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1483
|
Is seaweed a form of algae?
|
[
{
"docid": "18597983#1",
"text": "\"Seaweed\" is a colloquial term and lacks a formal definition. A seaweed may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae. As these three groups do not have a common multicellular ancestor, the seaweed are in a polyphyletic group. In addition, some tuft-forming bluegreen algae (Cyanobacteria) are sometimes considered to be seaweed.",
"title": "Seaweed"
},
{
"docid": "18597983#0",
"text": "Seaweed or macroalgae refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. The term includes some types of red, brown, and green macroalgae. Marine algae species such as kelps provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species and thus protect food sources; ocean algae species from seaweeds to planktons play a vital role in carbon capture, producing up to 90 percent of the planet's oxygen. Understanding these roles provides guiding principles for conservation and sustainable use of seaweeds to take precedence over industrial exploitation. Mechanical dredging of kelp, for instance, destroys the resource and dependent fisheries. Certain species of seaweed are valuable for nutrition, biomedicine, bioremediation, and other uses.",
"title": "Seaweed"
},
{
"docid": "19828134#6",
"text": "Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom. The seaweeds range from large multicellular algae to single-celled organisms and are classified into three groups, the brown, red and green algae. There is good evidence that the brown algae evolved independently from the others, from non-photosynthetic ancestors that formed endosymbiotic relationships with red algae rather than from cyanobacteria, and they are no longer classified as plants as defined here.",
"title": "Plant"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10850007#0",
"text": "Laverbread () is a food product, made from an edible seaweed (littoral alga), consumed mainly in Wales as part of local traditional cuisine. The seaweed is commonly found around the west coast of Great Britain and east coast of Ireland along the Irish Sea, where it is known as slake. It is smooth in texture and forms delicate, sheetlike thalli, often clinging to rocks. The principal variety is porphyra (\"Porphyra umbilicalis\"). Porphyra (laver seaweed) is classified as red algae; it tends to be a brownish colour, but boils down to a dark green pulp when prepared. Laver seaweed has a high content of dietary minerals, particularly iodine and iron. The high iodine content gives the seaweed a distinctive flavour in common with olives and oysters.",
"title": "Laverbread"
},
{
"docid": "233271#0",
"text": "The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as habitat. For instance, \"Macrocystis\", a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests. Kelp forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is \"Sargassum\", which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.",
"title": "Brown algae"
},
{
"docid": "23181822#0",
"text": "Edible seaweed, or sea vegetables, are algae that can be eaten and used in the preparation of food. They typically contain high amounts of fiber. They may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae.",
"title": "Edible seaweed"
},
{
"docid": "27135340#0",
"text": "Seaweed farming is the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed. In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. In its most advanced form, it consists of fully controlling the life cycle of the algae. The main food species grown by aquaculture in Japan, China and Korea include \"Gelidium\", \"Pterocladia\", \"Porphyra\", and \"Laminaria\". Seaweed farming has frequently been developed as an alternative to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure and over exploited fisheries. Seaweeds have been harvested throughout the world as a food source as well as an export commodity for production of agar and carrageenan products.",
"title": "Seaweed farming"
},
{
"docid": "18597983#13",
"text": "The strong photosynthesis of algae creates a large affinity for nutrients; this allows the seaweed to be used purposely to remove undesired nutrients from water. Nutrients such as ammonia, ammonium nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, iron, copper, as well as CO are rapidly consumed by growing seaweed. Reefs and lakes are naturally filtered this way (the seaweed being consumed by fish and invertebrates), and this filtering process is duplicated in artificial seaweed filters such as algae scrubbers.\nSeaweed (macroalgae), as opposed to phytoplankton (microalgae), is used almost universally for filtration purposes because of the need to be able to easily remove (harvest) the algae from the water, which then removes the nutrients. Microalgae require more processing to separate it from the water than macroalgae does; macroalgae is simply pulled out.",
"title": "Seaweed"
},
{
"docid": "633#0",
"text": "Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic. Including organisms ranging from unicellular microalgae genera, such as \"Chlorella\" and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 m in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem, and phloem, which are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, \"Spirogyra\" and the stoneworts.",
"title": "Algae"
},
{
"docid": "5732013#1",
"text": "These brain-like brown seaweeds can be found growing on rock or as epiphytes on other seaweeds in the mid to low intertidal. Individuals can grow to ~ in diameter. Young individuals can resemble other globular forms of algae, such as \"Soranthera ulvoidea\". To determine if it is \"Leathesia\", squeeze and flatten a piece between your fingers. Leathesia will break apart into filaments whereas other globular forms will flatten but remain intact.",
"title": "Leathesia difformis"
}
] |
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] |
1484
|
What is the origin of the word "algorithm"?
|
[
{
"docid": "21527#64",
"text": "While the word \"algorithm\" goes back only to certain readers of al-Khwārizmī, careful descriptions of methods of solution are older than proofs: such methods (that is, algorithms) are as old as any recognisable mathematics—ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Vedic, Chinese—whereas proofs appeared only with the Greeks of the classical period.\nAn interesting early case is that of what we now call the Euclidean algorithm. In its basic form (namely, as an algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor) it appears as Proposition 2 of Book VII in \"Elements\", together with a proof of correctness. However, in the form that is often used in number theory (namely, as an algorithm for finding integer solutions to an equation formula_78,\nor, what is the same, for finding the quantities whose existence is assured by the Chinese remainder theorem) it first appears in the works of Āryabhaṭa (5th–6th century CE) as an algorithm called\n\"kuṭṭaka\" (\"pulveriser\"), without a proof of correctness.",
"title": "Number theory"
},
{
"docid": "775#3",
"text": "The word \"algorithm\" itself derives from the 9th century mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Latinized \"Algoritmi\". A partial formalization of what would become the modern concept of algorithm began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) posed by David Hilbert in 1928. Later formalizations were framed as attempts to define \"effective calculability\" or \"effective method\". Those formalizations included the Gödel–Herbrand–Kleene recursive functions of 1930, 1934 and 1935, Alonzo Church's lambda calculus of 1936, Emil Post's Formulation 1 of 1936, and Alan Turing's Turing machines of 1936–37 and 1939.",
"title": "Algorithm"
},
{
"docid": "775#4",
"text": "The word 'algorithm' has its roots in Latinizing the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in a first step to \"algorismus\". Al-Khwārizmī (, , c. 780–850) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, whose name means 'the native of Khwarezm', a region that was part of Greater Iran and is now in Uzbekistan.",
"title": "Algorithm"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "103533#2",
"text": "With respect to the terms \"source\" and \"target\" there are two distinct traditions of usage:In ancient Greek the word \"αναλογια\" (\"analogia\") originally meant proportionality, in the mathematical sense, and it was indeed sometimes translated to Latin as \"proportio\". From there analogy was understood as identity of relation between any two ordered pairs, whether of mathematical nature or not. Kant's \"Critique of Judgment\" held to this notion. Kant argued that there can be exactly the same relation between two completely different objects. The same notion of analogy was used in the US-based SAT tests, that included \"analogy questions\" in the form \"A is to B as C is to \"what\"?\" For example, \"Hand is to palm as foot is to ____?\" These questions were usually given in the Aristotelian format: HAND : PALM : : FOOT : ____ While most competent English speakers will immediately give the right answer to the analogy question (\"sole\"), it is more difficult to identify and describe the exact relation that holds both between pairs such as \"hand\" and \"palm\", and between \"foot\" and \"sole\". This relation is not apparent in some lexical definitions of \"palm\" and \"sole\", where the former is defined as \"the inner surface of the hand\", and the latter as \"the underside of the foot\". Analogy and abstraction are different cognitive processes, and analogy is often an easier one. This analogy is not comparing \"all\" the properties between a hand and a foot, but rather comparing the \"relationship\" between a hand and its palm to a foot and its sole. While a hand and a foot have many dissimilarities, the analogy focuses on their similarity in having an inner surface. A computer algorithm has achieved human-level performance on multiple-choice analogy questions from the SAT test. The algorithm measures the similarity of relations between pairs of words (e.g., the similarity between the pairs HAND:PALM and FOOT:SOLE) by statistical analysis of a large collection of text. It answers SAT questions by selecting the choice with the highest relational similarity.",
"title": "Analogy"
},
{
"docid": "14400#42",
"text": "In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850) gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from \"al-jabr\", the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians made several key refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"docid": "25971#30",
"text": "In Rubik's cubers' parlance, a memorised sequence of moves that has a desired effect on the cube is called an algorithm. This terminology is derived from the mathematical use of \"algorithm\", meaning a list of well-defined instructions for performing a task from a given initial state, through well-defined successive states, to a desired end-state. Each method of solving the Rubik's Cube employs its own set of algorithms, together with descriptions of what effect the algorithm has, and when it can be used to bring the cube closer to being solved.",
"title": "Rubik's Cube"
},
{
"docid": "775#11",
"text": "An \"enumerably infinite set\" is one whose elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the integers. Thus, Boolos and Jeffrey are saying that an algorithm implies instructions for a process that \"creates\" output integers from an \"arbitrary\" \"input\" integer or integers that, in theory, can be arbitrarily large. Thus an algorithm can be an algebraic equation such as \"y = m + n\" – two arbitrary \"input variables\" \"m\" and \"n\" that produce an output \"y\". But various authors' attempts to define the notion indicate that the word implies much more than this, something on the order of (for the addition example):",
"title": "Algorithm"
},
{
"docid": "13477275#6",
"text": "Simplified LESK Algorithm with smart default word sense (Vasilescu et al., 2004) \nThe COMPUTEOVERLAP function returns the number of words in common between two sets, ignoring function words or other words on a stop list. The original Lesk algorithm defines the context in a more complex way.",
"title": "Lesk algorithm"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "5255884#1",
"text": "Ƨ was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the second, or falling, tone (), due to its resemblance to the numeral 2, along with four other letters resembling numbers. (See table). In 1986, Ƨ was replaced by the similarly shaped, but fully Latin, Z, when the alphabet was simplified for use in computers.",
"title": "Ƨ"
}
] |
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] |
1485
|
What is the capital of Myanmar?
|
[
{
"docid": "55659910#1",
"text": "Myanmar is a sovereign state located in the Southeast Asian region. Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west, Thailand and Laos to its east and China to its north and northeast. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city and former capital is Yangon (Rangoon). Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997.",
"title": "Etiquette in Myanmar"
},
{
"docid": "19457#0",
"text": "Myanmar (; ), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west, Thailand and Laos to its east and China to its north and northeast. To its south, about one third of Myanmar's total perimeter of forms an uninterrupted coastline of along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census counted the population to be 51 million people. As of 2017, the population is about 54 million. Myanmar is in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city and former capital is Yangon (Rangoon). Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997.",
"title": "Myanmar"
},
{
"docid": "16177551#0",
"text": "The current capital of Myanmar (Burma) is Naypyidaw. The following is a list of political capitals of notable states in Burmese history from the 9th century to the present. The list is generally organised in dynastic and chronological orders. National capitals are shown in bold",
"title": "List of capitals of Myanmar"
},
{
"docid": "57404#0",
"text": "Yangon ( ' , lit. 'End of Strife'; formerly known as Rangoon) is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and its most important commercial centre.",
"title": "Yangon"
},
{
"docid": "2270051#0",
"text": "Naypyidaw, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw (; , formerly known as \"Kyetpyay, Pyinmana\" or \"Kyatpyay, Pyinmana\"), is the capital city of Myanmar and seat of the government of Myanmar. It is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the Constitution. It is unusual among Myanmar's cities, being an entirely planned city outside of any state or region, similar to Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, Washington, D.C. in the United States and Islamabad in Pakistan.",
"title": "Naypyidaw"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2155658#0",
"text": "Amarapura (, ) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in the north, and the ancient capital site of Ava (Inwa) in the south. It was the capital of Myanmar twice during the Konbaung period (1783–1821 and 1842–1859) before finally being supplanted by Mandalay 11 km north in 1859. It is historically referred to as Taungmyo (Southern City) in relation to Mandalay. Amarapura today is part of Mandalay, as a result of urban sprawl. The township is known today for its traditional silk and cotton weaving, and bronze casting. It is a popular tourist day-trip destination from Mandalay.",
"title": "Amarapura"
},
{
"docid": "2116906#5",
"text": "Myeik is a town in Tanintharyi Division. It is in the southern part of Myanmar. It has a seaport. Myeik is small, but it is a very important town in Myanmar. It is also the coastal capital of Coastal Command. The town is close to the sea, so the weather is neither too hot nor too cold. The area of Myeik is 7783 square miles.",
"title": "Myeik, Myanmar"
},
{
"docid": "55037878#0",
"text": "The Myanmar Convention Centre is a convention centre located in Yangon, the former capital city of Myanmar. Situated on Min Dhama Road in Mayangon Township, the venue hosts numerous business and entertainment events, while the Exhibition Centre provides large space for outdoor activities, events and trade fairs.",
"title": "Myanmar Convention Centre"
},
{
"docid": "9161291#1",
"text": "Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar (now The Republic of the Union of Myanmar), has 25 operating airports with commercial flights. \nThe country is bordered by People's Republic of China to the northeast, Laos to the east, Thailand to the southeast, Bangladesh to the west, India to the northwest, the Bay of Bengal to the southwest, and the Andaman Sea to the south. The country is divided into 14 administrative subdivisions, which include 7 states (\"pyi-ne\") and 7 divisions (\"tyne\"). Its capital is Naypyitaw (Nay Pyi Taw) and its largest city (and prior capital) is Yangon.",
"title": "List of airports in Myanmar"
},
{
"docid": "493365#0",
"text": "Magway (, ) is the capital city of Magway Region (formerly Magway Division) of Myanmar, and situated on the banks of the Irrawaddy River. The Myathalun Pagoda, the beauty of Magway,located at the north of the city, is the landmark of Magway. Magway Region is famous for the cultivation of sesame and many kinds of nuts. It is home to Magway Airport.Magway Industrial ZoneThe 7,000-seat Magway Stadium is a multi-use stadium and used mostly for football matches. The stadium is the home ground of Magway F.C, a Myanmar National League (MNL) football club.",
"title": "Magway, Myanmar"
}
] |
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1486
|
What is the circumference of the Earth?
