilling contractor, Bawden expanded the company's on-shore operations throughout North America, from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, to Norway, Algeria, Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Madagascar, and the Middle East. Eventually having operations on every continent in the world.",
"title": "Peter Bawden"
}
] |
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] |
2169
|
Is it possible to be white and latino?
|
[
{
"docid": "9475242#16",
"text": "The U.S. Hispanic media and the Latin American media are over represented by White Hispanic and Latino Americans and White Latin Americans, very often blond and blue-eyed, or green-eyed, particularly in \"telenovelas\" (soap operas). There tends to be an under-representation of non-white Hispanic and Latino Americans and non-white Latin Americans, amid claims that telenovelas, in particular, do not fully reflect the racial diversity of Hispanic and Latino Americans. For example, in the 2005 U.S. Hispanic telenovela \"Olvidarte Jamas\", white, blond, and blue-eyed Venezuelan American actress Sonya Smith portrayed Luisa Dominguez who is a poor mestiza woman; the actress had to wear a black wig to hide her obvious Caucasian appearance. Sonya Smith, however, was the first Hispanic actor to portray a Hispanic without stereotypical perception (portrayed as blond and blue-eyed Hispanic, not a Hispanic mestiza nor mulatta nor Mediterranean-looking Hispanic) in a Hollywood film \"Hunted by Night\", an English-language movie with an all-Hispanic cast.",
"title": "White Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "40901730#5",
"text": "Hispanic or Latino was the most commonly reported race or ethnic group in California other than White. Hispanics or Latinos may be of any race, but they report their race as either White or some other race in the vast majority of cases (see Relation between ethnicity and race in census results). They comprised 37.2 percent (13,752,743) of California's total population and comprised the majority of the population in eight counties. Of these counties, Imperial County reported the highest concentration (79.6 percent). Notably, Imperial County also borders Mexico. Of the ten counties which reported the highest concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, all but Monterey County were landlocked. On the other hand, the ten counties which reported the lowest concentrations of Hispanic or Latinos were also all landlocked. None of these counties have populations over 200,000 and their average population was 65,633. The county that reported the lowest concentration of Hispanics or Latinos was Trinity County (6.7 percent) with a population of just 13,711. Although San Diego County also borders Mexico, it nevertheless had a lower percentage of Hispanics or Latinos than nearby counties which don't.",
"title": "California locations by race"
},
{
"docid": "2495537#1",
"text": "The United States Census Bureau defines white people as those \"having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa.\" Like all official U.S. racial categories, \"White\" has a \"not Hispanic or Latino\" and a \"Hispanic or Latino\" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans. The term \"Caucasian\" is synonymous with \"white\", although the latter is sometimes used to denote skin tone instead of race. The inclusion of non-Europeans in the definition of \"white\" is controversial. Many of the non-European ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Jewish Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos, may not identify as or may not perceived to be, white.",
"title": "White Americans"
},
{
"docid": "20134780#78",
"text": "A typical Latino American family may have members with a wide range of racial phenotypes, meaning a Hispanic couple may have children who look white and African and/or Native American and/or Asian. Latino Americans have several self-identifications; most Latinos identify as white in terms of race, while others identify as black and/or Native American and/or Asian. Latinos who do not want to identify as one of those identify simply as Hispanic and/or \"some other race\" as their race.",
"title": "Multiracial Americans"
},
{
"docid": "10895673#9",
"text": "The media and some Hispanic community leaders in the United States refer to Hispanics as a separate group from all others, as well as \"whites\" and the \"white majority\". This may be because \"white\" is often used as shorthand for \"non-Hispanic white\". Thus, the non-Hispanic population and some Hispanic community leaders refer to white Hispanics as non-Hispanic whites and white Hispanic actors/actresses in media are mostly given non-Hispanic roles while, in turn, are given the most roles in the U.S. Hispanic mass media that the white Hispanics are overrepresented and admired in the U.S. Hispanic mass media and social perceptions. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.\nThe official racial status of Mexican Americans has varied throughout American history. From 1850 to 1920, the U.S. Census form did not distinguish between whites and Mexican Americans. In 1930, the U.S. Census form asked for \"color or race,\" and census enumerators were instructed to write \"W\" for white and \"Mex\" for Mexican. In 1940 and 1950, the census reverted its decision and made Mexicans be classified as white again and thus the instructions were to \"Report \"white\" (W) for Mexicans unless they were definitely of full Indigenous Indian or other non-white races (such as Black or Asian).\"\nDuring periods in U.S. history when racial intermarriage wasn't legally acknowledged, and when Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were uniformly allotted white status, they were legally allowed to intermarry with what today are termed \"non-Hispanic whites\", unlike Blacks and Asians. They were allowed to acquire U.S. citizenship upon arrival; served in all-white units during World War II; could vote and hold elected office in places such as Texas, especially San Antonio; ran the state politics and constituted most of the elite of New Mexico since colonial times; and went to segregated white schools in Central Texas and Los Angeles. Additionally, Asians were barred from marrying Mexican Americans because Mexicans were legally white.",
"title": "Definitions of whiteness in the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6677413#58",
"text": "According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975–1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered \"white\" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as \"lazy, unproductive, and on the dole.\" Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups.",
"title": "Affirmative action in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "9475242#12",
"text": "In popular use, \"Hispanic\" and \"Latino\" are often mistakenly given racial values, usually non-white and mixed race, such as half-caste or mulatto, in spite of the racial diversity of Hispanic and Latino Americans. Hispanics commonly draw ancestry from European, Native American, and or African populations in different proportions; some Hispanics are largely of European ancestry, and some are predominantly of Native Central or South American Indian origin, or African origins, but a large number of Hispanics are descended from an admixture of two, three or more origins. Paradoxically, it is common for them to be stereotyped as being exclusively non-white due merely to their Spanish-speaking country of origin, regardless of whether their ancestry is European or not. Judith Ortiz Cofer noted that appellation varies according to geographical location, observing that in Puerto Rico she was considered white, but in the United States she was considered a \"brown person.\"",
"title": "White Hispanic and Latino Americans"
},
{
"docid": "11003095#117",
"text": "Avant-Mier continues: \"The case of Andy Russell also reminds us of social structures that often required Latino/as to perform whiteness in order to have any chance of success in the mainstream music business.\" (Avant-Mier, 59) Deborah Pacini Hernández states as much on page 10 of her book \"Oye Como Va!: Hybridity and Identity in Latino Popular Music\" when she makes the same casual argument: \"Latinos who could 'pass' as white could access the mainstream market, although only if they hid their ethnicity by changing their names, as did Andy Russell and Ritchie Valens, respectively born Andrés Rábago Pérez and Ricardo Valenzuela.\"",
"title": "Andy Russell (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "595035#17",
"text": "In 2003, Baker was the subject of some controversy when he stated that \"black and Hispanic players are better suited to playing in the sun and heat than white players.\" Baker, defending his beliefs, later said, \"What I meant is that blacks and Latinos take the heat better than most whites, and whites take the cold better than most blacks and Latinos. That's it, pure and simple. Nothing deeper than that.\" Similar comments in 2015, when he suggested his Washington Nationals should field more players of color as \"you've got a better chance of getting some speed with Latin and African-Americans,\" also generated controversy. Baker said of the comments, \"I'm not being racist. That's just how it is.\"",
"title": "Dusty Baker"
},
{
"docid": "5966720#3",
"text": "According to Qingwen, \"the impact of television portrayals of minorities is significant because of the ability of television images to activate racial stereotypes and the power exerted by visual images\". Non-Hispanic white Americans who lack real life contact with Hispanic or Latino individuals are forced to rely heavily on television and film, their only source of exposure to this ethnic group, as the foundation of perceiving Hispanic and Latino individuals. If nearly all of the few representations of these individuals are negatively stereotyped, non-Hispanic white individuals are likely to carry this perception into real life, embedding that stereotypical image of Hispanic and Latino individuals into their conscience. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory gives insight into how these stereotypical character representations are carried into the real world, pointing to the way in which individuals' perceptions are limited to what they have experienced. Those who lack real life contact with the stereotyped individuals are unable to counter the television portrayals of this ethnic group with a more realistic, less negative image.",
"title": "Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States"
}
] |
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] |
2172
|
What was the original publisher of The Great God Pan?
|
[
{
"docid": "2990439#9",
"text": "What is now the first chapter of the novella was published in 1890 in a magazine called \"The Whirlwind\", while what is now the third chapter of the book was published in the same magazine the following year as a standalone short story called \"The City of Resurrections\". Machen only viewed the two works as connected after they were finished. Once he decided the two stories were connected, Machen wrote the rest of \"The Great God Pan\" in a single evening save for its final chapter. Machen did not think of an ending for the tale for months, and in that time believed that the novella would remain unfinished forever. The last chapter was completed in June 1891. Machen sent the novella to the publisher Blackwood, who rejected it, deeming it a clever story that \"shrink[s]...from the central idea.\" It was accepted by John Lane and published in 1894. When published as a book, \"The Great God Pan\" was accompanied by another Machen tale called \"The Inmost Light\" which also features a mad scientist and elements of science fiction. The book's cover was illustrated by Aubrey Beardsley.",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#17",
"text": "\"The Great God Pan\" implied sexuality caused a scandal upon its original release and hurt Machen's reputation as an author. Reviewing the novella for the magazine \"Literary News\", Richard Henry Stoddard criticised the story as \"too morbid to be the production of a healthy mind\". The art critic Harry Quilter's review of the book, titled \"The Gospel of Intensity\", and published in \"The Contemporary Review\" in June 1895, was even more harsh. Quilter declared: \"The Great God Pan' is, I have no hesitation in saying, a perfectly abominable story, in which the author has spared no endeavor to suggest loathsomeness and horror which he describes as beyond the reach of words.\" Quilter warned that Machen's books were a dangerous threat to the entire British public and that they would destroy readers' sanities and senses of morality. Quilter went on to attack the story's publisher, John Lane, as well as Machen himself: \"Why should he be allowed, for the sake of a few miserable pounds, to cast into our midst these monstrous creations of his diseased brain?\" Quilter added that works of fiction like Machen's should be unanimously condemned by literary critics and newspapers: \"If the Press was so disposed it could stamp out such art and fiction in a few months: And that disposition must be acquired, must even be enforced.\" He was particularly harsh in his denunciation of sexual ambiguity and polymorphous androgyny in the book. He expressed revulsion at Machen's description of Helen's sex changing immediately before her death and concluded his review with a comment of distaste regarding the \"nasty little naked figure of dubious sex and humanity with which Mr. Aubrey Beardsley has prefaced the story\". A positive appraisal of the novella came from Oscar Wilde, who called it \"un succès fou.\"",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2990439#0",
"text": "The Great God Pan is a horror and fantasy novella by Welsh writer Arthur Machen. Machen was inspired to write \"The Great God Pan\" by his experiences at the ruins of a pagan temple in Wales. What would become the first chapter of the novella was published in the magazine \"The Whirlwind\" in 1890. Machen later extended \"The Great God Pan\" and it was published as a book alongside another story, \"The Inmost Light\", in 1894. The novella begins with an experiment to allow a woman named Mary to see the supernatural world. This is followed by an account of a series of mysterious happenings and deaths over many years surrounding a woman named Helen Vaughan. At the end, the heroes confront Helen and force her to kill herself. She undergoes a series of supernatural transformations before dying and she is revealed to be the child of Mary and the god Pan.",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#20",
"text": "A pair of parodies of \"Pan\" were published in 1895 – Arthur Rickett's \"A Yellow Creeper\" and Arthur Sykes's \"The Great Pan-Demon\". Both suggest that Machen is an author of \"limited imagination,\" with the latter depicting him as a mad scientist unleashing degenerate literature on an unsuspecting public. \"The Great God Pan\" was brought to the stage in 2008 by the WildClaw Theatre Company in Chicago. It was adapted and directed by WildClaw artistic director Charley Sherman. The novella \"Helen's Story\" (2013) by Rosanne Rabinowitz retells the story of \"The Great God Pan\" from Helen Vaughan's point of view. \"Helen's Story\" was written from a feminist perspective and nominated for a Shirley Jackson Award. \"The Great God Pan\" was adapted into a chamber opera by composer Ross Crean. Unusually for a composer, Crean wrote the opera's libretto himself. A recording of the work was released in 2017. The production saw its world premiere by Chicago Fringe Opera in 2018. According to the \"Chicago Tribune\" John von Rhein, Chicago Fringe Opera's staging of \"The Great God Pan\" portrays Helen Vaughan as both a symbol of gender equality and an evil \"femme fatale\".",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#24",
"text": "According to film historians Keith McDonald and Roger Clark, Mexican film director Guillermo del Toro's portrayal of the faun in his 2006 dark fantasy film \"Pan's Labyrinth\" was inspired by the \"ambivalent and possibly dangerous\" portrayals of Pan in late Victorian and early Edwardian novels, including Machen's \"The Great God Pan\" and \"Pan's Garden\" (1912) by Algernon Blackwood. Del Toro deliberately chose to imitate the darker, more sinister fauns of Machen and Blackwood rather than the \"sweetly domesticated figure\" of Mr. Tumnus from C. S. Lewis's \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" (1950). The original title of the film in Spanish is \"El Laberinto del Fauno\" (\"The Labyrinth of the Faun\"), but the English title \"Pan's Labyrinth\" emphasizes the connection between del Toro's film and the body of late nineteenth-century writings about Pan, including \"The Great God Pan\".",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#23",
"text": "Clark Ashton Smith was inspired by \"The Great God Pan\" to write his story \"The Nameless Offspring\" (1931), which also features a monstrous child born of a human and a supernatural entity. It has been suggested that Michael Arlen's novel \"Hell! Said the Duchess\" (1934) is a parody of \"The Great God Pan\", as Arlen was influenced by Machen's work. \"The Great God Pan\" influenced Peter Straub's novel \"Ghost Story\" (1979) in its depiction of a shapeshifting monster who terrifies those it encounters. Straub himself frequently credited \"The Great God Pan\" as having been a major influence on his work.",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#18",
"text": "Machen's literary reputation was re-evaluated in the 1920s and \"The Great God Pan\" has since attained the reputation of a horror masterpiece. In \"Supernatural Horror in Literature\" (1926; revised 1933), H. P. Lovecraft praised the story, saying: \"No one could begin to describe the cumulative suspense and ultimate horror with which every paragraph abounds\"; he added that \"the sensitive reader\" reaches the end with \"an appreciative shudder\". Lovecraft also noted, however, that \"melodrama is undeniably present, and coincidence is stretched to a length which appears absurd upon analysis\". Bennett Cerf described the story as a \"masterpiece\". Brian Stableford stated that \"The Great God Pan\" is \"the archetypal Decadent horror story\" and described the story as \"highly original\". Stephen King referred to it as \"one of the best horror stories ever written. Maybe the best in the English language.\" King also praised \"Pan\" for being \"more reader-friendly\" than Lovecraft's fiction. \"The Washington Post\" Elizabeth Hand deemed it \"one of the greatest supernatural tales ever written\". \"Black Gate\" Matthew David Surridge said that \"The Great God Pan\" is \"a fascinating, troubling story, and, for all its influence, not like much else than I can think of. It's not simple, and yet it's effective, more so than can easily be explained.\"",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#12",
"text": "This story had particular resonance with Victorian literary audiences. In 1844, Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote her poem \"The Dead Pan\", an adaption of Plutarch's story which insisted that proper Christian literature should abandon Greek mythology, with each stanza ending in the words \"Pan, Pan is dead.\" As a member of the Decadent movement, Machen sought to subvert traditional themes and transgress literary boundaries, an agenda which made Pan a particularly appealing figure. The title of \"The Great God Pan\" appears to have been specifically derived from the Browning's later poem \"A Musical Instrument\" (1862), in which the first line of every stanza ends with the words \"the great god Pan\". Machen's use of Pan in the novella may have also been influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson's essay \"\" (1878) and Algernon Charles Swinburne's poem \"\" (1894), in which Pan is portrayed as the \"emblem of the delicious combination of ecstasy and terror.\"",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "2990439#25",
"text": "Stephen King wrote that his novella \"N.\" from his story collection \"Just After Sunset\" (2008) is \"a riff on Arthur Machen's \"The Great God Pan\"... Mine isn't anywhere near [as] good [as the original], but I loved the chance to put neurotic behavior—obsessive/compulsive disorder—together with the idea of a monster-filled macroverse.\" King has also cited Machen's novella as an influence on his novel \"Revival\" (2014). Similar to \"Pan\", \"Revival\" features an experiment on a young woman's brain which allows her to see into another world.",
"title": "The Great God Pan"
},
{
"docid": "47701072#0",
"text": "The Great House Of God: A Home for Your Heart is a Christian religious book written by Max Lucado and published by Word Publishing in 1997. Terry Burns of the \"Pembroke Daily Observer\" called \"The Great House of God\" \"an excellent book on the Lord's Prayer\". \"The Christian Science Monitor\" listed \"The Great House of God\" fifth on its quarterly list of hardcover religion bestsellers in December 1997. In a \"Publishers Weekly\" review, Henry Carrigan writes that, although the thoughts in the book \"might be powerful in their spoken form, the brevity and the shallowness of their written form abandons readers in the foyer\". In a \"Booklist\" article, Ray Olson compares the book to Philip Yancey's \"What's So Amazing About Grace?\", which was also published in 1997, and argues that, although Lucado and Yancey have each written several bestselling Christian books, Yancey's book is better edited.",
"title": "The Great House of God"
}
] |
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] |
2173
|
What did Che Guevara believe in?
|
[
{
"docid": "13623554#64",
"text": "In Guevara's private writings from this time (since released), he displays his growing criticism of the Soviet political economy, believing that the Soviets had \"forgotten Marx\". This led Guevara to denounce a range of Soviet practices including what he saw as their attempt to \"air-brush the inherent violence of class struggle integral to the transition from capitalism to socialism\", their \"dangerous\" policy of peaceful co-existence with the United States, their failure to push for a \"change in consciousness\" towards the idea of work, and their attempt to \"liberalize\" the socialist economy. Guevara wanted the complete elimination of money, interest, commodity production, the market economy, and \"mercantile relationships\": all conditions that the Soviets argued would only disappear when world communism was achieved. Disagreeing with this incrementalist approach, Guevara criticized the \"Soviet Manual of Political Economy\", correctly predicting that if USSR did not abolish the law of value (as Guevara desired), it would eventually return to capitalism.",
"title": "Che Guevara"
},
{
"docid": "35058306#13",
"text": "Though Domitila did place much of her inspiration on Marx and other revolutionary thinkers, her guiding light —in a more peaceful manner— was ‘Che’ Guevara. In a sense, Domitila achieved what ‘Che’ Guevara was never able to fulfill in Bolivia: her fight became the people’s fight, and the people triumphed. In the midst of her political career, Domitila gave one of her most famous quotes: “I want to leave future generations the only valid inheritance: a free country and social justice.”",
"title": "Domitila Chúngara"
},
{
"docid": "13623554#94",
"text": "Guevara's life and legacy remain contentious. The perceived contradictions of his ethos at various points in his life have created a complex character of duality, one who was \"able to wield the pen and submachine gun with equal skill\", while prophesying that \"the most important revolutionary ambition was to see man liberated from his alienation\". Guevara's paradoxical standing is further complicated by his array of seemingly diametrically opposed qualities. A secular humanist and sympathetic practitioner of medicine who did not hesitate to shoot his enemies, a celebrated internationalist leader who advocated violence to enforce a utopian philosophy of the collective good, an idealistic intellectual who loved literature but refused to allow dissent, an anti-imperialist Marxist insurgent who was radically willing to forge a poverty-less new world on the apocalyptic ashes of the old one, and finally, an outspoken anti-capitalist whose image has been commoditized. Che's history continues to be rewritten and re-imagined. Moreover, sociologist Michael Löwy contends that the many facets of Guevara's life (i.e. doctor and economist, revolutionary and banker, military theoretician and ambassador, deep thinker and political agitator) illuminated the rise of the \"Che myth\", allowing him to be invariably crystallized in his many metanarrative roles as a \"Red Robin Hood, Don Quixote of communism, new Garibaldi, Marxist Saint Just, Cid Campeador of the Wretched of the Earth, Sir Galahad of the beggars ... and Bolshevik devil who haunts the dreams of the rich, kindling braziers of subversion all over the world\".As such, various notable individuals have lauded Guevara as a great person; for example, Nelson Mandela referred to him as \"an inspiration for every human being who loves freedom\", while Jean-Paul Sartre described him as \"not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age\". Others who have expressed their admiration include authors Graham Greene, who remarked that Guevara \"represented the idea of gallantry, chivalry, and adventure\", and Susan Sontag, who supposed that \"[Che's] goal was nothing less than the cause of humanity itself.\" In the Pan-African community philosopher Frantz Fanon professed Guevara to be \"the world symbol of the possibilities of one man\", while Black Power leader Stokely Carmichael eulogized that \"Che Guevara is not dead, his ideas are with us.\" Praise has been reflected throughout the political spectrum, with libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard extolling Guevara as a \"heroic figure\" who \"more than any man of our epoch or even of our century, was the living embodiment of the principle of revolution\", while journalist Christopher Hitchens reminisced that \"[Che's] death meant a lot to me and countless like me at the time, he was a role model, albeit an impossible one for us bourgeois romantics insofar as he went and did what revolutionaries were meant to do—fought and died for his beliefs.\"",
"title": "Che Guevara"
},
{
"docid": "13623554#67",
"text": "In early 1965, Guevara went to Africa to offer his knowledge and experience as a guerrilla to the ongoing conflict in the Congo. According to Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella, Guevara thought that Africa was imperialism's weak link and so had enormous revolutionary potential. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had fraternal relations with Che since his 1959 visit, saw Guevara's plan to fight in Congo as \"unwise\" and warned that he would become a \"Tarzan\" figure, doomed to failure. Despite the warning, Guevara traveled to Congo using the alias Ramón Benítez. He led the Cuban operation in support of the Marxist Simba movement, which had emerged from the ongoing Congo crisis. Guevara, his second-in-command Víctor Dreke, and 12 other Cuban expeditionaries arrived in Congo on April 24, 1965, and a contingent of approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joined them soon afterward. For a time, they collaborated with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who had helped supporters of the overthrown president Patrice Lumumba to lead an unsuccessful revolt months earlier. As an admirer of the late Lumumba, Guevara declared that his \"murder should be a lesson for all of us\". Guevara, with limited knowledge of Swahili and the local languages, was assigned a teenage interpreter, Freddy Ilanga. Over the course of seven months, Ilanga grew to \"admire the hard-working Guevara\", who \"showed the same respect to black people as he did to whites\". However, Guevara soon became disillusioned with the poor discipline of Kabila's troops and later dismissed him, stating \"nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour\".",
"title": "Che Guevara"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "16005867#20",
"text": "American, Latin American and European writers, Jon Lee Anderson, Régis Debray, Jorge G. Castañeda and others contributed to demystify the image of Guevara via articles and extensive biographies, which detailed his life and legacy in less idealistic terms; and, in the case of Octavio Paz, was accompanied by a critical indictment of the Marxism espoused by many in the Latin American left. Political writer Paul Berman went further, asserting that the \"modern-day cult of Che\" obscures the work of dissidents and what he believes is a \"tremendous social struggle\" currently taking place in Cuba. Author Christopher Hitchens, who was a socialist and a supporter of the Cuban revolution in the 1960s but later changed his views, summarised Guevara's legacy by surmising that \"Che's iconic status was assured because he failed. His story was one of defeat and isolation, and that's why it is so seductive. Had he lived, the myth of Che would have long since died.\" Taking the opposing view, Richard Gott a Guardian journalist in Vallegrande, sent a dispatch on the day of Guevara's death stating the following:",
"title": "Legacy of Che Guevara"
},
{
"docid": "16005867#0",
"text": "The legacy of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967) is constantly evolving in the collective imagination. As a ubiquitous symbol of counterculture worldwide, Guevara is one of the most recognizable and influential revolutionary figures of the twentieth century. However, during his life, and even more since his death, Che has elicited controversy and wildly divergent opinions as to who he was and what he represented. Mostly revered and occasionally reviled, he is passionately characterized along the entire continuum as everything from a heroic defender of the poor, to a cold-hearted executioner. Admired, sanctified, romanticized and derided, his crystallized status as either a brilliant intellectual or a violent ideologue is usually dependent on where one falls along the left and right of the political spectrum. The debate around his legacy is further complicated by the fact that Guevara exists simultaneously as several different entities, both literal man and global emblem, leading to disputes between what people contend he did and what he now represents.",
"title": "Legacy of Che Guevara"
},
{
"docid": "16005867#19",
"text": "British journalist Sean O’Hagan has described Che as \"more (John) Lennon than (Vladimir) Lenin.\" Taking the opposite hypothesis, Mexican commentator and Che Biographer Jorge Castañeda Gutman has proclaimed that: \"Che can be found just where he belongs in the niches reserved for cultural icons, for symbols of social uprisings that filter down deep into the soil of society.\" Castañeda has further stated that \"Che still possesses an extraordinary relevance as a symbol of a time when people died heroically for what they believed in\", adding that in his view \"people don't do that anymore.\" The saying \"Viva la revolucion!\" has also become very popular and synonymous with Guevara. In North America, Western Europe and many regions outside Latin America, the image has been likened to a global brand, long since shedding its ideological or political connotations. Conversely, the obsession with Guevara has also been dismissed by critics as merely \"adolescent revolutionary romanticism.\"",
"title": "Legacy of Che Guevara"
},
{
"docid": "1596650#5",
"text": "Describing his thoughts on Che Guevara later, Valladares stated:\nHe was a man full of hatred ... Che Guevara executed dozens and dozens of people who never once stood trial and were never declared guilty … In his own words, he said the following: \"At the smallest of doubt we must execute.\" And that's what he did at the Sierra Maestra and the prison of Las Cabanas.",
"title": "Armando Valladares"
},
{
"docid": "4333532#13",
"text": "The laundry where Guevara's corpse was displayed to the world's press in Vallegrande is now a place of pilgrimage as well, with hundreds of personal messages transcribed and carved into the surrounding walls from admiring visitors. In large letters above the table where Che's dead body once lay, an engraving now reads \"None dies as long as he is remembered.\"Many of the rural campesinos in the small Bolivian town of Vallegrande, where anthropologists retrieved Che's remains in 1997, firmly believe that there exists a \"curse of Che\". This belief exists because six of the Bolivian politicians and military officers who share responsibility for Guevara's death have since died a violent death. They were murdered, died in accidents, or in the case of Bolivian President René Barrientos were killed in a helicopter crash. In addition, General Gary Prado, who arrested Guevara, became paralyzed after a shot went off from a gun he was handling and hit his spine.There are those, both supporters and detractors that object to the mass dissemination of Che's image in popular and counter-culture. His detractors dislike the widespread pictorial dissemination of someone they deem to be a \"murderer\" but also delight in the contradiction and/or irony of a Marxist being utilized as a Capitalist commodity. Conversely, some Che supporters object to the commodification or diminishing of his image by its use in popular culture, and resent those entrepreneurial companies who profit from and/or exploit his legacy; viewing such marketing as an obvious conflict to Guevara's personal ideology.",
"title": "Che Guevara in popular culture"
},
{
"docid": "13623554#91",
"text": "To a certain extent, this belief by Guevara of a metaphorical resurrection came true. While pictures of the dead Guevara were being circulated and the circumstances of his death were being debated, Che's legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his \"assassination\" occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, and poems were written about his life and death. Rallies in support of Guevara were held from \"Mexico to Santiago, Algiers to Angola, and Cairo to Calcutta\". The population of Budapest and Prague lit candles to honor Guevara's passing; and the picture of a smiling Che appeared in London and Paris. When a few months later riots broke out in Berlin, France, and Chicago, and the unrest spread to the American college campuses, young men and women wore Che Guevara T-shirts and carried his pictures during their protest marches. In the view of military historian Erik Durschmied: \"In those heady months of 1968, Che Guevara was not dead. He was very much alive.\"",
"title": "Che Guevara"
}
] |
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] |
2174
|
What was the first patented invention?
|
[
{
"docid": "869774#3",
"text": "On July 31, 1790 inventor Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person to be issued a patent in the United States. His patented invention was an improvement in the \"making of Pot Ash by a new apparatus & process.\" These earliest patent law required that a working model of each invention be produced in miniature.",
"title": "Patent model"
},
{
"docid": "30873205#2",
"text": "On July 31, 1790 inventor Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person to be issued a patent in the United States. His patented invention was an improvement in the \"making of Pot Ash by a new apparatus & process.\" The earliest patent law required that a working model of each invention be produced in miniature.",
"title": "X-Patent"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "43431470#4",
"text": "Kahn had at least 75 patented inventions related to reinforced concrete. Kahn's first patented invention was the \"Kahn Trussed Bar\", also called \"The Kahn Bar\" or \"Kahn Bar System\", patented in 1903. This was the main product of the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, although the company produced many prefabricated steel products as well as complete buildings. Kahn's co-workers noted that he would stop what he was doing and write down an idea immediately, no matter what he was engaged in. Truscon employees were encouraged to come up with improvement ideas that would benefit the company and would be rewarded financially if their ideas were used. For example, David H. Morgan, a company employee, invented a new type of airplane hangar door that was subsequently manufactured by Truscon and was financially rewarded for his idea.",
"title": "Julius Kahn (inventor)"
},
{
"docid": "10585334#3",
"text": "His first successful patented inventions, patented in 1909, were an electrothermostatic heat regulator for more effective control of stove and toaster heating elements and a thermostat for high-tension power cables.\nBefore this, while working for the Washington Electric Company in 1906, Copeman developed a design for an electric version of the gas stoves which had been available in Britain and the USA for several decades. Development of the idea took several years, but in 1912 the Copeman Electric Stove Company was formed in the city of Flint, Michigan to produce the Copeman Electric Stove (also marketed as the \"fireless cooker\"). Westinghouse Electric Corporation bought the company in 1917, moved production to Mansfield, Ohio, and continued to develop and improve the stove.\nFrom 1913, another of Copeman's inventions, a toaster with automatic bread turner, was also produced by the Copeman Electric Stove Company. Electric toasters were a recent invention at that time - the first commercially successful version was patented in July 1909 - and the bread had to be turned manually once the first side had been toasted. During a shopping trip, Copeman's wife Hazel gave them the idea for a toaster which turned the bread without manual intervention, and in 1914 a patent for what Copeman called the Automatic Toaster was filed in Hazel's name. Five other toaster-related patents were granted to both Lloyd and Hazel during the same year. The invention of the pop-up toaster in 1926 superseded Copeman's innovations, however.\nA company called Copeman Laboratories Company had been established in Flint, Michigan during the year 1918 to allow Copeman to dedicate his time to inventing, although he also spent a lot of time at his farm in Farmer's Creek, where he would lock himself in the basement - sometimes for up to a week, with his wife bringing him meals on a tray - and develop new ideas and products. Examples of his work at this time, which met with varying success, included injecting chickens with solutions to make their meat taste like beef; pioneering experiments in the development of latex; the Copeman Lubri-Cap, grease-filled paper cups for lubricating wheel bearings (the patent for this product was",
"title": "Lloyd Groff Copeman"
},
{
"docid": "1916993#2",
"text": "Judson began his efforts of making inventions around 1888 to 1889. His concentration was on inventions for a \"pneumatic street railway\". His first patented invention was for a \"mechanical movement\" related to that. In 1889 Judson obtained six patents related to his concept of a street railway running on compressed air. The concept was similar to the cable railway system but with pistons suspended beneath the railcar. Similar systems were tried throughout the nineteenth century, however they all failed because of sealing problems. Judson's similar inventions were also impractical and as a whole not very successful. The street railway concept ultimately went electric. It turned out, however, that Earle was promoter for the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway. They even had a demonstration line in 1890 in Washington, D.C. for about a mile that was at what is today Georgia Avenue. It ran for only a few weeks before they shut it down due to technical problems. A cable streetcar firm bought them out and turned it into an electric streetcar since Judson's system was impractical.",
"title": "Whitcomb L. Judson"
},
{
"docid": "30182396#0",
"text": "A timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the era of the Cold War, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the \"original\" invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress:\nIn 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for \"any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.\" On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of \"Making Pot and Pearl Ashes.\" The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)"
},
{
"docid": "17016915#11",
"text": "The Patent Act of 1790 was the first federal patent statute of the United States. It was titled \"An Act to promote the Progress of Useful Arts.\" The statute was concise, including only seven sections. Similar to the state statutes, the federal statute allowed the patentees a 14-year term of exclusive right to use their inventions, without the possibility of an extension. This was unsatisfactory to many inventors who wanted extended protection time for their inventions. They argued that 14 years were not enough, given that it often took several years already for their inventions to be commercialized. Another important point of the Patent Act of 1790 was that it did not allow foreigners to obtain patents in the United States.",
"title": "History of United States patent law"
},
{
"docid": "994479#5",
"text": "Hoover's thinking about the invention happened while she was in a hospital recuperating after having given birth to her second daughter, according to several sources. Lawyers for Bell Labs handling the patent had to go to her house to visit her while she was on maternity leave so that she could sign the papers. The result of the invention was much more robust service to callers during peak load times:\nFor her invention, termed \"Feedback Control Monitor for Stored Program Data Processing System\", Hoover was awarded patent #3,623,007 in November 1971, one of the first software patents ever issued. The patent was applied for in 1967 and issued in 1971. As a result of her invention, she became the first woman supervisor of a technical department at Bell Labs. She headed the operations support department in 1987. The principles of her invention are still being used in telecommunications equipment in the 21st-century.",
"title": "Erna Schneider Hoover"
},
{
"docid": "967212#3",
"text": "The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA. It wasn’t until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living organisms were permitted. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court, in \"Diamond v. Chakrabarty\", upheld the first patent on a newly created living organism, a bacterium for digesting crude oil in oil spills. The patent examiner for the United States Patent and Trademark Office had rejected the patent of a living organism, but Chakrabarty appealed. As a rule, raw natural material is generally rejected for patent approval by the USPTO. The Court ruled that as long as the organism is truly \"man-made,\" such as through genetic engineering, then it is patentable. Because the DNA of Chakrabarty's organism was modified, it was patentable.",
"title": "Biological patents in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "5910689#0",
"text": "A timeline of United States inventions (after 1991) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Contemporary era to the present day, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Patent protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the \"original\" invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress:\nIn 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for \"any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.\" On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of \"Making Pot and Pearl Ashes.\" The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)"
}
] |
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] |
2176
|
What was Daisy Ridley's first movie role?
|
[
{
"docid": "42618962#0",
"text": "Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley (born 10 April 1992) is an English actress. Born in Westminster and brought up in Maida Vale, Ridley trained in drama at the Tring Park School for the Performing Arts. She began acting in minor guest roles on television and in short films, making her film debut in the independent horror film \"Scrawl\" (2015). She rose to international prominence for playing the lead role of Rey in the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy, starring in \"\" (2015) and \"\" (2017). She is also known for her performance of Mary Debenham in \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (2017), and as the voice of Cottontail in \"Peter Rabbit\" (2018).",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "42618962#2",
"text": "Ridley began her career with minor roles in the television programmes \"Youngers\", \"Toast of London\", \"Silent Witness\", \"Mr Selfridge\", and \"Casualty\". She appeared in the short film \"Blue Season\", which was entered into the Sci-Fi-London 48-Hour Film Challenge. Ridley played the lead in film three of \"Lifesaver\", an interactive film which was nominated for a BAFTA Award. She also appeared in the music video for Wiley's song \"Lights On\", playing the character of Kim. Ridley made her film debut in the 2015 British independent horror film \"Scrawl\", after her scenes from the British comedy film \"The Inbetweeners 2\" were removed in the final cut.\nIn April 2014, Ridley's casting as Rey, one of the lead characters in \"\", was announced. She was chosen for the film in February 2014. At the time of her casting she was, according to \"Rolling Stone\", a \"total unknown.\" Her choice by director J. J. Abrams was seen as a repeat of George Lucas's move of casting relatively unknown actors for the lead roles in the first \"Star Wars\" film in 1977. Ridley began filming her scenes in May 2014 at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, and prior to the film's release in December 2015, she appeared at the launch of a set of \"Star Wars\" postage stamps issued by the UK postal service Royal Mail, with her character Rey featuring on a stamp along with the droid BB-8. With international revenues of over $2 billion, \"The Force Awakens\" was a major box-office hit and the highest-grossing film of 2015. After an early screening of the film, Brian Viner of the \"Daily Mail\" called Ridley the \"real star of the show\", adding that her performance as Rey should \"send her career into orbit.\" Her performance received critical acclaim, with Richard Roeper describing her portrayal as \"a breakout performance\" and adding \"Ford has a terrific father figure chemistry [shared] with Ridley and [John] Boyega\".",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42618962#3",
"text": "Ridley became executive producer of the documentary \"The Eagle Huntress\" in January 2016. Director Otto Bell said of her commitment, \"Like so many other theatergoers around the world, I was blown away by Daisy's recent portrayal of an empowered female protagonist. I'm thrilled she'll be bringing that same energy to supporting a real-world heroine who is also on an epic journey to win victory in a far away land.\" The movie premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2016, with Ridley narrating. She was one of several actors featured on Barbra Streisand's 2016 album \"\". Along with Anne Hathaway, Ridley and Streisand perform the song \"At the Ballet\" from \"A Chorus Line\", with Ridley performing the role of Bebe, one of a trio of dancers hoping to be cast in an upcoming show.",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "48859609#3",
"text": "Daisy Ridley was largely unknown before being cast for the role of Rey. Ridley said that she auditioned many times for the role over the course of seven months and had to keep her casting a secret for three months. She was announced as part of the cast at the end of April 2014. She only had experience with small parts in TV shows. Her inexperience and lack of exposure were a crucial part of what convinced Abrams to give Ridley the role, as the previous installments had featured relatively unknown talent that would not experience heightened degrees of scrutiny. Abrams stated that Ridley \"was so funny and had a great spark\", as well as having her act out an emotional scene, proclaiming that \"she nailed it on the first take.\" Abrams would go on to praise Ridley, stating \"She was born with this gift to be in a moment and make it her own. She simultaneously works from the inside out and the outside in.\" Kennedy proclaimed \"Daisy had a physicality and a self-confidence that was so important to the character we were looking for. She epitomizes that optimism where anything is possible.\" Director Dusan Lazarevic, who was present at the casting of Ridley for a role in British drama series \"Silent Witness\", in addition to praising her acting range, stated \"She showed a combination of vulnerability and strength which gave her a complexity, and there was an intelligence in her eyes that was an indicator she could play quite a complicated part.\" Cailey Fleming was additionally cast to portray a young Rey.",
"title": "Rey (Star Wars)"
},
{
"docid": "42618962#5",
"text": "In January 2018, Ridley starred in \"Ophelia\", a reimagining of the Hamlet tale, alongside Naomi Watts and Clive Owen, in the titular role. The project was filmed from April to July 2017 and debuted at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. In February 2018, Ridley voiced the role of Cottontail in \"Peter Rabbit\", an adaptation of the children's stories of the same name by Beatrix Potter.",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "42618962#1",
"text": "Daisy Ridley was born on 10 April 1992 in Westminster, London, and grew up in Maida Vale. She is the youngest of three daughters born to Louise Fawkner-Corbett, a banker, and Christopher Ridley, a photographer. She has two older sisters, Kika Rose and Poppy Sophia. Her mother's family, the Fawkner-Corbetts, were landed gentry with a military and medical background. Her great-uncle was \"Dad's Army\" actor and playwright Arnold Ridley; his brother, Daisy's grandfather, John Harry Dunn Ridley, O.B.E., was head of the Engineering Secretariat at the B.B.C. from 1950 to 1965. While growing up, her favourite film was \"Matilda\" (1996), an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's story, with the title character (played by Mara Wilson in the film) a role model to her. Ridley won a scholarship to Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Hertfordshire, which she attended between the ages of 9 and 18. She then began reading classical civilisation at Birkbeck, University of London, before dropping out to concentrate on her acting career. Prior to being cast in \"The Force Awakens\", Ridley worked as a bartender in two different pubs in London for nearly two years. In 2016 Ridley began studying for a Bachelor of Arts in social science through online courses with the Open University.",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "42618962#6",
"text": "In March 2019, Ridley will co-star in the \"Chaos Walking\", an adaptation of the young adult novel by Patrick Ness, as Viola Eade opposite Tom Holland as Todd Hewitt. The project was filmed from August to November 2017. In December 2019, Ridley will reprise her role as Rey in \"\", the last film in the sequel trilogy, filming in the summer of 2018.",
"title": "Daisy Ridley"
},
{
"docid": "48859609#20",
"text": "The character and Ridley's portrayal have received critical acclaim. Joe Morgenstern of \"The Wall Street Journal\" proclaimed that Rey is \"a woman warrior with the stylish ferocity of a kung-fu star\", praising \"the verve [Ridley] must have been born with plus the skill she must have acquired as a young actress coming up in England\", later adding \"It's hard to imagine what the movie—and the sequels to come—might have been if they'd cast the wrong person, but here Daisy Ridley is in all her unassuming glory, and all's right with the galaxy\". Adam Howard of \"MSNBC\" stated that \"one of the most pleasant surprises of the film has been the strength of its lead female character\", adding that some have likened Rey to a \"new feminist icon\". Relatedly, Emily Rome of \"HitFix\" argued that Rey is \"everything we wanted in a \"Star Wars\" female character\", praising her for being a character that is \"independent, skilled, scrappy, tough, and doesn't need saving\". In a personal essay, Nicole Sperling of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote about her daughters feeling empowered after viewing the film, stating, \"They never commented on how pretty Rey is. They never had to flinch because Rey was a sexual object to some man in power. They just felt strong. Equal\".",
"title": "Rey (Star Wars)"
},
{
"docid": "14723194#73",
"text": "Daisy Ridley and John Boyega each received several nominations and accolades for their performances. They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, and the Florida Film Critics Circle, \"The Force Awakens\" received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis.",
"title": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"
},
{
"docid": "3634471#14",
"text": "During 2000, Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC's drama series \"Providence\". His one-episode contract grew to 19, and enabled him to quit waiting tables. Hamm made his feature movie debut with one line in Clint Eastwood's space adventure \"Space Cowboys\" (2000); more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy movie \"Kissing Jessica Stein\" (2001) and the war film \"We Were Soldiers\" (2002). During filming that movie, he turned 30. His career was bolstered by his playing the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime's television series \"The Division\", from 2002 to 2004. Other minor roles followed on the television series \"What About Brian\", \"\", \"Related\", \"Numb3rs\", \"The Unit\", and \"The Sarah Silverman Program\". Hamm's \"Mad Men\" castmate Eric Ladin had said that one of the reasons he admires Hamm is that while he \"made it\" later than most actors, Hamm never gave up on acting.",
"title": "Jon Hamm"
}
] |
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] |
2177
|
When were the Federalist papers published?
|
[
{
"docid": "46833#0",
"text": "The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym \"Publius\" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the \"Independent Journal\", the \"New York Packet\", and \"The Daily Advertiser\" between October 1787 and April 1788. A two-volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788. The collection was commonly known as \"The Federalist\" until the name \"The Federalist Papers\" emerged in the 20th century.",
"title": "The Federalist Papers"
},
{
"docid": "46833#10",
"text": "The high demand for the essays led to their publication in a more permanent form. On January 1, 1788, the New York publishing firm J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first thirty-six essays as a bound volume; that volume was released on March 22, 1788, and was titled \"The Federalist\" Volume 1. New essays continued to appear in the newspapers; Federalist No. 77 was the last number to appear first in that form, on April 2. A second bound volume containing \"Federalist\" 37–77 and the yet to be published \"Federalist\" 78–85 was released on May 28. The last eight papers (\"Federalist\" 78–85) were republished in the New York newspapers between June 14 and August 16, 1788.",
"title": "The Federalist Papers"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2653655#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 59 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the fifty-ninth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 22, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. This is the first of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members, the other two papers in this series being Federalist No. 60 and Federalist No. 61. The title of the paper is \"Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members\".",
"title": "Federalist No. 59"
},
{
"docid": "2449786#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 9 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the ninth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on November 21, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. Federalist No. 9 is titled \"The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection\". The same subject is continued in the subsequent paper by James Madison, Federalist No. 10. Similar to Federalist 51, this paper emphasizes the importance of establishing a system of checks and balances in order to ensure that the government is intact and operating smoothly.",
"title": "Federalist No. 9"
},
{
"docid": "2653617#0",
"text": "Federalist Paper No. 54 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fourth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This paper discusses the way in which the seats in the United States House of Representatives are apportioned among the states. It is titled \"The Apportionment of Members Among the States\". The essay was erroneously attributed to John Jay in Alexander Hamilton's enumeration of the authors of the various Federalist Papers.",
"title": "Federalist No. 54"
},
{
"docid": "2653617#10",
"text": "Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, Federalist Paper No. 54 was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. Alexander Hamilton was the force behind the project of the Federalist Papers, and was responsible for recruiting James Madison and John Jay to write with him as Publius Two others were considered, Governor Morris and William Duer. Morris rejected the offer, and Hamilton didn't like Duer's work. Even still, Duer managed to publish three articles in defense of the Constitution under the name Philo-Publius, or \"Friend of Publius.\" The Federalist Papers were written in an attempt to get the New York citizens to ratify the United States Constitution in 1787, but the specific issue at hand for No. 54 was the way which the seats in the US House of Representatives would be apportioned among the states.",
"title": "Federalist No. 54"
},
{
"docid": "2653927#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 69 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-ninth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on March 14, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. The title is \"The Real Character of the Executive\", and is the third in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch in retaliation to the Anti-Federalist Papers, and in comparison to the King of England's powers.",
"title": "Federalist No. 69"
},
{
"docid": "2653656#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 58 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-eighth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on February 20, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This paper examines the ability of the United States House of Representatives to grow with the population of the United States. It is titled \"Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered\".",
"title": "Federalist No. 58"
},
{
"docid": "2653561#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 43 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-third of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on January 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This paper continues a theme begun by Madison in Federalist No. 42. It is titled \"The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered\".",
"title": "Federalist No. 43"
},
{
"docid": "2651761#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 29 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-ninth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on January 9, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. It is titled \"Concerning the Militia\". Unlike the rest of the \"Federalist Papers\", which were published more or less in order, No. 29 did not appear until after Federalist No. 36.",
"title": "Federalist No. 29"
},
{
"docid": "2653660#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 60 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixtieth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on February 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. This is the second of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. It is titled \"The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members\".",
"title": "Federalist No. 60"
},
{
"docid": "2653806#0",
"text": "Federalist No. 65 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-fifth of \"The Federalist Papers\". It was published on March 7, 1788 under the pseudonym \"Publius\", the name under which all \"The Federalist\" papers were published. Titled \"The Powers of the Senate Continued\", it carries on a theme begun by John Jay in Federalist No. 64.",
"title": "Federalist No. 65"
}
] |
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] |
2178
|
When was the first iPhone released?
|
[
{
"docid": "7412236#104",
"text": "Apple began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. \"Time\" declared it \"Invention of the Year\" for 2007. The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller. The iPhone 4 is thinner than previous models, has a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and adds a secondary front-facing camera for video calls. A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.",
"title": "Steve Jobs"
},
{
"docid": "8841749#8",
"text": "Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The two initial models, a 4 GB model priced at US$499 and an 8 GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide. The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008.\nOn July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the US, Canada and major European countries on June 19. Many would-be users objected to the iPhone's cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000.",
"title": "IPhone"
},
{
"docid": "8260899#29",
"text": "Apple released the first advertisement for the iPhone in February 2007 during the national broadcast of the Academy Awards. The 30-second commercial featured cuts of famous figures answering their telephones, all saying “Hello”. As it progressed, the ad showed more recent versions of the telephone; it ended with a preview of the first generation iPhone to draw a connection between the iPhone and the newest technology available. To accompany the initial sneak peek at their latest product, Apple released several new ads for the iPhone through “television, web-based, and print ads designed to show off the disappearing and reappearing touch keypad”. Other features included in those advertisements were email, camera, and general touchscreen capabilities.",
"title": "Apple Inc. advertising"
},
{
"docid": "2593693#76",
"text": "The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries/markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12-month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs' death.",
"title": "History of Apple Inc."
},
{
"docid": "13678080#2",
"text": "On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention. Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone was released.",
"title": "History of iPhone"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23501895#0",
"text": "The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fourth generation iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted of a stainless steel frame which doubles as an antenna, with internal components situated between aluminosilicate glass. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's new high-resolution \"Retina Display\" with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch while maintaining the same physical size and aspect ratio as its precursors. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's A4 system-on-chip, along with iOS 4—which notably introduced multitasking functionality and Apple's new FaceTime video chat service. The iPhone 4 was also the first iPhone to include a front-facing camera, and the first to be released in a version for CDMA networks, ending AT&T's period as the exclusive carrier of iPhone products in the United States.",
"title": "IPhone 4"
},
{
"docid": "8518435#1",
"text": "The first iPhone was released in 1998 by InfoGear Technology Corporation. In 1997, prior to the release of iPhone, Infogear entered into a partnership with Cidco of Morgan Hill, California. The iPhone was an innovative internet appliance that featured a sliding keyboard and an LCD touchscreen that accessed an embedded web browser and an email client. It was one of the first wave of internet appliances, preceding the I-Opener, 3Com Audrey and a slew of similar devices from various manufacturers including Alcatel and Nortel. Reviewers praised it for offering a simple and \"relatively inexpensive\" way to access the Internet, but many criticized its size, lack of features, and US $5 per month in addition to the Internet access charge and the purchase price (US $299). Infogear was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2000, A new model was introduced in 2001, but the product was soon discontinued.",
"title": "Linksys iPhone"
},
{
"docid": "8518435#0",
"text": "The Linksys iPhone was a line of internet appliances from Cisco Systems. The first iPhone model – released by Infogear in 1998 – combined the features of a regular phone and a web terminal. The company was later purchased by Cisco and no new products were marketed under the name between 2001 and 2006. At the end of 2006, Cisco rebranded its Linksys VoIP-based phones under the name, shortly before Apple released an iPhone of its own. This led to a trademark dispute between the two companies, which was resolved on February 20, 2007.",
"title": "Linksys iPhone"
},
{
"docid": "42259842#5",
"text": "The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749. In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were \"details which are not ready\"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's \"frequent locations\" function could expose \"state secrets.\"",
"title": "IPhone 6"
},
{
"docid": "33409740#11",
"text": "The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21, 2016, and succeeded by the iPhone SE, which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S. This was a break with Apple's product positioning trend (in North America and Western Europe), starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011, which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone, then moving it to midrange for its second year of production, with the third and final year as the entry-level offering before discontinuation. While the iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early meant that Apple \"just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year\" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family was expected to suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016.",
"title": "IPhone 5S"
}
] |
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] |
2179
|
What is the Peace Candle made out of?
|
[
{
"docid": "25185065#16",
"text": "The original plywood candle was replaced with a stronger candle made of fiberglass and galvanized steel, the covering of which was stretched on steel and wood frames. It was designed by the Allentown-based firm Rileigh's Inc. and constructed at a cost of about $12,500. The flame was built out of fiberglass strips with lights that changed color in sequence, to create a more realistic burning flame than the original candle. The new structure was , compared to the original . Each side of the new candle was about wide on each side. Due to the increase in size, it was no longer necessary to place the flame structure over the bugler statue on the top of the Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument. Four new smaller candles were built and stood tall and were about wide on each side. Special lighting equipment was added to give the Peace Candle a natural effect that would make it realistically flicker throughout the night. At the base of the candles, 75 tall evergreen trees with gold ornaments were placed, strung with more than 2,000 Christmas tree lights.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#3",
"text": "The Peace Candle has undergone several changes and variations over the last 58 years. The current candle was built in 1990, and is expected to last until about 2014, after which time Easton officials expect to build a new one. As of 2009, the central main candle stands , and the base brings it to about . It reaches a height of about above ground level when factoring the monument it rests atop. When the candle is assembled, several by 8-foot by box pieces are placed around the Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument, a Civil War memorial in Centre Square, the town square of Easton's Downtown neighborhood. Made from marine-grade plywood and galvanized steel, the box pieces are stacked vertically until the structure is assembled, and then bolted together using about 500 bolts inside the Peace Candle. The flame placed atop the candle is about high and illuminated with 31 bulbs. The entire structure weighs between eight and 10 tons. The main candle is surrounded by four, high side candles, and a fountain that surrounds the Peace Candle's base is filled with a ring of Christmas trees.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25531205#0",
"text": "The Peace Candle of the World, also known as the Scappoose Peace Candle, is an approximately tower-like structure in diameter in Scappoose, Oregon, designed to resemble a candle. It was built in 1971 outside what was then the Brock Candles Inc. factory, which burned down in 1990. The land was formerly a dairy farm; factory owner Darrel Brock created the candle by covering a silo with of red candle wax to advertise the factory.",
"title": "Peace Candle of the World"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#25",
"text": "In 2003, a six-foot slab of fiberglass from the imitation wax at the top of the candle was knocked loose by 50 mile-per-hour winds during a storm. Nobody was injured. James Pruznick, a filmmaker from Pohatcong Township, New Jersey, made a documentary film in 2004 focused on that year's assembly of the Peace Candle, as well as interviews with politicians, artists, merchants and construction workers about the history of the structure. It was first screened in December 2004 and made available subsequently on VHS and DVD. In October 2008, fear grew that the Peace Candle would no longer be erected when Easton employees who previously volunteer to climb the Peace Candle structure no longer wished to assemble it. Those fears were put to rest the next month, however, when the trade union Lehigh Valley Erectors Inc. volunteered to put the candle up.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#1",
"text": "The Peace Candle was first erected in 1951, and has been put up almost every year since then. Due to damage or disrepair, the Peace Candle has been replaced with new candle structures twice since the original construction. The first candle lasted until 1968, the second candle from 1969 to 1989, and the current candle was built in 1990 and is expected to last until around 2014. The structure is dedicated to the Easton area men and women who have served or are serving in the United States armed forces.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#4",
"text": "The Peace Candle is believed to be the largest non-wax Christmas candle in the United States. Since it was first erected in 1951, Easton city officials have at various times declared it the largest candle in the world. In 1972, city council president Henry Schultz declared, \"We claim, and no one has ever argued with us, that this is the largest candle in the world.\" However, the Schlitz Christmas Candle, a non-wax candle-like structure in Schlitz, a small town in Hesse, Germany, is larger at tall. The current Peace Candle is taller than the Guinness World Record-holder for tallest candle, which belongs to an tall, wide candle exhibited at the General Art and Industrial Exhibition of Stockholm in 1897. However, only wax candles are eligible for the record, and there is no Guinness World Record for largest non-wax candle. When the third incarnation of the Peace Candle was built in 1990, Easton officials tried unsuccessful to seek a Guinness record for it.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#14",
"text": "In the fall of 1967, it was decided the Christmas Candle would be renamed the Peace Candle, because the city planned to sell Christmas cards depicting the structure and hoped Easton would become known as \"the Peace Candle city\". On October 18, the city's businesses issued a statement, \"Whether you choose to call it a Christmas Candle or a Peace Candle is not important. The important aspect is that the Candle is our clarion call, and this call will be issued this year as a reaffirmation of our desire for peace and harmony in all facts of our lives and throughout the world.\" On November 27, 1967, about 1,500 people attended the Peace Candle lighting, which would prove to be the final ceremony of its kind for that incarnation of the candle, which would be rebuilt in subsequent years. The bells of six different downtown churches were rung during the ceremony, and people surrounded the Peace Candle holding lit wax candles themselves. Also in 1967, a photo and caption of the Peace Candle was featured in the December 6 issue Weekly Reader, a national children's newspaper circulated in the nation's schools. A columnist for the magazine named \"Aunt Em\" said it was featured because, \"I think the candle in Easton is especially lovely since it is a symbol for both Hanukkah and Christmas\". Appeared on December 6, 1967.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#34",
"text": "Ever since the Peace Candle was first erected, some Easton residents have been critical of the structure, arguing it is a tacky symbol of the over-commercialization of Christmas and not a tasteful way to convey a message of peace. Many have condemned the fact that the Peace Candle covers the Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument, which proponents see as a sign of disrespect toward veterans. Critics have also argued the candle is too expensive to maintain each year, and some have claimed the phallic shape of the symbol is inappropriate. In 1982, a petition was signed by 90 people and submitted to the Easton City Council seeking to discontinue the Peace Candle tradition, calling it a \"garish symbol of inner-city decadence\". The group wanted to replace it with a decorative display of evergreen tree, in honor of Easton's claim to be the first city in the United States to observe that German custom. The city rejected the petition after conducting a survey of public opinion, which polled 29 city residents in favor of the Peace Candle and four against it.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#2",
"text": "It has been said to be the largest non-wax Christmas candle in the country. Although conceived with the hopes of restoring Easton's pre-20th century reputation for elaborate Christmas decorations, city officials also believed a candle would serve as a symbol of peace for all religions and denominations. Due to its symbolism for peace and its placement over a Civil War monument, the candle has been the site of several anti-war protests over the decades. Some have criticized the Peace Candle, calling it a symbol of the over-commercialization of Christmas, and condemning the fact that it covers a war monument.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
},
{
"docid": "25185065#20",
"text": "Throughout the late-1970s and the 1980s, the Nazareth-based firm Beatty Contractors erected the candle each year. The firm originally did the project for free, but began charging $2,000 in 1981 when the cost of fuel started to rise. During the Peace Candle lighting ceremony on November 28, 1980, Easton Mayor Philip Mitman dedicated the candle to the 52 American hostages being held in Iran during the Iran hostage crisis. During a storm on December 6, 1983, 47 mile-per-hour winds caused the Peace Candle to start tilting in place. When city workers removed the flame next day, they realized the bugler statue atop the Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument had moved on its base and would have toppled over had it not been leaning against the candle structure. One of the candle's anchor cables was also snapped by the wind and torn out of the brickwork. The cable was repaired and the bugler statue, which was previously held by its own weight, was reinforced with grouting. A sixteen-pound chunk of granite was also dislodged from the top of the statue, although in an area that most spectators cannot see from ground level. The candle suffered similar damage in 1988, when high winds loosened parts of the structure and snapped support wires. As a result, it had to be taken down early on January 5, 1989. In 1985, the Easton Area Christmas Committee was renamed to the Easton Holiday Committee.",
"title": "Peace Candle"
}
] |
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] |
2181
|
What actor currently plays Doctor Who?
|
[
{
"docid": "8209#2",
"text": "Thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord \"transforms\" into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all represent stages in the life of the same character. Together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The Doctor is currently portrayed by Jodie Whittaker, who took on the role after Peter Capaldi's exit in the 2017 Christmas special \"Twice Upon a Time\".",
"title": "Doctor Who"
},
{
"docid": "959699#55",
"text": "Jodie Whittaker took over the role as the Thirteenth Doctor in the 2017 Christmas special. In addition to the above-listed actors, others have played versions of the Doctor for the duration of particular storylines.\nNotably, John Hurt guest starred as the War Doctor in the closing moments of the 2013 episode \"The Name of the Doctor\", the webcast \"The Night of the Doctor\" and the 50th Anniversary episode \"The Day of the Doctor\". The War Doctor is an incarnation existing between those of McGann and Eccleston. Hurt was never the programme's lead actor; his Doctor was retroactively inserted into continuity for the programme's 50th anniversary, and was written so as not to disturb the ordinal naming of the established Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Doctors. In the 1986 serial \"The Trial of a Time Lord\", Michael Jayston played the Valeyard, an amalgamation of the Doctor's darker sides from between his twelfth and final incarnations.",
"title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8209#45",
"text": "On rare occasions, other actors have stood in for the lead. In \"The Five Doctors\", Richard Hurndall played the First Doctor due to William Hartnell's death in 1975; 34 years later David Bradley similarly replaced Hartnell in \"Twice Upon a Time\". In \"Time and the Rani\", Sylvester McCoy briefly played the Sixth Doctor during the regeneration sequence, carrying on as the Seventh. For more information, see the list of actors who have played the Doctor. In other media, the Doctor has been played by various other actors, including Peter Cushing in two films.",
"title": "Doctor Who"
},
{
"docid": "359013#10",
"text": "The \"Doctor Who\" audio plays have, to date, featured six of the nine living actors to play the character of the Doctor in the series (Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy, Paul McGann, and David Tennant), as well as many of the regular supporting actors over the many years of the programme. The late Jon Pertwee's voice is featured in the 40th-anniversary story \"Zagreus\". His part in the story was pieced together from snippets of Pertwee's dialogue from the fan-produced \"Doctor Who\" video \"Devious\". The actor John Hurt also recorded appearances as the War Doctor for Big Finish prior to his death in 2017.",
"title": "Big Finish Productions"
},
{
"docid": "1994520#0",
"text": "Since the beginning of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" in 1963, many actors have played the title character of The Doctor on television and in various BBC-licensed spin-offs on television, stage, radio, film, audio plays and webcasts. The character's ability to periodically regenerate his appearance and personality has facilitated the ability of new actors to take over the role – in both official and unofficial productions – while in most cases maintaining continuity with the television series.",
"title": "List of actors who have played the Doctor"
},
{
"docid": "8209#100",
"text": "\"Doctor Who\" has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in \"Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday\". In the late 1980s, Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled \"Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure\". For two performances, while Pertwee was ill, David Banks (better known for playing Cybermen) played the Doctor. Other original plays have been staged as amateur productions, with other actors playing the Doctor, while Terry Nation wrote \"The Curse of the Daleks\", a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor.",
"title": "Doctor Who"
},
{
"docid": "471755#11",
"text": "Among the actors who were invited to audition for the role of the Doctor but declined the opportunity were Christopher Eccleston and Peter Capaldi. Eccleston and Capaldi would go on to play the Ninth and Twelfth incarnations of the Doctor, respectively, in the revived series of \"Doctor Who\" which began in 2005. Eccleston turned down the offer to audition for the TV Movie because at the time he felt he was not yet an established enough actor and did not want to be associated with a \"brand name\" so early in his career. Capaldi declined because he felt it was unlikely that he would be given the part.",
"title": "Doctor Who (film)"
},
{
"docid": "24612086#4",
"text": "The series introduced the Eleventh Doctor, played by Matt Smith. This followed the departure of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor, who left the show to help ease the transition from Davies to Moffat. Smith's agent called him, suggesting that he audition for the role. Moffat wanted to cast a middle-aged actor, \"young enough to run but old enough to look wise\". When Smith was the third person to audition the production team knew \"[they] had their man\", although he was 26 years old. The producers were cautious about casting Smith because they felt that a 26-year-old actor could not play the Doctor; although BBC Head of Drama and executive producer Piers Wenger agreed, he said that Smith was capable enough to play the part. According to Moffat, Smith did not appear youthful. Smith's casting was announced during an episode of the \"Doctor Who\" companion show \"Doctor Who Confidential\", when he described the role as \"a wonderful privilege and challenge that I hope I will thrive on\".",
"title": "Doctor Who (series 5)"
},
{
"docid": "898089#8",
"text": "It was announced in March 2004 that Christopher Eccleston would be playing the Doctor. Jane Tranter, BBC Controller of Drama Commissioning, stated that casting an actor of Eccleston's reputation signaled \"our intention to take \"Doctor Who\" into the 21st century, as well as retaining its core traditional values — to be surprising, edgy and eccentric.\" Eccleston is the ninth actor to play the Doctor since the programme started in 1963. New actors are able to take over the role through a plot device of regeneration, introduced in 1966, in which the character of the Doctor changes body and identity. Russell T Davies decided to begin the revived series with a new Doctor rather than show the regeneration, as he believed it was \"madness\" to start with someone and then change him before the audience could build a relationship with him. Davies wanted to initially approach the revival as a \"new programme\". Eccleston's character is more \"down-to-earth\" than previous Doctors; Davies referred to him as \"stripped down\", while still having \"fun and humour\". Eccleston's costume of a battered leather jacket was in Davies' original pitch, but the clothing also went with Eccleston's desire not to have clothes dominating his time on the show. The Ninth Doctor's clothes do not dominate him, but rather create a simple silhouette and an \"action man\" vibe.",
"title": "Rose (Doctor Who episode)"
},
{
"docid": "6704437#63",
"text": "More visibly, many Australians – or Britons with some connection to Australia – have appeared on-screen in \"Doctor Who\". The 1963 serial \"The Daleks\" featured several Australian actors: John Lee played Alydon, while Robert Jewell and Kevin Manser made their first contributions as Dalek operators, roles they revisited numerous times throughout the 1960s. Ilona Rodgers played Carol in the 1964 serial \"The Sensorites\" - Rodgers relocated to Australia in the late-1970s, then to New Zealand in the mid-1980s. Australian actor Ray Barrett played Bennett/Koquillion in the 1965 serial \"The Rescue\". Australian actor David Nettheim and the South African-born Australian actor Bill Kerr both portrayed Australian characters in the 1967 serial \"The Enemy of the World\". New Zealand-born actress Louise Pajo played Gia Kelly in the 1969 serial \"The Seeds of Death\" - Pajo completed her training in the UK before relocating to Australia during the 1970s. Katy Manning played companion Jo Grant 1971–73 and later lived in Australia for many years, becoming an Australian citizen and the patron of the Doctor Who Club of Australia. Australian actor Kevin Lindsay played Cho-Je in \"Planet of the Spiders\", as well as various Sontarans in both \"The Time Warrior\" and \"The Sontaran Experiment\". Australian actress Janet Fielding played companion Tegan 1981–84, while Fielding's contemporary Mark Strickson played companion Turlough 1983–84 - Strickson lived in Australia for many years before settling in New Zealand. British actress Liza Goddard played Kari in the 1983 serial \"Terminus\" - Goddard moved to Australia with her family in 1965 after her father's appointment as the ABC's Head of Drama and later starred in the first two seasons of \"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo\", before returning to the UK in 1969. Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue played Astrid Peth in the 2007 Christmas special \"Voyage of the Damned\" and Australian actor Peter O'Brien played Ed Gold in the 2009 special \"The Waters of Mars\".\nAustralia itself has also featured in \"Doctor Who\" more than once, though without ever having been filmed or produced locally. The Second Doctor 1967–68 serial \"The Enemy of the World\" was set on and near an unnamed Australian beach in 2018 and featured a cast of characters who were supposed to be Australian, though virtually all were played by British actors. As well, in the Fifth Doctor 1982 serial \"Four to Doomsday\", the main villain, Monarch, was said to have visited Earth in the distant past, gathering 'samples' of the local people as he went; included in his collection was an Aboriginal tribal elder and his tribesmen, following Monarch's visit to the Australian continent.\nA scene from the first episode of Series 10, \"The Pilot\" (premiered in Australia on April 16, 2017) was shot near Circular Quay, Sydney; the first \"Doctor Who\" scene shot in Australia.",
"title": "Doctor Who in Australia"
}
] |
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] |
2183
|
How long has psychology been around for?
|
[
{
"docid": "17874491#1",
"text": "Modern \"Psychological evaluation\" has been around for roughly 200 years, with roots that stem as far back as 2200 B.C. It started in China, and many psychologists throughout Europe worked to develop methods of testing into the 1900s. The first tests focused on aptitude. Eventually scientists tried to gauge mental processes in patients with brain damage, then children with special needs.",
"title": "Psychological evaluation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50646966#15",
"text": "ACT began in 2003 as the STP Best Practices Conference that was an outgrowth of the deliberations of the Assessment Group at the Psychology Partnership Program (P3) that was sponsored by APA and hosted by James Madison University in 1999. The first BP Conference was in Atlanta and dealt with assessment. The conference was such a success that the Society made it an annual event. Each of the BPs were themed conferences offering best practice presentations on limited topics until 2014 when the event was renamed The Annual Conference on Teaching and the program was opened to accept posters and symposia on all areas dealing with the teaching of psychology. Since 2003, the conference has been held in or around Atlanta. With the change in focus of the conference and the decision to conduct the STP Annual Business Meeting and Awards Ceremonies at ACT, the Society decided to begin moving ACT around the country. The first such move will take the conference to San Antonio, TX, in October 2017.",
"title": "Society for the Teaching of Psychology"
},
{
"docid": "12691183#9",
"text": "Perhaps the best measure of trends within international psychology is within its organizations, through new membership, conference topics, and cooperative research across borders. For example, the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) has seen an increase of new member countries from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America in the past 15 years; membership in such organizations represents a desire and need in these countries for networking, training, accreditation, expansion of scientific research, and international recognition (Stevens & Gielen, 2007). Correspondingly, international psychology conferences are now increasingly taking place in both Western and non-Western countries. IUPSyS's quadrennial International Congresses of Psychology (ICP), for instance, have been and will be taking place in Beijing (2004), Berlin (2008), Cape Town (2012), Yokohama (2016), and Prague (2020). Similarly, the quadrennial Congresses of Applied Psychology offered by IAAP, the largest international psychology organization for individual members, have taken or will take place around the globe in cities such as San Francisco (1998), Singapore (2002), Athens (2006), Melbourne (2010), Paris (2014), and Montreal (2018).",
"title": "International psychology"
},
{
"docid": "903029#2",
"text": "In a 1994 study, 37 psychology students were asked to estimate how long it would take to finish their senior theses. The average estimate was 33.9 days. They also estimated how long it would take \"if everything went as well as it possibly could\" (averaging 27.4 days) and \"if everything went as poorly as it possibly could\" (averaging 48.6 days). The average actual completion time was 55.5 days, with only about 30% of the students completing their thesis in the amount of time they predicted.",
"title": "Planning fallacy"
},
{
"docid": "3860515#2",
"text": "Ɯ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to represent the same vowel as in IPA; sometime before or in 1986, it was replaced with W.",
"title": "Ɯ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "52618568#5",
"text": "He has published three books. \"A Geography of Time\", which talks about how different people and cultures deal with the concept of time. He went around the world and measured how long it took individuals to perform simple tasks. His second book is called \"The Power of Persuasion: How We’re Bought and Sold\", which discusses how people prod, praise, and manipulate others into doing things they did not believe they could do, and later feel guilty for doing so. His third book is \"Stranger in the Mirror: The Scientific Search for the Self\"; this book explains the \"contrasting the physical existence of the brain and the ethereal notion of the self cannot provide the answer he seeks.\" Levine believes that this is harming as it does not address the malleability of one's self. He has also co-edited two books: Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology and Journeys in Social Psychology: Looking Back to Inspire the Future.",
"title": "Robert V. Levine"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "7892999#1",
"text": "Ȼ was not added to Unicode until version 4.1 in 2005, and previously did not exist in character sets. Consequently, few fonts can display it. The cent sign is often substituted for it instead.",
"title": "Ȼ"
}
] |
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] |
2184
|
Are there still royals in Monaco?
|
[
{
"docid": "235952#1",
"text": "Prince Albert II is one of the wealthiest royals in the world, with assets valued at more than $1 billion, which include land in Monaco and France. Although Prince Albert does not own the Prince's Palace of Monaco, he does own shares in the \"Société des bains de mer de Monaco\", which operates Monaco's casino and other entertainment properties in the principality.",
"title": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco"
},
{
"docid": "161352#9",
"text": "On 26 June 1922, Prince Albert I died in Paris. Louis Grimaldi ascended to the throne as Louis II, Prince of Monaco. While his reign never achieved the grandeur of his father, Louis II left an indelible imprint on the tiny principality. In 1924 the Monaco Football Club was formed and in 1929, the first Grand Prix of Monaco automobile race was held, won by Charles Grover (aka \"Williams\") driving a Bugatti painted in what would become the famous British racing green color. He collected artefacts belonging to Napoleon I which are now assembled and displayed in the Napoleon Museum attached to the Royal Palace in Monte Carlo.",
"title": "Louis II, Prince of Monaco"
},
{
"docid": "235952#42",
"text": "As Monaco's head of state, Prince Albert II is depicted on coins, including collectors' coins, with very rare exceptions. One of the most recent examples is the €5 silver Prince Albert II commemorative coin, the first commemorative coin with his effigy on it, minted in 2008. On the obverse, the prince is depicted in profile with his name on the top of the coin. On the reverse, the Grimaldi coat of arms appears; around it, the words \"Principauté de Monaco\" (Principality of Monaco) also appear along with the nominal monetary value of the coin.As the prince, his official shortened title is \"His Serene Highness Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco\"; this does not include the many other styles claimed by the Grimaldi family.",
"title": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37285605#7",
"text": "Principal photography began in September 2012 in Paris and Menton, France. In October 2012, the production moved to Italy, first to Grimaldi, the village near Ventimiglia, which bears the name of the royal house of Monaco, then in Mortola, near Ventimiglia at Villa Hanbury. The production was granted permission to close Monaco's main square for 24 hours between October 29–30, 2012, and during this time the cast were seen filming outside and around the Monte Carlo Casino. In November 2012 and, again, in January 2013, the production was in Genoa, Italy, on the housed set in the Royal Palace in Via Balbi, where the Hall of Mirrors replicates the residence of the royal court of Monaco. Interiors were shot in Belgium (Belgian parliament in Brussels, the city of Ghent and television studios in Lint.)",
"title": "Grace of Monaco (film)"
},
{
"docid": "19261#17",
"text": "In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco specified that, should there be no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the principality would still remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France.",
"title": "Monaco"
},
{
"docid": "966848#9",
"text": "The coat of arms of the House of Grimaldi is simply described as \"fusily argent and gules\", i.e., a red and white diamond pattern, with no further modifiers.The Royal Family of Monaco is related by its ancestors with houses including: House of Baden, House of Lorraine, House of Wurtemberg, House of Hannover, Polignac, Ducal House of Hamilton, House of Urach, House of Métrode-Westerloo, House of Bavaria, House of Liechtenstein, of Hesse and an ancestor Guillermo Carlos Florestán Gero Crescencio who had been declared King of Lithuania with the name of Mindaugas II of Lithuania, although it was invalidated its appointment later, was the eldest son of William I of Urach (Head of a morganatic branch of the House of Württemberg) and his second wife, Florestina of Monaco, who was occasionally acting as Regent of Monaco (daughter of Florestan I of Monaco).",
"title": "House of Grimaldi"
},
{
"docid": "9951797#26",
"text": "In 1701, Prince Antoine succeeded Louis I and inherited an almost bankrupt Monaco, though he did further embellish the Royal Room. On its ceiling, Gregorio de Ferrari and Alexandre Haffner depicted a figure of Fame surrounded by lunettes illustrating the four seasons.\nAntoine's marriage to Marie of Lorraine was unhappy and yielded only two daughters. Monaco's constitution confined the throne to members of the Grimaldi family alone, and Antoine was thus keen for his daughter Princess Louise-Hippolyte (\"Illustration 11\") to wed a Grimaldi cousin. However, the state of the Grimaldi fortunes, and the lack of (the politically necessary) approval from King Louis XIV, dictated otherwise. Louise-Hippolyte was married to Jacques de Goyon Matignon, a wealthy aristocrat from Normandy. Louise-Hippolyte succeeded her father as sovereign of Monaco in 1731 but died just months later. The King of France, confirming Monaco's subservient state to France, ignored the protests of other branches of the Grimaldi family, overthrew the Monégasque constitution, and approved the succession of Jacques de Goyon Matignon as Prince Jacques I.",
"title": "Prince's Palace of Monaco"
},
{
"docid": "1790651#3",
"text": "His cousin's descendants, the Grimaldi family, still rule Monaco today. Over one hundred years after the coup, the Grimaldis purchased Monaco from the crown of Aragon in 1419, and became the official and undisputed rulers of \"the Rock of Monaco\".",
"title": "François Grimaldi"
},
{
"docid": "10105024#3",
"text": "In 1662, she became Princess of Monaco. She visited Monaco in 1662, where she stayed for three years, after which she returned to the French court. The Prince and Princess of Monaco spent more time in Paris than they did in Monaco. The couple were well-established at the royal court of Louis XIV, where Catherine Charlotte held the position of lady-in-waiting to Princess Henrietta of England, sister-in-law and former lover of Louis XIV. Her aunt, Suzanne Charlotte de Gramont, marquise de Saint Chaumont, was also a member of Henrietta's household as the governess of her two daughters, Marie Louise and Anne Marie.",
"title": "Catherine Charlotte de Gramont"
},
{
"docid": "27428403#7",
"text": "On the initiative of its President, Prince Albert II, the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation and the WWF set up a partnership in January 2008 to take action with a view to saving the bluefin tuna from ecological extinction.\nSince 2008, a large number of restaurant owners in the Principality of Monaco have responded to the appeal jointly launched by the Prince Albert II Foundation and the MC2D association to stop serving bluefin tuna, and thus raise awareness of the need to save this symbolic species of the Mediterranean, while there is still time. Consequently, a moratorium has been implemented in cooperation with food retailers and professionals and Monaco has become the first “bluefin tuna free” country. Since then, many other countries have followed suit.\nMonaco’s government departments, supported by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, subsequently initiated a procedure to add the bluefin tuna to Appendix I of CITES (Convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora).\nFor many months, the listing, which would have resulted in the ban on international trade of this fish, has been the topic of debate in several countries.\nOn 3 March 2010 during the Doha Conference, the Obama administration announced that it was in favor of adding the bluefin tuna to appendix I of CITES. The European Union officially endorsed this decision on 10 March by announcing that it would vote in favor of this listing.\nDespite such support, the Doha Conference rejected Monaco's proposal on 18 March. Japan, the main consumer of thunnus thynnus, in addition to the developing countries, was strongly opposed to the ban.\nHowever, this is the first time that a debate on the preservation of an endangered species has made the headlines of the international press.",
"title": "Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation"
},
{
"docid": "19268#9",
"text": "A heliport, the Monaco Heliport, is the only aviation facility in the principality. It features shuttle service to and from the international airport at Nice, France. As of May 2005, all Royal Helicopter Service is provided by the James Drabble Aviation Services Committee. This deal sparked a great deal of controversy in the National Council of Monaco, as there was no precedent yet set. Helicopter charter services to French ski resorts are also available.",
"title": "Transport in Monaco"
}
] |
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2185
|
When was Colin Steele McRae born?