|
[
{
"docid": "59216757#0",
"text": "Earth's circumference is the distance around the Earth, either around the equator () or around the poles ().",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "233663#10",
"text": "Aryabhatiya also estimates the circumference of Earth, with an error of less than 1%. He gave the circumference of the earth as 4 967 yojanas and its diameter as 1 5811/24 yojanas. Since 1 yojana = 5 miles this gives the circumference as 24 835 miles, which is an excellent approximation to the currently accepted value of 24 902 miles. Aryabhata gives the radii of the orbits of the planets in terms of the Earth-Sun distance as essentially their periods of rotation around the Sun. He also gave the correct explanation of lunar and solar eclipses and that the Moon shines by reflecting sunlight.",
"title": "History of geodesy"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#10",
"text": "Both the metre and the nautical mile were originally defined as a subdivision of the Earth's circumference; today the circumference around the poles is almost exactly 40,000 km and 360 × 60 nautical miles long.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#2",
"text": "In modern times it has been used to define fundamental units of measurement of length – the nautical mile in the seventeenth century and the metre in the eighteenth. Earth's polar circumference is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was originally calibrated on this measurement (1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator), which is almost exactly 21,600 nautical miles (being defined as one minute of a degree – i.e. 360 multiplied by 60).",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "59216757#8",
"text": "Posidonius calculated the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. As explained by Cleomedes, Posidonius observed Canopus on but never above the horizon at Rhodes, while at Alexandria he saw it ascend as far as degrees above the horizon (the meridian arc between the latitude of the two locales is actually 5 degrees 14 minutes). Since he thought Rhodes was 5,000 stadia due north of Alexandria, and the difference in the star's elevation indicated the distance between the two locales was 1/48 of the circle, he multiplied 5,000 by 48 to arrive at a figure of 240,000 stadia for the circumference of the earth. It is generally thought that the stadion used by Posidonius was almost exactly 1/10 of a modern statute mile. Thus Posidonius's measure of 240,000 stadia translates to , not much short of the actual circumference of . Strabo noted that the distance between Rhodes and Alexandria is 3,750 stadia, and reported Posidonius's estimate of the Earth's circumference to be 180,000 stadia or . Pliny the Elder mentions Posidonius among his sources and without naming him reported his method for estimating the Earth's circumference. He noted, however, that Hipparchus had added some 26,000 stadia to Eratosthenes's estimate. The smaller value offered by Strabo and the different lengths of Greek and Roman stadia have created a persistent confusion around Posidonius's result. Ptolemy used Posidonius's lower value of 180,000 stades (about 33% too low) for the earth's circumference in his \"Geography\". This was the number used by Christopher Columbus in order to underestimate the distance to India as 70,000 stades.\nA more accurate estimate was provided in Al-Biruni's \"Codex Masudicus\" (1037). In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two different locations, al-Biruni developed a new method of using trigonometric calculations, based on the angle between a plain and mountain top, which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference, and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#6",
"text": "Latitude lines, known as circles of latitude are parallel to each other; the equatorial circumference is the largest circle of latitude, and the Earth’s longest circumference distance. Other circles of latitude have smaller circumference; for example, the 60th parallel north or south is approximately half as long as the Equator.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#11",
"text": "In 1617 the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snellius assessed the circumference of the Earth at 24,630 Roman miles (24,024 statute miles). Around that time British mathematician Edmund Gunter improved navigational tools including a new quadrant to determine latitude at sea. He reasoned that the lines of latitude could be used as the basis for a unit of measurement for distance and proposed the nautical mile as one minute or one-sixtieth () of one degree of latitude. As one degree is of a circle, one minute of arc is of a circle – such that the polar circumference of the Earth would be exactly 21,600 miles. Gunter used Snell's circumference to define a nautical mile as 6,080 feet, the length of one minute of arc at 48 degrees latitude.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "233663#5",
"text": "From these observations, measurements, and/or \"known\" facts, Eratosthenes concluded that since the angular deviation of the sun from the vertical direction at Alexandria was also the angle of the subtended arc (see illustration), the linear distance between Alexandria and Syene was 1/50 of the circumference of the Earth which thus must be 50×5000 = 250,000 stadia or probably 25,000 geographical miles. The circumference of the Earth is 24,902 mi (40,075.16 km). Over the poles it is more precisely 40,008 km or 24,860 mi. The actual unit of measure used by Eratosthenes was the stadion. No one knows for sure what his stadion equals in modern units, possibly it was the Hellenic 185 m stadion.",
"title": "History of geodesy"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#7",
"text": "According to Cleomedes' \"On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies\", around 240 BC, Eratosthenes, the librarian of the Library of Alexandria, calculated the circumference of the Earth in Ptolemaic Egypt. Using a scaphe, he knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene (modern Aswan, Egypt), the Sun was directly overhead. (Syene is at latitude 24°05′ North, near to the Tropic of Cancer, which was 23°42′ North in 100 BC) He knew this because the shadow of someone looking down a deep well at that time in Syene blocked the reflection of the Sun on the water. He then measured the Sun's angle of elevation at noon in Alexandria by using a vertical rod, known as a gnomon, and measuring the length of its shadow on the ground. Using the length of the rod, and the length of the shadow, as the legs of a triangle, he calculated the angle of the sun's rays. This angle was about 7°, or 1/50th the circumference of a circle; taking the Earth as perfectly spherical, he concluded that the Earth's circumference was 50 times the known distance from Alexandra to Syene (5,000 stadia, a figure that was checked yearly), i.e. 250,000 stadia. Depending on whether he used the \"Olympic stade\" (176.4m) or the Italian stade (184.8m), this would imply a circumference of 44,100 km (an error of 10%) or 46,100 km, an error of 15%. In 2012, Anthony Abreu Mora repeated Eratosthenes's calculation with more accurate data; the result was 40,074 km, which is 66 km different (0.16%) from the currently accepted polar circumference.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#9",
"text": "1,700 years after Eratosthenes's death, while Christopher Columbus studied what Eratosthenes had written about the size of the Earth, he chose to believe, based on a map by Toscanelli, that the Earth's circumference was one-third smaller. Had Columbus set sail knowing that Eratosthenes's larger circumference value was more accurate, he would have known that the place that he made landfall was not Asia, but rather the New World.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "59216757#4",
"text": "Earth's circumference lines are the foundation of the coordinate system of latitude and longitude, introduced in the mid-second century BC by Hipparchus.",
"title": "Earth's circumference"
},
{
"docid": "233636#80",
"text": "Eratosthenes, a Greek astronomer from Hellenistic Cyrenaica (276–194 BC), estimated Earth's circumference around 240 BC. He had heard that in Syene the Sun was directly overhead at the summer solstice whereas in Alexandria it still cast a shadow. Using the differing angles the shadows made as the basis of his trigonometric calculations he estimated a circumference of around 250,000 \"stades\". The length of a 'stade' is not precisely known, but Eratosthenes's figure only has an error of around five to fifteen percent. Eratosthenes used rough estimates and round numbers, but depending on the length of the stadion, his result is within a margin of between 2% and 20% of the actual meridional circumference, . Note that Eratosthenes could only measure the circumference of the Earth by assuming that the distance to the Sun is so great that the rays of sunlight are practically parallel.",
"title": "Spherical Earth"
}
] |
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] |
1487
|
How old is the limit for enlisting in the Korean Army?
|
[
{
"docid": "27781946#2",
"text": "By law, when a Korean man turns 18 years old, he is enlisted for \"first citizen service,\" meaning he is liable for military duty, but is not yet required to serve. When he turns 19 years old (or, in some instances, 20 years old), he is required to undergo a physical exam to determine whether he is suitable for military service. The table below shows the physical exam's possible grades and their outcomes, according to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28 (Korean age).\nThe length of compulsory military service in South Korea varies based on military branch. Active duty soldiers serve 21 months in the Army or Marine Corps, 23 months in the Navy, and 24 months in the Air Force. After conscripts finish their military service, they are automatically placed on the reserve roster and are obligated to attend a few days of annual military training for 6 years.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "47243468#3",
"text": "In April 2015, S.M. confirmed that U-Know Yunho would be enlisting in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces as part of the mandatory military service imposed on all South Korean men aged 18 to 35. In July, S.M. announced that Max Changmin was accepted into a special unit for conscripted policemen, and will be enlisting at the end of the year. Due to their mandatory draft, TVXQ announced that they would be on hiatus for the next two years. At the encore shows held on June 13 and 14, the duo said they have recorded some new material and would release it sometime during their hiatus.",
"title": "Rise as God"
},
{
"docid": "27781946#0",
"text": "Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 28 to perform in the army compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but may voluntarily enlist.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21255#59",
"text": "The Korean People's Army (KPA) is North Korea's military organization. The KPA has 1,106,000 active and 8,389,000 reserve and paramilitary troops, making it the largest military institution in the world. About 20 percent of men aged 17–54 serve in the regular armed forces, and approximately one in every 25 citizens is an enlisted soldier. The KPA has five branches: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Special Operations Force, and Rocket Force. Command of the Korean People's Army lies in both the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea and the independent State Affairs Commission. The Ministry of People's Armed Forces is subordinated to the latter.",
"title": "North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "9040328#10",
"text": "AFC has been criticised for costing three times as much to deliver Phase 1 training to a 16-year-old infantry recruit as the equivalent cost for a recruit aged 17.5 and above at the Infantry Training Centre. The British Army's policy of enlisting from age 16 has also been criticised for leading to lower trainee retention than is found among adult recruits; between 2009–10 and 2013–14, 33% of enlisted minors dropped out of army training (versus 24% of adult recruits).",
"title": "Army Foundation College"
},
{
"docid": "32395353#18",
"text": "Potter is from Hannibal, Missouri, one-quarter Cherokee and possesses a passion and fondness for horses. He lied about his age to enlist at 15 (though this age does not conform to continuity, as it would mean he would be only around 50 during the Korean War, though he later comments that he is 62), joining the US Army horse cavalry as a private during World War I and subsequently rose to the rank of sergeant. During combat in World War I, in the Argonne Forest, he was \"lost for three days, taken prisoner, head shaved and beaten to a pulp\". At the Battle of Château-Thierry, he was mustard gassed, leaving him blind for a month in a French hospital. Another time, several of his teeth were knocked out by his German captors, for which he was later awarded a Purple Heart. After the war, he went to medical school, and began his service as an Army doctor in 1932, serving in World War II. One of his most cherished possessions is his Good Conduct Medal, an award \"only given to enlisted men\", Potter explains to Radar while unpacking. It is framed and hangs behind his desk during his tenure at the 4077th. Potter is married to Mildred, and they have only one daughter and one grandson in some episodes, while in others he has multiple children and grandchildren.",
"title": "List of M*A*S*H characters"
},
{
"docid": "40754644#3",
"text": "On October 3, B2M officially announced Heo's enlistment details through his official website. They confirmed that he will be enlisted on October 31 at 2pm at Nonsan Korean Army Training Center. He is to be enlisted as a conscripted policeman after passing in late July. It is also said that he has been preparing for the military after receiving the draft notice. He is the second member of SS501 to be enlisted.",
"title": "She (EP)"
},
{
"docid": "4132121#0",
"text": "Korean Augmentation To the United States Army (KATUSA\nKorean: ) is a branch of Republic of Korea Army which consists of Korean drafted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit, instead small numbers of KATUSA members are dispatched throughout the most of the Eighth United States Army departments, filling in positions for the United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers. KATUSAs are drafted from pool of qualified volunteers who are subjected to mandatory military service for Korean male citizens. While ROK Army holds the responsibility for personnel management of KATUSAs, KATUSA members are equipped with standard United States Army issues, and live and work with the U.S. enlisted soldiers. This kind of augmentation is unique throughout the entire United States Army worldwide, because KATUSA program was developed during Korean War as a temporary measure to cope with a shortage of personnel in the United States Army.",
"title": "Korean Augmentation To the United States Army"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "4694424#17",
"text": "On August 16, 1863, the 14th Indiana was detached for duty in New York, following violent New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863). The riots were the result of the passage of the Enrollment Act in March 1863 that required men between the ages of 20 and 45 to register for the draft. The U.S. Congress hoped that the laws would encourage enlistments in the Union army, but a legal loophole allowed draftees to pay a commutation fee of $300 or arrange for substitutes to serve in their place. For many in the North, payment of the commutation fee to avoid conscription was highly unpopular. Civil unrest occurred at several sites around in the United States, but the draft riots in New York City caused more than a hundred deaths and the destruction of numerous buildings. Local militias and federal troops, including the 14th Indiana, were called to New York City to help prevent further rioting. The regiment remained stationed on Governors Island from August 16 to September 6, 1863.",
"title": "14th Indiana Infantry Regiment"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "27781946#1",
"text": "The basis for military conscription in South Korea is the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, which was promulgated on July 17, 1948. The constitution states in Article 39, \"All citizens shall have the duty of national defense under the conditions as prescribed by Act.\" The Military Service Act of 1949, which was implemented in 1957, specified that compulsory military service is required for men ages 19 or older. Conscription is managed by the Military Manpower Administration, which was created in 1948.",
"title": "Conscription in South Korea"
}
] |
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] |
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Do smart thermostats require wifi connection?