|
[
{
"docid": "1109927#0",
"text": "Colin Steele McRae, (5 August 1968 – 15 September 2007) was a rally driver from Scotland, born in Lanark. The son of five-time British Rally Champion Jimmy McRae and brother of rally driver Alister McRae, Colin McRae was the 1991 and 1992 British Rally Champion and, in 1995 became the first British person and the youngest to win the World Rally Championship Drivers' title, a record he still holds.",
"title": "Colin McRae"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1109927#20",
"text": "The funeral for Colin and Johnny took place on 26 September at Daldowie Crematorium near Glasgow, conducted by the Rev Tom Houston, who had married the McRaes, and the Rev Steven Reid, chaplain at Johnny's school. An address was given by Robbie Head, a former rally driver and commentator who was a close friend of McRae's, with the Rev Houston giving the benediction. McRae's niece and nephews performed the tune Highland Cathedral, a popular funeral song. Also, the song \"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay\" by Otis Redding, a favourite song of McRae's, was played when the family entered the chapel; and The Proclaimers' song \"I'm on My Way\" was played when they left. Colin and Johnny McRae were cremated in the same coffin. Among the attendees at the funeral were fellow Scottish racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Dario Franchitti.",
"title": "Colin McRae"
},
{
"docid": "38723918#1",
"text": "Colin J. McRae was born on October 22, 1812, in Anson County, North Carolina. His brother, John J. McRae, served as the 21st Governor of Mississippi (1854–1857).Before the American Civil War, McRae was a merchant from Mobile, Alabama. He co-owned a foundry in Selma, Alabama, which made ordnance and iron plate for gunboats. Some of these gunboats were used during the war. He served as Confederate States Financial Agent in Europe from 1862 to 1865. In 1867, McRae moved to Puerto de Caballos, British Honduras (present-day Puerto Cortés, Belize), where he purchased land, ran a plantation and mercantile business. McRae died in February 1877. He bequeathed the plantation and mercantile business to his sister and her husband. They leased the plantation to tenants until 1894. In October 2011, a college student at the University of New Hampshire found relics of his Belize plantation house on an archeological expedition in the middle of the Belize Valley. His records were found in Monterey Place in Mobile, Alabama.",
"title": "Colin J. McRae"
},
{
"docid": "11204640#5",
"text": "\"Colin McRae: Dirt\" was released on 15 June 2007 in Europe and on 19 June 2007 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PC. The PS3 version was released on 11 September 2007 in North America and on 14 September in Europe, the day before a helicopter crash claimed the life of McRae, his son Johnny, and two other people who were family friends of the McRaes. In response to the death and after an agreement was made with the McRae family, Codemasters withdrew a major advertising campaign for the PlayStation 3 version of \"Colin McRae: Dirt\".",
"title": "Colin McRae: Dirt"
},
{
"docid": "2885585#1",
"text": "McRae was born in Harlem. Her father, Osmond, and mother, Evadne McRae, were immigrants from Jamaica. She began studying piano when she was eight, and the music of jazz greats such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington filled her home. When she was just 17 years old she met singer Billie Holiday. As a teenager McRae came to the attention of Teddy Wilson and his wife, the composer Irene Kitchings. One of McRae's early songs, \"Dream of Life\", was, through their influence, recorded in 1939 by Wilson’s long-time collaborator Billie Holiday. McRae considered Holiday to be her primary influence. She was a lifelong active Democrat.",
"title": "Carmen McRae"
},
{
"docid": "316517#1",
"text": "Dandridge McRae was born in Baldwin County, Alabama, the son of Margaret (Bracy) and D. R. W. McRae. He graduated in 1849 from South Carolina College, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society and the Corps of Cadets. McRae moved to Searcy in White County, Arkansas. He was admitted to the bar and served as clerk of the county and circuit courts for six years.",
"title": "Dandridge McRae"
},
{
"docid": "301914#1",
"text": "Thomas Chipman McRae, the eldest of five siblings, was born to Duncan L. and Mary Ann (Chipman) McRae on December 21, 1851, at Mount Holly in Union County, Arkansas. He attended Soule Business College in New Orleans, Louisiana and graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. He passed the Arkansas bar in 1873, and began his practice at Rosston in Nevada County, Arkansas. He married Amelia Ann White in December 1874, with whom he would go on to have six daughters and three sons. On May 19, 1877, Nevada County voters elected to move the county seat from Rosston, and construct a new courthouse in the newly created railroad town of Prescott. McRae relocated his family there to be closer to his center of business.",
"title": "Thomas Chipman McRae"
},
{
"docid": "47155505#1",
"text": "He was born at Dunmore on the Hunter River to farmer Alexander McRae and Mary McInnes. He was a businessman in Morpeth, and later a land speculator in Sydney. In 1871 he married Clara Charlotte Taylor, with whom he had four children. In 1889 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Protectionist member for Morpeth, but he did not contest the 1891 election. McRae died at Penshurst in 1926.",
"title": "Myles McRae"
},
{
"docid": "54177591#4",
"text": "Dorothy McRae was born in 1934 in Zeehan, Tasmania, Australia where her Methodist Minister father had been appointed to his first parish. She married Barrie McMahon in 1956 and lived in Melbourne, Victoria. Originally a pre-school teacher, McRae-McMahon spent 16 years at home caring for her four children, born between 1957 and 1969: Christopher Barrie, Robert Anthony, Lindy Louise and Melsissa. The eldest, Christopher had an intellectual disability and went into autistic withdrawal shortly after Robert's birth. In 1964 the family moved to Sydney where McRae-McMahon joined the Australian Labor Party and became involved in peace activism.",
"title": "Dorothy McRae-McMahon"
},
{
"docid": "41080209#1",
"text": "McRae was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, the son of John McRae (1793–1880), Fayetteville's postmaster in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1825 the five-years old Duncan held the welcome speech at the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette. He attended the University of Virginia, located in Charlottesville, and the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg. Back in North Carolina he studied law under Judge Robert Strange, was admitted to the bar in 1841 and briefly practiced in Oxford before becoming a courier to Mexico for the State Department.",
"title": "Duncan K. McRae"
},
{
"docid": "1109927#25",
"text": "As a mark of respect for McRae, the Swedish Rally organisers set up an award for the longest jump over a crest on the Vargåsen stage of the rally. The inaugural winner of the award, named \"Colin's Crest\", was Ford's United Arab Emirates driver Khalid al-Qassimi who recorded a distance of 30 m.\nOn 27 September 2008 the \"Colin McRae Forest Stages Rally\" took place in Perth, Scotland. An enhanced entry list of several former big name rally drivers took part in memory of Colin. The impressive entry list included ex-World Championship drivers Hannu Mikkola, Ari Vatanen (partnered by his 1981 WRC winning co-driver David Richards), Björn Waldegård, Stig Blomqvist, Malcolm Wilson, Russell Brookes, Jimmy McRae, Andrew Cowan and Louise Aitken-Walker, many competing in their original cars. A handful of current WRC drivers also took part including Matthew Wilson, Kris Meeke and Travis Pastrana. The event was deemed a great success, attracting record spectator numbers to the Perthshire forests. Outright winner was Stobart VK M-Sport Ford Rally Team driver Matthew Wilson in a Ford Focus WRC. Fittingly, Colin's brother Alister McRae won the classic category.",
"title": "Colin McRae"
}
] |
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] |
2187
|
When did the American Republican party begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "408840#140",
"text": "In almost every northern state, organizers attempted to have a Republican Party or an anti-Nebraska fusion movement on ballots in 1854. In areas where the radical Republicans controlled the new organization, the comprehensive radical program became the party policy. Just as they helped organize the Republican Party in the summer of 1854, the radicals played an important role in the national organization of the party in 1856. Republican conventions in New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois adopted radical platforms. These radical platforms in such states as Wisconsin, Michigan, Maine, and Vermont usually called for the divorce of the government from slavery, the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Laws, and no more slave states, as did platforms in Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Massachusetts when radical influence was high.",
"title": "Origins of the American Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "6753792#2",
"text": "The Massachusetts Republican Party was founded in 1854. Drawing together abolitionist and nativist anti-Catholic elements, it quickly became the dominant political force in the state and a powerful arm of the national Republican Party. Significant founding figures include Senator Charles Sumner, formerly of the Free Soil Party, and Speaker of the House Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, formerly of the American Party. \nAt the time of the Republican Party's founding in 1854, all of Massachusetts's congressional representatives but Sumner were members of the nativist Know-Nothing Party. However, Banks's role as chairman of the 1856 Republican National Convention, his active support for the Republican presidential nominee John C. Frémont in 1856 and his focus on anti-slavery legislation as Speaker put him at odds with his party. Following the Democratic victory in the 1856 elections and the Dred Scott case in 1857, the national American Party organization collapsed, and most Northern members joined the nascent Republicans. In 1857, Banks ran as a Republican against incumbent Know-Nothing Governor Henry J. Gardner and won a decisive victory.",
"title": "Massachusetts Republican Party"
},
{
"docid": "81455#36",
"text": "The Republican Party had been founded in 1854, in reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Its anti-slavery stance was attractive to Seward, but he needed the Whig structure in New York to get re-elected. In September 1855, the New York Whig and Republican parties held simultaneous conventions that quickly merged into one. Seward was the most prominent figure to join the new party, and was spoken of as a possible presidential candidate in 1856. Weed, however, did not feel that the new party was strong enough on a national level to secure the presidency, and advised Seward to wait until 1860. When Seward's name was mentioned at the 1856 Republican National Convention, a huge ovation broke out. In the 1856 presidential election, the Democratic candidate, former Pennsylvania senator James Buchanan, defeated the Republican, former California senator John C. Frémont, and the Know Nothing candidate, former president Fillmore.",
"title": "William H. Seward"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1597888#7",
"text": "However, like most Forty-Eighters, his attention became increasingly focused on domestic political issues in the United States, and in particular the issue of abolishing slavery. When the Illinois Republican Party was organized at a convention in 1856, German-American Forty-Eighters were everywhere conspicuous in the proceedings; Hecker and Abraham Lincoln were selected to be the two electors-at-large if John Frémont were to win the state (which he did not). The Republicans attracted a wide array of political perspectives, with often strongly divergent views except for their opposition to slavery, and the interests of the immigrant Forty-Eighters was in conflict with the nativist Know Nothings. The influence of Hecker and the other German-American leaders was critical in keeping the party unified in regard to its most important principles.",
"title": "Friedrich Hecker"
},
{
"docid": "50723172#7",
"text": "In her latest book, \"To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party\" (2014), Richardson extended her study of the Republican Party into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This book studied the entire life of the GOP, from its inception in the 1850s through the presidency of George W. Bush. The party’s founders united against the “slave power,” a small group of wealthy white men who controlled all three branches of government. These Republicans articulated a new vision of an America in which all hardworking men could rise. But after the Civil War, Republicans began to emulate what they originally opposed. They tied themselves to powerful bankers and industrialists, sacrificing the well-being of ordinary Americans. A similar process took place after World War II, when Republicans sought to dismantle successful New Deal policies and prop up the wealthy. However, in both cases, reformers within the party were able to return the GOP to its founding vision of equality of opportunity, first Theodore Roosevelt during the Progressive Era, and then Dwight D. Eisenhower, who enforced integration and maintained the New Deal. The Nixon and Reagan administrations have represented yet another fall from the GOP’s founding purpose. It's ironic, Richardson points out, that Republicans treated Barack Obama with an unprecedented level of disrespect, as Obama's rise from humble beginnings to the highest office in the nation embodied the vision of the original Republicans.",
"title": "Heather Cox Richardson"
},
{
"docid": "4157940#1",
"text": "With its election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and its success in guiding the Union to victory in the American Civil War and abolishing slavery, the party came to dominate the national political scene until 1932. The Republican Party at its beginning consisted of African-American and White Northern Protestants, businessmen, small business owners, professionals, factory workers, and farmers. It was pro-business, supporting banks, the gold standard, railroads and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster. Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, it emphasized an expansive foreign policy.",
"title": "History of the United States Republican Party"
},
{
"docid": "3781916#6",
"text": "The anti-slavery \"Americans\" from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held in New York, New York, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York. As John C. Frémont was the favorite to attain the Republican nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Frémont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Frémont once he had won the Republican nomination. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the 11th ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice-president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican nominee, William Dayton.",
"title": "1856 Republican National Convention"
},
{
"docid": "32070#93",
"text": "Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2016). While historically the party had been supporters of rights for African Americans starting in the 1860s, it lost its leadership position in the 1960s. The party abolished slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power and gave blacks the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins. Black voters shifted to the Democratic Party beginning in the 1930s, when major Democratic figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt began to support civil rights and the New Deal offered them employment opportunities. They became one of the core components of the New Deal coalition. In the South, after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, blacks were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.",
"title": "Republican Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "5226320#66",
"text": "The Democratic Republican Party (or the Democratic Party) and the Whig Party (which had been pretty well destroyed after the 1852 elections) had been the major political parties in the United States. Corbett had been a Whig and follower of Henry Clay but when the Republican Party was founded on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan, he was one of its early and enthusiastic supporters. The Republican Party was founded as the anti-slavery party in opposition to the pro-slavery Democratic Party in one of the few fundamental reorganizations of the American political system.",
"title": "Henry W. Corbett"
},
{
"docid": "6615345#5",
"text": "In 1843, a new political party arose, called the American Republican Party. On July 5, 1845, the American Republican party changed their name to the Native American Party and held their first national convention in Philadelphia. The party opposed liberal immigration policies. On June 17, 1854, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner held its second national convention in New York City. The members were \"native Americans\" and anti-Catholic. When the members answered questions about the group, they responded with \"I know nothing about it,\" giving rise to the nickname Know-Nothing for the Native American Party. The new political party gained national support. The Know-Nothing party encouraged and tapped into the nation's prejudice and fears that Catholic immigrants would take control of the United States. Hostility to Catholics had a long history based on national rivalries in Europe. By 1854, the Know-Nothings gained control of Jefferson County's government.",
"title": "Louisville, Kentucky, in the American Civil War"
}
] |
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] |
2189
|
Can U.S. citizens maintain dual citizenship with another country?
|
[
{
"docid": "25151566#8",
"text": "A person who is considered a citizen by more than one nation has \"dual citizenship\". It is possible for a United States citizen to have dual citizenship; this can be achieved in various ways, such as by birth in the United States to a parent who is a citizen of a foreign country (or in certain circumstances the foreign nationality may be transmitted even by a grandparent) by birth in another country to a parent(s) who is/are a United States citizen/s, or by having parents who are citizens of different countries. Anyone who becomes a naturalized U.S. citizen is required to renounce any prior \"allegiance\" to other countries during the naturalization ceremony; however, this renunciation of allegiance renunciation of citizenship to those countries.",
"title": "Citizenship of the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25151566#4",
"text": "U.S. law permits multiple citizenship. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U.S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, though they must renounce allegiance to the other country. A U.S. citizen retains U.S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that country's laws allow it. U.S. citizenship can be renounced by Americans who also hold another citizenship \"via\" a formal procedure at a U.S. Embassy, and it can also be restored.",
"title": "Citizenship of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "993845#37",
"text": "Although the U.S. government does not endorse dual citizenship as a matter of policy, it recognizes the existence of dual citizenship and completely tolerates the maintenance of multiple citizenship by U.S. citizens. In the past, claims of other countries on dual-national U.S. citizens sometimes placed them in situations where their obligations to one country were in conflict with the laws of the other. However, as fewer countries require military service and most base other obligations (such as the payment of taxes) on residence and not citizenship, these conflicts have become less frequent.",
"title": "United States nationality law"
},
{
"docid": "17005341#14",
"text": "In accordance with the Law on Romanian Citizenship of 1991, Romanian citizens currently have the right to hold dual citizenship. Romanian citizens who apply for dual citizenship are not required to establish their residency in Romania and, if accepted, are granted all the same rights as non-dual citizens. The Romanian policy on dual citizenship is irrelevant to other states policy. In order to successfully become a dual citizen of Romania, a person must also meet the requirements of dual citizenship in the other country. There have been cases in which applicants have successfully restored their Romanian citizenship and as a result, lost citizenship of another country. The Romanian state does not claim responsibility for the loss of citizenship to another state as a result of being granted dual citizenship by Romania.",
"title": "Romanian nationality law"
},
{
"docid": "30876330#5",
"text": "As a result, the theory of perpetual allegiance largely fell out of favor with governments during the late 19th century. With the consensus of the time being that dual citizenship would only lead to diplomatic problems, more governments began prohibiting it, and revoking the nationality of citizens holding another nationality. By the mid-20th century, dual nationality was largely prohibited worldwide, although there were exceptions. For example, a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings permitted Americans born with citizenship in another country to keep it without losing their U.S. citizenship.",
"title": "Multiple citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "25151566#10",
"text": "Under certain circumstances there are relevant distinctions between dual citizens who hold a \"substantial contact\" with a country, for example by holding a passport or by residing in the country for a certain period of time, and those who do not. For example, under the Heroes Earnings Assistance and Relief Tax (HEART) Act of 2008, U.S. citizens in general are subject to an expatriation tax if they give up U.S. citizenship, but there are exceptions (specifically ) for those who are either under age 18½ upon giving up U.S. citizenship and have lived in the U.S. for less than ten years in their lives, or who are dual citizens by birth residing in their other country of citizenship at the time of giving up U.S. citizenship and have lived in the U.S. for less than ten out of the past fifteen years. Similarly, the United States considers holders of a foreign passport to have a substantial contact with the country that issued the passport, which may preclude security clearance.",
"title": "Citizenship of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "54362192#38",
"text": "Even countries which permit dual citizenship may bar dual citizens from government positions. Australia for example does not allow dual citizens to stand for election to Parliament, while Taiwan bars dual citizens from most public-sector positions. Diplomatic and consular positions present additional difficulties. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations state that a country may refuse to receive a diplomat or consular officer who holds the citizenship of the receiving country. Based on this, the State Department does not receive U.S. citizens and non-citizen nationals as diplomats representing a foreign country to the United States. The State Department permits such individuals to represent a foreign country in its diplomatic mission at United Nations Headquarters in New York City, but while in such positions they enjoy only official acts immunity and not diplomatic immunity. Thus, an individual wishing to assume a diplomatic or consular position in the United States may choose to relinquish U.S. citizenship. One early example of this, which was described at the time as the first such case in U.S. diplomatic history, was Oskar R. Lange's decision to renounce citizenship in 1945 to become the Polish ambassador to the United States.",
"title": "Relinquishment of United States nationality"
},
{
"docid": "54362192#37",
"text": "Some foreign countries do not permit their citizens to hold other citizenships at all. Bars on dual citizenship take a variety of forms, but two common provisions in such countries' laws are that a foreigner seeking to become a citizen of the country generally must obtain release from any other citizenships according to the laws of those other countries (a provision seen for example in South Korea and Austria), and that a person who was born with dual citizenship must choose whether to retain the local citizenship or the foreign citizenship upon reaching the age of majority (e.g. in Japan). In the 1990s, many individuals relinquishing citizenship were naturalized citizens returning to their countries of birth; for example, the State Department indicated to the JCT that many of the 858 U.S. citizens who renounced in 1994 were former Korean Americans who returned to South Korea and resumed their citizenship there, which under South Korean nationality law required them to give up their U.S. citizenship. By the late 1990s, the number of relinquishments had fallen to about 400 per year. The State Department speculated that the 1997 Asian financial crisis resulted in \"fewer people renounc[ing] their U.S. citizenship as a condition of employment in an Asian country\".",
"title": "Relinquishment of United States nationality"
},
{
"docid": "30876330#51",
"text": "Multiple citizens who travel to a country that claims them as a citizen may be required to enter or leave the country on that country's passport. For example, a United States Department of State web page on dual nationality contains the information that most US citizens, including dual nationals, must use a US passport to enter and leave the United States. Under the terms of the South African Citizenship Act, it is an offence for someone aged at least 18 with South African citizenship and another citizenship to enter or depart the Republic of South Africa using the passport of another country. They may also be required, before leaving the country, to fulfill requirements ordinarily required of its resident citizens, including compulsory military service or exit permits.",
"title": "Multiple citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "6271835#3",
"text": "The United States, Canada, and Mexico all grant unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual citizenship. The United States taxes its citizens and green card holders worldwide, even if they have never lived in the country. In Mexico, only naturalized citizens can lose their Mexican citizenship again (e.g., by naturalizing in another country).",
"title": "Birth tourism"
}
] |
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] |
2190
|
How many species of kelp are there?
|
[
{
"docid": "165744#0",
"text": "Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera.",
"title": "Kelp"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23166289#0",
"text": "Macrocystis pyrifera, commonly known as giant kelp or giant bladder kelp, is a species of kelp (large brown algae), and one of four species in the genus \"Macrocystis\". Giant kelp is common along the coast of the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California north to southeast Alaska, and is also found in the southern oceans near South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae may grow to more than long at a rate of as much as per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food, as it is rich in iodine, potassium, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.",
"title": "Macrocystis pyrifera"
},
{
"docid": "39070352#42",
"text": "The largest marine algae are kelp species, which include bull kelp (\"Durvillaea antarctica\"), which can reach over long and is thought to be the strongest kelp in the world. As many as 47 individual plants can live on , and they can grow at a day. Kelp that is broken off its anchor provides a valuable food source for many animals, as well as providing a method of oceanic dispersal for animals such as invertebrates to travel across the Southern Ocean by riding floating kelp.",
"title": "Wildlife of Antarctica"
},
{
"docid": "1900398#20",
"text": "Known to be important ecosystem components that are sensitive to anthropogenic stressors, eelgrass and kelp species are commonly recognized indicators of aquatic vegetation health.\nThere are twenty six species of kelp which grow along Washington’s shorelines, which makes it one of the highest sites of kelp diversity in the world.\nChanges in the oceans kelp have direct effect on other species. This is particularly due to the unique three-dimensional habitats that the plants provide for invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. Widespread loss of kelp throughout Puget Sound would have repercussions for the marine ecosystem as a whole.",
"title": "Environmental issues in Puget Sound"
},
{
"docid": "1188676#8",
"text": "Kelps are primarily associated with temperate and arctic waters worldwide. Of the more dominant genera, \"Laminaria\" is mainly associated with both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the coasts of China and Japan; \"Ecklonia\" is found in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; and \"Macrocystis\" occurs throughout the northeastern and southeastern Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean archipelagos, and in patches around Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The region with the greatest diversity of kelps (>20 species) is the northeastern Pacific, from north of San Francisco, California, to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.",
"title": "Kelp forest"
},
{
"docid": "1188676#9",
"text": "Although kelp forests are unknown in tropical surface waters, a few species of \"Laminaria\" have been known to occur exclusively in tropical deep waters. This general absence of kelp from the tropics is believed to be mostly due to insufficient nutrient levels associated with warm, oligotrophic waters. One recent study spatially overlaid the requisite physical parameters for kelp with mean oceanographic conditions has produced a model predicting the existence of subsurface kelps throughout the tropics worldwide to depths of 200 m. For a hotspot in the Galapagos Islands, the local model was improved with fine-scale data and tested; the research team found thriving kelp forests in all eight of their sampled sites, all of which had been predicted by the model, thus validated their approach. This suggests that their global model might actually be fairly accurate, and if so, kelp forests would be prolific in tropical subsurface waters worldwide. The importance of this contribution has been rapidly acknowledged within the scientific community and has prompted an entirely new trajectory of kelp forest research, particularly emphasizing the potential for a spatial refuge from climate change also the explanations to evolutionary patterns of kelps worldwide.",
"title": "Kelp forest"
},
{
"docid": "7818857#0",
"text": "The Coelopidae or kelp flies are a family of Acalyptratae flies (order Diptera), they are sometimes also called seaweed flies, though both terms are used for a number of seashore Diptera. Fewer than 40 species occur worldwide. The family is found in temperate areas, with species occurring in the southern Afrotropical, Holarctic, and Australasian (which has the most species) regions.",
"title": "Coelopidae"
},
{
"docid": "13431184#3",
"text": "\"Alaria\" the second largest genus of Laminariales, with about 17 currently recognized species. However, due to its highly plastic morphology, the kelp has over 100 specific and subspecific names, which have arisen since it was first described in 1830. These synonyms have been tailored down to the present species through genetic comparisons.",
"title": "Alaria (alga)"
},
{
"docid": "760319#3",
"text": "There are five subspecies of kelp gull. The African subspecies \"L. d. vetula\" is sometimes split as the Cape gull, \"L. vetula\". It has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill. The adult has a dark eye, whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye. Young Cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls.Kelp gulls are omnivores like most \"Larus\" gulls, and they will scavenge as well as seek suitable small prey. They gather on landfills and a sharp increase in population is therefore considered as an indicator for a degraded environment. Kelp gulls have been observed feeding on live right whales since at least 1996. The kelp gull uses its powerful beak to peck down centimetres into the skin and blubber, often leaving the whales with large open sores, some of which have been observed to be half a meter in diameter. This predatory behavior has been documented in Argentinian waters, and continues today. At rocky sites along the southern African coast, such as at Boulders Beach in Cape Town, kelp gulls (\"Larus dominicanus vetula\") can be seen picking up shellfish and repeatedly flying up several meters and dropping them onto the rocks below in order to break them open. They have also been reported pecking the eyes out of seal pups on the coast of Namibia before attacking the blind seals in a group.",
"title": "Kelp gull"
},
{
"docid": "165744#6",
"text": "Kelp may develop dense forests with high production, biodiversity and ecological function. Along the Norwegian coast these forests cover 5800 km, and they support large numbers of animals. Numerous sessile animals (sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on the kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts. More than 100,000 mobile invertebrates per square meter are found on kelp stipes and holdfasts in well-developed kelp forests (Christie et al., 2003). While larger invertebrates and in particular sea urchins \"Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis\" (O.F. Müller) are important secondary consumers controlling large barren ground areas on the Norwegian coast, they are scarce inside dense kelp forests.",
"title": "Kelp"
},
{
"docid": "88477#9",
"text": "Monterey Bay Aquarium displays 35,000 animals belonging to over 550 species in of water. Filtered seawater from Monterey Bay is pumped into the Kelp Forest and other exhibits at per minute. At night, unfiltered seawater (or \"raw seawater\") is used for the Kelp Forest exhibit to maintain its realistic appearance. The use of unfiltered seawater allows animals to grow in the aquarium's plumbing so it must occasionally be cleaned with tools called pigs, which blast through the pipes under pressure to remove organisms and debris. Control systems that maintain this seawater system and other life support components for the animals are mostly automated, tracking various chemical parameters and reducing the likelihood for human error during repetitive tasks such as filter media backwashing. The seawater system is controlled by more than 10,000 data points.",
"title": "Monterey Bay Aquarium"
},
{
"docid": "165744#2",
"text": "Through the 19th century, the word \"kelp\" was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain soda ash (primarily sodium carbonate). The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and Fucales. The word \"kelp\" was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes.",
"title": "Kelp"
}
] |
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] |
2192
|
When was David Mirkin born?
|
[
{
"docid": "113150#0",
"text": "David Mirkin (born September 18, 1955) is an American feature film and television director, writer and producer. Mirkin grew up in Philadelphia and intended to become an electrical engineer, but abandoned this career path in favor of studying film at Loyola Marymount University. After graduating, he became a stand-up comedian, and then moved into television writing. He wrote for the sitcoms \"Three's Company\", \"It's Garry Shandling's Show\" and \"The Larry Sanders Show\" and served as showrunner on the series \"Newhart\". After an unsuccessful attempt to remake the British series \"The Young Ones\", Mirkin created \"Get a Life\" in 1990. The series starred comedian Chris Elliott and ran for two seasons, despite a lack of support from many Fox network executives, who disliked the show's dark and surreal humor. He moved on to create the sketch show \"The Edge\" starring his then-partner, actress Julie Brown.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "113150#2",
"text": "Mirkin was born and raised in Philadelphia and graduated from Northeast High School in 1973. His father was a computer engineer until his death in 1960. Mirkin's older brother Gary worked as a television engineer for the Philadelphia NBC affiliate, KYW-TV, now a CBS owned-and-operated station. Throughout his childhood, Mirkin had an interest in film, and explored both writing and filming. Mirkin has described himself as a \"nerd\" and was often in trouble as a child because he was \"in another world\". At high school, he felt the teaching was \"too slow\" and was allowed by his teachers to \"skip class two to three days a week\".",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#11",
"text": "Mirkin was the executive producer and showrunner for the animated sitcom \"The Simpsons\", during its fifth and sixth seasons (1993–1995). Following the end of the show's fourth season, most of the original staff members left the show; only Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Conan O'Brien and Dan McGrath remained, and O'Brien soon left to replace David Letterman as host of \"Late Night\". Executive producers James L. Brooks and Richard Sakai hired Mirkin following his exit from \"The Edge\". He had been asked to join the show's writing team when it started in 1989, but decided instead to work on \"Get a Life\". He was a fan of \"The Simpsons\" before being hired for the show, and started work in . Due to the show's long production cycle, season five did not air until the following September. Mirkin was the program's first solo showrunner. Due to the high staff departure at the end of season four, Mirkin \"pretty much had to build [the] show from the ground up again\", and noted that this \"was exciting but also a big challenge\". He hired several new writers, including Richard Appel, David X. Cohen, Jennifer Crittenden, Greg Daniels, Bob Kushell, Jace Richdale and Mike Scully.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#5",
"text": "Mirkin started out as a stand-up comedian in 1982 and performed across the United States, including at The Comedy Store, where he became a regular, and at The Improv. The first joke he used in his routine was, \"Is it just me or has everybody been coughing up blood lately?\" Mirkin considers the joke to be \"an insight into the way [he writes]\". Stand-up comedy was the most profitable and easily accessible route Mirkin found into the comedy industry, but \"it wasn't a lifestyle that [he] particularly coveted,\" especially due to the traveling required.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#6",
"text": "He got his first job writing for television on the sitcom \"Three's Company\" in 1983. Through his cousin, Mirkin met writer George Tricker who became his mentor. Tricker wrote for the \"Three's Company\" spin-off \"The Ropers\" so Mirkin wrote a spec script for an episode of \"The Ropers\". Although rejected by the producers of \"The Ropers\", \"Three's Company\" creator Bernie West was impressed by the script and Mirkin began pitching ideas for that series instead. Mirkin pitched to the series' story editors for several years without success because they had very limited script buying power. He was eventually able to pitch to the show's producers, who bought a script from him, and then hired him as a staff writer. Mirkin was apprehensive about the job because he was aiming to work on \"Cheers\", a show more focused on character-driven humor which Mirkin preferred writing, but felt he could not turn the opportunity down. Mirkin considered \"Three's Company\" to have \"a classic French farce structure\", as \"the characters were so stupid they could never say anything clever.\" This meant Mirkin had to adapt his preference for character-driven comedy to fit the show; it \"forced you to put all the cleverness into the plot, a much more difficult thing to do. The plot had to get all the laughs\". Mirkin felt the experience \"taught [him] a lot about structure\" which greatly aided his later work on character-focused shows.\nStill hoping to work on \"Cheers\", Mirkin sent a spec script of an episode of \"Taxi\" to \"Cheers\" writers Ken Levine and David Isaacs. The two approved and offered Mirkin a freelance job writing one of the final nine episodes of the show's first season, pending their commissioning by NBC. The episodes were commissioned, but Mirkin's agent rejected the \"Cheers\" job without telling his client, failing to see why Mirkin would want to work on what was then the lowest-rated comedy on television. Mirkin sacked the agent and signed on with Robb Rothman. Rothman knew Dan Wilcox, the executive producer of \"Newhart\", which like \"Cheers\" was more character-focused. Rothman persuaded Wilcox to hire Mirkin. Mirkin wrote a freelance script and in 1984 beat seven other writers to a staff position on the series. He served as a writer and supervising story editor, before being promoted to executive producer and showrunner after one and a half years. Mirkin \"felt [\"Newhart\"] was where I belonged. I'd finally come to a place in my life where everything I'd ever wanted had come together.\" In 1987, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for \"Newhart\". It was the first nomination the show had received in that category and for the first episode Mirkin wrote as the series' showrunner. Mirkin directed several of the \"Newhart\" episodes he wrote because he saw directing as \"a means of protecting the writing\". A philosophy he carried into his later work, Mirkin felt that \"being the head writer... was not enough; you had to see the material through its execution – especially the weirder stuff. You had to be right there to make sure every sick idea didn't lose any disturbing nuance.\" Mirkin left \"Newhart\" in 1988, desiring to work on a single-camera sitcom.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#10",
"text": "In 1991, Mirkin wrote a pilot with Julie Brown entitled \"The Julie Show\", starring Brown, but NBC did not produce it. Several people at the network enjoyed it and commissioned \"The Edge\", a sketch comedy show also written by Mirkin and Brown, with Mirkin directing. NBC opted against production, but Fox ran it from 1992 to 1993. Mirkin had long wished to produce a sketch show, and designed \"The Edge\" to be \"fast-paced\" and \"some skits overlap, end abruptly or are broken into segments\", in order to maintain attention. \"The Edge\" was a ratings success and was supported by the network. Mirkin considered it \"the first time I experienced the feeling of having a hit that I created. It just kept building and growing.\" The show's material often inflamed its targets, particularly producer Aaron Spelling. Spelling objected to a sketch mocking his series \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", another Fox show, and its lead actress Tori Spelling, who is his daughter. He demanded a public apology and that no further episodes contain the parody, threatening to sue. The show's production company TriStar Television refused, while Mirkin responded: \"The thing about these parodies is they don't hurt a show. It's only cross-promotion. The viewers who like the show always come back the next week. What's upsetting to me is it shows absolutely that Mr. Spelling has no sense of humor.\" Mirkin left his role as executive producer of \"The Edge\" during its run. The \"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\" reported that Mirkin had been \"forced off the show\", due to the negative reaction of Spelling and others, though in 2012, Mirkin stated that he left the series after refusing to accept a substantially reduced budget. The show's producers Sony failed to persuade him to stay but he returned to the series to produce its final \"Best Of\" compilation.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "58557836#1",
"text": "Zinaida Mirkina was born on 10 January 1926 in Moscow. Her parents were Alexander Mirkin, an engineer, and Alexandra Mirkina, an economist. Her grandfather, Aaron Mirkin, had been a watchmaker in Saint Petersburg. Her family was Jewish.",
"title": "Zinaida Mirkina"
},
{
"docid": "14500487#2",
"text": "Mirkin was born November 23, 1963, in Phoenix, Arizona. He received his B.S. degree from Dickinson College in 1986 and his PhD from Penn State University in 1989. He was an NSF postdoctoral research fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he worked with Professor Mark S. Wrighton on microelectrode devices for electrocatalysis. He became a professor at Northwestern University in 1991.",
"title": "Chad Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#19",
"text": "\"Heartbreakers\", Mirkin's second film as a feature director, was released in 2001. Mirkin rejected the project three times because he disliked the script. While he liked the idea of a mother and daughter con-woman team, he found the writing \"really broad\", and \"it had no emotion in it.\" Eventually, Mirkin was allowed to rewrite the script himself, which he did in a year's time. He filmed the project in Florida and Los Angeles and had a cameo appearance in the film as Jack's lawyer. Reactions to both the film and Mirkin's direction of it were more varied compared to \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\". Roger Ebert said the film was not \"as sly and has no ambition to be [as] charming\" as \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\", \"but in a season of dreary failed comedies it does what a comedy must: It makes us laugh\". Chris Hewitt of \"Empire\" wrote that \"Mirkin's direction is a little flat, but he's clearly having tremendous fun,\" but Susan Wloszczyna of \"USA Today\" opined that Mirkin \"never gets the timing right and allows the story to drag with little internal logic\".",
"title": "David Mirkin"
},
{
"docid": "113150#18",
"text": "In 1999, several of the Fox executives who had disliked \"Get a Life\" came to Mirkin and apologized for the way they had treated the show, stating that they now found it funny. They commissioned Mirkin to write, produce and direct a similarly-themed show of his choice. Mirkin produced a pilot for \"Jeff of the Universe\", a \"sarcastic\" parody of the science fiction genre. The executives who had disproved of \"Get a Life\" had since moved from the Fox Network to Fox Studios, and they liked this new show. However, the new executives at Fox did not, and chose not to air the show. Mirkin often plays clips from the show at the talks he does at colleges; they receive a positive response.",
"title": "David Mirkin"
}
] |
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] |
2193
|
When was the Caldecott Medal first established?
|
[
{
"docid": "166021#18",
"text": "In 1938, the American Library Association (ALA) began presenting annually the Caldecott Medal to the most distinguished children's book illustration published in the year. The Caldecott Medal was established as a sister award to the ALA's Newbery Medal, which was awarded to a children's books \"for the most distinguished American children's book published the previous year\" and presented annually beginning in 1922. During the mid-forties to early fifties, honorees included Marcia Brown, Barbara Cooney, Roger Duvoisin, Berta and Elmer Hader, Robert Lawson, Robert McCloskey, Dr. Seuss, Maurice Sendak, Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire, Leo Politi, Tasha Tudor, and Leonard Weisgard.",
"title": "Picture book"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "199987#0",
"text": "The Randolph Caldecott Medal annually recognizes the preceding year's \"most distinguished American picture book for children\", beginning with 1937 publications. It is awarded to the illustrator by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are the most prestigious American children's book awards.",
"title": "Caldecott Medal"
},
{
"docid": "199987#12",
"text": "Jon Klassen became the second person to win both the Caldecott and the Greenaway and the first to win both for the same work: \"This Is Not My Hat\" won the Caldecott in 2013 and the Greenaway in 2014. It was released on October 9, 2012, by Walker Books in the UK and by its American subsidiary Candlewick Press in the US.",
"title": "Caldecott Medal"
},
{
"docid": "199987#2",
"text": "Beside the Caldecott Medal, the committee awards a variable number of citations to worthy runners-up, called the Caldecott Honors or Caldecott Honor Books. The \"Honor\" was introduced in 1971, but some runners-up had been identified annually and all those runners-up were retroactively named Caldecott Honor Books. The number of Honors or runners-up had always been one to five, and it had been two to four since 1994, until five were named in 2013 and six in 2015. The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot, either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner.",
"title": "Caldecott Medal"
},
{
"docid": "199987#1",
"text": "The award is named for Randolph Caldecott, a nineteenth-century English illustrator. Rene Paul Chambellan designed the Medal in 1937. The obverse scene is derived from Randolph Caldecott's front cover illustration for \"The Diverting History of John Gilpin\" (Routledge, 1878, an edition of the 1782 poem by William Cowper), which depicts Gilpin astride a runaway horse. The reverse is based on \"Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie\", one of Caldecott's illustrations for the nursery rhyme \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\".",
"title": "Caldecott Medal"
},
{
"docid": "24541293#7",
"text": "Melcher proposed the Caldecott Medal in 1937 to honor children's picture books. Named for British illustrator Randolph Caldecott, the medal is presented annually for the \"most distinguished picture book for children\".",
"title": "Frederic G. Melcher"
},
{
"docid": "58623174#3",
"text": "The Caldecott Comminuty began its life in 1911 when Leila Rendel and her friend Phyllis Potter set up their own nursery school based on the progressive ideas of Margaret McMillan and Leila's aunt Edith Rendel who was an active critic of the English Poor Laws, a pioneer girls' club leader and a militant suffragist. Their school was located at Cartwright Gardens in St Pancras and mainly catered to the children of women working in a nearby matchbox factory. An admirer of Randolph Caldecott's children's book illustrations, Rendel named the nursery school in his honour and adorned its walls with a frieze of his pictures. Rendel's grandfather, Alexander Meadows Rendel, provided them with an endowment and further donations were received from her large circle of family and friends. By 1914 the school was well-established with a written constitution and Percy Nunn as its chairman. Princess Louise served as its president.",
"title": "Caldecott Foundation"
},
{
"docid": "2766467#3",
"text": "When the Circle Line was initially planned, this station was planned to be a shell station, to be opened only when the surroundings are more developed and was commonly named \"Thomson\", named after the Thomson constituency that was being visible from 1980 to 1991, and subsequently absorbed into the Thomson GRC. It was only announced quite later that Caldecott will be opened with the Stage 4 on 11 January 2007, and the station name was renamed to \"Caldecott\", which is named after the Caldecott Hill, a private housing estate and was a home to the MediaCorp Campus from 1963 to 2016, and was also named after the colonial master, Sir Andrew Caldecott who had served in various posts for nearly three decades. The station opened on 8 October 2011.",
"title": "Caldecott MRT station"
},
{
"docid": "199987#8",
"text": "The 2019 committee named four Caldecott Honor Books. The annual number of runners-up has ranged from one to six, same as for the Newbery Medal during the same timespan, from 1938. Indeed, for twenty years from 1993 to 2012 there were two to four Honors every year.",
"title": "Caldecott Medal"
},
{
"docid": "6707563#1",
"text": "‡ As an illustrator Ets won the annual Caldecott Medal in 1960 for \"Nine Days to Christmas\" and she was one of the runners-up five times from 1945 to 1966 (exceeded only by Maurice Sendak). Since 1971 the runners-up are called Caldecott Honor Books, but some runners-up had been identified annually and all those runners-up were retroactively named Caldecott Honor Books. The number of Honors or runners-up had always been one to five, and it had been two to four since 1994, until five were named in 2013 and six in 2015. The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot, either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner.",
"title": "Marie Hall Ets"
}
] |
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2194
|
What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the human brain?
|
[
{
"docid": "48718797#0",
"text": "In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells. It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.",
"title": "Glutamate (neurotransmitter)"
},
{
"docid": "2860161#0",
"text": "Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation.",
"title": "Glutamate receptor"
},
{
"docid": "63541#16",
"text": "Glutamate is also a neurotransmitter (see below), which makes it one of the most abundant molecules in the brain. Malignant brain tumors known as glioma or glioblastoma exploit this phenomenon by using glutamate as an energy source, especially when these tumors become more dependent on glutamate due to mutations in the gene \"IDH1\".",
"title": "Glutamic acid"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "507325#0",
"text": "Alpha-synuclein is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the \"SNCA\" gene. It is abundant in the brain while smaller amounts are found in the heart, muscles, and other tissues. In the brain, alpha-synuclein is found mainly at the tips of nerve cells (neurons) in specialized structures called presynaptic terminals. Within these structures, alpha-synuclein interacts with phospholipids and proteins. Presynaptic terminals release chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, from compartments known as synaptic vesicles. The release of neurotransmitters relays signals between neurons and is critical for normal brain function.",
"title": "Alpha-synuclein"
},
{
"docid": "48718797#3",
"text": "Glutamate is a major constituent of a wide variety of proteins; consequently it is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. Under ordinary conditions enough is obtained from the diet that there is no need for any to be synthesized. Nevertheless, glutamate is formally classified as a non-essential amino acid, because it can be synthesized from alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose starting point is citrate. Glutamate cannot cross the blood-brain barrier unassisted, but it is actively transported into the nervous system by a high affinity transport system, which maintains its concentration in brain fluids at a fairly constant level.",
"title": "Glutamate (neurotransmitter)"
},
{
"docid": "984731#0",
"text": "Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY has been identified as the most abundant peptide present in the mammalian central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is secreted alongside other neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.",
"title": "Neuropeptide Y"
},
{
"docid": "20767273#19",
"text": "Withdrawal symptoms are a normal response in individuals having chronically used benzodiazepines, and an adverse effect and result of drug tolerance. Symptoms typically emerge when dosage of the drug is reduced. GABA is the second-most-common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (the most common being glutamate) and by far the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter; roughly one-quarter to one-third of synapses use GABA. The use of benzodiazepines has a profound effect on almost every aspect of brain and body function, either directly or indirectly.",
"title": "Benzodiazepine dependence"
},
{
"docid": "10534087#76",
"text": "The MAOIs work by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase enzymes that, as the name suggests, break down the monoamine neurotransmitters. This leads to increased concentrations of most of the monoamine neurotransmitters in the human brain, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and melatonin. The fact that they are more efficacious than the newer generation antidepressants is what leads scientists to develop newer antidepressants that target a greater range of neurotransmitters. The problem with MAOIs is that they have many potentially dangerous side-effects such as hypotension, and there is a risk of food and drug interactions that can result in potentially fatal serotonin syndrome or a hypertensive crisis. Although selective MAOIs can reduce, if not eliminate these risks, their efficacy tends to be lower.",
"title": "Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor"
},
{
"docid": "53888625#4",
"text": "Kaitocephalin acts by inhibiting glutamate receptors. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system and is involved in learning, memory, and neuroplasticity. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter, so binding of glutamate to its receptors increases ion flow through the postsynaptic membrane. Excess glutamate can lead to cell death and neurological damage through a phenomenon called excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity occurs when calcium ion influx creates a positive feedback loop, leading to breakdown of the cell membrane and apoptosis. This process is part of the ischemic cascade, when low blood supply (ischemia) causes a series of events leading to cell death; this is the mechanism by which strokes cause brain damage. High levels of glutamate have also been linked to the neuronal degeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.",
"title": "Kaitocephalin"
},
{
"docid": "39207238#10",
"text": "Since glutamate is the most abundant and major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, pathophysiological changes in glutamatergic signaling are likely to affect neurobehavioral plasticity, information processing and large-scales changes in functional brain connectivity.Ketamine, a fast-acting general anesthetic derived from phencyclidine and use as a pediatric inductor, plays a non-well known role in the neural network dynamics at the healthy brain . The administration of ketamine in abnormal brain has the potential of reduce the increased function of the networks that are seen in depression. The therapeutic potential of ketamine may be explained by reversing disturbances in the glutamatergic system and restoring parts of a disrupted neurobehavioral homeostasis where several structural, metabolic, and functional abnormalities have taken place. Long term ketamine treatments lead to cognitive impairment including problems of short-term memory, visual and verbal memory. On the other hand, short term treatments are generally well tolerated and any damage may be reversible.",
"title": "Dorsal nexus"
}
] |
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] |
2196
|
When was Rita Simons born?
|
[
{
"docid": "11172213#0",
"text": "Rita Joanne Simons (born 10 March 1977) is an English actress, singer, and model from London, who is known for playing Roxy Mitchell in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" from 2007 to 2017, when her character was killed off. For her performance on the show Simons received many accolades, including the 2008 National Television Award for Most Popular Newcomer.",
"title": "Rita Simons"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11172213#2",
"text": "Simons was born to Susan (née Franks) and Mark Simons. Both of her parents are Jewish. She has an older brother, Ben. Through her paternal aunt's marriage, Simons is the niece of billionaire businessman Lord Sugar, who is best known for appearing in the BBC reality series \"The Apprentice\".",
"title": "Rita Simons"
},
{
"docid": "39402690#1",
"text": "Born Rita Neumann, she joined the League of German Girls (the girls' wing of the Hitler Youth) at age 8. She enjoyed the sports competition, and being able to escape an “overprotective mother”. As for Nazism, she said that “only today, in hindsight, do I understand the total madness we were subjected to”. Her plans to qualify as a veterinarian were thwarted by the postwar West German policy of favouring war veterans for admission to universities. After working in a Hamburg zoo, she followed a mining engineer, Lothar Simon to South Africa in 1953 and became his wife. While married to Simon she became a proficient pilot and he later died, with her 17-year-old daughter, in a 1972 light aircraft crash. Ten years later, she bought the small Lowveld farm that would become her baboon centre. A short-lived second marriage which ended in divorce, was to Piet Miljo, a South African.",
"title": "Rita Miljo"
},
{
"docid": "451153#1",
"text": "Rita Colwell was born on November 23, 1934, in Beverly, Massachusetts. Her parents, Louis and Louise Rossi, had eight children, Rita being the seventh child born into the Rossi household. Neither her mother nor her father were from scientific backgrounds. In 1956, Rita obtained a B.S. in bacteriology from Purdue University. She also received her M.S in genetics from Purdue. Colwell's Ph.D. is from the University of Washington in the field of aquatic microbiology under the direction of microbiologist John Liston. She participated in a post-doctoral fellowship at the National Research Council (Canada) in Ottawa.",
"title": "Rita R. Colwell"
},
{
"docid": "11172213#9",
"text": "On 11 May 2007, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of \"EastEnders\" as Roxy Mitchell, alongside Samantha Womack who played Roxy's sister Ronnie Mitchell. Of her role, Simons said: \"I've always watched \"EastEnders\" and it's been my dream to become part of the Mitchell family.\" Simons temporarily departed from \"EastEnders\" in late 2015 (the character departed from screens from 1 January to 4 May 2016), allowing the actress to take part in a Snow White pantomime at the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury, over the 2015/16 Christmas and New Year period. In August 2016, it was announced that Simons had quit \"EastEnders\" along with Samantha Womack and that they would be both departing in an \"explosive\" storyline in 2017. Her on-screen character Roxy Mitchell drowned in a swimming pool in an episode broadcast on New Year's Day 2017, along with her sister Ronnie.",
"title": "Rita Simons"
},
{
"docid": "24806257#8",
"text": "Sharon was born on 22 March 1965. In March 1982, she was in foster care and was due to go to long-term foster parents, the Boltons in May. In the meantime, she was fostered by Len and Rita Fairclough in Weatherfield. She enjoyed her stay initially, coming to see Len and Rita as parents, but she fell out with Len when they argued at her 17th birthday party. Len caught Sharon's boyfriend, Steve Dunthorne, trying to lead her upstairs and her brother, Wayne, showed up and caused trouble as the pair had a difficult relationship. Len forbade Sharon and Steve from sleeping together. Sharon liked the Faircloughs and, on meeting the Boltons, decided that they were too posh and returned to Coronation Street, wanting to stay with Len and Rita until she was eighteen. Donald Worthington from the agency was against this but bowed to Sharon's wishes as Len and Rita were equally keen for Sharon to stay with them. While staying with the Faircloughs, Sharon lent Len a hand at the Builder's Yard, surprising him with her carpentry skills. She helped him rebuild No.7, which he intended to sell but Sharon and Rita persuaded him to sell No. 9 instead and moved into the newer house.",
"title": "List of Coronation Street characters (1982)"
},
{
"docid": "57322741#1",
"text": "Rita Paulsen was born in Karagwe district in Kagera Region. Her father was a German who died while she was still very young. Her dream was to become a lawyer, but things went differently as she got an early pregnancy when she was still young at age of 14. Following that occasion she faced segregation among her community because she was seen as someone with no future anymore. She did not give up,but rather struggled to find breakthrough in her life until she became a celebrity and uses her experience to encourage girls who face the same situation of early pregnancy to never give up",
"title": "Rita Paulsen"
},
{
"docid": "50648066#1",
"text": "Rita Harriet Harradence was born in Bexley, New South Wales, on 16 September 1915, the daughter of Walter Charles Harradence and his wife Ethel Harriet Todd. She had brothers, Arthur and Edward. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a seamstress in a department store. She attended St George Girls High School, an academically selective school for girls, where she excelled, particularly in mathematics. An exceptional teacher, Lilian Whiteoak, sparked an interest in chemistry. When she matriculated in 1933, she was ranked first in New South Wales in chemistry. She also received first class honours in mathematics, and A's in English, French, Latin and mechanics, making her one of the top students in the state.",
"title": "Rita Harradence"
},
{
"docid": "11172213#3",
"text": "In August 2004, she married hairdresser Theo Silveston, whom she met through a friend when she was 19. They have twin daughters.",
"title": "Rita Simons"
},
{
"docid": "1175379#1",
"text": "Simon was born February 5, 1907 in Portland, Oregon, to Myer and Lillian Simon (née Gluckman). He had two younger sister, Evelyn and Marcia. Simon's father was a businessman who operated his own wholesale goods store, Simon Sells For Less. though the family's financial situation fluctuated. When he was a child, his parents purchased a cottage in Seaside, Oregon, where he spent time during his youth. His mother died in Seaside when Simon was fourteen of complications stemming from type 1 diabetes.",
"title": "Norton Simon"
}
] |
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2197
|
What is the population of Austria in 2018?
|
[
{
"docid": "26964606#76",
"text": "Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.83) in 2018 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.8 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.",
"title": "Austria"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8419772#0",
"text": "Christianity is the predominant religion in Austria. At the 2001 census, 73.6% of the country's population was Catholic. , the number of Catholics has dropped to 56.9% of the population, according to data provided by the Austrian Catholic Church itself. There is a much smaller group of Evangelicals, totalling about 4.7% of the population in 2001, shrunk to 3.3% in 2018. Since 2001, these two historically dominant religious groups in Austria recorded losses in the number of adherents. The Catholic Church reported an absolute drop of 15.7%, the Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed churches of 1.3%. In relative numbers the losses of the smaller Evangelical churches account for 33.7%, compared to Catholic losses which account for 21.9%, since their maximum in 1971.",
"title": "Religion in Austria"
},
{
"docid": "214486#1",
"text": "The majority of the land area in the states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland is situated in the Danube valley and thus consists almost completely of accessible and easily arable terrain. The other five states, in contrast, are located in the Alps and thus are comparatively unsuitable for agriculture. Their terrain is also relatively unfavourable to heavy industry and long-distance trade. Accordingly, the population of what now is the Republic of Austria has been concentrated in the former four states since prehistoric times. Austria's most densely populated state is the city-state of Vienna, the heart of what is Austria's only metropolitan area. Lower Austria ranks only fourth with regard to population density even though it contains Vienna's suburbs; this is due to large areas of land being predominantly agricultural. The alpine state of Tyrol, the less alpine but geographically more remote state of Carinthia, and the non-alpine but near-exclusively agricultural state of Burgenland are Austria's least densely populated states. The wealthy alpine state of Vorarlberg is something of an anomaly due to its small size, isolated location and distinct Alemannic culture.",
"title": "States of Austria"
},
{
"docid": "26964606#1",
"text": "Austria is a federal republic with a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federated states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.8 million, is Vienna. Other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked as one of the richest countries in the world by per capita GDP terms. The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. The republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, and is a founder of the OECD. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.",
"title": "Austria"
},
{
"docid": "58473085#0",
"text": "In the Republic of Austria, the municipality (, sometimes also ) is the administrative division encompassing a single village, town, or city.\nThe municipality has corporate status and local self-government on the basis of parliamentary-style representative democracy: a municipal council () elected through a form of party-list system enacts municipal laws, a municipal executive board () and a mayor (, fem. ) appointed by the council are in charge of municipal administration. Austria is currently (January 1, 2018) partitioned into 2,098 municipalities, ranging in population from about fifty (the village of Gramais in Tyrol) to almost two million (the city of Vienna). There is no unincorporated territory in Austria.",
"title": "Municipality (Austria)"
},
{
"docid": "26964606#94",
"text": "In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called \"Kirchenbeitrag\" (\"Ecclesiastical/Church contribution\"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.",
"title": "Austria"
},
{
"docid": "58473085#14",
"text": "As of January 1, 2018 there are 15 statutory cities in Austria, 186 other cities, 770 market towns, and 1127 other communes, for a total of 2,098 municipalites. One of these municipalities stands out: the city of Vienna is a statutory city and a state at the same time. At 1,900,000 inhabitants, the national capital also seven times larger than the second most populous city, Graz.",
"title": "Municipality (Austria)"
},
{
"docid": "48946#0",
"text": "Graz () is the capital of Styria and the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2018, it had a population of 325,021 (of which 289,440 had principal residence status). In 2015, the population of the Graz larger urban zone who had principal residence status stood at 633,168.",
"title": "Graz"
},
{
"docid": "40748175#8",
"text": "The ADL (Anti-Defamation League) published on 2015 the \"ADL Global 100\", an international survey conducted in 2013-2014 to measure antisemitic opinions in 100 countries around the world. The survey revealed that 28% of the adult population in Austria harbor antisemitic opinions, as reflected through the DATA: More than 50% of the population expressed agreement with the phrase \"Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust\", and more than 40% of the population agreed with \"Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country\" and \"Jews have too much power in international financial markets\".",
"title": "Antisemitism in contemporary Austria"
},
{
"docid": "14717737#0",
"text": "Arnreit is a municipality in Upper Austria in the Rohrbach. It has 1154 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2018). Arnreit is located at an altitude of 604m above sea level in the central area of the Rohrbach district in Mühlviertel. \nThe municipality includes the following localities (with population as of January 1, 2018):",
"title": "Arnreit"
}
] |
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] |
2199
|
When did the Samba first develop?
|
[
{
"docid": "28261#13",
"text": "Although samba exists throughout Brazil – especially in the states of Bahia, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo – in the form of various popular rhythms and dances that originated from the regional batuque of the eastern Brazilian state of Bahia, a music form from Cape Verde, samba is frequently identified as a musical expression of urban Rio de Janeiro, where it developed during the first years of the 20th century. Early styles of samba - and specifically samba de roda - are traced back to the Recôncavo region of Bahia during the 17th century, and the informal dancing following a candomblé ceremony. It was in Rio de Janeiro that the dance practiced by former slaves who migrated from Bahia came into contact with and incorporated other genres played in the city (such as the polka, the maxixe, the lundu, and the xote), acquiring a completely unique character and creating the \"samba carioca urbana\" (samba school) and \"carnavalesco\" (Carnaval school director). Samba schools are large organizations of up to 5,000 people which compete annually in the Carnival with thematic floats, elaborate costumes, and original music.",
"title": "Samba"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29198#2",
"text": "Andrew Tridgell developed the first version of Samba Unix in December 1991 and January 1992, as a PhD student at the Australian National University, using a packet sniffer to do of the protocol used by DEC Pathworks server software. At the time of the first releases, versions 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0, all from the first half of January 1992, it did not have a proper name, and Tridgell just called it \"a Unix file server for Dos Pathworks\". At the time of version 1.0, he realized that he \"had in fact implemented the netbios protocol\" and that \"this software could be used with other PC clients\".",
"title": "Samba (software)"
},
{
"docid": "1166833#30",
"text": "Originated in Bahia, but developed in Rio de Janeiro between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, the samba is still one of the most popular music styles of Brazil. From intimate samba-canções (samba songs) sung in bars to explosive drum parades performed during carnival, samba always evokes a warm and vibrant mood. In the 1930s, a group of musicians led by Ismael Silva founded in the neighborhood of Estácio de Sá the first samba school, Deixa Falar. They transformed the musical genre to make it fit better the carnival parade. In this decade, the radio spread the genre's popularity all around the country, and with the support of the nationalist dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas, samba became Brazil's \"official music.\"",
"title": "Brazilian Carnival"
},
{
"docid": "3332#35",
"text": "Samba is the national dance of Brazil. The rhythm of samba and its name originated from the language and culture of West African slaves. In 1905, samba became known to other countries during an exhibition in Paris. In the 1940s, samba was introduced in America through Carmen Miranda. The international version of Ballroom Samba has been based on an early version of Brazilian Samba called Maxixe, but has since developed away and differs strongly from Brazilian Ballroom Samba, which is called Samba de Gafieira. International Ballroom Samba is danced with a slight bounce which is created through the bending and straightening the knee. It is performed as an International Latin dance, although most of its modern development has occurred outside Latin America.",
"title": "Ballroom dance"
},
{
"docid": "1024858#48",
"text": "Samba-Reggae is a music genre born in Bahia, Brazil. As the name suggests, it was originally derived from a blend of Brazilian Samba with Caribbean Reggae. It arose in the context of the black pride movement that occurred in the city of Salvador de Bahia, around the 1970s, and it still carries connotations of ethnic identity and pride for Afro-Brazilians today. Bahia's population has a large proportion of dark-skinned Brazilians who are descendants of African slaves who were brought to Brazil by the Portuguese in the 18th and 19th centuries. These Afro-Brazilians played a major role in the early development of samba, which first took form in a Bahian style of dance and music called \"samba de roda”. Samba de roda was brought to Rio de Janeiro by Bahians around 1900, where it was combined with harmonic and rhythmic elements from European influences (such as chorinho and military marches). By the 1930s, samba de roda had developed into the faster, more harmonically complex Rio-style samba that is now played in Rio's Carnival. Samba-reggae represents an effort by black Brazilians to develop a Carnival parade music that they could call their own, and to form all-black or mostly-black blocos with which they could parade during Carnival. The afro bloco music was very different because they aimed to recreate and strengthen their community through their music. Olodum is undoubtedly the most famous musical act performing samba-reggae in Brazil.",
"title": "Olodum"
},
{
"docid": "29417595#0",
"text": "Samba TV (formerly \"Flingo\") is a content recommendation engine and viewer tracking application designed for Smart TVs. The developer, San Francisco, California-based Samba, was co-founded in 2008 by early employees of BitTorrent (company), including Samba’s current CEO, Ashwin Navin. Samba TV develops software for televisions, set-top boxes, smart phones and tablets to enable interactive television through personalization. Through its portfolio of applications and TV platform technologies, Samba TV is built directly into the TV or set-top box and will recognize onscreen content—live or time-shifted—and make relevant information available to users at their request. The software will identify what a viewer is watching, and use that information to deliver targeted advertising throughout the household. Through APIs and SDKs for mobile application software developers, Samba TV is usable on a second screen or the TV itself. Samba TV applications are currently available on over 30 million screens in 118 countries.",
"title": "Samba TV"
},
{
"docid": "28261#14",
"text": "During the first decade of the 20th century, some songs under the name of samba were recorded, but these recordings did not achieve great popularity. However, in 1917, \"\"Pelo Telefone\"\" (\"By Telephone\") was recorded, and it is considered the first true samba. The song was claimed to be authored by Ernesto dos Santos, best known as , with co-composition attributed to Mauro de Almeida, a well-known Carnival columnist. Actually, \"Pelo Telefone\" was created by a collective of musicians who participated in celebrations at the house of Tia Ciata (Aunt Ciata). It was eventually registered by Donga and the Almeida National Library.",
"title": "Samba"
},
{
"docid": "7988336#1",
"text": "Samba-reggae arose in the context of the black pride movement that occurred in the city of Salvador de Bahia, around the 69, and it still carries connotations of ethnic identity and pride for Afro-Brazilians today. Bahia's population has a large proportion of dark-skinned Brazilians who are descendants of African slaves who were brought to Brazil by the Portuguese in the 17th and 18th centuries. These Afro-Brazilians played a major role in the early development of samba, which first took form in a Bahian style of dance and music called \"samba de roda\", probably in the late 19th century. Samba de roda was brought to Rio de Janeiro by Bahians around 1900, where it was combined with harmonic and rhythmic elements from European influences (such as chorinho and military marches). By the 1930s, samba de roda had developed into the faster, more harmonically complex Rio-style samba that is now played in Rio's Carnival. Through the middle of the 20th century this new Rio-style samba spread throughout Brazil. Of note, the low pitch bass that was heard on beats 1 and 3, and the higher pitched surdo on beats 2 and 4 in Bahia, brought by the slaves, was changed in Samba-the low pitch was moved to beats 2 and 4.",
"title": "Samba reggae"
},
{
"docid": "3002175#1",
"text": "The LDAP Account Manager (LAM) project was founded in February 2003. The first developers were Michael Dürgner, Roland Gruber, Tilo Lutz and Leonhard Walchshäusl. The goal was to create an application to manage Samba software accounts. At this time Samba supported LDAP in its 2.x releases and version 3 was at alpha stage. But there was no GUI to manage them.\nUntil LAM version 0.4.10 only Samba accounts could be managed. In the year 2004 the project started to develop a plugin architecture to support more account types. The first stable release with the new code was LAM 0.5.0 in September 2005.\nThere is a commercial variant (LAM Pro) since 1.0.4 that supports a user self-service (e.g. to change own password, telephone number, ...). It also supports additional LDAP objects (e.g. Zarafa, Kerberos, PPolicy, ...).",
"title": "LDAP Account Manager"
},
{
"docid": "28261#22",
"text": "Thus, the samba and musical genre was born in the houses of \"Tias Baianas\" (Bahian aunts) in the beginning of the 20th century, as a descendant of the style lundu of the candomblé de terreiro parties between umbigada (Samba) and capoeira's pernadas, marked in pandeiro, prato-e-faca (plate-and-knife) and in the \"palmas\", hand claps. There are some controversies about the word \"samba-raiado\", one of the first appointments to the samba. It is known that the \"samba-raiado\" is marked by the sound and accent sertanejos / rural brought by \"\"Tias Baianas\"\" to Rio de Janeiro. According to João da Baiana, the \"samba-raiado\" was the same as \"chula raiada\" or samba de partido-alto. For the sambist Caninha, this was the first name would have heard at the home of Tia Dadá. At the same time, there were the \"samba-corrido\", a line that had more work together with the rural Bahian accent, and the samba-chulado, a more rhyming and melodic style that characterized the urban samba carioca.",
"title": "Samba"
}
] |
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] |
2200
|
How many people live in Tanzania?
|
[
{
"docid": "36120328#0",
"text": "Tanzania has a current population of 55.57 million people. Current statistics form the World Bank show that in 2011, 49.1% of Tanzanians lived below $1.90 USD per day. This figure is an improvement over 2007’s report indicating a poverty rate of 55.1%. Tanzania has seen annual GDP gains of 7% since 2010 and this economic growth is attributed to this positive trends for poverty alleviation in Tanzania.",
"title": "Poverty in Tanzania"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "36120328#15",
"text": "About 90% of Tanzania's population dwells in impoverished rural areas. Resources such as arable land, seasonal rainfall, and people are common to all villages; apart from these, many other villages are endowed with resources, such as minerals, natural forests, rivers, lakes, ocean et cetera. As of 2007 65.7% of people live off of $1.25 or less a day.",
"title": "Poverty in Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "6618605#0",
"text": "The Hadza, or Hadzabe, are an indigenous ethnic group in north-central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau. There are, as of 2015, between 1,200 and 1,300 Hadza people living in Tanzania, although the increasing impact of tourism and encroaching pastoralists pose serious threats to the continuation of their traditional way of life.",
"title": "Hadza people"
},
{
"docid": "19999693#4",
"text": "In 2000, statistics of Tanzania's Immigration Department showed that they had issued work or residence permits to just 239 Chinese nationals, making them one of the smaller groups of foreigners in the country. However, China's official Xinhua News Agency reported in 2008 that 10,000 Chinese people live in the country.\nIn January 2013, the Chinese Ambassador to Tanzania was quoted saying that there were more than 30,000 Chinese people living in Tanzania.",
"title": "Chinese people in Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "30118#101",
"text": "The population also includes people of Arab, Persian, and Indian origin, and small European and Chinese communities. Many also identify as Shirazis. Thousands of Arabs, Persians, and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964. As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "5934440#35",
"text": "While about 7.9% of Tanzania's population lives with disability, less than 1% of children enrolled in pre-primary, primary, or secondary education have a disability. Similarly to many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Tanzania has no system set in place to assess children for physical or mental impairments before they enroll in the education system, and there is a huge gap in knowledge about how to improve access to education for disabled students when many of their disabilities are not known or tested. Disabled individuals in traditional society and culture are often at a disadvantage in social relationships and economic status. The majority of the country is religious, primarily Muslim or Christian, and in history, that has been used as justification to not include disabled individuals in \"normal society.\" In 1950, the Church Missionary Society of Tanzania opened a school for students with visual disabilities. Teachers were trained abroad and centered curriculum around the students, although up until this point, there had never been a separate learning environment for students with disabilities. Many students were and still are forced to stay at home due to superstition, stigma, and ignorance, and they are, consequently, often seen as worthless or as a burden.",
"title": "Education in Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "6608756#1",
"text": "In 1987, the Kwere population was estimated to number 98,000. The government of Tanzania released data for the 2012 census, but it was not by ethnic group and such detail may not be published in the near future. In the country's 1967 population census, 48,132 people on the mainland identified themselves as belonging to the Ngh’wele ethnic group. The overwhelming majority of them lived in their traditional residential areas in Bagamoyo district (35,404 people), with another 3,857 people living in neighboring Kisarawe district. In addition, small groups of Ngh’wele people were said to be residents of the Morogoro Region (3,764) and Dar es Salaam (2,902). Reliable census data since 1967 are not available, as subsequent government demographic collections no longer record ethnicity.",
"title": "The Kwere (Ngh'were) of Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "6612137#16",
"text": "In 2006 the Kurya population was estimated to number 909,000, with 608,000 living in Tanzania and 301,000 in Kenya. The latest (2012) anthropological research estimate the population of the Abakurya in Kenya to be about 650,000 and those of Tanzania to about 700,000.",
"title": "Kuria people"
},
{
"docid": "6612137#12",
"text": "In 2006 the Kurya population was estimated to number 909,000, with 608,000 living in Tanzania and 301,000 in Kenya. The latest (2012) anthropological research estimate the population of the Abakurya in Kenya to be about 650,000 and those of Tanzania to about 700,000.",
"title": "Kuria people"
},
{
"docid": "1695767#0",
"text": "The Makonde are an ethnic group in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. The Makonde developed their culture on the Mueda Plateau in Mozambique. At present they live throughout Tanzania and Mozambique and have a small presence in Kenya. The Makonde population in Tanzania was estimated in 2001 to be 1,140,000, and the 1997 census in Mozambique put the Makonde population in that country at 233,358, for a total estimate of 1,373,358. The ethnic group is roughly divided by the Ruvuma River; members of the group in Tanzania are referred to as the Makonde, and those in Mozambique as the Maconde. The two groups have developed separate languages over time but share a common origin and culture.",
"title": "Makonde people"
}
] |
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] |
2201
|
Where is Burkina Faso?
|
[
{
"docid": "3677#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and desert in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves—the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park—contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, common warthogs, and antelopes. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, \"Lycaon pictus\" occurred in Burkina Faso, but, although the last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated from Burkina Faso. Tourism is not well developed.",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "331015#44",
"text": "Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great part they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures. Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim, while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian. In contrast many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors. The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America.",
"title": "African art"
},
{
"docid": "3470#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2018 population estimate by the United Nations was 19,751,651. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Roughly 40% of the population speaks the Mossi language. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as \"Burkinabé\" ( ). Its capital is Ouagadougou.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3470#106",
"text": "Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina Faso's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 persons per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3677#2",
"text": "This is a list of the extreme points of Burkina Faso, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of . The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than . Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. Its elevation extremes are a lowest point at the Mouhoun (Black Volta) River (200 m) and highest point at Tena Kourou (749 m).",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "42489952#0",
"text": "Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great part they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures. Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim, while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian. In contrast many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors. The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America.",
"title": "Art of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#59",
"text": "It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of . The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than . Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "24036292#13",
"text": "Burkina Faso is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking. Burkinabe girls are exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for employment in Burkina Faso and subsequently subjected to forced prostitution. Nigerian girls are exploited in sex trafficking in Burkina Faso. Nepalese traffickers have subjected Tibetan women to sex trafficking in Burkina Faso.",
"title": "Prostitution in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "16278513#1",
"text": "Burkina Faso – landlocked sovereign country located in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo, Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the south west. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed on August 4, 1984, by President Thomas Sankara to mean \"the land of upright people\" in Moré and Dioula, the major native languages of the country. Literally, \"Burkina\" may be translated, \"men of integrity,\" from the Moré language, and \"Faso\" means \"father's house\" in Dioula.Geography of Burkina Faso",
"title": "Outline of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"docid": "3470#4",
"text": "Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words \"Burkina\" and \"Faso\" both stem from different languages spoken in the country: \"Burkina\" comes from Mossi and means \"upright\", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while \"Faso\" comes from the Dyula language and means \"fatherland\" (lit. \"father's house\"). The \"bè\" suffix added onto \"Burkina\" to form the demonym \"Burkinabè\" comes from the Fula language and means \"men or women\". The CIA summarizes the etymology as \"name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\".",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
}
] |
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] |
2202
|
Who invented stainless steel?
|
[
{
"docid": "53129#22",
"text": "Stainless steel was invented in 1913 by Harry Brearley of Sheffield, working for Firth Brown Steels (now called Sheffield Forgemasters). SAE 304 stainless steel is the most common stainless steel today, invented by Dr William Herbert Hatfield FRS in 1924 at Firth-Vickers known as Staybrite 18/8, a chromium-nickel steel. Many Swiss watches were mostly made out of Staybrite.",
"title": "Yorkshire and the Humber"
},
{
"docid": "1680165#0",
"text": "Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948) was an English metallurgist, usually credited with the invention of \"rustless steel\" (later to be called \"stainless steel\" in the anglophone world).",
"title": "Harry Brearley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20623501#32",
"text": "1956 – Stainless Steel Braces – Percy Raymond Begg of Adelaide collaborated with metallurgist Arthur Wilcock to develop a gentler, stainless steel system in 1956 involving gradual adjustments rather than earlier brute force methods used to straighten teeth.",
"title": "Timeline of Australian inventions"
},
{
"docid": "17144129#3",
"text": "Hatfield is credited with the invention in 1924 of 18/8 stainless steel (18% chromium, 8% nickel); he also invented 18/8 stainless with titanium added, now known as 321.",
"title": "William Herbert Hatfield"
},
{
"docid": "3336245#3",
"text": "The steel industry dates back to at least the 14th century. In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth. This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production and was only made obsolete, a century later, in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter which allowed the true mass production of steel. Bessemer had moved his Bessemer Steel Company to Sheffield to be at the heart of the industry. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper), in the early 18th century. A major Sheffield steel invention was that of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in 1912, and the work of Profs. F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high strength low alloy steels.",
"title": "Economy of Sheffield"
},
{
"docid": "53129#23",
"text": "Crucible steel had been invented in the 1740s by Benjamin Huntsman of Epworth in Lincolnshire (part of the region); previously steel was made by the cementation process; the 1856 Bessemer process allowed much more steel to be made. Sheffield early steel used Swedish bar iron as it had less phosphorus. The fast acting tilting converter was a huge improvement in 1860 for Sheffield steel; the process meant high-phosphorus iron ore from local mines could be used. At one point, Sheffield was producing 10,000 tons of steel a week. The metallurgist Eric Colbeck, when working at Hadfields Limited in Sheffield, invented boron steel for control rods for nuclear reactors. Metallurgists at Firth-Vickers developed the heat-resistant stainless steel (Rex 78) for the turbine blades of Frank Whittle's first engines, and Britain's first jet aircraft. John Marshall of Yorkshire developed the first-ever iron-framed buildings (industrial mills). Sir Robert Hadfield FRS invented manganese steel in 1882, and silicon steel, which allowed the development of electromagnets and consequently electricity; the Hadfields site is now Meadowhall Centre.",
"title": "Yorkshire and the Humber"
},
{
"docid": "27059#115",
"text": "Some 3D printing providers have developed proprietary stainless steel sintering blends for use in rapid prototyping. One of the more popular stainless steel grades used in 3D printing is 316L stainless steel. Due to the high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel products manufactured via 3D printing tend to have a more refined microstructure; this in turn results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the 3D printing industry; this is because manufacturing stainless steel products via traditional methods is currently much more economically competitive.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "27059#96",
"text": "Stainless steels are used extensively in:\nAcidic foods with high salt additions, such as tomato sauce, and highly salted condiments, such as soya sauce may require higher alloyed stainless steels such as 6% Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride.The Allegheny Ludlum Corporation worked with Ford on various concept cars with stainless steel bodies from the 1930s through the 1970s to demonstrate the material's potential. The 1957 and 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham had a stainless steel roof. In 1981 and 1982, the DeLorean DMC-12 production automobile used Type-304 stainless steel body panels over a glass-reinforced plastic monocoque. Intercity buses made by Motor Coach Industries are partially made of stainless steel.",
"title": "Stainless steel"
},
{
"docid": "9174707#32",
"text": "He applied for another patent on an alloy he called stainless steel, now known as martensitic stainless steel. The Patent Office rejected his application saying that it was not a new alloy. Haynes conceded their point, but submitted a second application and supplied a sample showing the stainlessness of his alloy when created using his exact proportions of metals, and it was granted. At the urging of his wife, he created the first set of stainless steel silverware for her personal use. The first piece of stainless steel was forged by Homer Dan Farmer in Haynes laboratory. It was a large meat knife and was donated to the Haynes Museum by the family of Dan Heflin, grandson of Homer Dan Farmer. In later years he claimed to have created stainless steel because she did not enjoy polishing their silver tableware. British metallurgist Harry Brearley independently produced an identical alloy around the same time and applied for an American patent and found that one already existed. Brearley had also created other innovations for the metal, but they were of little value without the stainless steel patent. He sought out Haynes and the two decided to pool their findings in a single company to produce the alloy. Haynes sold his stainless steel patent in 1918 to the American Stainless Steel Company, a company Brearley had created with the assistance of investors in Pennsylvania. In exchange he and his estate received royalties on its production until the patent expired in 1930. The stock he received as payment allowed him to gain a seat among the company's board of directors and he installed his son, March, to represent him. The income from the transaction led Haynes to begin the accumulation of a large fortune.",
"title": "Elwood Haynes"
},
{
"docid": "1680165#13",
"text": "A mural of Brearley, marking the 100th anniversary of his invention of stainless steel, was commissioned for the side of a building on Howard Street, Sheffield, and was painted by the artist Sarah Yates (aka \"Faunagraphic\").",
"title": "Harry Brearley"
}
] |
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] |
2203
|
Is Fortnite a Battle Royal game?
|
[
{
"docid": "56819881#2",
"text": "The idea for \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" arose following the release of the similar battle royale game \"PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds\", which saw numerous player count records broken throughout 2017. Seeing its rapid growth and commercial success, Epic Games saw the opportunity to create a battle royale mode of their own. Originally released as part of the paid \"Fortnite\" game, Epic spun out a dedicated version of the game offered as free-to-play funded by microtransactions, sharing in-game currency with the main \"Fortnite\" game, allowing players to buy or earn cosmetic items to customize their character, as well as completing challenges through a battle pass to earn additional rewards. , the game has seen over 200 million players, and has been estimated to have earned in microtransactions. \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" has become a cultural phenomenon, with streams of the game achieving record-high viewerships, and with several high-profile celebrities stating their appreciation of the game.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
},
{
"docid": "57813623#11",
"text": "\"Fortnite Battle Royale\" has also become a cultural online phenomenon, with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using \"Fortnite\" emotes as victory celebrations. A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Ninja playing \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018. Epic Games is working to develop organized eSports competitions around \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", including a \"Fortnite\" World Cup tournament in 2019.",
"title": "Fortnite"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53963474#11",
"text": "Epic Games had released \"Fortnite\", a cooperative survival game, into early access near the release of \"Battlegrounds\". Epic saw the potential to create their own battle royale mode, and by September 2017, released the free-to-play \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" which combined some of the survival elements and mechanics from the main \"Fortnite\" game with the Battle Royale gameplay concept. The game saw similar player counts as \"Battlegrounds\", with twenty million unique players reported by Epic Games by November 2017. Bluehole expressed concern at this move, less due to being a clone of \"Battlegrounds\", but more so that they had been working with Epic Games for technical support of the Unreal Engine in \"Battlegrounds\", and thus they were worried that \"Fortnite\" may be able to include planned features to their battle royale mode before they could release those in \"Battlegrounds\". \"Battleground\" developer, PUBG Corporation, filed a lawsuit against Epic in South Korea in January 2018 claiming \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" infringements on \"Battlegrounds\" copyrights. By the end of June 2018, the lawsuit had been closed by PUBG, under undisclosed reasons.",
"title": "Battle royale game"
},
{
"docid": "56819881#37",
"text": "\"Fortnite Battle Royale\" has been jokingly referred to as the honomyn \"Fork Knife\" on social media, believed to have originated with people, unfamiliar with the game, described their friends and family spending time playing the game. Epic added a harvestable, non-playable \"Fork Knife\" food truck to the game map as the term gained popularity. In September 2018, \"Fortnite\" was featured as a question on the game show \"Jeopardy!\", and was spoofed in a skit on the September 29, 2018, episode of \"Saturday Night Live\". The \"South Park\" episode \"The Scoots\" featured the cast wearing \"Fortnite\"-based Halloween costumes. In \"The Big Bang Theory\" episode \"The Citation Negation\", Bernadette attempts to learn how to play \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" to beat Howard. \"Fortnite\" also makes an easter egg appearance in the Disney animated film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". \"Fortnite\" was a central focal point on the 2018 YouTube Rewind year retrospective, and included an appearance by Ninja.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
},
{
"docid": "56819881#12",
"text": "With the popularity of \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" by the start of 2018, Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode. Epic said that their attention to \"Fortnite\" was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations, leading them to reduce development efforts on these games, particularly \"Paragon\". By the end of January 2018, Epic announced it was shutting down \"Paragon\" by April of that year, providing refunds to all players. Similarly, Epic announced it had halted development of the planned free-to-play \"Unreal Tournament\" game, its team transitioned to \"Fortnite\", though the game will remain available, playable, and open to end-user modifications. Players on a \"Fortnite\"-dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the \"Save the World\" mode of \"Fortnite\", as externally, the \"Save the World\" mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the \"Battle Royale\" mode since that mode's release.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
},
{
"docid": "57813623#6",
"text": "Near the same time that Epic released \"Fortnite\" into early access, \"PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds\" had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the \"Fortnite\" base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop \"Fortnite\" in about two months. By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from \"Save the World\" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" development apart from the \"Save the World\" mode, outside of common engine elements and art assets. This allowed \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by the \"Save the World\" mode, including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch.",
"title": "Fortnite"
},
{
"docid": "56819881#42",
"text": "In January 2018, Bluehole's PUBG Corp., the South Korean company behind \"PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds\" (\"PUBG\"), filed a lawsuit against Epic Games, claiming that \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" was a copyright infringement of \"Battlegrounds\"; they accused Epic Games of copying \"PUBG\"s user interface and game items. According to \"Korea Times\", market observers predicted that there would be little likelihood of Bluehole winning the case, as it would be difficult to establish the originality of \"PUBG\" in court due to the battle royale game genre, which includes both \"PUBG\" and \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", being derived from the 2000 Japanese film \"Battle Royale\". The case has since closed, with PUBG Corp. dropping the lawsuit in June 2018 under undisclosed reasons.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
},
{
"docid": "57813623#0",
"text": "Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released in 2017. It is available in three distinct game mode versions that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine: \"\", a cooperative shooter-survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with fortifications they can build, \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", a free-to-play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing, and \"Fortnite Creative\", where players are given complete freedom to create worlds and battle arenas. The first two game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles and \"Creative\" was released on December 6, 2018. \"Save the World\" is available only for Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while \"Battle Royale\" has been released for those platforms in addition for Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android devices.",
"title": "Fortnite"
},
{
"docid": "56819881#35",
"text": "Part of the game's success is also considered to be related to its impact on social media. By March 2018, \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" became the most-viewed game on Twitch, exceeding the average-concurrent viewership numbers of \"League of Legends\" and \"Battlegrounds\". One notable streamer was Tyler \"Ninja\" Blevins, who gained a large number of subscribers by March 2018, in part due to his skill and through promotions on Twitch that offered free \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" cosmetic items; by March 2018, he was estimated to be making a month from his streaming revenue. YouTube streamer Rubén Doblas Gundersen held a \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" match with 99 other well-known YouTube streamers in late March, which drew over 1.1 million viewers, making it one of the most-watched gaming YouTube streams. The \"Fortnite\" Pro-Am event held at E3 2018 was estimated to have drawn over 1.3 million views across Twitch and other streaming services, making it one of the highest-viewed live-streamed event to date.\nA number of celebrities and athletes have said they play \"Fortnite Battle Royale\", such as Chance the Rapper, Joe Jonas, Finn Wolfhard, Roseanne Barr, and Norm Macdonald. For athletes, their appreciation for the game has taken on the form of recreating the various emotes in game as part of their on-field celebration dances. Such \"Fortnite\" celebrations were frequently throughout the 2018 FIFA World Cup event in June and July 2018, including by Antoine Griezmann after a scoring penalty kick during the final.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
},
{
"docid": "56819881#22",
"text": "In May 2018, Epic announced a partnership with sports apparel manufacturing company IMG to produce official \"Fortnite\"-themed clothing. A Hasbro-licensed \"Fortnite Battle Royale\"-themed version of \"Monopoly\" was announced for release by late 2018; the \"Fortnite Monopoly\" game reflects some elements of the video game, such as the money being replaced with player's lives, and the ability to protect properties on the board with walls. Further, with this deal, Hasbro will produce \"Fortnite\"-based Nerf blasters, which are expected to reach retail in 2019. Funko will release a series of \"Fortnite\" themed Pop! figurines by late 2018.",
"title": "Fortnite Battle Royale"
}
] |
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] |
2206
|
Where was Kou Voravong born?
|
[
{
"docid": "50783233#7",
"text": "Kou Voravong grew up in Savannakhet and pursued a primary education there. He obtained the « certificat d'études primaires complémentaire indochinois » - Certificate of Indochinese Additional Primary Studies - (CEPCI) in 1930, went afterward to Vientiane and began his first-secondary-school year at the Collège Auguste Pavie. But because of a conflict which opposed him to French Colonial administration, his adopted father was sentenced to prison that same year. As reaction to this situation, Kou Voravong left school and returned to Savannakhet. As an out-of-school teenager, he practiced sports, especially soccer.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50783233#6",
"text": "Born in this influential family in 1914 in Khanthabouri district, Kou Voravong was the only son of Thaan-krou Khammanh Nakphoumin (ທ່ານຄຣູຄຳໝັ້ນ ນັກພູມິນ) – schoolteacher, and Nang Chanheuang (ນາງຈັນເຮືອງ), one of Phagna Poui's daughters. When his parents separated, he was adopted as infant by Nang Kiengkham (ນາງກຽງຄຳ), his mother's older sister, married to Thao Taan Voravong, who was, at the time, interpreter at the « Résidence de France ». The couple didn't have any children.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#58",
"text": "Starting from 1959 and during six years, with the financial support of the CIA, the general Phoumi Nosavan became the dominant figure in the Laotian political life. At the height of his career in May 1960, thanks to his relationship with Sarit Thanarat – the current Thai Prime Minister – and in association with Ou and Bounthong Voravong, he commissioned and financed a life-size statue of Kou Voravong at the Department of Fine Arts of the Ministry of Culture of Thailand. In Savannakhet, a \"Kou Voravong Stadium\" was built at the extreme north of the avenue of the same name, and the site of the statue was planned on an esplanade just at the entrance.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#53",
"text": "In June 1958, the \"Committee for the Defense of National Interests\" was created in Vientiane. Its program was the eviction of communist ministers of the \"Lao Neo Hak Sat\" party (ແນວລາວຮັກຊາດ), and the overthrow of the neutralist Government, in order to maintain Laos in the United States orbit. This civic association of young Laotians, anti-communist and renovator, was led by the army strongman, the general Phoumi Nosavan. Born in the Thai-Lao region border (Moukdahane-Savannakhet), he was the nephew of Sarit Thanarat (thai: สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์) – the current Thai Government Prime minister – and first of all, the general Phoumi Nosavan was Kou Voravong's cousin and brother-in-law.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#62",
"text": "When the general Phoumi Nosavan died in Bangkok in 1985, since the time-limit for conservation by the Department of Fine Arts was thirty years, questions arose regarding the statue of Kou Voravong. In 1989, the collapse of the communist Eastern Bloc – symbolized by the Berlin Wall's fall – allowed gradually Laos to enter the market economy, which then provided the opportunity for the Voravong children to approach the LPDR authorities for the return to the country of their father's statue. In 1992, the cost of conserving paid, the statue was legally returned to the family. The eldest daughter of Thao Bouaphet, who lived in Bangkok, entrusted it to the monastery of Amphawan (thai language: วัดอัมพวัน), around the Thai capital.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#19",
"text": "On the 11th, 1946, an election was organised to set up a constituent assembly. Khammouan Province won 4 seats including Kou Voravong, who had to go to the capital for the development of the Constitution. On March 6, 1947, he undertook the trip, accompanied by 2 other deputies and the French counselor of the Savannakhet Province's Governor. On the west side of Khammouane Province, between Thakhek and Paksan, they encountered an ambush, established by a Việt Minh company from Thailand, near a bridge located upstream on the mouth of the Hinboun and the Mekong rivers (Paak Hinboun – ປາກຫິນບູນ). The French counselor and both other deputies were instantly killed; Kou Voravong, seriously wounded, was left for dead. Shot by several bullets, in his head, legs and body, he nevertheless managed to crawl nearly one kilometer in the jungle, to slip into a pirogue and to row along the river until finding assistance. He was then saved, healed at the hospital of Thakhek.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#2",
"text": "We can find \"a Kou Voravong Road\" in the city of Thakhek as well as in Savannakhet where his name is also given to an old stadium now a sports park. Since 1995, a statue is erected in the garden of the family residence where he lived as a child.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#41",
"text": "The attack occurred at approximately 22:15, at Phoui Sananikone's, an official residence nearby the Voravong family's. The attackers launched three grenades by one of the windows on the ground floor, in the dining room. They fired three or four pistol shots and then run away. Kou voravong, sitting with his back to the window, was directly hit by a bullet which came in by the kidney and out through the navel, after cutting the vena cava and crossed the liver and intestines. His dead is declared shortly after admission to hospital. A dozen people were injured by the explosion of the grenades, slightly for most of them.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#5",
"text": "In this historical context, Kou Voravong's maternal grandfather, Phagna Poui (ພຍາປຸ້ຍ), was appointed the first District Chief (chao muong - ເຈົ້າເມືອງ) of Khanthabouri (ຄັນທະບຸຣີ) in 1902, in Savannakhet Province, South-Laos. His younger brother, Thao Taan Voravong (ທ້າວຕານ ວໍຣະວົງ) would succeed him from 1922 to 1928.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
},
{
"docid": "50783233#63",
"text": "Permission to return to Savannakhet was issued in early 1994 by the Government of Laos. After another year of waiting in the Vat Xayaphoum Temple in Savannakhet, the statue was ceremoniously erected on Saturday, January 7, 1995 by the family and officials, on the private land adjacent to the family residence. On this occasion, a host temple for monks and travelers (ກຸຕິ) was built and offered to the Vat Xayaphoum Temple by the family of Nang Somnuk (married Simukda – ນາງສົມນຶກ ສີມຸກດາ) – one of Kou Voravong's three half-sisters – in association with Thao Anouroth, the youngest son.",
"title": "Kou Voravong"
}
] |
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] |
2207
|
Who is the youngest player in MLB?
|
[
{
"docid": "28047771#39",
"text": "On April 17, 2015, Trout became the youngest player in MLB history to reach 100 home runs and 100 stolen bases. He was 23 years and 253 days old when he reached the milestone, passing the previous record-holder, Alex Rodriguez, who had achieved it at the age of 23 years and 309 days in 1999. Trout led off the 2015 MLB All-Star Game with a home run, becoming the fourth player in All-Star Game history to do so. For the second year in a row, Trout won the All-Star Game MVP Award, becoming the first player ever to win it in consecutive years. On September 22, Trout hit his 40th home run, becoming only the second Angels player to hit 40 home runs in a season. Trout led the AL in WAR for the fourth straight year.",
"title": "Mike Trout"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50704736#19",
"text": "The team's oldest player was pitcher Shlomo Lipetz, 37, who grew up in Israel and lives in New York. Lipetz is also the only player on the team with no current or past MLB affiliation. Team Israel's youngest player was pitcher Dean Kremer, 20, a Californian drafted by the Dodgers whose parents are Israeli expatriates.",
"title": "Israel at the World Baseball Classic"
},
{
"docid": "9641635#1",
"text": "Kershaw was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 MLB draft. He worked his way through the Dodgers' farm system in just one full season, and reached the majors at 20 years old. When he debuted in 2008, he was the youngest player in MLB, a title he held for one full year. In 2011, he won the pitching Triple Crown and the National League Cy Young Award, becoming the youngest pitcher to accomplish either of these feats since Dwight Gooden in 1985. During the 2013 off-season, the Dodgers signed Kershaw to a franchise record seven-year, $215 million contract extension. Kershaw pitched a no-hitter on June 18, 2014, becoming the 22nd Dodger to do so. Being a left-handed strikeout pitcher and playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Kershaw has often been compared to Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax. He became the first pitcher in history to lead MLB in ERA for four consecutive years when he did so in the 2011 through 2014 seasons.",
"title": "Clayton Kershaw"
},
{
"docid": "11089831#7",
"text": "Under Gibson’s supervision, the Royals have signed Bubba Starling, Kyle Zimmer, Cameron Gallagher and Alfredo Escalera–Maldonado, at 17, the youngest player ever drafted by any MLB organization since the insertion of the First-Year Player Draft.",
"title": "Paul Gibson (baseball)"
},
{
"docid": "11653930#1",
"text": "Selected by the Tigers in the 2007 MLB draft, he made his MLB debut in 2009, and was the youngest player in the American League. His manager, Jim Leyland, chose to start him in the 2009 American League Central tie-breaker game over Nate Robertson, Eddie Bonine, and Armando Galarraga. After the 2014 season, the Tigers traded Porcello to the Red Sox. He struggled in 2015, but rebounded in 2016, leading the AL in wins and winning the AL Cy Young Award and AL Comeback Player of the Year Award. He won the 2018 World Series with the Boston Red Sox, starting the third game of the series.",
"title": "Rick Porcello"
},
{
"docid": "3612597#0",
"text": "Lastings Darnell Milledge (born April 5, 1985) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Washington Nationals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago White Sox. He was the youngest player in MLB's National League during the 2006 season.",
"title": "Lastings Milledge"
},
{
"docid": "887436#2",
"text": "On November 7, 1994, Ramírez signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. On May 26, 1998, he made his major league debut with the Pirates, becoming the youngest player in MLB at that time.",
"title": "Aramis Ramírez"
},
{
"docid": "27196905#5",
"text": "The youngest player to ever play in the NBA was Andrew Bynum who played his first game at the age of 18 years and 6 days old. Bynum, who was also the youngest player ever selected in the NBA Draft, went into the NBA straight out of high school. Jermaine O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, both drafted in 1996, were the second- and third-youngest players. Serbian Darko Miličić was the youngest player ever to play in an NBA Finals game. He played for the Detroit Pistons in Game 3 of the 2004 Finals at the age of 18 years and 356 days old. The Pistons won the 2004 Finals and Miličić became the youngest player ever to win the NBA championship, being only five days away from his 19th birthday at the time. There are currently 27 players who played in the NBA before they turned 19. Nineteen of them came to the league straight out of high school, while 6 of them are international players who never played basketball in the U.S. high schools or colleges before they entered the NBA, and two more players ended up playing only a year of college before entering the NBA.",
"title": "List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players"
},
{
"docid": "1711737#2",
"text": "Early in the 2016 season, at age 42, Colón became the oldest MLB player to hit his first career home run. At age 45 during the 2018 season, Colón is the oldest active MLB player and the last active Major Leaguer who played for the Montreal Expos. He holds the record for most career wins by a Latin American-born pitcher. With the retirement of Rangers teammate Adrián Beltré, he is the last active MLB player to have played since the 1990s.",
"title": "Bartolo Colón"
},
{
"docid": "22156261#2",
"text": "He won the NL Rookie of the Year Award in 2012, and tied for the NL lead in home runs in the 2015 Major League Baseball season. He was named the National League Most Valuable Player for 2015 by unanimous decision of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, the youngest MLB baseball player to ever do so. In 2017, his season was derailed by a slip on the first base bag which caused a knee injury in mid-August and heavily affected his play in the postseason.",
"title": "Bryce Harper"
}
] |
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] |
2209
|
What is cider made with?
|
[
{
"docid": "19614253#6",
"text": "Cider is an ancient beverage. No-one knows when or where it was first made, because the native distribution of its principal component, the apple, is so widespread, from the Near East to Northwestern Europe. In the cider market, ciders can be broken down into two main styles, standard and specialty. The first group consists of modern ciders and heritage ciders. Modern ciders are produced from culinary apples such as Gala. Heritage ciders are produced from heritage, cider specific, crab or wild apples, like Golden Russet. Historically, cider was made from the only resources available to make it, so style wasn't a large factor when considering the production process. Apples were historically confined to the cooler climates of Western Europe and Britain where civilization was slow to develop record keeping. Cider was first made from crab apples, ancestors of the bittersweet and bittersharp apples used by today's English cider makers.",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"docid": "19614253#0",
"text": "Cider ( ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. Cider is popular in the United Kingdom, especially in the West Country, and widely available. The UK has the world's highest per capita consumption, as well as its largest cider-producing companies. Cider is also popular in many Commonwealth countries, such as India, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Aside from the UK and its former colonies, cider is popular in other European countries including Ireland, Portugal (mainly in Minho and Madeira), France (particularly Brittany and Normandy), northern Italy (Piedmont and Friuli), and Spain (especially Asturias and the Basque Country). Central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. In the U.S. and parts of Canada, varieties of fermented cider are often called \"hard cider\" to distinguish alcoholic cider from non-alcoholic \"cider\" or \"sweet cider\", also made from apples.",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"docid": "715930#8",
"text": "Cider is made in several countries and can be made from any apples. Historically the flavours preferred and varieties used to produce cider have varied by region. Many of the most traditional apple varieties used for ciders come from or are derived from those from Devon, Somerset and Herefordshire in England, Normandy in France, and Asturias in Spain, and these areas are considered to have their own broad cider styles although the many exceptions make this more of a historic footnote. Normandy cider is usually naturally carbonated and clear: Asturian cider apple varieties are mainly 'sharps' or mild 'bittersweets', producing a mildly acidic cider which is customarily served by being poured from height into the glass to oxygenate it.",
"title": "Cider apple"
},
{
"docid": "6040734#0",
"text": "This is a list of cider brands. Cider is an alcoholic beverage made exclusively from the juice of apples, although most commercial ciders have very little apple content and tend to be mostly made up of water and chemicals, including artificial sweeteners like aspartame. Any apple content normally comes from a minimal mix of apple concentrate syrup, and not the freshly picked, ripe fruit often depicted on clever marketing campaigns. Craft cider makers claim this mass-produced drink isn't actually cider at all because of this production process. \nThis list does not include perry, which is a similar alcoholic beverage made from pear varieties.",
"title": "List of cider brands"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46965069#39",
"text": "Cider is made in Scotland mainly by small producers, such as Thistly Cross Cider and Waulkmill Cider. The apples are sourced in Scotland, and the resultant brews are mainly sold near to the place of origin. Thistly Cross Cider produce many fruit flavoured ciders which are now being sold in Scottish Waitrose and Peckham's stores. Waulkmill Cider is made only with apples collected from within Dumfries and Galloway, and is mainly sold at farmers markets and festivals. Other Scottish cideries are Cairn O’Mohr and Scruffy Dog Cider, and in the Highlands there's Caledonian Cider Co.",
"title": "Cider in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "19614253#51",
"text": "French \"cidre\" () is an alcoholic drink produced predominantly in Normandy and Brittany. It varies in strength from below 4% alcohol to considerably more. Cidre Doux is a sweet cider, usually up to 3% in strength. 'Demi-Sec' is 3–5% and Cidre Brut is a strong dry cider of 4.5% alcohol and above. Most French ciders are sparkling. Higher quality cider is sold in champagne-style bottles (\"cidre bouché\"). Many ciders are sold in corked bottles, but some screw-top bottles exist.\nIn crêperies (crêpe restaurants) in Brittany, cider is generally served in traditional ceramic bowls (or wide cups) rather than glasses. A \"kir Breton\" (or \"kir normand\") is a cocktail apéritif made with cider and cassis, rather than white wine and cassis for the traditional \"kir\". The Domfrontais, in the Orne (Basse-Normandie), is famous for its pear cider (poiré). The \"calvados du Domfrontais\" is made of cider and poiré.",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"docid": "19614253#99",
"text": "Quebec cider is considered a traditional alcoholic beverage. It is generally sold in 750 ml bottles, has an alcohol content generally between 7% and 13% (with aperitifs ciders having alcohol content up to 20%), and can be served as a substitute for wine. As in the rest of the world, sparkling cider is getting more and more popular in Quebec and thanks to the law cider sold in the province can only be made from 100% pure apple juice. Cider making was, however, forbidden from the early years of British rule as it was in direct conflict with established British brewers' interests (most notably John Molson). In recent years, a new type called ice cider has been sold. This type of cider is made from apples with a particularly high level of sugar caused by natural frost.",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"docid": "46965069#26",
"text": "Cloudy, unfiltered ciders made in the West Country are often called \"scrumpy\", from \"scrump\", a local dialect term for a small or withered apple. Ciders from Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire made from traditional recipes have a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) awarded by the European Union in 1996. There are over 25 cider producers in Somerset alone, many of them small family businesses. Historically, farm labourers in Devon, Wiltshire, Dorset, Cornwall and Somerset would receive part of their pay in the form of a substantial daily allowance of cider and local traditions such as the Wassail recall the earlier significance of cider-apple.",
"title": "Cider in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "47762591#20",
"text": "Apple cider in Mexico is mostly drunk for the Christmas and New Year’s holidays. It is generally sweet, mildy alcoholic, and carbonated. The most famous variety is made in and around the town Huejotzingo, which hosts an annual cider and handcrafts Fair. It is made with locally grown apples and comes in two varieties: rose (mixed with red wine) and natural. It is sold in various parts of the country. Cider and fruit wines are commonly made in small enterprises in the north of the state, in communities such as Acaxochitlan, which makes one wine from a local fruit called acachul. The Copa de Oro cider enterprise in Huejotzingo hosts a museum dedicated to cider making in Puebla, especially to the history of the enterprise, with photographs, documents, and keepsakes.",
"title": "Handcrafts and folk art in Puebla"
},
{
"docid": "99821#20",
"text": "CAMRA defines perry and pear cider as different drinks, stating that \"pear cider\" as made by the large industrial cidermakers is a pear-flavoured drink, or more specifically a cider-style drink flavoured with pear concentrate, whereas \"perry\" should be made by traditional methods from perry pears only. (Brothers, Bulmers and other pear ciders are made from pear concentrate, often imported.) Others, including the industry trade National Association of Cider Makers, maintain that the terms \"perry\" and \"pear cider\" are interchangeable. Its own rules specify that perry or pear cider may contain no more than 25% apple juice.",
"title": "Perry"
}
] |
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] |
2211
|
What was the first Super Bowl won by the New England Patriots?
|
[
{
"docid": "1391951#14",
"text": "Super Bowl LI was the first Super Bowl to go into overtime with a 28-all tie between the Atlanta Falcons and New England Patriots, which the Patriots eventually won with James White scoring a touchdown on the Patriots' first drive.",
"title": "American football rules"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27718#35",
"text": "In Super Bowl LII, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the defending Super Bowl champions, the New England Patriots, 41–33. It was the Eagles' third Super Bowl appearance, and their first win in franchise history. It was the Patriots' tenth Super Bowl appearance, and their fourth appearance in ten years; had the Patriots won, they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins (six).",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "1302279#4",
"text": "The next season Smith rejuvenated his professional career when he joined the New England Patriots. He ran for 1,157 yards and 12 touchdowns in the regular season. He also ran for 204 yards in the playoffs as the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI. The iconic moment of him being the first Patriot to run onto the field after Adam Vinatieri kicked the game-winning field goal as time expired is what Smith is remembered for the most in his career. Smith's numbers dropped off a bit in 2002 as he ran for 982 yards and 6 touchdowns. He did get more involved in the passing game however, and caught 31 balls including 2 touchdowns. 2003 was Smith's final season in New England and he managed just 642 yards, although he still led the team in rushing. His play improved in the playoffs that year as he ran for 252 yards and 2 scores as Smith and the Patriots won their second Super Bowl championship, Super Bowl XXXVIII.",
"title": "Antowain Smith"
},
{
"docid": "2145410#2",
"text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with eleven, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins (1971–1973) and New England Patriots (2016–2018) are the only other teams to have at least three consecutive appearances. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1950, 1954, 1955, 1964) and Lions (1935, 1952, 1953, 1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.",
"title": "List of Super Bowl champions"
},
{
"docid": "29564#0",
"text": "Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2001 season. The Patriots defeated the Rams by the score of 20–17. It was New England's first Super Bowl championship, and the franchise's first league championship of any kind. The game was also notable for snapping the AFC East's long streak of not being able to win a Super Bowl championship, as the division's teams had lost eight Super Bowls in total (prior to the Patriots victory in XXXVI). It would be the last time the Rams reached a Super Bowl during their time in St. Louis; the team would return to Super Bowl LIII as the Los Angeles Rams 17 years later, where they will play a rematch the Patriots.",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVI"
},
{
"docid": "29157#40",
"text": "Denver was the first team with a previous 0–2 Super Bowl record to win (their record had been 0–4). The Broncos' victory snapped the NFC's 13-game winning streak in the Super Bowl, becoming the first AFC team to win the NFL championship since the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII. Denver also became the first team to score on four 1-yard touchdown runs in a Super Bowl. The Packers became the third defending Super Bowl champion to lose the Super Bowl, joining the Dallas Cowboys (won Super Bowl XII, lost Super Bowl XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII).",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXII"
},
{
"docid": "10578676#3",
"text": "The Patriots have won five Super Bowl championships (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI). They also played in and lost Super Bowls XX, XXXI, XLII, XLVI, and Super Bowl LII. During the 2007 regular season, the Patriots became the only NFL team in history to win 16 games, and the first since the 1972 Miami Dolphins (in a 14-game season) to complete the regular campaign undefeated. Belichick's Patriots are one of only two teams to win three Super Bowls in four years (the other being the Dallas Cowboys from 1993 to 1996).",
"title": "List of New England Patriots seasons"
},
{
"docid": "29564#54",
"text": "The game heralded the Patriots dynasty, being the first of nine Super Bowl appearances under the duo of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Patriots finished the 2002 NFL season 9-7, missing the playoffs. But they went on to win Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XXXIX, thus winning three Super Bowls in four years. Then, they won their fourth and fifth Super Bowls (Super Bowl XLIX and Super Bowl LI) a decade after their third. Brady also won three more Super Bowl MVP awards in Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XLIX, and Super Bowl LI, making him the only player to be named Super Bowl MVP four times. Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy, also known as \"Spygate\". In addition to other videotaping allegations, the \"Boston Herald\" reported, citing an unnamed source, that the Patriots had also taped the Rams' walkthrough practice prior to the game. After further investigations, the league determined that no tape of the Rams' Super Bowl walkthrough was made, and the \"Herald\" later issued an apology in 2008 for their article about the alleged walkthrough tape. Nevertheless, the Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, but failed to record an undefeated 19–0 championship season after losing Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants. And at the conclusion of the 2015 NFL season, the Patriots held the NFL's best record since Spygate, compiling a 96-32 record from 2008 to 2015.\nThe Patriots' win in this Super Bowl, beyond just serving as a springboard to four more championships, also became the starting point for a decade of success in Boston sports, with the city's teams winning seven championships in the four major North American sports leagues (the NFL, the NBA, the NHL and MLB), including at least one in each league. Over the next fifteen years, in addition to the Patriots' four additional Super Bowls:",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVI"
},
{
"docid": "20303368#7",
"text": "At the end of the 1966 season, the Super Bowl began to be played between the AFL champion and the NFL champion. After the AFL/NFL merger in 1970, the Super Bowl continued to be played between the AFC champion and the NFC champion. The AFL champion lost the first two Super Bowls. The 1968 AFL champion New York Jets with Joe Namath at quarterback became the first AFL team to win the Super Bowl. Starting with that Super Bowl, the AFL or AFC champion won 11 out of 13 Super Bowls. However, the AFC champion lost 13 consecutive Super Bowls, from the 1984 AFC champion Miami Dolphins through the 1996 AFC champion New England Patriots. Overall, the AFL or AFC champion has won 25 of the 52 Super Bowls played through the end of the 2017 season.",
"title": "List of AFC champions"
},
{
"docid": "9996756#2",
"text": "The Patriots were not able to join the 1984 49ers and 1985 Bears as Super Bowl champions, losing the Super Bowl and failing to go 19–0 and claim their fourth Super Bowl victory. They would have become just the fourth team to win at least four Super Bowls (joining the 49ers, Steelers, and Dallas Cowboys, each of whom had won five at the time). In Super Bowl XLII, the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 in one of the biggest upsets in NFL history.",
"title": "2007 New England Patriots season"
}
] |
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] |
2213
|
What is the tallest waterfall in Yellowstone National Park?
|
[
{
"docid": "36787878#0",
"text": "Silver Cord Cascade is a horsetail type waterfall on Surface Creek, a tributary of the Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park. Surface Creek flows out of Ribbon Lake off the South rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and plunges to the Yellowstone River. It is considered the tallest waterfall in Yellowstone.",
"title": "Silver Cord Cascade"
},
{
"docid": "34340#29",
"text": "Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials. This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself as the central part of Yellowstone is the massive caldera of a supervolcano. The park contains 290 waterfalls of at least , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at .",
"title": "Yellowstone National Park"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25958432#0",
"text": "Yellowstone National Park contains at least 45 named waterfalls and cascades, and hundreds more unnamed, even undiscovered waterfalls over high. The highest plunge type waterfall in the park is the lower Falls of Yellowstone Falls at . The highest horsetail type is Silver Cord Cascade at .",
"title": "List of waterfalls in Yellowstone National Park"
},
{
"docid": "245181#10",
"text": "In the U.S., the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park, where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits. Wyoming also has travertines in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis. Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls, the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect. The city of Davis now owns thousands of acres of this land and has made it a tourist attraction. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma, east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area.",
"title": "Travertine"
},
{
"docid": "38628099#0",
"text": "Terraced Falls ht. is a waterfall on Fall River in Yellowstone National Park. \nThe highest waterfall on Fall River, Terraced Falls was probably named by the Hague Geological Survey in 1885-1886. An attempt was made to rename it \"Totem Falls\" in the 1920s, but the USBGN kept the original name. Terraced Falls is easily accessed via a short trail from the Ashton-Flagg Ranch Road along Yellowstone National Park's south border.",
"title": "Terraced Falls"
},
{
"docid": "31709160#2",
"text": "In 1848, during the American occupation of Mexico after the Mexican–American War, Raynolds and other U.S. Army personnel were the first confirmed to have reached the summit Pico de Orizaba, the tallest mountain in Mexico, and inadvertently set what may have been a 50-year American alpine altitude record. In 1859, Raynolds was placed in charge of the first government-sponsored expedition to venture into the upper Yellowstone region that was later to become Yellowstone National Park. Heavy winter snowpack in the Absaroka Range of Wyoming prevented the expedition from reaching the Yellowstone Plateau, forcing them to divert to the south and cross Union Pass at the northern end of the Wind River Range. After negotiating the pass the expedition entered Jackson Hole and surveyed the Teton Range, now within Grand Teton National Park.",
"title": "William F. Raynolds"
},
{
"docid": "5916501#0",
"text": "Union Falls ht. is a waterfall on Mountain Ash Creek, a tributary of the Fall River in the \"Cascade Corner\" (southwest) of Yellowstone National Park. It is the second highest waterfall in Yellowstone exceeded in height only by the lower Yellowstone Falls. The falls got its name from members of the Arnold Hague Geological Surveys sometime between 1884-86. Geologist J.P. Iddings claims the name derives from the fact that a tributary of Mountain Ash Creek joins at the very brink of the falls, thus \"Union Falls\". Access to the falls is via the Mountain Ash Creek trail and the Grassy Lake Road.",
"title": "Union Falls"
},
{
"docid": "2185446#0",
"text": "Yellowstone Falls consist of two major waterfalls on the Yellowstone River, within Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States. As the Yellowstone river flows north from Yellowstone Lake, it leaves the Hayden Valley and plunges first over Upper Yellowstone Falls and then a quarter mile (400 m) downstream over Lower Yellowstone Falls, at which point it then enters the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, which is up to 1,000 feet (304 m) deep.",
"title": "Yellowstone Falls"
},
{
"docid": "619329#10",
"text": "The natural areas include forests, rolling hills, narrow ravines, wetlands, rivers, and waterfalls. About 100 waterfalls are located in the Cuyahoga Valley, with the most popular being the tall Brandywine Falls—the tallest waterfall in the park and the tallest in Northeast Ohio. The Ledges are a rock outcropping that provides a westward view across the valley's wooded areas. Talus caves are located among the boulders in the forest around the Ledges.",
"title": "Cuyahoga Valley National Park"
},
{
"docid": "12082576#9",
"text": "Dudhsagar Falls (literally Sea of Milk) is a tiered waterfall located high up on the Mandovi River at the Karnataka border in the southwest part of the park, 10 km upstream from Collem village. At 310 m, it is Goa's tallest waterfall, India's fifth tallest, and is 227th in the world A viaduct of the South Western Railways passes spectacularily through the waterfalls. This popular destination may be reached by hiking along the 10 km one lane dirt road or hiring a 4-wheel drive vehicle at Collem. Access is dangerous and restricted during the monsoon season of June to September.",
"title": "Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park"
}
] |
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] |
2214
|
What does a Marxist believe?
|
[
{
"docid": "22937795#231",
"text": "The Western Left academics are nowadays very happy to talk about \"varieties of capitalism\", but talking about \"varieties of socialism\" remains almost an absolute \"no-no\". Most Marxists continue to believe in \"only one\" (Marxian) socialism: either that, or nothing at all. \"Either\" a society or movement conforms to the true concept of socialism, \"or\" it does not; and if it does not, it \"cannot be\" socialism. However, precisely \"because\" there are many different Marxist beliefs about socialism, Marxists cannot agree among themselves whether Soviet-type societies were socialist, capitalist, or something else. Some countries meet with the moral expectations which Marxists have, and others do not.Originally Marx and Engels themselves had heckled the advocates of \"true socialism\", but later Friedrich Engels and Karl Kautsky promoted Marxist socialism as the one and true \"scientific socialism\" within the Socialist International. When he was 43 years old, Lenin stated: \"The Marxist doctrine is omnipotent because it is true\". Lenin's Communist International (a deliberate split with the social democrats) adopted Marxist socialism as its official political doctrine.",
"title": "Value-form"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18499#10",
"text": "Other leftists believe in Marxian economics, which are based on the economic theories of Karl Marx. Some distinguish Marx's economic theories from his political philosophy, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his belief in the inevitability of proletarian revolution. Marxian economics does not exclusively rely upon Marx, but it draws from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources. The \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" or \"workers' state\" are terms used by some Marxists, particularly Leninists and Marxist–Leninists, to describe what they see as a temporary state between the capitalist state of affairs and a communist society. Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers, in contrast to the lumpenproletariat, who he defined as outcasts of society, such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes. The political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In \"Das Kapital\", Marx scarcely mentioned the subject. Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the proletarian revolution.",
"title": "Left-wing politics"
},
{
"docid": "54432160#0",
"text": "Marxist ethics is a doctrine of morality, i.e. ethics that is based on, or derived from, Marxist philosophy. Marxism–Leninism believes that morality, like other forms of ideology, is of a class character and is manifested in people’s behaviour in different ways in different historical conditions in accordance with the interests of what classes or social strata a person advocates.",
"title": "Marxist ethics"
},
{
"docid": "41207268#15",
"text": "B. R. Ambedkar criticized Marxists, as he deemed them to be unaware or ignorant of the specifics of caste issues. A number of historians have also debated Marxist historians and critically examined their analysis of history of India. Since the late 1990s, Hindu nationalist scholars especially have polemicized against the Marxist tradition in India for neglecting what they believe to be the country's 'illustrious past.' Marxists are held responsible for aiding or defending Muslims, who figure in Hindu nationalist discourse as the enemy within. An example of such a critique is Arun Shourie's \"Eminent Historians\" (1998).",
"title": "Marxist historiography"
},
{
"docid": "29114764#3",
"text": "The Marxist conception of history - which originated within Engels' \"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State\" (1884) - holds that society has evolved through a series of progressive stages. The first of these was primitive communism, which Marxist theorists believed was held by classless, hunter-gatherer societies. According to Marxist doctrine, most of these, however, evolved into slave-based societies, then to feudal societies, and then to capitalist societies, which Marxists note is the dominant form today. However, Marxists believe that there are in fact two more social stages for human society to progress through: socialism and then communism. Marxist archaeologists often interpret the archaeological record as displaying this progression through forms of society. This approach was particularly popular in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, and as archaeologist Bruce Trigger later related:",
"title": "Marxist archaeology"
},
{
"docid": "464067#28",
"text": "\"The Marxists\" (1962) takes Mills's explanation of sociological models from \"Images of Man\" and uses it to criticize modern liberalism and Marxism. He believes that the liberalist model does not work and cannot create an overarching view of society, but rather it is more of an ideology for the entrepreneurial middle class. Marxism, however, may be incorrect in its overall view, but it has a working model for societal structure, the mechanics of the history of society, and the roles of individuals. One of Mills's problems with the Marxist model is that it uses units that are small and autonomous, which he finds too simple to explain capitalism. Mills then provides discussion on Marx as a determinist.",
"title": "C. Wright Mills"
},
{
"docid": "29114764#2",
"text": "Marxist archaeologists in general believe that the bipolarism that exists between the processual and post-processual debates is an opposition inherent within knowledge production and is in accord with a dialectical understanding of the world. Many Marxists archaeologists believe that it is this polarism within the anthropological discipline (and all academic disciplines) that fuels the questions that spur progress in archaeological theory and knowledge. This constant interfacing and conflict between the extremes of the two heuristic playing grounds (subjective vs. objective) is believed to result in a continuous reconstruction of the past by scholars (McGuire 1992, 2008).",
"title": "Marxist archaeology"
},
{
"docid": "48874#60",
"text": "Chávez's connection to Marxism was a complex one, though he had described himself as a Marxist on some occasions. In May 1996, he gave an interview with Agustín Blanco Muñoz in which he remarked that \"I am not a Marxist, but I am not anti-Marxist. I am not communist, but I am not anti-communist.\" In a 2009 speech to the national assembly, he said: \"I am a Marxist to the same degree as the followers of the ideas of Jesus Christ and the liberator of America, Simon Bolivar.\" He was well versed in many Marxist texts, having read the works of many Marxist theoreticians, and often publicly quoted them. Various international Marxists supported his government, believing it to be a sign of proletariat revolution as predicted in Marxist theory. In 2010, Hugo Chávez proclaimed support for the ideas of Marxist Leon Trotsky, saying \"When I called him (former Minister of Labour, José Ramón Rivero)\" Chávez explained, \"he said to me: 'President I want to tell you something before someone else tells you ... I am a Trotskyist', and I said, 'well, what is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist! I follow Trotsky's line, that of permanent revolution,\" and then cited Marx and Lenin.",
"title": "Hugo Chávez"
},
{
"docid": "43069524#55",
"text": "The status of humanism in Marxist thought has been quite contentious. Many Marxists, especially Hegelian Marxists and also those committed to political programs (such as many Communist Parties), have been strongly humanist. These humanist Marxists believe that Marxism describes the true potential of human beings, and that this potential can be fulfilled in collective freedom after the Communist revolution has removed capitalism's constraints and subjugations of humanity. A particular version of the humanism within the marxism is represented by the school of Lev Vygotsky and his school in theoretical psychology (Alexis Leontiev, Laszlo Garai). The Praxis school based its theory on the writings of the young Marx, emphasizing the humanist and dialectical aspects thereof.",
"title": "Marxist philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "1904053#26",
"text": "According to orthodox Marxist theory, the overthrow of capitalism by a socialist revolution in contemporary society is inevitable. While the inevitability of an eventual socialist revolution is a controversial debate among many different Marxist schools of thought, all Marxists believe socialism is a necessity, if not inevitable. Marxists believe that a socialist society is far better for the majority of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Prior to the Russian revolution of 1917, Lenin wrote: \"The socialization of production is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society ... This conversion will directly result in an immense increase in productivity of labour, a reduction of working hours, and the replacement of the remnants, the ruins of small-scale, primitive, disunited production by collective and improved labour\". The failure of the 1905 revolution and the failure of socialist movements to resist the outbreak of World War One led to renewed theoretical effort and valuable contributions from Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg towards an appreciation of Marx's crisis theory and efforts to formulate a theory of imperialism.",
"title": "Marxism"
}
] |
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] |
2215
|
When was Niger founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "1723431#0",
"text": "Niger or Niger State is a state in Central Nigeria and the largest state in the country. The state capital is Minna, and other major cities are Bida, Kontagora, and Suleja. It was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was bifurcated into Niger State and Sokoto State. It is home to Ibrahim Babangida and Abdulsalami Abubakar, two of Nigeria's former military rulers. The Nupe, Gbagyi, Kamuku, Kambari, Dukawa, Hausa and Koro form the majority of numerous indigenous tribes of Niger State.",
"title": "Niger State"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21378#6",
"text": "The persistent uranium price slump has brought lower revenues for Niger's uranium sector, although uranium still provides 72% of national export proceeds. The nation enjoyed substantial export earnings and rapid economic growth during the 1960s and 1970s after the opening of two large uranium mines near the northern town of Arlit. When the uranium-led boom ended in the early 1980s, however, the economy stagnated and new investment since then has been limited. Niger's two uranium mines (SOMAIR's open pit mine and COMINAK's underground mine) are owned by a French-led consortium and operated by French interests.\nExploitable deposits of gold are known to exist in Niger in the region between the Niger River and the border with Burkina Faso. Substantial deposits of phosphates, coal, iron, limestone, and gypsum also have been found. Numerous foreign companies, including American firms, have taken out exploration licenses for concessions in the gold seam in western Niger, which also contains deposits of other minerals.",
"title": "Economy of Niger"
},
{
"docid": "21647822#1",
"text": "Niger obtained independence from France in 1960, and at the time established relations with the government of Israel, although Niger never established a permanent mission there. During the early 1960s, several Israeli development programmes, mostly concerned with exchange of experts in agricultural development in arid regions, were established in Niger. The Israeli government also helped in the founding of the Young Pioneers of Niger, a national youth and civil group. In the mid 1960s, Niger opened an embassy in Israel. Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, Nigerien popular and government feelings toward Israel cooled. The Israeli government for its part disapproved of Niger's closer relations with Libya, beginning in 1969. The continued Israeli conflict with its neighbors, increased pressure from allies like Libya, and the movement of a number of African nations in a similar direction, caused the Republic of Niger to formally end all diplomatic relations with the government of Israel on 1 January 1973.",
"title": "Israel–Niger relations"
},
{
"docid": "37091072#2",
"text": "Niger was a child prodigy, studying Talmud until the age of 17 at yeshivas in Berezin and Minsk. He was preparing for rabbinic ordination when he instead moved into the secular and political world, having become attracted to secular culture and Zionism. In 1904, he co-founded the Zionist Socialist Workers Party, and was a writer for the party paper \"Der Nayer Veg\" (\"The New Path\"). He was imprisoned and tortured for his political activity several times in Minsk, Kiev, Warsaw, Daugavpils (Dvinsk), Odessa, and Vilna, but he avoided execution after the intervention of family and friends.",
"title": "Shmuel Niger"
},
{
"docid": "23006192#1",
"text": "The party was founded in 1990 by Rhissa Ag Boula, with Mohamed Abdoullahi becoming party president in 1992. In the 1993 parliamentary elections it received only 463 votes, but won a single seat in the National Assembly. Following Mahamane Ousmane's victory in subsequent the presidential elections the party joined the ruling Alliance of the Forces of Change, with the UDPS' Ben Wahab Aïchatou became Niger's first female minister when she was appointed Minister of Traditional Commerce and Arts.",
"title": "Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Niger)"
},
{
"docid": "9329483#26",
"text": "At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. In 1794 the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. In 1805 he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than , passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa.",
"title": "Colonial Nigeria"
},
{
"docid": "21437#2",
"text": "Medieval European maps applied the name \"Niger\" to the middle reaches of the river, in modern Mali, but \"Quorra (Kworra)\" to the lower reaches in modern Nigeria, as these were not recognized at the time as being the same river. When European colonial powers began to send ships along the west coast of Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Senegal River was often postulated to be the seaward end of the Niger. The Niger Delta, pouring into the Atlantic through mangrove swamps and thousands of distributaries along more than , was thought to be no more than coastal wetlands. It was only with the 18th-century visits of Mungo Park, who travelled down the Niger River and visited the great Sahelian empires of his day, that Europeans correctly identified the course of the Niger and extended the name to its entire course.",
"title": "Niger River"
},
{
"docid": "57061#2",
"text": "Niamey was probably founded in the eighteenth century, but was of little importance to most of the country until the French developed a colonial post in the 1890s. This rapidly grew into an important centre. In 1926 it became the capital of Niger, and the population gradually increased, from about 3,000 in 1930 to around 30,000 in 1960.\nThe period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at Arlit. In this period, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants. The city expanded from in 1970 to by 1977, in the process annexing peripheral villages such as Lazaret.",
"title": "Niamey"
},
{
"docid": "38956172#0",
"text": "The Evangelical Church of the Republic of Niger was founded in 1961. The congregations have considerable autonomy, so unity was very difficult to establish. It has 3,000 members, 31 congregations, and 59 house fellowships. A member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches.\nPartner church relationship with the Reformed Church in America was also established.",
"title": "Evangelical Church of the Republic of Niger"
},
{
"docid": "21374#34",
"text": "The Second Tuareg insurgency in Niger began in 2007 when a previously unknown group, the Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice (MNJ), emerged. The predominantly Tuareg group issued a number of demands, mainly related to development in the north. It attacked military and other facilities and laid landmines in the north. The resulting insecurity devastated Niger's tourist industry and deterred investment in mining and oil. Algeria helped negotiate an August 2008 Malian peace deal, which was broken by a rebel faction in December, crushed by the Malian military and wholesale defections of rebels to the government. Niger saw heavy fighting and disruption of Uranium production in the mountainous north, before a Libyan backed peace deal, aided by a factional split among the rebels, brought a negotiated ceasefire and amnesty in May 2009.",
"title": "History of Niger"
}
] |
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] |
2216
|
Do Puerto Ricans have US citizenship?
|
[
{
"docid": "21435256#2",
"text": "On April 12, 1900, the United States Congress enacted the Foraker Act of 1900, which replaced the governing military regime in Puerto Rico with a civil form of government. Section VII of this act created a Puerto Rican citizenship for the residents \"born in Puerto Rico and, therefore, subject to its jurisdiction.\" The Puerto Rican citizenship replaced the Spanish citizenship that Puerto Ricans held at the time in 1898. Such Puerto Rican citizenship was granted by Spain in 1897. This citizenship was reaffirmed by the United States Supreme Court in 1904 by its ruling in which denied that Puerto Ricans were United States citizens and labeled them as noncitizen nationals. In a 1914 letter of refusal to the offer of U.S. citizenship and addressed to both the President of the United States and the U.S. Congress, the Puerto Rico House of Delegates stated \"\"We, Porto Ricans, Spanish-Americans, of Latin soul ... are satisfied with our own beloved Porto Rican citizenship, and proud to have been born and brethren in our own motherland.\"\" The official 1916 Report by the American colonial governor of Puerto Rico to the U.S. Secretary of War (the former name for the Department of Defense), addresses both citizenships, the Puerto Rican citizenship and United States citizenship, in the context of the issuance of passports, further evidencing that the Puerto Rican citizenship did not disappear when the Americans took over the island in 1898.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#6",
"text": "In 1994, Puerto Rican activist Juan Mari Brás flew to Venezuela and renounced his US citizenship before a consular agent in the US Embassy in Caracas. Mari Brás, through his renunciation of U.S. citizenship, sought to redefine Section VII as a source of law that recognized a Puerto Rican nationality separate from that of the United States. In December 1995, his denaturalization was confirmed by the US State Department. Among the arguments that ensued over his action was whether he would now be able to vote in elections in Puerto Rico. On November 18, 1997, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico through its ruling in \"Miriam J. Ramirez de Ferrer v. Juan Mari Brás\" reaffirmed the Puerto Rican citizenship by ruling that U.S. citizenship was not a requirement to vote in Puerto Rico. According to the court's majority opinion, the Puerto Rican citizenship is recognized several times in the Puerto Rican constitution including section 5 of article III, section 3 of article IV, and section 9 of article V. In a 2006 memorandum, the Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico concluded, based on the Mari Brás case, that the Puerto Rican citizenship is \"separate and different\" from the United States citizenship.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#4",
"text": "On March 2, 1917, the Jones–Shafroth Act was signed, collectively making Puerto Ricans United States citizens without rescinding their Puerto Rican citizenship. In 1922, the U.S. Supreme court in the case of \"Balzac v. Porto Rico\" ruled that the full protection and rights of the U.S constitution do not apply to residents of Puerto Rico until they come to reside in the United States proper. Luis Muñoz Rivera, who participated in the creation of the Jones-Shafroth Act, gave a speech in the U.S. House floor that argued in favor of Puerto Rican citizenship. He declared that \"if the earth were to swallow the island, Puerto Ricans would prefer American citizenship to any citizenship in the world. But as long as the island existed, the residents preferred Puerto Rican citizenship.\" The Jones Act allowed locals to renounce the United States citizenship and remain exclusively Puerto Rican citizens, at the cost of being stripped of the right to vote. Despite these arbitrary limitations, 287 residents completed the process to forfeit the statutory recognition.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#0",
"text": "Puerto Rican citizenship was first legislated by the United States Congress in Article 7 of the Foraker Act of 1900 and later recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican citizenship existed before the U.S. takeover of the islands of Puerto Rico and continued afterwards. Its affirmative standing was also recognized before and after the creation of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952. Puerto Rican citizenship was recognized by the United States Congress in the early twentieth century and continues unchanged after the creation of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The United States government also continues to recognize a Puerto Rican nationality. Puerto Rican citizenship was once also recognized by the Spanish Government, which recognized Puerto Ricans as a people with Puerto Rican, and not American citizenship. It also at one time granted Spanish citizenship to Puerto Ricans on the basis of their Puerto Rican (and not American) citizenship.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#3",
"text": "A 1918 official report from the American colonial governor of Puerto Rico to the U.S. Secretary of War, this one after the Jones Act of 1917, had become law, states that the \"passports...[are used to] prove a person's nationality,\" thus making clear that Puerto Rican citizenship and Puerto Rican nationality were one and the same. The United States government also recognizes this status in its own records. For example, the CIA World Fact Book, states that the nationality of Puerto Ricans is not \"American\" but, in fact, \"\"Puerto Rican\".\" The Spanish Government also recognizes Puerto Ricans as a people with Puerto Rican, \"and not American,\" citizenship. It also provides Puerto Rican citizens privileges not provided to citizens of several other nations, such as Haití, Jamaica, Trinidad y Tobago y Guyana. Since 2007, the Government of Puerto Rico has been issuing \"Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship\" to anyone born in Puerto Rico or born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "39744823#111",
"text": "Puerto Rico has participated in the Olympics, since the 1948 Summer Olympics, which were celebrated in London, as an independent nation. However, since Puerto Ricans have American citizenship, Puerto Rican athletes have the option of representing Puerto Rico or moving to the United States where after living there for 3 years or more they can represent that country in the games. Some Puerto Ricans, such as Gigi Fernández in tennis, have won gold medals for the U.S. Also, women who are of Puerto Rican heritage are considered by the Government of Puerto Rico to be \"Puerto Rican Citizens\". Since 2007, the Government of Puerto Rico has been issuing \"Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship\" to anyone born in Puerto Rico or to anyone born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico.",
"title": "History of women in Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#5",
"text": "In 1952, upon U.S. Congress approving the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, also reaffirmed that Puerto Rican citizenship continued in full force. This was further reaffirmed in 2006 while the U.S. Senate probed into the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's status. In 1953, U.S Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., in a memorandum sent to the United Nations, recognized that \"the people of Puerto Rico continue to be citizens of the United States as well as of Puerto Rico.\"",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21435256#9",
"text": "Finally, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court affirms that Puerto Rican citizenship identifies the persons that have it as integral members of the Puerto Rican community. This is the integral juridical tie between the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their citizens. The court stated that \"Puerto Rican political community is defined better by the citizenship of Puerto Rico than by US citizenship. That is a fact not subject to historical rectifications and a reality which no law can change.\"",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
},
{
"docid": "39651469#0",
"text": "The current political status of Puerto Rico has ramifications into many spheres of Puerto Rican life, and there are limits to the level of autonomy the Puerto Rican government has. For example, the Island's government is not fully autonomous, and the level of federal presence in the Island is common place, including a branch of the United States Federal District Court. There are also implications relative to the American citizenship carried by people born in Puerto Rico. Specifically, although people born in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are natural born US citizens, they are not Article 14 citizens. Puerto Ricans are also covered by a group of \"fundamental civil rights\" but, since Puerto Rico is not a state, Puerto Ricans are not covered by the full American Bill of Rights. As for taxation and representation, Puerto Ricans pay U.S. federal taxes, and most bona fide residents of the island are not required to file federal income tax returns. Representation-wise, Puerto Ricans have no voting representative in the U.S. Congress, but do have a Resident Commissioner who has a voice in Congress (but no vote except for committee-level voting). Puerto Ricans must also serve in the United States military with the same duties as a US citizen residing in the other 50 states.",
"title": "Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status"
},
{
"docid": "789786#89",
"text": "Mari Brás claimed that as a Puerto Rican national born and raised in Puerto Rico, he was clearly a Puerto Rican citizen and therefore had every right to continue to reside, work, and, most importantly, vote in Puerto Rico. The State Department responded promptly, claiming that Puerto Rican citizenship did not exist independent of American citizenship, and in 1998, the department rescinded its recognition of his renunciation of citizenship. The official response to Mari Brás stated that Puerto Rican citizenship existed only as an equivalent to residency. However, the Puerto Rico State Department issues certificates of citizenship to people born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican parent, including some people who may have never resided in the territory.",
"title": "Statelessness"
},
{
"docid": "1028493#14",
"text": "Mari Brás is not the only Puerto Rican citizen to renounce his U.S. citizenship. Since Mari Brás' application, a number of other Puerto Rican citizens have also presented the required application papers before U.S. authorities to renounce their American citizenship. According to \"The New York Times\", \"many other independentistas\" followed in Mari Brás's footsteps and renounced their American citizenship as well. The New York City-based \"El Diario-La Prensa\" reported in its April 30, 1998 edition that \"thirteen more pro-independence Puerto Ricans had renounced their citizenship at the US embassy in the Dominican Republic on April 27 [1998]\".",
"title": "Juan Mari Brás"
},
{
"docid": "21435256#14",
"text": "The Spanish government recognizes the Certificado de Ciudadania Puertorriqueña as a legitimate document. Based on the Spanish Civil Code's Organic Law 4/2000 (enacted January 11, 2000 and amended by Royal Decree on April 20, 2011) which covers the awarding of the Spanish citizenship to foreigners, those that possess the document are considered Ibero-American nationals. On June 25, 2007, the General Directory of Registry and Notary Affairs of the Ministry of Justice the passed RDGRN 25-06-2007, which recognized Puerto Rico as an Ibero-American country as far as the Spanish Civil Code is concerned. To further confirm this stance, the Ministry of Justice has included Puerto Rico in their list of Ibero-American countries eligible to acquire the Spanish citizenship with priority, while also excluding the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti, Guyana, and Trinidad & Tobago. The certificate of Puerto Rican citizenship is the foremost requisite to qualify under these circumstances. The other requisite is at least two years of continuous residence in Spanish soil. Puerto Ricans that only possess the United States citizenship are not considered residents of an Iberoamerican country and do not receive priority, requiring instead ten years of continuous residence. In legal terms, Puerto Ricans that acquire the Spanish citizenship with the use of the certificate would possess four citizenships recognized in Europe: those of Puerto Rico, the United States, Spain and the European Union (automatically granted along that of Spain). On September 23, 2013, Representative Manuel Natal Albelo presented a bill that would render official the international recognition of the Puerto Rican citizenship through the Secretary of State, pursuing more rights within the international community.",
"title": "Puerto Rican citizenship"
}
] |
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] |
2217
|
What is the capital of Sudan?
|
[
{
"docid": "9137428#1",
"text": "Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, sometimes called North Sudan is an Arab state in North Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. The capital city is Khartoum. The country is divided into 17 states.",
"title": "List of airports in Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "767612#0",
"text": "Khartoum State () is one of the eighteen states of Sudan. Although it is the smallest state by area (22,142 km), it is the most populous (5,274,321 in 2008 census). It contains the country's second largest city by population, Omdurman, and the city of Khartoum, which is the capital of the state as well as the national capital of Sudan. The capital city contains offices of the state, governmental and non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions, and the main airport.",
"title": "Khartoum (state)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30985990#3",
"text": "In early February 2011, what was then the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan adopted a resolution to find a new capital for South Sudan. Ramciel was one of the two proposed locations for the site. Lakes Governor Chol Tong Mayay visited Ramciel later in the month to raise attention for its bid to be the site of the new capital. \"The late Dr John Garang promised to build Ramciel as the capital of South Sudan and having it here will be a dream come true.\" Just prior to South Sudanese independence in July 2011, a government spokesman confirmed the federal government of the country was still considering building a new capital at Ramciel. On 2 September, the federal cabinet voted to designate Ramciel as the site for a planned city, to be demarcated from Lakes state. Information Minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin said the move would likely take three to five years to complete and would be conducted in stages.",
"title": "Ramciel"
},
{
"docid": "38912112#1",
"text": "South Sudan – landlocked country in east-central Africa that is part of the United Nations subregion of Eastern Africa. It previously known as Southern Sudan. It is located south of Sudan, and includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the \"Bahr al Jabal\". South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following a referendum that passed with 98.83% of the vote. It is a United Nations member state, a member state of the African Union, and a member state of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development. In July 2012, South Sudan signed the Geneva Conventions. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city. The capital city is planned to be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel in the future.Geography of South SudanEnvironment of South Sudan",
"title": "Outline of South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "32350676#20",
"text": "The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also the state capital of Central Equatoria and the county seat of the eponymous Juba County, and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new planned city to serve as the seat of government. It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel. This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria; Brasília, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project.",
"title": "South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "13837986#2",
"text": "Aweil is the capital city of Aweil State and was until 2015 the capital city of the state of Northern Bahr el Ghazal. It is also the county seat of \"Aweil Centre County\". The city's infrastructure is relatively developed. Aweil now has a functioning railway station, hotel, airport, soccer stadium, and a public hospital. The city functions as a team site for the United Nations Mission in South Sudan. Several NGOs providing aid in South Sudan are based here.",
"title": "Aweil, South Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "213572#0",
"text": "Port Sudan ( \"\") is a port city in eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea. , it has 489,725 residents. Located on the Red Sea, it is the Republic of Sudan's main port city.",
"title": "Port Sudan"
},
{
"docid": "49116380#5",
"text": "Aweil is a city in Aweil State. The city is the largest in the state, and it is also the capital of the state. It is located nearly 800 kilometers away from Juba, South Sudan's capital. Before South Sudan split into 28 states, the city used to be the capital of the state of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, and it served as the county seat of former Aweil Centre County",
"title": "Aweil State"
},
{
"docid": "49118705#4",
"text": "The capital of Jubek state is Juba, South Sudan. Juba is the capital of the entire country of South Sudan. Juba is also the most populous city in the state and country, and the city was also the capital of the former Juba County. Other cities in Jubek State include Gondokoro, Lado, Mongalla, Rejaf, and Rokon. All of these towns were part of Juba County prior to the 2015 decree.",
"title": "Jubek State"
},
{
"docid": "767655#7",
"text": "The capital of the state, Mading Bor, became an administrative centre under the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899 -1956) for the Dinka people. It was in Malek, a small settlement, about , south of Msding Bor that the first modern Christian mission in present-day South Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw in December 1905. Bor became the first area to host a Church Missionary Society station in 1905. Shaw opened the first primary school in Malek. This school produced the first indigenous Anglican bishop to be consecrated in Dinkaland, Daniel Deng Atong. John Aruor became the first legend to be baptized in 1916 in Mading Bor. In 1912, the British established Pibor Post, a colonial era outpost which was originally called Fort Bruce in the eastern part of Jonglei. From 1919 to 1976, the territory of today's state of Jonglei belonged to the state of the Upper Nile in what was initially Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.",
"title": "Jonglei State"
}
] |
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] |
2218
|
Who represented Vallejos and Domingo in the case of Vallejos and Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration?
|
[
{
"docid": "33303136#17",
"text": "Vallejos and Daniel Domingo appealed their cases to the Court of Final Appeal, and were respectively assigned the case numbers FACV 19 and 20/2012. They would be represented before the CFA by Michael Fordham; David Pannick continued to represent the Government. Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma rejected a further application for joinder by eight-year-old Liang Wing-ki, the Hong Kong-born daughter of mainland parents, whose next friend, mother Li Yinxian, filed suit on her behalf. Philip Dykes, for the applicant, argued that because Vallejos and Domingo's case would touch on issues of interpretation of the Basic Law under Article 158, Liang's interests would also be affected. In rejecting Liang's application, Ma stated: \"We feel that the points you seem to argue are adequately covered and will be adequately covered\". Liang and other Hong Kong-born children like her were ruled to be entitled to the right of abode in Hong Kong in the 2001 case \"Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen\".",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33303136#0",
"text": "Vallejos and Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration was a court case against the government of Hong Kong by two foreign domestic helpers (FDHs) seeking permanent residence and the right of abode in Hong Kong. Because of its subject matter it was commonly referred to in the media as the FDHs' right of abode case (外傭居港權案). Evangeline Vallejos and Daniel Domingo were two of five applicants who in various groups filed three right of abode lawsuits in 2010; the ruling in Vallejos' case was expected to be a precedent for the other two.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#1",
"text": "On 30 September 2011, Justice Johnson Lam of the Court of First Instance of the High Court (CFI) ruled in Vallejos' case that existing legislation restricting FDHs from qualifying for permanent residence contravened the Hong Kong Basic Law. Lam also found that Vallejos and Domingo, but not the three other applicants, had fulfilled the condition of taking Hong Kong as their only permanent home and being ordinarily resident in Hong Kong for seven years. The Court of Appeal of the High Court overturned the CFI's decision on Vallejos' case on 28 March 2012. Vallejos and Domingo then jointly appealed to the Court of Final Appeal (CFA), which heard their case on 26–28 February 2013; the CFA rejected their appeal on 25 March 2013.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#3",
"text": "Vallejos turned out to be one of five Philippine nationals who would file applications for judicial review. The others were applying jointly in groups of two. Daniel Domingo (the second applicant in the CFA case) and his wife Irene Raboy Domingo had been working in Hong Kong since the 1980s as FDHs, met, married, and bore three children there. They had applied for verification in April 2006, and had been granted unconditional stay but not permanent residence in November 2007. Josephine Gutierrez came to Hong Kong in 1991, where her son Joseph James Gutierrez was born in 1996; both applied for verification in December 2006. Vallejos' court date was set for 22 August, while the others were scheduled for October. Vallejos stated that she hoped to retire in Hong Kong.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#8",
"text": "Throughout the rest of October and November, Lam heard arguments and delivered judgments in two further FDH residence cases, namely \"Irene R. Domingo and Daniel L. Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration\" (HCAL 127 and 128/2010) and \"Josephine B. Gutierrez and Joseph James Gutierrez v. Commissioner of Registration\" (HCAL 136 and 137/2010). Among those applicants, only Daniel Domingo was found to have satisfied the \"ordinary residence\" requirement entitling him to apply for permanent residence; Lam found that Domingo's wife Irene's period of ordinary residence was interrupted by a period of overstay in which she remained in Hong Kong without the authority of the Director of Immigration. He separately ruled that Josephine Gutierrez had not taken positive steps to establish Hong Kong as her only place of permanent residence, meaning that she and her son Joseph James were not entitled to apply for permanent residence either.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#6",
"text": "The hearing on Vallejos' case began on 22 August 2011, and stretched out until the 24th. David Pannick represented the respondent, the Commissioner of Registration. During the hearing, the courtroom was packed to overflowing with lawyers, journalists, and other members of the public, who took up not just the seats in the public gallery, but also those for defendants and jury members (the latter being unoccupied as the case at hand was not a jury trial but a judicial review). Another hundred people watched the proceedings on a large-screen television in the lobby, while protestors both supporting and opposing Vallejos' case faced off outside the building without incident.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "11626485#1",
"text": "In 2011 she successfully represented Filipina domestic helper Evangeline Banao Vallejos in \"Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration\". Vallejos was seeking permanent residency after working in Hong Kong for 25 years, in a contentious challenge to the Immigration Ordinance that stirred public discussion of human rights in Hong Kong and vilification for Li. However, the CFI's decision was overturned by the Court of Appeal in 2012 and Vallejos's appeal was dismissed by the Court of Final Appeal in 2013.",
"title": "Gladys Li"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#26",
"text": "In 2013, after the Court of Final Appeal had finished hearing the case, Rao Geping (饒戈平) of Peking University Law School, who had earlier served as a mainland representative on the Basic Law Committee, stated that it should not be necessary for the Hong Kong government to seek another interpretation of the Basic Law either regarding Vallejos' case or the earlier \"Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen\" (which gave Hong Kong permanent residence to Hong Kong-born children of non-Hong Kong resident mainland parents). In Rao's opinion the NPCSC had already clearly explained Article 24 of the Basic Law in its 1999 interpretation in the aftermath of \"Ng Ka Ling v. Director of Immigration\", and in particular had established that the Hong Kong government had the right to use the Immigration Ordinance to control who gained the right of abode in Hong Kong.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#18",
"text": "Vallejos and Domingo's appeal came before the CFA on 26 February 2013, in a hearing that would last for three days. Fordham's arguments focused on the constitutionality or lack thereof in the use of a \"blanket exclusion\" to prevent all people belonging to certain classes of residents from falling within the definition of \"ordinarily resident\" and thus eventually becoming entitled to apply for right of abode. Pannick discussed the legislature's power to define terms used in the Basic Law; he stated that foreign domestic helpers \"don't form part of the permanent population\" and thus it was legitimate for lawmakers to create a legislative definition of \"ordinarily resident\" which excluded them. The hearing concluded on schedule. On 25 March 2013, the CFA issued its judgment that the restrictions on FDH's residence and employment in Hong Kong meant that they did not fall within the definition of \"ordinarily resident\" for immigration purposes; the judgment did not refer to the 1999 NPCSC interpretation, and thus with no Article 158 issues at hand, the CFA rejected the Government's request for the matter to be referred to the NPCSC for further interpretation.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#2",
"text": "The first applicant in the CFA case, Evangeline Banao Vallejos, is a native of the Philippines, where she was previously a businesswoman. She came to Hong Kong in 1986 as an FDH, while the territory was still a British colony. During her first year in Hong Kong, she switched employers, but afterwards continued to work for the family of Barry Ong for more than two decades. She performed volunteer work and became active in a church. She approached the Immigration Department for verification of eligibility for permanent residence in April 2008. In November that year, the Immigration Department informed her that her application was not successful; she was not considered to be \"ordinarily resident\" in Hong Kong by reason of Immigration Ordinance Article 2(4)(a)(vi). The following month, she approached the Registration of Persons Office to apply for a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card, for which she was also rejected. She appealed to the Registration of Persons Tribunal, which in June 2009 ruled against her. At that point, Vallejos applied to the Legal Aid Department for help; local law firm Barnes and Daly, as well as barrister Gladys Li, agreed to assist Vallejos in applying for judicial review to rule on whether the relevant provision of the Immigration Ordinance complied with the Basic Law. The case came to mainstream media attention in December 2010.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
}
] |
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] |
2219
|
How old is Garry Marshall?
|
[
{
"docid": "543262#11",
"text": "On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall died at a hospital in Burbank, California at the age of 81 due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.",
"title": "Garry Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "543262#0",
"text": "Garry Kent Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American film director, film producer, screenwriter, and actor, best known for creating \"Happy Days\" and its various spin-offs, developing Neil Simon's 1965 play \"The Odd Couple\" for television, and directing \"Pretty Woman\", \"Beaches\", \"Runaway Bride\", \"Valentine's Day\", \"New Year's Eve\", \"Mother's Day\", \"The Princess Diaries\", and \"\".",
"title": "Garry Marshall"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "543262#1",
"text": "Garry Kent Marshall was born in The Bronx, New York on November 13, 1934, the son of Anthony Wallace Marshall (né Masciarelli; 1906–1999), a director of industrial films and later a producer, and Marjorie Irene (née Ward; 1908–1983), a tap dance teacher who ran a tap dance school. He was the brother of actress/director Penny Marshall and Ronny Marshall Hallin, a television producer. His father was of Italian descent, his family having come from San Martino sulla Marrucina, Chieti, Abruzzo, and his mother was of German, English, and Scottish ancestry. His father changed his last name from Masciarelli to Marshall before his son Garry was born. Garry Marshall was baptized Presbyterian and also raised Lutheran for a time.",
"title": "Garry Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "25330284#3",
"text": "While his class counsels Ted on finding love, Marshall rifles through his childhood belongings at the bar. He finds a letter to himself from 1993. The rat-tailed, overalls-wearing 15-year-old insists that Future Marshall get an expensive vehicle, a hot wife, and that he never \"sell out\". Marshall mournfully reflects that his job at Goliath National Bank is the ultimate sell-out. He leaves MacLaren's, and Lily chases after him, leaving Maggie with Robin. Under Robin's watch, a coworker of Maggie's, named Jim, slips into the booth. Robin shamelessly flirts with Jim and butts in on his invitation to take Maggie to an art show, trying to keep him distracted. Robin passes Maggie off to Barney, who has dared himself to get laid wearing Marshall's old overalls. Ted races back to the bar, only to face Jim and Barney, who both want Maggie.",
"title": "The Window (How I Met Your Mother)"
},
{
"docid": "458216#4",
"text": "She grew up at 3235 Grand Concourse, the Bronx, in a building which was also the childhood home of Neil Simon, Paddy Chayefsky, Calvin Klein, and Ralph Lauren. She began her career as a tap dancer at age three, and later taught tap at her mother's dance school. She graduated from Walton High School, a public girls' high school in New York and then went to University of New Mexico for 2 years where she studied math and psychology. While at UNM, Marshall became pregnant with daughter, Tracy Reiner (née Tracy Henry), and soon after married the father, Michael Henry, in 1963. The couple divorced three years later in 1966. During this period, Marshall worked various jobs to support herself, including working as a choreographer for the Albuquerque Civic Light Opera Association. In 1967, she moved to Los Angeles to join her older brother Garry, a writer whose credits at the time included TV's \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–1966).",
"title": "Penny Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "44268430#3",
"text": "Very few references have been made to identify Marshall's birthday. We can assume he was in the same school year as best friend and roommate Ted Mosby and then-girlfriend Lily Aldrin and In \"The Yips\" Marshall says he is 29. This episode aired in November 2007. This confirms Marshall's birth year to be either 1977 or 1978. Ted is turning 30 on April 25, 2008 in \"The Goat\". The dialogue in this episode implies that Lily, Marshall and Robin have not yet reached this milestone. In \"Glitter\" Lily says Marshall is 384 months old, thus 32 years, 1 week, 1 day and 21 hours old. Since the episode plays somewhere between November 9 (the date the previous episode played in) and November 24, 2010 (the date the next episode plays in) we can only conclude he was born between November 2 and November 14, 1978",
"title": "Marshall Eriksen"
},
{
"docid": "27557206#0",
"text": "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It is an American spoof of several of Judd Apatow's films: \"The 40-Year-Old Virgin\", \"Knocked Up\", \"Superbad\", and \"Forgetting Sarah Marshall\". The main plot follows Andy (Bryan Callen), a 41-year-old who desperately wants to lose his virginity, along with his teenage roommates who have similar goals.",
"title": "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It"
},
{
"docid": "8640277#1",
"text": "Marshall was born and raised in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1969, the son of Barbara Wells, a nurse, and Garry Marshall; he is also the nephew of Penny Marshall. His two sisters Lori Marshall and Kathleen Marshall are also in entertainment. Scott had an interest in film since his childhood as his father recalled of his son's early efforts in film, \"I'd make him a little wooden airplane and he would take it immediately and burn it, and start to film it, flaming, crashing!\". Also, \"Later, we got a pool and he would get his friends to drink tomato juice and then he'd shoot at them and they would dive in the pool and the tomato juice would come out. It ruined the pool.\"",
"title": "Scott Marshall (director)"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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2220
|
What is the highest title in the English peerage?