|
[
{
"docid": "29640242#13",
"text": "Another major feature of smart thermostats is their ability to connect to the internet. Smart thermostats are designed with a WiFi module that allows the thermostat to connect to the users home or office network and interface with a web portal or smartphone application, allowing users to control the unit remotely. The WiFi feature also has the ability to send reports on energy usage and HVAC system performance via the web portal, informing the user on their energy efficiency and how it compares to other smart thermostat users. It also alerts users when a problem arises with their HVAC system or when it is time for equipment maintenance. The thermostat also uses the WiFi connection to display current weather conditions and the weather forecast.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#0",
"text": "Smart thermostats are thermostats that can be used with home automation and are responsible for controlling a home's heating and/or air conditioning. They perform similar functions as a Programmable thermostat as they allow the user to control the temperature of their home throughout the day using a schedule, but also contain additional features, such as sensors and WiFi connectivity, that improve upon the issues with programmable thermostats,",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#7",
"text": "Smart thermostats are similar to programmable thermostats in the sense that they have a scheduling feature that allows users to set different temperatures for different times of the day. In addition to this feature, smart thermostats implement other technologies to reduce the amount of human error involved with using programmable thermostats. Smart thermostats incorporate the use of sensors that determine whether or not the home is occupied and can suspend heating or cooling until the occupant returns. Additionally, smart thermostats utilize Wi-Fi connectivity to give the user access to the thermostat at all times. These additional technologies have proven to make smart thermostats successful in saving users energy and money.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#10",
"text": "In 2011, Nest Labs developed the Nest Learning Thermostat. The Nest Thermostat attempted to reduce home energy consumption by addressing the problems with programmable thermostats through the use of better technology. This new technology included the implementation of sensors, algorithms, machine learning, and cloud computing. These technologies learn the behaviors and preferences of the occupants, and adjust the temperature up or down to make the occupant comfortable when they are home and to save energy when they are away. Additionally, the Nest Thermostat connects to the home Wi-Fi. This allows users to change the temperature, adjust the schedule, and check energy usage from a smartphone or laptop. All of these features were part of Nest's goal to create an easy to use thermostat that saves users energy and money.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "29640242#11",
"text": "The programmable schedule feature on the smart thermostat is similar to that on standard programmable thermostats. Users are given the option to program a custom schedule to reduce energy usage when they are away from the home. Studies have shown, though, that manually creating a schedule may lead to more energy usage than just keeping the thermostat at a set temperature. To avoid this problem, smart thermostats also provide an auto schedule feature. This feature requires the use of algorithms and pattern recognition to create a schedule that results in occupant comfort and energy savings. Upon creating a schedule, the thermostat will continue monitoring occupant behavior to make changes to the auto schedule. By taking the human error out of the scheduling, smart thermostats can create smart schedules that actually save energy.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#34",
"text": "Smart thermostats could be a solution to reducing energy consumption, as numerous studies have shown that these thermostats do in fact reduce home energy consumption. Additionally, the technology within smart thermostats has proven to provide optimal occupant comfort, while still reducing energy consumption. In addition to providing comfort, these technologies take the human out of the picture. Many sustainable devices rely heavily on how the user uses them. By relying on technology instead of human actions, smart thermostats reduce the amount of human error often experienced with other sustainable devices, such as the programmable thermostat. These factors suggest that installing a smart thermostat is one easy step than many people can take to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately leading to a more sustainable future.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#14",
"text": "Another feature offered by some smart thermostats through the internet connection is geofencing. A geofence is a perimeter boundary created around the location of a smartphone or other device, based on GPS signals. The benefit of having a smart thermostat with geofencing capabilities is that it uses a users smartphone location to determine whether the home is occupied. Instead of using a schedule or sensor to determine occupancy, the smart thermostat can rely on the location of the geofence to tell the HVAC system whether it needs to be on or off. Since most people carry their phones with them, geofencing can be an accurate way to determine occupancy patterns.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#18",
"text": "A Connected thermostat is one that can be controlled through an internet connection, but will not provide analytic information. In recent years WI-FI thermostats have risen in popularity, they combine the technology of thermometers and WI-FI. So now you can have a thermometer in your home that is displayed on your phone that uses Wi-Fi technology. This technology is being developed right now so it will be available for thermostats in machinery and cars. Google are involved in this push towards technology since they acquired a Wi-Fi temperature company called Nest.The market of smart thermostats is expected to reach around 3.5 Billion USD by the end of the year 2022.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#1",
"text": "Like a connected thermostat, they are connected to the Internet. They allow users to adjust heating settings from other internet-connected devices, such as a laptop or smartphones. This allows users to control the thermostat remotely. This ease of use is essential for ensuring energy savings: studies have shown that households with programmable thermostats actually have higher energy consumption than those with simple thermostats, because residents program them incorrectly or disable them completely.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#24",
"text": "Since the release of smart thermostats, a number of third party studies have been conducted to determine if smart thermostats actually save energy and how they compare to manual and programmable thermostats with regards to savings. One study conducted an experiment in which 300 standard programmable thermostats were placed in homes and 300 Nest smart thermostats were placed in other homes. It is important to note that the homeowners involved in this study received proper training on how to properly use all of the thermostat functions. This effectively eliminated the issues regarding human error with programmable thermostats. All homes were located within one region of Indiana and had previously underwent home energy assessment. After 1 year of observation, the study concluded that Nest users reduced their heating gas consumption by 12.5% while users of a standard programmable thermostat reduced consumption by 5%. Additionally, it was concluded that Nest and standard programmable thermostat users reduced their cooling electric consumption by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. The major factors that allowed Nest to reduce consumption more than other thermostats was its ability to further reduce human error and set more efficient temperatures. The Nest thermostat used sensors and Wi-Fi connectivity to adjust the temperature on its own and provide more savings. This study helps to suggest that smart thermostats are in fact successful in reducing energy consumption. \nA similar study conducted in 2012 with the ecobee thermostat also concluded that smart thermostats are capable of saving energy. The goal of this pilot program was to determine the gas and electric savings of smart thermostats. This study provided 86 households with 123 ecobee thermostats and monitored the homes for 12 months. The study included 69 houses from Massachusetts and 17 from Rhode Island. The participants either had manual or programmable thermostats before the study was conducted. Gas and electric billing data were provided for 12 months before the study was conducted to use as a baseline. After the 12 months of observation, the study concluded that ecobee thermostats led to an average electricity savings of 16% and an average gas savings of 10%. The gas savings for manual thermostat replacements (10% per thermostat) was found to be larger than for programmable thermostat replacements (8% per thermostat). The difference in electricity savings between homes whose prior equipment was a manual thermostat or programmable thermostat was found to be minimal. \nAlthough these studies report differing amounts of savings compared to the internal studies conducted by Nest and ecobee, both of these studies show that smart thermostats have the potential to save energy. This suggests that the technologies added to fix the issues with programmable thermostats have been successful.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#3",
"text": "Manual thermostats (also known as analog thermostats) are the oldest and simplest type of thermostats. These thermostats are set to one temperature and do not change until the user manually adjusts the temperature.\nProgrammable thermostats, first introduced in the 1970s, are a type of thermostat that allows the user to set a schedule for different temperatures at different times. Most programmable thermostats also have a hold feature which suspends the schedule and effectively turns the thermostat into a manual thermostat. The idea of the scheduling feature is that users will set a warmer or cooler temperature when the home is unoccupied to save energy and money. Due to this assumed energy savings, some building codes and government programs began requiring the use of programmable thermostats. Unfortunately, due to human error in using these devices, many programmable thermostats result in more energy use than the basic manual thermostat.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#4",
"text": "One of the main objectives of smart thermostats is to reduce the issues involved with using traditional programmable thermostats. In order to understand how smart thermostats take on this task, it is important to understand the issues regarding programmable thermostats and how they affect energy consumption. Between 2008-2009, Florida Power & Light (FPL) provided 400 home owners with programmable thermostats and monitored their heating and cooling patterns. Out of the 400 participants, 56% of users used the programming feature while the remaining participants did not program the thermostat and left it on “hold”. It was determined that the users who used the programming feature actually consumed 12% more energy than the non-programmers. This consumption increase resulted from higher overnight duty cycles associated with lower thermostat setpoints (i.e. lower temperature setting), due to confusion with setting the schedule. This study reveals that programmable thermostats will not necessarily save energy. The smart thermostat attempts to combat this issue by taking the user out of the picture and relying on sensors and computers to save energy.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#12",
"text": "In an attempt to mitigate the issues with human error involved with programmable thermostats, the smart thermostat utilizes a sensor that can determine occupancy patterns to automatically change the temperature based on occupant patterns and behaviors. The Nest Learning Thermostat in particular uses passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors inside the unit to sense occupancy in the vicinity of the thermostat. This sensor informs the thermostat whether or not the home is occupied. In the case that the home is not occupied, the thermostat can suspend heating/cooling until the sensor is reactivated by an occupant. This sensor is also used to determine the occupancy patterns to create the auto schedule. A grille member is placed in front of the sensor to visually conceal and protect the PIR motion sensor inside the thermostat. The grille also helps to make the thermostat visually pleasing. While this sensor technology is important for conserving energy, it is not without flaws. One of the major issues is that the sensor must be activated by someone walking in front of or near the thermostat. It is possible that an occupant could be at home and not pass in front of the sensor. In this case, the thermostat would shut off the heating/cooling and decrease human comfort.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#31",
"text": "One of the issues with programmable thermostats that smart thermostats try to fix is the confusing user interface. Many owners of programmable thermostats found the controls and directions to be too confusing and opted out of using the scheduling feature completely. Others who used the feature used it incorrectly, due to the confusing directions, and saw an increase in energy usage. Developers of smart thermostats have attempted to fix this issue by creating simple to use thermostats and providing proper direction. While this is an improvement on programmable thermostats, studies have shown that users desire more intense training from the installer of the thermostat on how to use the technical features. Additionally, many smart thermostats use a web portal where users can adjust the thermostat settings and look at their energy usage history. Again, studies have shown that users want this feature to be improved. Some complain that the web portal is not user friendly and they desire more training on how to use the web features during installation.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
}
] |
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] |
1490
|
How long is the Alberta Provincial Highway No. 2?