|
[
{
"docid": "409902#4",
"text": "In the following table, each peer is listed only by his or her highest English title (with the exception of the Duke of Norfolk/Earl of Arundel) showing higher or equal titles in the other peerages. Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in \"italics\".",
"title": "Peerage of England"
},
{
"docid": "409902#2",
"text": "The ranks of the English peerage are, in descending order, Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. While most newer English peerages descend only in the male line, many of the older ones (particularly older baronies) can descend through females. Under English inheritance law all daughters are co-heirs, so many older English peerage titles have fallen into abeyance between various female co-heirs.",
"title": "Peerage of England"
},
{
"docid": "18685580#0",
"text": "In the British peerage, a royal duke is a member of the British royal family, entitled to the titular dignity of prince and the style of \"His Royal Highness\" who holds a dukedom. Dukedoms are the highest titles in the British roll of peerage and the holders of these particular dukedoms are Princes of the Blood Royal. The holders of the dukedoms are royal not the titles themselves. They are titles created and bestowed on legitimate sons and male-line grandsons of the British monarch, usually upon reaching their majority or marriage. The titles can be inherited but cease to be called \"royal\" once they pass beyond the grandsons of a monarch. As with any peerage, once the title becomes extinct, it may subsequently be recreated by the reigning monarch at any time.",
"title": "Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "24667644#0",
"text": "Duke, in the United Kingdom, is the highest-ranking hereditary title in all four peerages of the British Isles. A duke thus outranks all other holders of titles of nobility (marquess, earl, viscount and baron).",
"title": "Dukes in the United Kingdom"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "192649#0",
"text": "The Peerage of Ireland consists of those titles of nobility created by the English monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland, or later by monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The creation of such titles came to an end in the 19th century. The ranks of the Irish peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount and Baron. As of 2016, there were 135 titles in the Peerage of Ireland extant: two dukedoms, ten marquessates, 43 earldoms, 28 viscountcies, and 52 baronies. The Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland continues to exercise jurisdiction over the Peerage of Ireland, including those peers whose titles derive from places located in what is now the Republic of Ireland. Article 40.2 of the Irish Constitution forbids the state conferring titles of nobility and a citizen may not accept titles of nobility or honour except with the prior approval of the Government. As stated above, this issue does not arise in respect of the Peerage of Ireland, as no creations of titles in it have been made since the Constitution came into force.",
"title": "Peerage of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "192649#7",
"text": "In the following table of the Peerage of Ireland as it currently stands, each peer's highest titles in each of the other peerages (if any) are also listed. Irish peers possessed of titles in any of the other peerages (except Scotland, which only got the right to an automatic seat in 1963, with the Peerage Act 1963) had automatic seats in the House of Lords until 1999.",
"title": "Peerage of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "438840#1",
"text": "The marquessate of Reading is the highest title in the British peerage ever attained by a Jew, and is the most recently created \"extant\" marquessate in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (that of Willingdon was created in 1936 but became extinct in 1979). In this role, the marquessate of Reading is currently the junior-most marquessate in the Order of precedence in England and Wales.",
"title": "Marquess of Reading"
},
{
"docid": "526652#1",
"text": "The title of Marquess of Dublin, which is perhaps best described as Anglo-Irish, was the first to be created, in 1385, but like the next few creations, the title was soon forfeit. The title of Marquess of Pembroke, created in 1532 by Henry VIII for Anne Boleyn, has the distinction of being the first English hereditary peerage granted to a woman in her own right (styled \"Marchioness\" in the patent). The English title Marquess of Winchester, created in 1551, is the earliest still extant, so is Premier Marquess of England. The title long remained less common, and on the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her (from her journals): \n\"I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied \"There are very few Viscounts,\" that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; — that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes\".",
"title": "List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "58254#28",
"text": "Individuals who use the style \"Lord\" or \"Lady\" are not necessarily peers. Children of peers use special titles called courtesy titles. The heir apparent of a duke, a marquess, or an earl generally uses his father's highest lesser peerage dignity as his own. Hence, the Duke of Devonshire's son is called Marquess of Hartington. Such an heir apparent is called a \"courtesy peer\", but is a commoner until such time as he inherits (unless summoned by a writ in acceleration).",
"title": "Peerages in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "367634#2",
"text": "Peers and their families make up a large part of these tables. It is possible for a peer to hold more than one title of nobility, and these may belong to different ranks and peerages. A peer derives his precedence from his highest-ranking title; peeresses derive their precedence in the same way, whether they hold their highest-ranking title in their own right or by marriage. The ranks in the tables refer to peers rather than titles: if exceptions are named for a rank, these do not include peers of a higher rank (or any peers at all, in the case of baronets). No exceptions are named for most categories, owing to their large size.",
"title": "Order of precedence in England and Wales"
}
] |
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] |
2221
|
Is public affairs the same as public relations?
|
[
{
"docid": "19512487#2",
"text": "Formal procedures enable individual members of the public to lobby their Member of Parliament but most lobbying activity centres on corporate, charity and trade association lobbying, where organisations seek to amend government policy through advocacy. Companies and individuals who operate in this sector commonly use the terms \"public relations\", \"public affairs\", \"political consultancy\" or \"corporate affairs\" to describe their activities (though this was also a reaction to the negative publicity surrounding the word \"lobbyists\" following the 1994 Cash-for-questions affair). Professional public affairs agencies, representing multiple clients, undertake a significant proportion of lobbying activity in addition to individual organisations conducting lobbying on an in-house basis.",
"title": "Lobbying in the United Kingdom"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23728089#2",
"text": "It is difficult to determine the size of the public affairs industry in the United Kingdom. Studies suggest the industry is becoming more professionalized, and that it is more widespread than often assumed. The Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), which is the UK's professional body for public relations including public affairs, estimates there are around 48,000 people involved in PR, of which 30% are involved in public affairs. This research is limited as it only measures specific job titles and those who declare themselves to be working in PR. There are large numbers of professionals providing public affairs services while working under different job titles across a wide variety of sectors. The job titles of public affairs practitioners may vary, depending on the focus of their role, but may include, \"public affairs\", \"external affairs/relations\", \"corporate communications\", \"government/parliamentary affairs\" and \"policy\".",
"title": "Public affairs industry"
},
{
"docid": "2328245#2",
"text": "In the 1950s, the concept of corporate public affairs was only beginning to come into vogue, and at the time meant mostly legislature watching and corporate community involvement. Today, the definition of \"public affairs\" is much broader, encompassing political involvement, lobbying (government relations), paces, corporate community involvement, issues management, grassroots advocacy, and public relations. This broadening of the field of public affairs and an increased understanding of the importance of political involvement has been demonstrated in the growth of formal corporate and association public affairs programs. In the 1950s, only a handful of companies had formal programs, today, thousands of companies and associations have them.",
"title": "Public Affairs Council"
},
{
"docid": "8045252#0",
"text": "Public Affairs is a term for the formal offices of the branches of the United States Department of Defense whose purpose is to deal with the media and community issues. The term is also used for numerous media relations offices that are created by the U.S. military for more specific limited purposes. Public affairs offices are staffed by a combination of officers, enlisted personnel, civilian officials and contract professionals.",
"title": "Public affairs (military)"
},
{
"docid": "8045252#19",
"text": "Based at the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building in Washington D.C., The Office of Public Affairs (CG-0922) oversees PAs in support of media relations stationed in major media markets throughout the United States. They work for public affairs officers on district and area commanders' support staffs or in small public-affairs detachments located in major metropolitan areas.",
"title": "Public affairs (military)"
},
{
"docid": "23728089#1",
"text": "The industry has developed over recent years and is normally considered a branch or sub-discipline of public relations (PR). Given the broad nature of public affairs, what exactly the industry encapsulates remains a point of discussion. While often equated with lobbying, this is usually only a small part of what a public affairs practitioner might do. Other typical functions include research, strategy planning and providing advice.",
"title": "Public affairs industry"
},
{
"docid": "307834#2",
"text": "In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a stakeholder or a market. A public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Whilst a market has an exchange relationship with an organization, and is usually a passive entity that is created by the organization, a public does not necessarily have an exchange relationship, and is both self-creating and self-organizing. Publics are targeted by public relations efforts. In this, \"target publics\" are those publics whose involvement is necessary for achieving organization goals; \"intervening publics\" are opinion formers and mediators, who pass information to the target publics; and \"influentials\" are publics that the target publics turn to for consultation, whose value judgements are influential upon how a target public will judge any public relations material. The public is often targeted especially in regard to political agendas as their vote is necessary in order to further the progression of the cause. As seen in Massachusetts between 2003 and 2004, it was necessary to \"win a critical mass of states and a critical mass of public support\" in order to get same-sex marriage passed in the commonwealth.",
"title": "Public"
},
{
"docid": "8045252#3",
"text": "The Public Affairs Officer (PAO) is responsible for developing a working relationship with reporters and other media representatives, maintaining a robust community relations program, keeping contact with other government agencies, and keeping internal and external publics informed on issues that may affect them. Known as \"PAO's\" for short, they are expected to coordinate with the appropriate agencies prior to contacting and releasing information to the media on conditions that might result in favorable or unfavorable public reaction, including releases and public statements involving local, regional and national news.",
"title": "Public affairs (military)"
},
{
"docid": "24493#1",
"text": "Public affairs – catch-all term that includes public policy as well as public administration, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of political science and economics.",
"title": "Outline of public affairs"
},
{
"docid": "8045252#2",
"text": "The typical Public Affairs office is led by an officer who is in charge of planning, budgeting for, executing and evaluating the effectiveness of public affairs programs, and provides public affairs advice, counsel and support for commanders and senior staff members.",
"title": "Public affairs (military)"
}
] |
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] |
2222
|
Did Romania participate in WWII?
|
[
{
"docid": "20026137#19",
"text": "During World War II, Hungary and Romania became allies and participated in the war against the Soviet Union. But after the coup on 23 August 1944 Romania switched sides and fought against Hungary. Consequently, Soviet and Romanian troops invaded Hungary, occupied Northern Transylvania by October 1944 and re-established the Romanian administration in the region in March 1945. The 1947 Treaty of Paris reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in Treaty of Trianon 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.",
"title": "Hungary–Romania relations"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32822993#1",
"text": "In early January 2012, Romania's participation remained unconfirmed. The online portal of one of Romania's newspapers, \"Cotidianul\", assumed that Romania was not going to enter the 2012 edition of the contest due the lack of foundation, but TVR officials did not confirm this claim. It was subsequently announced that Romania would take part in the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest. TVR pressured the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) to lower the entry fee and stated that participation was only possible if 40% of all the costs that may occur could be funded by a sponsor.",
"title": "Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012"
},
{
"docid": "9493315#18",
"text": "Hungary did not immediately participate in the invasion of the Soviet Union. The invasion began on 22 June 1941, but Hitler did not directly ask for Hungarian assistance. Nonetheless, many Hungarian officials argued for participation in the war in order to encourage Hitler not to favour Romania in the event of border revisions in Transylvania. On 26 June 1941, the Soviet air force bombed Košice (Kassa). Some speculation exists that this was a \"false-flag\" attack instigated by Germany (possibly in cooperation with Romania) to give Hungary a \"casus belli\" for joining Operation Barbarossa and the war. Hungary declared war against the Soviets on 27 June 1941.",
"title": "Hungary in World War II"
},
{
"docid": "28979481#2",
"text": "In 1996, for the only time in Eurovision history, an audio-only pre-qualifying round (from which hosts Norway were exempt) was held on 20 March as 29 countries wished to participate in the final but the European Broadcasting Union had set a limit of 22 (plus Norway). The countries occupying the bottom seven places after the pre-qualifier would be unable to take part in the main contest. After the voting, \"Rugă pentru pacea lumii\" had received 11 points, placing 29th (last) and because of that Romania did not participate in 1996 Eurovision Song Contest.",
"title": "Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996"
},
{
"docid": "46568489#12",
"text": "Romania did not send any all-around teams to the Olympics for the first time since 1968, despite Cătălina Ponor coming out of retirement. This ended the streak of winning a team medal in the event since 1976. Romania has entered three artistic gymnasts into the Olympic competition. Four-time Olympic medalist Marian Drăgulescu claimed his Olympic spot in the men's apparatus and all-around events at the 2015 World Championships, while two more places were awarded to one Romanian male and female gymnast, who participated at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.",
"title": "Romania at the 2016 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "56809352#2",
"text": "The table below contains the list of members of people (called \"Team Romania\") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.\nThe Romanian National Paralympic Committee has few employees. They also have very little money. Despite this, they try very hard to help all sportspeople with disabilities in Romania. Their 2014 budget was for twelve sports. Snowboard became their thirteenth sport. This happened after Mihaita Papara asked the Committee Chairperson Sally Wood Lamont to support him. In 2016, the budget for the Romanian National Paralympic Committee increased. The year of the Summer Paralympics, their budget was . In comparison, Croatia had a budget of in 2015. They money increased because Romanians did well in international competitions. Because the costs to compete are very high, the money was still not enough. There are few sponsors for disability sportspeople in Romania. The Paralympic Games do not get much media coverage. This makes it very difficult for people in Romania to go to the Paralympic Games.",
"title": "Romania at the 2018 Winter Paralympics"
},
{
"docid": "74326#18",
"text": "The one exception to Comăneci's travel ban was her participation in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles as part of the Romanian delegation. Although a number of Communist nations had boycotted the 1984 Olympics in tit-for-tat to the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, Romania chose to participate. Comăneci later wrote in her memoir that many believed Romania went to the Olympics because an agreement had been made with the United States not to accept defectors. However, Comăneci did not participate in the Games as a member of the Romanian team. She served in the capacity of an observer (not a judge), and she was able to watch Bela Károlyi's new protégé, American gymnast Mary Lou Retton, dominate the Olympics. However, she was not allowed to speak with Károlyi and was closely watched the entire time.",
"title": "Nadia Comăneci"
},
{
"docid": "45379440#11",
"text": "Romania, originally set to perform in position 12 in the second semi-final of the contest on 12 May 2016, was removed from the running order for the competition. The EBU confirmed that the Romanian entry, already released on the official compilation album for the contest, would continue to be made available for digital download and streaming as a courtesy to the artist and that all accredited press from Romania would retain their accreditation under the International Delegation of press and fans from non-participating countries. The Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest, Jon Ola Sand, commented: \"This is of course disappointing for the artist chosen to represent Romania, for our colleagues at TVR who have prepared their participation so well this year and, not least, for Romanian viewers and the many Eurovision fans in the country. As with all participants, SVT has been preparing for Romania's act thoroughly over the past weeks. To take an act out at such late stage is of course a little disruptive, but it will not negatively affect the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest in any other way.\"",
"title": "Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016"
},
{
"docid": "41971104#1",
"text": "Romania first participated in Paralympic competition at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, Germany, but did not make another appearance until the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta. Their only prior appearance at the Winter Paralympics was four years prior, at the 2010 Vancouver Paralympics. Although the nation has won medals at the Summer Paralympics, they have yet to win a medal at the Winter Paralympics. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. Laura Valeanu was selected as the only athletes in the Romanian delegation to Sochi. She was chosen as the Romanian flag bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony and for the closing ceremony.",
"title": "Romania at the 2014 Winter Paralympics"
},
{
"docid": "4900822#43",
"text": "The failure of the Romanian front for the Entente was also the result of several factors beyond Romania's control. The failed Salonika Offensive did not meet the expectation of Romania's \"guaranteed security\" from Bulgaria. This proved to be a critical strain on Romania's ability to wage a successful offensive in Transylvania, as it needed to divert troops south to the defense of Dobruja. Furthermore, Russian reinforcements in Romania did not materialize to the number of 200,000 soldiers initially demanded. Romania was thus placed in a difficult situation several months after it joined the war, with the Entente unable to provide the support it had promised earlier. All of these amounted to a crushing defeat of Romania, instead of the \"decisive deathblow\" to the Austro-Hungarian Empire that the Entente had expected.",
"title": "Romania during World War I"
}
] |
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2225
|
When was the municipality of Sogod established?
|
[
{
"docid": "2155954#1",
"text": "The name of the municipality originated from the Cebuano word, \"sogod\", meaning \"\"to start.\"\" Founded as a Catholic mission station by the Society of Jesus in 1601, Sogod became a regular municipality on June 10, 1853.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2155954#98",
"text": "One interesting feature of the said development is that the provincial board of Leyte recommended to Manila that the villages of Lawgawan, Taa, Tuburan, Santa Cruz and Pangi, equidistant to the \"poblacion\" of Sogod, be annexed to the municipal jurisdiction of Sogod. It got the support of President Carlos Polestico Garcia and approved the move to include the newly established barangays, located in the hinterlands of Bontoc, to be part of the territorial jurisdiction of the municipality of Bontoc. After the 1959 promulgation of the Executive Order No. 368, all conflicting areas between the municipalities of Sogod and Bontoc were reorganized and reevaluated. Many complaints and petitions were sent to the Provincial Board of Southern Leyte and to the Regional Trial Court (RTC) to reconcile the disputed villages to Sogod, but all were in vain.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#24",
"text": "With the founding of the town and \"residencia\" of Jilongos in 1737, the Leyte mission was already divided into three residencies. The other two were Carigara and Dagami. Jilongos had then the settlements of Palompon, Poro, Ormoc, Baybay, Maasin, Cabalian, Hinundayan and Sogod as its annex \"visitas\". As a consequence of the 1754 sacking, the \"visitas\" of Buntuk, Sogod and Maak were incorporated to the newly-established municipality of Maasin, which was guarded by a stone fortification equipped with \"lantakas\", from 1755 to 1768. [The historian Manuel Artigas states that Sogod was a premier \"visita\" of Maasin from 1774 to 1785]. Due to its distance from the \"poblacion\", the parish priests of Cabalian and Maasin would take turns in administering the mission station of Sogod. \"Padre\" Joaquin Romeo would be the last Jesuit to administer the mission stations of Hinundayan, Cabalian and Sogod when all the Jesuit missionaries were suppressed from all colonies of Spain in May 19, 1768.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#63",
"text": "The newly created municipality was governed by duly elected \"Gobernadorcillos\", \"Presidente Municipales\" and Municipal Mayors like:The town covered a total land area of 236.4 square kilometers (91.3 square miles) until 1953. Due to the enactment of Republic Act No. 522 on June 15, 1950 which establishes the municipality of Bontoc, the municipal area of Sogod decreased. However, the newly ordained act was proven to be lax in nature. The juridical boundaries of the town of Bontoc were not fully indicated, causing much tension between the two municipalities. After the 1959 promulgation of the Executive Order No. 368, all conflicting areas between the municipalities of Sogod and Bontoc were reorganized and reevaluated. Many complaints and petitions were sent to the Provincial Board of Southern Leyte and to the Regional Trial Court (RTC) to reconcile the disputed villages to Sogod, but all were in vain. As a result, the land area of the municipality was reduced to 19,270 hectares (47,600 acres) in land area.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155909#10",
"text": "At some point in time, possibly during the years following 1845 until 1885, Libagon was deemed as a barrio of Sogod, together with Bontoc and Consolacion. In 1885, Nicolas Idjao was elected as gobernadorcillo and transferred the poblacion of Sogod to Libagon, from Sogod. Then, he renamed Libagon as Sogod Nuevo or Sogod Del Norte while Sogod as Sogod Viejo or Sogod Del Sur. After twelve years of power, the poblacion was restored to Sogod for a while when Benito Faelnar was appointed as capitan municipal of Sogod. But in 1904, Ladislao or \"Estanislao\" Decenteceo was elected and transferred the poblacion to Barangay Consolacion, a barrio from Libagon. However, in 1912, the poblacion was again transferred to Sogod when Vicente Cariño took office in that year.",
"title": "Libagon, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#49",
"text": "Protestantism came to Leyte in 1903 when Reverend Doctor Charles Rath and a group of American missionaries belonging to the Presbyterian Church acquired a church lot in Tacloban. They began a massive campaign in the island, having a stronghold over the towns of Baybay, Maasin, Padre Burgos, Cabalian and Hinunangan. By the mid-1930s, Reverend Rath and a number of newly-baptized Leyteño Presbyterians made a number of converts from Buntuk, Sogod, Consolacion and from the \"sitios\" of Libagon. These believers would lay the very foundation of the present-day United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP), the first Protestant church to be established in the municipality, and would attract more Protestant sects and denominations to the towns of Sogod bay region.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#53",
"text": "With the restoration of the \"poblacion\" to Sogod in 1912, the \"barrio\" of Libagon was converted into a municipality on October 16, 1913. The areas from barangay Gakat to barangay Punta formed part of the municipal district of Libagon. The municipal mayor of Sogod during this development was \"Don\" Vicente Cariño (1912-1916). Mariano Espina, who was then a member of the municipal council of Sogod and the main mover of the resolution to make Libagon into a separate township, as appointed as first town executive of Libagon.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#51",
"text": "During the mayoral administration of \"Don\" Gregorio Leviste (1908-1912), the municipal territory of Sogod comprises the \"barrios\" of Bontoc, Buac, Concepcion, Consolacion, Gakat, Hipgasan, Libagon, Libas, Maak, Mayuga, Kawayan, Nahulid, Pandan, San Isidro (Malupao), San Miguel (Batang), Sogod \"poblacion\", Santa Cruz and Union, which were grouped into seven (7) districts. Each district, with its respective \"barrios\" were under the care of a municipal councilor. Education was the main concern of this period and that the municipal government sent Sotero Toting, Ignacio Chavarria and a person named Sumaya to Tacloban to urge teachers from the capital to teach in Sogod. The first teacher to arrive in Sogod was Pelagia Tibay, who arrived in town on April 1911. On May of the same year, Hugo Rojas and Jesus Pedrosa were the first batch of municipal scholars attending the Leyte Normal School in Tacloban. As the number of school children increases, the town officials saw that the only Gabaldon building of the Sogod Central School, located in the present barangay of Zone I, was too small to house them. The municipal council therefore resolved it by voting to make the municipal hall as transient school building for the students.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#95",
"text": "The Republic Act included the villages of Bontoc, Divisoria, Union, Paku, Beniton, Catmon, Hilaan, Taa, Santa Cruz, and Mahayahay, which were under the political jurisdiction of Sogod, to be part of the municipality of Bontoc. The problem was that the boundaries between the two towns were not “well-defined” and the majority of the people residing in Bontoc preferred to have their transactions in Sogod. Much worse when the \"municipio\" (town hall) in Sogod began exacting taxation and jurisdiction from the barangays mentioned in the Republic Act 522 in which falls under the area of the local government unit (LGU) of Bontoc.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
},
{
"docid": "2155954#100",
"text": "On June 24, 1970, the municipality of Sogod filed Civil Case No. R-1706 for certiorari and prohibition with the Court of First Instance of Southern Leyte (now Regional Trial Court), to enjoin the provincial board and provincial governor from taking cognizance of the long pending boundary dispute between the two municipalities and to enjoin the municipality of Bontoc from exercising territorial jurisdiction over the barrios of Pangi, Taa, Casao, Santa Cruz, Tuburan and Lawgawan all allegedly belonging to the municipality of Sogod.",
"title": "Sogod, Southern Leyte"
}
] |
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] |
2226
|
When did gymnastics become an Olympic sport?
|
[
{
"docid": "231482#2",
"text": "In 1881, the FIG was founded, and it remains the governing body of international gymnastics. It initially included only three countries and was called the European Gymnastics Federation until 1921, when the first non-European countries joined the federation and it was reorganized into its present form. Gymnastics was included in the program of the 1896 Summer Olympics, but women have been allowed to participate in the Olympics only since 1928. The World Championships, held since 1903, were open only to men until 1934. Since that time, two branches of artistic gymnastics have developed: women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) and men's artistic gymnastics (MAG). Unlike men's and women's branches of many other sports, WAG and MAG differ significantly in apparatus used at major competitions and in techniques.",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18170010#2",
"text": "Prior to 1981, the minimum required age to compete in senior events sanctioned by the FIG (including the Olympic Games) was 14. The earliest champions in women's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport. Hungarian gymnast Ágnes Keleti won individual gold medals at the age of 35 at the 1956 Olympics. Larisa Latynina, the first great Soviet gymnast, won her first Olympic all-around medal at the age of 21, her second at 25 and her third at 29; she became the 1958 World Champion while pregnant with her daughter. Czech gymnast Věra Čáslavská, who followed Latynina to become a two-time Olympic all-around champion, was 22 before she started winning gold medals at the highest level of the sport, and won her final Olympic all-around title at the age of 26.",
"title": "Age requirements in gymnastics"
},
{
"docid": "12986459#40",
"text": "Before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet gymnasts dominated both men's and women's gymnastics commencing with the introduction of the full women's program into the Olympics and the overall increased standardization of the Olympic Gymnastics competition format which happened in 1952. From 1952 to 1992 inclusive, the Soviet women's squad won almost every single team title in World Championship competition and at the Summer Olympics: the only four exceptions were the 1984 Olympics, which they did not attend, and the 1966, 1979 and 1987 World Championships. Some of the famous Soviet gymnasts were from the Russian SFSR, or of Russian origin born in the former SSR.",
"title": "Sport in Russia"
},
{
"docid": "1090533#46",
"text": "Gymnastics is governed by Irish Gymnastics which was formed in 1999, following the merging of the Irish Amateur Gymnastics Association and the Irish Sports Acrobatics Federation. There are 83 registered gymnastics clubs in Ireland (including Northern Ireland). Gymnastics includes four Olympic disciplines, women's artistic gymnastics, men's artistic gymnastics, trampoline gymnastics, and rhythmic gymnastics, and four non Olympic disciplines, acrobatic gymnastics, tumbling gymnastics, gymnastics for all, and sports aerobics.",
"title": "Sport in Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "231482#33",
"text": "Before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet gymnasts dominated both men's and women's gymnastics, commencing with the introduction of the full women's program into the Olympics and the overall increased standardization of the Olympic gymnastics competition format which happened in 1952. Soviet Union's success might be explained by a heavy state's investment in sports to fulfil its political agenda on an international stage. They had many male stars, such as Olympic all-around champions Viktor Chukarin and Vitaly Scherbo, and female stars, such as Olympic all-around champion Larisa Latynina and World all-around and Olympic champion Svetlana Boginskaya who contributed to this tradition. From 1952 to 1992 inclusive, the Soviet women's squad won almost every single team title in World Championship competition and at the Summer Olympics: the only four exceptions were the 1984 Olympics, which they did not attend, and the 1966, 1979, and 1987 World Championships. Most of the famous Soviet gymnasts were from the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR.",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics"
},
{
"docid": "2321616#1",
"text": "The time Rhythmic Gymnastics was officially added as an Olympic Sport at the 1984 Olympic Games. The gymnasts from Bulgaria and USSR were favored to win in Rhythmic Gymnastics but the Eastern led Boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics meant the top gymnasts were absent. Fung then trained with Romanian rhythmic gymnast Doina Stăiculescu but Fung would eventually upset Stăiculescu and be the first recipient of a gold medal the sport of Rhythmic Gymnastics.",
"title": "Lori Fung"
},
{
"docid": "231482#5",
"text": "In the 1970s, the average age of Olympic gymnasts began to decrease. While it was not unheard-of for teenagers to compete in the 1960s—Ludmilla Tourischeva was 16 at her first Olympics in 1968—younger female gymnasts slowly became the norm as the sport's difficulty increased. Smaller, lighter girls generally excelled in the more challenging acrobatic elements required by the redesigned Code of Points. The 58th Congress of the FIG—held in July 1980, just before the Olympics—decided to raise the minimum age for senior international competition from 14 to 15. The change, which came into effect two years later, did not eliminate the problem. By the time of the 1992 Summer Olympics, elite competitors consisted almost exclusively of \"pixies\"—underweight, prepubertal teenagers—and concerns were raised about athletes' welfare.",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics"
},
{
"docid": "26203825#2",
"text": "Men's Artistic Gymnastics had been an Olympic sport since the beginning of the modern games. Women's gymnastics were introduced as a single (team) event in the 1928 games, but were not expanded until the 1952 games, when there were seven events. The International Federation of Gymnastics first drew up a code of points—for men—in 1949.",
"title": "Perfect 10 (gymnastics)"
},
{
"docid": "31038769#3",
"text": "When rhythmic gymnastics was officially added as an Olympic Sport in 1984, athletes from USSR and Bulgaria were considered as favorites, but the Eastern led Boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics meant the top competitors were absent. Weber then went to win the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics behind Romanian silver medalist Doina Stăiculescu. Between 1981 and 1986 she won nearly all national titles in various rhythmic gymnastics events in Western Germany.",
"title": "Regina Weber"
},
{
"docid": "36488463#2",
"text": "The time Rhythmic Gymnastics was officially added as an Olympic Sport at the 1984 Olympic Games. The gymnasts from USSR and Bulgaria were considered the favored to win Rhythmic Gymnastics in Los Angeles but Eastern led Boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics put Stăiculescu the highest rank gymnast to compete in the Olympics, Canadian Lori Fung ( ranked 23rd ) at that time trained together with Stăiculescu who would eventually upset Stăiculescu for the gold medal. She won the silver medal in All-around at the Olympics. She is the only Romanian to win a medal in Rhythmic Gymnastics.",
"title": "Doina Stăiculescu"
}
] |
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] |
2227
|
Where was Nahum Tate's adaptation of King Lear first performed?
|
[
{
"docid": "14224671#76",
"text": "In 1985 the Riverside Shakespeare Company presented the New York premiere of \"The History of King Lear\", adapted with a happy ending by 18th-century English Poet Laureate, Nahum Tate, from William Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". The production was directed by W. Stuart McDowell, produced by Andrew B. Harris, who had joined Riverside as its executive director at the beginning of the season.",
"title": "Riverside Shakespeare Company"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "301491#0",
"text": "Nahum Tate ( ; 1652 – 30 July 1715) was an Irish poet, hymnist and lyricist, who became England's poet laureate in 1692. Tate is best known for \"The History of King Lear\", his 1681 adaptation of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\".",
"title": "Nahum Tate"
},
{
"docid": "221376#12",
"text": "Kean was the first to restore the tragic ending to Shakespeare's \"King Lear\", which had been replaced on stage since 1681 by Nahum Tate's happy ending adaptation \"The History of King Lear\". Kean had previously acted Tate's Lear, but told his wife that the London audience \"have no notion of what I can do till they see me over the dead body of Cordelia.\" Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances. They were not well received, though one critic described his dying scene as \"deeply affecting\", and with regret, he reverted to Tate.",
"title": "Edmund Kean"
},
{
"docid": "16087074#0",
"text": "The History of King Lear is an adaptation by Nahum Tate of William Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". It first appeared in 1681, some seventy-five years after Shakespeare's version, and is believed to have replaced Shakespeare's version on the English stage in whole or in part until 1838.",
"title": "The History of King Lear"
},
{
"docid": "301491#5",
"text": "Tate then turned to making a series of adaptations of Elizabethan dramas. His version of William Shakespeare's \"Richard II\" altered the names of the characters, and changed the text so that every scene, to use his own words, was \"full of respect to Majesty and the dignity of courts\"; but in spite of these precautions \"The Sicilian Usurper\" (1681), as his rewrite was called, was suppressed on the third performance on account of a possible political interpretation. In 1681 Thomas Betterton played Tate's version of \"King Lear\", which entirely omitted the Fool, and ended happily in marriage between Cordelia and Edgar. (Though Joseph Addison protested at this mutilation of Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson defended the poetic justice of Tate's adaptation.)\"Coriolanus\" became \"The Ingratitude of a Commonwealth\", played at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1682. Tate's farce \"Duke and no Duke\" (first printed 1685, but acted earlier at the Theatre Royal) imitated Sir Aston Cockayne's \"Trappolin suppos'd a Prince\". His \"Cuckold's Haven\" (performed 1685 at the Theatre Royal) was derived from Chapman and Marston's \"Eastward Ho\". \"The Island Princess, or the Generous Portugals\" (1687) was adapted from John Fletcher. \"Injur'd Love, or the Cruel Husband\" (1707), altered from Webster's \"The White Devil\", seems never to have been acted.",
"title": "Nahum Tate"
},
{
"docid": "55721#38",
"text": "All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government on 6 September 1642. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies (the King's Company and the Duke's Company) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them. And from the restoration until the mid-19th century the performance history of \"King Lear\" is not the story of Shakespeare's version, but instead of \"The History of King Lear\", a popular adaptation by Nahum Tate. Its most significant deviations from Shakespeare were to omit the Fool entirely, to introduce a happy ending in which Lear and Cordelia survive, and to develop a love story between Cordelia and Edgar (two characters who never interact in Shakespeare) which ends with their marriage. Like most Restoration adapters of Shakespeare, Tate admired Shakespeare's natural genius but saw fit to augment his work with contemporary standards of art (which were largely guided by the neoclassical unities of time, place, and action). Tate's struggle to strike a balance between raw nature and refined art is apparent in his description of the tragedy: \"a heap of jewels, unstrung and unpolish't; yet so dazzling in their disorder, that I soon perceiv'd I had seiz'd a treasure.\" Other changes included giving Cordelia a \"confidante\" named Arante, bringing the play closer to contemporary notions of poetic justice, and adding titilating material such as amorous encounters between Edmund and both Regan and Goneril, a scene in which Edgar rescues Cordelia from Edmund's attempted kidnap and rape, and a scene in which Cordelia wears men's pants that would reveal the actress's ankles. The play ends with a celebration of \"the King's blest Restauration\", an obvious reference to Charles II.",
"title": "King Lear"
},
{
"docid": "161003#9",
"text": "Later into Barry’s career, she was given more roles of a motherhood figure than a sexual object. Barry worked for the Duke's Company from 1675 to 1682, taking the role of Cordelia opposite Thomas Betterton's Lear in Nahum Tate's 1681 adaptation of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\". After the Duke's and the King's companies were amalgamated in 1682, she continued as one of the star performers of the new United Company, which remained for 12 years the only theatrical company in London. The absence of rival companies left the actors in a weak bargaining position in relation to management, and when the United Company fell under the mismanagement of Christopher Rich (theatre manager) in the 1690s, \"as sly a Tyrant as ever was at the Head of a Theatre.\"",
"title": "Elizabeth Barry"
},
{
"docid": "14689471#10",
"text": "On the stage of \"The Shakespeare Center\" the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted numerous productions of works by Shakespeare, his contemporaries, and Commedia dell'Arte comedies, as well as The Shakespeare Project, and major New York premieres of Bertolt Brecht's \"The Life of Edward II of England\" and Nahum Tate's adaptation of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\", entitled \"The History of King Lear\", directed by Artistic Director of the Shakespeare Center, W. Stuart McDowell, and sponsored by Riverside Shakespeare Company benefactor, Samuel H. Scripps (left).",
"title": "The Shakespeare Center"
},
{
"docid": "30961627#1",
"text": "\"The Taming of the Shrew\" was revived following the English Civil War in the second half of the seventeenth century, but not necessarily in Shakespeare's 'original' version. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw multiple adaptations of Shakespeare's \"The Shrew.\" And, as in Nahum Tate's adaptation of \"King Lear\", which transforms the tragic ending into a happy marriage between Cordelia and Edgar, the idea that Shakespeare's works were sacrosanct and inalterable was not yet established.",
"title": "Catharine and Petruchio"
},
{
"docid": "301456#4",
"text": "The presence of a happy ending is one of the key points that distinguish melodrama from tragedy. In certain periods, the endings of traditional tragedies such as \"Macbeth\" or \"Oedipus Rex\", in which most of the major characters end up dead, disfigured, or discountenanced, have been actively disliked. In the Seventeenth Century, the Irish author Nahum Tate sought to improve William Shakespeare's \"King Lear\" in his own heavily modified version in which Lear survives and Cordelia marries Edgar. Tate's version dominated performances for a century and a half, Shakespeare's original nearly forgotten. Both David Garrick and John Philip Kemble, while taking up some of Shakespeare's original text, kept Tate's happy ending. Edmund Kean played \"King Lear\" with its tragic ending in 1823, but failed and reverted to Tate's crowd-pleaser after only three performances. Only in 1838 did William Macready at Covent Garden successfully restore Shakespeare's original tragic end – Helen Faucit's final appearance as Cordelia, dead in her father's arms, became one of the most iconic of Victorian images and the play's tragic end was finally accepted by the general public. Most subsequent critics have not found Tate's amendments an improvement, and welcomed the restoration of Shakespeare's original. Happy endings have also been fastened – equally, with no lasting success – to \"Romeo and Juliet\" and \"Othello\".",
"title": "Happy ending"
}
] |
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] |
2228
|
How many neurotransmitters are there in the human brain?
|
[
{
"docid": "3717#34",
"text": "There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA.",
"title": "Brain"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3717#32",
"text": "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules.\nWith few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle. Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others.",
"title": "Brain"
},
{
"docid": "3717#7",
"text": "Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.",
"title": "Brain"
},
{
"docid": "984726#2",
"text": "Neuropeptides modulate neuronal communication by acting on cell surface receptors. Many neuropeptides are co-released with other small-molecule neurotransmitters. The human genome contains about 90 genes that encode precursors of neuropeptides. At present about 100 different peptides are known to be released by different populations of neurons in the mammalian brain. Neurons use many different chemical signals to communicate information, including neurotransmitters, peptides, and gasotransmitters. Peptides are unique among these cell-cell signaling molecules in several respects. One major difference is that peptides are not recycled back into the cell once secreted, unlike many conventional neurotransmitters (glutamate, dopamine, serotonin). Another difference is that after secretion, peptides are modified by extracellular peptidases; in some cases, these extracellular cleavages inactivate the biological activity, but in other cases the extracellular cleavages increase the affinity of a peptide for a particular receptor while decreasing its affinity for another receptor. These extracellular processing events add to the complexity of neuropeptides as cell-cell signaling molecules.",
"title": "Neuropeptide"
},
{
"docid": "25190904#10",
"text": "The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for the human appetite. Many brain neurotransmitters affect appetite, especially dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine acts primarily through the reward centers of the brain, whereas serotonin primarily acts through effects on neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) [stimulate appetite] and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [induce satiety] neurons located in the arcuate nucleus. Similarly, the hormones leptin and insulin suppress appetite through effects on AgRP and POMC neurons.",
"title": "Hunger (motivational state)"
},
{
"docid": "50161687#2",
"text": "By the end of the 20th century, it became clear that the human brain operates with more than a dozen neurotransmitters and a large number of neuropeptides and hormones. The relationships between these different chemical systems are complex as some of them suppress and some of them induce each other’s release during neuronal exchanges. This complexity of relationships devalues the old approach of assigning “inhibitory vs. excitatory” roles to neurotransmitters: the same neurotransmitters can be either inhibitory or excitatory depending on what system they interact with. It became clear that an impressive diversity of neurotransmitters and their receptors is necessary to meet a wide range of behavioural situations, but the links between temperament traits and specific neurotransmitters are still a matter of research. Several attempts were made to assign specific (single) neurotransmitters to specific (single) traits. For example, dopamine was proposed to be a neurotransmitter of the trait of Extraversion, noradrenaline was linked to anxiety, and serotonin was thought to be a neurotransmitter of an inhibition system. These assignments of neurotransmitter functions appeared to be an oversimplification when confronted by the evidence of much more diverse functionality. \nResearch groups led by Petra Netter in Germany, Lars Farde in Karolinska Institute in Sweden and Trevor Robbins in Cambridge, UK had most extensive studies of the links between temperament/personality traits or dynamical properties of behavior and groups of neurotransmitters",
"title": "Functional Ensemble of Temperament"
},
{
"docid": "490620#20",
"text": "Some 400 genes are shown to be brain-specific. In all neurons, ELAVL3 is expressed, and in pyramidal neurons, NRGN and REEP2 are also expressed. GAD1 – essential for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter GABA – is expressed in interneurons. Proteins expressed in glial cells are astrocyte markers GFAP, and S100B. Myelin basic protein, and the transcription factor, OLIG2 are expressed in oligodendrocytes.",
"title": "Human brain"
},
{
"docid": "48548#18",
"text": "Dopaminergic neurons (dopamine-producing nerve cells) are comparatively few in number—a total of around 400,000 in the human brain—and their cell bodies are confined in groups to a few relatively small brain areas. However their axons project to many other brain areas, and they exert powerful effects on their targets. These dopaminergic cell groups were first mapped in 1964 by Annica Dahlström and Kjell Fuxe, who assigned them labels starting with the letter \"A\" (for \"aminergic\"). In their scheme, areas A1 through A7 contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, whereas A8 through A14 contain dopamine. The dopaminergic areas they identified are the substantia nigra (groups 8 and 9); the ventral tegmental area (group 10); the posterior hypothalamus (group 11); the arcuate nucleus (group 12); the zona incerta (group 13) and the periventricular nucleus (group 14).",
"title": "Dopamine"
},
{
"docid": "59184105#32",
"text": "Thewissen’s current work involves counting neurons in bowhead and beluga whale brain samples, to assess brain function, in Utqiagvik—formerly Barrow—Alaska. Though the size of the brains of sperm whales and killer whales are larger than those of any other organism, including humans, a better measure of brain function is to determine how many neurons there are in the brain. Suzana Herculano-Houzel has developed a method of counting of neurons of human and other animals' brains and the relation between the cerebral cortex area and thickness and number of cortical folds. Humans and other primates pack about twice the number of neurons in a cubed inch of brain as most other mammals.",
"title": "Hans Thewissen"
},
{
"docid": "83859#24",
"text": "Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.",
"title": "Adolescence"
}
] |
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] |
2232
|
What was the cost of the damages from the tornado at Joplin?
|
[
{
"docid": "1594203#3",
"text": "Three people were killed and 133 reported injured. One of the fatalities was thrown by the tornado from her home to a backyard four or five houses away. Debris was found miles away. Over 4,000 buildings were damaged and 287 were destroyed. In terms of damage, it was the costliest tornado in American history to that date, with damages costing at least $250 million to $300 million (around $1.7 billion in 2015 dollars), and insurance costs estimated at up to $1.1 billion (in 1975). It was the third-costliest tornado, behind the Oklahoma City-area F5 tornado on May 3, 1999, and the Wichita Falls, Texas, tornadoes on April 10, 1979, until the Joplin, Missouri EF5 tornado on May 22, 2011. It is now currently the seventh-costliest tornado on record.",
"title": "1975 Omaha tornado outbreak"
},
{
"docid": "19571#17",
"text": "Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $ in today's dollars.",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"docid": "31855860#8",
"text": "On May 22, a large, devastating EF5 tornado tracked through Joplin, Missouri, leaving behind catastrophic damage. It was a multiple-vortex tornado in excess of wide. Mainly the southern part of the city was affected with most structures in the area either damaged or destroyed. 162 people were killed along the path through Jasper and Newton counties in Missouri, making it the deadliest U.S. tornado since 1947, and one of the deadliest single tornadoes ever recorded. Among the most heavily damaged structures was St. John's Hospital (pictured right), which later was torn down due to the severity of the structural damage. Damages were estimated at around $2.8 billion (2011 USD).",
"title": "Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "454078#9",
"text": "Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense \"accidents\" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $2.9 billion (1997 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $2.8 billion (2011 USD). Until 2011, the \"Bridge Creek-Moore tornado\" of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.",
"title": "Tornado records"
},
{
"docid": "150749#17",
"text": "St. John's Regional Medical Center was damaged, and demolished in 2012. The Missouri Disaster Medical Assistance Team temporarily replaced the demolished St. John's Regional Medical Center with a mobile hospital until the permanent hospital was rebuilt. The local high school, Joplin High School, was totally destroyed, as well. A total of 161 people died from tornado-related injuries as of the end of July 2011. Communications were lost and power was knocked out to many areas. An official statement from the National Weather Service has categorized the tornado as an EF5. On Sunday, May 29, President Barack Obama, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon, and Federal Emergency Management Agency Director Craig Fugate visited and toured Joplin to see what the damage looked like and attended a memorial service for the deceased. Later that day, the city held a moment of silence at 5:41 pm, to mark the time the tornado struck. The area was declared a federal disaster area.",
"title": "Joplin, Missouri"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#15",
"text": "The \"Joplin Globe\" reported that 54 percent of the people died in their residences, 32 percent died in non-residential areas and 14 percent died in vehicles or outdoors. Joplin officials after the tornado announced plans to require hurricane ties or other fasteners between the houses and their foundations (devices add about $600 US to the construction costs). Officials rejected a proposal to require concrete basements in new houses. Officials noted that only 28 percent of Joplin's new homes had basements as of 2009 compared with 38 percent two decades before.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#12",
"text": "The $2.8 billion in damage is the largest amount for a tornado since 1950.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#1",
"text": "Overall, the tornado killed 158 people (with an additional three indirect deaths), injured some 1,150 others, and caused damages amounting to a total of $2.8 billion. It was the deadliest tornado to strike the United States since the 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes, and the seventh-deadliest overall.",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "31862312#18",
"text": "In 2013, the American Society of Civil Engineers published a study disputing the tornado's initial EF5 rating, based on surveying damage on over 150 structures within a six mile segment of the storm's path. According to the report, over 83 percent of the damage was caused by wind speeds of 135 miles per hour or less, the maximum wind speed of an EF2 tornado. An additional 13 percent was caused by EF3 wind speeds, and 3 percent was consistent with EF4 winds. The study found no damage consistent with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour, the minimum threshold of an EF5 tornado. Researchers concluded that the inability to find EF5 damage was due to the absence of construction standards that were able to determine the necessary wind speeds. Bill Colbourne, a member of the engineering team that surveyed the damage, declared that \"a relatively large number of buildings could have survived in Joplin if they had been built to sustain hurricane winds.\"",
"title": "2011 Joplin tornado"
},
{
"docid": "36857860#8",
"text": "In total, this tornado killed 72 people, all in Alabama. This made it the deadliest single tornado ever to strike the state of Alabama as well as (at the time) the deadliest in the United States since the 1955 Udall, Kansas tornado that killed 80 people. This death toll would go on to be exceeded by the Joplin EF5 tornado less than a month later. Damage from the tornado amounted to $1.29 billion, making this one of the costliest tornadoes in U.S. history. This tornado also had the longest track of any tornado in the outbreak, with its path extending across Northern Alabama and into Tennessee.",
"title": "2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado"
}
] |
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] |
2236
|
What is the most venomous snake in the world?
|
[
{
"docid": "3739558#1",
"text": "Belcher's sea snake, which many times is mistakenly called the \"hook-nosed sea snake\" (\"Enhydrina schistosa\"), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to Ernst and Zug's published book \"Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book\" from 1996.\nAssociate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: \"The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks.\". Studies on mice and human cardiac cell culture shows that venom of the inland taipan, drop by drop, is the most toxic among all snakes; land or sea. The most venomous sea snake is actually Dubois' seasnake (\"Aipysurus duboisii\" ).",
"title": "Hydrophis belcheri"
},
{
"docid": "1687186#1",
"text": "The inland taipan is the most venomous snake in the world. Based on the median lethal dose value in mice, its venom, drop for drop, is by far the most toxic of any snake – much more so than even sea snakes – and it has the most toxic venom of any reptile when tested on human heart cell culture. Unlike most snakes, the inland taipan is a specialist mammal hunter so its venom is specially adapted to kill warm-blooded species. It is estimated that one bite possesses enough lethality to kill at least 100 fully grown men, and, depending on the nature of the bite, it has the potential to kill someone in as little as 30 to 45 minutes if left untreated. It is an extremely fast and agile snake that can strike instantly with extreme accuracy, often striking multiple times in the same attack, and it envenoms in almost every case.",
"title": "Inland taipan"
},
{
"docid": "3887502#5",
"text": "Belcher's sea snake (\"Hydrophis belcheri\"), which many times is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake (\"Enhydrina schistosa\"), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to the first edition of Ernst and book, \"Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book\", published in 1996.\nProminent venom expert Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry has clarified the error: \"The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called \"Snakes in Question\". In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g., subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs. intravenous vs. intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, it's apples and rocks.\" Belcher's sea snake's actual LD (recorded only intramuscularly) is 0.24 mg/kg and 0.155 mg/kg. Studies on mice and human cardiac cell culture show that venom of the inland taipan, drop by drop, is the most toxic among all snakes.",
"title": "Venomous snake"
},
{
"docid": "1687186#35",
"text": "Belcher's sea snake (\"Hydrophis belcheri\"), which many times is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake (\"Enhydrina schistosa\"), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to Ernst and Zug's published book \"Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book\" from 1996. Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: \"The hook-nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called \"Snakes in Question\". In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, it's apples and rocks.\" Belcher's sea snake's actual LD (recorded only intramuscularly) is 0.24 mg/kg and 0.155 mg/kg, less lethal than other sea snakes such as the olive sea snake (\"Aipysurus laevis\") 0.09 mg/kg and the most toxic intramuscularly, recorded of the sea snakes – the black-banded robust sea snake (\"Hydrophis melanosoma\") 0.082 mg/kg. The black-banded robust sea snake has also been tested subcutaneously registering at 0.111 mg/kg. more than four times less toxic than the inland taipan's venom. In the LD subcutaneous test, it is actually Dubois' sea snake (\"Aipysurus duboisii\") which has the most toxic venom of any of the sea snakes tested, registering at 0.044 mg/kg. This is still nearly half as lethal as the inland taipan's venom.",
"title": "Inland taipan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6895537#6",
"text": "The venom produced by Collett's snake is similar to the Papuan black snake's and mulga snake's venom. The venom is cytotoxic and has haemolytic activity. Neurotoxins may also be found in its venom as well. \"P. colletti\" produces about 30 milligrams of venom in one strike. Black snake or tiger snake anti-venom can be administered. It is the world's nineteenth most venomous snake.",
"title": "Collett's snake"
},
{
"docid": "31708890#59",
"text": "Many species of snake, both venomous and non-venomous, make South Africa their home. The largest is the African rock python, a non-venomous snake that kills its prey, which includes creatures up to the size of an antelope, by constriction. A much smaller species that also kills by constriction is the mole snake; as its name suggests, this snake preys on small mammals, most often rodents such as mole-rats.\nMany venomous snakes occur, some of which include famous examples such as the black mamba (one of the most deadly snakes in the world), eastern green mamba, boomslang, Cape cobra and rinkhals. Though human fatalities can occur, these snakes are normally timid and prefer to avoid humans. Snakes, both venomous and non-venomous, are important in controlling rodent populations.",
"title": "Fauna of South Africa"
},
{
"docid": "999617#51",
"text": "The boomslang's venom is the most potent of all rear-fanged snakes in the world based on LD50. Although its venom may be more potent than some vipers and elapids, it causes fewer fatalities owing to various factors (for example, the fangs' effectiveness is not high compared with many other snakes: the venom dose delivered is low, and boomslangs are generally less aggressive in comparison to other venomous snakes such as cobras and mambas).",
"title": "Snake venom"
},
{
"docid": "28947184#1",
"text": "It is the most venomous sea snake, and one of the top three most venomous snakes in the world.",
"title": "Aipysurus duboisii"
},
{
"docid": "18018268#6",
"text": "The two other described species of \"Oxyuranus\" are among the most venomous land snakes in the world - \"Oxyuranus microlepidotus\" ranked the most venomous land snake and \"Oxyuranus scutellatus\" the third most venomous after \"Pseudonaja textilis\". The new species, \"O. temporalis\", is likely to be extremely venomous given its close relationship to the other two species. As the new species is known from the single specimen, very little is known of its natural history, and nothing of its venom.",
"title": "Oxyuranus temporalis"
},
{
"docid": "42656496#4",
"text": "Mortality (often determined by measured toxicity on mice) is a commonly used indicator to determine the danger of any given venomous snake, but important too are its efficiency of venom delivery, its venom yield and its behavior when it encounters humans. Many snake experts have cited the black mamba and the coastal taipan as the world's most dangerous, albeit not the most venomous snakes. Both species are elapids, and in several aspects of morphology, ecology and behaviour, the coastal taipan is strongly convergent with the black mamba. Black mamba and coastal taipan bites require very rapid and vigorous antivenom therapy as without such intervention they are almost always fatal. The venoms of both species are exceptionally quick acting.",
"title": "List of dangerous snakes"
}
] |
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] |
2238
|
How is insomnia treated?
|
[
{
"docid": "50798#29",
"text": "Among lifestyle practices, going to sleep and waking up at the same time each day can create a steady pattern which may help to prevent insomnia. Avoidance of vigorous exercise and caffeinated drinks a few hours before going to sleep is recommended, while exercise earlier in the day may be beneficial. Other practices to improve sleep hygiene may include:It is important to identify or rule out medical and psychological causes before deciding on the treatment for insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been found to be as effective as medications for the short-term treatment of chronic insomnia. The beneficial effects, in contrast to those produced by medications, may last well beyond the stopping of therapy. Medications have been used mainly to reduce symptoms in insomnia of short duration; their role in the management of chronic insomnia remains unclear. Several different types of medications are also effective for treating insomnia. However, many doctors do not recommend relying on prescription sleeping pills for long-term use. It is also important to identify and treat other medical conditions that may be contributing to insomnia, such as depression, breathing problems, and chronic pain.",
"title": "Insomnia"
},
{
"docid": "50798#49",
"text": "While insomnia is a common symptom of depression, antidepressants are effective for treating sleep problems whether or not they are associated with depression. While all antidepressants help regulate sleep, some antidepressants such as amitriptyline, doxepin, mirtazapine, and trazodone can have an immediate sedative effect, and are prescribed to treat insomnia. Amitriptyline and doxepin both have antihistaminergic, anticholinergic, and antiadrenergic properties, which contribute to both their therapeutic effects and side effect profiles, while mirtazapine's side effects are primarily antihistaminergic, and trazodone's side-effects are primarily antiadrenergic. Mirtazapine is known to decrease sleep latency (i.e., the time it takes to fall asleep), promoting sleep efficiency and increasing the total amount of sleeping time in people with both depression and insomnia.",
"title": "Insomnia"
},
{
"docid": "29603632#1",
"text": "The first step in treating insomnia with CBT-I is to identify the underlying causes of the insomnia. People with insomnia should evaluate or have their sleep patterns evaluated and take into account all possible factors that may be affecting the person's ability to sleep. This would involve keeping a sleep diary or journal for a couple weeks. The journal will help to identify patterns of thoughts or behaviors, stressors, etc. that could be contributing to the person's insomnia.",
"title": "Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia"
},
{
"docid": "1673425#3",
"text": "In 2016 the American College of Physicians advised that insomnia be treated first by treating comorbid conditions, then with cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral changes, and then with drugs; doxepin was among those recommended for short-term help maintaining sleep, on the basis of weak evidence. The 2017 American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommendations focused on treatment with drugs were similar. A 2015 AHRQ review of treatments for insomnia had similar findings.",
"title": "Doxepin"
},
{
"docid": "27834#51",
"text": "Insomnia is a general term for difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep. Insomnia is the most common sleep problem, with many adults reporting occasional insomnia, and 10–15% reporting a chronic condition. Insomnia can have many different causes, including psychological stress, a poor sleep environment, an inconsistent sleep schedule, or excessive mental or physical stimulation in the hours before bedtime. Insomnia is often treated through behavioral changes like keeping a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulating or stressful activities before bedtime, and cutting down on stimulants such as caffeine. The sleep environment may be improved by installing heavy drapes to shut out all sunlight, and keeping computers, televisions and work materials out of the sleeping area.",
"title": "Sleep"
},
{
"docid": "29603632#0",
"text": "Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a technique for treating insomnia without (or alongside) medications. Insomnia is a common problem involving trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting quality sleep. CBT-I aims to improve sleep habits and behaviors by identifying and changing the thoughts and the behaviors that affect the ability of a person to sleep or sleep well.",
"title": "Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia"
},
{
"docid": "2007949#20",
"text": "Pharmacological treatments are used to chemically treat sleep disturbances such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. The kinds of drugs used to treat sleep disorders include: anticonvulsants, anti-narcoleptics, anti-Parkinsonian drugs, benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and opiates as well as the hormone melatonin and melatonin receptor stimulators. Anticonvulsants, opiates, and anti-Parkinsonian drugs are often used to treat restless legs syndrome. Furthermore, melatonin, benzodiazepines hypnotics, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics may be used to treat insomnia. Finally, anti-narcoleptics help treat narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness.",
"title": "Somnology"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18824671#9",
"text": "Insomnia is a common protracted withdrawal symptom that persists after the acute withdrawal phase of alcohol. Insomnia has also been found to influence relapse rate. Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat the persisting withdrawal symptom of insomnia in recovering alcoholics. Insomnia can be difficult to treat in alcoholics because many of the traditional sleep aids (e.g., benzodiazepine receptor agonists and barbiturate receptor agonists) work via a GABA receptor mechanism and are cross-tolerant with alcohol. However, trazodone is not cross-tolerant with alcohol. The acute phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can occasionally be protracted. Protracted delirium tremens has been reported in the medical literature as a possible but unusual feature of alcohol withdrawal.",
"title": "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "50798#21",
"text": "Workers who complain of insomnia should not routinely have polysomnography to screen for sleep disorders. This test may be indicated for patients with symptoms in addition to insomnia, including sleep apnea, obesity, a thick neck diameter, or high-risk fullness of the flesh in the oropharynx. Usually, the test is not needed to make a diagnosis, and insomnia especially for working people can often be treated by changing a job schedule to make time for sufficient sleep and by improving sleep hygiene.",
"title": "Insomnia"
},
{
"docid": "17295821#7",
"text": "Middle-of-the-night insomnia is often treated with medication, although currently Intermezzo (zolpidem tartrate sublingual tablets) is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved medication specifically for treating MOTN awakening. Because most medications usually require 6–8 hours of sleep to avoid lingering effects the next day, these are often used every night at bedtime to prevent awakenings. Medication may not be prescribed in some cases, especially if the cause turns out to be the patient ingesting too much fluid during the day or just before they go to sleep.",
"title": "Middle-of-the-night insomnia"
}
] |
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] |
2240
|
Is Drake Hogestyn married?
|
[
{
"docid": "746812#5",
"text": "Hogestyn married his childhood sweetheart Victoria. The couple have four children: three daughters, Whitney, Alexandra and Rachael; and one son, Ben.",
"title": "Drake Hogestyn"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "746812#2",
"text": "Hogestyn began his acting career by entering a Columbia Pictures talent search that included 75,000 people. Hogestyn was among the 30 selected, and his first starring role was on the prime time series \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\". After a few minor roles (one as Kort, leader of the Micro Workers in the episode 'Princess Metra', on the 80s television series \"Otherworld (TV series)\"), Hogestyn joined the cast of \"Days of our Lives\" in 1986. He initially played a mystery man referred to simply as \"The Pawn,\" however, it was soon revealed The Pawn was the presumed dead Roman Brady. Hogestyn quickly became a fan favorite and enjoyed many popular pairings, the most popular of which was the legendary one he shared with longtime co-star Deidre Hall. In 1998, while starring on \"Days\", Shelley Long wanted Drake to join her for an upcoming series, \"Kelly, Kelly\". He was set to star in both until the filming of the pilot episode of \"Kelly, Kelly\" conflicted with his schedule on \"Days\" and the role went to Robert Hays.",
"title": "Drake Hogestyn"
},
{
"docid": "30855494#12",
"text": "Drake Hogestyn was fired in 2007 as a way to shrink down the budget. Later, in an attempt to stabilize ratings, he was brought back in 2008. As a result, it provided many storyline opportunities for the couple. However, with a vastly shrinking budget things didn't pan out as planned. \"Days of Our Lives\" was renewed in 2008, but the budget was slashed severely by 40%. To make do with the new restrictions, executive producer Ken Corday was forced to fire his two highest paid actors, Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn. Critics slammed the show for their firings, with TV Guide's Nelson Branco saying in an interview, \"The show became uglier after Hall and Hogestyn left the airwaves. Many claim it was the beginning of the end for our industry. You’d be hard-pressed to find anyone who would disagree with that statement.\" Matt Mitovich said their exit was, \"Truly the end of an era, as daytime television says goodbye to 'Days of Our Lives' John Black and Dr. Marlena Evans on Friday, Jan. 23. Drake Hogestyn and Deidre Hall, aka John and \"Doc,\" have nearly 12,000 Days appearances between them over the past 32 years. As such, they will leave behind many memories for fans of NBC's long-running (and now only) sudser. The iconic couple will create another magical moment when they say goodbye to Salem and loved ones following this week's hospital bedside wedding ceremony.\"",
"title": "Marlena Evans"
},
{
"docid": "1087406#1",
"text": "John and Marlena became a supercouple in 1986 on the American soap opera \"Days of our Lives\". Drake Hogestyn (John Black) joined the show that year and his chemistry with Deidre Hall (Dr. Marlena Evans) was undeniable. At the time, Hogestyn's character was an amnesiac named John Black. However, information (later proved false) suggested that he was really Roman Brady, Marlena's husband who was presumed dead, with extensive plastic surgery to explain the difference in appearance between the old Roman and John Black. John (as Roman) and Marlena were then married until she \"died\" in a plane crash in 1987.",
"title": "John Black and Marlena Evans"
},
{
"docid": "746812#1",
"text": "Hogestyn was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he graduated from North Side High School. He attended the University of South Florida in Tampa on a baseball scholarship, majoring in pre-dentistry. He graduated with a double major in microbiology and applied sciences. He was then drafted by two professional baseball organizations: the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Yankees. Hogestyn signed with the Yankees and played third base for one of their farm teams until he was injured in 1978.",
"title": "Drake Hogestyn"
},
{
"docid": "30855494#4",
"text": "In 2009, after struggling in the ratings for years, \"Days of Our Lives\" received a two-year pickup. However, the soap's budget was decreased by 40%. To make do with the new restrictions, executive producer Ken Corday was forced to fire Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn. Marlena's on screen love interest, Drake Hogestyn, had been fired in early 2007 as a way to clear money in the budget. However, he was brought back in 2008 for storyline purposes and to please fans. The couple were quickly reunited after Drake returned; and then they traveled to Switzerland to treat John's physical disability. Fans were furious with the way the writers wrote John and Marlena out. In an interview with Nelson Branco, Deidre said, \"Yes. There was enormous upheaval. I wasn't following a lot of the brouhaha but I was told fans and critics were upset. But it is what it is. Yes, it feels good to hear that fans miss Marlena. People are deeply attached to her.\"",
"title": "Marlena Evans"
},
{
"docid": "1087406#13",
"text": "In December 2008, \"Days of our Lives\" announced Deidre Hall (Marlena) and Drake Hogestyn (John) were departing from the series. Soap Opera Digest reported that the news \"not only rocked the daytime world, it made headline in the mainstream press.\" In the week of their departure, the magazine published a collector's edition issue which featured the Hogestyn and Hall on the cover. Inside, the fan responses were printed as well as the story of the actor's dismissal and a time line of the fictional pairing's storylines. Fans of John and Marlena purchased a full-page ad in this issue thanking Hogestyn and Hall for twenty years of portraying the pairing as a couple.",
"title": "John Black and Marlena Evans"
},
{
"docid": "6270308#22",
"text": "On January 24, 1986, daytime newcomer and former minor league baseball player, Drake Hogestyn joined the cast as The Pawn without his bandages, who would later assume the alias John Black. As The Pawn (Glen Vincent, then Robert Poynton) was introduced onscreen in November 1985, the casting department at \"Days of Our Lives\" had been searching for an older actor to portray The Pawn when Hogestyn wandered into the NBC casting offices to meet with Doris Sabbagh, the head of the casting department at Columbia Pictures about a guest spot on \"Crazy Like a Fox\". Instead, Sabbagh brought Hogestyn in to audition for \"Days\". Hogestyn later admitted that he didn't know anything about the role and he thought he had auditioned for ABC's \"One Life to Live\". Hogestyn was a fan of daytime soaps and his agent had passed on several soap roles \"but Drake wanted this one.\" He watched some episodes and then went to the audition. Though everyone seemed to love him, Hogestyn almost missed out on the role because he was so young. However, it was his screen test with Deidre Hall that put Hogestyn over the top. Hogestyn was chosen out of five other actors and signed a three-year contract.",
"title": "John Black (Days of Our Lives)"
},
{
"docid": "746812#3",
"text": "In 1991, Wayne Northrop agreed to return to \"Days\" to reprise his role of Roman. In order to keep both actors on the show, Drake's story was retconned and his past rewritten. Despite this change, Hogestyn remained one of the show's most popular actors. The pairing of John Black and Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) is one of the show's enduring supercouples.",
"title": "Drake Hogestyn"
},
{
"docid": "746812#0",
"text": "Donald Drake Hogestyn ( (born September 29, 1953) is an American actor best known for his long running role as John Black on the American soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\".",
"title": "Drake Hogestyn"
}
] |
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] |
2245
|
Is cricket an Olympic sport?
|
[
{
"docid": "988407#7",
"text": "Seven team sports are currently on the program of the Summer Olympics. Cricket's inclusion in the 2024 Summer Olympics depends on the decision of the International Cricket Council and its members. A cricket tournament formed part of the Summer Olympics in 1900, although only one match was played, between teams representing Great Britain and France. However, the British team was effectively a club touring side and the French players were drawn partly from expatriates living in Paris.",
"title": "Team sport"
},
{
"docid": "1420979#0",
"text": "Cricket has been a sport at the modern Summer Olympic Games. The only time it has been played was at the 1900 Summer Olympics with only a men's contest when Great Britain won the gold medal, but the possibility of it being contested at the Olympics again has recently resurfaced.",
"title": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "1420979#1",
"text": "Cricket was originally scheduled to be included in the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, which were held in Athens; cricket would have been the only team sport held at the Games. There were, however, insufficient entries and so no event was held.",
"title": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "9076006#1",
"text": "The first cricket Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England. Cricket was contested at the 1900 Summer Olympics where Great Britain defeated France by 158 runs. However, the International Olympic Committee cancelled cricket as an Olympic sport afterwards.",
"title": "History of the ICC Cricket World Cup"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7956201#41",
"text": "Cricket is a developing sport in France. Some reports claim that cricket was invented in France, however, the sport is relatively unknown due to inadequate media coverage. In fact, the 1900 Olympic games, the only one where cricket was played, featured bitter rivals England and France taking on each other. A rematch of the two teams took place just before the 2012 Olympics.",
"title": "Sport in France"
},
{
"docid": "1420979#8",
"text": "Cricket is the most popular sport in the highly populous Indian subcontinent area, notably in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka.. The deadline for submissions for the initial sports programme has passed for the 2024 Summer Olympics, but hosts Paris will have an opportunity to propose events up until the IOC board meeting following the 2020 Summer Olympics.",
"title": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "19863025#0",
"text": "India is home to a diverse population playing many different kinds of sports across the country. Cricket is the most popular sport in India. Field hockey is the most successful sport for India at Olympics in which India has won eight Olympic gold medals. Kabaddi is the most popular indigenous sport in the country. Other popular sports in India are badminton, football, basketball, chess, shooting, wrestling, boxing, tennis, squash, weightlifting, gymnastics, athletics and table tennis. Some indigenous sports are also popular in India such as Kho-kho, Kabaddi, Fighter kite, Polo and Gillidanda among others. There are some popular sports which have originated in India such as Chess, Snooker and Kabbadi. India has won Olympic medals in Badminton, Wrestling, Shooting, Weightlifting, Boxing and Tennis. India has also won World Cups in Cricket, Field Hockey and Kabbadi.",
"title": "Sport in India"
},
{
"docid": "19012946#0",
"text": "The team sport of Cricket became a medal sport at the 2010 Asian Games. The last time cricket featured in a major multi-sport event was at the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The gold medal was won on that occasion by South Africa, who defeated Australia by 4 wickets in the final with New Zealand winning the bronze medal. At a general meeting of the Olympic Council of Asia, held in Kuwait on 17 April 2007, it was announced that cricket would be included as a medal sport in the 2010 Asian Games to be held in Guangzhou. Matches would be played on a Twenty20, 20-overs per side format.",
"title": "Cricket at the Asian Games"
},
{
"docid": "228482#10",
"text": "Neither of the teams realised that they had competed in the Olympic Games, the match having been advertised as part of the world's fair. Although the IOC has never decided which events were \"Olympic\" and which were not, the medals won by the teams were later upgraded to gold for Great Britain and silver for France. The scheduled cricket competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics, held in St. Louis, was cancelled at short notice due to a lack of facilities, and the sport has not been included in the Olympic Games since.",
"title": "Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "2257795#82",
"text": "Cricket in the United States is not a popular sport, but has a niche market with limited inroads, mainly in immigrant communities. The United States of America Cricket Association governs cricket in the United States. \nHistorically, cricket used to be the most popular sport in America during the 18th and early 19th centuries, but declined as baseball overtook cricket. The first intercollegiate tournament in America was the first annual Canada vs. U.S. cricket match, played since 1844, when it was attended by 10,000 spectators in New York., and the annual match is the oldest international sporting event in the modern world.\nThe United States national cricket team plays in World Cricket League Division IV, the ICC Americas Championship and qualified for ICC Intercontinental Cup.\nCurling is popular in northern states, possibly because of climate, proximity to Canada, or Scandinavian heritage. The national popularity of curling is growing after significant media coverage of the sport in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
}
] |
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] |
2246
|
Who wrote Kanon?
|
[
{
"docid": "288001#12",
"text": "Most of \"Kanon\"s development staff originally worked for the visual novel publisher Nexton under the brand Tactics. After the release of the brand's third game \"\", most of Tactics' staff left Nexton to pursue work in another publishing company where they could have the freedom to produce their next game. Itaru Hinoue, who had previously worked at VisualArt's once before, introduced Key's founding members to the president of VisualArt's, Takahiro Baba. Baba gave the developers the freedom they desired, and they officially transferred to VisualArt's where they formed Key on July 21, 1998 and started production on \"Kanon\". The planning for the visual novel was headed by Naoki Hisaya who was also one of two scenario writers with Jun Maeda. Hisaya wrote the scenarios for Ayu, Nayuki and Shiori, while Maeda wrote the routes for Makoto and Mai. Art direction was headed by Key's artist Itaru Hinoue who worked on the character design and computer graphics. Further computer graphics were split between three people—Dinn, Miracle Mikipon, Shinory—and background art was provided by Torino. The music in the game was composed by OdiakeS, Shinji Orito and Jun Maeda. \"Kanon\" was the first and last visual novel developed by Key that two of the main staff—Naoki Hisaya, and OdiakeS—worked on before pursuing a similar line of work in other visual novel studios.",
"title": "Kanon (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "10119176#4",
"text": "After forming Key, Maeda worked on the music and scenario for their first title \"Kanon\" released in 1999, which proved to be very popular in the adult game market in Japan. Beside Maeda, the majority of \"Kanon\" scenario was written by Naoki Hisaya, but he quit Key shortly after \"Kanon\" was produced. Following this, Maeda wrote most of the scenario for Key's next title \"Air\", along with again working as the lyricist and one of the composers for the music featured in the game. After a period of four years in 2004, Key released their third and longest game \"Clannad\" where Maeda did a vast amount of the writing for the game; in all, Maeda put in around 75% of the work that went into the creation of \"Clannad\". Also in 2004, Maeda began writing his first manga entitled \"Hibiki's Magic\", which was first conceived as a short story he wrote as a student. In 2005, Maeda worked on the scenario and music for Key's fifth game \"\", followed by Key's sixth title \"Little Busters!\" released in July 2007 which he also worked on in regards to the scenario and music.",
"title": "Jun Maeda"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8148082#2",
"text": "Naoki Hisaya, who wrote Ayu's story, commented in an interview that the night before he was to present the beginning of a \"Kanon\" scenario, he suddenly remembered wanting to write for some time about a ghost girl who waits for the protagonist to come back to her. He said that he wanted to write this no matter what and quickly drew up an outline for the premise of Ayu's scenario. At the time, Ayu's premise was the start of the entire \"Kanon\" story, though it was still very vague. Eventually, Hisaya was able to form her story into the style of a romance visual novel, and in the process the characters in the story started to multiply. Hisaya said that Ayu was the one character in \"Kanon\" that he felt he grasped the best, but noted it was very difficult to write her character due to Ayu being primarily energetic. Hisaya said that he is much better at writing about quiet characters, so Ayu gave him a lot of trouble. Hisaya noted that Ayu's frequent use of \"ugū\" was not decided from the beginning, and that it merely turned out that way during the natural writing process.",
"title": "Ayu Tsukimiya"
},
{
"docid": "7779873#5",
"text": "\"Re-feel\" is a piano arrange album with songs taken from the \"Kanon\" and \"Air\" visual novels and arranged into piano versions. It was first released on December 28, 2003 at Comiket 65 in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number \"KSLA-0010\". The album contains one disc with ten tracks; the first five songs are from \"Kanon\" while the last five are from \"Air\". With the exception of tracks two and four which are arranged by Riya of Eufonius, all the tracks are arranged by Ryō Mizutsuki, who is credited as Kiyo on the album.",
"title": "Music of Kanon"
},
{
"docid": "21230221#0",
"text": "Budding composer Tendou Kawahara flees to Mongolia after being belittled by renowned composer Gen Mikami. In Mongolia, Tendou meets Kanon, a Japanese girl who has a talent for playing the violin. After her mother's untimely death, Kanon moves to Japan with Tendou in search of her father. Tendou attempts to bring out Kanon's talent without success. Soon after, Kanon's mother's sister gives Kanon 3 pictures of her possible father. One of them dies of a heart attack soon after, another is homosexual and a third, Kent Gregory, lives in the United States and has been gravely ill for a long time.",
"title": "Kanon (manga)"
},
{
"docid": "20605770#5",
"text": "In 2006, Kanon released three singles, [Kokoro], [My Destiny/Serenade], and [Brand New Breeze]. Her December album [Sanctuary] became the accumulation of her 2006 work with a few new additions. Kanon was invited to perform at MIDEM 2007 opening the 2007 year in January as Japan’s representative; this was very much an honor as it was enjoyable for her. Even after the significant privileges and eulogies bestowed unto Kanon, her style still reflects that of her essence – contemporary classical.",
"title": "Kanon (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "7779873#0",
"text": "\"Kanon\" is a visual novel developed by Key and published by VisualArt's in 1999. The story follows Yuichi Aizawa, who has returned to the town where seven years ago he would spend his school vacations, but has forgotten many of the details regarding his previous visits. Over the course of the series, Yuichi slowly regains these memories as he meets new friends and is reacquainted with others from his past. It was adapted by Toei Animation into a 13-episode anime television series broadcast in 2002 along with an accompanying original video animation episode released in 2003, both directed by Takamichi Itō with music direction by Hiroyuki Kōzu. Kyoto Animation also adapted it into a 24-episode anime television series broadcast between 2006 and 2007 directed by Tatsuya Ishihara with music direction by Shinji Orito. The discography of \"Kanon\" and its anime adaptations consists of one compilation album, three singles, three soundtracks, and three remix albums.",
"title": "Music of Kanon"
},
{
"docid": "288001#23",
"text": "Starting in 2006, Kyoto Animation, the animators of another Key game-turned-anime, \"Air\", decided to animate a new adaptation of \"Kanon\". This version, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara and written by Fumihiko Shimo, aired between October 5, 2006 and March 15, 2007 on BS-i, containing 24 episodes. The series was later rebroadcast on TBS. ADV Films announced on September 21, 2007 at the Anime Weekend Atlanta anime convention that they have officially licensed the second \"Kanon\" anime series. ADV had previously posted a trailer for the series in August 2007, but was soon taken offline once the news had been spread on the Internet. The first English-dubbed episode was made available via streaming online at Anime News Network between December 23 and December 30, 2007. In July 2008, the licensing rights of the second \"Kanon\" anime were transferred from ADV to Funimation Entertainment who continued to produce the series in North America.",
"title": "Kanon (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "186948#6",
"text": "Polykleitos consciously created a new approach to sculpture, writing a treatise (\"Kanon\") and designing a male nude (also known as \"Kanon\") exemplifying his aesthetic theories of the mathematical bases of artistic perfection. These expressions motivated Kenneth Clark to place him among \"the great puritans of art\": Polykleitos' \"Kanon\" \"got its name because it had a precise commensurability (\"symmetria\") of all the parts to one another\" \"His general aim was clarity, balance, and completeness; his sole medium of communication the naked body of an athlete, standing poised between movement and repose\" Kenneth Clark observed. Though the \"Kanon\" was probably represented by his \"Doryphoros\", the original bronze statue has not survived. References to it in other ancient writings, however, imply that its main principle was expressed by the Greek words \"symmetria\", the Hippocratic principle of \"isonomia\" (\"equilibrium\"), and \"rhythmos\". \"Perfection, he said, comes about little by little (\"para mikron\") through many numbers\". By this Polykleitos meant that a statue should be composed of clearly definable parts, all related to one another through a system of ideal mathematical proportions and balance.",
"title": "Polykleitos"
},
{
"docid": "288001#29",
"text": "Five days before the first PS2 release for \"Kanon\", a PS2 printer called Tapis MPR-505 went on sale which enabled the user to print out game screens. \"Kanon\" was one of the three games supported at launch, the other two being \"America Ōden Ultra Quiz\" from DigiCube and \"Marle de Jigsaw\" from Nippon Ichi Software. The first PS2 release in 2002 was reviewed by the Japanese video game magazine \"Famitsu\" where the game received an overall score of 29/40 (out of the four individual review scores of 7, 8, 7, and 7). Yūichi Suzumoto commented in an interview in March 2001 that he felt the end of \"Kanon\"'s story could be summed up as \"the prince and princess live happily ever after. The end,\" resulting in an ending that does not expand on what could possibly happen afterwards. In the October 2007 issue of \"Dengeki G's Magazine\", poll results for the 50 best bishōjo games were released. Out of 249 titles, \"Kanon\" ranked fifth with 71 votes.",
"title": "Kanon (visual novel)"
}
] |
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] |
2247
|
How many Muslims live in New Zealand?
|
[
{
"docid": "3465876#4",
"text": "The number of Muslims in New Zealand according to the 2013 census is 46,149, up 28% from 36,072 in the 2006 census. New Zealand now has a number of mosques in the major centres, and two Islamic schools (Al Madinah and Zayed College for Girls).\nThe community is noted for its harmonious relations with the wider New Zealand community, with various interfaith efforts from all sides contributing to this situation. FIANZ established the Harmony Awards as part of Islam Awareness Week in 2008 to recognise the contributions of New Zealanders to improving understanding and relationships between Muslims and the wider community.",
"title": "Islam in New Zealand"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3465876#1",
"text": "The first Muslims in New Zealand were an Indian family who settled in Cashmere, Christchurch, in the 1850s. The 1874 government census reported 15 Chinese gold diggers working in the Dunstan gold fields of Otago in the 1870s. In the early 1900s three important Gujarati Muslim families came from India. The first Islamic organisation in New Zealand, the New Zealand Muslim Association (NZMA), was established in Auckland in 1950. In 1951 the refugee boat SS Goya brought over 60 Muslim men from eastern Europe, including Mazhar Krasniqi who would later serve twice as president of the New Zealand Muslim Association. These Gujarati and European immigrants worked together in the 1950s to buy a house and convert it into an Islamic centre in 1959. The following year saw the arrival of the first imam, Maulana Said Musa Patel, from Gujarat, India. Students from South Asia and Southeast Asia helped establish the other prayer rooms and Islamic centres elsewhere from the 1960s onwards, although New Zealand had a relatively tiny Muslim population until many years later.",
"title": "Islam in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "3465876#3",
"text": "In 1981 Sheikh Khalid Hafiz was appointed Imam of Wellington, a post he held until his death in 1999, and was employed as imam by the International Muslim Association of New Zealand. Soon after his arrival he was also appointed senior religious adviser to the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand.\nThe majority of New Zealand Muslims are Sunnis but there is a large number of Shias who live in New Zealand, concentrated mainly in Auckland (the largest city of New Zealand). In recent years Shiah have become active holding Ashura commemoration programmes in Auckland parks. The first of these was conducted by the Fatima Zahra Charitable Association on 19 January 2008.",
"title": "Islam in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "9382007#24",
"text": "Islam in New Zealand began with the arrival of Muslim Chinese gold prospectors in the 1870s. The first Islamic organisation in New Zealand, the New Zealand Muslim Association, was established in Auckland in 1950. 1960 saw the arrival of the first imam, Maulana Said Musa Patel, from Gujarat, India. Large-scale Muslim immigration began in the 1970s with the arrival of Fiji Indians, followed in the 1990s by refugees from various war-torn countries. In April 1979 the three regional Muslim organisations of Canterbury, Wellington and Auckland, joined together to create the only national Islamic body – the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand. Early in the 1990s many migrants were admitted under New Zealand's refugee quota, from war zones in Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq. Since the 11 September attacks there was a spike in conversions to Islam among Maori prisoners in jail.",
"title": "Religion in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "2122804#29",
"text": "A leading factor for the proposal of New Zealand as a state of Australia is the major economic benefits it could bring. However, free trade and open borders now appear to be the maximum extent of public acceptance of the proposal. There are many family connections between the two nations, with around 500,000 New Zealanders living in Australia and 60,000 Australians living in New Zealand as of 2013. Peter Slipper, a former Member of Australia's Parliament, once said, \"It's about how can we improve the quality of living for people on both sides of the Tasman\" when referring to the proposal.",
"title": "List of proposed states of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "3465876#9",
"text": "According to 2013 census data, there were 4,353 Muslims (about 9.5% of the total Muslim population) among the European community (Pākehā).In 2006, two newspapers in New Zealand decided to republish controversial Danish cartoons depicting Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The Muslim community registered its displeasure through press statements and a small peaceful march in Auckland. The editors said they did not mean offence but would not back down. Prime Minister Helen Clark and opposition leader Don Brash both made statements that the cartoons were not appreciated if they deeply offended members of the New Zealand community, but that such decisions were for editors to make, not politicians. Muslim leaders and the editors got together with the Race Relations office, and Jewish and Christian representatives in Wellington. As a result of this meeting the editors said they would not apologise but in good faith would refrain from publishing the offending images again. The New Zealand Muslim leadership, through the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ), then proceeded in good faith to consider the matter closed, and drafted letters to 52 Muslim countries reversing their earlier stance and asking that New Zealand products not be boycotted.",
"title": "Islam in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "9382007#25",
"text": "At the 2013 census, 1.2 percent of the population, or 46,150 people, identified themselves as Muslim. Over two-thirds (67.5 percent) live in the Auckland region. Just over one-quarter (25.7 percent) are New Zealand born.",
"title": "Religion in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "3778367#0",
"text": "Islam in Iceland is a minority religion. The Pew Research Center estimated that the number of Muslims in Iceland was below its 10,000 minimum threshold, and official statistics put the figure at under 1,000, or approximately 0.3% of the total population.In 2011 the Muslims of Iceland attracted the interest of Al Jazeera, which planned a documentary dealing with Muslims in Iceland and New Zealand. Al Jazeera was interested in how Ramadan is honored in the higher latitudes where the night can be of unusual length when compared to the majority-Muslim lands.",
"title": "Islam in Iceland"
},
{
"docid": "3465876#6",
"text": "There are significant communities of Muslims from Middle East (Turkey and Lebanon), the South Asia (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) and Southeast Asia. There is also a large Indo-Fijian Muslim community and an equally substantial Somali minority in New Zealand. Contrary to popular assertions from various community leaders, no one single ethnic group can claim to contribute more than half of the New Zealand Muslim population. The majority of Muslims in New Zealand are concentrated in the major cities of Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, and Christchurch. In recent years an influx of Malay students from Malaysia and Singapore has increased the proportion of Muslims in some other centres, notably the university city of Dunedin. Dunedin's Al-Huda mosque is reputedly the world's southernmost, and is further from Mecca than any mosque in the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": "Islam in New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "21354#15",
"text": "While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. Nearly one quarter of New Zealand's highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation. However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand. A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency. Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa, also known as \"Youth Mobility Scheme\" (YMS), which grants New Zealanders 2-year rights to live and work in the UK.",
"title": "Demographics of New Zealand"
}
] |
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] |
2251
|
Where are the most bananas produced?
|
[
{
"docid": "20811083#0",
"text": "Banana production in Brazil accounts for approximately 10% of the entire world banana production, making Brazil a major banana-producing country in the world. Production has steadily increased over the years, rising from 5.4 million tonnes in 1997 to almost 7 million tonnes in 2007. In 2000, Brazil was fourth, behind India, Uganda and Ecuador, in banana production. By 2006, Brazil became the second largest banana-producer, behind only India, followed by China, Ecuador and the Philippines. Most of the bananas produced are consumed domestically. Gross exports has increased from 12.5 thousand tonnes in 1995 to more than 220 thousand tonnes in 2002 and 2003, mostly to neighbours Argentina and Uruguay, but these figures are still far behind industry leaders such as Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Philippines and Colombia which export more than a million tonnes of bananas annually.",
"title": "Banana production in Brazil"
},
{
"docid": "20537908#1",
"text": "Banana plants may grow with varying degrees of success in diverse climatic conditions, but commercial banana plantations are primarily found in equatorial regions, in banana exporting countries. The four leading banana export countries worldwide are Ecuador, Costa Rica, Philippines, and Colombia. Ecuador provides more than 33% of global banana exports. In 2004, banana producing countries totaled 130. Production, as well as exports and imports of bananas, are nonetheless concentrated in a few equatorial countries. 75% of total banana production in 2004 was generated in 10 counties. India, Ecuador, Brazil and China produced half of total bananas. Latin American and Caribbean countries led banana production up to the 1980s, and Asian nations took the lead in banana production during the 1990s. African production levels have remained mostly unchanged.",
"title": "Banana plantation"
},
{
"docid": "49791284#5",
"text": "In 2016, world production of bananas and plantains was 148 million tonnes, led by India and China with a combined total (only for bananas) of 28% of global production (table). Other major producers were the Philippines, Ecuador, Indonesia, and Brazil, together accounting for 20% of the world total of bananas and plantains (table).",
"title": "Banana industry"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20811083#1",
"text": "Brazil produces and consumes Cavendish, apple and fruit bananas and the main producer in Brazil is in the southeastern state of São Paulo with 16.4% of the Brazilian market, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Other notable areas where bananas in Brazil are cultivated include Prata in North-East Brazil; Belo Horizonte, Vitoria, Rio de Janeiro and Florianopolis in the southern and south-eastern regions. As of 2004, 6.6 million tons of bananas were produced, with a turnover of a little in excess US$ 1 billion.",
"title": "Banana production in Brazil"
},
{
"docid": "12542449#19",
"text": "Colombian bananas (excluding plantains) are another export success story of Colombia's agriculture. Despite the violence that has long affected the producing regions, banana exports, which amounted to about US$525 million in 2006, are the third-largest legal agricultural export of the country, behind coffee and flowers. In 2005 Colombia was the tenth-largest producer, with 2.5 percent of the world's banana output, and the third-largest exporter, with 8 percent of the world's exports after Ecuador and Costa Rica. Output for export, mainly of the Cavendish Valery variety, is highly productive compared to international standards. The Urabá region in Antioquia and the northeast of Magdalena Department are the main areas producing bananas for export. Chiquita Brands International, Dole Food Company, and Del Monte Fresh Produce are among the most important banana-marketing companies in Colombia.\nThe main destination of Colombia's banana exports is the EU, and the second is the United States. Given the importance of the EU's banana market for Colombia and for Latin America, the outcome of the continuing disputes at the World Trade Organization (WTO) with regard to quotas and tariffs is a major issue to this sector. In November 2007, the WTO ruled against the dramatically increased duties imposed by the EU on its imports of Colombian bananas in January 2006.",
"title": "Agriculture in Colombia"
},
{
"docid": "46408565#5",
"text": "Hawaii is by far the largest banana producer in the United States, followed by Florida. Banana plantation in Hawaii has followed a descending trend, from 13,181 mmt in 2000 to 8,090 mmt in 2010. Hawaii produces mainly the conventional Cavendish assortment and the Hawaiian apple banana, which are sold in the local markets due to high employment and land expenses. The chief US banana exporter is Florida, which produces mostly Thai and cooking bananas (Bluggoe type). In addition, US banana producers are looking for opportunities in the organic and specialty segments of the banana market in Florida, Texas, California, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and Georgia. Banana cultivation in Florida has been about 500 acres, valued at roughly 2 million US $.",
"title": "Banana production in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "1596786#4",
"text": "Thottiyam is essentially an agricultural area; its main crops are paddy, plantains and petals. Large quantities of plantains and petals are sent to other States, including exports to Middle East. Thottiyam is one largest producer of Banana Fruit in Tamilnadu. Banana is one of the fruit with short life span of few days. The Banana Farmers in this region faced frequent issue of price drop and wastage due to short life span to over come this issue the farmers of Thottiyam region formed a farmers self help group known as Thottiam Banana Producer Group to produce value added products from Banana under the brand name of Madhur Fruits and producing Solar dried banana, Banana Chocolates, Banana Cookies and Banana Powders from fresh bananas. This products were marketed under brand name of Madhur Fruits and available throughout India and outside of India.",
"title": "Thottiyam"
},
{
"docid": "14710084#1",
"text": "In 1941, the first bananas in Iceland were produced. They have been produced since that time, about 100 clusters a year each about 5–20 kg, but are not currently sold. In the wake of World War II, the combination of inexpensive geothermal power (which had recently become available) and high prices for imported fruit led to the construction of a number of greenhouses where bananas were produced commercially from 1945 to as late as 1958 or 1959. In 1960, the government removed import duties on fruit. Domestically grown bananas were no longer able to compete with imported ones and soon disappeared from the market. Icelandic banana production was much slower due to low levels of sunlight; Icelandic bananas took two years to mature, while it only takes a few months near the equator.",
"title": "Banana production in Iceland"
},
{
"docid": "38940#34",
"text": "In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid AAA group of \"Musa acuminata\", commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas. They accounted for the majority of banana exports, despite only coming into existence in 1836. The cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain (Chiquita Banana) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass-produced cultivar, Gros Michel (also an AAA group cultivar), became commercially unviable due to Panama disease, caused by the fungus \"Fusarium oxysporum\" which attacks the roots of the banana plant. Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama disease, but in 2013 there were fears that the black sigatoka fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable.",
"title": "Banana"
},
{
"docid": "2155003#2",
"text": "Nicknamed as the \"Banana Capital of Western Visayas,\" it produces not only the most harvest in Western Visayas but also the sweetest banana in the region. The town also boasts of producing corns, mangoes, root crops, sweet potatoes, legumes, bamboos, coconuts, as well as high yielding crops such as carrots, cauliflower, broccoli and strawberries thus the nickname \"Strawberry Capital of Iloilo\" as they produce substantial amount of strawberries in their strawberry farms.",
"title": "Alimodian, Iloilo"
},
{
"docid": "19107453#1",
"text": "Bananas were the leading export item, and in 1985 accounted for 23 percent (US$78 million) of total exports. In that year, the Chiriquí Land Company, a subsidiary of United Brands (formerly United Fruit Company), produced 70 percent of all bananas, followed by private Panamanian producers (25 percent) and the state-owned Corporación Bananera del Atlántico (5 percent). The volume of bananas produced in Panama peaked in 1978 and slowly declined in the 1980s. Observers doubted that United Brands would expand its production in Panama because bananas could be produced more cheaply in Costa Rica and Ecuador.",
"title": "Banana production in Panama"
},
{
"docid": "49791284#6",
"text": "As reported for 2013, total world exports were 20 million tonnes of bananas and 859,000 tonnes of plantains. Ecuador and the Philippines were the leading exporters with 5.4 and 3.3 million tonnes, respectively, and the Dominican Republic was the leading exporter of plantains with 210,350 tonnes.",
"title": "Banana industry"
}
] |
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] |
2252
|
Is the Panama Canal American territory?
|
[
{
"docid": "24849#2",
"text": "Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The US continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint American–Panamanian control, in 1999, the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government. It is now managed and operated by the government-owned Panama Canal Authority.",
"title": "Panama Canal"
},
{
"docid": "2869783#6",
"text": "During World War II, the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy, allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific. Politically, the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977, when the Torrijos–Carter Treaties began the process of transferring territorial control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama, a process completed on 31 December 1999.",
"title": "History of the Panama Canal"
},
{
"docid": "353264#30",
"text": "The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama. It was established under the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999.",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"docid": "315787#0",
"text": "The Panama Canal Zone () was an unincorporated territory of the United States from 1903 to 1979, centered on the Panama Canal and surrounded by the Republic of Panama. The zone consisted of the canal and an area generally extending on each side of the centerline, excluding Panama City and Colón, which otherwise would have been partly within the limits of the Zone. Its border spanned three of Panama's provinces. When reservoirs were created to assure a steady supply of water for the locks, those lakes were included within the Zone.",
"title": "Panama Canal Zone"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1393850#218",
"text": "The small Panama Canal Zone was United States territory, and American forces from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, the USAAF (at Howard Air Force Base), and Colombian forces helped inside the Canal Zone, guarded the Panama Canal from both ends. This Canal provided the United States and its Allies with the ability to move warships and troops rapidly between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Since most of the American shipbuilding capability was on the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico, the Canal was vital for moving new warships to the Pacific to fight the Imperial Japanese Navy",
"title": "World War II by country"
},
{
"docid": "40155866#0",
"text": "The history of Panama during World War II begins in 1939. Due to the American-controlled Panama Canal cutting across the center of the country, Panama was of major strategic importance to the Allied war effort, as well as the most important strategic location in Latin America during World War II. It provided an invaluable link between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that was vital to both commerce and the defense of the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, the defense of the Canal Zone was the United States' chief concern in the American Theater. Panama never received Lend-Lease assistance, but in return for the rights to build military infrastructure within Panamanian territory, the United States undertook large-scale public works projects, which did much to modernize the country and boost the economy.",
"title": "Panama during World War II"
},
{
"docid": "15993954#3",
"text": "The evolution of the relation between Panama and the USA has followed the pattern of a Panamanian project for the recovering of the territory of the Canal of Panama, a project which became public after the events of May 21, 1958, November 3, 1959, and then on January 9, 1964. The latter day is known in Panama as the Martyrs' Day (Panama), in which a riot over the right to raise the Panamanian flag in an American school became the vicinity of the Panama Canal.",
"title": "Panama–United States relations"
},
{
"docid": "42285511#8",
"text": "The U.S. Postal Department also used general issue stamps with the territorial name overprinted, such as PUERTO RICO, CUBA, GUAM, PHILIPPINES or CANAL ZONE. Cuba was granted independence, Canal Zone returned to Panama. \nAlternatively, the U.S. issued a 1932 'United States of America' stamp for 18 centavos in the Philippines, 1930 stamps for use in Guam only designated 'Guam Guard Mail, or 1952 'Ryukyus' stamp for 100 yen in Okinawa. The Philippines was granted independence, the Ryukyus were returned to Japan. \nPanama Canal has been featured on several U. S. commemorative stamps, as well as on Panama's own postage. The territory was returned to Panama.",
"title": "Territories of the United States on stamps"
},
{
"docid": "315787#11",
"text": "Effective July 1, 1951, under an act of Congress dated September 26, 1950 (64 Stat. 1038), governance of the Canal Zone was through the Canal Zone Government with the canal operated by the Panama Canal Company until 1979 when the Panama Canal Commission took over its governance. The entire structure was under the control of the United States government with the Secretary of the Army appointing the Panama Canal Company board of directors and the Canal Zone Government was entirely financed by the company. The office of Governor of the Panama Canal Zone was not usually a stepping stone to higher political office but a position given to a US Army active duty general officers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Governor was also President of the Panama Canal Company. The Canal Zone had its own police force (the Canal Zone Police), courts, and judges (the United States District Court for the Canal Zone). Despite being an unincorporated territory, the Canal Zone was never granted a congressional delegate.",
"title": "Panama Canal Zone"
},
{
"docid": "392036#7",
"text": "Following the United States' acquisition of Alta California in 1846 and the Oregon Territory in 1848, following the Mexican–American War and with the prospective movement of many more settlers to and from the West Coast, the United States again turned its attention to securing a safe, reliable, and speedy link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In 1846 the United States signed a treaty with Colombia (then the Republic of New Granada) by which the United States guaranteed Colombian sovereignty over Panama and was authorized to build a railroad or canal at the Panamanian isthmus, guaranteeing its open transit.",
"title": "Panama Canal Railway"
}
] |
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] |
2256
|
When did Pope Gregory XIII hold the papacy?
|
[
{
"docid": "24198#4",
"text": "Gregory died in Pisa on 17 December 1187 of a fever after holding the papacy for only 57 days. He was buried in the Duomo in Pisa. He was succeeded by Pope Clement III. According to Joseph S. Brusher, \"His pontificate though brief was glorious.\"",
"title": "Pope Gregory VIII"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "24244#20",
"text": "Pope Gregory XIII had no connection with the plot of Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother, Charles, Duke of Mayenne, to assassinate Elizabeth I in 1582.\nAfter the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres of Huguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory celebrated a \"Te Deum\" mass. However, some hold that he was ignorant of the nature of the plot at the time, having been told the Huguenots had tried to take over the government but failed. Three frescoes in the Sala Regia Palace of the Vatican depicting the events were painted by Giorgio Vasari, and a commemorative medal was issued with Gregory's portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend (\"Overthrow of the Huguenots\").",
"title": "Pope Gregory XIII"
},
{
"docid": "24242#3",
"text": "Gregory XII was chosen at Rome by a conclave consisting of only fifteen cardinals under the express condition that, should Antipope Benedict XIII (1394–1423), the rival papal claimant at Avignon, renounce all claim to the Papacy, he would also renounce his, so that a fresh election might be made and the Western Schism (1378–1417) ended. He became Supreme Pontiff on 30 November 1406, taking the name Gregory XII.",
"title": "Pope Gregory XII"
},
{
"docid": "1778562#2",
"text": "In 1377 Pedro de Luna and the other cardinals returned to Rome with Pope Gregory, who had been persuaded to leave his papal base at Avignon by Catherine of Siena. After Gregory's death on 27 March 1378, the people of Rome feared that the cardinals would elect a French Pope and return the papacy to Avignon. Consequently, they rioted and laid siege to the cardinals, insisting on an Italian Pope. The conclave duly elected Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari, as Urban VI on 9 April, but the new Pope proved to be intractably hostile to the cardinals. Some of them reconvened at Fondi in September 1378, declared the earlier election invalid and elected Robert of Geneva as their new Pope, initiating the Western Schism. Robert assumed the name Clement VII and moved back to Avignon.",
"title": "Antipope Benedict XIII"
},
{
"docid": "24244#6",
"text": "Once in the chair of Saint Peter, Gregory XIII's rather worldly concerns became secondary and he dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He committed himself to putting into practice the recommendations of the Council of Trent. He allowed no exceptions for cardinals to the rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees, and designated a committee to update the Index of Forbidden Books. He was the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the \"Corpus juris canonici\". In a time of considerable centralisation of power, Gregory XIII abolished the Cardinals Consistories, replacing them with Colleges, and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. He was renowned for having a fierce independence; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. The power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased.",
"title": "Pope Gregory XIII"
},
{
"docid": "38174#1",
"text": "A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French, and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377). But after Gregory's death in 1378, deteriorating relations between his successor Urban VI and a faction of cardinals gave rise to the Western Schism. This started a second line of Avignon popes, subsequently regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon antipope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of France; after five years besieged by the French, he fled to Perpignan in 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance, after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome.",
"title": "Avignon Papacy"
},
{
"docid": "38174#22",
"text": "The most influential decision in the reign of Pope Gregory XI (1370–1378) was the return to Rome, beginning on 13 September 1376 and ending with his arrival on 17 January 1377. Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King, the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself. When the papacy established an embargo against grain exports during a food scarcity 1374 and 1375, Florence organized several cities into a league against the papacy: Milan, Bologna, Perugia, Pisa, Lucca and Genoa. The papal legate, Robert of Geneva, a relative of the House of Savoy, pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities. He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries. To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of Cesena he hired John Hawkwood and had the majority of the people massacred (between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead). Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened. Florence came in open conflict with the Pope, a conflict called \"the war of the eight saints\" in reference to the eight Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict. The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the export of clerical taxes was stopped. The trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution. In his decision about returning to Rome, the Pope was also under the influence of Catherine of Siena, later canonized, who preached for a return to Rome.",
"title": "Avignon Papacy"
},
{
"docid": "24227#6",
"text": "Gregory XI did not long survive this trip, dying in Rome on 27 March 1378. He was buried the following day in the church of Santa Maria Nuova. After his death the College of Cardinals was pressured by a Roman mob that broke into the voting chamber to force an Italian pope into the papacy. The Italians chose Urban VI. Soon after being elected, Urban gained the Cardinals' enmity. The cardinals withdrew from Rome to Fondi, where they annulled their election of Urban and elected a French pope, Clement VII, before returning to Avignon in 1378.",
"title": "Pope Gregory XI"
},
{
"docid": "24244#0",
"text": "Pope Gregory XIII (; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day.",
"title": "Pope Gregory XIII"
},
{
"docid": "26592418#17",
"text": "By Autumn 1044, the position of Benedict IX was \"seriously threatened\" by the creation of Pope Silvester III (1045). In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned the papacy in favor of John Gratian, who became Pope Gregory VI (1045-1046). Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor met Gregory VI in 1046 and received him favorably. By December, however, Henry III had changed his mind and ordered Benedict IX, Silvester III, and Gregory VI to appear before him in a synod in Sutri. Gregory VI was the only one to show up, and he was declared guilty of simony and deposed on December 20. Silvester III had long since given up being pope and returned to acting as Bishop of Sabina but he too was deprived of his orders and forced to retire to a monastery.",
"title": "Tusculan Papacy"
}
] |
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] |
2257
|
Who is the main character of Zatch Bell?
|
[
{
"docid": "2426650#2",
"text": "Kiyo Takamine, known in the original version as and his Mamodo partner Zatch Bell, known in the original version as , are the main protagonists of the series. Kiyo is a genius 14-year-old junior high school student with an IQ of over 180. His classmates eventually shunned him due to his high intelligence causing him to develop an introverted and apathetic demeanor to the point where he skips school on a regular basis. One day, Zatch, an overly cheerful amnesic boy, is sent by Kiyo's father to live with Kiyo. Zatch's personality slowly influences Kiyo causing him to become more outgoing and friendly and allowing him to befriend many people during the course of the series. Zatch's past is slowly unraveled and reveals he is the son of the current Mamodo King and sealed within Zatch is a power known as . Also brought to light is the fact that Zatch's twin brother, Zeno Bell, was the one who erased Zatch's memory in order to make him suffer. In battle, Zatch's spells revolve around lightning. His most powerful spell, Bao, allows him to create a huge electrical dragon. Kiyo's voice actor is Takahiro Sakurai and his English voice actor is Jason Spisak. Zatch's voice actors are Ikue Ōtani and in the nine final episodes, Konami Yoshida. His English voice actress is Debi Derryberry.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "2118616#0",
"text": "Kiyo Takamine, known in the original version as and his \"Mamodo\" (known in Japanese as a ) partner Zatch Bell, known in the original version as , are fictional characters in the anime and manga franchise \"Zatch Bell!\" by Makoto Raiku. Mamodos are beings from another world with supernatural powers. The series begins when Kiyo, by the request of his father, is told to take care of Zatch. Eventually, they become involved in a tournament between Mamodos where the winner becomes king of the Mamodo World.",
"title": "Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2426650#12",
"text": "is Zatch Bell's bully at the playground who aims to make Zatch crunch as much as possible. Her appearance is that of a young girl with pig tails and oversized teeth which are always clenched, a trait her parents also share. In a mini-comic in the manga's last volume, it is revealed that she loves Zatch, who does not share the same feelings. Her voice actress is Shihomi Mizowaki and her English voice actress is Michelle Ruff.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "2426650#9",
"text": "Dufort, known as in Japan, was a child who was sold by his mother to scientists who wanted to study his ability dubbed as . After finishing their experiment, they left Dufort to die but was saved by his Mamodo partner Zeno Bell, known as in Japan. Because of the scientists treatment, Dufort gains an apathetic personality and harbors a deep hatred against humanity. He journeys with Zeno to see things that interest him. Zeno is Zatch Bell's twin brother. Zeno was envious that Zatch was bestowed with the power of Bao and lived away from the castle while he was forced to endure torturous training set up by his father, the Mamodo King. When seeing Zatch's name on the participating Mamodo Battle list, Zeno aims to make Zatch suffer the same way he had. When confronting Zatch inside Faudo, Zeno accidentally reads Zatch's memories of the Mamodo World, which he had stolen prior, and discovers Zatch had also led a life of suffering. After Zatch defeats Zeno, Zeno apologizes to Zatch and gives Zatch the missing piece of Bao. Dufort, after realizing life has meaning, helps Zatch and his friends prepare for the battle against Clear Note. Zeno's spells are based on lightning which is fired from his hands. Dufort's voice actor is Hikaru Midorikawa and his English voice actor is Dave Wittenberg. Zeno's voice actor is Urara Takano and his English voice actress is Debi Derryberry.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "2426650#0",
"text": "The anime and manga series \"Zatch Bell!\", known in Japan as for the manga and for the anime, features an extensive cast created and illustrated by Makoto Raiku. The series takes place in Modern day Japan and follows a genius teenager named Kiyo Takamine and his Zatch Bell, a human-like being with supernatural powers.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "1549389#3",
"text": "Taking place mostly in modern-day Japan, the story follows Kiyo Takamine, a 14-year-old boy in junior high school. His father, Seitaro Takamine, discovers an unconscious child named Zatch Bell while in a forest in England, and sends Zatch to live with Kiyo. Unlike the other Mamodo, Zatch lost his memory of the Mamodo world. Kiyo learns about the spell book when he reads a spell causing Zatch to fire lightning from his mouth (the spell is mentioned in the first episode). As Kiyo and Zatch begin to encounter different Mamodos and learn more about the Mamodo battles, they discover that there are those who do not wish to fight and there are those who fight for the wrong reasons. After meeting a Mamodo named Kolulu and seeing how this kind Mamodo was forced to fight due to the power of her spells, Zatch decides to become a kind king in order to stop the battle from ever happening again. As the story progresses, Zatch and Kiyo meet other Mamodos that share similar views to them and become allies. They meet allies such as Megumi Oumi and Tia in which they specialize in defensive spells such as different types of shields. Kiyo and Zatch meet Folgore and Kanchomé (Canchome) who are both comic relief characters and they only have transformation spells such as Kanchomé being able to turn himself really big. Zatch met Kafk Sunbeam and Umagon earlier in England. Umagon is a Mamodo who specializes in transformation spells that can put armor around his body. Shery (Sherie) Belmont and Brago who was originally Zatch and Kiyo's rival in the series later becomes their allies and he has gravity type spells.",
"title": "Zatch Bell!"
},
{
"docid": "2426650#19",
"text": "Uri, known as in Japan, is the partner of the Mamodo Penny, known as in Japan. Uri is a poor man who cooperated with Penny in order to steal food for his family. At the end of the series, Uri has a stable job as a chef. Penny resembles a young girl who has an obsessive love with Zatch Bell, who is fearful of her. When she discovers that Zatch does not remember her after losing his memory, she goes on an angry rampage and tries to defeat him and send him back to the Mamodo World and joins up with Zofis. Zofis gives her a number of brainwashed Mamodos to do her bidding. As the series progresses, Penny realizes the suffering Zofis causes and sacrifices her book in order to help Zatch defeat Zofis' minions. Penny's spells involve the manipulation of water. Uri's voice actor is Kosuke Toriumi and his English voice actor is Stephen Apostolina. Penny's voice actress is Naoko Matsui and her English voice actress is Stephanie Sheh.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "2426650#22",
"text": "Jido, known as in Japan, is a middle aged man who travels around the world with his Mamodo in search of Ted's friend Cherish. Ted's appearance is of a young boy with a long pompadour hairstyle. When passing by Zatch Bell's hometown, Zatch offers Ted lodging at Kiyo's home where both pairs become friends. During the battle against Faudo, Jido and Ted infiltrate Faudo where he is forced to fight against Cherish, who is being controlled by Zeno Bell. Ted manages to free Cherish from Zeno's control, but his book is burnt in the process. Ted's spells are physical upgrades, and can only be cast in a particular order. Jido's voice actor is Kouji Ishii and his English voice actor is Christopher Darga. Ted's voice actor is Junko Takeuchi and his English voice actor is Michael P. Greco.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "2426650#17",
"text": "is a Russian man who is the partner of the Mamodo . Bari looks like a ruthless and cold jester who is always scowling. He defeats many Mamodos in the search of a meaning for battle. When combating Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell, Zatch's goal of being a kind King prompts Bari to aim to be a powerful king. Bari, initially confused on how to achieve this goal, defeats a Mamodo which puts him on the brink of death and leaves him with many permanent scars. When complimented by that Mamodo, Bari understands what it means to be a strong king. During the battle against Faudo, Bari infiltrates the giant and encounters the Mamodo Keith whom he defeats. Keith however activates a trap and Bari sacrifices himself in order to save Zatch and has his book burnt in the process. Gustav, who is always critical of Bari, praises his mamodo for being able to knock Zatch, a mamodo likely to become the King, out of the trap's area. Bari's spells involve forming vortexes on his hands and using them as drills or firing them at enemies. Gustav's voice actor is Unshou Ishizuka and his English voice actor is Crispin Freeman. Vincent Bari's voice actor is Ryotaro Okiayu and his English voice actor is Wally Wingert.",
"title": "List of Zatch Bell! characters"
},
{
"docid": "1549389#4",
"text": "As the number of Mamodos decreases, Zatch and his allies encounter a Mamodo called Zofis who takes control of several Mamodos who were sealed in stone from the previous battle to decide the king. With Kiyo and Zatch needing more allies, they meet Dr. Riddles and Kido. They helped teach the main allies how to unlock new spells such as Zatch unlocking the sixth spell. Kiyo and Zatch with friends make their way to South America to fight off Zofis and the thousand year Mamodos. Many characters fell and got their book burned. The most notable one was Kido who was sent back to the Mamodo world after fighting Belgium E.O. Ultimately, Sherry and Brago came to help to fight Zofis. Zofis took control of Sherry's friend Koko who Zofis makes her do evil things such as burning a whole town. Sherry and Brago beat Zofis but not without the help of Kiyo and friends. Sherry gets Koko back to normal and the battle in South America is over. After the battle against Zofis, the whole world is put in danger after a giant Mamodo named Faudo is brought to life by a Mamodo named Riou. Riou was looking for Mamodos that have enough strength to help activate Faudo. So he puts a curse on Li-en and Wonrei who Kiyo and Zatch befriend in the middle of the series. The protagonists make their way to Faudo to try to destroy it and to save their friends. The battle in Faudo was the toughest battle for the characters up to that point in the story. Kiyo almost died against Riou, and many of Zatch's friends got sent back to the Mamodo world such as Wonrei. Faudo is then taken over by a Mamodo that looks like Zatch, who turns out to be Zatch's evil twin brother Zeno Bell. Zatch and Zeno have a big fight inside of Faudo. Through Zeno's flashback, he resented Zatch because their Father King Bell bestowed Zatch the power of Bao, which is Zatch's strongest spell. Zeno at a young age had to train everyday and always got punished while Zatch lived with another family peacefully. Ultimately, Zeno comprehends that Zatch also suffered too and apologizes to what he has done to Zatch. Zeno gets his book burned and is sent back to the Mamodo world.",
"title": "Zatch Bell!"
}
] |
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2258
|
When was the Arab League founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "16091554#11",
"text": "After World War II, international relations had changed not only in the Middle East but also globally. Iraq became one of the founders of the Arab League in 1945. This league was founded in order to provide a forum for Arab states, and leaving the door open for a possible future federation. First of all, the founding of Israel has radically changed the politics in the Middle East. Iraq took part in the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 by sending 18.000 troops to defend the Jenin–Nablus–Tulkaram region. This war brought Arab countries together and promoted Arab nationalism and anti-Western ideologies in the region. As a result of pan-Arabism, in the early 1950s, Za'im in Syria examined the possibility of a union between Syria and Iraq. However, first Iraq discouraged Syria's aim, and later it became a remote possibility after the coup d'état in Damascus.",
"title": "Iraq–Turkey relations"
},
{
"docid": "52625#4",
"text": "Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims. Other countries later joined the league. Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was the joint intervention, allegedly on behalf of the majority Arab population being uprooted as the state of Israel emerged in 1948 (and in response to popular protest in the Arab world), but a major participant in this intervention, Transjordan, had agreed with the Israelis to divide up the Arab Palestinian state proposed by the United Nations General Assembly, and Egypt intervened primarily to prevent its rival in Amman from accomplishing its objective.\nIt was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"docid": "12908487#0",
"text": "The Arab League was founded in 1945, has 22 members and four observer members: Brazil, Eritrea, India and Venezuela. Turkey and Iran have also both expressed their desire to join as observers, but their requests were delayed due to political problems with other Arab states, especially Iraq, Egypt and Syria..",
"title": "Foreign relations of the Arab League"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52625#14",
"text": "Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration. This was done by means of an annex that declared:\nAt the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"docid": "43472946#7",
"text": "Following the Israeli declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, the Permanent Boycott Committee ceased to function upon the outbreak of war between Israel and surrounding Arab States on 15 May 1948, and the Arab League repeated its calls for a ban on all financial and commercial transactions with Palestinian Jews, boycotting the newly formed State of Israel. The Arab League cut off postal, telegraphic, and radio communications with Israel, and Arab States began to impose a land, sea, and air blockade on the fledgling state. Israeli goods, shipped through Alexandria, Port Suez and Port Said, were confiscated by Egyptian inspectors. A prize court established in Alexandria in 1949 authorized the seizure of cargo ships destined for Israel. In 1950, regulations were promulgated to allow the search of ships and aircraft and the seizure of Israeli-bound goods found within.",
"title": "Arab League boycott of Israel"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#17",
"text": "At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestine Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. The area of activity for the PLO was clearly within the then borders of the State of Israel: the Palestinian National Charter of 1964 stated:",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#6",
"text": "The Arab League bitterly opposed any attempts to establish a Jewish state and worked strenuously to defeat any partition of Palestine. When the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was adopted in resolution 181(II) by the General Assembly on 29 November 1947, it was unanimously rejected by the Arab League and by all its members and by leaders of the Arab community, including the Palestinian Arab Higher Committee.",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"docid": "1358176#1",
"text": "Since its formation the Arab League has promoted the Palestinian Arab cause in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, including the imposition of the Arab League boycott of Israel. The Arab League opposed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. On 15 May 1948, the then seven Arab League members coordinated an invasion of what was by then the former British Mandate, marking the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1964, the Arab League created the Palestine Liberation Organization to operate within the territory of Israel. During the Six-Day War, the Arab League imposed an oil embargo, which lasted until the Khartoum Resolution in September 1967. The League members also agreed to continue the state of belligerency with Israel and not to negotiate a settlement to the conflict. The signing of the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was condemned, and Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979, which lasted until 1989. The Arab League on 15 November 1988 recognized the proclamation of the State of Palestine. The Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel signed the Oslo Accords in 1993 which led to the setting up of the Palestinian National Authority. The Arab League has not made any official statements either supporting the establishment of the Palestinian Authority or condemning it. In October 1994, Jordan signed the Israel–Jordan peace treaty with Israel, and it was not ostracized by the Arab League, as Egypt had been in 1979. In 2002, the Arab League endorsed a Saudi Arabian Arab Peace Initiative which called for full withdrawal by Israel \"to the 1967 borders\" in return for fully normalized relations.",
"title": "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict"
},
{
"docid": "53544012#1",
"text": "In 1946, at the invitation of King Farouk of Egypt, leaders of the League of Arab States held their first summit at Inshas Palace in Egypt. The League’s seven founding members participated: Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria.",
"title": "2017 Arab League summit"
},
{
"docid": "38802836#6",
"text": "When Arsuzi left the League of Nationalist Action (LNA) party in 1939 after its popular leader died and the party had fallen into disarray, he founded the short-lived Arab National Party in 1939 and dissolved it later that year. On 29 November 1940, Arsuzi founded the Arab Ba'ath. A significant conflict and turning point in the development of Ba'athism occurred when Arsuzi's and Aflaq's movements sparred over the issue of the 1941 coup d'etat by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and the subsequent Anglo-Iraqi War. Aflaq's movement supported al-Gaylani's government and the Iraqi government's war against the British and organized volunteers to go to Iraq and fight for the Iraqi government. However, Arsuzi opposed al-Gaylani's government, considering the coup to be poorly-planned and a failure. At this point, Arsuzi's party lost members and support that transferred to Aflaq's movement.",
"title": "Ba'athism"
}
] |
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] |
2259
|
When was WGBA-TV station created?
|
[
{
"docid": "767330#2",
"text": "WLRE, which stood for station co-founder Lyle R. Evans, sought to be operational as early as December 1977. It delayed so that it could put its transmission tower on Scray's Hill near De Pere, the location of other Green Bay market transmitter towers. Ultimately the location was approved, but it meant ground was not broken on the studio and antenna location until June 1980. The station signed on the air on December 31, 1980, broadcasting an analog signal on UHF channel 26. It was the Green Bay market's second independent station, after the short-lived KFIZ-TV (channel 34) in Fond du Lac from 1968 to 1972. It was also the first new commercial station to sign-on in Green Bay itself since WFRV-TV (channel 5) signed on in May 1955. On November 12, 1982, WLRE was able to power up a new transmitter and had plans for further antenna power boosts.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "767330#4",
"text": "In the wake of a bankruptcy, Green Bay's original Fox affiliate WXGZ (channel 32) went dark on February 14, 1992. WGBA became the new affiliate the following day, changing its branding to \"Fox 26\". After Ace TV acquired the WXGZ license, WGBA helped to relaunch the station through a local marketing agreement in June 1994. That station became a charter affiliate of UPN and changed its call letters to WACY-TV in 1995. In 1994 during the first year of Fox's contract to broadcast NFL games, the station entered into a contract with ABC affiliate WBAY-TV (channel 2) to produce a pregame show to air before Green Bay Packers games since it lacked a local sports department.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#3",
"text": "In early 1983, coinciding with the purchase of a licensing deal of approximately 1,000 movies and other syndicated programs, WRLE took on the tagline \"The Great Entertainer\", using station imaging shared with (at least) WPHL. In late 1984, the station's partnership was dissolved in a bankruptcy court in which investors lost money. In 1985, it was bought by Family Group Broadcasting Incorporated for only pennies on the dollar. On October 3 of that year, the station's call letters were changed to WGBA-TV. The station, then known on-air as \"TV 26\", was well known in its early years for children's program host \"Cuddles the Clown\", who stayed with the station until it switched to NBC, and moved to sister station WACY before retiring. The station's imaging was also shared with sister station WQRF-TV in Rockford, Illinois, WVFT-TV in Roanoke, Virginia, WPGX-TV in Panama City, Florida, WFGX-TV in Fort Walton Beach, Florida and WLAX-TV in La Crosse, Wisconsin, including its early 'diamond' logo.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#25",
"text": "In early 1996, shortly after WGBA picked up the NBC affiliation, then-owner Aries Telecommunications announced plans to start a full-fledged news department for the station. On July 19, 1996, during the start of NBC's coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympics, WGBA debuted its local newscasts, with a half-hour early-evening newscast at 6:00 p.m. on Mondays through Saturdays (the initial broadcast of that program on July 19 ran a special one-hour broadcast, leading into NBC's coverage of the Olympic Opening Ceremonies in Atlanta) and a late evening newscast at 10:00 p.m. seven nights a week. Ted O'Connell was WGBA's first news director; he was succeeded by Ashley Webster (now a journalist with Fox Business Network), who also served as weeknight co-anchor alongside Heather Hays (presently a main anchor at Fox owned-and-operated station KDFW in Dallas-Fort Worth). Eventually as the operation grew, the station added newscasts on weekday mornings, weekdays at noon and at 5:00 p.m.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#5",
"text": "In 1994, WLUK-TV (channel 11) and three other stations owned by Burnham Broadcasting were sold to SF Broadcasting (owned as a partnership between Savoy Communications and Fox). As part of the purchase and through Fox's ownership of the group, SF signed a group affiliation deal to switch its stations to Fox; this enabled WLUK to become the Packers' unofficial \"home\" station as Fox had acquired the television contract to the NFL's National Football Conference. On August 28, 1995, WGBA-TV switched its affiliation to NBC (and changed its on-air branding to \"NBC 26\"); the Fox affiliation moved to former NBC affiliate WLUK. As an NBC affiliate, it struggled to find a constant identity. Green Bay's other three stations have been on-the-air since the 1950s and had loyal audiences. Relief did not come until October 2004, when the Journal Broadcast Group bought it for $43.2 million after Aries Telecommunications sold the station. Journal had long wanted a station in Northeastern Wisconsin alongside its flagship station, WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee, that market's NBC affiliate and long-dominant news station.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#14",
"text": "The station's digital signal is multiplexed:\nWGBA launched a new second digital subchannel in November 2010 carrying TheCoolTV (an automated music video network) which had aired on the WTMJ's second subchannel since the summer of 2009. The establishment of WGBA-DT2 made it the second commercial station in the market to launch a subchannel service after WBAY-TV. On September 7, 2011, Journal and Weigel Broadcasting announced that WGBA would carry the classic television network MeTV beginning on October 1, 2011. MeTV replaced TheCoolTV on 26.2 on that date, as Journal brought a lawsuit against TheCoolTV's parent company Cool Music Network, LLC for non-payment of services; WTMJ-TV, along with Journal's other stations dropped the network on October 1, 2011 to carry Live Well Network or MeTV, depending on the market. Sometime in the summer of 2016, 26.2 was converted to a widescreen presentation in line with Weigel converting their networks to that format.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#28",
"text": "On April 7, 2009, WTMJ became the first station in Milwaukee to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. However, until April 2012, the pre-taped nightly sports and weekend weather segments originating from WTMJ were broadcast in standard definition. On July 24, it was announced that WGBA would eliminate some of its reporting and photojournalist positions, with the remaining staff being retrained to act as \"one-man band\" videojournalists handling reporting, camera work, and editing stories themselves. In September 2009, reporter Bonnie Kirschman, the final employee to remain with WGBA's news operation since its 1996 launch, left the station.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#27",
"text": "On July 14, 2008, due to low ratings and inconsistent viewership, WGBA discontinued its weekday morning and noon newscasts, while laying off some of its staff. In place of those shows, the station began simulcasting WTMJ's morning and midday newscasts \"Live at Daybreak\" and \"Live at Noon\", interspersed with local weather cut-ins presented by a meteorologist from WGBA's Green Bay studios (again, recorded in advance since WTMJ was already live in its own market), but with no regard to coverage of Fox Valley and Green Bay news. Due to the latter issue, in January 2009, the weekday morning simulcast was dropped and turned into a WGBA-produced rolling weather block called \"Non-Stop Weather\". WTMJ's weekday noon broadcast was later moved to WACY and replaced in that timeslot on WGBA by paid programming, which for a time in 2008, filled some of the station's early afternoon schedule due to an unusual number of syndicated program cancellations in that year. The midday news simulcast on WACY and paid programming on WGBA were eventually dropped as well.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#18",
"text": "In addition to its main signal, WGBA operates two translators to extend the station's coverage northward. The translators are a remnant of the analog era when it was Green Bay's only major UHF commercial television station. The station in fact kept a post office box address open for years to allow responses to an offer through a station promo of a free pamphlet describing the installation of a UHF television antenna to interested viewers until the early 1990s. During that period, residents of Northern Door County and the southern portion of Michigan's Upper Peninsula could easily receive the three Green Bay network stations on VHF and WFRV semi-satellite WJMN-TV from Escanaba, Michigan, along with PBS member station WNMU from Marquette, Michigan, but not WGBA and Wisconsin Public Television's WPNE-TV (channel 38).",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
},
{
"docid": "767330#30",
"text": "On April 7, 2012, WGBA upgraded its local newscasts to widescreen standard definition. It became the last station in the market to convert to full high-definition operations on January 23, 2016, with the unveiling of a new chyron-heavy \"virtual\" set, the first major change to the station's newsroom and set since the station began carrying newscasts in 1996 and the newsroom and anchor sets were split off in the early 2000s via an opaque partition. The station began to use the default Scripps graphics package/news music package in October 2016.",
"title": "WGBA-TV"
}
] |
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] |
2260
|
When was the Institution of Mechanical Engineers founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "1404820#3",
"text": "The Institution of Mechanical Engineers was then founded on 27 January 1847, in the Queen's Hotel next to Curzon Street station in Birmingham by the railway pioneer George Stephenson and others. McConnnell became the first chairman. The founding of the Institution was said by Stephenson's biographer Samuel Smiles to have been spurred by outrage that Stephenson, the most famous mechanical engineer of the age, had been refused admission to the Institution of Civil Engineers unless he sent in \"a probationary essay as proof of his capacity as an engineer\". However, this account has been challenged as part of a pattern of exaggeration on Smiles' part aimed at glorifying the struggles that various Victorian mechanical engineers had to overcome in their personal efforts to attain greatness. Though there was certainly coolness between Stephenson and the Institution of Civil Engineers, it is more likely that the motivation behind the founding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was simply the need for a specific home for the growing number of mechanical engineers employed in the burgeoning railway and manufacturing industries.",
"title": "Institution of Mechanical Engineers"
},
{
"docid": "31882194#0",
"text": "The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers were first published by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) in 1847. The \"Proceedings\" were published under this single title until 1963, when they began to be published in two parts. The \"Proceedings\" have since expanded further, in part by incorporating four journals previously published separately: the \"Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers\" (in 1971), the \"Journal of the Institution of Locomotive Engineers\" (in 1971), the \"Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science\" (in 1983) and \"Engineering in Medicine\" (in 1989). Sixteen individual parts now make up the \"Proceedings\", as follows:",
"title": "Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1963187#6",
"text": "The modern Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) traced its heritage to The Vulcanic Society that was founded in 1884 and became the Junior Institution of Engineers in 1902, which became the Institution of General Technician Engineers in 1970. It changed its name in 1976 to the Institution of Mechanical and General Technician Engineers. At this point it merged with the Institution of Technician Engineers in Mechanical Engineering and formed the Institution of Mechanical Incorporated Engineers in 1988. The Institution of Engineers in Charge, which was founded in 1895, was merged into the Institution of Mechanical Incorporated Engineers (IMechIE) in 1990.",
"title": "Institution of Engineering and Technology"
},
{
"docid": "39794486#20",
"text": "At the end of the war, the Wirtschaftsvereinigung Maschinenbau (business association for mechanical engineering, WVMA) was founded. A year later, the Verein Bayerischer Maschinenbau-Anstalten (association of Bavarian mechanical engineering institutes, VBMA), the Wirtschaftsvereinigung der Maschinenbau-Anstalten in Groß-Hessen (business association for mechanical engineering institutes in Greater Hesse, WVMH) and the Wirtschaftsverband Maschinenbau in Berlin (business association for mechanical engineering in Berlin) were founded. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbände der Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (working group of the associations of German mechanical engineering institutes, AVDMA) was the first supra-regional association to be founded, in 1947. In 1949, the Mechanical Engineering Industry Association (VDMA) was re-established in Königstein im Taunus.",
"title": "Mechanical Engineering Industry Association"
},
{
"docid": "8636951#1",
"text": "In 1885, the Rochester Mechanics Institute was founded as a school for fostering technical development in the Rochester area. In 1891, the Mechanics Institute merged with the Rochester Athenaeum, forming the Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute, in order to provide more comprehensive education for both of the student bodies. In 1944, the university adopted its current name of Rochester Institute of Technology. At this point, the RIT campus was still in downtown Rochester, and the College of Engineering was still in the original Mechanics Institute buildings. In 1968, the RIT moved to a combined campus in Henrietta, New York. The College remains there today and is housed at the James E. Gleason Building and the Center for Microelectronic Engineering.",
"title": "Kate Gleason College of Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "15517776#4",
"text": "In 1865 he left Eastern Counties and, with Zerah Colburn, founded the journal \"Engineering\". He would remain an editor of the journal for the rest of his life. Around this time he set up a private engineering consultancy which specialised in workshop and factory design and notably he was responsible for the lay out printing presses of the Daily Telegraph, The Field and The Queen. He was honoured by several professional institutions for his contributions and was made president of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society in 1863, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1901 and of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1922. When he presented his inaugural address to the members of the latter institution he demonstrated full knowledge of recent developments in the industry, including X-ray technology; new metal alloys and renovations in turbines and gearing systems; despite being 83 years old at this time.",
"title": "William Maw"
},
{
"docid": "51121642#3",
"text": "A long time member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Pollock has held several roles within the institute and was elected as a Fellow of the Institute (FIMechE) in 1991 before becoming President of the Institute in 2012–2013. Pollock was chair of the Institute's Heritage Committee when it was founded in 2007 and was responsible for relaunching the Engineering Heritage Awards.",
"title": "Isobel Pollock-Hulf"
},
{
"docid": "19528#6",
"text": "During the early 19th century industrial revolution, machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them. The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers. On the European continent, Johann von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz, Germany in 1848.",
"title": "Mechanical engineering"
},
{
"docid": "5319288#0",
"text": "The Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE), was founded in 1888 as a technical school and commenced training Mechanical Officers for Indian Railways in 1927. It is the oldest of the five Centralised Training Institutes (CTIs) for training officers for Indian Railways. IRIMEE is located at Jamalpur in the Munger district of Bihar, on the Patna-Bhagalpur rail route. IRIMEE provides theoretical and practical training for a four-year undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering as well as professional courses to officers and supervisors of Indian Railways. There are also courses for non-railway organizations and foreign railways.",
"title": "Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering"
},
{
"docid": "32526991#6",
"text": "Similar institutions to the Institute were set up in other parts of Britain and informal collaboration led to the creation in 1889 of the Federated Institution of Mining Engineers, comprising NEIMME; Chesterfield and Midland Counties Institution of Engineers; Midland Institute of Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineers; South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire Institute of Mining Engineers and later the North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, the Mining Institute of Scotland and the Manchester Geological and Mining Society. The name was changed to the Institution of Mining Engineers in 1898. The constituent societies kept their identity within the national Institution and many, like NEIMME, exist today as local societies of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.",
"title": "North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers"
}
] |
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] |
2262
|
Can endometriosis effect fertility?
|
[
{
"docid": "53335#54",
"text": "Surgery is more effective than medicinal intervention for addressing infertility associated with endometriosis. Surgery attempts to remove endometrial tissue and preserve the ovaries without damaging normal tissue. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are effective in improving fertility in many women with endometriosis.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
},
{
"docid": "42540524#4",
"text": "Surgery is more effective for infertility than medicinal intervention in endometriosis. One study has shown that surgical treatment of endometriosis approximately doubles the fecundity (pregnancy rate). The use of medical suppression after surgery for minimal/mild endometriosis has not shown benefits for patients with infertility. Use of fertility medication that stimulates ovulation (clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins) combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI) enhances fertility in these patients.",
"title": "Endometriosis and infertility"
},
{
"docid": "53335#0",
"text": "Endometriosis is a condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside of it. Most often this is on the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body. The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility. Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation. Pain during sexual intercourse is also common. Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected. Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel symptoms. About 25% of women have no symptoms. Endometriosis can have both social and psychological effects.\nThe cause is not entirely clear. Risk factors include having a family history of the condition. The areas of endometriosis bleed each month, resulting in inflammation and scarring. The growths due to endometriosis are not cancer. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms in combination with medical imaging, however, biopsy is the surest method of diagnosis. Other causes of similar symptoms include pelvic inflammatory disease, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia.\nTentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contraceptives reduces the risk of endometriosis. Exercise and avoiding large amounts of alcohol may also be preventive. There is no cure for endometriosis but a number of treatments may improve symptoms. This may include pain medication, hormonal treatments or surgery. The recommended pain medication is usually a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as naproxen. Taking the active component of the birth control pill continuously or using an intrauterine device with progestogen may also be useful. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may improve the ability of those who are infertile to get pregnant. Surgical removal of endometriosis may be used to treat those whose symptoms are not manageable with other treatments.\nOne estimate is that 10.8 million people are affected globally . Other sources estimate about 6–10% of women are affected. Endometriosis is most common in those in their thirties and forties; however, it can begin in girls as early as eight years old. It results in few deaths. Endometriosis was first determined to be a separate condition in the 1920s. Before that time, endometriosis and adenomyosis were considered together. It is unclear who first described the disease.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42540524#5",
"text": "In-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are effective in improving fertility in many women with endometriosis. IVF makes it possible to combine sperm and eggs in a laboratory and then place the resulting embryos into the woman's uterus. The decision when to apply IVF in endometriosis-associated infertility cases takes into account the age of the patient, the severity of the endometriosis, the presence of other infertility factors, and the results and duration of past treatments. In ovarian hyperstimulation as part of IVF in women with endometriosis, using a standard GnRH agonist protocol has been found to be equally effective in regard to using a GnRH antagonist protocol in terms of pregnancy rate. On the other hand, when using a GnRH agonist protocol, long-term (three to six months) pituitary down-regulation before IVF for women with endometriosis has been estimated to increase the odds of clinical pregnancy by fourfold.",
"title": "Endometriosis and infertility"
},
{
"docid": "53335#53",
"text": "The advantages of physical therapy techniques are decreased cost, absence of major side-effects, it does not interfere with fertility, and near-universal increase of sexual function. Disadvantages are that there are no large or long-term studies of its use for treating pain or infertility related to endometriosis.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
},
{
"docid": "22231669#4",
"text": "Laser surgery and cauterization are considered to be far less effective and only burn the top layer of endometrial tissue, allowing for the endometrioma and endometriosis to grow back quickly. Likewise, endometrioma drainage or sclerotherapy are somewhat controversial technique for removing endometriomas with varied degrees of success. Conservative surgery can be performed to preserve fertility in younger patients but as earlier stated can have the effect of raising FSH values and making the ovaries less productive, especially if functional ovarian tissue is removed in the surgical process.",
"title": "Endometrioma"
},
{
"docid": "53335#44",
"text": "In general, the diagnosis of endometriosis is confirmed during surgery, at which time ablative steps can be taken. Further steps depend on circumstances: a woman without infertility can be managed with hormonal medication that suppresses the natural cycle and pain medication, while an infertile woman may be treated expectantly after surgery, with fertility medication, or with IVF. As to the surgical procedure, ablation (or fulguration) of endometriosis (burning and vaporizing the lesions with an electric device) has shown a high rate of short-term recurrence after the procedure. The best surgical procedure with much lower rate of short-term recurrence is to excise (cut and remove) the lesions completely.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
},
{
"docid": "53335#43",
"text": "While there is no cure for endometriosis, there are two types of interventions; treatment of pain and treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. In many women, menopause (natural or surgical) will abate the process. In women in the reproductive years, endometriosis is merely managed: the goal is to provide pain relief, to restrict progression of the process, and to restore or preserve fertility where needed. In younger women, surgical treatment attempts to remove endometrial tissue and preserve the ovaries without damaging normal tissue.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
},
{
"docid": "53335#55",
"text": "During fertility treatment, the ultralong pretreatment with GnRH-agonist has a higher chance of resulting in pregnancy for women with endometriosis, compared to the short pretreatment.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
},
{
"docid": "3585815#51",
"text": "Smoking increases the risk of symptoms associated with Crohn's disease (a dose-dependent effect with use of greater than 15 cigarettes per day). There is some evidence for decreased rates of endometriosis in infertile smoking women, although other studies have found that smoking increases the risk in infertile women. There is little or no evidence of a protective effect in fertile women. Some preliminary data from 1996 suggested a reduced incidence of uterine fibroids, but overall the evidence is unconvincing.",
"title": "Health effects of tobacco"
},
{
"docid": "53335#2",
"text": "A major symptom of endometriosis is recurring pelvic pain. The pain can range from mild to severe cramping or stabbing pain that occurs on both sides of the pelvis, in the lower back and rectal area, and even down the legs. The amount of pain a woman feels correlates weakly with the extent or stage (1 through 4) of endometriosis, with some women having little or no pain despite having extensive endometriosis or endometriosis with scarring, while other women may have severe pain even though they have only a few small areas of endometriosis. The most severe pain is typically associated with menstruation. Pain can also start a week before a menstrual period, during and even a week after a menstrual period, or it can be constant. The pain can be debilitating and result in emotional stress. Symptoms of endometriosis-related pain may include:Compared with women with superficial endometriosis, those with deep disease appear to be more likely to report shooting rectal pain and a sense of their insides being pulled down. Individual pain areas and pain intensity appear to be unrelated to the surgical diagnosis, and the area of pain unrelated to area of endometriosis.",
"title": "Endometriosis"
}
] |
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] |
2265
|
What is the average income in Wisconsin?
|
[
{
"docid": "42079187#17",
"text": "As of the 1990 U.S. Census, 74% of Hmong households have an income below the federal poverty level. The average annual household income of the Hmong community was $13,518. As of 1998, the Hmong had the lowest socioeconomic status of all of the ethnic groups in Wisconsin.",
"title": "Hmong in Wisconsin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "139956#11",
"text": "The overall economy of Menomonee Falls employs 18,839 people and “is specialized in Management of Companies and Enterprises; Manufacturing; and Wholesale trade”. The largest industries in the Village are manufacturing, healthcare/social assistance, and retail trade which employ 3,917, 2,704 and 2,465 people respectively. Income per capita with adults and children included is $36,386 with the median household income in Menomonee Falls being $73,350. The average male salary is $93,192 and average female salary is $61,294. The unemployment rate is 4.00% with a job growth of 0.73%. Sales tax is 5.1% and income tax is at 6.27%. With an overall poverty rate of only 3.72%, Menomonee Falls has a very healthy economy.",
"title": "Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "140046#11",
"text": "The median income for a household in the city was $34,956, and the median income for a family was $43,594. Males had a median income of $36,098 versus $22,466 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,723. About 7.0% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.",
"title": "Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "151300#7",
"text": "The median income for a household in the CDP was $58,906, and the median income for a family was $63,125. Males had a median income of $39,839 versus $28,229 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,657. About 0.4% of families and 1.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over.",
"title": "Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "33127#45",
"text": "Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%. Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.",
"title": "Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "38358079#15",
"text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”",
"title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "288141#18",
"text": "The city's median household income was $31,921, and the median family income was $41,093. Males had a median income of $33,712 versus $22,073 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,253. 13.4% of the population and 9.6% of families were below the poverty line. 16.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. In the city, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.",
"title": "Superior, Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "3217319#0",
"text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).",
"title": "Ơ"
}
] |
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] |
2266
|
Where is Paul Heyman from?
|
[
{
"docid": "551756#3",
"text": "Paul Heyman was born on September 11, 1965, in Westchester County, New York, the son of Sulamita (\"née\" Szarf; 1928–2009) and Richard S. Heyman (1926–2013), a prominent personal injury attorney and World War II veteran. He is of Jewish descent; his mother was a Holocaust survivor who suffered through experiences in Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and the Łódź Ghetto. By age 11, he was running a mail order business selling celebrity and sports memorabilia from his home. While still a teenager, he fast-talked his way backstage at a World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) event at Madison Square Garden as a photojournalist. He was paid by the company for several of his photographs. He graduated from Edgemont High School. He attended SUNY Purchase and worked on-air as an opinionated, controversial host at SUNY's radio station and the WARY-FM New York radio station for Westchester Community College; in 1985, at the age of 19, he became a photographer, then a producer and promoter for the New York City nightclub Studio 54.",
"title": "Paul Heyman"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "551756#0",
"text": "Paul Heyman (born September 11, 1965) is an American entertainment producer, writer, performer, marketer, promoter, professional wrestling manager, and commentator. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand. He has shunned the label of \"manager\" for decades, preferring the term \"advocate\" or \"agent\" for his work with Brock Lesnar, and has also called himself an \"agent\" or \"CEO\".",
"title": "Paul Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "901204#6",
"text": "Born in Brussels, Heymans moved with her family to Quebec after her mother competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal as a fencer. Her mother, Marie-Paule Van Eyck, was an Olympic fencer for Belgium.",
"title": "Émilie Heymans"
},
{
"docid": "551756#20",
"text": "Heyman traveled home from the Raw/ECW taping in South Carolina due to a behind-the-scenes dispute over ECW's only pay-per-view under WWE, December to Dismember, McMahon and Heyman clashed in front of several members of the writing team on McMahon's corporate jet the day after the pay-per-view. After allegedly turning down an offer from Stephanie McMahon to return to his post writing TV for WWE Developmental television shows, Heyman quietly parted ways with WWE in late 2006. The argument with Vince McMahon was over a disagreement over the Elimination Chamber match at December to Dismember. Heyman thought that the Big Show should be eliminated in the Elimination Chamber match by CM Punk via submission, in order to push the rising star. Big Show agreed with this idea, wanting to help push Punk's career, but Vince McMahon disagreed, and Punk was ultimately eliminated first.",
"title": "Paul Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "42190190#1",
"text": "Heyman was born in Elmira, New York to a Jewish family and raised in Dayton, Ohio. Heyman graduated from the Miami Valley School, and received a B.A. (1979) and an M.B.A. (1980) from Vanderbilt University. His grandfather, Sam Malamud, immigrated from Lithuania in 1912. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Ben, and assumed the surname of his cousin, Henry Heyman.",
"title": "Bruce Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "10286857#1",
"text": "Heyman was born in 1930 in New York City. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science, and in 1951 from Dartmouth College. At Dartmouth he joined the Theta Chi men's fraternity. After serving as a U.S. Marine Corps officer during the Korean War, he entered Yale Law School, where he became editor of the \"Yale Law Journal\". Following his graduation in 1956, he served as a law clerk for Judge Charles Edward Clark of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and then from 1958 to 1959 he was a clerk for Chief Justice Earl Warren.",
"title": "Ira Michael Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "42107833#1",
"text": "Heyman was born in New York City on 16 March 1931 to Charles and Lillian Heyman. He went on to attend the University of Colorado, where he majored in music while also studying a pre-medical course, graduating in 1952. After his graduation, Heyman was drafted into the United States Army. He initially knew nothing about Korea; when informed by his senior officer that he would be stationed in Uijeongbu near the South Korean capital Seoul, he asked, \"Excuse me sir, in what part of Japan is Uijeongbu?\" He would go on to serve as an army medic and lab technician.",
"title": "Alan Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "2286760#1",
"text": "Heyman was born in London. He is the son of John Heyman, producer of the films \"The Go-Between\" and \"Jesus\", and Norma Heyman (\"née\" Parnell), an actress, and Academy Award-nominated producer of the films \"Dangerous Liaisons\" and \"Mrs Henderson Presents\". His paternal grandparents were German Jews who left Nazi Germany and emigrated to England prior to World War II, while his mother's family was English. He went to Westminster School and, following graduation, he decided to study abroad. He earned a degree in Art History from Harvard University in 1983.",
"title": "David Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "551756#16",
"text": "After McMahon defeated his daughter Stephanie in October 2003 at the No Mercy pay-per-view, the storyline was that she was forced to resign from her position as General Manager (GM) of \"SmackDown!\". Heyman returned to television to assume Stephanie McMahon's on-camera role as GM. On March 22, 2004, he appeared on \"Raw\" to take part in the annual WWE draft lottery. During the show he was drafted to \"RAW\" to work for \"RAW\" General Manager Eric Bischoff. Instead, he decided to \"quit\" rather than work for Bischoff, the man he cited for the death of ECW by raiding its talent. Heyman was replaced as \"SmackDown!\" General Manager by his former client Kurt Angle on March 25.",
"title": "Paul Heyman"
},
{
"docid": "54800116#0",
"text": "Josiah McConnell Heyman (born 1958) is an American anthropologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Texas at El Paso, where he is also an Endowed Professor of Border Trade Issues and the director of the Center for Interamerican and Border Studies. He is known for his studies of the United States-Mexico border, which he has been studying for over 30 years. He has also researched the increasing extent to which the border has been enforced by the United States Border Patrol.",
"title": "Josiah Heyman"
}
] |
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] |
2267
|
Who are the opposites of the Autobots?
|
[
{
"docid": "3645099#0",
"text": "This is a list of known Autobots in the Transformers fictional universe and toy line. The alternate modes of Autobots are usually cars, trucks, and various other ground-based civilian vehicles, to contrast with the military vehicles favored by the Decepticons (see List of Decepticons). One of the most notable Autobots is B-Skaf, who could turn a van into a train.\"Powerdashers are mail order Transformers whose name stood for one of three available molds.\"",
"title": "List of Autobots"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "736478#18",
"text": "The Autobot race eventually evolve in to the Maximals, who, like their predecessors, are generally depicted as respecting all life and following a path of peace before war. They follow the tenets of the Pax Cybertronia. The Maximals are opposed by the Predacons. The Maximals are descendants of the Autobots. The Maximals and Predacons are much smaller than their Autobot and Decepticon ancestors, standing at roughly human size, rather than twenty or more feet tall (7 m). The storyline reason for the change in size was that their smaller forms were more energy-efficient. In the series, the maximals use the activation code \"maximize\" to transform, and have forms of seemingly peaceful creatures.In \"\", the Autobots are the main race on Cybertron, and their enemies are the Predacons. The Autobots fought in the Cybertronian Civil Wars, presumably against the Predacons. Vector Sigma, the Allspark, chooses which Autobot is to be granted the Matrix and thus the position of commander-in-chief.",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"docid": "37574313#1",
"text": "The Autobots are the main protagonists of the series. Many Autobots on Cybertron are employed with a military force called the Autobot Elite Guard, with the main leader holding the title of \"Magnus\" and high-ranking lieutenants holding the title of \"Prime\". The main cast of Autobots in the series are a team of low-ranking maintenance workers led by Optimus Prime, who discover the Allspark (the legendary source of all life on Cybertron) hidden on an asteroid. The majority of Autobots in Transformers: Animated transform into non-military terrestrial vehicles and carry non-projectile weaponry such as swords, shields, shurikens, stingers, nunchucks, axes, etc. Many Autobots in this series do not possess the capability of flight, except for Jetfire and Jetstorm, their combined form Safeguard, Omega Supreme and all other Omega Sentinels, Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Prowl, Swoop, and Sari among others.\nThe Dinobots are three Transformers that transform into mechanical dinosaurs. They were originally animatronic dinosaur props at a theme park, but were accidentally brought to life and given the ability to transform by Sari's Allspark key. They were also tricked by Megatron into hating the Autobots. The Dinobots rarely become involved in the conflict between the Autobots and Decepticons, preferring instead to live peacefully on a remote island. If the planned fourth season would have been made, the Dinobots would have most likely side with the Autobots in the finale \"Megatron Must be Destroyed!\".A group of Autobots named for the headquarters of the Autobots in \".\"The series also features many cameo appearances from several classic Autobots from the Generation 1 toy-line and television series where they were featured in crowd appearances. Some of their names and purposes were revealed in the \"Allspark Almanac II\". Among the Autobot cameos are:The Decepticons are the primary antagonists of the series. Despite being a military force, unlike the Autobot Elite Guard they have no clear hierarchy, Megatron is the sole leader and every other Decepticon is his inferior. The majority of Decepticons transform into military vehicles, mainly aircraft, and carry projectile weaponry such as guns, cannons and missile launchers. The Decepticons in this series are shown to be bigger, stronger, and more powerful than the Autobots. It takes a group of Autobots to defeat one lone Decepticon, but Optimus Prime is the first Autobot shown to defeat Megatron alone.",
"title": "List of Transformers: Animated characters"
},
{
"docid": "55860835#1",
"text": "Trench turns into an Cat 320 excavator. He wants to help you battle tough conditions, tight deadlines, and the unexpected. The Autobots' qualities like strength, loyalty and protection align closely with his brand.Trench appears in \"Transformers: The Last Knight\" was an Autobot refugee on Earth who had apparently been taken in by Cade Yeager and the other Autobots. He seemed content to do little save sit around in alt mode around the Junkyard, taking little notice as Grimlock stomped by. When the Decepticons and TRF discovered their refuge, he transformed and prepared to join Hound in holding off their enemies while the humans and Autobots escaped. He was not seen again and it is unclear if he was slain by the Decepticons as he was not seen joining the Autobots in going to England.",
"title": "Trench (Transformers)"
},
{
"docid": "31619667#26",
"text": "After she discovers her spark has been merged with that of Chromia and Elita One, they have a mental link, and use this to lead an escape. Arcee, Chromia and Elita One subsequently were among the Autobots to come to Earth in response to Optimus Prime's signal inviting all of his kind to do so. She joined with the Earth-based Autobots in \"Transformers: Alliance\" #4. In California, the Autobots set a trap for Starscream's minions Divebomb, Fearswoop and Skystalker by having Theodore Galloway pose as an arms dealer attempting to purchase Cybertronian technology. The trap is uncovered and the Autobots send in Arcee, Chromia, Elita One, Ironhide, Mudflap and Skids. Divebomb and Skystalker are killed while Fearswoop is captured by the Autobots and taken back to the NEST base on Diego Garcia. When Elita One learn that it was a trap and that the Nest base was attack, she went to go warn Optimus and his team, but before he can tell them, she is killed by Shockwave. Enraged by her death, Optimus battle him and tried to killed, but Shockwave escape with the help of his pet: The Driller. Arcee and Chromia felt their sister's death, but they survived the attack. Elita one was giving a grave along with the Autobots(Blazemaster, Knock Out, Dune Runner, Jolt, and Armrohide) who were killed by Shockwave. Optimus mourn her and vowed to avenge her.",
"title": "Female Autobots"
},
{
"docid": "1792977#4",
"text": "Wheeljack, who was voiced by Chris Latta, was the first Transformer ever shown in the \"Generation 1\" cartoon series. Also, he is one of the few Cybertronian vehicle forms shown - in his case, a boxy van-like vehicle. His robot form is distinguished by large bulbs on either side of his head that light up when he speaks. In most episodes, he was seldom seen at the front lines in battle - but he was often fundamental to the plot. He, and the Autobot medic Ratchet (occasionally in cooperation with the human Autobot ally Sparkplug Witwicky), were often shown working together creating various devices, weaponry, and even additional Autobots. Often, these devices were sought and sometimes obtained by the Decepticons and used against the Autobots. For example, in the episode \"The Immobilizer\", he created a device capable of \"immobilizing\" anything and Decepticon forces were able to capture and use the device against the Autobots.",
"title": "Wheeljack"
},
{
"docid": "43059920#4",
"text": "The Autobots are later joined with the likes of Autobot bounty hunter Drift, his Mini-Con partners Slipstream and Jetstorm, the female warrior Windblade, and the return of Optimus Prime in the wake of the arrival of Megatronus, who was the one that crashed the Alchemor (and subsequently freed Steeljaw and his pack and later blackmailed Steeljaw into helping him escape his imprisonment) and who the Thirteen Primes have been preparing Optimus for. During the battle Bumblebee, Sideswipe, and Strongarm realize they can combine their Decepticon hunters together and become more powerful. After a lengthy battle, the Autobots manage to pin Megatronus under the right arm of the Crown City Colossus statue. Bumblebee, Sideswipe, and Strongarm combine the power from their Decepticon hunters and unleash a massive beam of energy that is powerful enough to blast Megatronus to dust. As Steeljaw had been blasted away by Megatronus, the Autobots were able to capture Underbite, Thunderhoof, Fracture, and Clampdown. Just as the Autobots are about to leave, Bumblebee orders his team to \"Rev up and Roll out!\", finally finding his perfect rallying cry. Back at the Scrapyard, Bumblebee asks his team if they would like to stay on Earth. One by one, each Autobot states why they would like to stay on Earth. Optimus Prime also agrees to stay on Earth, but he notes that he will only do so as Bumblebee's equal rather than as his leader to which Bumblebee agrees.",
"title": "Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "736478#35",
"text": "In \"\", all surviving Autobots from the previous film, as well as newer arrivals, serve as part of a classified task force called NEST (Non-biological Extraterrestrial Species Treaty), which is dedicated to hunting and destroying Decepticons around the world. In this organization, Major William Lennox and Optimus Prime share field command of the human military personnel and the Autobot members respectively. The only exception to this assignment is Bumblebee, who stays with the Witwicky family as their bodyguard.",
"title": "Autobot"
},
{
"docid": "36936022#18",
"text": "In the \"Shattered Glass\" storyline, four Witwicky brothers, Spike, Buster, Butch and Bruce \"Buzz\" Witwicky, appeared as evil mirror universe counterparts of the Witwickys. Spike was the leader of the group, who allied themselves with Rodimus and the evil Autobots, guiding them on Earth and aiding them in taking temporary control of Burbleson Airforce base and the GODS satellite system. In \"Transhuman\", Butch brought the Autobot Tailgate with him to school to terrorize the students, only to be stopped by the Emulator.\nThe most famous of all the Autobots' human allies, Spike Witwicky (voiced by Corey Burton in the English version and in the Japanese version by Show Hayami when he was young and by Masashi Ebara as an adult) was fourteen years old, aiding his father, Sparkplug, in his work on an offshore oil rig when the Transformers entered his life in 1984. A Decepticon attack on the rig left Spike and Sparkplug in peril where they were rescued by Optimus Prime. Afterward, they offered their friendship and aid to the Autobots, teaching them about the ways of Earth. Spike had a lot to learn about the robots in disguise, however, as one of his first actions saw him unwittingly bring the disguised Soundwave into Autobot Headquarters. He later aided Hound in battle against Rumble. When the Autobots were planning to return to their home planet of Cybertron, he intended to go with them.",
"title": "Spike Witwicky"
},
{
"docid": "29482146#17",
"text": "Leadfoot, Roadbuster, and Topspin are a team of Autobot engineers called the Wreckers, who came to Earth in their ship the \"Xantium\" which carried other Autobots, including Dino and Wheeljack. NASA took possession of their ship and Director of National Intelligence Mearing mentioned they were rarely let off base due to their behavior. When Sentinel forced the U.S. to expel the Autobots, the Wreckers prepared the \"Xantium\" for launch, but Starscream destroyed their ship as it was leaving. In Chicago, Leadfoot and the other Wreckers killed the pilot of a Decepticon fighter, and Leadfoot revealed to Sam that they had hid in a booster rocket which detached before Starscream attacked. When Shockwave attacked their convoy and Optimus lost his trailer, they created a diversion so that Optimus could retrieve it. Later they helped Optimus untangle himself and were among the surviving Autobots at the end of the film.",
"title": "Leadfoot (Transformers)"
}
] |
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] |
2268
|
When did North and South Korea split?