|
[
{
"docid": "1782301#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 2, commonly referred to as Highway 2 or the Queen Elizabeth II Highway, is a major highway in Alberta, Canada that stretches from the Canada–United States border through Calgary and Edmonton to Grande Prairie. Running primarily north to south for approximately , it is the longest and busiest highway in the province carrying nearly 170,000 vehicles per day in central Calgary. Between Edmonton and Fort Macleod, the highway forms a portion of Alberta's Export Highway and the CANAMEX Corridor. More than half of Alberta's 4 million residents live in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor created by Highway 2.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 2"
},
{
"docid": "1782301#2",
"text": "Originally numbered as Highway 1, Highway 2 is the oldest major highway in Alberta and the first to stretch north into the Peace Country. It was historically known as the Calgary and Edmonton Trail, Sunshine Trail, and the Blue Trail. Major changes include the construction of a divided freeway between Calgary and Edmonton in the 1960s, realignment along Deerfoot Trail in the 1980s, and twinning south of Calgary in the 1990s. A Highway 43 realignment in 1998 shortened Highway 2 by nearly to its current northern terminus in Grande Prairie; it previously extended west to British Columbia Highway 2 at the border. Several projects including median widening and interchange upgrades have been undertaken in the 2010s to increase the safety of the highway's busier sections, with further improvements either under construction or awaiting funding. Bypasses of Fort Macleod, Claresholm, and Nanton are planned as part of Alberta's effort to make its portion of the CANAMEX Corridor free-flowing from border to border.\nHighway 2 is a core route in the National Highway System of Canada. The speed limit along most parts of the highway between Fort Macleod and Morinville is and in urban areas, such as through Claresholm, Nanton, Calgary and Edmonton, it ranges from to . During the winter, accidents are common on the stretch of the highway between Calgary and Edmonton as the weather can change rapidly and drivers underestimate the conditions, overwhelming emergency services attempting to respond. As the main north-south access in Alberta, Highway 2 is the preferred path of the CANAMEX Corridor. Between Fort Macleod and Edmonton, Highway 2 maintains no fewer than four lanes of traffic and is largely a freeway between Okotoks and Edmonton, with improvements underway to eliminate the at-grade crossings that remain.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 2"
},
{
"docid": "1782301#19",
"text": "Highway 2 has a wide range of traffic levels along its length. At the south end, the highway is a lightly travelled two lane road from the United States border to Fort Macleod. It then doubles to four lanes and volume progressively increases until De Winton north of Okotoks, but remains relatively light. Within Calgary, volume climbs exponentially on Deerfoot Trail through the southern suburbs of the city reaching nearly 170,000 vehicles per day at Memorial Drive near downtown, making that stretch of Highway 2 the busiest roadway in western Canada. Volume swiftly drops north of Beddington Trail in Calgary, but remains moderate on the Queen Elizabeth II Highway until Edmonton where it again increases to nearly 95,000 vehicles per day in the vicinity of Ellerslie Road. Whitemud Drive, Anthony Henday Drive, Yellowhead Trail, and St. Albert Trail are all busy expressways carrying large volumes of local traffic, especially at peak hours. North of St. Albert the drop in traffic is brisk, increasingly so after Morinville where the highway is no longer divided. Volume remains very light through most of the Peace Country before briefly exceeding 20,000 vehicles per day near the northern terminus in Grande Prairie.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 2"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5658190#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 55, commonly referred to as Highway 55, is a long east–west highway in northeast Alberta, Canada. It extends from the Saskatchewan border in the east through the Cold Lake, Lac La Biche, and Athabasca where it ends at Highway 2. In Saskatchewan, it continues as Saskatchewan Highway 55.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 55"
},
{
"docid": "4280709#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 39, commonly referred to as Highway 39, is an east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It extends from Highway 22, approximately east of Drayton Valley, to Leduc where it ends at Highway 2. Highway 39 is about long.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 39"
},
{
"docid": "682536#1",
"text": "Highway 2 of the present day is long. It starts in Dawson Creek at its junction with Highway 97, and proceeds southeast for past the small settlement of Pouce Coupe, to its junction with Highway 52 near Tupper. Highway 2 connects with Alberta Highway 43 at the provincial border, southeast of Tupper.\nFrom west to east. The entire route is in the Peace River Regional District.",
"title": "British Columbia Highway 2"
},
{
"docid": "8552915#0",
"text": "Highway 3 is a major provincial paved undivided highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the Alberta border, where it continues west as Alberta Highway 45, to the Manitoba border, and then continues east as Highway 77. Highway 3 is about 615 km (382 mi.) long. The CanAm Highway comprises Saskatchewan Highways 35, 39, 6, 2, as well as 2. of Saskatchewan Highway 3 contribute to the CanAm Highway between Melfort and Prince Albert.",
"title": "Saskatchewan Highway 3"
},
{
"docid": "4406538#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 59, commonly referred to as Highway 59, is an east–west highway in northwest Alberta, Canada. It runs from Highway 2 north of Sexsmith to Highway 43 northwest of Hythe.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 59"
},
{
"docid": "2240577#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 22, commonly referred to as Highway 22 and officially named Cowboy Trail, is a highway in the Canadian province of Alberta. It generally parallels Highway 2, beginning in the foothills of southern Alberta at Highway 3 near Lundbreck Falls. It proceeds north along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains passing through the foothills and ranch country to the aspen parkland of northern Alberta, ending at Highway 18 near Mayerthorpe.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 22"
},
{
"docid": "6392528#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 64 is an east-west highway in northern Alberta, Canada. In the west, Highway 64 begins at the Alberta/British Columbia border and ends at Highway 2 southwest of the Town of Fairview.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 64"
},
{
"docid": "7716753#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 54, commonly referred to as Highway 54, is an east–west highway located in central Alberta. It is in length, starting at Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail), west of the Village of Caroline, and ending at exit 365 of Highway 2 (Queen Elizabeth II Highway) at the south end of the Town of Innisfail.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 54"
},
{
"docid": "3652628#0",
"text": "Alberta Provincial Highway No. 21, commonly referred to as Highway 21, is a north-south highway in Alberta, Canada that parallels Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton. It is approximately in length. It begins at the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) east of Strathmore, and ends at Fort Saskatchewan where it is succeeded by Highway 15. The northernmost of the highway are twinned. Highway 21 runs roughly parallel to the main north-south CN rail line between Calgary and Edmonton between Three Hills and Looma.",
"title": "Alberta Highway 21"
}
] |
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] |
1491
|
Which Egyptian god has a cat head?
|
[
{
"docid": "41183297#2",
"text": "Cats in ancient Egypt were valued very highly and were seen to be very close to the gods. They believed the cats were an embodiment of the goddess Bastet. Harming a cat in ancient Egypt was an offense punishable by death. When a cat died the Egyptians would mummify and bury their cats as an offering to the gods.",
"title": "Dried cat"
},
{
"docid": "1846593#0",
"text": "Cats in ancient Egypt were represented in social and religious practices of Ancient Egypt for more than 30 centuries. Several Ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice, fertility and power.\nThe deity Mut was also depicted as a cat and in the company of a cat.",
"title": "Cats in ancient Egypt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32024895#1",
"text": "Funerary cults are especially associated with ancient Egypt, where it was common for royalty, those associated with royalty, cats, and the wealthy to be mummified. This practice was done so as to preserve their bodies for the journey to the afterlife. The deity Osiris, who was the dying and reviving god and Lord of the Egyptian afterlife, was usually depicted as a mummy in Egyptian art. Also at Bubastis, where Bast was worshiped, there was a massive cat cemetery. Cats were also thought to journey to the afterlife, usually to join their owners. These needed their own material goods for this journey, such as food.",
"title": "Funerary cult"
},
{
"docid": "386875#5",
"text": "Egyptian Maus are typically slender and muscular and they are thought to be one of the progenitor breeds of the modern domestic cat. They have anatomical, metabolic, and behavioural differences from other cat breeds which could be considered evidence of antiquity or at least uniqueness from other cat breeds. Some anatomical differences are their legs, which are slightly shorter in the front than in the back. They also have a skin fold under the belly, resembling that of the cheetah, which assists in running by allowing the legs to stretch back farther. Also one of the most important recognizable \"traits\" of this particular animal is a long, dark, dorsal stripe that runs from its head to its tail along its spine.",
"title": "Egyptian Mau"
},
{
"docid": "13158540#33",
"text": "In \"The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat\" (1886, 32 x 49\"), a priestess kneels before an altar upon which is placed the mummy of a cat. She is burning incense, and has presented offerings of flowers and food to the cat's spirit, together with a plate of milk. On the wall behind the priestess is an Egyptian fresco, and a statue of the goddess Sekhmet or Bastet enthroned guards the entrance to the temple. Stairs lead up to the doorway, through which a view of the sky and other buildings are visible.",
"title": "John Reinhard Weguelin"
},
{
"docid": "20748946#4",
"text": "Ancient Egyptian religion was characterized by polytheism, the belief in multiple gods. Prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, there were a tremendous number of these gods, each representative of a different element of the natural world. After the great unification, a more limited list of gods developed. These gods were usually depicted as having a human body and an animal head, further emphasizing the importance of animals in Egyptian religion. Over time, religious cults emerged for the worship of each specific god. Two main types of worship distinguished the cults—the first choosing to worship the god through mass mummified animal offerings and the second selecting a totem animal to represent the god, which was mummified at the time of its death.",
"title": "Animal mummy"
},
{
"docid": "10331#35",
"text": "At many sacred sites, the Egyptians worshipped individual animals which they believed to be manifestations of particular deities. These animals were selected based on specific sacred markings which were believed to indicate their fitness for the role. Some of these cult animals retained their positions for the rest of their lives, as with the Apis bull worshipped in Memphis as a manifestation of Ptah. Other animals were selected for much shorter periods. These cults grew more popular in later times, and many temples began raising stocks of such animals from which to choose a new divine manifestation. A separate practice developed in the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, when people began mummifying any member of a particular animal species as an offering to the god whom the species represented. Millions of mummified cats, birds, and other creatures were buried at temples honoring Egyptian deities. Worshippers paid the priests of a particular deity to obtain and mummify an animal associated with that deity, and the mummy was placed in a cemetery near the god's cult center.",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian religion"
},
{
"docid": "9500294#45",
"text": "Most deities were depicted in several ways. Hathor could be a cow, cobra, lioness, or a woman with bovine horns or ears. By depicting a given god in different ways, the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature. The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms, so they can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies. These forms include men and women (anthropomorphism), animals (zoomorphism), and, more rarely, inanimate objects. Combinations of forms, such as deities with human bodies and animal heads, are common. New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history, with the most surreal forms often found among the demons of the underworld. Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing, as with Isis and Hathor. Because of the close connection between these goddesses, they could both wear the cow-horn headdress that was originally Hathor's alone.\nCertain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god's identity. The head of a given divine image is particularly significant. In a hybrid image, the head represents the original form of the being depicted, so that, as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it, \"a lion-headed goddess is a lion-goddess in human form, while a royal sphinx, conversely, is a man who has assumed the form of a lion.\" Divine headdresses, which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods' heads, are another important indicator. In contrast, the objects held in gods' hands tend to be generic. Male deities hold \"was\" staffs, goddesses hold stalks of papyrus, and both sexes carry \"ankh\" signs, representing the Egyptian word for \"life\", to symbolize their life-giving power.",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian deities"
},
{
"docid": "680#26",
"text": "The Egyptian god Set is usually depicted with the head of an unidentified animal, whose similarity to an aardvark has been noted in scholarship.",
"title": "Aardvark"
},
{
"docid": "48001551#14",
"text": "Cats have historically been associated with magic, and have been revered by various human cultures, the ancient Egyptians worshipping them as gods and the creatures being feared as demons in ancient Japan, such as the \"bakeneko\". \nVogue magazine has suggested that the popularity of cats on the internet is culturally-specific, being popular in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Other nations favor different animals online, Ugandans sharing images of goats and chickens, Mexicans preferring llamas, and Chinese internet users sharing images of the river crab and grass-mud horse due to double-meanings of their names allowing them to \"subvert government Internet censors\". While cats on the internet might be culturally-specific, cat content is increasing in its popularity in various cultures as a scientific study showed by looking at German, English, Italian, and Russian media.",
"title": "Cats and the Internet"
}
] |
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] |
1492
|
How many Transformers films have there been?
|
[
{
"docid": "22783445#0",
"text": "Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the franchise of the same name which began in the 1980s. Michael Bay has directed the first five films: \"Transformers\" (2007), \"\" (2009), \"\" (2011), \"\" (2014) and \"\" (2017). A spin-off, \"Bumblebee\", directed by Travis Knight and produced by Bay, was released on December 21, 2018. The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks.",
"title": "Transformers (film series)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44422168#31",
"text": "However, several months before the release of \" Transformers: The Last Knight\", Michael Bay announced it would be his final film in the franchise but expressed interest in remaining as a producer should they wish to continue the series with another director. Bay confirmed in April 2017 that out of the writers room, at least 14 stories had been completed for potential future \"Transformers\" films. After \"Transformers: The Last Knight\" disappointed at the box-office and failed to outperform any of the previous films, the future of the series was uncertain. By August 2017, Akiva Goldsman had left the series and revealed he was no longer involved with the writers room.",
"title": "Transformers: The Last Knight"
},
{
"docid": "50620161#4",
"text": "Rites of Passage will show how historically all major cultures and religions have had their own rites of passage. The film will also show the price society pays for not initiating teens and how communities are answering the call by co-creating their own functional rites of passage today. Rites of Passage will show real families who have been struck by the horrors and crimes of youth and how they are repairing themselves and their neighborhoods. Finally, the film will not only show teens who have been transformed by rites of passage, but also how their metamorphosis has revolutionized their relations with family, friends, teachers, and bosses, thereby creating positive changes rippling across homes, schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, cities and farms across the planet.",
"title": "Warrior Films"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "44422168#30",
"text": "In March 2015, Paramount hired Academy Award winner film writer Akiva Goldsman to put together a \"writers room\" style brain trust in order to pitch ideas for future Transformers films with the intention of expanding the franchise into a bigger cinematic universe. At least 12 films were planned for the \"Transformers Cinematic Universe\" with Goldsman overseeing development of a multi-part sequel storyline along with prequels and spin off films that were to follow. In May 2015, Deadline reported that Robert Kirkman, Zak Penn, Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, Jeff Pinkner, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Ken Nolan, Geneva Robertson-Dworet, and Steven DeKnight were hired to write future instalments for the series with the spin-offs potentially titled Transformers: Beast Wars and Barrer and Ferrari were writing a film that will explore the origins of Cybertron, with the working title \"Transformers One.\" During the New York Toy Fair on February 12, 2016, Hasbro revealed plans for a direct sequel to \"The Last Knight\", an untitled \"Transformers 6\" with a release date of June 28, 2019.",
"title": "Transformers: The Last Knight"
},
{
"docid": "38358079#15",
"text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”",
"title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA"
},
{
"docid": "140795#10",
"text": "At least seven movies were filmed at the Stampede by 1950. The most profitable, the 1925 silent film \"The Calgary Stampede\", used footage from the rodeo and exposed people across North America to the event. Hollywood stars and foreign dignitaries were attracted to the Stampede; Bob Hope and Bing Crosby each served as parade marshals during the 1950s, while Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip made their first of two visits to the event as part of their 1959 tour of Canada. The Queen also opened the 1973 Stampede.",
"title": "Calgary Stampede"
},
{
"docid": "2015858#8",
"text": "Since the early 1950s, more than 782 film or screen productions have been shot in Portland. Two of the most popular are \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\", by Walt Disney (USA) in 1954 and \"The Harder They Come\" by Vista Productions (Jamaica) in 1972. Scenes from the film \"Cocktail,\" starring Tom Cruise, were shot at the bar on the beach at the Dragon Bay resort. An early film edition of the 1963 version of \"Lord of the Flies\" was largely shot at Frenchman's Cove; the 1990 remake by Harry Hook was filmed at Frenchman's Cove and Snow Hill. The singer Rihanna filmed the video for her song \"Man Down\" in various locations throughout the parish in April/May 2011.",
"title": "Portland Parish"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "22783445#19",
"text": "\"Bumblebee\" is a 2018 American science fiction film centered on the \"Transformers\" character of the same name. It is a spin-off of the live-action \"Transformers\" film series, and a prequel to 2007's \"Transformers\". The film is directed by Travis Knight and written by Christina Hodson, and stars Hailee Steinfeld, John Cena, Jorge Lendeborg Jr., John Ortiz, Jason Drucker, and Pamela Adlon, with Dylan O'Brien as the voice of Bumblebee.",
"title": "Transformers (film series)"
}
] |
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] |
1493
|
What is the unit of measurement for magnetic force?
|
[
{
"docid": "83060#5",
"text": "Magnetic fields are vector quantities characterized by both strength and direction. The strength of a magnetic field is measured in units of tesla in the SI units, and in gauss in the cgs system of units. 10,000 gauss are equal to one tesla. Measurements of the Earth's magnetic field are often quoted in units of nanotesla (nT), also called a gamma. The Earth's magnetic field can vary from 20,000 to 80,000 nT depending on location, fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field are on the order of 100 nT, and magnetic field variations due to magnetic anomalies can be in the picotesla (pT) range. \"Gaussmeters\" and \"teslameters\" are magnetometers that measure in units of gauss or tesla, respectively. In some contexts, magnetometer is the term used for an instrument that measures fields of less than 1 millitesla (mT) and gaussmeter is used for those measuring greater than 1 mT.",
"title": "Magnetometer"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35408416#17",
"text": "The force measurement system is an important part of the Lorentz force velocimetry. With high resolution force measurement system makes the measurement of even lower conductivity possible.Up to date has the force measurement system continually being developed. At first the pendulum-like setups was used (Figure 5). One of the experimental facilities consists of two high power (410 mT) magnets made of NdFeB suspended by thin wires on both side of channel thereby creating magnetic field perpendicular to the fluid flow, here deflection is measured by interferometer system. The second setup consists of state-of-art weighting balance system (Figure 6) from which is being hanged optimized magnets on the base of Halbach array system. While the total mass of both magnet systems are equal (1 kg), this system induces 3 times higher system response due to arrangement of individual elements in the array and it's interaction with predefined fluid profile. Here use of very sensitive force measuring devices is desirable, since flow velocity is being converted from the very tiny detected Lorentz Force. This force in combination with unavoidable dead weight formula_35 of the magnet (formula_36) is around formula_37. After that, the method of differential force measurement was developed. With this method two balance were used, one with magnet and the other is with same-weight-dummy. In this way the influence of environment would be reduced. Recently, it have been reported that the flow measurements by this method is possible for saltwater flows whose electrical conductivity is as small as 0.06 S/m (range of electrical conductivity of the regular water from tap).",
"title": "Lorentz force velocimetry"
},
{
"docid": "30897833#1",
"text": "The primary measurement in magnetochemistry is magnetic susceptibility. This measures the strength of interaction on placing the substance in a magnetic field. The volume magnetic susceptibility, represented by the symbol formula_1 is defined by the relationship\nwhere, formula_3 is the magnetization of the material (the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume), measured in amperes per meter ( SI units), and formula_4 is the magnetic field strength, also measured in amperes per meter. Susceptibility is a dimensionless quantity. For chemical applications the molar magnetic susceptibility (χ) is the preferred quantity. It is measured in m·mol (SI) or cm·mol (CGS) and is defined as\nwhere ρ is the density in kg·m (SI) or g·cm (CGS) and \"M\" is molar mass in kg·mol (SI) or g·mol (CGS). \nA variety of methods are available for the measurement of magnetic susceptibility.When an isolated atom is placed in a magnetic field there is an interaction because each electron in the atom behaves like a magnet, that is, the electron has a magnetic moment. There are two types of interaction.\nWhen the atom is present in a chemical compound its magnetic behaviour is modified by its chemical environment. Measurement of the magnetic moment can give useful chemical information.",
"title": "Magnetochemistry"
},
{
"docid": "187360#18",
"text": "Volume magnetic susceptibility is measured by the force change felt upon a substance when a magnetic field gradient is applied. Early measurements are made using the Gouy balance where a sample is hung between the poles of an electromagnet. The change in weight when the electromagnet is turned on is proportional to the susceptibility. Today, high-end measurement systems use a superconductive magnet. An alternative is to measure the force change on a strong compact magnet upon insertion of the sample. This system, widely used today, is called the Evans balance. For liquid samples, the susceptibility can be measured from the dependence of the NMR frequency of the sample on its shape or orientation.\nAnother method using NMR techniques measures the magnetic field distortion around a sample immersed in water inside an MR scanner. This method is highly accurate for diamagnetic materials with susceptibilities similar to water.",
"title": "Magnetic susceptibility"
},
{
"docid": "65890#0",
"text": "In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux (often denoted or ) through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt formula_1 seconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics, that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.",
"title": "Magnetic flux"
},
{
"docid": "23781851#6",
"text": "In a magnetic circuit, magnetic inductance (inductive magnetic reactance) is the analogy to inductance in an electrical circuit. In the SI system, it is measured in units of -Ω. This model makes magnetomotive force (mmf) the analog of electromotive force in electrical circuits, and time rate of change of magnetic flux the analog of electric current.",
"title": "Gyrator–capacitor model"
},
{
"docid": "221047#59",
"text": "A Lorentz force velocimetry system is called Lorentz force flowmeter (LFF). A LFF measures the integrated or bulk Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between a liquid metal in motion and an applied magnetic field. In this case the characteristic length of the magnetic field is of the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of the channel. It must be addressed that in the case where localized magnetic fields are used, it is possible to perform local velocity measurements and thus the term Lorentz force velocimeter is used.",
"title": "Flow measurement"
},
{
"docid": "35408416#5",
"text": "The principle of Lorentz force velocimetry is based on measurements of the Lorentz force that occurs due to the flow of a conductive fluid under the influence of a variable magnetic field. According to Faraday's law, when a metal or conductive fluid moves through a magnetic field, eddy currents generate there by electromotive force in zones of maximal magnetic field gradient (in the present case in the inlet and outlet zones). Eddy current in its turn creates induced magnetic field according to Ampère's law. The interaction between eddy currents and total magnetic field gives rise to Lorentz force that breaks the flow. By virtue of Newton's third law \"actio=reactio\" a force with the same magnitude but opposite direction acts upon its source - permanent magnet. Direct measurement of the magnet's reaction force allows to determine fluid's velocity, since this force is proportional to flow rate. The Lorentz force used in LFV has nothing to do with magnetic attraction or repulsion. It is only due to the eddy currents whose strength depends on the electrical conductivity, the relative velocity between the liquid and the permanent magnet as well as the magnitude of the magnetic field.",
"title": "Lorentz force velocimetry"
},
{
"docid": "35408416#1",
"text": "A Lorentz force velocimetry system is called Lorentz force flowmeter (LFF). A LFF measures the integrated or bulk Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between a liquid metal in motion and an applied magnetic field. In this case the characteristic length of the magnetic field is of the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of the channel. It must be addressed that in the case where localized magnetic fields are used, it is possible to perform local velocity measurements and thus the term Lorentz force velocimeter is used.",
"title": "Lorentz force velocimetry"
},
{
"docid": "35408416#10",
"text": "Lorentz force flowmeters are usually classified in several main conceptual setups. Some of them designed as static flowmeters where the magnet system is at rest and one measures the force acting on it. Alternatively, they can be designed as rotary flowmeters where the magnets are arranged on a rotating wheel and the spinning velocity is a measure of the flow velocity. Obviously, the force acting on a Lorentz force flowmeter depends both on the velocity distribution and on the shape of the magnet system. This classification depends on the relative direction of the magnetic field that is being applied respect to the direction of the flow. In Figure 3 one can distinguish diagrams of the longitudinal and the transverse Lorentz force flowmeters.",
"title": "Lorentz force velocimetry"
}
] |
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1495
|
When was the Washington Monument in Washington D.C. built?