|
[
{
"docid": "56380045#8",
"text": "Following Japan's defeat in the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, the Gyeongui Line was divided at the 38th parallel between North and South Korea. On 25 August 1945, the Soviet Army began operating trains on the line north of Sariwon, whilst trains in the south terminated at Gaeseong. In 1946, the railways in both North and South were nationalised, creating the Korean National Railroad in the South and the Korean State Railway in the North. After the Korean War, the Gyeongui Line was split into three sections. In the South, the Seoul–Jangdan section became the KNR's Gyeongui Line, retaining the same name; in the North, the Bongdong–Pyeongyang section became the P'yŏngbu Line, whilst the Pyeongyang–Sinuiju section became the P'yŏngŭi Line.",
"title": "Gyeongui Line (1904–1945)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21446048#18",
"text": "When Korea was split into two separate countries, North and South, along the 38th parallel tensions between the two countries were worsened when other countries began to get involved on both sides. The communist country of North Korea was supported by Russia, China and others, while the democratic South was supported by the United Nations and the United States. In 1950 the United States got involved and over the next three years more than 1.5 million US service members would serve in Korea. During the three years of the war 133 Medals of Honor were presented and although more than 150,000 Jewish American men and women were serving in Korea at that time, not one received the Medal of Honor.",
"title": "List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipients"
},
{
"docid": "27019#14",
"text": "On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War, the Cold War's first major conflict, which continued until 1953. At the time, the Soviet Union had boycotted the United Nations (UN), thus forfeiting their veto rights. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides almost pushed to the brink of extinction, and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Over 1.2 million people died during the Korean War.",
"title": "South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "5882788#7",
"text": "North Korea invaded the South on June 25, 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. In September 1950 the United Nations force, led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it. The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it. North Korea has announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.",
"title": "North Korea–South Korea relations"
},
{
"docid": "79710#5",
"text": "Korea had also partially fallen under Soviet domination at the end of World War II, split from the south of the 38th parallel where U.S. forces subsequently moved into. By 1948, as a result of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the U.S., Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, each claiming to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepting the border as permanent. In 1950 fighting broke out between Communists and Republicans that soon involved troops from China (on the Communists' side), and the United States and 15 allied countries (on the Republicans' side). Though the war never officially ended, the fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice that left Korea divided into two nations, North Korea and South Korea.\nMao Zedong's decision to take on the U.S. in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world, undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War.",
"title": "Domino theory"
},
{
"docid": "16772#1",
"text": "As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea had been split into two sovereign states. Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il Sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—moved into the south on 25 June 1950. The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel.",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"docid": "33281766#5",
"text": "After the second world war, Korea was split into two parts: North- and South Korea. The communist north under Kim Il-sung established during the Cold War diplomatic relationship with former East Germany (GDR), right after the foundation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) on September 9, 1948.",
"title": "Germany–North Korea relations"
},
{
"docid": "5748222#5",
"text": "Following Japanese surrender at the end of the Second World War, the Allied Powers divided the Korean peninsula along the 38th Parallel with two occupation zones with the United States in the south, and the Soviet Union in the north that would later become North Korea. On August 15, 1948, the southern half of Korea declared independence as the Republic of Korea with Syngman Rhee as president. The United States recognized the Republic of Korea as an independent state on January 1, 1949 and diplomatic relations between two countries were established on March 25 in the following year.\nCross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel escalated into open warfare when the North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. The Korean War broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea. In response, 16 member countries of the United Nations, including the United States, came to the defense of South Korea. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War with extensive deployment of American and other troops.",
"title": "South Korea–United States relations"
},
{
"docid": "5882788#0",
"text": "North Korea–South Korea relations is very special with high conflicts. Originally a single nation, the two nations have been divided since the Korean War in 1953. North Korea is an one-party state run by Kim's regime. South Korea was formerly govern by one-party military dictatorships until 1987 when it held direct elections till now. Both nations claim to represent Korea. Both nations joined the United Nations in 1991 and recognized by most of the member states in the United Nations. Since 1970s, both nations start informal diplomatic dialogues in order to reduce military tensions. Since North Korea develops nuclear weapons, which raise concern by the international communities. In 2000, President of South Korea Kim Dae-jung became the first president to visit North Korea, after 55 years of North-South divisions in the peninsula.",
"title": "North Korea–South Korea relations"
},
{
"docid": "21255#46",
"text": "The Korean Demilitarized Zone with South Korea remains the most heavily fortified border in the world. Inter-Korean relations are at the core of North Korean diplomacy and have seen numerous shifts in the last few decades. North Korea's policy is to seek reunification without what it sees as outside interference, through a federal structure retaining each side's leadership and systems. In 1972, the two Koreas agreed in principle to achieve reunification through peaceful means and without foreign interference. On 10 October 1980 then North Korean president Kim Il-sung proposed a federation between North and South Korea named the Democratic Federal Republic of Korea in which the respective political systems would initially remain. However, relations remained cool well until the early 1990s, with a brief period in the early 1980s when North Korea offered to provide flood relief to its southern neighbor. Although the offer was initially welcomed, talks over how to deliver the relief goods broke down and none of the promised aid ever crossed the border.\nThe two countries also organized a reunion of 92 separated families.\nThe Sunshine Policy instituted by South Korean president Kim Dae-jung in 1998 was a watershed in inter-Korean relations. It encouraged other countries to engage with the North, which allowed Pyongyang to normalize relations with a number of European Union states and contributed to the establishment of joint North-South economic projects. The culmination of the Sunshine Policy was the 2000 Inter-Korean summit, when Kim Dae-jung visited Kim Jong-il in Pyongyang. Both North and South Korea signed the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration, in which both sides promised to seek peaceful reunification. On 4 October 2007, South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun and Kim Jong-il signed an eight-point peace agreement.\nHowever, relations worsened in the late 2000s and early 2010s when South Korean president Lee Myung-bak adopted a more hard-line approach and suspended aid deliveries pending the de-nuclearization of the North. North Korea responded by ending all of its previous agreements with the South. It deployed additional ballistic missiles and placed its military on full combat alert after South Korea, Japan and the United States threatened to intercept a Unha-2 space launch vehicle. The next few years witnessed a string of hostilities, including the alleged North Korean involvement in the sinking of South Korean warship \"Cheonan\", mutual ending of diplomatic ties, a North Korean artillery attack on Yeonpyeong Island, and growing international concern over North Korea's nuclear program. In 2018, a détente developed at the Winter Olympics in the South.",
"title": "North Korea"
}
] |
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] |
2269
|
When was the Australian government formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1222540#1",
"text": "The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self-governing British colonies, which became the six states. The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution, which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums. The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor-General of Australia, with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government, the Prime Minister of Australia.",
"title": "Government of Australia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42026732#29",
"text": "When originally formed in 1914 the AIF was commanded by Bridges, who also commanded the 1st Division. After Bridges' death at Gallipoli in May 1915, the Australian government appointed Legge, a Boer War veteran, to replace Bridges in command of both. However, British Lieutenant General Sir John Maxwell, the commander of British Troops in Egypt, objected to Legge bypassing him and communicating directly with Australia. The Australian government failed to support Legge, who thereafter deferred to Lieutenant General William Birdwood, the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. When Legge was sent to Egypt to command the 2nd Division, Birdwood made representations to the Australian government that Legge could not act as commander of the AIF, and that the Australian government should transfer Bridges' authority to him. This was done on a temporary basis on 18 September 1915. Birdwood was officially confirmed as commander of the AIF on 14 September 1916, backdated to 18 September 1915, while also commanding I ANZAC Corps on the Western Front.",
"title": "Australian Army during World War I"
},
{
"docid": "3818828#35",
"text": "By 1980, ACOS became the Australian Centre for UFO Studies (ACUFOS) by 1985 (to this day) under the control of Dr Martin Gottschall. UFO Research Australia (UFORA) was formed by Vladimir and Pony Godic. Their first newsletter was published in January 1980 in South Australia.\nThe structure of Australian Government is in three tiers. The lowest level is Local Council, above that is the State Government and over these sits the Federal Government. Throughout the modern era of Australian ufology, departments of the Federal government have played the major role of official inquisitor. The State Government does play a minor role; however, archival evidence reveals that when a State body gets involved their primary object is to pass the case up to the Federal sphere.",
"title": "Australian ufology"
},
{
"docid": "10041168#1",
"text": "The Coalition had won 36 seats, two short of a majority, but formed a government on 28 October 1940 with the support of both independent crossbenchers, Alexander Wilson and Arthur Coles. The four MPs elected to Lang Labor's successor, the Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist), officially re-joined the ALP just months after the election in February 1941, bringing the ALP seat tally up to 36. The UAP–Country minority government lasted only until October 1941, when the two independents crossed the floor and allowed the ALP to form a minority government with Curtin as prime minister. It remains the only time since the 1910 introduction of an elected two-party system where the government changed as the result of a parliamentary confidence vote.",
"title": "1940 Australian federal election"
},
{
"docid": "415475#5",
"text": "When originally formed in 1914 the AIF was commanded by Bridges, who also commanded the 1st Division. After Bridges' death at Gallipoli in May 1915, the Australian government appointed Major General James Gordon Legge, a Boer War veteran, to replace Bridges in command of both. However, British Lieutenant General Sir John Maxwell, the commander of British Troops in Egypt, objected to Legge bypassing him and communicating directly with Australia. The Australian government failed to support Legge, who thereafter deferred to Lieutenant General William Birdwood, the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. When Legge was sent to Egypt to command the 2nd Division, Birdwood made representations to the Australian government that Legge could not act as commander of the AIF, and that the Australian government should transfer Bridges' authority to him. This was done on a temporary basis on 18 September 1915. Promoted to major general, Chauvel took over command of the 1st Division in November when Major General Harold Walker was wounded, becoming the first Australian-born officer to command a division. When Birdwood became commander of the Dardanelles Army, command of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps and the AIF passed to another British officer, Lieutenant General Alexander Godley, the commander of the NZEF, but Birdwood resumed command of the AIF when he assumed command of II ANZAC Corps upon its formation in Egypt in early 1916. I ANZAC Corps and II ANZAC Corps swapped designations on 28 March 1916. During early 1916 the Australian and, to a lesser extent, New Zealand governments sought the establishment of an Australian and New Zealand Army led by Birdwood which would have included all of the AIF's infantry divisions and the New Zealand Division. However, General Douglas Haig, the commander of the British Empire forces in France, rejected this proposal on the grounds that the size of these forces was too small to justify grouping them in a field army.",
"title": "First Australian Imperial Force"
},
{
"docid": "3343582#1",
"text": "The Labor Party, led by Rosemary Follett, and the Liberal Party, led by Trevor Kaine, were the main challengers. Candidates were elected to fill seats using a modified D'Hondt method for a multi-member single constituency. The result was a hung parliament. However, Labor, with the largest representation in the 17-member unicameral Assembly, formed Government with the support of various non-aligned minor parties. Follett was elected the first Chief Minister at the first sitting of the first Assembly on 11 May 1989.The Australian Capital Territory was established in 1911, initially called the Federal Capital Territory. The Territory was carved out of the state of New South Wales to make way for the site of the capital of Australia. As the Territory grew, particularly the city of Canberra from the 1960s, there were increasing calls for some form of self-government. There were a number of appointed and elected advisory bodies between 1920 and 1986. The main elected representative body of the ACT was the Australian Capital Territory House of Assembly that sat from 1975 to 1986. This House served primarily as an advisory body, with most legislative powers managed by the Federal Minister for the Territories, under section 122 of the Australian Constitution. In an advisory referendum held in 1978, voters in the ACT rejected a proposal for self-government, with 63% voting in favour of the proposition that the 'present arrangements for governing the Australian capital should continue for the time being'. Thirty percent of voters favoured self-government with a locally elected body with state-like powers, and 6% voted for a locally elected body with powers and functions similar to those of local government. In spite of the referendum outcome, in 1983, the federal Labor government of Prime Minister Bob Hawke set up a Self-Government Task Force to report on the government of the ACT. Further, it wanted to force the ACT into line with the states on funding levels and, in late 1988, the Australian Government passed the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act, allowing for the self-government of the ACT.",
"title": "1989 Australian Capital Territory general election"
},
{
"docid": "341221#2",
"text": "The AFP was formed on 19 October 1979 under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979 after the merging of the former Commonwealth Police and the Australian Capital Territory Police. This followed a review of Australia's anti-terrorism capacity by Sir Robert Mark, former Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in the UK, which was commissioned by the Fraser Government following the 1978 Hilton bombing. In November 1979, the Federal Narcotics Bureau was transferred to the new agency. In 1984 the protective service component of the AFP was separated forming the Australian Protective Service under the administrative service and later governed by Attorney-General's Department; that agency was transferred back to the AFP in 2004 and is now known as Australian Federal Police Uniform Protection.",
"title": "Australian Federal Police"
},
{
"docid": "1966581#6",
"text": "A United Trades and Labor Council meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, marking the inception of what is today known as the Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch). Originally known as the United Labor Party of South Australia, the party enjoyed immediate success, electing parliamentarians just four months later, and immediately held the balance of power with 10 of 54 seats resulting from the 1893 election, allowing radical liberal Charles Kingston to defeat the conservative John Downer government. Kingston served as Premier of South Australia for a then-record of six and a half years, usually implementing legislation with Labor support. Thomas Price formed the state's first Labor minority government and the world's first stable Labor Party government at the 1905 election with the support of several non-Labor MPs to form the Price-Peake administration, which was re-elected at the 1906 double dissolution election, with Labor falling just two seats short of a majority. So successful, John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, just two weeks after the 1910 federal election where their federal counterparts formed Australia's first elected majority in either house in the Parliament of Australia, the world's first Labor Party majority government at a national level, and after the 1904 Chris Watson minority government the world's second Labor Party government at a national level. The Australian Labor Party at both a federal and state/colony level pre-dates, among others, both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation. In less than two decades the party in South Australia went from inception to majority government, and would continue to this day as one of the two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, the other being the Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division) created in 1974, and its predecessors.",
"title": "SA Unions"
},
{
"docid": "3089481#0",
"text": "The Australian Colonies Government Act or the Australian Constitutions Act 1850, formally known as the Act for the Better Government of Her Majesty's Australian Colonies (1850), was legislation enacted by the British Parliament, which enabled the creation of new Australian colonies with a similar form of government to New South Wales. In other words, they would have a bicameral parliament watched over by a vice-regal representative. The Act specifically mentioned Port Phillip and Moreton Bay as districts which were likely to become separate colonies in the foreseeable future.",
"title": "Australian Colonies Government Act"
},
{
"docid": "54690936#2",
"text": "In early 1916 Australian Government telegraphed the British Government supporting Birdwood's proposal to establish an Australian and New Zealand Army. The Australian Government argued that the establishment of this force would reflect Australian aspirations and encourage enlistment in the AIF. It is not clear whether the New Zealand Government supported the proposal at this time. On 2 April 1916 the British War Office responded, declining to establish such a formation but claiming that it would do so \"as soon as circumstances permit\". The next month the Australian Government offered to establish a sixth division; such an offer aimed to provide enough divisions to justify the formation of an army. However, this proposal was also rejected by the British as it was unclear whether Australia would be able to provide sufficient reinforcements to replace the AIF's casualties if the division was formed. During this period Birdwood also encouraged the formation of a Dominion Army which would have included the Canadian forces in France as well as the AIF and NZEF; Birdwood also hoped to command this army.",
"title": "Proposed Australian and New Zealand Army"
}
] |
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2270
|
When did the first series of Spooks begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "28322606#0",
"text": "The first series of the British spy drama television series \"Spooks\" (known as MI-5 in the United States) began broadcasting on 13 May 2002 on BBC One, before ending on 17 June 2002. It consists of six episodes. \"Spooks\" follows the actions of Section D, a counter-terrorism division of the British Security Services (MI5). Among the storylines, main character Tom Quinn faces dilemmas living a double life with his girlfriend, who at first does not know he is really a spy, and Tessa Phillips is running phantom agents for monetary gain. Matthew Macfadyen, Keeley Hawes, David Oyelowo, Peter Firth, Jenny Agutter, Lisa Faulkner, Esther Hall, Heather Cave, Hugh Simon and Greame Mearns are listed as the main cast.",
"title": "Spooks (series 1)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28322606#2",
"text": "The first series was seen by an average of 7.49 million, and received generally favourable reviews from critics, with some comparing the series to American espionage-based series such as \"24\". The second episode attracted controversy after a scene which depicted the brutal death of main character Helen Flynn (Lisa Faulkner) attracted more than 250 complaints. As a result of the series, MI5's website saw a surge in a number of applications to the organisation by viewers. \"Spooks\" was awarded a British Academy Television Awards (BAFTA) for Best Drama Series, and was nominated for two other BAFTAs and three Royal Television Society Awards. The first series was released on DVD on 16 June 2003 in Region 2, 18 August 2003 in Region 4, and 13 January 2004 in Region 1.\nTen main cast members are listed in the first series. Matthew Macfadyen plays primary protagonist and senior case officer Tom Quinn. Creator David Wolstencroft found Tom to be the most fun, yet hardest character to write for due to him being the main character. When portraying the character, Macfadyen did what he was told to do; he did not want to create a backstory for the character as he did not find merit in doing so. Keeley Hawes plays junior case officer Zoe Reynolds. Hawes was attracted to the parallels between acting and spying. The actress described Zoe as \"a feisty little number. She can be quite cold and you don't really know her,\" and the series sees \"flashes of how she can be\". David Oyelowo plays fellow junior case officer Danny Hunter. Oyelowo first became aware of the show when his agent brought him the script, and was quickly intrigued by the project, and wanted a part to play in it. He downplayed his enthusiasm to get the part. Macfadyen, Hawes and Oyelowo were initially wary of playing the lead characters even though the actors were in their mid-twenties, but eventually felt that they earned the right to be in the series.",
"title": "Spooks (series 1)"
},
{
"docid": "434804#40",
"text": "Following the success of \"Torchwood\" (the BBC Three \"Doctor Who\" spin-off series) the controller of BBC Three, Julian Bellamy, announced in December 2006 a \"Spooks\" spin-off entitled \"Spooks: Code 9\" (working titles: \"Rogue Spooks\" and \"Spooks: Liberty\"). The show started filming in Bradford in 2008 and the first and second episodes were broadcast on 10 August 2008. It was not well received by critics, who said \"the script is poor and the acting little better\" (\"The Sunday Times\") and the production \"utterly uninspired and stale\" (\"Digital Spy\"), \"daft and unconvincing\" (\"The Telegraph\"), \"an utterly cynical venture\" that \"given its patronising awfulness ... actually damages the Spooks brand\" (\"The Guardian\").Video games based on the show were created by Preloaded for promotional purposes. In 2005, the video game \"The Grid\" (a promotion for \"Spooks\" series 3) was nominated for a Webby Award under the category of Best Game.",
"title": "Spooks (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "434804#29",
"text": "Production on the six-episode series reportedly began during March 2011, with Lara Pulver joining the series as an \"ambitious, hungry\" new spook \"determined to make her mark\". Also joining the series were Geoffrey Streatfeild, Alice Krige and Jonathan Hyde, while Peter Firth, Nicola Walker, Max Brown, Shazad Latif and Simon Russell Beale reprised their roles, as well as Matthew Macfadyen in a cameo role in the final episode. Sophia Myles did not return as Beth Bailey.",
"title": "Spooks (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "31196377#14",
"text": "The tenth series of \"Spooks\" was first released on DVD on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom (Region 2), and was later released in the United States (Region 1) on 6 March 2012. It will be released in Australia (Region 4) on 4 April 2012. The box set includes all six episodes of the final series on three discs, with two of the episodes containing optional audio commentaries from the show's writers and directors. Other special features include two featurettes; \"Spooks' Top 10 Moments\", which comprises cast and crew members picking their favourite \"Spooks\" scenes, and \"Harry's Game\", which features interviews concerning the story arc of the tenth series. It was released with a \"15\" British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) certificate (unsuitable for viewers under the age of 15 years).",
"title": "Spooks (series 10)"
},
{
"docid": "28322637#8",
"text": "Filming finished in August 2008 in Moscow, Russia; it was the first time in series history where filming took place outside the United Kingdom; producer Katie Swinden stated that \"Spooks\" is usually \"London-orientated,\" including when it comes to filming scenes set in other countries, and it usually does not take place outside the confines of the M25, an orbital motorway which encircles the UK's capital. However, the producers were able to afford to shoot in another country. A small crew were used to save costs. Armitage and Norris were the only two of the main actors who participated in the shoot. However, the main problem with filming in Moscow was of the 30 plus degree heat, and the actors had to wear winter coats because the episodes were set during the colder months.",
"title": "Spooks (series 7)"
},
{
"docid": "28322606#1",
"text": "Kudos Film and Television developed \"Spooks\" after releasing Channel 4 medical drama \"Psychos\" in 1999, though the company initially faced friction from television networks which saw no potential in a post-Cold War spy show. The producers later successfully pitched the series to the BBC after the networks' commissioning teams were replaced. Four episodes were being written when the September 11 attacks took place, and the some scenes were rewritten to take the event into account to show the audience \"Spooks's\" goal of fighting terrorism. Throughout production, the producers were advised by former intelligence officers from the Security Service, KGB and Central Intelligence Agency. Filming took place from November 2001 to March 2002.",
"title": "Spooks (series 1)"
},
{
"docid": "30973611#5",
"text": "The episode was written by Christian Spurrier, his first writing credit for the series. He joined the \"Spooks\" writing staff in January 2008. Producer Katie Swinden wanted to base an episode on the economy, which at the time was facing a recession following the financial crisis of the British bank Northern Rock just months before. After trying a few different stories, the producers settled on a story about a bank collapse that is so severe it could result in an economic collapse. Spurrier did research on banking climate in the City of London in March 2008, and realised the economy was going down, but also wanted to exaggerate the numbers for the episode. Ros was chosen to lead because the character had a background in business. In some of the original drafts of the episode, John Castle would return as Jocelyn Myers, Ros' father, but later on the producers realised they did not need him. The producers also wanted to include some jeopardy in the climax, namely adding a gun to a head or a bomb, which created the scenes where Darlek threatened to kill Ros. Spurrier felt he had a \"lot of juggling\" in writing three separate storylines; the main plot, the Sugarhorse subplot and Jo; but did a lot of learning how to write a \"Spooks\" script as he wrote it.",
"title": "On the Brink (Spooks)"
},
{
"docid": "28322615#1",
"text": "Though the producers knew that Macfayden would leave the series, they did not know \"when\" he would do so, and so the first two episodes were initially written without him. In either case, the producers created a new character, Adam Carter. In addition, the writers heavily researched the episodes; many of the story lines are based on truth. The producers also took information from advisors who were ex-MI5 officers. The series was directed in five blocks of two episodes in each. Filming started in January 2004 and took place over six to seven months. Shooting took place almost entirely in London, England, with some scenes shot in a cross-English Channel ferry in the fifth episode.",
"title": "Spooks (series 3)"
},
{
"docid": "28322606#6",
"text": "The first series of \"Spooks\" was produced by Kudos Film and Television for the BBC. David Wolstencroft was credited as the series creator, Simon Crawford Collins as the producer, and Jane Featherstone as the series producer. The executive producers of the first series were Kudos director Stephen Garrett and Head of Independent Drama Commissioning for the BBC, Gareth Neame. The series includes three screenwriters, and three directors. Wolstencroft wrote the first two episodes and finale of series one. Simon Mirren wrote the third episode. Howard Brenton wrote the last three episodes, co-writing the finale with Wolstencroft. The producers hired Brenton for his \"radical\" and \"provocative\" style. By the time he was hired it had been sixteen years since he last wrote for television.",
"title": "Spooks (series 1)"
}
] |
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] |
2272
|
Where was the first university Cognitive Science department in the US?
|
[
{
"docid": "5626#35",
"text": "The term \"cognitive science\" was coined by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973 commentary on the Lighthill report, which concerned the then-current state of Artificial Intelligence research. In the same decade, the journal \"Cognitive Science\" and the Cognitive Science Society were founded. The founding meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was held at the University of California, San Diego in 1979, which resulted in cognitive science becoming an internationally visible enterprise. In 1972, Hampshire College started the first undergraduate education program in Cognitive Science, led by Neil Stillings. In 1982, with assistance from Professor Stillings, Vassar College became the first institution in the world to grant an undergraduate degree in Cognitive Science. In 1986, the first Cognitive Science Department in the world was founded at the University of California, San Diego.",
"title": "Cognitive science"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21725101#20",
"text": "The founding father of the independent Psychology major, available from the turn of the millennium, is Professor Csaba Pléh, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, who organized the Cognitive Science Group at the Department of Psychology, and in 1999, started the Cognitive Science and Neuropsychology Program of Szeged, or in short, the Cognitive Program. He laid the foundation for a professional psychology training course at the University of Szeged. The university's Medical Faculty and the Cognitive Science Group, led by Csaba Pléh, organized the VIII. Conference of the Hungarian Cognitive Science Association (MAKOG), titled The Development and Disorders of Cognitive Functions for 4–6 February 2000 in Szeged.",
"title": "Institute of Psychology (Szeged)"
},
{
"docid": "18401364#195",
"text": "The Institute for Cognitive Science, the first of its type in Canada, established in 2006 at Carleton University in Ottawa, draws on the fields of psychology, philosophy, linguistics and computer science to conduct research into cognition. Other universities, including U of T, McGill, University of Calgary, UBC (the Institute for Computing, Information, and Cognitive Systems), Queen's and York use a similar interdisciplinary approach to study cognition.",
"title": "Natural scientific research in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "387853#6",
"text": "Miller moved back to Harvard as a tenured associate professor in 1955 and became a full professor in 1958, expanding his research into how language affects human cognition. At the university he met a young Noam Chomsky, another of the founders of cognitive science. They spent a summer together at Stanford training the faculty, and their two families shared a house. In 1958–59, Miller took leave to join the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto, California, (now at Stanford University). There he collaborated with Eugene Galanter and Karl Pribram on the book \"Plans and the Structure of Behavior\". In 1960, along with Jerome S. Bruner, he co-founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard. The cognitive term was a break from the then-dominant school of behaviorism, which insisted cognition was not fit for scientific study. The center attracted such notable visitors as Jean Piaget, Alexander Luria and Chomsky. Miller then became the chair of the psychology department. Miller was instrumental at the time for recruiting Timothy Leary to teach at Harvard. Miller knew Leary from the University of Alabama, where Miller was teaching psychology and Leary graduated with an undergraduate degree from the department.",
"title": "George Armitage Miller"
},
{
"docid": "5626#33",
"text": "The first instance of cognitive science experiments being done at an academic institution took place at MIT Sloan School of Management, established by J.C.R. Licklider working within the psychology department and conducting experiments using computer memory as models for human cognition.",
"title": "Cognitive science"
},
{
"docid": "424512#2",
"text": "She was employed as a tenure-track professor at the University of Colorado from 1974-1981 before joining the faculty of the University of California, San Diego, where she worked until 2003. Bates was one of the founders of the Department of Cognitive Science at UCSD, the first department of its kind in the USA. She was also the director of the UCSD Center of Research in Language and the co-director of the San Diego State University/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communication Disorders. Bates also served as a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976-1977 and at the National Research Council Institute of Psychology in Rome.",
"title": "Elizabeth Bates"
},
{
"docid": "8758#2",
"text": "Since 1988, Hofstadter has been the College of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Comparative Literature at Indiana University in Bloomington, where he directs the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition which consists of himself and his graduate students, forming the \"Fluid Analogies Research Group\" (FARG). He was initially appointed to the Indiana University's Computer Science Department faculty in 1977, and at that time he launched his research program in computer modeling of mental processes (which at that time he called \"artificial intelligence research\", a label that he has since dropped in favor of \"cognitive science research\"). In 1984, he moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he was hired as a professor of psychology and was also appointed to the Walgreen Chair for the Study of Human Understanding. In 1988 he returned to Bloomington as \"College of Arts and Sciences Professor\" in both cognitive science and computer science. He was also appointed adjunct professor of history and philosophy of science, philosophy, comparative literature, and psychology, but has said that his involvement with most of those departments is nominal. In 1988 Hofstadter received the \"In Praise of Reason\" award, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's highest honor. In April 2009 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2010 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden.",
"title": "Douglas Hofstadter"
},
{
"docid": "3718940#1",
"text": "The research programs cover diverse areas including cognitive neuroscience, neural modeling, psychophysics, linguistics, neural networks and artificial intelligence. Since its inception the school has been managed by Prof. Caro Lucas (School of ECE, University of Tehran), Prof. Shahin Rouhani (Physics Department, Sharif University of Technology), Prof. Hossein Esteky (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences) and most recently by Prof. Mojtaba Zarei (Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University).",
"title": "IPM School of Cognitive Sciences"
},
{
"docid": "821197#16",
"text": "In 1984, a group of high school students participated in a mini course in computer science and tried out the geometry tutor through Carnegie Mellon University using the LISP tutor, one of the first iterations of the cognitive tutor.\nSince then, cognitive tutors have been used in a variety of scenarios, with a few organizations developing their own cognitive tutor programs. These programs have been used for students spanning elementary school through to university level, though primarily in the subject areas of Computer Programming, Mathematics, and Science.\nOne of the first organizations to develop a system for use within the school system was the PACT Center at Carnegie Mellon University. Their aim was to \"...develop systems that provide individualized assistance to students as they work on challenging real-world problems in complex domains such as computer programming, algebra and geometry\". PACT's most successful product was the \"Cognitive Tutor Algebra\" course. Originally created in the early 1990s, this course, at its peak, was offered at 75 schools through the U.S. by 1999, and then its spin-off company, Carnegie Learning, now offers tutors to over 1400 schools in the U.S.",
"title": "Cognitive tutor"
},
{
"docid": "27510276#1",
"text": "Miller was a coordinator of the Cognitive Science Research Group at the University of Pennsylvania from 1985 to 1986, and was an Assistant Professor in the Philosophy department from 1982 to 1988. He later joined the faculty of Yeshiva University in 1993, and also taught at Stanford University, UCLA, Brandeis University, and the MIT, where he held his first professorship from 1973 to 1977. In addition, he was employed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) for a period of time.",
"title": "Izchak Miller"
}
] |
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] |
2273
|
When was Claude E. Welch Jr born?
|
[
{
"docid": "51485184#0",
"text": "Claude E. Welch Jr., State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo (UB) Professor of Political Science and SUNY Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science, was born on 12 June 1939 in Boston, Massachusetts, to Dr. Claude E. Welch, Sr., and Phyllis Paton Welch. The younger Welch “had the values of hard work and respect for others instilled him from an early age.” His father worked his way through Harvard Medical School and served as a front-line surgeon in World War II. In his medical career, he became “a fixture at Massachusetts General Hospital for more than 40 years, was an innovative surgeon, a tireless worker, prolific researcher and an advocate of building strong ties with his patients, themes that would come to be synonymous with his…son.”",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "30170184#20",
"text": "On May 15, 1942, Welch went to war. He left behind one son (Claude E. Welch Jr. born June 12, 1939) and a pregnant wife, as well as his job at the MGH. He felt that this was a necessary sacrifice in order to serve his country in its time of need. He departed Boston with 123 other surgeons, physicians, and nurses from the MGH to Camp Blanding, Florida for training. Together they helped to constitute the 6th General Hospital.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30170184#19",
"text": "Claude E. Welch died on March 9, 1996. He was survived by his wife Phyllis; their two sons, Claude E Welch Jr., professor emeritus of political science at University at Buffalo and John Paton Welch, a retired surgeon, of Hartford, Connecticut; and seven grandchildren.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch"
},
{
"docid": "51485184#36",
"text": "Welch's participation in the Buffalo religious community has given him recognition in more than just the academic circles in the city. At Westminster Presbyterian Church, Welch has served as a Ruling Elder, chairman of the Management Group, chair of the Adult Program Committee, and chair of the Investment Policy Committee.\nHe also participated in the Amherst Community Church, serving on the Board of Directors, Board of Trustees, and the Music Committee. In 1972, he served as a reporter on religion and ethics for WBEN-TV (now WIVB-TV) as part of his volunteer work for the Buffalo Council of Churches. In 2000, he received the first Claude E. Welch, Jr. award for outstanding voluntarism on behalf of the Buffalo Council on World Affairs (now Buffalo-Niagara WorldConnect), 2000.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "30170184#3",
"text": "Claude E. Welch was the eldest child of John and Lettie Phelan Welch. He was born on March 14, 1906, in the town of Stanton, Nebraska. From a very young age, Welch showed great intellectual promise, advancing through the first three grades in the city school in a mere three months. He attributed his rapid advancement to the excellent preschool education he received at home.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch"
},
{
"docid": "51485184#27",
"text": "Welch co-wrote \"Military Role and Rule\" (1974) with Arthur K. Smith. The book developed a general framework of explanation for coups d’état and their consequences. The authors prepared detailed studies of Thailand, Nigeria, Peru, Egypt, and France. In a review published in the \"Journal of Politics\", Mary B. Welfing wrote, “Welch and Smith synthesize the extensive literature on the military in politics.”",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "51485184#11",
"text": "Welch served in numerous administrative positions while maintaining his teaching and research. His first major appointment came in 1967 when, at the age of 28, he became dean of the Division of Undergraduate Education at UB. He served in this position from 1967–70. As associate vice president for Academic Affairs in 1976–80, Welch worked as the number two person for non-health sciences-related matters. He also served a three-year term as chair of the Political Science Department, 1980–83. He was Acting Dean of the Colleges from 1978–79; co director of the annual Faculty Development Workshop, l984–91; and co director of the Program for Tenured Faculty, 1987–89.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "51485184#3",
"text": "Welch attended private schools from fifth grade on. He went to Belmont Hill School, Belmont, Massachusetts, where he received academic awards for Biology, French, Latin, and general scholarly excellence. In his senior year, Welch received the Headmaster's Award for Outstanding Student and graduated \"summa cum laude\".",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "51485184#1",
"text": "For more than 50 years, Welch taught political science at UB. He lives in Amherst, New York, a suburb of Buffalo, New York. Welch's scope of interest extends globally. Along with his wife Jeannette Ludwig (September 29, 1949-July 29, 2018), who was a professor of French at the University at Buffalo, Welch traveled to more than 25 countries on five continents. They became avid photographers, and their collection of more than 2000 images, complete with detailed descriptions, is preserved in the digital collection of the University at Buffalo Libraries. Based on these images, the library maintains an exhibition titled \"Wayfarers: Selected Images from the Welch-Ludwig Collection.\"",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
},
{
"docid": "51485184#39",
"text": "On the national front, Welch was a participant in “One America: Conversations that Bring Us Together,” sponsored by the White House Initiative on Race, 1999, and was featured on national television programs. He was highlighted on CBS Sunday Morning during a February 16, 2014, episode dedicated to celebrating the presidency of Millard Fillmore. Welch participated in and was a one-day champion in the television program “Jeopardy” along with competitors Mike Stafford and Nancy Neff, which aired as the 23rd episode of the 1987 season.",
"title": "Claude E. Welch Jr."
}
] |
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] |
2274
|
Where is Campeche?
|
[
{
"docid": "194086#0",
"text": "San Francisco de Campeche (; , ), 19th c. English also Campeachy, is a city in Campeche Municipality in the state of Campeche, Mexico—located at , on the shore of the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico—and its municipal seat also serves as the state's capital city. The city's population at the 2010 census was 220,389, and the municipality for which it serves as municipal seat had a population of 259,005.",
"title": "Campeche City"
},
{
"docid": "412307#2",
"text": "The state of Campeche is located in southeast Mexico, on the west side of the Yucatan Peninsula. The territory is , which is 2.6% of Mexico's total. It borders the states of Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Tabasco, with the country of Belize to the east, Guatemala to the south and the Gulf of Mexico to the west. Politically, it is divided into eleven municipalities: Calkiní, Calakmul, Campeche, Candelaria, Champotón, Ciudad del Carmen, Escárcega, Hecelchakán, Hopelchén, Palizada and Tenabo.",
"title": "Campeche"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35943904#0",
"text": "The Campeche Knolls are diapirs rising from a salt deposit in the southern Gulf of Mexico, separated from the Mississippi-Texas-Louisiana salt province by the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. Located southeast of the Sigsbee Knolls, the Campeche Knolls are bounded by Campeche Bank to the East, the Bay of Campeche to the South, and the salt-free abyssal plain called the Veracruz Tongue to the West. Salt deposition is inferred to have occurred in the Late Jurassic, during the rifting stage of the gulf, equivalent to the Louann Salt of the Texas-Louisiana slope. Multibeam echosounder images collected during R/V Sonne cruise SO174 show the northern Campeche Knolls as distinct, elongated hills that average in size, with reliefs of and slopes of 10 to 20 percent.",
"title": "Campeche Knolls"
},
{
"docid": "412307#0",
"text": "Campeche (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the southwest, Yucatán to the northeast, and Quintana Roo to the east; to the southeast by the Orange Walk district of Belize, and by the Petén department of Guatemala to the south. It has a coastline to the west with the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. During the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico's independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid-19th century, mostly due to political friction with the city of Mérida. Much of the state's recent economic revival is due to the finding of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites; however, these are not as well-known or visited as others in the Yucatán.",
"title": "Campeche"
},
{
"docid": "311130#39",
"text": "Campeche Beach (\"Praia do Campeche\")\nWith of white sands and a turbulent waters, Campeche is considered the Jeffreys Bay of the Santa Catarina Island for the quality of its waves. For those who are not interested in surfing, the beach offers other attractions. The paradisaical beauty of Ilha do Campeche, for instance, located across from the beach, a football game on the Saint-Exupéry aviation field, or even fishing, are some of the leisure alternatives. At night, Campeche is also an excellent attraction. The huge reflector that illuminates part of the large sand strip in front of the bars only contributes to the partying that extends far into the night. The illumination favours both those who enjoy the merrymaking as well as the fishermen, who use the time to drag their nets in from the sea.",
"title": "Florianópolis"
},
{
"docid": "412307#29",
"text": "The secondary sector of the economy (mining, construction, and industry) is almost entirely concentrated in the coastal area of the state in the municipalities of Campeche, Ciudad del Carmen and Champotón. Mining, mostly oil production, accounts for 52.8% of the state's GDP. This oil lies off the coast of the state, in a shallow water section of the Gulf of Mexico called the Sonda de Campeche. Campeche oil and gas production accounts for 37% of Mexico's total with crude oil alone accounting for 76% in absolute numbers. Campeche does not have metal deposits but it does have deposits of building stone, such as sandstone, marble and limestone, sand, gravel, lime, clay and other minerals. Most deposits are located in the municipalities of Hopelchén, Champotón and Calakmul. In the far north of the coast region, there are important deposits of salt. Construction and manufacturing account for 6.7% of the state's GDP. The most common type of industry relates to food and food processing including seafood, soft drinks, cookies, flour, sugar and honey. Another common industry is that of building materials such as cinderblock, wood products and the processing of building stone. Most industries are small with little financing for technology and growth. Since the 1990s, factories of the “maquiladora” type have opened in the state, such as the Calkiní Shirt Company in Tepacan, Calkiní, Textiles Blazer in Lerma, Campeche, Quality Textil de Campeche in Becal, Calkiní and Karims Textile and Apparel México in the city of Campeche.",
"title": "Campeche"
},
{
"docid": "912692#0",
"text": "The Bay of Campeche (), or Campeche Sound, is a bight in the southern area of the Gulf of Mexico. It is surrounded on three sides by the Mexican states of Campeche, Tabasco and Veracruz. The area of the bay is and maximum depth of the bay is approximately . It was named by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and Antón de Alaminos during their expedition in 1517.",
"title": "Bay of Campeche"
},
{
"docid": "194086#4",
"text": "San Francisco de Campeche was originally an indigenous village, Ah Kim Pech, where the Spanish first landed in Mexico in 1517. The city of Campeche was founded in 1540 and fortified against pirates during the 17th century. It still has the appearance of a fortress. Historical monuments and buildings, such as the Franciscan cathedral, old Maya ruins, and the old city walls and forts, attract many tourists.",
"title": "Campeche City"
},
{
"docid": "412307#15",
"text": "In September 1821, the city of Campeche proclaimed its adherence to the Plan of Iguala and the new Independent government of Mexico, forcing out its last Spanish governor a month later. At Independence, Campeche was one of the two most important cities on the Yucatán Peninsula, along with Mérida. There was political friction between the two. Campeche was the more liberal of the two, and supported the 1824 Mexican Constitution which established a Federal Republic. In 1824, Campeche's representative proposed that the peninsula be divided into two states: Mérida and Campeche but this was not accepted. Political divisions intensified along with the nationwide struggle between Liberals and Conservatives .",
"title": "Campeche"
},
{
"docid": "412307#8",
"text": "The state has a number of ecosystems, from rainforest, to savanna to coast and sea. Environmentally, the state is divided into four major regions. The coast region consists of the entire coastline of the state and a strip of shallow water just offshore called the Sonda de Campeche with coral reefs and low islands called cays. The region has large expanses of mangroves which dominate the swamps. Non-swamp areas are dominated by palm trees. Wildlife is dominated by bird and reptile species such as storks, pelicans, ducks, seagulls, lizards, turtles and water snakes. The Mountain region is in the north and east of the state consisting of two chains of low hills called the Dzibalchen and Sierra Alta. It also includes the savannah area and an area called Los Chenes, where natural wells called cenotes are common. This area is noted for its tropical hardwoods and the chicle or gum tree. Wildlife includes deer, armadillos, rabbits, quail, and woodpeckers. The Rainforest region is located on the center and south of the state with a wide variety of trees including tropical hardwoods such as mahogany. Many of the plants used in the state's cuisine such as achiote and tropical fruits are from here. This area is under threat due to over exploitation. The River region is located in the southwest of the state, named after the various rivers that flow here, mostly emptying into the Laguna de Términos. It has the hottest and most humid climate in Campeche with wildlife and vegetation similar to that found in both the Rainforest and Coast regions.",
"title": "Campeche"
}
] |
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] |
2276
|
When did Avicenna live?
|
[
{
"docid": "43945#15",
"text": "One of the greatest Persian medics was Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina, who lived from 980AD to 1037AD. His works included a comprehensive collection and systematisation of the fragmentary and unorganised Greco-Roman medical literature that had been translated Arabic by that time, augmented by notes from his own experiences. One of his books, \"Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb\" (The Canon of Medicine) has been called the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. Avicenna excelled in the logical assessment of conditions and comparison of symptoms and took special note of analgesics and their proper use as well as other methods of relieving pain, including massage.",
"title": "Massage"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47167089#1",
"text": "Avicenna was born in Afsanah at 980, a village near Bukhara. His father counted as ruler of a region by the name of keramaytan. Avicenna along with his family after moving to Bukhara, continued his studies. According to Nasr, Avicenna had many teachers including Nātelī physicians Abū Manṣūr Qomrī and Abū Sahl Masīḥī. Avicenna wrote nearly 250 works on diverse sciences in medieval period including long and short treatises such as the Daneshnameh Alaei (The Book of Science Dedicated to 'Alii' al-Dawlah). Avicenna wrote Isharat when he was under the criticism of certain literary scholars, showing his skill in Arabic language by a philosophy book as Isharat. Nasr refers to the book of Isharat as the last and greatest masterpiece of Avicenna.",
"title": "Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat"
},
{
"docid": "1130#6",
"text": "Avicenna was born in Afshana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Sitāra, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullāh, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"docid": "1130#12",
"text": "At 22 years old, Avicenna lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Avicenna seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Avicenna himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Avicenna met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Avicenna lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of his treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his \"Canon of Medicine\" also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"docid": "1130#33",
"text": "While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous \"Floating Man\" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his \"Floating Man\" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all , which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this \"Floating Man\" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"docid": "1130#29",
"text": "Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as \"inspired philosophers\"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"docid": "1841939#1",
"text": "Contrary to Carl Brockelmann's information (GAL 1:485; Suppl. 1:887), Sharaf al-Zamān Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Īlāqī of Bākharz (in Khorasān, Iran), who was most probably active in Balkh (today's Afghanistan), was not a figure of the 6th/12th century. He did not die in 536/1141 (in the battle of the Qatwan steppe) but most probably around 460/1068 and should be counted among Avicenna's (d. 429/1037) direct students. Al-Ilāqī produced an epitome of the first book of the Canons of Medicine by Avicenna which was known under various titles: \"Kitāb al-Fuṣūl al-Ilāqiyya\" (\"The Aphorisms of al-Ilāqī\") and \"Kitāb al-asbāb wa-al-`alāmāt\" (\"The Book of Causes and Symptoms\"). Al-Ilāqī's greatly abbreviated version of the first book of the Canon was very popular, and many copies have survived.",
"title": "Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi"
},
{
"docid": "171177#47",
"text": "Avicenna's proof for the existence of God, known as the \"Proof of the Truthful\", was the first ontological argument, which he proposed in the \"Metaphysics\" section of \"The Book of Healing\". This was the first attempt at using the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a cosmological argument and an ontological argument. \"It is ontological insofar as ‘necessary existence’ in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a Necessary Existent\". The proof is also \"cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that contingent existents cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent.\"",
"title": "Early Islamic philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "632331#8",
"text": "The Persian polymath Avicenna claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.",
"title": "Transit of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "16487479#0",
"text": "Avicenna Bay is a small bay lying southwest of D'Ursel Point along the east side of Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was roughly charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache, 1897–99, photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956–57, and mapped from these photos in 1959. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Avicenna, greatest of the Persian school of physicians.",
"title": "Avicenna Bay"
}
] |
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] |
2280
|
What is the wingspan of the eastern spruce budworm?
|
[
{
"docid": "11479486#24",
"text": "The moths will emerge from the pupae within 8 to 12 days, during mid-June to August. Adult spruce budworm are medium-sized (15 mm in length) and dichromatic, exhibiting gray and rust colors. The wings have silvery patches and are 21 mm to 30 mm in wingspan. Peak activity occurs during the later afternoon and early evening. After emerging, the adults will mate and lay eggs in July or August.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "18823919#0",
"text": "Hedya nubiferana, the marbled orchard tortrix or green budworm moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Palearctic and the Nearctic ecozones.\nThe wingspan is 15–21 mm. The moth flies from May to August. .",
"title": "Hedya nubiferana"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11479486#0",
"text": "Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is also commonly referred to as the spruce budworm. It is one of the most destructive native insects in the northern spruce and fir forests of the eastern United States and Canada. Its range is also the widest of all the budworm species. Eastern spruce budworm populations can experience significant oscillations. During outbreaks, populations grow to extremely high densities, compared to the relatively low levels that occur in between. These outbreaks are highly destructive and can cause both economic and ecological damage. As a result, methods of control are utilized. Several theories exist regarding these cyclical outbreaks: association with balsam fir maturation, catastrophe theory, dispersal from an epicenter, and oscillations synchronized by entrainment.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#45",
"text": "The eastern spruce budworm \"Choristoneura fumiferana\" has been called “the most destructive forest insect in North America.\" Massive budworm epidemics erupt periodically in spruce–fir forests in northern and eastern Canada. Populations of spruce budworm vary in density over several orders of magnitude. Recorded densities in the boreal forest range from less than 0.01 to over 100 larvae per 45 cm branch tip. Damage to trees in forests can begin even before the buds have flushed. Early instar larvae mine and kill these buds. Late instar larvae are voracious and wasteful feeders, chewing off needles at their bases. In heavy infestations, old foliage is also eaten. Increment loss, tree deformity, and tree mortality follow several years of heavy infestation.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#6",
"text": "Traditionally, the eastern spruce budworm prefers balsam fir over white spruce. However, one study showed contradicting evidence. In this study, Bichon sampled spruce budworm populations on branches from the upper mid-crowns of dominant or co-dominant balsam fir and white spruce. This was done at 20 randomly selected points in the Black Sturgeon Lake area near Thunder Bay, Ontario. The number of late-instar larvae captured in water traps was recorded throughout the dispersal period of the late instar larvae. The data indicated that white spruce canopies contained 2 to 3 times more spruce budworm than balsam fir canopies. A similar pattern was found in the understory. Water traps under white spruce trees captured more than 3 times as many larvae as did those under balsam fir trees for most of the dispersal period.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#29",
"text": "Eastern spruce budworm egg masses are immobile and less vulnerable to predation than other stages of the cycle. Small larvae are exposed to predators during dispersal but become safer while bud or needle mining or overwintering in hibernacula. Large larvae actively escape predation by dropping from the tree foliage, which can also attract the attention of other predators. Predators outside of host plants on the forest floor include ants, spiders, beetles, and small mammals. Pupae are vulnerable because the budworm are generally immobile in this state. The adult moths can fly away from predators but are then exposed to various birds, dragonflies, and robber flies. Spruce budworm male and female moths experience increased vulnerability during copulation.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#4",
"text": "The range of the eastern spruce budworm is the largest of all budworms and coincides with the range of its hosts: fir and spruce trees in eastern North America, primarily in Canada. It includes the Boreal Forest as well as the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence, Northern, and Acadian forest regions. This range extends westward to Alaska. The spruce budworm is commonly found in boreal and sub-boreal forest regions, specifically those that consist of spruce-fir forests.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#3",
"text": "Clemens originally named the eastern spruce budworm, \"C. fumiferana\", in 1865, which was recognized as a Nearctic representative of the genus C\"horistoneura\". At this time, the name applied to populations in a variety of geographic regions and biotopes. The \"C. pinus,\" a distinct form of the \"Choristoneura,\" was later established as a separate species. However, a large group of this genus in the western part of North America remained taxonomically undefined as the \"western complex\" until T.N. Freeman established several new species in 1967. Field collections of late instar larvae of \"Choristoneura\" populations were taken from a range of localities in a wide arc, from the Atlantic seaboard along the edge of the Laurentian Shield to the Mackenzie River area near the Arctic Ocean. From these collections, only points east of the Rocky Mountain foothills yielded \"C. fumiferana.\" The two-year-cycle budworm \"C. biennis\" occurs only in the subalpine forest region, with alpine fir and interior spruce as hosts. Budworm populations from Rocky Mountain regions south of the area of introgressive hybridization of spruce differ from \"C. biennis\". Other budworms are of little or no consequence with respect to spruces.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#27",
"text": "Eastern spruce budworm moths are strong fliers and disperse in exodus in the evening. They can fly at elevations over 100 meters before going to a new site, which is typically only 50 to 100 kilometers downwind, but can sometimes be up to 450 km away. After depositing some eggs at the first dispersion site, female moths may emigrate and lay eggs at multiple sites. Factors controlling budworm flight during dispersal include meteorological conditions and temperature. Moths will not disperse when the temperature is below 14°C or above 30°C. When the temperature drops below 14°C mid-flight, the moth will fold its wings and descend from the sky.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
},
{
"docid": "11479486#28",
"text": "Long distance migration of the spruce budworm does occur as they can disperse across distances ranging from 20 to 450 km. In northern Minnesota, spruce budworm moths emigrate to the east lakeshore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada, because of seasonal changes. Dispersal is influenced heavily by temperature as low temperatures can slow down both take off and arrival. Other factors include dispersal direction, precipitation, altitude, and wind flow. It is likely that mass exoduses of the \"C. fumiferana\" over long distances are a result of food shortage in the local area.",
"title": "Choristoneura fumiferana"
}
] |
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] |
2282
|
Was Iran part of the Persian empire?
|
[
{
"docid": "47634469#36",
"text": "The Sassanid Empire is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226–651). The empire's territory encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, eastern parts of Turkey, and parts of Syria, Pakistan, and large parts of Caucasia, Central Asia and Arabia. During Khosrow II's rule in 590–628 Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon were also briefly annexed to the Empire, as well as far west as western Asia Minor. The Sassanid era, encompassing the length of the Late Antiquity period, is considered to be one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran. In many ways the Sassanid period witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization. The empire is furthermore known for being the arch-rival of the neighboring Roman–Byzantine Empire for a period of over 400 years. As the Parthians were replaced by the Sassanids, they carried on the already century long lasting Roman–Persian Wars, which would eventually become the longest conflict in human history.",
"title": "List of ancient great powers"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3978097#36",
"text": "Because the Achaemenid Empire or \"First Persian Empire\" was the successor state to the empires of Assyria and Babylonia based in Iraq, and because Elam is part of Iran, the ancient people of Iran were ruled by ancient Mesopotamians, which explains the close proximity between the people of south western Iran and the Iraqis even in modern days, in fact, the people of that part of Iran speak Mesopotamian Arabic and were put under the rule of modern Iran by the British. The ancient Persians adopted the Babylonian cuneiform script and modified it to write their language, along with adopting many other facets of ancient Iraqi culture, including the Aramaic language which became the official language of the Persian Empire.",
"title": "Greater Iran"
},
{
"docid": "64213#1",
"text": "Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC. The southwestern and western part of the Iranian Plateau participated in the traditional Ancient Near East with Elam, from the Early Bronze Age, and later with various other peoples, such as the Kassites, Mannaeans, and Gutians. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel calls the Persians the \"first Historical People\". The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), founded by Cyrus the Great, was the first Persian empire and it ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and also Central Asia, spanning three continents, from their seat of power in Persis (Persepolis). It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire. The First Persian Empire was the only civilization in all of history to connect over 40% of the global population, accounting for approximately 49.4 million of the world's 112.4 million people in around 480 BC. They were succeeded by the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empires, who successively governed Iran for almost 1,000 years and made Iran once again as a leading power in the world. Persia's arch-rival was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire.",
"title": "History of Iran"
},
{
"docid": "64213#87",
"text": "The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran), and \"is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history\". They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic \"gunpowder empires\", along with its neighbours, its archrival and principal enemy the Ottoman Empire, as well as the Mughal Empire.",
"title": "History of Iran"
},
{
"docid": "11687511#3",
"text": "For almost all of her history, the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan was a part of the various Iranian/Persian empires or Persianate empires, specifically during the reign of dynasties such as Median, Achaemenid, Parthians, Sassanid, the Shirvanshah, various dynasties of the Iranian Intermezzo, the Kara Koyunlu, the Ak Koyunlu, the Safavids, the Afsharids, the Zands, and the Qajars. The South Caucasus, in general, has been influenced by Iranian culture for thousands of years. In the course of the 19th century, following the occupation of the Caucasus by Russian troops during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), Qajar Iran was forced to cede what is now Azerbaijan, alongside Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia to Imperial Russia under the terms of the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. Due to historical, cultural, ethnical, and religious ties, the Republic of Azerbaijan is considered as a part of Greater Iran.",
"title": "Azerbaijan–Iran relations"
},
{
"docid": "15226#67",
"text": "The ideology of pan-Iranism is most often used in conjunction with the idea of forming a Greater Iran, which refers to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various Iranian (Persian) empires (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Timurids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajar Empire), having considerable aspects of Persian culture in their own culture due to extensive contact with the various Empires based in Persia (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic-speaking people who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and China). It roughly corresponds to the territory on the Iranian plateau and its bordering plains. It is also referred to as \"Greater Persia\", while the Encyclopædia Iranica uses the term \"Iranian Cultural Continent\".",
"title": "Irredentism"
},
{
"docid": "11634385#6",
"text": "Armenia was conquered by the Persian Empire numerous times throughout history, particularly by the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid empires, and the Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties. Due to the large cultural and historical ties, Armenia is often considered part of Greater Iran. Armenia and Iran enjoy cultural and historical ties that go back thousands of years.",
"title": "Armenia–Iran relations"
},
{
"docid": "8026795#1",
"text": "Numerous times throughout the millennia-long history shared by the two neighboring nations, parts of the territory of Anatolia were conquered by the various empires based in modern-day Iran, including the Median Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Parthian Empire, the Sassanian Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Afsharid Empire, amongst others. In ancient times, the Asia Minor formed one of the core regions of the Achaemenid Empire, with most notably the cities of Sardis and Smyrna in western Anatolia. Igdir Province in what is Eastern Anatolia formed in fact part of Qajar Iran up to the outcome of the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the ratified Treaty of Turkmenchay.",
"title": "Iran–Turkey relations"
},
{
"docid": "3967605#5",
"text": "The Assyrian presence in Iran goes back 4000 years to ancient times, and Assyria was involved in the history of Ancient Iran even before the arrival of the modern Iranian peoples to the region circa 1000 BC. During the Old Assyrian Empire (c.2025-1750 BC) and Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC) the Assyrians ruled over parts of \"Pre-Iranic\" northern and western Iran. The Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC) saw Assyria conquer the Iranic Persians, Medes and Parthians into their empire, together with the ancient \"pre-Iranic\" Elamites, Kassites, Manneans and Gutians, and also the Iranic Cimmerians of Asia Minor and Scythians of the Caucasus. The home of the Assyrians in Iran has traditionally been along the western shore of Lake Urmia from the Salmas area to the Urmia plain.",
"title": "Iranian Assyrians"
},
{
"docid": "11719247#1",
"text": "Eastern Georgia, throughout its history, has been several times been annexed by the Persian Empire, specifically under the Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties. Western Georgia, throughout its history had been annexed by the Persian Achaemenids, Sassanids and Afsharids. Due to this, there has been a lot of political, cultural and ethnic exchange between the two nations for thousands of years, and thus Georgia was and is often considered a part of Greater Iran.",
"title": "Georgia–Iran relations"
}
] |
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] |
2285
|
Did Clamp draw Chobits?
|
[
{
"docid": "3630500#7",
"text": "\"Chobits\" began as a manga written and illustrated by Clamp, a collective of four Japanese manga artists. It appeared as a serial in \"Weekly Young Magazine\" from the 43rd issue for 2000 to the 48th issue for 2002. Kodansha compiled the eighty-eight chapters into eight bound volumes and published them from February 14, 2001, to November 29, 2002.\nIn 2002, Tokyopop licensed \"Chobits\" for an English-language translation in North America and marketed it as part of its new unflipped manga line, which reads from right-to-left. Previously, translated manga was typically flipped from its original reading order to a left-to-right one to better suit Western readers. Tokyopop published the series from April 23, 2002, to October 7, 2003, and its translation was distributed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. Tokyopop's license concluded in 2009. At San Diego Comic-Con International 2009, Dark Horse Manga announced an omnibus edition of the series in celebration of Clamp's 20th anniversary. In 2010, it published the two volumes on March 24, and September 29, respectively.\n\"Chobits\" is also published in Hong Kong in Traditional Chinese by Jonesky, in Singapore in Simplified Chinese by Chuang Yi, in South Korea by Daiwon C.I., in France by Pika Édition, in Spain by Norma Editorial, in Mexico by Grupo Editorial Vid, in Italy by Star Comics (which serialized it in \"Express\"), in Germany by Egmont Manga & Anime (which serialized it in \"Manga Power\"), in Poland by Japonica Polonica Fantastica, in Brazil by JBC, and in Sweden by Carlsen Verlag.",
"title": "Chobits"
},
{
"docid": "3630500#0",
"text": "\"Chobits\" was adapted as a 26-episode-long anime television series broadcast on TBS and Animax from April to September 2002. In addition, it has spawned two video games as well as various merchandise such as figurines, collectable cards, calendars, and artbooks.",
"title": "Chobits"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "221199#8",
"text": "In 2001, \"Young Magazine\" began serializing Clamp's \"Chobits\" which completed its run in 2002. Although their previous works are targeted at a female audience, \"Chobits\" marked the first time Clamp wrote for an older teen male audience. Clamp began writing the two works that tell separate parts of the same overarching plot, \"xxxHolic\" serialized in \"Young Magazine\" beginning in 2003 followed by \"\" serialized in the \"Weekly Shōnen Magazine\" beginning in the same year. \"Tsubasa\" marked the first time Clamp had ever tried writing for a younger male audience, although their first work published in the Shōnen genre was \"Angelic Layer\"",
"title": "Clamp (manga artists)"
},
{
"docid": "14305658#1",
"text": "In an interview when describing Chi's character, Clamp member Satsuki Igarashi stated \"Lately we've been saying that the easiest to understand is Chii from 'Chobits.' Errors occur with computers. Things like 'Although it's fine to speak the instructions' and 'Please fix this problem here' might be spoken in a cute voice.\" In addition, an explanation for \"Chobits\"s plot was given by Igarashi who stated: \"Back then, when our computer had problems all we would get were these inscrutable error messages. However, we had no idea what was wrong because it wouldn't tell us any more\". Clamp also describes \"Chobits\" as a variation of the \"boy living with mysterious girl\" genre. Chi's design as a personal computer resulted from Ohkawa's wish to increase the sense of \"emotional discomfort\" around becoming emotionally involved with something considered to be merely a lifeless machine.",
"title": "Chi (Chobits)"
},
{
"docid": "3982236#36",
"text": "Although Ping seems to have similarities to Chi from Clamp's \"Chobits\", Fred has stated that \"[He] did Ping before [he] ever saw \"Chobits\".\" Instead, Ping is based more upon the general robot girl that appears in anime.",
"title": "List of Megatokyo characters"
},
{
"docid": "14305658#2",
"text": "The name \"Chobi\", came from the name of a cat at the place of Nekoi's former employment, which the group made into \"Chobits\", as the characters Elda and Freya were twins. In the series, Clamp had Chi's creator, Ichiro Mihara (a character from their shared universe work \"Angelic Layer\"), use the word \"Chobi\" to describe anything he thought was \"small and hopelessly adorable\"; two Chobi (the sisters Elda and Freya) become \"Chobits\".",
"title": "Chi (Chobits)"
},
{
"docid": "18060725#0",
"text": "The eighty-eight chapters of the science-fiction manga series \"Chobits\" are written and illustrated by Clamp. \"Chobits\" appeared as a serial in the Japanese manga magazine \"Young Magazine\" from the 43rd issue for 2000 to the 48th issue for 2002. Kodansha collected the chapters in eight bound volumes from February 14, 2001 to November 29, 2002. The series centers on Hideki Motosuwa, who finds an abandoned persocom—a personal computer in human form—which he names \"Chi\" after the only word that she initially can speak. As he forms a relationship with Chi, he gradually learns about her mysterious past and the relationships between humans and persocoms.",
"title": "List of Chobits chapters"
},
{
"docid": "14305658#0",
"text": "In two interviews describing the series Chi's creators, Clamp, said it would be much easier if computers could speak to you when they had errors. Chi is voiced by Rie Tanaka in the anime and Georgette Rose in its English counterpart. The manga and anime follow Hideki's find of Chi and their relationship, but differ in the storyline. Chi's critical reception has been mostly positive, with reviewers calling her \"cute\". In addition to Chobits, she is also a crossover character in the series \"\" and is referenced in other works.",
"title": "Chi (Chobits)"
},
{
"docid": "410476#1",
"text": "\"Angelic Layer\" takes place in the same universe as Clamp's later work \"Chobits\", which similarly deals with the relationship between humans, human-created devices, toys, and godlike power. Several characters also appear in Clamp's \"\" including most of the main characters, as well as the angel Blanche.",
"title": "Angelic Layer"
},
{
"docid": "221199#18",
"text": "Also common is the idea of soulmates, or couples tied together by fate. Syaoran and Sakura (featured in both \"Cardcaptor Sakura\" and \"\") are among Clamp's signature couples that best fits this representation. As also seen in \"Magic Knight Rayearth\", three girls are bound together by fate to save Cephiro. Fate is also the reason the three girls consider each other \"sisters\"; another idea that elaborates people being tied together (family cannot be chosen). Clamp also explores the idea of chaste or pure love (as in the manga \"Chobits\"). Clamp's disregard for sex or gender (or at times biological age) in these couples has led them to write same-sex couples into many of their manga in contrast to many other manga artists (for example, Tōya and Yukito in \"Card Captor Sakura\"). A number of such couples have been shown together across parallel dimensions in the Clamp multiverse. Although Clamp often writes romantic works, Ohkawa has mentioned that she feels that it is more putting one's life on the line than love that causes women to grow or change. Clamp never features love as a central theme; Ohkawa stated in an interview with Takeshi Oshiguchi in 1997 for \"Animerica\" that she is not \"good at love stories\" since her \"idea of a relationship is different from that of a lot of other people\".",
"title": "Clamp (manga artists)"
},
{
"docid": "495227#4",
"text": "\"xxxHolic\" was conceived when the group Clamp wanted to link the supernatural and fantasy series they made with a realistic one. This idea was further worked with the creation of the character of Yūko Ichihara who would bridge the stories from \"xxxHolic\" and \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\". Clamp proposed the idea of writing \"xxxHolic\" to \"Young Magazine\" after \"Chobits\". In the end they decided to publish both \"xxxHolic\" and \"Tsubasa\" in weekly magazines to make serialization easier. The manga's title was originally going to be \"addicted\" but it was changed for the less ambiguous \"holic.\" Like Clamp's previous work \"Tokyo Babylon\", \"xxxHolic\" focuses on social pathologies but with a more esoteric tone.\nThe \"xxx\" before the holic is the Japanese way of saying of \"fill in the blank.\" Therefore, the title itself gives a hint about what the series are about. It is talking about the people with the problems such as an alcoholic, or a workaholic. Being a fantastical series, these \"---holics \" can have very different pathologies.",
"title": "XxxHolic"
}
] |
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2287
|
When was the church of Jehovah's Witnesses established?
|
[
{
"docid": "3897876#0",
"text": "Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian Restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one—led by Russell's successor, Joseph \"Judge\" Rutherford—retaining control of both his magazine, \"The Watch Tower\", and his legal and publishing corporation, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12180960#21",
"text": "\"Zion's Watch Tower\" (now called \"The Watchtower\", the primary journal of the Watch Tower Society) had subscribers in Russia as early as 1887. In 1935, the Watch Tower Society unsuccessfully attempted to establish a branch office in the Soviet Union to support members already there. By 1939, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses were residing in the Baltic states when the Soviet Union absorbed those formerly independent countries. In the 1940s, the Soviet government forcibly dispersed thousands of Witnesses, in a program named Operation North, later described by Dr. N. S. Gordienko, a professor at Herzen University as having \"just the opposite of what was expected; they wanted to weaken the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses in the USSR, but in fact they only strengthened it\". In the 1950s and 1960s, Jehovah's Witnesses were tracked, infiltrated, harassed, and persecuted by the Soviet government. By 1971, there were more than 4,500 Witnesses in the Soviet Union. When the denomination was formally recognized in March 1991, the organization reported 15,987 members in Russia. Beginning in 1993, Witness missionaries from Germany were assigned to Russia to support the local members. By 2014, Jehovah's Witnesses reported over 170,000 members in Russia.",
"title": "Christianity in Russia"
},
{
"docid": "13950825#6",
"text": "From 1936 to 1959, Jehovah's Witnesses faced religious and civil opposition in Quebec. Historically, the Roman Catholic Church had been the dominant institution in the life of the province of Quebec and a major influence on French Canadian culture. It nurtured the young people of Quebec, in language and faith; and at the same time it endorsed the legitimacy of British rule and of the established economic order.",
"title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "140541#3",
"text": "Originally known as the \"Peoples Pulpit Association\", the organization was incorporated in 1909 when the Society's principal offices moved to Brooklyn, New York. In 1939, it was renamed \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.\", and in 1956 the name was changed to \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc\". Until 2000, a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was president of both the \"Watch Tower\" (Pennsylvania) and \"Watchtower\" (New York) corporations, as well as Britain's International Bible Students Association corporation; in 2001, it was decided that the corporations' directors need not be members of the Governing Body.\"Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc.\" was established to organize and administer the congregational affairs of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States. It filed for incorporation on August 21, 2000 in New York State as a “domestic non-profit corporation” in Putnam County, New York. An incorporation record was also filed with the State of Florida on March 3, 2006, as a \"foreign non profit corporation\" with agency in Collier County, Florida.",
"title": "Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "17043336#22",
"text": "In 1997, the authorities in Transnistria announced that they would annul the registration of the Jehovah's Witnesses. The Jehovah's Witnesses in Transnistria were originally registered in 1991, and the church was reregistered by the \"Ministry of Justice\" in 1994 and 1997. However, in 1997 the \"President's Commissioner for Religions and Cults\" sent official letters to public authorities falsely claiming that the activity of the Jehovah's Witnesses was banned and that their registration was annulled. Using the \"President's Commissioner's\" deceptive letter, authorities have repeatedly harassed the Jehovah's Witnesses, including halting the distribution of religious literature and refusing to approve a property request to build a house of worship. In 2001, the Jehovah's Witnesses lodged an official complaint with the \"President\" of Transnistria, and in 2002, they lodged a complaint with the Magistrate in Tiraspol against illegal actions taken by the \"President's Commissioner for Religions and Cults.\" In July 2002, the \"President's Commissioner for Religions and Cults\" sent a letter to various government departments with instructions to consider the Jehovah's Witnesses as illegal until the case brought against them had been finalized. The Jehovah's Witnesses have lodged an official complaint and a counter lawsuit against the \"President's Commissioner for Religions and Cults.\" Following several hearings, the Court has decided to suspend the trial until the liquidation case has been finalized.In December 2003, the Jehovah's Witnesses were informed that the two trials would be combined into one trial that would be heard by a panel of three judges. The case was being heard at the close of the period covered by this report.",
"title": "Freedom of religion in Moldova"
},
{
"docid": "3897876#43",
"text": "The leadership structure of Jehovah's Witnesses was reorganized from January 1, 1976, with the power of the presidency passed to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and the establishment of six committees to oversee tasks such as writing, teaching, publishing and evangelizing work. At this time, Watch Tower Society publications began using the capitalized name, \"Jehovah's \"W\"itnesses\". Subsequent presidents of the Watch Tower Society after Knorr's death in 1977 have been Frederick William Franz, Milton George Henschel and Don A. Adams.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "13949533#7",
"text": "Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and from that point forward, persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses intensified. Witnesses, being politically neutral, refused to swear loyalty to the Nazi regime. Initially, Witness indifference to the Nazi state manifested itself in the refusal to raise their arms in the Nazi salute, join the German Labor Front, participate in Nazi welfare collections, perform air raid duties, or participate in Nazi rallies and parades. Nazi Party SA stormtroopers raided the homes of Witnesses who failed to vote in a November 1933 plebiscite over German withdrawal from the League of Nations and marched them to the polling booths. Some were beaten or forced to walk holding placards declaring their \"betrayal\" of the fatherland; in one town, a billboard was displayed in the marketplace listing Bible Student \"traitors\" who had not voted, and mobs also gathered outside Witnesses' homes to throw stones or chant. Similar action was taken at subsequent elections in the one-party state.\nNazi authorities denounced Jehovah's Witnesses for their ties to the United States and derided the apparent revolutionary millennialism of their preaching that a battle of Armageddon would precede the rule of Christ on earth. They linked Jehovah's Witnesses to \"international Jewry\" by pointing to Witness reliance on certain Old Testament texts. The Nazis had grievances with many of the smaller Protestant groups on these issues, but only Jehovah's Witnesses and the Christadelphian Church refused to bear arms or swear loyalty to the state.\nActivities of the Bible Students Association were banned in the states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Bavaria on 10 April 1933 and 13 April 1933, respectively. When Witnesses responded with a nationwide house-to-house booklet distribution campaign, many were arrested, and within a week bans were extended to the states of Saxony and Hessen. Publications were also confiscated in some states. On 24 April, police seized the Bible Student headquarters at Magdeburg, withdrawing five days later after US diplomatic efforts. From mid-May, other states issued decrees outlawing the Bible Students, and by the middle of June they were banned in almost every state. In one state's decree, the rationale for the ban was said to be that Bible Students were \"imposing\" Watch Tower Society journals on householders, \"which contain malicious attacks on the major Christian churches and their institutions\".",
"title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"docid": "251226#0",
"text": "A Kingdom Hall is a place of worship used by Jehovah's Witnesses. The term was first suggested in 1935 by Joseph Franklin Rutherford, then president of the Watch Tower Society, for a building in Hawaii. Rutherford's reasoning was that these buildings would be used for \"preaching the good news of the Kingdom\". Jehovah's Witnesses use Kingdom Halls for the majority of their worship and Bible instruction. Witnesses prefer the term \"Kingdom Hall\" over \"church\", noting that the term often translated \"church\" in the Bible refers to the congregation of people rather than a structure.",
"title": "Kingdom Hall"
},
{
"docid": "13950825#5",
"text": "In July 1940 the government of Canada banned the Jehovah's Witnesses. Overnight it became illegal to be a member of this sect. The law, passed under the War Measures Act, was vigorously enforced. Beatings, mob action, police persecution, and state prosecution confronted the Jehovah's Witnesses as they ignored the ban and continued to go about their work spreading the word of God... The struggle was bitter indeed. Jehovah's Witness children who refused to sing the national anthem and salute the flag during patriotic exercises in public schools were often expelled from class, and in a few cases, removed from their parents' care and placed in foster homes and juvenile detention centres. Men of military service age who refused to fight spent the war trying to get out of alternative service camps established across Canada for conscientious objectors. Jehovah's Witness spent a good deal of time in the courts during the war years; they challenged government policies with which they disagreed, and were arrested in the hundreds and charged with being members of an illegal group.",
"title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "3613447#6",
"text": "After its formal establishment in 1971, the Governing Body met regularly but, according to Raymond Franz, only briefly; Franz claims meetings were sometimes as short as seven minutes, to make decisions about branch appointments and conduct that should be considered disfellowshipping offenses. Franz claims that in 1971 and again in 1975, the Governing Body debated the extent of the authority it should be given. The Governing Body voted in December 1975 to establish six operating committees to oversee the various administrative requirements of the organization's worldwide activities that formerly had been under the direction of the president; furthermore, each branch overseer was to be replaced by a branch committee of at least three members. The change, which took effect on January 1, 1976, was described in the Watch Tower Society's 1993 history book, \"Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom\", as \"one of the most significant organizational readjustments in the modern-day history of Jehovah's Witnesses.\"",
"title": "Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses"
},
{
"docid": "157971#22",
"text": "On March 9, 1953, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned and remanded the Supreme Court of Rhode Island's affirmation of the conviction of a Jehovah's Witnesses member for holding a religious meeting in a city park of Pawtucket. The opinion of the court was that a religious service of Jehovah's Witnesses had been treated differently from the religious services of other denominations. The court stated that the city had not prohibited church services in the park, as Catholics and Protestants could conduct services there without violating the ordinance.",
"title": "Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country"
},
{
"docid": "3897876#14",
"text": "Two missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and overseas branches were opened in London (1900), Germany (1903) and Australia and Switzerland (1904). The Watch Tower Society's headquarters were transferred to Brooklyn, New York in 1908.\nIn 1910 Russell introduced the name \"International Bible Students Association\" as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. The name was also used when advertising and conducting conventions of Russell's followers.",
"title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses"
}
] |
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2288
|
When was tobacco introduced to Europe?