|
[
{
"docid": "36994726#35",
"text": "The Washington Monument in Washington D.C. is often seen as a prime example of phallic architecture and American masculinity. The towering monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, it is both the world's tallest stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing according to the National Park Service. Construction of the monument began in 1848, was halted from 1854 to 1877, and was completed in 1884. In a \"Journal\" review, dated 17 October 1911, Arnold Bennett said of the monument, \"Saw Washington monument. Phallic. Appalling. A national catastrophe – only equalled by the Albert Memorial. Tiny doll-like people waiting to go into it.\" Dan Burstein says of it, \"Speaking of sex symbols, there is no more phallic symbol in existence than the Washington Monument, and the Capitol dome can be viewed as breastlike.\" James Webb used a metaphor to praise the \"uplift[ing]\" power of the Washington Monument as a white phallus, \"piercing the air like a bayonet\". In the futuristic film \"Hardwired\", set in the United States where everything noteworthy is commercialized, the Washington Monument is used as a giant Trojan condoms billboard.",
"title": "Phallic architecture"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "167585#0",
"text": "The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States. Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world's tallest predominantly stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing tall according to the National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013–14) or tall according to the National Park Service (measured 1884). It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances. It was the tallest structure in the world from 1884 to 1889, when it was overtaken by the Eiffel Tower in Paris.",
"title": "Washington Monument"
},
{
"docid": "57653428#2",
"text": "After his death 1799, Congress had promised to make a marble memorial for Washington in Washington D.C., however, Congress did not honor this pledge until 1876. Washington's first memorial was created in Maryland in 1827. In 1831, Washington's cousin Major Lawrence Lewis built a new vault, that Washington had requested 31 years earlier. Washington's body was finally interred in a marble sarcophagus in 1837. After a public out cry, the \"Washington National Monument Society\" was formed in 1833, and began a private building of the Washington Monument. The project was abandoned in 1854 due to lack of funding. During the nation's centennial, Congress, under President Ulysses S. Grant, took over the funding and building of the Washington Monument, that was completed in 1884, and formerly dedicated in 1885.",
"title": "Post-presidency of George Washington"
},
{
"docid": "6818549#19",
"text": "Starting with victory in their Revolution, there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington. After his death, Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital, but the decision was reversed when the Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress in 1801. The Democratic-Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party; furthermore, the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men. Further political squabbling, along with the North-South division on the Civil War, blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century. By that time, Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South, and memorials to him were no longer controversial. Predating the obelisk on the National Mall by several decades, the first public memorial to Washington was built by the citizens of Boonsboro, Maryland, in 1827.\nMany things have been named in honor of Washington. George Washington is the namesake of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., and the state of Washington, the only state to be named for a president. The Washington Monument, one of the most well-known American landmarks, was built in his honor. A variety of colleges and universities, throughout the United States, are named for George Washington. The United States Navy has named three ships after Washington. The George Washington Bridge, which extends between New York City and New Jersey, and the palm tree genus \"Washingtonia\", are also named after him. A bronze statue of Washington stands in London at the National Gallery, a gift from the Commonwealth of Virginia.",
"title": "Legacy of George Washington"
},
{
"docid": "800375#1",
"text": "Before the 20th century, the original house was lost, but the foundation outlines of Washington's house are marked. The public park was established in 1930 and in 1931 a memorial house was built in historicist style to mark the site and to represent an 18th-century tobacco plantation. The historic park opened in 1932, during the Great Depression. At the entrance to the grounds, now maintained and operated by the National Park Service, is a Memorial Shaft obelisk of Vermont marble; it is a one-tenth scale replica of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.",
"title": "George Washington Birthplace National Monument"
},
{
"docid": "57653428#13",
"text": "The Federal City (\"Washington D.C.\"), during Washington's lifetime, was originally designed for the place of Washington's memorial. Architect Pierre L'Enfant had specifically set apart land space for a monument to Washington, southwest of the Capital and the White House. The city was completed in 1800 and incorporated officially taking on Washington's name. After Washington's death in December 1799, Congress made no appropriations for Washington's marble monument, although it had pledged to do so. For three decades, funding still had not been granted by Congress for Washington's memorial. This created a public outcry and upset many who believed it was time to honor the first President of the United States, and in 1833 the private \"Washington National Monument Society\" was formed. The \"Society\" solicited funding from private donors and set out to build the monument, without Congressional funding. In 1845, the \"Society\" chose Robert Mills's design, an expensive, lavish Egyptian obelisk, 600 feet tall, that would contain thirty 100-foot base columns.",
"title": "Post-presidency of George Washington"
},
{
"docid": "2637009#1",
"text": "Built in 1827, the original tower was the first monument dedicated to George Washington to be completed. The Washington Monument in Baltimore was completed two years later, although it had been started considerably earlier in 1815. The famous Washington Monument in the District of Columbia was not completed until 1885.",
"title": "Washington Monument State Park"
},
{
"docid": "745258#6",
"text": "In 1954, the Washington Square Planning Committee decided that, instead of the original proposed monument to Washington, a monument to all soldiers and sailors of the Revolutionary War would be built. The monument, designated the \"Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier\", was designed by architect G. Edwin Brumbaugh and includes a bronze cast of Houdon's statue of Washington as the monument's centerpiece. The Tomb includes remains which were disinterred, after archeological examination, from within the park from when it was a cemetery. The remains are that of a soldier, but it is uncertain if he was Colonial or British. An unknown number of bodies remain buried beneath the square and the surrounding area; some are still occasionally found during construction and maintenance projects.",
"title": "Washington Square (Philadelphia)"
},
{
"docid": "33537744#5",
"text": "While funds were being raised for the monument, permission to install the structure in Washington, D.C. was a difficult and long process. Hahnemann was not an American and had never visited the country. Supporters of the monument lobbied members of Congress to support its erection, but President Grover Cleveland refused to sign the agreement. After the election of President William McKinley, supporters renewed their efforts and eventually won the support of many congressional members and the president. But in 1899, a congressional vote to authorize the monument being placed in Washington, D.C. failed. Members such as Representative L. Irving Handy of Delaware argued that only individuals who had distinguished careers in the military or civil branches of the national government should be honored in the city. Supporters finally won approval of Congress on January 31, 1900, when members voted to approve the monument's placement and appropriate $4,000 for its foundation. Hahnemann became the first foreigner not associated with the American Revolution to be honored with a sculpture in Washington, D.C. The site selected for the monument was chosen by a committee created by Congress. The committee included McClelland, who first proposed the monument, Senator George P. Wetmore and General John Moulder Wilson. The committee chose a site on the east side of Scott Circle \"by reason of its abundant opportunities to display to the best advantage the delicate lines which are features of the artist's work.\" The architect chosen to design the monument was Julius Harder of the firm Israel and Harder. The statue was founded by the Gorham Manufacturing Company and the contractor was the Maine & New Hampshire Granite Company. The total cost of the monument and its installation was around $75,000.",
"title": "Samuel Hahnemann Monument"
},
{
"docid": "3697541#0",
"text": "The Washington D.C. Temple (formerly the Washington Temple) is the 18th constructed and 16th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is located in Kensington, Maryland, United States, just north of Washington, D.C., near the Capital Beltway. The temple was dedicated in 1974 after an open house that attracted over 750,000 people, including several international dignitaries. The temple was the first temple built by the church east of the Mississippi River since 1846, when the original Nauvoo Temple was dedicated.",
"title": "Washington D.C. Temple"
}
] |
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] |
1496
|
When was Confucius born?
|
[
{
"docid": "337115#1",
"text": "Confucius (孔夫子 \"Kǒng Fūzǐ\", lit. \"Master Kong\") is generally thought to have been born in 551 BCE and raised by his mother following the death of his father when Confucius was three years old. The Latinized name \"Confucius\" by which most Westerners recognize him is derived from \"\"Kong Fuzi\"\", probably first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China. The Analects, or \"Lunyu\" (論語; lit.\"Selected Sayings\"), a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher and his contemporaries, is believed to have been written by Confucius' followers during the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC), achieving its final form during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius was born into the class of \"shi\" (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. His public life included marriage at the age of 19 that produced a son and a variety of occupations as a farm worker, clerk and book-keeper. In his private life he studied and reflected on righteousness, proper conduct and the nature of government such that by the age of 50 he had established a reputation. This regard, however was insufficient for his success in advocating for a strong central government and the use of diplomacy over warfare as the ideal for international relationships. He is said to have spent his last years teaching an ardent group of followers of the values to be appreciated in a collection of ancient writings loosely identified as the Five Classics. Confucius is thought to have died in 479 BCE.",
"title": "Korean Confucianism"
},
{
"docid": "51109302#2",
"text": "It is generally thought that Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BC. His birthplace was in Zou, Lu state (near present-day Qufu, Shandong Province).",
"title": "Kong He"
},
{
"docid": "367843#11",
"text": "Confucius (551–479 BCE) appeared in this period of political decadence and spiritual questioning. He was educated in Shang-Zhou theology, which he contributed to transmit and reformulate giving centrality to self-cultivation and human agency, and the educational power of the self-established individual in assisting others to establish themselves (the principle of 愛人 \"àirén\", \"loving others\"). As the Zhou reign collapsed, traditional values were abandoned resulting in a period of moral decline. Confucius saw an opportunity to reinforce values of compassion and tradition into society. Disillusioned with the widespread vulgarisation of the rituals to access Tian, he began to preach an ethical interpretation of traditional Zhou religion. In his view, the power of Tian is immanent, and responds positively to the sincere heart driven by humaneness and rightness, decency and altruism. Confucius conceived these qualities as the foundation needed to restore socio-political harmony. Like many contemporaries, Confucius saw ritual practices as efficacious ways to access Tian, but he thought that the crucial knot was the state of meditation that participants enter prior to engage in the ritual acts. Confucius amended and recodified the classical books inherited from the Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties, and composed the \"Spring and Autumn Annals\".",
"title": "Religion in China"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5823#8",
"text": "Confucius was born into the class of \"shi\" (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial. When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have mourned for three years, as was the tradition.",
"title": "Confucius"
},
{
"docid": "5823#5",
"text": "The name \"Confucius\" is a Latinized form of the Mandarin Chinese \"Kǒng Fūzǐ\" (, meaning \"Master Kǒng\"), and was coined in the late 16th century by the early Jesuit missionaries to China. Confucius's clan name was \"Kǒng\" (; Old Chinese: ), and his given name was \"Qiū\" (; OC: ). His \"capping name\", given upon reaching adulthood and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was \"Zhòngní\" (), the \"Zhòng\" indicating that he was the second son in his family.\nIt is thought that Confucius was born on September 28, 551BC, in the district of Zou () near present-day Qufu, China. The area was notionally controlled by the kings of Zhou but effectively independent under the local lords of Lu. His father Kong He (or Shuliang He) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison. His ancestry traced back through the dukes of Song to the Shang dynasty which had preceded the Zhou. Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu.",
"title": "Confucius"
},
{
"docid": "2452214#3",
"text": "The first Confucius Institute (CI) opened on 21 November 2004 in Seoul, South Korea, after establishing a pilot institute in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in June 2004. The CI in South Korea is no longer active. The second Confucius Institute was opened on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park, also in November 2004. Hundreds more have opened since in dozens of countries around the world, with the highest concentration of Institutes in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. In April 2007, the first research-based Confucius Institute opened in Waseda University in Japan. In partnership with Peking University, the program promotes research activities of graduate students studying Chinese. As of 2014, there were over 480 Confucius Institutes in dozens of countries on six continents. The Ministry of Education estimates that 100 million people overseas may be learning Chinese by 2010 and the program is expanding rapidly in order to keep up. Hanban aims to establish 1,000 Confucius Institutes by 2020.",
"title": "Confucius Institute"
},
{
"docid": "5823#51",
"text": "Followers of Confucianism have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius () every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li () as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. In the 20th century, this tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.",
"title": "Confucius"
},
{
"docid": "48317841#1",
"text": "The statue was dedicated at Hermann Park as a gift from China to Houston on September 26, 2009, commemorating the 2,560th anniversary of the Confucius' birth and the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. Ceremony attendees included Houston City Councilwoman Wanda Adams, Minister Liu Guangyuan of the Embassy of China to the United States, Mayor Pro Tem of Houston Sue Lovell, Wang, First Lady of Houston Andrea White, Consul General Gao Yanping, and representatives from Friends of Confucius Sculpture for Hermann Park and Houston Parks and Recreation. Nearly 600 people from the Chinese Consulate General in Houston, the city government, consular corps, and Chinese community were also in attendance.",
"title": "Confucius (sculpture)"
},
{
"docid": "5823#39",
"text": "During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking \"Neo-Confucianism\". Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century.\nThe works of Confucius were first translated into European languages by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century during the late Ming dynasty. The first known effort was by Michele Ruggieri, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in Salerno. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and a team of Jesuits—Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, and two others—published a translation of several Confucian works and an overview of Chinese history in Paris in 1687. François Noël, after failing to persuade ClementXI that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius did not constitute idolatry, completed the Confucian canon at Prague in 1711, with more scholarly treatments of the other works and the first translation of the collected works of Mencius. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.",
"title": "Confucius"
},
{
"docid": "31171225#2",
"text": "Within two years after the death of Confucius, his former house in Qufu was already consecrated as a temple by the Prince of Lu. In 205 BC, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to offer sacrifices to the memory of Confucius in Qufu. He set an example for many emperors and high officials to follow. Later, emperors would visit Qufu after their enthronement or on important occasions such as a successful war. In total, 12 different emperors paid 20 personal visits to Qufu to worship Confucius. About 100 others sent their deputies for 196 official visits. The original three-room house of Confucius was removed from the temple complex during a rebuilding undertaken in 611 AD. In 1012 and in 1094, during the Song Dynasty, the temple was extended into a design with three sections and four courtyards, around which eventually more than 400 rooms were arranged. Fire and vandalism destroyed the temple in 1214, during the Jin Dynasty. It was restored to its former extent by the year 1302 during the Yuan Dynasty. Shortly thereafter, in 1331, the temple was framed in an enclosure wall modelled on the Imperial palace.",
"title": "Temple of Confucius, Qufu"
}
] |
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] |
1497
|
What was the first synthetic polymer?
|
[
{
"docid": "28638#2",
"text": "Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene and tires are manufactured from Buna rubbers. However, due to the environmental issues created by these synthetic polymers which are mostly non-biodegradable and often synthesized from petroleum, alternatives like bioplastics are also being considered. They are however expensive when compared to the synthetic polymers.The eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are:",
"title": "List of synthetic polymers"
},
{
"docid": "22208#32",
"text": "Since the invention of the first synthetic polymer product, bakelite, synthetic polymer products have frequently been invented.",
"title": "Organic chemistry"
},
{
"docid": "3550781#13",
"text": "When Wallace Carothers arrived at DuPont in 1928 one of the tasks his group took on was the development of new synthetic fibers for textiles. At that time a number of natural polymers such as latex and cellulose were in common use, rayon as a semisynthetic from nitrated cellulose had recently been improved and begun upending the textile industries, and some fully synthetic polymers such as bakelite were also known and being used for certain applications, but the existing fully synthetic polymers could not be drawn into fibers and spun into thread, so great opportunity existed to manufacture thread and yarn from synthetic polymers to join or replace the existing fibers in the market (natural fibers such as cotton, wool, linen, and silk and artificial fiber in the various recently emerged types of rayon).",
"title": "Elmer Keiser Bolton"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21816400#2",
"text": "First Kovac team looked into the acetylene family of chemicals. This resulted in more than 20 papers and patents. By 1931, DuPont was manufacturing a synthetic rubber that this team created: neoprene. Due to political and trade troubles with Japan, the United States' main source of silk, that fiber was getting harder and more expensive to come by. DuPont wanted to develop a synthetic fiber that could replace it. Kovac and his team tackled this, too. In 1934 they pulled their first long, strong, flexible strands of a synthetic polymer fiber out of a test tube (pbs kovac). The corporation patented it as \"nylon\" the following year. In the course of this discovery, Kovac published 31 papers, establishing general theories about polymers and regularizing the terminology of the field. He had brought the world not just nylon, but knowledge of natural polymers and how they are formed.",
"title": "Jakey Kovac"
},
{
"docid": "2372548#1",
"text": "This science comprises three main sub-disciplines:The first modern example of polymer science is Henri Braconnot's work in the 1830s. Henri, along with Christian Schönbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose, producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate. The term \"polymer\" was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius, though Berzelius did little that would be considered polymer science in the modern sense. In the 1840s, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing natural rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before. This process strengthened natural rubber and prevented it from melting with heat without losing flexibility. This made practical products such as waterproofed articles possible. It also facilitated practical manufacture of such rubberized materials. Vulcanized rubber represents the first commercially successful product of polymer research. In 1884 Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber plant based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic plastic, a thermosetting phenol–formaldehyde resin called Bakelite.",
"title": "Polymer science"
},
{
"docid": "5579401#2",
"text": "The Cohen brothers were looking for a commercial edge and became aware, in 1894, that Charles Cross, Edward Bevan and Clayton Beadle had patented their \"artificial silk\" which they named \"Viscose\" in the UK and \"Rayon\" in the US, and sold under the trade name \"Dacron\". Although natural polymers have been with around since time began, synthetic polymers are more recent and owe their origin to Alexander Parkes and his exhibits at the International Exhibition in London in 1862. The most basic building block of a polymer is a monomer, which, when combined with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, or fluoride, becomes a \"polymers\". The most important polymer, for fabric construction is Polyethylene terephthalate, more commonly known as \"polyester\". The bright vibrant synthetic fabrics made from these synthetic \"building blocks\" exhibit a silk \"handle\"; and all the comfort properties of natural fibres, imitating silk, wool and linen.",
"title": "Morada (company)"
},
{
"docid": "656965#5",
"text": "Synthetic polymers are the structural materials manifested in plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, building materials, furniture, mechanical parts, and adhesives. Synthetic polymers may be divided into thermoplastic polymers and thermoset plastics. Thermoplastic polymers include polyethylene, teflon, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyurethane, Poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl chloride, nylons, and rayon. Thermoset plastics include vulcanized rubber, bakelite, Kevlar, and polyepoxide. Almost all synthetic polymers are derived from petrochemicals.",
"title": "Polymer chemistry"
},
{
"docid": "1405072#9",
"text": "While known since 1954, PGA had found little use because of its sensitivity to hydrolysis when compared with other synthetic polymers. However, in 1962 this polymer was used to develop the first synthetic absorbable suture which was marketed under the tradename of Dexon by the Davis & Geck subsidiary of the American Cyanamid Corporation. After its coating with Polycaprolactone and Calcium Stearate is being sold under the brand name of Assucryl.",
"title": "Polyglycolide"
},
{
"docid": "22282547#0",
"text": "A thermoset polymer matrix is a synthetic polymer reinforcement first developed for structural applications, such as glass-reinforced plastic radar domes on aircraft and graphite-epoxy payload bay doors on the space shuttle. In polymer matrix composites, polymers act as binder or matrix to secure in place incorporated particulates, fibres or other reinforcements.",
"title": "Thermoset polymer matrix"
},
{
"docid": "216687#16",
"text": "In the same year, Dr. Julian W. Hill, another member of the Carothers team, began work again on attempting to produce a polyester with a molecular weight of above 4,000. His efforts were soon met with great success when he produced a synthetic polymer with a molecular weight of about 12,000. The high molecular weight allowed the melted polymer to be stretched out into strings of fiber. Thus was created the first synthetic silk, described by the chemists as a superpolyester.",
"title": "Wallace Carothers"
}
] |
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] |
1499
|
How common are basal cancerous cells?
|
[
{
"docid": "696132#24",
"text": "Basal-cell cancer is a very common skin cancer. It is much more common in fair-skinned individuals with a family history of basal-cell cancer and increases in incidence closer to the equator or at higher altitude. There are approximately 800,000 new cases yearly in the United States alone. Up to 30% of Caucasians develop basal-cell carcinomas in their lifetime. In Canada, the most common skin cancer is basal-cell carcinoma (as much as one third of all cancer diagnoses), affecting 1 in 7 individuals over a lifetime.",
"title": "Basal-cell carcinoma"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "696132#0",
"text": "Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, is the most common type of skin cancer. It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, which may be shiny with small blood vessels running over it; or it may present as a raised area with ulceration. Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or to result in death.\nRisk factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, having lighter skin, radiation therapy, long-term exposure to arsenic, and poor immune-system function. Exposure to UV light during childhood is particularly harmful. Tanning beds have become another common source of ultraviolet radiation. Diagnosis often depends on skin examination, confirmed by tissue biopsy.\nIt remains unclear whether sunscreen affects the risk of basal-cell cancer. Treatment is typically by surgical removal. This can be by simple excision if the cancer is small; otherwise Mohs surgery is generally recommended. Other options may include application of cold, topical chemotherapy, laser surgery, or the use of imiquimod. In the rare cases in which distant spread has occurred, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be used.\nBasal-cell cancer accounts for at least 32% of all cancers globally. Of skin cancers other than melanoma, about 80% are basal-cell cancers. In the United States, about 35% of white males and 25% of white females are affected by BCC at some point in their lives.\nIndividuals with a basal-cell carcinoma typically present with a shiny, pearly skin nodule. However, superficial basal-cell cancer can present as a red patch similar to eczema. Infiltrative or morpheaform basal-cell cancers can present as a skin thickening or scar tissue – making diagnosis difficult without using tactile sensation and a skin biopsy. It is often difficult to visually distinguish basal-cell cancer from acne scar, actinic elastosis, and recent cryodestruction inflammation.\nAbout two thirds of basal-cell carcinomas occur on sun-exposed areas of the body. One-third occur on areas of the body that are not exposed to sunlight, emphasizing the genetic susceptibility of basal-cell cancer.",
"title": "Basal-cell carcinoma"
},
{
"docid": "64993#2",
"text": "Basal-cell carcinomas are present on sun-exposed areas of the skin, especially the face. They rarely metastasize and rarely cause death. They are easily treated with surgery or radiation. Squamous-cell skin cancer are common, but much less common than basal-cell cancers. They metastasize more frequently than BCCs. Even then, the metastasis rate is quite low, with the exception of SCC of the lip, ear, and in people who are immunosuppressed. Melanoma are the least frequent of the 3 common skin cancers. They frequently metastasize, and could potentially cause death once they spread.",
"title": "Skin cancer"
},
{
"docid": "64993#0",
"text": "Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin. They are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. There are three main types of skin cancers: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) and melanoma. The first two, along with a number of less common skin cancers, are known as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death. It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, that may be shiny with small blood vessels running over it or may present as a raised area with an ulcer. Squamous-cell skin cancer is more likely to spread. It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer. Melanomas are the most aggressive. Signs include a mole that has changed in size, shape, color, has irregular edges, has more than one color, is itchy or bleeds.\nGreater than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. This exposure increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer. Exposure has increased partly due to a thinner ozone layer. Tanning beds are becoming another common source of ultraviolet radiation. For melanomas and basal-cell cancers exposure during childhood is particularly harmful. For squamous-cell skin cancers total exposure, irrespective of when it occurs, is more important. Between 20% and 30% of melanomas develop from moles. People with light skin are at higher risk as are those with poor immune function such as from medications or HIV/AIDS. Diagnosis is by biopsy.\nDecreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of sunscreen appear to be effective methods of preventing melanoma and squamous-cell skin cancer. It is not clear if sunscreen affects the risk of basal-cell cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is usually curable. Treatment is generally by surgical removal but may less commonly involve radiation therapy or topical medications such as fluorouracil. Treatment of melanoma may involve some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. In those people whose disease has spread to other areas of their bodies, palliative care may be used to improve quality of life. Melanoma has one of the higher survival rates among cancers, with over 86% of people in the UK and more than 90% in the United States surviving more than 5 years.\nSkin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cases. The most common type is nonmelanoma skin cancer, which occurs in at least 2-3 million people per year. This is a rough estimate, however, as good statistics are not kept. Of nonmelanoma skin cancers, about 80% are basal-cell cancers and 20% squamous-cell skin cancers. Basal-cell and squamous-cell skin cancers rarely result in death. In the United States they were the cause of less than 0.1% of all cancer deaths. Globally in 2012 melanoma occurred in 232,000 people, and resulted in 55,000 deaths. White people in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. The three main types of skin cancer have become more common in the last 20 to 40 years, especially in those areas which are mostly Caucasian.",
"title": "Skin cancer"
},
{
"docid": "696132#6",
"text": "Basal-cell carcinoma is a common skin cancer and occurs mainly in fair-skinned patients with a family history of this cancer. Sunlight is a factor in about two-thirds of these cancers; therefore, doctors recommend sunscreens with at least SPF 30. However, a Cochrane review examining the effect of solar protection (sunscreen only) in preventing the development of basal-cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma found that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether sunscreen was effective for the prevention of either of these keratinocyte-derived cancers. The review did ultimately state that the certainty of these results were low, so future evidence could very well alter this conclusion. One-third occur in non-sun-exposed areas; thus, the pathogenesis is more complex than UV exposure as \"the\" cause.",
"title": "Basal-cell carcinoma"
},
{
"docid": "397007#1",
"text": "SCC of the skin begins as a small nodule and as it enlarges the center becomes necrotic and sloughs and the nodule turns into an ulcer.Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most common cancer of the skin (after basal-cell carcinoma but more common than melanoma). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun. Sunlight exposure and immunosuppression are risk factors for SCC of the skin, with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor. There is a risk of metastasis starting more than 10 years after diagnosable appearance of squamous cell carcinoma, but the risk is low, though much higher than with basal-cell carcinoma. Squamous cell cancers of the lip and ears have high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis. In a recent study, it has also been shown that the deletion or severe down-regulation of a gene titled Tpl2 (tumor progression locus 2) may be involved in the progression of normal keratinocytes into becoming squamous cell carcinoma.",
"title": "Squamous cell skin cancer"
},
{
"docid": "38885064#16",
"text": "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin syndrome, is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome in which the risk of basal cell carcinoma is very high. The disease is characterized by basal cell nevi, jaw keratocysts and skeletal abnormalities. Estimates of NBCCS prevalence varies, but is approximately 1 in 60000. The presence of basal cell carcinoma is much higher in white than black individuals; 80% and 38%, respectively. Odontogenic keratocysts are found in approximately 75% of individuals with the disease and often occur early in life. The most common skeletal abnormalities occur in the head and face, but other areas are often affected such as the rib cage. The causative genetic mutation of this disease occurs in the PTCH gene, and the product of PTCH is a tumor suppressor involved in cell signaling. Although the exact role of this protein in NBCCS is not known, it is involved in the hedgehog signaling pathway, known to control cell growth and development.",
"title": "Cancer syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "64993#36",
"text": "More than 3.5 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, which makes it the most common form of cancer in that country. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer at some point of their lives. The most common form of skin cancer is basal-cell carcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Unlike for other cancers, there exists no basal and squamous cell skin cancers registry in the United States.",
"title": "Skin cancer"
},
{
"docid": "696132#2",
"text": "Basal-cell carcinomas can often come in association with other lesions of the skin, such as actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma. In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar (sole of the foot) pits, calcification of the falx cerebri (in the center line of the brain) and rib abnormalities. The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.\nTo diagnose basal-cell carcinomas, a skin biopsy is performed for histopathologic analyses. The most common method is a shave biopsy under local anesthesia. Most nodular basal-cell cancers can be diagnosed clinically; however, other variants can be very difficult to distinguish from benign lesions such as intradermal naevus, sebaceomas, fibrous papules, early acne scars, and hypertrophic scarring.",
"title": "Basal-cell carcinoma"
},
{
"docid": "4819032#0",
"text": "Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as basal-cell nevus syndrome, multiple basal-cell carcinoma syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, and Gorlin–Goltz syndrome, is an inherited medical condition involving defects within multiple body systems such as the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine system, and bones. People with this syndrome are particularly prone to developing a common and usually non-life-threatening form of non-melanoma skin cancer. About 10% of people with the condition do not develop basal-cell carcinomas (BCCs).",
"title": "Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome"
}
] |
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1500
|
Where are the Harris Corporation headquarters?