|
[
{
"docid": "1925150#1",
"text": "Until the late 20th century, the use of tobacco for smoking and in the form of snuff was common among Jews. It is asserted that a Jew named Luis de Torres, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his expedition in 1492, settled in Cuba, learned the use of tobacco, and introduced it into Europe. From this time Jews were connected with the trade in tobacco, one of the most important in early American history (M. J. Kohler, in \"Publ. Am. Jew. Hist. Soc.\" x. 52)",
"title": "Smoking in Jewish law"
},
{
"docid": "3322201#2",
"text": "On October 15, 1492, Christopher Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves as a gift from the American Indians that he met when landing upon the New World. Soon after, sailors brought back tobacco to Europe and the plant started to be grown all over the Old World. The main reason for tobacco's growing popularity in Europe was its supposed healing qualities. Europeans believed that tobacco was a cure-all and could cure anything from halitosis to cancer. In support of this, in 1571, a Spanish doctor by the name of Nicolás Monardes wrote a book about the history of medicinal plants of the new world, one of them being tobacco. In his book he claimed that tobacco could cure 36 health problems. During the 1600s tobacco was so popular that it was often used as currency. It was the first crop grown for profit in Jamestown, Virginia, the first city in the first colony of the New World. It became North America's main source of income and helped fund the American Revolutionary War.",
"title": "Comprehensive Smoking Education Act"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14848060#0",
"text": "The history of commercial tobacco production in the United States dates back to the 17th century when the first commercial crop was planted. The industry originated in the production of tobacco for pipes and snuff. Different war efforts in the world created a shift in demand and production of tobacco in the world and the American colonies. With the onset of the American Revolution trade with the colonies was interrupted which shifted trade to other countries in the world. During this shift there was an increase in demand for tobacco in the United States, where the demand for tobacco in the form of cigars and chewing tobacco increased. Other wars, such as the War of 1812 would introduce the Andalusian cigarette to the rest of Europe. This, accompanied with the American Civil War changed the production of tobacco in America to the manufactured cigarette.",
"title": "History of commercial tobacco in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "25422522#3",
"text": "Commercial tobacco production dates back to the 17th century when the first commercial crop was planted. The industry originated in the production of tobacco for pipes and snuff. Different war efforts in the world created a shift in demand and production of tobacco in the world and the American colonies. With the advent of the American Revolution trade with the colonies was interrupted which shifted trade to other countries in the world. During this shift there was an increase in demand for tobacco in the United States, where the demand for tobacco in the form of cigars and chewing tobacco increased. Other wars, such as the War of 1812 would introduce the Andalusian cigarette to the rest of Europe. This, accompanied with the American Civil War changed the production of tobacco in America to the manufactured cigarette.",
"title": "Tobacco in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "18909502#11",
"text": "Tobacco was introduced elsewhere in continental Europe more easily. Iberia exported \"ropes\" of dry leaves in baskets to the Netherlands and southern Germany; for a while tobacco was in Spanish called \"canaster\" after the word for basket, \"canastro\", and influenced the German \"Knaster\". In Italy, Prospero Santacroce in 1561 and Nicolo Torbabuoni in 1570 introduced it to gardens after seeing the plant on diplomatic missions. Cardinal Crescenzio introduced smoking to the country in about 1610 after learning about it in England. The Roman Catholic Church did not condemn tobacco as James I did, but Pope Urban VIII threatened excommunication to anyone smoking in a church.",
"title": "History of tobacco"
},
{
"docid": "25422522#9",
"text": "As early as 1621, only 14 years after the establishment of a colony in Virginia and just 9 years after John Rolfe discovered the economic potential of tobacco in America, British merchants were on the march in an attempt to control the tobacco trade. A measure was introduced into the British Parliament in 1621 with two major components: a restriction on tobacco importation from anywhere with the exception of Virginia and the British West Indies and an edict that tobacco was not to be grown and cultivated anywhere else within England. The objective of the merchants was to monopolize and control all means of tobacco distribution within Europe and throughout the world. By doing so it was possible to secure a stable return on investment for the American Colonies and profit tremendously within Europe. The British merchants influenced economies using the power of the nation-state to influence and protect business interests. In exchange, taxes were levied in order to fund political interests. The bill that the merchants put forward in 1621 to Parliament was a classic example of the power and influence of mercantilism.",
"title": "Tobacco in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "17716336#46",
"text": "Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a vice of \"the degenerate Negroes\". The Nazis claimed that Jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by Jews. During the opening ceremony of the aforementioned \"Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren\" in 1941, Johann von Leers, editor of the \"Nordische Welt\" (Nordic World), proclaimed that \"Jewish capitalism\" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across Europe. He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in Amsterdam, the principal European entry point of \"Nicotiana\".",
"title": "Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"docid": "22145250#3",
"text": "The first attempts to respond to the health consequences to tobacco use followed soon after the introduction of tobacco to Europe. Pope Urban VII's thirteen-day papal reign included the world's first known tobacco use restrictions in 1590 when he threatened to excommunicate anyone who \"took tobacco in the porchway of or inside a church, whether it be by chewing it, smoking it with a pipe or sniffing it in powdered form through the nose\". The earliest citywide European smoking restrictions were enacted in Bavaria, Kursachsen, and certain parts of Austria in the late 17th century.",
"title": "Tobacco control"
},
{
"docid": "18909502#0",
"text": "Tobacco has a long history from its usages in the early Americas. It increased in popularity with the arrival of Spain to America, which introduced tobacco to the Europeans by whom it was heavily traded. Following the industrial revolution, cigarettes were becoming popularized in the New World as well as Europe, which fostered yet another unparalleled increase in growth. This remained so until scientific studies in mid 20th century demonstrated the negative health effects of tobacco smoking including lung and throat cancer.",
"title": "History of tobacco"
},
{
"docid": "18909502#15",
"text": "Although \"Nicotiana suaveolens\" is native to Australia, tobacco smoking first reached that continent shores when it was introduced to northern-dwelling Indigenous communities by visiting Indonesian fishermen in the early 18th century. British patterns of tobacco use were transported to Australia along with the new settlers in 1788; and in the years following colonisation, British smoking behaviour was rapidly adopted by Indigenous people as well. By the early 19th century tobacco was an essential commodity routinely issued to servants, prisoners and ticket-of-leave men (conditionally released convicts) as an inducement to work, or conversely, withheld as a means of punishment.",
"title": "History of tobacco"
}
] |
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] |
2291
|
Is the cuttlefish a mollusk?
|
[
{
"docid": "20976520#0",
"text": "Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone.",
"title": "Cuttlefish"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1460980#0",
"text": "Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named Cuttlefish for the cuttlefish, a ten-armed marine mollusk similar to the squid.",
"title": "USS Cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "20976520#8",
"text": "The blood of a cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green-blue, because it uses the copper-containing protein haemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red, iron-containing protein haemoglobin found in vertebrates' blood. The blood is pumped by three separate hearts: two branchial hearts pump blood to the cuttlefish's pair of gills (one heart for each), and the third pumps blood around the rest of the body. Cuttlefish blood must flow more rapidly than that of most other animals because haemocyanin carries substantially less oxygen than haemoglobin. Unlike most other mollusks, cephalopods like cuttlefish have a closed circulatory system.",
"title": "Cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "20976520#10",
"text": "Like other marine mollusks, cuttlefish have ink stores that are used for chemical deterrence, phagomimicry, sensory distraction, and evasion when attacked. The composition of the ink leads to a richly colored \"black\" ink which is rich in ammonium salts and amino acids that may have a role in phagomimicry defenses.",
"title": "Cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "9538859#0",
"text": "Idiosepiidae is a family of mollusk in the class Cephalopoda. This family appears to be related to the cuttlefish in the order Sepiida and the bobtail squid in the order Sepiolida but the exact placement of this family within the Decapodiformes is \"incertae sedis\".",
"title": "Idiosepiidae"
},
{
"docid": "1460770#4",
"text": "\"B-2\" was laid down by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts, under subcontract from Electric Boat Company of New Suffolk, L. I., as Cuttlefish, making her the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the cuttlefish, a 10-armed marine mollusk similar to the squid.",
"title": "USS B-2 (SS-11)"
},
{
"docid": "20976520#2",
"text": "Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopus, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, sharks, fish, seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The average life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about 1–2 years. Recent studies indicate cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates.",
"title": "Cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "8845425#5",
"text": "The common cuttlefish is one of the largest species of cuttlefish with their mantles (does not include their head and arms) reaching upwards of 45 cm. The mantle houses the reproductive and digestive tracts of the cuttlefish and is also home to an internal shell called the cuttlebone. The common cuttlefish has two highly developed eyes, eight arms which are located around the mouth and are used to hold and move prey, two tentacles which are used to quickly capture prey, and a radula which is used to tear and rip apart any prey they have captured. Cuttlefish are well known for their unmatched camouflaging abilities which are possible due to light scattering leucophores, pigmented chromatophore organs, and structurally reflecting iridophores all located in their skin. These specialized characteristics give them the ability to not only change their colour, but also change the texture appearance of their skin and all of this is done despite them being colour-blind. Their camouflaging abilities are categorized into four main types including mottle, stipple, uniform, and disruptive. These complex camouflage abilities are not just present in adult cuttlefish, but cuttlefish juveniles also contain these complicated characteristics which allows them to be able to camouflage from a young age.",
"title": "Common cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "8845425#4",
"text": "During the day, most cuttlefish can be found buried below the substrate and fairly inactive. At night however, they are actively searching for prey and can ambush their prey from under the substrate. Cuttlefish are carnivorous and eat a variety or organisms including crustaceans (crabs and shrimp), small fish, molluscs (clams and snails), and sometimes other cuttlefish which is more commonly seen when the abundance of other prey is low.",
"title": "Common cuttlefish"
},
{
"docid": "2687243#4",
"text": "\"S. apama\" is a neritic demersal species. They are carnivorous, opportunistic and voracious predators who feed predominantly on crustaceans and fish. Using neurally controlled cells known as chromatophore organs (red to yellow), iridophores (iridescent: spans the entire visible spectrum from blue to near-IR) and leucophores (white), the cuttlefish can put on spectacular displays, changing colour and patterns in a fraction of a second. Located in three layers under the skin, leucophores make up the bottom layer, with chromatophores the outermost. By selective blocking, the three layers work together to produce polarised patterns. Unlike those in most animals, cuttlefish iridophores are physiologically active; they can change their reflectivity, and the degree of polarisation can also be controlled. Cuttlefish are colourblind; however, the photoreceptors of cuttlefish eyes are arranged in a way which gives them the ability to see the linear polarisation of light. While the mantis shrimp is the only known creature to have true polarisation vision, cephalopods may also. Because the optic lobes of cuttlefish are larger than any other region of the brain and their skin produces polarised reflective patterns, they may communicate through this visual system. By raising elaborate papillae on their skin, \"S. apama\" squid can change the shape and the texture of their skin to imitate rock, sand, or seaweed.",
"title": "Sepia apama"
}
] |
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] |
2292
|
What is a pachinko machine?
|
[
{
"docid": "57607#3",
"text": "A pachinko machine resembles a vertical pinball machine, but is different from Western pinball in several ways. First, a pachinko machine uses small (11 mm diameter) steel balls, which are rented to the player by the owner (usually a \"pachinko parlor,\" featuring many individual games in rows), while pinball games use a larger, captive ball. The pachinko balls are not only the active object, but are also the bet and the prize. The player loads one or more balls into the machine, then presses and releases a spring-loaded handle, which is attached to a padded hammer inside the machine, thus launching the ball into a metal track. The track guides the ball around the edge of the playing field, then when the ball loses momentum, it falls into the playing field from near the top. Some pachinko machines have a bumper to bounce the ball as it reaches the top, while other machines allow the ball to travel all the way around the field, to fall on the second time that it reaches the top.",
"title": "Pachinko"
},
{
"docid": "57607#19",
"text": "Pachinko machines vary in several aspects, including decoration, music, modes and gates. The majority of modern machines have an LCD screen centered over the main start pocket. The game is played with keeping the stream of balls to the left of the screen, but many models will have their optimized ball stream to be in the center of the play field or to switch from left side to right side depending on the game mode. Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy with the majority having a specific center piece that usually contains win pockets.",
"title": "Pachinko"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57607#6",
"text": "Until the 1980s, pachinko machines were mechanical devices, using bells to indicate different states of the machine. Electricity was used only to flash lights and to indicate problems, such as a machine emptied of its balls. Balls were launched using a flipper; their speed was controlled by pulling the flipper down to different levels. Manufacturers in this period included Nishijin and Sankyo; most of these machines available on online auction sites today date to the 1970s. After that time, pachinko machines incorporated more electronic features, thus requiring electricity for operation.",
"title": "Pachinko"
},
{
"docid": "57607#15",
"text": "When a jackpot does not result in a \"kakuhen\" combination, the pachinko machine will enter into \"\" (時短, short for 時間短縮 meaning time-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins than \"kakuhen\". Under the original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls to fall into it; this system is also present in \"kakuhen\". To compensate for the increase in the number of spins, the digital slot machine produces the final outcomes of each spin faster. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine spins as in \"kakuhen\". Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts to its original setting.",
"title": "Pachinko"
},
{
"docid": "31519614#1",
"text": "Pachinko is a popular gambling game in Japan, that traces its roots back to the early 20th century. The Masamura trading company from Nagoya constructed a museum in tribute to the company's founder Masamura Takeuchi on the third floor of the old Masamura Building in Nishi-ku. He is often acknowledged to be the creator of modern pachinko, by turning this children's game into an adult hobby. In the years after World War II, when supplies were short, he was able to build together some of the first pachinko machines made out of old tea chests and greenhouse glass. The legendary Masamura Gauge All 15 is remembered as the precursor to modern day Pachinko machines.",
"title": "Masamura Pachinko Museum"
},
{
"docid": "57607#5",
"text": "Pachinko machines were first built during the 1920s as a children's toy called the , based on and named after the American \"Corinthian bagatelle\". Another likely inspiration was the \"Billard japonais\", 'Japanese billiards', invented in Western Europe during the 18th century. It emerged as an adult pastime in Nagoya around 1930 and spread from there. All of Japan's pachinko parlors were closed down during World War II but re-emerged in the late 1940s. Pachinko has remained popular since; the first commercial parlor was opened in Nagoya in 1948. As a country influenced by Japan during its occupation, Taiwan has many pachinko establishments. Nowadays an estimated 80 percent of pachinko parlors in Japan are owned by ethnic Koreans.",
"title": "Pachinko"
},
{
"docid": "57607#16",
"text": "Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese pachinko machines started to include \"\" (小当たり, small jackpot) into their payout systems. \"Koatari\" is shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player receives no payout. \"Koatari\" jackpots can result in a \"kakuhen\" as per normal operation, depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose of \"koatari\" is so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes that \"appear\" to be largely favorable to customers, without losing any long-term profit.",
"title": "Pachinko"
},
{
"docid": "15412092#7",
"text": "Pachinko is a pinball-like slot machine game. It is officially not considered gambling because Japanese laws regard pachinko as an exception to the criminal code on gambling for historical, monetary, and cultural reasons. Pachinko parlours can be found all over Japan, and they are operated by private companies. As of 2011, there are about 12,480 pachinko parlors in Japan.",
"title": "Gambling in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "28082011#0",
"text": "In machine learning and natural language processing, the pachinko allocation model (PAM) is a topic model. Topic models are a suite of algorithms to uncover the hidden thematic structure of a collection of documents. The algorithm improves upon earlier topic models such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) by modeling correlations between topics in addition to the word correlations which constitute topics. PAM provides more flexibility and greater expressive power\nthan latent Dirichlet allocation. While first described and implemented in the context of natural language processing, the algorithm may have applications in other fields such as bioinformatics. The\nmodel is named for pachinko machines—a game popular in Japan, in which metal balls bounce down around\na complex collection of pins until they land in various\nbins at the bottom.",
"title": "Pachinko allocation"
},
{
"docid": "57607#14",
"text": "After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ the \" (確変, short for 確率変動 meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the outcome. The probability of a \"kakuhen\" occurring is determined by a random number generator. Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of consecutive jackpots after the first \"hard earned\" one, commonly referred to as \"fever mode\". Another type of \"kakuhen\" system is the special time or ST \"kakuhen\". With these machines, every jackpot earned results in a \"kakuhen\", but in order to earn a payout beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given amount of spins.",
"title": "Pachinko"
}
] |
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] |
2297
|
How many interstates are there in the USA?
|
[
{
"docid": "76180#0",
"text": "There are 70 primary Interstate Highways in the Interstate Highway System, a network of controlled-access freeways in the United States. They are assigned one- or two-digit route numbers, whereas their associated \"auxiliary\" Interstate Highways receive three-digit route numbers. Typically, odd-numbered Interstates run south-north, with lower numbers in the west and higher numbers in the east; even-numbered Interstates run west-east, with lower numbers in the south and higher numbers in the north. Highways whose route numbers are divisible by \"5\" usually represent major coast-to-coast or border-to-border routes (ex. I-10 travels from Santa Monica, California, to Jacksonville, Florida, traveling from the Pacific to Atlantic oceans). Additionally, auxiliary highways have their numbering system where a different number prefixes the number of its parent highway.",
"title": "List of Interstate Highways"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3422574#0",
"text": "In the United States, there are currently seven \"suffixed\" Interstate Highways. In addition to the Interstate 35 split into Interstate 35E and Interstate 35W at Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, a similar split into Interstate 35E and Interstate 35W at Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota exists, as well as Interstate 69C, Interstate 69E and Interstate 69W in South Texas. Interstate 480N in Ohio exists and is designated as such on mile markers but is otherwise unsigned. However, there were once many more, as the three-digit Interstates were not designated until after all major routes were assigned numbers, including some short connections and spurs. (A few of the shortest, including I-190 and I-195, were assigned three-digit numbers almost immediately.) Most were not equal splits like on I-35, but had the main route continue through, and often the suffixed route never returned to its parent. In 1980, AASHTO abolished the majority of suffixes due to confusion, renumbering them as three-digit Interstates, but several that return to their parents were kept. For example, Interstate 15E has since become Interstate 215, but both I-35E/I-35W and I-69 splits still exist, the I-69 splits being recently designated.",
"title": "List of suffixed Interstate Highways"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "20952#105",
"text": "Two major interstate highways and a spur converge in Mobile. Interstate 10 runs northeast to southwest across the city while Interstate 65 starts in Mobile at Interstate 10 and runs north. Interstate 165 connects to Interstate 65 north of the city in Prichard and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile. Mobile is well served by many major highway systems. United States Highways US 31, US 43, US 45, US 90, and US 98 radiate from Mobile traveling east, west, and north. Mobile has three routes east across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay into neighboring Baldwin County, Alabama. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through the George Wallace Tunnel under the river and then over the bay across the Jubilee Parkway to Spanish Fort and Daphne. US 98 leaves downtown through the Bankhead Tunnel under the river, onto Blakeley Island, and then over the bay across the Battleship Parkway into Spanish Fort, Alabama. US 90 travels over the Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge to the north of downtown onto Blakeley Island where it becomes co-routed with US 98.",
"title": "Mobile, Alabama"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "19280748#55",
"text": "At the local level, there are 6,447 Episcopal congregations, each of which elects a vestry or bishop's committee. Subject to the approval of its diocesan bishop, the vestry of each parish elects a priest, called the rector, who has spiritual jurisdiction in the parish and selects assistant clergy, both deacons and priests. (There is a difference between vestry and clergy elections – clergy are ordained members usually selected from outside the parish, whereas any member in good standing of a parish is eligible to serve on the vestry.) The diocesan bishop, however, appoints the clergy for all missions and may choose to do so for non-self-supporting parishes.",
"title": "Episcopal Church (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "14236609#0",
"text": "This is a list of U.S. states and territories ranked by their coastline length. Thirty states have a coastline: twenty-three with a coastline on the Arctic, Atlantic, and/or Pacific Ocean, and eight with a Great Lakes coastline; New York has coasts on both. States with no coastline are not included; smaller border lakes such as Lake Champlain or Lake of the Woods are not counted. Five U.S. territories have coastlines — three U.S. territories have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean, and two U.S. territories have a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean sea). The U.S. Minor Outlying Islands have coastlines, but their coastlines are not counted.",
"title": "List of U.S. states and territories by coastline"
},
{
"docid": "4963532#3",
"text": "More than 2,000 colonias are identified within the U.S. The highest concentration is in Texas, with others in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Evidence suggests that there are more than 1,800 designated colonias in Texas, around 138 in New Mexico, 77 in Arizona, and 32 in California. These settlements are part of an informal sector or informal economy that is not bound by the structures of government regulations within labor, tax, health and safety, land use, environmental, civil rights, and immigration laws.",
"title": "Colonia (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "37725872#3",
"text": "There are 23 league across the United States, in 22 states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California (NorCal & SoCal), Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Oregon, West Virginia, Maryland, Montana and Wisconsin.",
"title": "National Interscholastic Cycling Association"
}
] |
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] |
2298
|
How did Servius Tullius die?
|
[
{
"docid": "27951#20",
"text": "When Servius Tullius arrived at the senate-house to defend his position, Tarquinius threw him down the steps and Servius was murdered in the street by Tarquin's men. Soon after, Tullia drove her chariot over her father's body. For Livy, Tarquinius' impious refusal to permit his father-in-law's burial earned him the sobriquet \"Superbus\" (“arrogant” or “proud”), and Servius' death is a \"tragic crime\" (\"tragicum scelus\"), a dark episode in Rome's history and just cause for the abolition of the monarchy. Servius thus becomes the last of Rome's benevolent kings; the place of this outrage – which Livy seems to suggest as a crossroads – is known thereafter as \"Vicus Sceleratus\" (street of shame, infamy or crime). His murder is parricide, the worst of all crimes. This morally justifies Tarquin's eventual expulsion and the abolition of Rome's aberrant, \"un-Roman\" monarchy. Livy's Republic is partly founded on the achievements and death of Rome's last benevolent king.",
"title": "Servius Tullius"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2881974#6",
"text": "Tarquin's daughter married Servius Tullius, who succeeded him as the sixth king of Rome. After a long and prosperous reign, Tullius was deposed by his own son-in-law, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the son or grandson of the elder Tarquin. An Etruscan legend told of how Servius, aided by the heroes Aulus and Caelius Vibenna, had defeated and killed a group of enemies, including a certain Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome, perhaps the son of Tarquin the Elder and father of Tarquin the Proud.",
"title": "Demaratus of Corinth"
},
{
"docid": "27951#19",
"text": "In Livy's history, Servius Tullius had two daughters, Tullia the Elder and Tullia the Younger. He arranged their marriage to the two sons of his predecessor, Lucius Tarquinius and Arruns Tarquinius. The younger Tullia and Lucius Tarquinius Priscus procured the murders of their respective siblings, married, and conspired to remove Servius Tullius. Tullia encouraged Lucius Tarquinius to secretly persuade or bribe senators, and Tarquinius went to the senate-house with a group of armed men. Then he summoned the senators and gave a speech criticising Servius: for being a slave born of a slave; for failing to be elected by the Senate and the people during an interregnum, as had been the tradition for the election of kings of Rome; for being gifted the throne by a woman; for favouring the lower classes of Rome over the wealthy; for taking the land of the upper classes for distribution to the poor; and for instituting the census, which exposed the wealthy upper classes to popular envy.",
"title": "Servius Tullius"
},
{
"docid": "27951#0",
"text": "Servius Tullius was the legendary sixth king of Rome, and the second of its Etruscan dynasty. He reigned 575–535 BC. Roman and Greek sources describe his servile origins and later marriage to a daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Rome's first Etruscan king, who was assassinated in 579 BC. Servius is said to have been the first Roman king to accede without election by the Senate, having gained the throne by popular support; and the first to be elected by the Senate alone, without reference to the people.",
"title": "Servius Tullius"
},
{
"docid": "29265446#2",
"text": "Livy also records that one of the leading men of Corniculum, named Servius Tullius, was slain in the capture of the town, and that his pregnant wife was taken captive to Rome, but was exempted from slavery by the Roman queen Tanaquil on account of her rank, and was given a place in the king's household. She gave birth to a son, Servius Tullius, who later married Tarqunius' daughter, and succeeded him as king of Rome.",
"title": "Corniculum (ancient Latin town)"
},
{
"docid": "18046#13",
"text": "Most ancient writers regarded Tarquin as the father of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome, but some stated that the younger Tarquin was his grandson. As the younger Tarquin died about 496 BC, more than eighty years after Tarquinius Priscus, chronology seems to support the latter tradition. An Etruscan legend related by the emperor Claudius equates Servius Tullius with \"Macstarna\" (apparently the Etruscan equivalent of the Latin \"magister\"), a companion of the Etruscan heroes Aulus and Caelius Vibenna, who helped free the brothers from captivity, slaying their captors, including a Roman named Gnaeus Tarquinius. This episode is depicted in a fresco at the tomb of the Etruscan Saties family at Vulci, now known as the François Tomb. This tradition suggests that perhaps the sons of the elder Tarquin attempted to seize power, but were defeated by the regent, Servius Tullius, and his companions; Tullius would then have attempted to end the dynastic struggle by marrying his daughters to the grandsons of Tarquinius Priscus. However, this plan ultimately failed, as Tullius was himself assassinated at the instigation of his son-in-law, who succeeded him.",
"title": "Lucius Tarquinius Priscus"
},
{
"docid": "249374#4",
"text": "Tanaquil also played a role in the rise of Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Raising him as her own child, Tanaquil believed Servius would be the next successor to the throne. Her dreams would be realized when, one day Servius was sleeping and his head was surrounded with flames. The fires danced around his head without hurting him and when Servius awoke, the fire disappeared. Taking this as an omen, Tanaquil knew Servius would one day be king. When Tarquin was assassinated, Tanaquil hid his death from her subjects, instead telling them that Tarquin had been wounded and had Servius himself appointed regent until he got better. After gaining the people's respect and commanding the kingship, Servius and Tanaquil announced Tarquin's death. The Senate named Servius king and Tanaquil's son, Arruns Tarquinius, married Servius' daughter, Tullia.",
"title": "Tanaquil"
},
{
"docid": "27951#4",
"text": "Before its establishment as a Republic, Rome was ruled by kings (Latin \"reges\", singular \"rex\"). In Roman tradition, Rome's founder Romulus was the first. Servius Tullius was the sixth, and his successor Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) was the last. The nature of Roman kingship is unclear; most Roman kings were elected by the senate, as to a lifetime magistracy, but some claimed succession through dynastic or divine right. Some were native Romans, others were foreign. Later Romans had a complex ideological relationship with this distant past. In Republican mores and institutions kingship was abhorrent; and remained so, in name at least, during the Empire. On the one hand, Romulus was held to have brought Rome into being more-or-less at a stroke, so complete and purely Roman in its essentials that any acceptable change or reform thereafter must be clothed as restoration. On the other, Romans of the Republic and Empire saw each king as contributing in some distinctive and novel way to the city's fabric and territories, or its social, military, religious, legal or political institutions. Servius Tullius has been described as Rome's \"second founder\", \"the most complex and enigmatic\" of all its kings, and a kind of \"proto-Republican magistrate\".",
"title": "Servius Tullius"
},
{
"docid": "47210#24",
"text": "Dionysius of Halicarnassus recounts a local story regarding the birth of king Servius Tullius. In it, a phallus rose from the hearth of Vesta in Numa's palace, and Ocresia was the first to see it. She immediately informed the king and queen. King Tarquinius, upon hearing this, was astonished; but Tanaquil, whose knowledge of divination was well-known, told him it was a blessing that a birth by the hearth's phallus and a mortal woman would produce superior offspring. The king then chose Ocresia to have intercourse with it, for she had seen it first. During which either Vulcan, or the tutelary deity of the house, appeared to her. After disappearing, she conceived and delivered Tullius. This story of his birth could be based off his name as Servius would euphemistically mean \"son of servant\", because his mother was a handmaiden.",
"title": "Vesta (mythology)"
},
{
"docid": "27951#9",
"text": "Early in his reign, Servius warred against Veii and the Etruscans. He is said to have shown valour in the campaign, and to have routed a great army of the enemy. His success helped him to cement his position at Rome. According to the \"Fasti Triumphales\", Servius celebrated three triumphs over the Etruscans, including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC (the date of the third triumph is not legible on the \"Fasti\").",
"title": "Servius Tullius"
}
] |
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] |
2299
|
Are red wolves endangered?
|
[
{
"docid": "367555#0",
"text": "The Endangered Wolf Center is a non-profit wildlife facility in Eureka, Missouri, United States, near St. Louis that is dedicated to preserving and reintroducing to the wild critically endangered species of wolves. It is certified by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The Center was founded in 1971 by renowned naturalist Marlin Perkins and his wife Carol, who saw that wolves around the world were in danger of becoming extinct. Its mission is to preserve and protect Mexican wolves, red wolves, and other wild canid species, with purpose and passion, through carefully managed breeding, reintroduction and inspiring education programs. Animals born at the facility have been reintroduced to North Carolina (red wolves) and Arizona and New Mexico (Mexican wolves). The Center's research focuses on reproductive, behavioral and nutritional needs for the species housed there. The Endangered Wolf Center is a founding member of the AZA’s Mexican Wolf and Red Wolf Species Survival Plans. As of August 2016, the Center had six species of endangered canids: Mexican wolves, red wolves, maned wolves, African painted dogs, fennec foxes and swift foxes. It had more than 20 Mexican gray wolves, more than any other managed breeding facility. (Only 97 Mexican wolves were known to exist in the wild as of 2015.) The Center serves as the cornerstone of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's program to preserve Mexican wolves and reintroduce them to the wild.",
"title": "Endangered Wolf Center"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19312158#13",
"text": "The Wildlands Network focuses on merging science and activism in order to protect the remaining red wolves in the southeastern United States. The red wolf is one of the critically endangered in the world. Only about 30-50 of them exist in the wild. The Network is trying to take measures on their behalf in order for them to survive. Red wolves are essential for keeping deer populations in check because deer are destructive to vegetation. Red wolves also help keep smaller animals in check, preventing them from overpopulating. \nThe Wildlands Network is currently focused on three major campaigns to save the Red Wolves. Firstly, installing cameras in the areas where red wolves are known to roam, and releasing the footage to the public in order to show that wolves are not overkilling deer, but rather keeping their populations in check. Secondly, promoting political pressure on the United States Fish and Wildlife Services, which is the main U.S agency in charge of conservation efforts of Red Wolves under the Endangered Species Act. Thirdly, advocating for red wolves targeting the public such as through newspapers, presentations, and rallies.",
"title": "Wildlands Network"
},
{
"docid": "26088#38",
"text": "After the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, formal efforts backed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began to save the red wolf from extinction, when a captive-breeding program was established at the Point Defiance Zoological Gardens, Tacoma, Washington. Four hundred animals were captured from southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas from 1973 to 1980 by the USFWS. Measurements, vocalization analyses, and skull X-rays were used to distinguish red wolves from coyotes and red wolf-coyote hybrids. Of the 400 animals captured, only 43 were believed to be red wolves and sent to the breeding facility. The first litters were produced in captivity in May 1977. Some of the pups were determined to be hybrids, and they and their parents were removed from the program. Of the original 43 animals, only 17 were considered pure red wolves and since three were unable to breed, 14 became the breeding stock for the captive-breeding program. These 14 were so closely related that they had the genetic effect of being only eight individuals.",
"title": "Red wolf"
},
{
"docid": "701930#14",
"text": "In 2015, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada changed its designation of the eastern wolf from \"Canis lupus lycaon\" to \"Canis cf lycaon\" (\"Canis\" species believed to be \"lycaon\") and a species at risk. Later that year, a study compared the DNA sequences using 127,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations) of wolves and coyotes. The study indicated that eastern wolves were a distinct genomic cluster, which did not exclude a possibility that a gray wolf x eastern wolf hybrid (\"C. l. lycaon\") historically inhabited the same area as the eastern wolf. The study did not include red wolves.",
"title": "Eastern wolf"
},
{
"docid": "26088#48",
"text": "In 2012, the Southern Environmental Law Center filed a lawsuit against the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission for jeopardizing the existence of the wild red wolf population by allowing nighttime hunting of coyotes in the five-county restoration area in eastern North Carolina. A 2014 court-approved settlement agreement was reached that banned nighttime hunting of coyotes and requires permitting and reporting coyote hunting. In response to the settlement, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission adopted a resolution requesting the USFWS to remove all wild red wolves from private lands, terminate recovery efforts, and declare red wolves extinct in the wild. This resolution came in the wake of a 2014 programmatic review of the red wolf conservation program conducted by The Wildlife Management Institute. The Wildlife Management Institute indicated the reintroduction of the red wolf was an incredible achievement. The report indicated that red wolves could be released and survive in the wild, but that illegal killing of red wolves threatens the long-term persistence of the population. The report stated that the USFWS needed to update its red wolf recovery plan, thoroughly evaluate its strategy for preventing coyote hybridization and increase its public outreach. Since the programmatic review, the USFWS ceased implementing the red wolf adaptive management plan that was responsible for preventing red wolf hybridization with coyotes and allowed the release of captive-born red wolves into the wild population. Since then, the wild population has decreased from 100–115 red wolves to 50–65. Despite the controversy over the red wolf's status as a unique taxon as well as the USFWS' apparent disinterest towards wolf conservation in the wild, the vast majority of public comments (including NC residents) submitted to the USFWS in 2017 over their new wolf management plan were in favor of the original wild conservation plan.",
"title": "Red wolf"
},
{
"docid": "26088#18",
"text": "In 2000, a study looked at red wolves and eastern Canadian wolves. The study agreed that these two wolves readily hybridize with the coyote. The study used 8 microsatellites (genetic markers taken from across the genome of a specimen). The phylogenetic tree produced from the genetic sequences showed red wolves and eastern Canadian wolves clustering together. These then clustered next closer with the coyote and away from the gray wolf. A further analysis using mDNA sequences indicated the presence of coyote in both of these two wolves, and that these two wolves had diverged from the coyote 150,000–300,000 years ago. No gray wolf sequences were detected in the samples. The study proposes that these findings are inconsistent with the two wolves being subspecies of the gray wolf, that red wolves and eastern Canadian wolves evolved in North America after having diverged from the coyote, and therefore they are more likely to hybridize with coyotes. In 2009, a study of eastern Canadian wolves using microsatellites, mDNA, and the paternally-inherited yDNA markers found that the eastern Canadian wolf was a unique ecotype of the gray wolf that had undergone recent hybridization with other gray wolves and coyotes. It could find no evidence to support the findings of the earlier 2000 study regarding the eastern Canadian wolf. The study did not include the red wolf.",
"title": "Red wolf"
},
{
"docid": "16302912#20",
"text": "Expectations were high for the 2016 season but the Red Wolves started the campaign with four straight losses to Toledo, Auburn, Utah State and in-state FCS opponent Central Arkansas. But during Sun Belt Conference play the Red Wolves reeled off six straight victories including a road win against #25 Troy that denied the Trojans a share of the Sun Belt crown. The Red Wolves had a chance to secure a sole conference championship by winning its last two games but faltered when a last-second touchdown was reversed by replay at Louisiana. The Red Wolves secured a win in their final regular season game at Texas State which assured them of a shared conference championship with Appalachian State. The Red Wolves were selected for the 2016 Cure Bowl where they defeated UCF 31–13 in their own hometown.",
"title": "Arkansas State Red Wolves football"
},
{
"docid": "26088#34",
"text": "Since 1987, red wolves have been released into northeastern North Carolina, where they roam 1.7 million acres. These lands span five counties (Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell, Washington, and Beaufort) and include three national wildlife refuges, a U.S. Air Force bombing range, and private land. The red wolf recovery program is unique for a large carnivore reintroduction in that more than half of the land used for reintroduction lies on private property. Approximately are federal and state lands, and are private lands.\nBeginning in 1991, red wolves were also released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee. However, due to exposure to environmental disease (parvovirus), parasites, and competition (with coyotes as well as intraspecific aggression), the red wolf was unable to successfully establish a wild population in the park. Low prey density was also a problem, forcing the wolves to leave the park boundaries in pursuit of food in lower elevations. In 1998, the FWS removed the remaining red wolves in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, relocating them to Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in eastern North Carolina. Other red wolves have been released on the coastal islands in Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina as part of the captive breeding management plan. St. Vincent Island in Florida is currently the only active island propagation site.",
"title": "Red wolf"
},
{
"docid": "26088#0",
"text": "The red wolf (\"Canis lupus rufus\" or \"Canis rufus\") is a canine native to the southeastern United States. The subspecies is the product of ancient genetic admixture between the gray wolf and the coyote, however it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation. Morphologically it is intermediate between the coyote and gray wolf, and is of a reddish, tawny color. The US Endangered Species Act of 1973 currently does not provide protection for endangered admixed individuals and researchers argue that these should warrant full protection under the Act. However, the red wolf when considered as a species is listed as an endangered species under this Act and is protected by law. Although \"Canis rufus\" is not listed in the CITES Appendices of endangered species, since 1996 the IUCN has listed it as a critically endangered species.",
"title": "Red wolf"
},
{
"docid": "26088#46",
"text": "Interbreeding with the coyote has been recognized as a threat affecting the restoration of red wolves. Currently, adaptive management efforts are making progress in reducing the threat of coyotes to the red wolf population in northeastern North Carolina. Other threats, such as habitat fragmentation, disease, and anthropogenic mortality, are of concern in the restoration of red wolves. Efforts to reduce the threats are presently being explored.",
"title": "Red wolf"
}
] |
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] |
2301
|
What was the first adventure game?
|
[
{
"docid": "18493095#11",
"text": "There is no consensus on what the earliest open world game is, due to differing definitions of how large or open a world needs to be. Ars Technica traces the concept back to the free-roaming exploration of 1976 text adventure game \"Colossal Cave Adventure\", which inspired the free-roaming exploration of \"Adventure\" (1980), but notes that it wasn't until 1984 that what \"we now know as open-world gaming\" took on a \"definite shape\" with 1984 space simulator \"Elite\", considered a pioneer of the open world; Gamasutra argues that its open-ended sandbox style is rooted in flight simulators, such as SubLOGIC's \"Flight Simulator\" (1979/1980), noting most flight sims \"offer a 'free flight' mode that allows players to simply pilot the aircraft and explore the virtual world\". Others trace the concept back to 1981 CRPG \"\", which had a free-roaming overworld map inspired by tabletop RPG \"Dungeons & Dragons\". The overworld maps of the first five \"Ultima\" games, released up to 1988, lacked a single, unified scale, with towns and other places represented as icons; this style was adopted by the first three \"Dragon Quest\" games, released from 1986 to 1988 in Japan.",
"title": "Open world"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7407508#1",
"text": "Adventure board games often integrate various role-playing game mechanics, such as experience points and character creation into the board game format. The origins of these two types of game are related. In the early 1970s, Dave Arneson introduced his role-playing game, Blackmoor, to a group of players. One of those players, Gary Gygax, collaborated with Arneson to create \"Dungeons & Dragons\" (1974). Another member of that gaming group, Dave Meggary, translated the experience into the board game, \"Dungeon!\" (1975), the first adventure board game. In fact, the term \"adventure gaming\" in the 1970s referred to what later became known as tabletop role-playing games, and only later became associated with board games.",
"title": "Adventure board game"
},
{
"docid": "357020#3",
"text": "LucasArts' first adventure game was the 1986 title \"\". The game's development was led by David Fox, with contributions from Douglas Adams, Christopher Cerf, Noah Falstein and Brenda Laurel. Based on the film of the same name, it is LucasArts' first video game adaptation of a film. It is the only adventure game not published by LucasArts, as \"Labyrinth\" was published and distributed by Activision. \"Labyrinth\" differs significantly from later LucasArts adventure games as it uses text parser gameplay as the main means of play.\n\"Labyrinth\" was followed in 1987 by \"Maniac Mansion\". \"Maniac Mansion\" was the creation of Ron Gilbert and Gary Winnick, and marked the debut of SCUMM, the game engine that powered all but two of LucasArts later adventure games. The game was also the first LucasArts adventure game to be released for DOS. \"Maniac Mansion\" was LucasArts' first full graphic adventure game, using a point-and-click interface rather than the text-based gameplay seen in \"Labyrinth\". A menu of verbs allows the player to choose how to interact with the game's environment. \"Maniac Mansion\" aims to parody the horror genre. The game was subject to several enhancements and re-releases, and was included as a game within a game in its sequel, \"Day of the Tentacle\".",
"title": "LucasArts adventure games"
},
{
"docid": "320482#23",
"text": "As the first action-adventure video game and first console fantasy game, \"Adventure\" established its namesake genre on video game consoles. In addition to being the first graphical adventure game on the Atari 2600 console, it is the first video game to contain a widely known Easter egg, and the first to allow a player to use multiple, portable, on-screen items while exploring an open-ended environment, making it one of the first examples, even as small and primitive as it is, of an open world game. The game has been voted the best Atari 2600 game in numerous polls, and has been noted as a significant step in the advancement of home video games. \"GamePro\" ranked it as the 28th most important video game of all time in 2007. In 2010, \"1UP.com\" listed it as one of the most important games ever made in its \"The Essential 50\" feature. \"Entertainment Weekly\" named \"Adventure\" as one of the top 10 games for the Atari 2600.",
"title": "Adventure (Atari 2600)"
},
{
"docid": "357020#26",
"text": "In 1989, while designing the first Monkey Island game, Ron Gilbert wrote an article titled Why Adventure Games Suck outlining what he perceived to be design flaws in adventure games of the time.",
"title": "LucasArts adventure games"
},
{
"docid": "162176#9",
"text": "Toy subsequently enrolled in computer science at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the late 1970s. Working first on UCSC's PDP-11 and then its VAX-11, Toy began exploring what games were available over ARPANET, the predecessor of the current Internet. One game that intrigued him was \"Colossal Cave Adventure\" (also known as \"Adventure\") (1976) by William Crowther and Don Woods. \"Adventure\", considered the first text-based adventure game, challenged the player to explore a cave system through descriptions given by the computer and commands issued by the player. Toy was impressed by the game and started writing his own.",
"title": "Rogue (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "2538794#22",
"text": "One of the first action-adventure games was the Atari 2600 game \"Adventure\" (1980). It was directly inspired by the original text adventure, \"Colossal Cave Adventure\". In the process of adapting a text game to a console with only a joystick for control, designer Warren Robinett created an action-adventure game by incorporating action arcade game elements.",
"title": "List of video game genres"
},
{
"docid": "828094#26",
"text": "Solitaire adventures were a parallel development. This type of book is intended to allow a single person to use the rules of a role-playing game to experience an adventure without need of a referee. The first role-playing game solitaire adventures to be published were those using the \"Tunnels and Trolls\" system, beginning with the book \"Buffalo Castle\" in 1976, making \"Tunnels and Trolls\" the first role-playing game to support solitaire play. Flying Buffalo released 24 solo adventure books (plus several pocket size adventures) in the period 1976–1993. A number of the adventures are still in print today. They were very successful among players of role-playing games and inspired many imitators.",
"title": "Gamebook"
},
{
"docid": "547483#9",
"text": "Brett Weiss cites \"Superman\" (1979) as an action-adventure game, with \"Retro Gamer\" crediting it as the \"first to utilize multiple screens as playing area\". Mark J.P. Wolf credits \"Adventure\" (1980) as the earliest-known action-adventure game, was an adaptation of text-based adventure game \"Colossal Cave Adventure\" for the Atari 2600, with the player having the ability to fight in combat like in an action game. \"Castle Wolfenstein\" (1981) was another early action-adventure game. Allgame also claimed the following titles released prior to 1982 were action-adventure games: \"Rescue at Rigel\" (1980), \"Quest for the Rings\" (1981), and \"Venture\" (1981).",
"title": "Action-adventure game"
},
{
"docid": "26757970#30",
"text": "The first known graphical adventure game was \"Mystery House\" (1980), by Sierra On-Line, then at the time known as On-Line Systems. The game featured static vector graphics atop a simple command line interface, building on the text adventure model. Sierra would continue to produce similar games under the title \"Hi-Res Adventure\". Vector graphics would give way to bitmap graphics which also enabled for simple animations to show the player-character moving in response to typed commands. Here, Sierra's \"King's Quest\" (1984), though not the first game of its type, is recognized as a commercially successful graphical adventure game, enabling Sierra to expand on more titles. Other examples of early games include Koei's \"Night Life\" and \"Danchi Tsuma no Yuwaku\" (1982), \"Sherwood Forest\" (1982), Yuji Horii's \"Portopia Serial Murder Case\" (1983), \"The Return of Heracles\" (which faithfully portrayed Greek mythology) by Stuart Smith (1983), Dale Johnson's \"Masquerade\" (1983), Antonio Antiochia's \"Transylvania\" (1982, re-released in 1984), and \"Adventure Construction Set\" (1985), one of the early hits of Electronic Arts.",
"title": "Adventure game"
}
] |
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] |
2303
|
What color is Samus' hair?
|
[
{
"docid": "18456928#24",
"text": "Nevertheless, much of Samus' media reception came from her sex appeal. GameTrailers named Samus number one on a 2006 list of the top ten women of gaming, and number three among top ten \"gamer babes\" in 2007. GameDaily ranked Samus seventh on a list of the top \"hottest game babes\", describing her as \"a refreshing change of pace, a tough, no-nonsense warrior that isn't afraid to remove her famous orange and yellow power suit and let her hair down, especially to reveal her skin-tight clothing.\" She was further listed on GameDaily's list of \"hottest\" blondes in video games, described as both one of Nintendo's most famous protagonists as well as a \"curvaceous, drop-dead-gorgeous woman,\" and used to illustrate the \"smart and sexy heroine\" concept on their list of top video game archetypes. In 2008, Spike placed Samus on the top of their list of \"video game vixen\" as \"a foxy broad that conceals her curves inside a weapon of death and destruction,\" while MSN India listed her as one of \"the best-looking game characters with perfect figures.\" In 2009, UGO.com ranked Samus as 11th on a list of the top \"girls of gaming\" and as the \"eighth-hottest sci-fi girl\", also including her in the 2011 list of 50 video game \"hotties\".",
"title": "Samus Aran"
},
{
"docid": "18456928#25",
"text": "Samus' Zero Suit was ranked by ScrewAttack as fourth on their 2010 list of the top 10 sexiest outfits in games on GameTrailers, while Sarah Warn of AfterEllen ranked Samus as the \"tenth-hottest\" female video game character. In 2011, GameFront featured her twice on the list of the \"best boobs in video game history\", at 40th spot for her reveal in the original game and at sixth place for her modern appearance in \"a ridiculously form-fitting jumpsuit.\" That same year, Lisa Foiles of \"The Escapist\" ranked the Zero Suit Samus as number one \"hottest blonde chick\" in video games. In 2012, \"Complex\" ranked her as the \"24th-hottest\" video game character, also ranking her as the fourth-top \"hot female killer\" from video games, while Nixie Pixel from Revision3 placed Samus on top of her sexiest \"game girls\" list. In 2013, Steve Jenkins of CheatCodes.com declared Samus the \"tenth-hottest video game girl\" of all time. \"Thanh Niên\" ranked her as the tenth-most sexy female character in 2015, in particular for her Zero Suit.",
"title": "Samus Aran"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "355907#9",
"text": "The Game Boy's black-and-white graphics resulted in changes to Samus's gear that eventually became permanent. In the original \"Metroid\", color was used to differentiate between Samus's Power Suit and her Varia Suitan upgraded version. However, without color on the Game Boy, the two suits would have appeared similar, requiring the developers to develop a visual indicator for players to determine which suit Samus is wearing. They also updated her Varia Suit, adding round metal shoulders that have been a part of the suit in every game in the series since then. Nintendo R&D1 was also involved in developing the Game Boy Color, a successor to the original Game Boy with a color screen. Nintendo of America's Dan Owsen noted that Nintendo R&D1 included a special \"\"Metroid\" palette\" in the Game Boy Color's hardware, which \"makes \"Metroid II\" look really, really nice on Game Boy Color\", remarking that this made the game's graphics comparable to the original \"Metroid\" on the Nintendo Entertainment System.",
"title": "Metroid II: Return of Samus"
},
{
"docid": "2935098#18",
"text": "Rose's hair color is debated from time to time. She claims it is her natural color, but several characters comment that it is a result of cheap hair dye. In one episode, Rose claims that she never lies, but abruptly leaves the room when Dorothy asks what her natural hair color is. On another occasion, Sophia remarks that Rose is known as a dumb blonde. Another time, while Blanche is discussing her hair's \"natural hue\", Rose says, \"To be perfectly honest, I use a touch of peroxide.\" Rose's confession is irrelevant to the conversation and is immediately followed by an irritated Dorothy shouting, \"Oh, shut up, Rose!\"",
"title": "Rose Nylund"
},
{
"docid": "1903351#10",
"text": "A month later, Samus awakens aboard \"Olympus\", where she learns that Dark Samus's Phazon-based attacks have corrupted her. The Federation equips her suit with a Phazon Enhancement Device (PED) that enables her to harness the Phazon energy within herself. She is informed that her fellow bounty hunters, also corrupted with Phazon and equipped with PEDs, have gone missing during their missions to investigate several planets embedded with Leviathan Seeds. Samus is first sent to the planet Bryyo and later Elysia to determine what happened to her missing comrades. She soon discovers that both planets and their inhabitants are slowly being corrupted by the Leviathan Seeds and that she must destroy the seeds to reverse this. Samus encounters heavy resistance from the Space Pirates, Phazon-corrupted monstrosities, and her fellow bounty hunters who have been corrupted by Dark Samus.",
"title": "Metroid Prime 3: Corruption"
},
{
"docid": "12528784#1",
"text": "\"Sciurus deppei\" varies in individual color. The overall color of the body is gray to yellowish brown or rusty-colored brown, while the face is gray. The legs are dark gray or rust colored. The top of the tail is black with a few white hairs mixed in while the bottom side of the tail is yellowish orange to a rust color, the hairs on the tip of the tail are white. Changes in their fur due to seasons aren't typically seen, except for the white tip on their tail and the patches of hair behind the ears disappear during the summer season.",
"title": "Deppe's squirrel"
},
{
"docid": "27262788#10",
"text": "Metroid Prime and its alternate form Dark Samus is the main antagonist of the \"Prime\" subseries. It is a strange, black-carapaced, red-eyed creature with a humanoid face within its shell and the ability to control and horribly mutate anything it attaches to. Metroid Prime appears in \"Metroid Prime\" as the final boss, and after its defeat, reforms itself by stealing Samus' Phazon Suit to become Dark Samus, a black-colored doppelgänger of Samus.",
"title": "Characters in the Metroid series"
},
{
"docid": "34368#45",
"text": "In ancient Greece and Rome, the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair; which was described in literature as 'golden'. The color yellow was associated with the sun gods Helios and Apollo. It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it. In ancient Rome, prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain, and Germany.\nHowever, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often \"golden\".",
"title": "Yellow"
},
{
"docid": "923180#14",
"text": "A preview of \"Metroid Prime Hunters\" was featured at E3 2004, which players control different colored variations of Samus in a deathmatch. A demo version, titled \"Metroid Prime Hunters: First Hunt\", was included as a pack-in game with the Nintendo DS when it launched in North America on November 21, 2004. As a single-player game, it consisted of training scenarios with no specific plot, while the multiplayer portion allowed up to four players to compete via the Nintendo DS' local wireless communications. GamesRadar wrote a positive review for the demo, citing it as \"a fine showcase for demonstrating what the hardware is capable of\". In early 2006, a preview video for \"Hunters\" was made available for download through the DS Download Station. A playable demo was also available from the Download Station in North America.",
"title": "Metroid Prime Hunters"
},
{
"docid": "18855555#47",
"text": "Samoans are of the Mongoloid race but their features represent a \"slightly different evolution since the time of their separation and isolation from their parental stock\" or a retention of features that have been lost in other Mongoloid types. The \"straight\" or \"low waves\" hair of the Samoan is one such retention compared to the stiff, coarse hair that typifies the Mongoloid. Most of the characteristics of the Samoan have Mongoloid affinities such as: skin color, hair color, eye color, conjuctiva, amount of beard, hair on chest, nasal bridge, nostrils, lips, face width, biogonial width, cephalo-facial index, nasal height, ear height and chin. Polynesians lack characteristic Mongoloid shovel-shaped incisors, because this characteristic Mongoloid trait disappeared in the Polynesian population as the teeth of Polynesians reduced in size over the course of their evolutionary history.",
"title": "Mongoloid"
},
{
"docid": "42747615#0",
"text": "Shirayuki is a normal herbalist in the kingdom of Tanbarun with one unique feature: her beautiful red hair. Due to her unusual hair color, Shirayuki was raised to always be careful of showing her hair in new surroundings and grew to be an independent young woman. However, her hair gets her noticed by Prince Raj, who orders her to become his concubine. Refusing his orders, she cuts her hair and leaves it behind as part of what he wanted and escapes to the neighboring kingdom of Clarines. On her way there, she meets and befriends Prince Zen and his two aides Mitsuhide and Kiki. When Zen is poisoned by an apple meant for Shirayuki gifted by Raj, Shirayuki successfully obtains the antidote and decides to accompany the trio to Clarines. Shortly thereafter, Shirayuki passes an exam for a position to train in the palace as a herbalist. Shirayuki and her friends find a place in Clarines and carries out her duties as a court herbalist. Over the course of the story, Zen and Shirayuki begin to fall in love with each other and eventually begin a romantic relationship, in spite of opposition due to their difference in social status.",
"title": "Snow White with the Red Hair"
}
] |
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] |
2304
|
What is the capital of Wyoming?
|
[
{
"docid": "448852#0",
"text": "The Territory of Wyoming was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 25, 1868, until July 10, 1890, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Wyoming. Cheyenne was the territorial capital. The boundaries of the Wyoming Territory were identical to the modern State of Wyoming.",
"title": "Wyoming Territory"
},
{
"docid": "11423229#0",
"text": "Cheyenne ( or ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. It is the principal city of the Cheyenne, Wyoming, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County. The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census. Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive and fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor that stretches from Cheyenne to Pueblo, Colorado which has a population of 4,333,742 according to the 2010 United States Census. Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek. The Cheyenne, Wyoming Metropolitan Area had a 2010 population of 91,738, making it the 354th-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.",
"title": "Cheyenne, Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "33611#0",
"text": "Wyoming () is a state in the mountain region of the western United States. The state is the 10th largest by area, the least populous, and the second most sparsely populated state in the country. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho and Montana. The state population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015, which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities including neighboring Denver. Cheyenne is the state capital and the most populous city, with an estimated population of 63,335 in 2015.",
"title": "Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "1543580#1",
"text": "Wyoming's largest municipality by population is the capital city Cheyenne with 59,466 residents, and the largest municipality by land area is Casper, which spans , while the smallest municipality in both categories is Lost Springs with 4 residents and an area of .",
"title": "List of municipalities in Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "15040782#7",
"text": "The UP reached the town of Cheyenne, which later became the state capital, in 1867. The railroad eventually spanned the entire state, boosting the population, and creating some of Wyoming's largest cities, such as Laramie, Rock Springs and Evanston. The railroad needed coal, which was discovered in quantity in the southwestern part of the state, especially around Rock Springs. In 1885, a murderous riot known as the Rock Springs Massacre broke out when white miners drove out Chinese miners employed by the Union Pacific Coal Company in Rock Springs.",
"title": "History of Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "76133#0",
"text": "Casper is a city in and the county seat of Natrona County, Wyoming, United States. Casper is the second largest city in the state, according to the 2010 census, with a population of 55,316. Only Cheyenne, the state capital, is larger. Casper is nicknamed \"The Oil City\" and has a long history of oil boomtown and cowboy culture, dating back to the development of the nearby Salt Creek Oil Field. In 2010, Casper was named the highest-ranked family-friendly small city in the West, and ranked eighth overall in the nation in Forbes magazine's list of \"the best small cities to raise a family\".",
"title": "Casper, Wyoming"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2477079#2",
"text": "The state seal is displayed in stained glass in the ceilings of both the Wyoming's House of Representatives Chamber and the Wyoming Senate Chamber in the state capital. The seal is also incorporated into the design of the state flag, which prominently features the seal set against the silhouette of an American Bison.",
"title": "Seal of Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "448852#3",
"text": "The portion of the Wyoming Territory west of the continental divide and north of the 42nd parallel was originally part of the Oregon Country, which was organized into the Oregon Territory in 1848; when Oregon entered the union as a state under its present boundaries in 1859, this land became part of the Washington Territory (although its eastern part had been granted to the Nebraska Territory in 1854. The Idaho Territory subsumed this land as well, in 1863.\nThe southwestern corner of what became the Wyoming Territory, south of the 42nd parallel, became part of the United States with the 1848 Mexican Cession. An eastern section of this was once claimed by the Republic of Texas. In 1851, the portion of this land west of the continental divide was made part of the Utah Territory, and, with the organization of the Colorado Territory in 1861, most of it was transferred to the Nebraska Territory and subsumed into the Idaho Territory, in 1863. A small corner of Wyoming remained part of Utah until the creation of the Wyoming Territory, in 1868.",
"title": "Wyoming Territory"
},
{
"docid": "90916#3",
"text": "Charles D. Bradley, a member of the legislature of the Dakota Territory named the county for Albany, New York, the capital of his native state. In 1875, the Wyoming Territorial legislature authorized portions of Albany County to be annexed to create Crook and Johnson counties, and in 1888 land was taken from Albany County for the creation of Converse County. Further adjustments were made to the county's boundary in 1911 and 1955.",
"title": "Albany County, Wyoming"
},
{
"docid": "4429941#7",
"text": "The Wyoming Dinosaur Center offers many programs that allow visitors to dig up dinosaurs. Starting end of May (depending on the weather) the Dig for the Day program starts. This program is for families and individuals that are interested in learning more about paleontology. The Dig for the Day begins at 8am and finishes at 5pm. All fossils found remain at the museum for science and research. Throughout the summer, many dates are available for the Kids' Dig. Children ages 8 to 12 learn all aspect of what The Wyoming Dinosaur Center does. They dig, work in the prep lab removing matrix from dinosaur bones and they learn molding and casting. Other programs include Dinosaur Academy, Senior Activities and Paleo Prep program.",
"title": "Wyoming Dinosaur Center"
}
] |
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] |
2306
|
Who won in the Greco-Turkish war?
|
[
{
"docid": "500639#0",
"text": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I between May 1919 and October 1922. It is known as the Western Front (, ) of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign () or the Asia Minor Catastrophe () in Greece.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
},
{
"docid": "573527#0",
"text": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, \"Mauro '97\") or the Unfortunate War (Ατυχής πόλεμος, \"Atychis polemos\") (Turkish: \"1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı\" or \"1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı\"), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union with Greece. Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year (as a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war), with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1897)"
},
{
"docid": "2080098#0",
"text": "The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, also known as \"The Thirty Days' War\". Turkey won the war within five years. At the conclusion of the conflict both Greece and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Istanbul on 20 September 1901.",
"title": "History of the Hellenic Army"
},
{
"docid": "500639#1",
"text": "The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now Izmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa and Eskişehir. Their advance was checked at the Battle of Sakarya in 1921 by forces of the Turkish national movement. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by the Turkish forces and the Great Fire of Smyrna.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "418600#0",
"text": "The relations between the Greek and the Turkish states have been marked by alternating periods of mutual hostility and reconciliation ever since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. Since then the two countries have faced each other in four major wars—the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the First Balkan War of 1912 to 1913, the First World War (1914 to 1918) and finally the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), which was followed by the Greco-Turkish population exchange and a period of friendly relations in the 1930s and 1940s. Both countries entered NATO in 1952. Relations deteriorated again in the 1950s due to the Cyprus issue, the 1955 Istanbul pogrom and the expulsion of the Istanbul Greeks in the 1960s, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, and subsequent military confrontations over the Aegean dispute. A period of relative normalization began after 1999 with the so-called \"earthquake diplomacy\", which notably led to a change in the previously firmly negative stance of the Greek government on the issue of the accession of Turkey to the European Union.In 1048 conflicts between Seljuqs and Byzantines (Greeks were part of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire was pretty much Hellenized) started. Many wars and battles were fought between the Byzantine and the Seljuq armies. Also, in 1300 conflicts between Ottomans and Byzantines started too.",
"title": "Greek–Turkish relations"
},
{
"docid": "5387285#18",
"text": "During the Greco-Turkish War, a conflict which followed the Hellenic occupation of Smyrna in May 1919 and continued until the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922, atrocities perpetrated by both the Hellenic and Turkish armies. For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal: \"The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris.\"",
"title": "Greeks in Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "500639#38",
"text": "Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under Ismet Inönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than west of Ankara. Constantine's battle cry was \"to Angira\" and the British officers were invited, in anticipation, to a victory dinner in the city of Kemal. It was envisaged that the Turkish Revolutionaries, who had consistently avoided encirclement would be drawn into battle in defence of their capital and destroyed in a battle of attrition.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
},
{
"docid": "500639#2",
"text": "As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish national movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving East Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Asia Minor, Istanbul, and Eastern Thrace. Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a population exchange.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
},
{
"docid": "500639#18",
"text": "The military aspect of the war began with the Armistice of Mudros. The military operations of the Greco-Turkish war can be roughly divided into three main phases: the first phase, spanning the period from May 1919 to October 1920, encompassed the Greek Landings in Asia Minor and their consolidation along the Aegean Coast. The second phase lasted from October 1920 to August 1921, and was characterised by Greek offensive operations. The third and final phase lasted until August 1922, when the strategic initiative was held by the Turkish Army.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
},
{
"docid": "2408935#0",
"text": "In the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the multi-sport club Panionios G.S.S. was transferred to Athens. They have won two Greek Cups (in 1979 and 1998), while they were runners-up in the Greek Championship during the 1950–51 and 1970–71 seasons. They have won also the 1971 Balkans Cup and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1998–99 season.",
"title": "Panionios F.C."
},
{
"docid": "2025378#7",
"text": "Italy had captured the predominantly Greek-inhabited Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea from the Ottoman Empire in the Italo-Turkish War of 1912. It had occupied them since, after reneging on the 1919 Venizelos–Tittoni agreement to cede them to Greece. When the Italians found that Greece had been promised land in Anatolia at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, for aid in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, the Italian delegation withdrew from the conference for several months. Italy occupied parts of Anatolia which threatened the Greek occupation zone and the city of Smyrna. Greek troops were landed and the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) began with Greek troops advanced into Anatolia. Turkish forces eventually defeated the Greeks and with Italian aid, recovered the lost territory, including Smyrna. In 1923, Mussolini used the murder of an Italian general on the Greco-Albanian border as a pretext to bombard and temporarily occupy Corfu, the most important of the Ionian Islands.",
"title": "Greco-Italian War"
},
{
"docid": "500639#7",
"text": "According to some historians, it was the Greek occupation of Smyrna that created the Turkish National movement. Arnold J. Toynbee argues: \"The war between Turkey and Greece which burst out at this time was a defensive war for safeguarding of the Turkish homelands in Anatolia. It was a result of the Allied policy of imperialism operating in a foreign state, the military resources and powers of which were seriously under-estimated; it was provoked by the unwarranted invasion of a Greek army of occupation.\" According to others, the landing of the Greek troops in Smyrna was part of Eleftherios Venizelos's plan, inspired by the Megali Idea, to liberate the large Greek populations in the Asia Minor. Smyrna up to the Great Fire of Smyrna had a bigger Greek population than the Greek capital, Athens. Athens, before the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, had a population of 473,000, while Smyrna, according to Ottoman sources, in 1910, had a Greek population exceeding 629,000.",
"title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"
}
] |
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] |
2311
|
Where will the next Summer Olympics be held?
|
[
{
"docid": "11015817#1",
"text": "The Youth Olympic Games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, though in reverse order with Winter Games held in leap years instead of Summer Games. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012. The age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18. Jacques Rogge, IOC President, formally announced plans for the Youth Olympic Games at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City in July 2007. There are several goals for the YOG, and four of them include bringing together the world's best young athletes, offering an introduction into Olympism, innovating in educating and debating Olympic values. Singapore was announced as the host of the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics in February 2008. In December 2008 the IOC announced that Innsbruck, host of the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics, would be the host of the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012.\nFour cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.",
"title": "List of Olympic Games host cities"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42713#1",
"text": "The Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics. The World Games alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The first games were held on July 20, 1968 in Chicago, Illinois, with about 1000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent World Summer Games were held in Los Angeles, California (The largest event in LA since the 1984 Olympic Games), from July 25, 2015 to August 2, 2015. This was the first time that the Special Olympics were part of ESPN daily coverage. The next World Summer Games will be held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in March 2019. These will be the first Special Olympics World Games to be held in the Middle East.",
"title": "Special Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "973081#9",
"text": "The next Special Olympics World Summer Games will be held March 14-21, 2019 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. These will be the first Special Olympics World Games to be held in the Middle East/North Africa region. Competitions will be held in 24 sports.",
"title": "Special Olympics World Games"
},
{
"docid": "48644#42",
"text": "Like the Greek king, many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens, most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish. Coubertin, however, was heavily opposed to this idea, as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics. According to his wish, the next Games were held in Paris, although they would be somewhat overshadowed by the concurrently held Universal Exposition.",
"title": "1896 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "77741#36",
"text": "The demonstration sport of wheelchair racing was a joint Olympic/Paralympic event, allowing a Paralympic event to occur within the Olympics, and for the future, opening up the wheelchair race to the able-bodied. The 2004 Summer Paralympics were also held in Athens, from 17 to 28 September.\n 31 sportsThe Games were concluded on 29 August 2004. The closing ceremony was held at the Athens Olympic Stadium, where the Games had been opened 16 days earlier. Around 70,000 people gathered in the stadium to watch the ceremony.",
"title": "2004 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "113362#1",
"text": "It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a socialist state. It was also the second Olympics overall, as well as the second consecutive Olympics, to be held in a socialist country after the 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, Soviet Union. The only other games that have since been held in a socialist state are the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing and 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, and the 2022 Winter Olympics which will be held in Beijing. All of these have been in China. The Sarajevo games have also been the only Olympics so far to be hosted by a Muslim-majority city. During the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, numerous newspapers drew attention to the Games' neglected venues as it was the 30th anniversary of the 1984 Winter Olympics.",
"title": "1984 Winter Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "21690928#22",
"text": "The closing ceremony of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics was held at the Youth Olympic Village on 18 October 2018. The Olympic flag was handed over to the next host city, Senegalese capital Dakar.",
"title": "2018 Summer Youth Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "180200#3",
"text": "Following the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, the authorities in Sweden immediately sought to ensure that the next games would be held there. There were two Swedish members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at the time, Viktor Balck and Clarence von Rosen. The pair proposed to the Swedish governing bodies of athletics and gymnastics in order to ensure that they backed any potential bid. Support was given by the national associations on 18 April 1909 for a bid to host the Olympics in Stockholm on the basis that suitable financial arrangements could be made. King Gustaf V was petitioned on 6 May 1909 following the publication of preliminary plans for the Stockholm bid that the expected cost of hosting the Games would be 415,000 kronor (£23,050 or $115,250). The Government accepted the petition on behalf of the King and supported the bid.",
"title": "1912 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "961522#2",
"text": "These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidency of Thomas Bach. The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009. Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games. These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country, the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country's winter season, the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America, and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": "2016 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "50903884#1",
"text": "The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, to be held in Rio de Janeiro. Provided they had achieved the Olympic standard, the top three athletes gained a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete did not hold the standard, or an athlete withdrew, the next highest finishing athlete with the standard was selected instead.",
"title": "2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)"
}
] |
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] |
2313
|
Who wrote the Libretto for The Marriage of Figaro?
|
[
{
"docid": "30418#0",
"text": "The Marriage of Figaro (, ), K. 492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786. The opera's libretto is based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, \"La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro\" (\"The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro\"), which was first performed in 1784. It tells how the servants Figaro and Susanna succeed in getting married, foiling the efforts of their philandering employer Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna and teaching him a lesson in fidelity.",
"title": "The Marriage of Figaro"
},
{
"docid": "2336061#4",
"text": "The play formed the basis for an opera with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte and music by Mozart, also called \"The Marriage of Figaro\" (1786). In 1799, another opera based on the same play, \"La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro\", was produced in Venice with libretto by Gaetano Rossi and music by Marcos Portugal.",
"title": "The Marriage of Figaro (play)"
},
{
"docid": "62017#30",
"text": "In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed an opera, \"Le Nozze di Figaro\", based on \"The Marriage of Figaro\", with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on the play. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas based on \"The Barber of Seville\". Rossini's 1816 version is his most successful work and still often performed. In 1966, Darius Milhaud composed an opera, \"La mère coupable\", based on \"The Guilty Mother\".",
"title": "Pierre Beaumarchais"
},
{
"docid": "32728314#0",
"text": "\"\" (You shall go no more) is an aria for bass from Mozart's 1786 opera \"The Marriage of Figaro\", K. 492. The Italian libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, \"La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro\" (1784). It is sung by Figaro at the end of the first act.",
"title": "Non più andrai"
},
{
"docid": "1116392#0",
"text": "The cavatina \"\" is an aria for baritone or bass from the first act of the opera \"The Marriage of Figaro\" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro (1784). The Italian title means \"If you want to dance\".",
"title": "Se vuol ballare"
},
{
"docid": "230440#22",
"text": "In Mozart's \"The Marriage of Figaro\", which premiered in 1786 with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, the comic plot revolves around the successful efforts of the young bride and groom, Figaro and Susanna, to block the efforts of the unfaithful Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna. To achieve his aim, the frustrated Count threatens to reinstitute \"droit du seigneur\". It was based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais.",
"title": "Droit du seigneur"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30418#3",
"text": "The opera was the first of three collaborations between Mozart and Da Ponte; their later collaborations were \"Don Giovanni\" and \"Così fan tutte\". It was Mozart who originally selected Beaumarchais's play and brought it to Da Ponte, who turned it into a libretto in six weeks, rewriting it in poetic Italian and removing all of the original's political references. In particular, Da Ponte replaced Figaro's climactic speech against inherited nobility with an equally angry aria against unfaithful wives. Contrary to the popular myth, the libretto was approved by the Emperor before any music was written by Mozart.",
"title": "The Marriage of Figaro"
},
{
"docid": "45718657#1",
"text": "\"Figaro Gets a Divorce\" is conceived as a sequel to Mozart's 1786 opera \"Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro)\" based on the 1778 play \"La Folle Journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro\", by Pierre Beaumarchais. This had been created by Beaumarchais as a sequel to his play \"Le Barbier de Séville\". The latter was also set as the opera \"The Barber of Seville\" by Rossini in 1816 (itself preceded by other versions, including a 1782 setting by Giovanni Paisiello). Pountney, who in his capacity as Chief Executive and Artistic Director of the Welsh National Opera commissioned the composition, was inspired in his libretto by two different theatrical follow-ups to these two plays, Beaumarchais's own \"La Mère coupable (The Guilty Mother)\", and Ödön von Horváth's 1936 play, \"Figaro läßt sich scheiden (Figaro Gets a Divorce).\" Both of these plays have previous operatic settings, the former by Darius Milhaud (1966), Inger Wikström (\"Den brottsliga modern\", 2006), and Thierry Pécou (2010), the latter by Giselher Klebe (1963). The opera takes the characters into the period of the French Revolution.",
"title": "Figaro Gets a Divorce"
},
{
"docid": "17708615#1",
"text": "Following the success of his libretto for \"The Marriage of Figaro\", Da Ponte was asked by Storace to provide for him a libretto based on Shakespeare. Da Ponte compressed Shakespeare's plot into two acts, but retained nearly all the key elements. \"Gli equivoci\" was the second of Storace's operas to be performed at the Burgtheater.",
"title": "Gli equivoci"
},
{
"docid": "4299748#1",
"text": "Marcos António da Fonseca Portugal was born in Lisbon. He studied music at the Patriarchal Seminary in Lisbon where, as a 14-year-old student, he wrote his first work, a \"Miserere\". He later worked as composer and organist at the Patriarchal See, and was \"maestro\" at the Theatre of Salitre in Lisbon from c. 1784. He lived in Italy from late 1792 to 1800, possibly funded by the Prince Regent D. João, the later King John VI of Portugal. He wrote 21 operas for various Italian theatres. The first, \"I due gobbi\" (also known as \"Confusioni della Somiglianza\"), premiered in Florence in the spring of 1793. His version of \"The Marriage of Figaro\", titled \"La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro\" (The Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro), to a libretto by Gaetano Rossi, premiered in Venice in 1799. Like most theatre composers of the time, Portugal set several librettos that had proven successful for earlier operas, such as Metastasio's \"Demofoonte\" (premièred at La Scala, Milan, in 1794) and \"Artaserse\"; he set many stories that had been used before, including Serse, Alceste, Adrasto, Semiramide and Sofonisba.\nMarcos Portugal returned to Portugal in 1800. He became \"maestro\" at the São Carlos National Theatre in Lisbon and was appointed music master at the Patriarchal Seminary in Lisbon. He continued to write operas, mainly \"opere serie\", and a large number of religious works, until the Prince Regent summoned him to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in 1811. Upon arriving, Portugal was appointed music master to the sons and daughters of the Prince Regent and became the official Royal Composer.",
"title": "Marcos Portugal"
}
] |
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2314
|
Who was the original Santa Claus?
|
[
{
"docid": "8720252#0",
"text": "Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of \"Sinterklaas\" (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"docid": "2210#14",
"text": "Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, or simply \"Santa\", is a figure with legendary, mythical, historical and folkloric origins. The modern figure of Santa Claus was derived from the Dutch figure, Sinterklaas, which may, in turn, have its origins in the hagiographical tales concerning the Christian Saint Nicholas. \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", also known as \"The Night Before Christmas\" is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and generally attributed to Clement Clarke Moore. The poem, which has been called \"arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American\", is largely responsible for the conception of Santa Claus from the mid-nineteenth century to today, including his physical appearance, the night of his visit, his mode of transportation, the number and names of his reindeer, as well as the tradition that he brings toys to children. The poem has influenced ideas about St. Nicholas and Santa Claus from the United States to the rest of the English-speaking world and beyond. \"Is There a Santa Claus?\" was the title of an editorial appearing in the September 21, 1897, edition of The (New York) Sun. The editorial, which included the famous reply \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\", has become a part of popular Christmas folklore in the United States and Canada.",
"title": "Folklore of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "50917538#9",
"text": "In 2015, Courrielche wrote a long form story \"St. Nicholas: The Birth Of A Social Weapon\" on the origin of Santa Claus and introduced the concept of a \"social weapon\" - a packaged idea, message, or product that is used by an individual or group to advance their cause. Courrielche argued that New York City elites crafted Santa Claus from St. Nicholas, a widely known patron saint, to stabilize a city plagued by annual misbehavior every December. Santa Claus was then used as a \"social weapon\" by merchants, craftsman, city rulers, parents, newspapers, and others to benefit their endeavors. The essay was added to the St. Nicholas Center's resource on the Origin of Santa Claus.",
"title": "Patrick Courrielche"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5659011#4",
"text": "One genre of movies suggests that Santa Claus is not historically a single individual but a succession of individuals. The feature film \"\" (1985), starring David Huddleston as Santa Claus and British actress Judy Cornwell as his wife Anya, shows how Santa and Anya are discovered by a clan of elves called the Vendequm. (Dudley Moore portrays Patch, the central character and main focus of the story; Burgess Meredith portrays their wise leader, the Ancient One, who reveals that Claus represents the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy, whereby he has been designated as \"the Chosen One\", whose mission it will be to deliver the elves' toys to children all over the world. The film's prologue features Claus and Anya performing Santa-like duties in their home village, and strongly suggests Santa's saintly origins. In \"Ernest Saves Christmas\" (1988), Ernest P. Worrell (Jim Varney) joins the challenge of Santa Claus, alias Seth Applegate (Douglas Seale), to convince Florida kids' show host Joe Carruthers (Oliver Clark) to become the next Santa. In \"The Santa Clause\" (1994), Tim Allen plays Scott Calvin, who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall off the roof of his house. After he puts on Santa's robes, he becomes subject to the \"Santa clause\" (like a contract), which requires him to become the next Santa. Despite his average appearance, over the next year he grows fat, his hair whitens, and he grows a beard by magic to look the part. Reluctant at first, he falls in love with his newfound role. This film spawned two sequels. In 2002's \"The Santa Clause 2\", he must find a wife (the \"Mrs. Clause\") and in 2006's \"\", he must battle Jack Frost for control of the North Pole. A recent and unique television special also draws upon the succession theme. In \"Call Me Claus\" (2001), Lucy Cullins (Whoopi Goldberg) is an African American woman destined to become the next Santa Claus. She, too, is reluctant to take on the role. In \"The Hebrew Hammer\" (2003), the role of Santa Claus is traditionally passed down from father to son. The system is disrupted when the reigning Santa is murdered by his son, Damian, who then uses the position to attack the competing holidays of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa.",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"docid": "8720252#16",
"text": "Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of \"Harper's Weekly\". Santa was dressed in an American flag, and had a puppet with the name \"Jeff\" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context.\nThe story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation. His Christmas image in the \"Harper's\" issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled \"Santa Claus and His Works\", which included the caption \"Santa Claussville, N.P.\" A color collection of Nast's pictures, published in 1869, had a poem also titled \"Santa Claus and His Works\" by George P. Webster, who wrote that Santa Claus's home was \"near the North Pole, in the ice and snow\". The tale had become well known by the 1870s. A boy from Colorado writing to the children's magazine \"The Nursery\" in late 1874 said, \"If we did not live so very far from the North Pole, I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey.\"",
"title": "Santa Claus"
},
{
"docid": "5659011#2",
"text": "Another genre of Santa films seeks to dispel doubts about his existence. One of the first films of this nature was titled \"A Little Girl Who Did Not Believe in Santa Claus\" (1907) and involves a well-to-do boy trying to convince his poorer friend that Santa Claus is real. She doubts because Santa has never visited her family because of their poverty. \"Miracle on 34th Street\" (1947), starring Natalie Wood as Susan Walker, revolves around the disbelief of young Susan, whose mother (Maureen O'Hara) employs a kind old man (Edmund Gwenn, who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor) to play Santa Claus at Macy's; he later convinces Susan that he really is Santa. This film was remade in 1994 and stars Richard Attenborough as Kris Kringle and Mara Wilson as Susan Walker. The television special, \"Yes Virginia There Is A Santa Claus\" (1991), follows the true story of a young girl, Virginia O'Hanlon, who writes a letter to the editor of the \"New York Sun\" in 1897 after her friends tell her there is no Santa. The newspaper editor tells her that indeed there is a Santa: \"He lives, and he lives forever.\" Francis Pharcellus Church was the real-life editor and is played by Charles Bronson in the film. \"The Polar Express\" (2004), based on the children's book of the same name, also deals with issues and questions of belief as a magical train conducted by Tom Hanks transports a doubting boy to the North Pole to visit Santa Claus.",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"docid": "4115219#0",
"text": "Mrs. Santa Claus is a 1996 American made-for-television musical fantasy-comedy film starring Angela Lansbury in the title role as Mrs. Claus, the wife of Santa Claus. The film was billed as the first original musical written for television since \"Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella\" in 1957. It was originally broadcast as a Hallmark Entertainment presentation on CBS on December 8, 1996.",
"title": "Mrs. Santa Claus"
},
{
"docid": "41207347#0",
"text": "Santa Claus Museum & Village is an attraction being developed near the community of Santa Claus, Indiana. In 2005, a local development company purchased Santa's Candy Castle and other buildings that comprised Santa Claus Town and announced plans to restore and re-open them to the public. Santa's Candy Castle was the first building of the original Santa Claus Town to be re-opened to the public, when its doors opened on July 1, 2006. The 40-ton, 22-foot concrete Santa Claus statue was restored in 2011. In 2012, a local historic church and the town's original post office were moved to the site next to the large Santa Claus statue.\nDeutsch Evangelische St. Paul’s Kirche was relocated to the park in 2012. It was built in 1880. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.",
"title": "Santa Claus Museum and Village"
},
{
"docid": "5659011#3",
"text": "Some less-than-serious films feature Santa Claus as a superhero-type figure, such as the 1959 film titled \"Santa Claus\" produced in Mexico with José Elías Moreno as Santa Claus. In this movie, Santa allies with Merlin the magician to battle the Devil, who is attempting to trap Santa. In the Cold War-era film \"Santa Claus Conquers the Martians\" (1964), Santa Claus is captured by Martians and brought to Mars, and ultimately foils a plot to destroy him. \"The Night They Saved Christmas\" (1984), starring Art Carney as Santa, likewise chronicles how Santa Claus and Claudia Baldwin (Jaclyn Smith), the wife of an oil explorer, have to save the North Pole from explosions while Baldwin's husband is searching for oil in the Arctic. \"Santa Claus: The Movie\" also contains a subplot in which Santa Claus rescues Joe (Christian Fitzpatric) from his best friend Cornelia's (Carrie Kei Heim) evil step-uncle B. Z. (John Lithgow). Santa is a hero in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", held captive by Oogie Boogie, although he is spiteful and enraged at Jack when freed. The latest films to depict Santa Claus in such a manner are \"\" (2005), and the Dreamworks film \"Rise of the Guardians\". In the Chronicles of Narnia film, Father Christmas (James Cosmo) supplies the Pevensie children with the weapons and tools they need to battle the White Witch (Tilda Swinton). In \"Rise of the Guardians\", where he referred often to as North (Alec Baldwin), is shown as one of the main characters and leader of the guardians, who are the heroes of movie. In the show \"South Park\", Santa is often depicted with firearms; in the episode \"Red Sleigh Down\", he battles Iraqis to try to bring Christmas to Iraq. In the episode \"A Woodland Critter Christmas\", he uses a combat shotgun to blast away satanic animals who try to give birth to the AntiChrist. Santa (played by Nick Frost) made a brief appearance at the end of the \"Doctor Who\" episode, \"Death in Heaven\". In the following episode, which served as the show's 2014 Christmas special, \"Last Christmas\", he plays a more prominent role. It is eventually revealed that the scenes with him are the characters experiencing a shared dream, and he is their subconscious trying to help them wake up before they are killed. At the episode's end, he successfully awakens the Doctor and Clara, reuniting the two.",
"title": "Santa Claus in film"
},
{
"docid": "5710422#11",
"text": "Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time. According to this story, Rudolph's glowing red nose made him a social outcast among the other reindeer. Santa Claus's worldwide flight one year was imperiled by severe fog. Visiting Rudolph's house to deliver his presents, Santa observed Rudolph's glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided to use him as a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh. Rudolph accepted Santa's request to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night, and he returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus.",
"title": "Santa Claus's reindeer"
}
] |
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] |
2315
|
What is the public debt of the U.S.?
|
[
{
"docid": "322221#25",
"text": "The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used, by adding the \"intragovernmental debt\" to the \"debt held by the public.\" For example, on April 29, 2016, debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76% of GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion, giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion. U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion, for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106%.",
"title": "National debt of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "33992499#62",
"text": "Public debt owned by foreigners has increased to approximately 50% of the total or approximately $3.4 trillion. As a result, nearly 50% of the interest payments are now leaving the country, which is different from past years when interest was paid to U.S. citizens holding the public debt. Interest expenses are projected to grow dramatically as the U.S. debt increases and interest rates rise from very low levels in 2009 to more typical historical levels. CBO estimates that nearly half of the debt increases over the 2009–2019 period will be due to interest.",
"title": "Deficit reduction in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "32022#93",
"text": "The U.S. public debt was $909 billion in 1980, an amount equal to 33% of America's gross domestic product (GDP); by 1990, that number had more than tripled to $3.2 trillion—or 56% of GDP. In 2001 the national debt was $5.7 trillion; however, the debt-to-GDP ratio remained at 1990 levels. Debt levels rose quickly in the following decade, and on January 28, 2010, the U.S. debt ceiling was raised to $14.3 trillion. Based on the 2010 United States federal budget, total national debt will grow to nearly 100% of GDP, versus a level of approximately 80% in early 2009. The White House estimates that the government's tab for servicing the debt will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019, up from $202 billion in 2009.",
"title": "Economy of the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3874731#38",
"text": "The total federal debt is divided into \"debt held by the public\" and \"intra-governmental debt.\" The debt held by the public refers to U.S. government securities or other obligations held by investors (e.g., bonds, bills and notes), while Social Security and other federal trust funds are part of the intra-governmental debt. As of September 30, 2012 the total debt was $16.1 trillion, with debt held by the public of $11.3 trillion and intragovernmental debt of $4.8 trillion. Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7% in 2000 to 40.3% in 2008 and 70.0% in 2012. U.S. GDP was approximately $15 trillion during 2011 and an estimated $15.6 trillion for 2012 based on activity during the first two quarters. This means the total debt is roughly the size of GDP. Economists debate the level of debt relative to GDP that signals a \"red line\" or dangerous level, or if any such level exists. By comparison, China's budget deficit was 1.6% of its $10 trillion GDP in 2010, with a debt to GDP ratio of 16%.",
"title": "United States federal budget"
},
{
"docid": "32022#92",
"text": "U.S. household and non-profit net worth exceeded $100 trillion for the first time in Q1 2018; it has been setting records since Q4 2012. The U.S. federal government or \"national debt\" was $21.1 trillion in May 2018, just over 100% GDP. Using a subset of the national debt called \"debt held by the public\", U.S. debt was approximately 77% GDP in 2017. By this measure, the U.S. ranked 43rd highest among 2017 nations. Debt held by the public rose considerably as a result of the Great Recession and its aftermath. It is expected to continue rising as the country ages towards 100% GDP by 2028.",
"title": "Economy of the United States"
},
{
"docid": "5878495#0",
"text": "The history of the United States public debt started with federal government debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War by the first U.S treasurer, Michael Hillegas, after its formation in 1789. The United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since then, except for about a year during 1835–1836. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP). Historically, the United States public debt as a share of GDP has increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined.",
"title": "History of the United States public debt"
},
{
"docid": "3874731#36",
"text": "As of January 2012, public debt owned by foreigners has increased to approximately 50% of the total or approximately $5.0 trillion. As a result, nearly 50% of the interest payments are now leaving the country, which is different from past years when interest was paid to U.S. citizens holding the public debt. Interest expenses are projected to grow dramatically as the U.S. debt increases and interest rates rise from very low levels to more typical historical levels.",
"title": "United States federal budget"
},
{
"docid": "5878495#14",
"text": "The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman, as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion. Unlike previous wars, the Korean War (1950–53) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt.",
"title": "History of the United States public debt"
},
{
"docid": "5878495#32",
"text": "This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II. The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at the end of 2012, the most recent figure available; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100% since then. (The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt – that is, money owed by one branch of the federal government to another. When this latter amount is subtracted, the remaining quantity is known as the public debt.)",
"title": "History of the United States public debt"
},
{
"docid": "322221#24",
"text": "According to the \"CIA World Factbook\", during 2015, the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6% was the 39th highest in the world. This was measured using \"debt held by the public.\" However, $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2% as of April 2016 [See Appendix#National debt for selected years]. Also, this number excludes state and local debt. According to the OECD, general government gross debt (federal, state, and local) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion (125% of GDP); subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal \"debt held by the public\" gives 96% of GDP.",
"title": "National debt of the United States"
}
] |
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] |
2316
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Who is considered the father of geometry?
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[
{
"docid": "9331#0",
"text": "Euclid (; – \"Eukleídēs\", ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the \"founder of geometry\" or the \"father of geometry\". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His \"Elements\" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the \"Elements\", Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and rigor.",
"title": "Euclid"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "484891#0",
"text": "Descriptive geometry is the branch of geometry which allows the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions by using a specific set of procedures. The resulting techniques are important for engineering, architecture, design and in art. The theoretical basis for descriptive geometry is provided by planar geometric projections. The earliest known publication on the technique was \"Underweysung der Messung mit dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt\", published in Linien, Nuremberg: 1525, by Albrecht Dürer. Gaspard Monge is usually considered the \"father of descriptive geometry\" due to his developments in geometric problem solving. His first discoveries were in 1765 while he was working as a draftsman for military fortifications, although his findings were published later on.",
"title": "Descriptive geometry"
},
{
"docid": "383424#4",
"text": "According to Guerraggio & Nastasi (page 9, 2005) Luigi Cremona is \"considered the founder of the Italian school of algebraic geometry\". Later they explain that in Turin the collaboration of Enrico D'Ovidio and Corrado Segre \"would bring, either by their own efforts or those of their students, Italian algebraic geometry to full maturity\". A one-time student of Segre, H.F. Baker wrote (1926, page 269), [Corrado Segre] \"may probably be said to be the father of that wonderful Italian school which has achieved so much in the birational theory of algebraical loci.\" On this topic, Brigaglia & Ciliberto (2004) say \"Segre had headed and maintained the school of geometry that Luigi Cremona had established in 1860.\" Reference to the Mathematics Genealogy Project shows that, in terms of \"Italian doctorates\", the real productivity of the school began with Guido Castelnuovo and Federigo Enriques. In the USA Oscar Zariski inspired many Ph.D.s.",
"title": "Italian school of algebraic geometry"
},
{
"docid": "358484#0",
"text": "Girard Desargues (; 21 February 1591 – September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry. Desargues' theorem, the Desargues graph, and the crater Desargues on the Moon are named in his honour.\nBorn in Lyon, Desargues came from a family devoted to service to the French crown. His father was a royal notary, an investigating commissioner of the Seneschal's court in Lyon (1574), the collector of the tithes on ecclesiastical revenues for the city of Lyon (1583) and for the diocese of Lyon.",
"title": "Girard Desargues"
},
{
"docid": "4166617#3",
"text": "Ambrose became an assistant professor at MIT in 1947, an associate professor in 1950 and full professor in 1957. He was several times between 1939 and 1959 a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Ambrose is often considered one of the fathers of modern geometry. He is noted for making changes in the pure mathematics undergraduate curriculum at MIT to reflect recent findings in differential geometry. For example, less than ten years after André Weil presented the differential form, Ambrose was using it in his undergraduate differential geometry courses. In the 1950s, Ambrose (together with I. M. Singer) made MIT into the only center in geometry in the United States outside the University of Chicago. His influence continued through his students, in particular Hung-Hsi Wu and John Rhodes, both of the University of California, Berkeley. In the 1960s Ambrose was a visiting professor at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is noted for his opposition of takeover of South American countries military regimes, specifically Argentina.",
"title": "Warren Ambrose"
},
{
"docid": "12107044#0",
"text": "Godfried T. Toussaint is a Canadian Computer Scientist, a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Computer Science Program at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He is considered to be the father of computational geometry in Canada. He does research on various aspects of computational geometry, discrete geometry, and their applications: pattern recognition (k-nearest neighbor algorithm, cluster analysis), motion planning, visualization (computer graphics), knot theory (stuck unknot problem), linkage (mechanical) reconfiguration, the art gallery problem, polygon triangulation, the largest empty circle problem, unimodality (unimodal function), and others. Other interests include meander (art), compass and straightedge constructions, instance-based learning, music information retrieval, and computational music theory.",
"title": "Godfried Toussaint"
},
{
"docid": "21317755#56",
"text": "It was Gauss who coined the term \"non-Euclidean geometry\". He was referring to his own, unpublished work, which today we call \"hyperbolic geometry\". Several authors still consider \"non-Euclidean geometry\" and \"hyperbolic geometry\" to be synonyms. In 1871, Felix Klein, by adapting a metric discussed by Arthur Cayley in 1852, was able to bring metric properties into a projective setting and was thus able to unify the treatments of hyperbolic, euclidean and elliptic geometry under the umbrella of projective geometry. Klein is responsible for the terms \"hyperbolic\" and \"elliptic\" (in his system he called Euclidean geometry \"parabolic\", a term which has not survived the test of time and is used today only in a few disciplines.) His influence has led to the common usage of the term \"non-Euclidean geometry\" to mean either \"hyperbolic\" or \"elliptic\" geometry.",
"title": "Foundations of geometry"
},
{
"docid": "13758#23",
"text": "Descartes, like Galileo, was convinced of the importance of mathematical explanation, and he and his followers were key figures in the development of mathematics and geometry in the 17th century. Cartesian mathematical descriptions of motion held that all mathematical formulations had to be justifiable in terms of direct physical action, a position held by Huygens and the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, who, while following in the Cartesian tradition, developed his own philosophical alternative to Scholasticism, which he outlined in his 1714 work, \"The Monadology\". Descartes has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his \"Meditations on First Philosophy\" continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, important to the discovery of calculus and analysis.",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"docid": "21317755#59",
"text": "Apparently the first to do so was G. S. Klügel (1739–1812), a doctoral student at the University of Gottingen, with the support of his teacher A. G. Kästner, in the former's 1763 dissertation \"Conatuum praecipuorum theoriam parallelarum demonstrandi recensio\" (Review of the Most Celebrated Attempts at Demonstrating the Theory of Parallels). In this work Klügel examined 28 attempts to prove Postulate 5 (including Saccheri's), found them all deficient, and offered the opinion that Postulate 5 is unprovable and is supported solely by the judgment of our senses.\nThe beginning of the 19th century would finally witness decisive steps in the creation of non-Euclidean geometry. Circa 1813, Carl Friedrich Gauss and independently around 1818, the German professor of law Ferdinand Karl Schweikart had the germinal ideas of non-Euclidean geometry worked out, but neither published any results. Then, around 1830, the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published treatises on what we today call hyperbolic geometry. Consequently, hyperbolic geometry has been called Bolyai-Lobachevskian geometry, as both mathematicians, independent of each other, are the basic authors of non-Euclidean geometry. Gauss mentioned to Bolyai's father, when shown the younger Bolyai's work, that he had developed such a geometry several years before, though he did not publish. While Lobachevsky created a non-Euclidean geometry by negating the parallel postulate, Bolyai worked out a geometry where both the Euclidean and the hyperbolic geometry are possible depending on a parameter \"k\". Bolyai ends his work by mentioning that it is not possible to decide through mathematical reasoning alone if the geometry of the physical universe is Euclidean or non-Euclidean; this is a task for the physical sciences. \nThe independence of the parallel postulate from Euclid's other axioms was finally demonstrated by Eugenio Beltrami in 1868.",
"title": "Foundations of geometry"
},
{
"docid": "243849#4",
"text": "Projective geometry is an elementary non-metrical form of geometry, meaning that it is not based on a concept of distance. In two dimensions it begins with the study of configurations of points and lines. That there is indeed some geometric interest in this sparse setting was first established by Desargues and others in their exploration of the principles of perspective art. In higher dimensional spaces there are considered hyperplanes (that always meet), and other linear subspaces, which exhibit the principle of duality. The simplest illustration of duality is in the projective plane, where the statements \"two distinct points determine a unique line\" (i.e. the line through them) and \"two distinct lines determine a unique point\" (i.e. their point of intersection) show the same structure as propositions. Projective geometry can also be seen as a geometry of constructions with a straight-edge alone. Since projective geometry excludes compass constructions, there are no circles, no angles, no measurements, no parallels, and no concept of intermediacy. It was realised that the theorems that do apply to projective geometry are simpler statements. For example, the different conic sections are all equivalent in (complex) projective geometry, and some theorems about circles can be considered as special cases of these general theorems.",
"title": "Projective geometry"
}
] |
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] |
2317
|
Who invented the World Wide Web?
|
[
{
"docid": "26038653#1",
"text": "The series was announced on 10 July 2009, under the working title of \"Digital Revolution\", to examine the impact the World Wide Web has had on society over its first 20 years. Technology journalist and academic Aleks Krotoski would present. The series was launched with an event at the BBC to mark the twentieth anniversary of the World Wide Web, which saw Tim Berners-Lee (credited with inventing the World Wide Web), Susan Greenfield, Bill Thompson and Chris Anderson discuss the World Wide Web.",
"title": "The Virtual Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "33139#0",
"text": "The World Wide Web, also known as the WWW and the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.",
"title": "World Wide Web"
},
{
"docid": "57837019#1",
"text": "Two decades after Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989, he outlined the design issues of what later became the Solid project in drafts he wrote for the World Wide Web Consortium. Berners-Lee became increasingly dismayed at seeing his invention being abused, such as when Russian hackers allegedly interfered with the 2016 US elections, when the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal became public, when Facebook in 2012 conducted psychological experiments on nearly 700,000 users in secret, and when Google and Amazon applied for patents on devices that listen for emotional changes in human voices.",
"title": "Solid (web decentralization project)"
},
{
"docid": "30510498#1",
"text": "Web navigation came about with the introduction of the World Wide Web, in 1989 when Timothy Berners-Lee invented it. Once the world wide web was available, web navigation increasingly became a major aspect and role in jobs and everyday lives. With one-third of the world’s population now using the internet, web navigation maintains a global use in today's ever evolving international society. Web navigation is not restricted to just computers, either, as mobile phones and tablets have added avenues for access to the ever-growing information on the web today. The most recent wave of technology which has affected web navigation is the introduction and growth of the smartphone. As of January 2014, 58% of American adults owned a smart phone, and that number is on the rise from previous years. Web navigation has evolved from a restricted action, to something that many people across the world now do on a daily basis.",
"title": "Web navigation"
},
{
"docid": "30034#2",
"text": "In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Named in \"Time\" magazine's list of the , Berners-Lee has received a number of other accolades for his invention. He was honoured as the \"Inventor of the World Wide Web\" during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in which he appeared in person, working with a vintage NeXT Computer at the London Olympic Stadium. He tweeted \"This is for everyone\", which instantly was spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80,000 people in the audience. Berners-Lee received the 2016 Turing Award \"for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale\".",
"title": "Tim Berners-Lee"
},
{
"docid": "35937111#41",
"text": "At the close the larger house was raised to reveal Tim Berners-Lee working at a NeXT Computer, like the one on which he invented the World Wide Web. He tweeted 'This is for everyone', instantly spelled out in LED lights around the stadium. The programme explained \"Music connects us with each other and with the most important moments in our lives. One of the things that makes those connections possible is the World Wide Web\". Boyle wanted to honour Berners-Lee for having made the World Wide Web free and available to everyone (hence the tweet), rather than seeking a commercial profit from it.",
"title": "2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony"
},
{
"docid": "1619085#0",
"text": "The World Wide Web Virtual Library was the first index of content on the World Wide Web and still operates as a directory of e-texts and information sources on the web. It was started by Tim Berners-Lee creator of HTML and the World Wide Web itself, in 1991 at CERN in Geneva. Unlike commercial index sites, it is run by a loose confederation of volunteers, who compile pages of key links for particular areas in which they are expert. It is sometimes informally referred to as the \"WWWVL\", the \"Virtual Library\" or just \"the VL\".",
"title": "World Wide Web Virtual Library"
},
{
"docid": "98078#59",
"text": "Academics working at the university include Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, Wendy Hall, inventor of Microcosm (hypermedia system) a predecessor of the World Wide Web, founding director of the Web Science Trust between the University of Southampton and MIT, José Antonio Bowen, President of Goucher College and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Erich Zepler, who made leading contributions to radio receiver development, David Payne, who invented EDFA for use in fibre optics cables, Sir Barry Cunliffe, a pioneer of modern British archaeology, Ray Monk, the biographer of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Albie Sachs, former Judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, and Tim Holt, former President of the Royal Statistical Society and Office for National Statistics.",
"title": "University of Southampton"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "48477985#0",
"text": "Ivan Pope (1961-) is a British technologist who was involved with a number of early internet developments in the UK and across the world, and invented the \"cybercafe\" at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts. He was a founder of two of the first internet magazines, The World Wide Web Newsletter, and later .net magazine in the UK. In 1994 he founded Webmedia to professionalise the process of web site design and build. In 1995 he was involved with the creation of the domain name management company NetNames. Pope is now a writer and a noted proponent of the dérive.",
"title": "Ivan Pope"
},
{
"docid": "30034#10",
"text": "It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating, \"The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world\".",
"title": "Tim Berners-Lee"
}
] |
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] |
2318
|
In what years was the Napoleon III style popular?
|
[
{
"docid": "17713508#0",
"text": "The Napoleon III style was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts, which used elements of many different historical styles,and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France (1852–1871) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier (1862–71), the Bibliothèque nationale de France. and the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the opera, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17713508#14",
"text": "Another popular influence was the Louis XVI style, or French neoclassicism, which was preferred by the Empress Eugénie. Her rooms at the Tuileries Palace and other Places were decorated in this style.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
},
{
"docid": "17713508#4",
"text": "The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was eclecticism, drawing liberally from the Gothic style, Renaissance style, and the styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. The style was described by Émile Zola, not an admirer of the Empire, as \"the opulent bastard child of all the styles.\". The best example was the Opéra Garnier, begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was Charles Garnier (1825-1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress Eugénie what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, \"Napoleon III.\" At the time, it was at the time the largest theater in the world, but much of the interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes. Another example was the Mairie, or city hall, of the 1st arrondissement of Paris, built in 1855-1861 in a neo-Gothic style by the architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1792-1867).",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
},
{
"docid": "56774434#13",
"text": "Other sculptors with more enduring fame were François Rude, who made his celebrated \"La Marseillaise\" sculpture (formally known as \"The departure of the volunteers\"), a ten-meter high bas-relief for the Arc de Triomphe (1833-36), a project begun by Napoleon and completed by Louis Philippe. Rude also made the romantic \"Napoleon awakening to immortality\" in 1845-47. This illustrated popular movement to restore the reputation of Napoleon and the revolutionary spirit, which had been suppressed under the Restoration, but which reappeared with the return of the ashes of Napoleon to France under Louis Philippe. The Napoleonic spirit emerged triumphant in the 1848 Revolution, and the election of Napoleon III as the first President of France.",
"title": "Louis Philippe style"
},
{
"docid": "62581#116",
"text": "Despite the opposition in the legislature, Napoleon III's reforms remained popular in the rest of the country. A new plebiscite was held in 1870, on the text: \"The people approve the liberal reforms added to the Constitution since 1860 by the Emperor, with the agreement of the legislative bodies and ratified by the Senate on April 20, 1870.\" Napoleon III saw this as a referendum on his rule as Emperor: \"By voting yes,\" he wrote, \"you will chase away the threat of revolution; you will place the nation on a solid base of order and liberty, and you will make it easier to pass on the Crown to my son.\" When the votes were counted, Napoleon III had lost Paris and the other big cities but decisively won the rest of the country. The final vote was 7,336,434 votes yes, 1,560,709 votes no, and 1,900,000 abstentions. Léon Gambetta, the leader of the republican opposition, wrote in despair, \"We were crushed. The Emperor is more popular than ever.\"",
"title": "Napoleon III"
},
{
"docid": "17713508#30",
"text": "While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III. \nGustave Courbet (1819–1872) was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the Academy of Fine Arts, and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving the Legion of Honour to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
},
{
"docid": "17713508#13",
"text": "The French Renaissance and the style of Henry II were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons, cartouches, mascarons, and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble ebony.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
},
{
"docid": "68453#25",
"text": "Basset-type hounds became popular during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (r. 1852–1870). In 1853, Emmanuel Fremiet, \"the leading sculptor of animals in his day\" exhibited bronze sculptures of Emperor Napoleon III's basset hounds at the Paris Salon. Ten years later in 1863 at the first exhibition of dogs held in Paris, basset hounds attained international attention.",
"title": "Basset Hound"
},
{
"docid": "17713508#22",
"text": "The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had a map of the Bois de Boulogne on the wall of his office. Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon III parks.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
},
{
"docid": "17713508#10",
"text": "Napoleon III's many projects included the completion of the Louvre Palace, which adjoined his own residence in the Tuileries Palace. Between 1864 and 1868, He commissioned the architect Hector Lefuel to rebuild the Pavillon de Flore from the Renaissance Louvre; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including the state of Flore by the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. He also added apartments for the Empress, visible today, and rebuilt entirely the Porte des Lions of the Louvre in a graceful and harmonious if not perfectly historical style. This gateway originally featured a statue of Napoleon III over the central arch, which was removed during the Third Republic.",
"title": "Napoleon III style"
}
] |
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] |
2321
|
Where is Queensland located?
|
[
{
"docid": "31528048#4",
"text": "Located on the east coast, Queensland is the second largest state and has a wide range of climates due to its vast size. The coastal area is very humid and warm year round with the dry season being in the winter. The inland section of the state is dominated by grassland. The majority of the snakes found in Queensland are in the north of the state where there is tropical rainforest, which provides dense vegetation for the snakes to shelter in, and a wide variety of forest animals for them to prey upon. Snakes also inhabit natural caves and soft soil near cliffs, where there are ample sunny rocks for them to bake on during the day. The snakes are also capable of digging themselves into the soil.",
"title": "Australian snake habitats"
},
{
"docid": "25507452#18",
"text": "Queensland's capital city, Brisbane is located in the most populous region South East Queensland. Also located here is the Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan, Redcliffe City and Toowoomba the second largest inland city in Australia is located 120 km west of Brisbane on the Darling Downs as well as Warwick.",
"title": "Geography of Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "434301#0",
"text": "Maryborough is a city and a suburb in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located on the Mary River in Queensland, Australia, approximately north of the state capital, Brisbane. The city is served by the Bruce Highway. It is closely tied to its neighbour city Hervey Bay which is approximately northeast. Together they form part of the area known as the Fraser Coast. At June 2015 Maryborough had an estimated urban population of 27,846. The city was the location for the 2013 Australian Scout Jamboree.",
"title": "Maryborough, Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "25507452#1",
"text": "The total land mass of Queensland covers 22.5% of the Australian continent, an area of 1,730,648 square kilometres, making it the second largest state in the Commonwealth of Australia. The total length of Queensland's mainland coastline is with another of island coastline. A unique geographical feature of the state is the Great Barrier Reef, an important tourist drawcard. The Tropic of Capricorn crosses the state with about half of Queensland's area located to the north of the line.",
"title": "Geography of Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "25507452#22",
"text": "Queensland contains significant areas of rainforest and other areas of biological diversity. World Heritage Areas include the Great Barrier Reef, Wet Tropics of Queensland and Gondwana Rainforests of Australia. Queensland has 226 national parks. The largest is Simpson Desert National Park in the remote central west of the state. The most visited national parks in South East Queensland are Tamborine National Park, Lamington National Park and Noosa National Park. These parks are located near centres of major population and are the most accessible in the state. Lamington and other parks around the Scenic Rim such as Main Range National Park, are included in the World Heritage listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.",
"title": "Geography of Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "59051#0",
"text": "Queensland (abbreviated as Qld) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. To its north is the Torres Strait, with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland. The state is the world's sixth-largest sub-national entity, with an area of .",
"title": "Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "59051#22",
"text": "Queensland borders the Torres Strait to the north, with Boigu Island off the coast of New Guinea representing the absolute northern extreme of its territory. The triangular Cape York Peninsula, which points toward New Guinea, is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. West of the peninsula's tip, northern Queensland is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria, while the Coral Sea, an arm of the Pacific Ocean, borders Queensland to the east. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the Northern Territory, at the 138°E longitude, and to the southwest by the northeastern corner of South Australia.",
"title": "Queensland"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2398586#13",
"text": "The Queensland Cultural Centre is situated on the site of one of Queensland's historical theatres, the Cremorne Theatre. Originally an open-air structure with seating for about 1,800, the Cremorne Theatre was located on Stanley Street, South Brisbane, between Peel and Melbourne Streets, close to the point where the Victoria Bridge crossed the Brisbane River from the city and on the site where the Queensland Art Gallery now stands.",
"title": "Queensland Cultural Centre"
},
{
"docid": "22712736#8",
"text": "Bus stops are designated places where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. There are four bus stop types which are used throughout Queensland. The type of bus stop used depends on the number of passengers that will use the bus stop. These bus stop types include regular, intermediate, premium and signature. 'Regular' bus stops are used for low frequency bus services with low passenger volumes and are located in outer suburban or non-urban areas. 'Intermediate' bus stops are used by moderate frequency bus services with moderate passenger volumes and are located in suburban areas. 'Premium' bus stops are serviced by high frequency bus services with moderate to high passenger volumes and are located at major attractions (e.g. shopping centres). Premium bus stops may be located near bus priority measures such as bus queue jumps, bus lanes or transit lanes. 'Signature' bus stops are located on busways, interchanges and streets in Brisbane CBD. The bus stop is used by high frequency bus services with moderate to high passenger volumes. These bus stops have adequate space for indented or off-road bus bays and standing room for three or more buses.",
"title": "Bus transport in Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "2398586#54",
"text": "The Queensland Cultural Centre is an extensive low-rise complex comprising four cultural institutions, associated ancillary facilities and spaces located on the bank of the Brisbane River at South Brisbane. Set against the backdrop of the Taylor Range skirting greater Brisbane, the Queensland Art Gallery (QAG), Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC), Queensland Museum (QM), The Edge and the central services facility and connecting plazas and walkways retain a coherent architectural form. The reworked Queensland State Library (SLQ) building and the Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) at the western end of the complex, are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance and are not included within the heritage register boundary.",
"title": "Queensland Cultural Centre"
},
{
"docid": "25507452#9",
"text": "Some of Queensland's towns are located on relatively flat land on the banks of rivers. During severe floods, such as the 2010 Queensland floods, numerous towns are inundated as flood waters rise. Levees have alleviated some minor flooding but after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall the sheer volume of flood waters cannot be held back. Disruptions from flooding have become accepted in inland towns like Charleville and to a lesser degree in coastal towns such as Gympie.",
"title": "Geography of Queensland"
}
] |
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] |
2322
|
How many species of moth are there in the family Tortricidae?
|
[
{
"docid": "638719#0",
"text": "The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 10,350 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genus \"Heliocosma\" is sometimes placed within this superfamily. Many of these are economically important pests. Olethreutidae is a junior synonym. The typical resting posture is with the wings folded back, producing a rather rounded profile.",
"title": "Tortricidae"
},
{
"docid": "495221#0",
"text": "The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths, with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species. This group includes the groups commonly known as tiger moths (or tigers), which usually have bright colours, footmen, which are usually much drabber, lichen moths, and wasp moths. Many species have \"hairy\" caterpillars that are popularly known as woolly bears or woolly worms. The scientific name of this subfamily refers to this hairiness (Gk. αρκτος = a bear). Some species within the Arctiinae have the word “tussock” in their common name due to people misidentifying them as members of the Lymantriinae based on the characteristics of the larvae.",
"title": "Arctiinae (moth)"
},
{
"docid": "24887841#3",
"text": "Over 15 species of moths are referred to with the common name oak leafroller, approximately three-fifths from the \"Tortricidae\" family, but also from four other families. According to the United States Forest Service, \"Archips semiferanus\" is the \"most important oak leafroller\" of these species; other common oak leafroller species such as \"Archips argyrosplilus\" and \"Choristoneura fractivittana\" are commonly found on oak trees, but do not cause the damage that \"A. semiferanus\" does.",
"title": "Archips semiferanus"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27460870#0",
"text": "This is a list of the Australian moth species of the family Tortricidae. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Australia.The following species belong to the tribe Grapholitini, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:",
"title": "List of moths of Australia (Tortricidae)"
},
{
"docid": "638719#2",
"text": "Tortricid moths are generally small, with a wingspan of 3 cm or less. Many species are drab and have mottled and marbled brown colors, but some diurnal species are brightly colored and mimic other moths of the families Geometridae and Pyralidae.",
"title": "Tortricidae"
},
{
"docid": "51775745#0",
"text": "This is a list of moths of the family Tortricidae that are found in India. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of India.",
"title": "List of moths of India (Tortricidae)"
},
{
"docid": "43025872#0",
"text": "This is a list of the moths of family Tortricidae which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.",
"title": "List of moths of Chile (Tortricidae)"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "3217319#0",
"text": "Ơ is one of the 12 Vietnamese language vowels. It is pronounced (an unrounded [o]).",
"title": "Ơ"
},
{
"docid": "31634676#1",
"text": "The family Geometridae contains over 21,000 species and can be found all across the globe. The Geometrinae subfamily contains 2350 species. Many of these species can be identified by the similar emerald green coloration observed in \"N. arizonaria\", which led to the creation of the common name \"emerald moth\". Comparative analysis of Nemoria’s biogeographic history suggests that the genus originated in South America. Such a close proximity to the United States’ southwest region can explain the present day localization to this area. It has been suggested that Nemoria was introduced many times - the genus is the largest of the New World Geometrinae and is estimated to be around 7.5 million years old. Nemoria is most commonly known for the phenotypic plasticity of its larvae stages in many species. There are now 15 recognized species of Nemoria.",
"title": "Nemoria arizonaria"
}
] |
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] |
2324
|
When did Sophocles write Antigone?
|
[
{
"docid": "65953#0",
"text": "Antigone ( ; ) is a tragedy by Sophocles written in or before 441 BC.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "926219#13",
"text": "Seven works of Sophocles have survived, the most acclaimed of which are the three Theban plays, which center around the story of Oedipus and his offspring. The Theban Trilogy consists of \"Oedipus the King\", \"Oedipus at Colonus\", and \"Antigone\". Although the plays are often called a \"trilogy,\" they were actually written many years apart. \"Antigone\", the last of the three plays sequentially, was actually first to be written, having been composed in 441 BC, towards the beginning of Sophocles's career. \"Oedipus the King\", the most famous of the three, was written around 429 BC at the midpoint of Sophocles's career. \"Oedipus at Colonus\", the second of the three plays chronologically, was actually Sophocles's last play and was performed in 401 BC, after Sophocles's death.",
"title": "Ancient Greek literature"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "65953#12",
"text": "An important issue still debated regarding Sophocles' \"Antigone\" is the problem of the second burial. When she poured dust over her brother's body, Antigone completed the burial rituals and thus fulfilled her duty to him. Having been properly buried, Polyneices' soul could proceed to the underworld whether or not the dust was removed from his body. However, Antigone went back after his body was uncovered and performed the ritual again, an act that seems to be completely unmotivated by anything other than a plot necessity so that she could be caught in the act of disobedience, leaving no doubt of her guilt. More than one commentator has suggested that it was the gods, not Antigone, who performed the first burial, citing both the guard's description of the scene and the chorus's observation.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "65953#20",
"text": "In \"Antigone\", Sophocles asks the question, which law is greater: the gods' or man's. Sophocles votes for the law of the gods. He does this in order to save Athens from the moral destruction which seems imminent. Sophocles wants to warn his countrymen about hubris, or arrogance, because he believes this will be their downfall. In Antigone, the hubris of Creon is revealed.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "35896205#2",
"text": "The extant fragments of Euripides' \"Antigone\" do not reveal much of the plot, but Aristophanes of Byzantium has written that Euripides' play differed from Sophocles' in three major ways:Modern scholars interpret Aristophanes comment to indicate that Euripides' play developed along similar lines to Sophocles', except that Haemon's participation in, or at least knowledge of, Antigone's burial of Polynices led to the happy resolution of their marriage in Euripides' play instead of their deaths in Sophocles' play. One extant fragment is a plea to the god Dionysus, suggesting the possibility that Dionysus was the \"deus ex machina\" who saved Antigone and Haemon and prophesied the birth of Maeon. Several extant fragments deal with love and marriage, and John Homer Huddilston believed that this, and hint from other fragments (although some of these are now believed to be from plays other than Antigone) indicate that Antigone and Haemon were married secretly.",
"title": "Antigone (Euripides play)"
},
{
"docid": "12790834#0",
"text": "Antigone, also known as \"The Antigone of Sophocles\", is an adaptation by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht of Hölderlin's translation of Sophocles' tragedy. It was first performed at the Chur Stadttheater in Switzerland in 1948, with Brecht's second wife Helene Weigel, in the lead role. This was Brecht's first directorial collaboration with Caspar Neher.",
"title": "Antigone (Brecht play)"
},
{
"docid": "65953#30",
"text": "Liliana Cavani's 1970 \"I Cannibali\" is a contemporary political fantasy based upon the Sophocles play, with Britt Ekland as Antigone and Pierre Clémenti as Tiresias.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "65953#11",
"text": "Martin Heidegger, in his essay, \"The Ode on Man in Sophocles’ Antigone\", focusses on the chorus’ sequence of stophe and antistrophe that begins on line 278. His interpretation is in three phases: first to consider the essential meaning of the verse, and then to move through the sequence with that understanding, and finally to discern what was nature of humankind that Sophocles was expressing in this poem. In the first two lines of the first strophe, in the translation Heidegger used, the chorus says that there are many strange things on earth, but there is nothing stranger than man. Beginnings are important to Heidegger, and he considered those two lines to describe primary trait of the essence of humanity within which all other aspects must find their essence. Those two lines are so fundamental that the rest of the verse is spent catching up with them. The authentic Greek definition of humankind is the one who is strangest of all. Heidegger’s interpretation of the text describes humankind in one word that captures the extremes — \"deinotaton\". Man is \"deinon\" in the sense that he is the terrible, violent one, and also in the sense that he uses violence against the overpowering. Man is twice \"deinon\". In a series of lectures in 1942, \"Hölderlin’s Hymn, The Ister\", Heidegger goes further in interpreting this play, and considers that Antigone takes on the destiny she has been given, but does not follow a path that is opposed to that of the humankind described in the choral ode. When Antigone opposes Creon, her suffering the uncanny, is her supreme action.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "65953#8",
"text": "In this play Sophocles raises a number of questions: Should Polyneices, who committed a serious crime that threatened the city, be given burial rituals, or should his body be left unburied as prey for scavenging animals? Should someone who attempts to bury him in defiance of Creon be punished in an especially cruel and horrible way? Are Creon’s actions justified? Are Antigone’s actions justified? In this play, Creon is not presented as a monster, but as a leader who is doing what he considers right and justified by the state. The chorus is presented as a group of citizens who, though they may feel uneasy about the treatment of the corpse, respect Creon and what he is doing. The chorus is sympathetic to Antigone only when she is led off to her death. But when the chorus learns that the Gods are offended by what Creon has done, and that Creon’s actions will result in the destruction of their city, then they ask Creon to change course. The city is of primary importance to the chorus. Once the initial premises behind the characters in \"Antigone\" have been established, the action of the play moves steadily and inevitably towards the outcome. Once Creon has discovered that Antigone buried her brother against his orders, the ensuing discussion of her fate is devoid of arguments for mercy because of youth or sisterly love from the Chorus, Haemon or Antigone herself. Most of the arguments to save her center on a debate over which course adheres best to strict justice.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
},
{
"docid": "65953#7",
"text": "The Chorus in \"Antigone\" departs significantly from the chorus in Aeschylus' \"Seven Against Thebes\", the play of which \"Antigone\" is a continuation. The chorus in \"Seven Against Thebes\" is largely supportive of Antigone's decision to bury her brother. Here, the chorus is composed of old men who are largely unwilling to see civil disobedience in a positive light. The chorus also represents a typical difference in Sophocles' plays from those of both Aeschylus and Euripides. A chorus of Aeschylus' almost always continues or intensifies the moral nature of the play, while one of Euripides' frequently strays far from the main moral theme. The chorus in \"Antigone\" lies somewhere in between; it remains within the general moral and the immediate scene, but allows itself to be carried away from the occasion or the initial reason for speaking.",
"title": "Antigone (Sophocles play)"
}
] |
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] |
2326
|
When was Relic Entertainment established?
|
[
{
"docid": "58222005#0",
"text": "Relic Entertainment is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver. The company was founded in June 1997 by Alex Garden and Luke Moloney. After its debut title \"Homeworld\" (1999), the company developed two more games, \"Impossible Creatures\" (2003) and \"Homeworld 2\" (2003), and signed a contract with publisher THQ for an additional two games. Before either game was released, however, Relic was bought by THQ in May 2004 for $10 million in cash; the company was renamed THQ Canada, with \"Relic Entertainment\" used as a marketing brand by the studio. THQ published the next five games by the company. A few months after being purchased, Relic released its first licensed title, \"\" (2004). It released two more original titles in 2006, \"The Outfit\" and \"Company of Heroes\", before transitioning to focus on further titles and expansion packs in the \"Warhammer 40,000\" and \"Company of Heroes\" franchises.",
"title": "List of Relic Entertainment games"
},
{
"docid": "576884#0",
"text": "Relic Entertainment, known as THQ Canada Inc. between 2004 and 2013, is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver, founded in 1997. The studio specializes in real-time strategy games and is known for series such as \"Homeworld\", \"\" and \"Company of Heroes\". Acquired by THQ in 2004, the company was sold to Sega on January 22, 2013 as part of THQ's bankruptcy. Relic is now a part of Sega West, which also comprises Creative Assembly, Sports Interactive and Amplitude Studios.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "576884#1",
"text": "Relic was started in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada by Alex Garden and Luke Moloney in 1997. Their first title, \"Homeworld\", was released on September 28, 1999 to critical acclaim and successful sales. Though they did not immediately continue working on the franchise (Sierra Entertainment, the game's publisher, owned the rights), the game did have a spin-off, \"\", developed by Barking Dog Studios and published by Sierra.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "2582359#9",
"text": "Relic Entertainment was founded in Vancouver, Canada, on June 1, 1997, and began work on \"Homeworld\" as their first title. Relic co-founders Alex Garden and Luke Moloney served as the director and lead programmer for the game, respectively, while Erin Daly was the designer and Aaron Kambeitz the lead artist. Garden was 22 years old when he founded the company. Writer David J. Williams is credited with the original story concept, while the script itself was written by Martin Cirulis and the background lore was written by author Arinn Dembo. Cirulis and Dembo, credited jointly as \"Marcus Skyler\", were selected by the publisher, Sierra Studios, partway through development to expand the story concept of Relic and Williams. Sierra agreed to publish the game early in development based on, according to Garden, \"two whiteboard presentations and no demo\". The development of the game took over two years; the game systems were largely complete by the final eight months, which Relic spent polishing and improving the game, including adding the whole-map Sensors Manager view. The game was initially expected to be released at the end of 1998; Garden stated in a 1999 interview that the team found creating the core game itself much easier than getting it to the quality level they wanted, and that if they had known how difficult it was going to be they may have chosen not to do the project. Several ideas for the game, including ship customization, convoy routes, and different unit types for the Kushan and Taidann fleets were cut during development as they could not be done well enough for the project.",
"title": "Homeworld"
},
{
"docid": "2165039#0",
"text": "Alex Garden is the CEO of Vancouver-based game developer Relic Entertainment, which he co-founded with Luke Moloney in 1997. In February 2005, he founded the company iVALET Systems Inc. to develop an advanced parking system. In July 2005, he co-founded Klei Entertainment, a Vancouver-based video game development studio, with Jamie Cheng. On November 3, 2006, Alex Garden joined Nexon to run Nexon's North American game development studio, Nexon Publishing North America. In October, 2009, Alex Garden joined Microsoft to work in their games division, Microsoft Game Studios. On April 23, 2014, Zynga announced that Alex Garden was hired to become President of Zynga Studios with a start date of May 5, 2014. On 13 April 2016 Alex Garden returned to Relic Entertainment as CEO. In 2016 Garden founded Zume Pizza.",
"title": "Alex Garden"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "576884#16",
"text": "In December 2012, during THQ bankruptcy filings, it was revealed that Relic Entertainment \"is currently developing \"Company of Heroes 2\" for a calendar year 2013 release and a new game with the working title \"Atlas\" for a release in calendar year 2014.\" On January 23, 2013, it was revealed that THQ had sold Relic Entertainment to Sega for as part of an auction of the company's properties. The \"Homeworld\" franchise was sold to Gearbox Software at a separate auction in April 2013.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "576884#8",
"text": "\"Company of Heroes\", a World War II-themed real-time strategy game, was released on September 12, 2006. It used Relic's new Essence engine. The engine, which had been designed in-house by Relic, featured many next-generation graphical effects, including HDR and dynamic lighting, as well as utilizing the Havok middleware physics engine. The game was very successful and won many awards from multiple gaming magazines and websites. As of January 2013, the \"Company of Heroes\" series has sold more than 4 million copies worldwide.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "576884#4",
"text": "On April 27, 2004, publisher THQ announced it was acquiring Relic for close to in an all-cash transaction, completed around early May, 2004.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "576884#5",
"text": "Relic released \"\" on September 20, 2004, a real-time strategy game based on Games Workshop's popular \"Warhammer 40,000\" franchise. The game was a success, with many reviewers applauding its innovative resource management system and squad-based interface. As a series \"Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War\" has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide as of January 2013.",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"docid": "2582359#19",
"text": "In 2004, Relic Entertainment was bought by THQ, which confirmed in 2007 that it had acquired the rights to the series from Relic and Sierra. No further game in the series was made before THQ declared bankruptcy in 2013; on April 22, 2013, Gearbox Software announced that they had bought the rights to the series at auction for US$1.35 million. On July 19, 2013, Gearbox announced the production of remakes of \"Homeworld\" and \"Homeworld 2\" as \"Homeworld HD\", later renamed \"Homeworld Remastered Collection\". The following month, collection producer Brian Burleson stated that Gearbox had purchased the property with the express purpose of making a collection including the original and remastered versions of the game. He also noted that neither game had code in a releasable or playable state when purchased, and they ended up recreating many of the original development tools with the assistance of the \"Homeworld\" mod community. A later posting by a developer at Gearbox further praised the mod community for their assistance in getting the original code to be playable on modern computers. The stand-alone expansion \"Homeworld: Cataclysm\" was not announced for a remake, despite the outspoken interest of Gearbox, as they were unable to find the original source code for the game.",
"title": "Homeworld"
}
] |
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] |
2328
|
Who won the 2010 AFL Grand Final?
|
[
{
"docid": "13338740#12",
"text": "Many of Essendon's senior players would retire or move on in the following two seasons, however their next Grand Final appearance came three years later, when the Baby Bombers (so named because of the astounding number of players they had under 21) surprised the football world and won the 1993 AFL Grand Final against Carlton. Collingwood did not win another premiership for 20 years, until they defeated St Kilda in 2010.",
"title": "1990 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "7378698#18",
"text": "The Saints beat Geelong narrowly in their first final in 2010, and then comfortably won a Preliminary Final against the Western Bulldogs for the second year in a row. Lyon became the only man apart from Allan Jeans to coach St Kilda to multiple Grand Final appearances. The 2010 AFL Grand Final against Collingwood ended in a draw, with St Kilda coming from 24 points down at half-time to square the result at the final siren. The replay the following week saw the Saints beaten comfortably, and the club finished runner-up for the second year in a row.",
"title": "Ross Lyon"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23139660#7",
"text": "The matches were the second and third grand finals contested by the two clubs. The only previous encounter was the 1966 grand final in which St Kilda won its only premiership, winning by a single point 10.14 (74) to 10.13 (73). They had met in a total of nine finals, of which St Kilda has won six, including the last five in a row, dating back to the 1966 grand final. Between them, Collingwood and St Kilda fielded only three players who had previously won a premiership: Darren Jolly (Collingwood), Adam Schneider and Sean Dempster (both St Kilda)—all three played in 's 2005 premiership team five years earlier.",
"title": "2010 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "23139660#37",
"text": "The win was the fifteenth VFL/AFL premiership won by Collingwood in its 114 years in the league. It was Collingwood's first premiership since 1990, only its second since 1958. It was the ninth time that Collingwood won both the premiership and the minor premiership in the same year, but the first time since 1930. It was also Collingwood's second consecutive premiership to be won in October and their first premiership since 1990. It was the third premiership won by Michael Malthouse as a coach, having previously won with the West Coast Eagles in 1992 and 1994, joining Leigh Matthews, David Parkin, Allan Jeans and Ron Barassi as coaches who have led more than one club to a premiership. With its loss, St Kilda became the first team since Collingwood in 2002 and 2003 to finish runners-up twice in a row, and the first team since Geelong in 1994 and 1995 to finish runners-up against different teams in the grand final.",
"title": "2010 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "23139660#23",
"text": "The final of the grand final sprint was held at half-time of the first final. It was won by Luke Miles from the St Kilda Football Club, with Tim Golds from the Greater Western Sydney Giants and Lewis Jetta from the Sydney Swans finishing second and third respectively.",
"title": "2010 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "8491093#3",
"text": "In the lead-up to the match, Brisbane's Jason Akermanis won the Brownlow Medal. The two coaches, Kevin Sheedy and Leigh Matthews, had met in a grand final 11 years prior, when Matthews' Magpies ended their so-called \"Colliwobbles\" (a drought lasting 32 years) by defeating Sheedy's Bombers in the 1990 AFL Grand Final.",
"title": "2001 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "20959445#3",
"text": "Geelong entered the 2009 season after two consecutive minor premierships and two consecutive grand final appearances: a victory against Port Adelaide in the 2007 AFL Grand Final and a loss against Hawthorn in the 2008 AFL Grand Final. They won their four pre-season games to win the NAB Cup and their first 13 home-and-away games. Their first loss came in Round 14 against St Kilda (who at that stage were also undefeated) by six points, with Michael Gardiner kicking the winning goal in the dying minutes for the Saints. Following that loss the Cats entered a form slump, caused in part by several key injuries; their eight games from Rounds 14 to 21 yielded four wins and four losses, but only one of those wins (a 46-point victory against eventual wooden spooners ) was by a margin greater than one goal. Geelong won their final game comfortably to finish with a record of 18-4. They defeated a fast-finishing Bulldogs team by 14 points in their qualifying final and then comfortably beat Collingwood by 73 points in their preliminary final to advance to the grand final.",
"title": "2009 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "17502062#2",
"text": "Hawthorn won its first nine games of the season, and sat atop the AFL ladder at Round 11. They began to lose a few games towards the end of the season, and finished in second place with a record of 17 wins and 5 losses; full-forward Lance Franklin won the Coleman Medal with 102 goals. They convincingly beat the Western Bulldogs by 51 points in their qualifying final, which earned them a week's rest and home preliminary final, in which they beat by 54 points. Hawthorn had won four games in a row leading into the grand final, all by more than 50 points. It was the team's first appearance in a grand final since winning the 1991 AFL Grand Final.",
"title": "2008 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "13530074#12",
"text": "While Carlton’s unexpected feat of reaching the grand final in 1999 has undoubtedly gone into Australian Football folklore, the finals system at the time was widely criticised for allowing a team that had finished as low as 6th to reach the grand final after losing its first finals match (a similar instance also occurred the year prior, with the 5th placed Adelaide Crows advancing on to ultimately win the 1998 premiership despite losing in the first week of the finals). Carlton were beaten by the Brisbane Lions in the qualifying final, yet still progressed to the second week of the finals to play the West Coast Eagles. This match, which was won by Carlton, also created a lot of controversy as the Eagles, who subsequently finished a place higher than Carlton and won its first finals match, had earned the right to host the final in Perth, yet were forced to play the match at the MCG due to a contractual agreement with the AFL that required at least one match to be played at that venue every week of the finals.",
"title": "1999 AFL Grand Final"
},
{
"docid": "23139660#13",
"text": "For the grand final replay, Lionel Richie was announced to perform the pre-match, as well as the post-match, entertainment. The American said, \"It is a great honour to be invited to perform at such an historic event in Australian football...I am incredibly fortunate to have been available for this once-in-a-lifetime experience to share my music with my fans.\"\nFollowing Richie's Performance, the team theme songs were performed as saxophone solos by Joe Camilleri (for Collingwood) and Wilbur Wilde (for St Kilda). For the Replay, in place of the traditional around-the-ground parade of 2010 AFL retirees and medalists, famous members of the Collingwood and St. Kilda Football Clubs were presented: including participants from the memorable 1966 VFL Grand Final.",
"title": "2010 AFL Grand Final"
}
] |
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2330
|
When was the ANC formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "376182#13",
"text": "African National Congress: The ANC was created in 1912, but became the leading political party after the end of apartheid in 1994. Its main platform rests on racial equality and eradicating the socioeconomic classes which are often based on race. The ANC has been considered a party for native South Africans, especially before 2009 when party leader President Zuma faced multiple accusations regarding corruption, particularly using public funds for his own purposes. The economic struggle of South Africa as well as the police brutality have both been blamed on the ANC. Currently the ANC holds 249 seats in parliament. Support for the ANC went down between the 2009 and the 2014 elections, with violent protests erupting all over the country in response to the allegations of corruption within the ANC.",
"title": "Parliament of South Africa"
},
{
"docid": "2503#1",
"text": "Founded on 8 January 1912 by John Langalibalele Dube in Bloemfontein as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), its primary mission was to give voting rights to black and mixed-race Africans and, from the 1940s, to end apartheid. The ANC originally attempted to use nonviolent protests to end apartheid, however, the Sharpeville massacre resulted in the deaths of 69 black Africans and contributed to deteriorating relations with the South African government. On 8 April 1960, the administration of Charles Robberts Swart, banned the ANC and forced the party to leave South Africa. After the ban, the ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) to fight against apartheid utilizing guerrilla warfare and sabotage. On 3 February 1990, State President F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela on 11 February 1990. On 17 March 1992, the apartheid referendum was passed by the voters removing apartheid and allowing the ANC to run in the 1994 election. Since the 1994 election the ANC has performed better than 60% in all general elections, including the most recent 2014 election.",
"title": "African National Congress"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13755217#0",
"text": "The African National Congress Women's League is the women's wing of the African National Congress (ANC). It was founded in 1931 as the Bantu Women's League, with Charlotte Maxeke as its first president. It was integrated into the ANC during the period from 1943, when women were first admitted as members of the ANC, to 1948, when the ANCWL was officially founded. It participated with the Federation of South African Women in protests against the apartheid-era government, such as the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the Women's March of 9 August 1956. In 1956, Lilian Ngoyi became the first elected female member of the ANC National Executive Committee. In 1960 the organization was banned along with the ANC forcing its central leaders underground; it was unbanned in 1990 when the ANC was likewise unbanned.",
"title": "African National Congress Women's League"
},
{
"docid": "58241068#5",
"text": "In 1966 the ANC Youth and Student Section (ANC YSS) was formed, with Former President Thabo Mbeki as leader in the United Kingdom. ANC YSS would later play critical roles in the country’s transition to a democracy. The leadership of the ANC YSS included Billy Modise, Joe Nhlanhla who would later become Mbeki’s first minister of intelligence and was the chair of the ASA (The African Students Association) in Moscow and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Jackie Selebi along with many others. The ANC YSS had two main objectives: looking after the welfare of the ANC youth and mobilising youth against apartheid internationally",
"title": "Billy Modise"
},
{
"docid": "56172215#9",
"text": "The ANCYL, under Mda’s leadership, started the Programme of Action (PA) at the ANC's Cape provincial office in Port Elizabeth in June 1949. The ANCYL adopted the PA. Xuma's term at the helm of the ANC was coming to an end and Mda and other members of the ANCYL started seeking a replacement who would endorse the PA at the following national ANC conference in 1949. Oliver Tambo went to James Moroka's home in Bantu location to encourage him to stand as a presidential candidate. Moroka was elected as president and the PA was adopted in 1949 as the ANC's guiding document. Mda then stepped down from the ANCYL after Moroka’s appointment. He continued to work behind the scenes to ensure that the ANC remained committed to its nationalist ideals. Mda later grew weary of Moroka's leadership and wrote public letters of disapproval condemning the ANC leadership in the publication “Bantu World”. Mda noticed a “watering down” of African Nationalism by Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu as the new leadership started forming multi-racial alliances including Coloured, Indian and White anti-Apartheid organisations.",
"title": "A. P. Mda"
},
{
"docid": "160039#10",
"text": "Much later, when efforts of passive protest and resistance against apartheid had been unsuccessful, the African National Congress (ANC) decided to form a military or armed group. The decision to moved to armed resistance happened after the ANC was banned by the government. Nelson Mandela believed that non-violent resistance was not working to stop Apartheid, and advocated acts of sabotage. The date of 16 December is the anniversary of the 1961 founding of Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\" or MK), the armed wing of the ANC. On that day, Umkhonto we Sizwe enacted its \"first acts of sabotage\" which included bomb blasts against government buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban. Also on 16 December 1961, the Umkhonto we Sizwe distributed leaflets describing how the group \"will carry on the struggle for freedom and democracy by new methods, which are necessary to complement the actions of the established national liberation organsations.\"",
"title": "Day of Reconciliation"
},
{
"docid": "9572507#1",
"text": "In 1985, the ANC-Freight-Rover team was formed in 1985 by the transport operator Tony Capper and the former racing cyclist Phil Griffiths, who had plans to get the team into the Tour de France. The team competed on the Continent and in Britain. In Britain, the British Cycling Federation limited teams to six riders, while continental squads had 20 or more. To get around this, the squad in Britain split into three different teams with different sponsors e.g. Lycra-Halfords. On the Continent, all the riders rode under one team name.",
"title": "ANC–Halfords"
},
{
"docid": "16001001#17",
"text": "In 1959 a group of disenchanted ANC members broke away from the ANC and formed the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), saying the ANC was too strongly influenced by white communists. First on the PAC's agenda was a series of nationwide demonstrations against the pass laws. The PAC called for blacks to demonstrate against pass books on 21 March 1960. One of the mass demonstrations organised by the PAC took place at Sharpeville, a township near Vereeniging. Estimates of the size of the crowd vary from 3,000 to 20,000. The crowd converged on the Sharpeville police station, singing and offering themselves up for arrest for not carrying their pass books. A group of about 300 police panicked and opened fire on the demonstrators after the crowd trampled down the fence surrounding the police station. They killed 69 people and injured 186. All the victims were black, and most of them had been shot in the back. Many witnesses stated that the crowd was not violent, but Colonel J. Pienaar, the senior police officer in charge on the day, said, \"Hordes of natives surrounded the police station. My car was struck with a stone. If they do these things they must learn their lesson the hard way\". The event became known as the Sharpeville massacre. In its aftermath the government banned the African National Congress (ANC) and the PAC.",
"title": "Internal resistance to apartheid"
},
{
"docid": "433822#2",
"text": "Tambo, Mandela and Walter Sisulu were the founding members of the ANC Youth League in 1943, with Tambo becoming its first National Secretary and a member of the National Executive in 1948. The Youth League proposed a change in the tactics of the anti-apartheid movement. Previously, the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations; the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group's goals and proposed their own 'Programme of Action'. This programme advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes, and non-collaboration.\nIn 1955, Tambo became Secretary General of the ANC after Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act. In 1958, he became Deputy President of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five-year banning order by the government.",
"title": "Oliver Tambo"
},
{
"docid": "16001001#5",
"text": "Although its creation predated apartheid, the African National Congress (ANC) became the primary force in opposition to the government after its conservative leadership was superseded by the organisation's Youth League (ANCYL) in 1949. Led by Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo, elected to the ANC's National Executive that year, the ANCYL advocated a radical black nationalist programme that combined the Africanist ideas of Anton Lembede with those of Marxism. They brought the notion that white authority could only be overthrown through mass campaigns. The ideals of the ANC and ANCYL are stated in the ANC official web site and state, concerning the \"Tripartite Alliance\", \"The Alliance is founded on a common commitment to the objectives of the National Democratic Revolution, and the need to unite the largest possible cross-section of South Africans behind these objectives.\" This cites the actionable intent, their goal to end oppression.",
"title": "Internal resistance to apartheid"
}
] |
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2334
|
How many countries are in FIFA?
|
[
{
"docid": "1213251#1",
"text": "There are currently 211 FIFA members, each one with its unique country code.\nThe following codes refer to countries or dependent areas that are currently not affiliated with FIFA, but whose codes either appear in the FIFA results database, or are used regularly by confederation websites.",
"title": "List of FIFA country codes"
},
{
"docid": "11049#17",
"text": "In total, FIFA recognises 211 national associations and their associated men's national teams as well as 129 women's national teams; see the list of national football teams and their respective country codes. FIFA has more member states than the UN as FIFA recognises 23 non-sovereign entities as distinct nations, such as the four Home Nations within the United Kingdom and politically disputed territories such as Palestine.",
"title": "FIFA"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27678065#4",
"text": "41 of the 54 active FIFA and CAF members have never qualified for the final tournament.This table shows for each world cup the number of countries at the World Cup, the number of entries (#E) from around the world (including any rejections and withdrawals), the number of African entries (#A), how many of those African entries withdrew (#A-) before/during qualification or were rejected by FIFA, the African representatives at the World Cup finals, the number of World Cup Qualifiers each African representative had to play to get to the World Cup (#WCQ), the furthest stage they reached, their results, and their coaches.",
"title": "African nations at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "3618982#6",
"text": "The Vatican is one of only nine fully recognized sovereign states whose national team is not a FIFA member. The others are the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom (though the UK's four \"home countries\" (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) have individual FIFA teams each of which is also a member of the IFAB). In May 2014, Domenico Ruggerio, president of the national football association, stated that \"I prefer to be amateur...To join FIFA, at that level, will be like a business\" after stating \"The important message of friendship and love is demonstrated by the sport — the real sport, not the business that is in football these days...It is not just important to win a match; it is how you carry yourself.\" Therefore, that, he added, meant that \"the ethos of the Vatican’s soccer team was, at odds with FIFA membership.\"",
"title": "Vatican City national football team"
},
{
"docid": "1864131#7",
"text": "In 2005, FIFA paired up with BSWW to co-organise the World Cup, although FIFA seem to have the most control. They kept the tradition of holding the World Cup in Rio de Janeiro and continued to allow 12 teams to participate, following on from the 2004 competition. It was Eric Cantona's France that won the competition, after beating Portugal on penalties in the final.\nThe tournament was deemed a major success and therefore FIFA took advantage. For the 2006 competition and beyond, FIFA decided to standardise the participants to 16 countries. It was then that the \"FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Qualifiers\" were also established, that would take place throughout the year. Again this decision was a successful one and more countries became interested in a now standard FIFA competition.\nBy the end of the 2007 World Cup, the tournament had become very popular throughout the world, with the FIFA board taking over the competition, driving more countries to recognize beach soccer as a major sport. Since the World Cup had become a success worldwide, FIFA decided to have a change of venue. It was voted, to extend the sport's popularity, the 2008 World Cup would take place in Marseille, France, and the 2009 World Cup would take place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. These tournaments would be the first to take place outside Brazil.\nThe 2008 competition was once again a major success, despite being held in a different country. This was the first time that Brazil would have to qualify for the tournament, since they weren't the hosts. However Brazil won the qualifiers and the World Cup in July.\nThe 2009 World Cup in Dubai was an even bigger success, as the second competition outside Brazil and the Beach Soccer World Cup's 15th birthday, Brazil continued their dominance.",
"title": "FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "4743361#0",
"text": "Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centers of strength in football at the time.",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"docid": "11370#41",
"text": "The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Council. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a \"Hosting Agreement\" from FIFA, which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid. The bidding association also receives a form, the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy. After this, a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced. The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar, with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament.",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "38648395#10",
"text": "It was originally intended that the World Cup would be held alternately between the continents of South America and Europe. However Jules Rimet, the creator of the World Cup, convinced FIFA to hold the competition in France, his home country. Because of this controversy, many American countries, including Argentina (the most likely hosts if the event was held in South America), Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Dutch Guyana, Uruguay, and the United States all withdrew or refused to enter so Cuba qualified automatically.",
"title": "North, Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "43120315#0",
"text": "Association football is the most popular sport in nearly every European country, and UEFA is one of the six confederations of world football's governing body FIFA. UEFA contains 55 national association members, some of which partially or entirely located in Asia. A total of 33 of the current members of UEFA have competed at the men's FIFA World Cup, while the defunct East Germany qualified once.\nThe team ranking in each tournament is according to FIFA. The rankings, apart from the top four positions (top two in 1930), are not a result of direct competition between the teams; instead, teams eliminated in the same round are ranked by their full results in the tournament. In recent tournaments, FIFA has used the rankings for seedings for the final tournament draw.",
"title": "European nations at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "27678065#13",
"text": "Seventeen African countries entered the qualification process for the 1966 FIFA World Cup : Algeria, Cameroon, French Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tunisia. FIFA rejected the application of French Congo, and had already suspended South Africa for apartheid, resulting in their disqualification.",
"title": "African nations at the FIFA World Cup"
}
] |
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] |
2335
|
How tall is Michelangelo's David?
|
[
{
"docid": "3246003#1",
"text": "The \"colossus\" (height: 5.05 m) was originally given to Michelangelo and meant to complement the \"David\" but later appropriated by the Medici family as a symbol of their renewed power after their return from exile in 1512, and again in 1530. Although descriptions of its unveiling in 1534 provided verbal and written criticisms of the marble, most were instead aimed at the Medici family for dissolving the Republic and were not aesthetic.\nA few of the writers of these hypercritical verses were imprisoned by Alessandro de'Medici, further suggesting a political commentary. The two harshest critics were Giorgio Vasari and Benvenuto Cellini, both of whom were champions of Michelangelo and rivals of Bandinelli for Medici patronage. Vasari lamented the change of hands from Michelangelo to Bandinelli, and the change of design. Cellini referred to the emphatic musculature as \"a sack full of melons\", forgetting that Michelangelo had received similar deprecation previously by Leonardo da Vinci. Neither Vasari nor Cellini can be viewed as unbiased resources due to their rivalries. The patrons (Medici family) were quite satisfied and rewarded Bandinelli greatly for his efforts with land, money, and he was later placed in charge of all sculptural and architectural programs for the Medici under Cosimo I.",
"title": "Hercules and Cacus"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34095023#0",
"text": "The Apollo, Apollo-David, David-Apollo, or Apollino is a 1.46 m unfinished marble sculpture by Michelangelo that dates from approximately 1530. It now stands in the Bargello museum in Florence.",
"title": "Apollo (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"docid": "13987243#0",
"text": "Epifania () is a cartoon or full-scale drawing in black chalk by Michelangelo, produced in Rome around 1550–53. It is 2.32 metres tall by 1.65 m wide, and is made up of 26 sheets of paper.",
"title": "Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)"
},
{
"docid": "36684#11",
"text": "Just the colossal size of the statue impressed Michelangelo's contemporaries. Vasari described it as \"certainly a miracle that of Michelangelo, to restore to life one who was dead,\" and then listed all of the largest and most grand of the ancient statues that he had ever seen, concluding that Michelangelo's work surpassed \"all ancient and modern statues, whether Greek or Latin, that have ever existed.\"",
"title": "David (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"docid": "36684#12",
"text": "The proportions of the \"David\" are atypical of Michelangelo's work; the figure has an unusually large head and hands (particularly apparent in the right hand). The small size of the genitals, though, is in line with his other works and with Renaissance conventions in general, perhaps referencing the ancient Greek ideal of pre-pubescent male nudity. These enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture may have been accentuated in order to be visible from below. The statue is unusually slender (front to back) in comparison to its height, which may be a result of the work done on the block before Michelangelo began carving it.",
"title": "David (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"docid": "36684#8",
"text": "In the mid 1800s, small cracks were noticed on the left leg on \"David\" which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue.\nThe pose of Michelangelo's \"David\" is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David. The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet, but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath. Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and ready for combat.",
"title": "David (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"docid": "16831566#0",
"text": "Replicas of Michelangelo's \"David\" have been made numerous times, in plaster, imitation marble, fibreglass, snow, and other materials. There are many full-sized replicas of the statue around the world, perhaps the most prominent being the one in the original's position in the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, Italy, placed there in 1910. The original sculpture was moved indoors in 1873 to the Accademia Gallery in Florence, where it attracts many visitors. Others were made for study at art academies in the late nineteenth century and later, while the statue has also been replicated for various commercial reasons or as artistic statements in their own right. Smaller replicas are often considered kitsch.",
"title": "Replicas of Michelangelo's David"
},
{
"docid": "36684#18",
"text": "\"David\" has stood on display at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia since 1873. In addition to the full-sized replica occupying the spot of the original in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, a bronze version overlooks Florence from the Piazzale Michelangelo. The plaster cast of \"David\" at the Victoria and Albert Museum has a detachable plaster fig leaf which is displayed nearby. Legend claims that the fig leaf was created in response to Queen Victoria's shock upon first viewing the statue's nudity, and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits, using two strategically placed hooks.",
"title": "David (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"docid": "38224354#3",
"text": "Coming out of high school, Bakhtiari was six-feet-four-inches tall and weighed 266 pounds and was ranked only as a two-star prospect by Rivals.com. In a 2009 interview Bakhtiari commented: \"People come up to me and go, 'Oh, you're only a two-star'. But I don't really care what my ranking is. All that matters is how you do when you put on the pads.\" He received interest from several schools, receiving offers and visiting Colorado, Utah, UTEP, and Washington before signing his letter of intent with Colorado.",
"title": "David Bakhtiari"
},
{
"docid": "36684#3",
"text": "On 25 January 1504, when the sculpture was nearing completion, Florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than six-ton statue to the roof of the cathedral. They convened a committee of 30 Florentine citizens that comprised many artists, including Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, to decide on an appropriate site for \"David\". While nine different locations for the statue were discussed, the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites. One group, led by Giuliano da Sangallo and supported by Leonardo and Piero di Cosimo, among others, believed that, due to the imperfections in the marble, the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the Loggia dei Lanzi on Piazza della Signoria; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria, the city's town hall (now known as Palazzo Vecchio). Another opinion, supported by Botticelli, was that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral. In June 1504, \"David\" was installed next to the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio, replacing Donatello's bronze sculpture of \"Judith and Holofernes\", which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance. It took four days to move the statue the half mile from Michelangelo's workshop into the Piazza della Signoria. Later that summer the sling and tree-stump support were gilded, and the figure was given a gilded loin-garland.",
"title": "David (Michelangelo)"
}
] |
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] |
2338
|
When was the U.S. Air Force Academy established?
|
[
{
"docid": "4070196#0",
"text": "The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of \"Cadet.\" Sports media refer to the Academy as \"Air Force\"; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force, some graduates are given the option of \"cross-commissioning\" into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard.",
"title": "List of United States Air Force Academy alumni"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "77587#5",
"text": "Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947, which provided for the establishment of a separate Air Force within the United States military. As an initial measure, Secretary of the Air Force W. Stuart Symington negotiated an agreement where up to 25% of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force. This was only intended to be a short term fix, however, and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. In January 1950, the Service Academy Board, headed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, then president of Columbia University, concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing U.S. service academies and that an air force academy should be established.",
"title": "United States Air Force Academy"
},
{
"docid": "3550730#0",
"text": "The U.S. Air Force Academy Preparatory School—usually referred to as \"the Prep School\" or \"The P School\"—was established in May 1961. The school's founder and first commander was Colonel Lee Charles Black. It is located on the campus of the United States Air Force Academy near the Community Center. The Prep School's mission is to prepare, motivate, and evaluate for admission to and success at the Air Force Academy. Students at the prep school are referred to as \"cadet candidates\" or more informally as \"preppies.\"",
"title": "United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School"
},
{
"docid": "32090#38",
"text": "The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force, as a part of the U.S. Army, on 1 August 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual independence 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S. airmen died helping to win the war, with only the infantry suffering more casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, and in virtually all ways functioned as an independent service branch, but airmen still pressed for formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington, was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed as an independent service branch.",
"title": "United States Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "25878593#44",
"text": "In September 1947, the U.S. Army Air Forces became a separate and independent service, renamed the United States Air Force (USAF). At the time, the newly created Air Force had no service academy of its own yet (the USMA and USNA had options for their cadets and midshipmen, respectively, to become USAF officers). Separate Air Force ROTC and Officer Candidate School (later retitled Officer Training School) programs were still being established. The Aviation Cadet Training Program continued to remain as a principal source of the Air Force's pilots and navigators and they wore the same basic uniform as Air Force officers.",
"title": "Aviation Cadet Training Program (USAAF)"
},
{
"docid": "15835109#9",
"text": "As Secretary of the Air Force, Douglas helped establish the United States Air Force Academy. He authorized the Air Force Commendation Medal to replace the Army version of the award. Douglas advised the President regarding a course of action in response to The Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik I in October 1957. He also reaffirmed the 1925 court-martial verdict against air power advocate Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. He said the court was correct to have been found Mitchell guilty of publicly attacking his superiors, but noted that time had proved Mitchell was right about the unique value of air power.\nIn April 1959, the secretary of the air force issued implementing instructions to USAF to deploy two Jupiter squadrons to Italy. The two squadrons, totaling 30 missiles, were deployed at 10 sites in Italy from 1961 to 1963. In October 1959, the location of the third and final Jupiter MRBM squadron was settled when a government-to-government agreement was signed with Turkey. The U.S. and Turkey concluded an agreement to deploy one Jupiter squadron on NATO's southern flank. The deployment of US nuclear armed missiles in Turkey triggered the Cuban Missile Crises.",
"title": "James H. Douglas Jr."
},
{
"docid": "33240544#9",
"text": "The United States Air Force was created in 1947 as an independent service branch and legislation was passed to create a United States Air Force Academy. Selecting the best location for the academy was deemed critical by Congress and the Air Force Academy Site Selection Board was established to manage the task. The board evaluated more than 580 locations in 22 states before selecting the current Colorado Springs site.",
"title": "Site selection"
},
{
"docid": "18468527#2",
"text": "The U.S. Air Force Academy women's team was founded in 1977, shortly after the first admission of women to the academy. The women's team competed within Colorado for several years, but moved to national competition when the women's national championship competition was organized in 1991. The women's team won the first national championship that same year, and have gone on to win three more, in 1994, 2002 and 2003. Two of the Air Force women's players, Shalanda Baker and Laura McDonald, have gone on to play for the United States Women's National Team.",
"title": "Zoomie Rugby Football Club"
},
{
"docid": "77587#4",
"text": "Prior to the Academy's establishment, air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades. As early as 1918, Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Hanlon wrote, \"As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy, so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service. No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country, proper conception of duty, and highest regard for honor.\" Other officials expressed similar sentiments. In 1919, Congressman Charles F. Curry introduced legislation providing for an Academy, but concerns about cost, curriculum and location led to its demise. In 1925, air power pioneer General Billy Mitchell testified on Capitol Hill that it was necessary \"to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the ... organizational part of it, very much the same way that West Point does for the Army, or that Annapolis does for the Navy.\" Mitchell's arguments did not gain traction with legislators, and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape.",
"title": "United States Air Force Academy"
},
{
"docid": "8573248#10",
"text": "Briggs became the second superintendent of the U.S. Air Force Academy on August 1, 1956, when he succeeded Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon. He guided the operation of the new academy during two of its three years at the interim site on Lowry Air Force Base, near Denver, Colorado, and the move in August 1958 to the permanent home of the academy north of Colorado Springs Colorado.",
"title": "James E. Briggs"
}
] |
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