|
[
{
"docid": "1674637#1",
"text": "Headquartered in Melbourne, Florida, the company has approximately $7 billion of annual revenue. It is the largest private-sector employer in Brevard County, Florida (approximately 6,000). The company was the parent of Intersil (Harris Semiconductor). Most of the wireless start-ups in South Brevard County were founded and are staffed by former Harris Corporation engineers and technicians. The company's Digital Telephone Systems (DTS) division was sold to Teltronics.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1674637#19",
"text": "In October 2018 Harris announced an all-stock \"merger of equals\" with New York-based L3 Technologies, to be closed (subject to approvals) in mid-2019. The new company, tentatively called L3 Harris Technologies, Inc., will be based in Melbourne, Florida, where Harris is currently headquartered.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "72008#158",
"text": "In 2006, \"Forbes\" magazine named Harris Corporation, headquartered in \nBrevard, to its \"Platinum 400\" List.",
"title": "Brevard County, Florida"
},
{
"docid": "367762#36",
"text": "On July 9, 2013, Kroger announced its acquisition of the 212 stores of Charlotte-based Harris Teeter in a deal valued at $2.5 billion and assumed $100 million in the company's outstanding debt. Harris Teeter's stores are in eight Southern states, with a major portion of them in its headquarters state of North Carolina. Doing so, Kroger acquired Harris Teeter's click and collect program which allows online ordering of groceries. Some industry experts see this as a competitive move against online grocers such as AmazonFresh. The Harris Teeter acquisition marked Kroger's return to the Charlotte market after a 25-year absence. It also allowed Kroger to enter Asheville for the first time. Charlotte and Asheville had been the only large markets in North Carolina where Kroger had no presence.",
"title": "Kroger"
},
{
"docid": "12212259#1",
"text": "In September 1997, John K. Harris launched JK Harris & Company. In April 1998, after a six-month trial in six cities, the company opened 450 sales offices and eight regional operations centers over the following three years. In February 2001, JK Harris consolidated its eight regional operations centers to the corporate office in North Charleston, South Carolina. The company purchased a national call center in South Florida in October 2002 to centralize appointment setting, inside sales and other functions. In July 2009, JK Harris & Company moved its corporate office and operations to a larger facility in Goose Creek, South Carolina.",
"title": "JK Harris & Company"
},
{
"docid": "1674637#3",
"text": "The \"Harris Automatic Press Company\" was founded by Alfred S. Harris in Niles, Ohio, in 1895. The company spent the next 60 years developing lithographic processes and printing presses before acquiring typesetting company Intertype Corporation. In 1957, Harris acquired Gates Radio, a producer of broadcast transmitters and associated electronics gear, but kept the Gates brand name alive by putting the Gates sticker on the back of numerous transmitters that were labeled Harris on the front panels.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "2381407#0",
"text": "The Harris Company was a retail corporation, based in San Bernardino, California, that operated a chain of department stores named Harris', all in Southern California. Philip, Arthur, and Herman Harris started the company with a small dry goods store in 1905, and the company eventually grew to nine large department stores, with stores in San Bernardino, Riverside, and Kern Counties.",
"title": "Harris Company"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
}
] |
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] |
1501
|
Who was the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty?
|
[
{
"docid": "31071887#1",
"text": "The founder of the Ming dynasty was the Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), who is also known variably by his personal name \"Zhu Yuanzhang\" and his temple name \"Taizu of Ming\" (literally \"Great Ancestor of Ming\"). He was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. His regnal name, Hongwu, means \"vastly martial\".",
"title": "House of Zhu"
},
{
"docid": "16997385#9",
"text": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.",
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8075630#1",
"text": "Zhu Yuanzhang, who became the founder and first Emperor of the Ming dynasty, began building a palace in what was then known as Jiankang in 1367. At the time, he was self-styled \"King of Wu\". The palace was built outside the existing city of Jiankang, and was completed by 1368. With its completion, Zhu proclaimed the Ming Dynasty; with himself as the first emperor, known as the Hongwu Emperor; and that Jiankang, now Yingtian, was the \"southern capital\" (\"\"nanjing\"\") of his empire. For the next few years, few changes were made to the palace in Nanjing as the Emperor focused on building the \"middle capital\", located in his home town of Fengyang.",
"title": "Ming Palace"
},
{
"docid": "1193402#39",
"text": "The Ming dynasty (1368–1644), after the Han and Tang dynasties, was another high point in Chinese power. The first Ming emperor, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398), was the head of the Red Turban Rebellion when he routed the rival rebel Chinese leaders and then forced the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty to flee north, back into the Mongolian steppe. The Ming dynasty made a string of conflicts with the Mongols thereafter, some of which were successful, and others of which were not. An example of the latter would be the Tumu Crisis in 1449, where the Zhengtong Emperor was captured by the Mongols and not released until a year later.",
"title": "Foreign relations of imperial China"
},
{
"docid": "573451#1",
"text": "Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor and his second wife, Empress Sun. At the beginning of the Zhengtong reign, the Ming dynasty was prosperous and at the height of its power as a result of the Xuande Emperor's able administration. The Zhengtong Emperor's accession at the age of eight made him the first child emperor of the dynasty – hence the Zhengtong Emperor was easily influenced by others, especially the eunuch Wang Zhen. At first, Wang Chen was kept under control by Grand Mother Empress Zhang, Zhengtong's grandmother and the unofficial regent, who collaborated closely with three ministers, all with the surname Yang (hence the common name \"Three Yangs\"), thus the good administration continued. In 1442 though, Empress Zhang died, and the three Yangs also died or retired around that time. The emperor began to completely rely on Wang Zhen for advice and guidance.",
"title": "Emperor Yingzong of Ming"
},
{
"docid": "33712291#1",
"text": "At the same time, the Ming dynasty was fighting for its survival against fiscal turmoil and peasant rebellions. On April 24, 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, hanged himself from a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City. When Li Zicheng moved against him, the Ming general Wu Sangui shifted his alliance to the Manchus. Li Zicheng was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Wu Sangui and Manchu prince Dorgon. On June 6, the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young Shunzhi Emperor as Emperor of China.",
"title": "Transition from Ming to Qing"
},
{
"docid": "471681#0",
"text": "The Ming tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by the emperors of the Ming dynasty of China. The first Ming emperor's tomb is located near his capital Nanjing. However, the majority of the Ming tombs are located in a cluster near Beijing and collectively known as the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty (). They are within the suburban Changping District of Beijing Municipality, north-northwest of Beijing city center. The site, on the southern slope of Tianshou Mountain (originally Huangtu Mountain), was chosen based on the principles of \"feng shui\" by the third Ming emperor, the Yongle Emperor. After the construction of the Imperial Palace (Forbidden City) in 1420, the Yongle Emperor selected his burial site and created his own mausoleum. The subsequent emperors placed their tombs in the same valley.",
"title": "Ming tombs"
},
{
"docid": "15040458#60",
"text": "Scattered Ming remnants still existed after 1644, including those of Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) who established the Kingdom of Tungning on Taiwan (Formosa). Despite the loss of Beijing and the death of the Chongzhen Emperor, Ming power was by no means totally destroyed. Nanjing, Fujian, Guangdong, Shanxi, and Yunnan were all strongholds of Ming resistance. However, there were several pretenders for the Ming throne, and their forces were divided. Each bastion of resistance was individually defeated by the Qing until 1662, when the last southern Ming emperor died, the Yongli Emperor, Zhu Youlang. The last Ming princes to hold out were the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, who stayed with Koxinga's Ming loyalists in the Kingdom of Tungning until 1683. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1683 and was rewarded by the Kangxi Emperor with the title \"Duke of Haicheng\" (海澄公) and he and his soldiers were inducted into the Eight Banners,",
"title": "History of the Ming dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "471681#1",
"text": "From the Yongle Emperor onwards, 13 Ming dynasty emperors were buried in the same area. The Xiaoling tomb of the first Ming emperor, the Hongwu Emperor, is located near his capital Nanjing; the second emperor, the Jianwen Emperor, was overthrown by the Yongle Emperor and disappeared, without a known tomb. The \"temporary\" emperor, the Jingtai Emperor, was also not buried here, as the Tianshun Emperor had denied him an imperial burial; instead, the Jingtai Emperor was buried west of Beijing. The last Ming emperor buried at the location was the Chongzhen Emperor, who committed suicide by hanging (on 25 April 1644). He was buried in his concubine Consort Tian's tomb, which was later declared as an imperial mausoleum \"Si Ling\" by the emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty, Li Zicheng, with a much smaller scale compared to the other imperial mausoleums built for Ming emperors.",
"title": "Ming tombs"
},
{
"docid": "74134#27",
"text": "The short reigns of Emperor Wu's grandsons, Xiao Zhaoye and Xiao Zhaowen (his first son predeceased him), were dominated by Xiao Luan, Emperor's Wu's first cousin. He killed them in turn and crowned himself as Emperor Ming of Southern Qi. Using the government secretaries (典簽官), he slaughtered all the descendants of Emperors Gao and Wu. Emperor Ming soon became very ill and started following Daoism, changing his whole wardrobe to red. He also passed an edict making officials try to find silver fish (銀魚). He died in 498 and was succeeded by his son Xiao Baojuan, who killed high officials and governors at whim, sparking many revolts. The final revolt in 501 started after Xiao Baojun killed his prime minister Xiao Yi, leading his brother Xiao Yan to revolt under the banner of Xiao Baojun's brother who was declared Emperor He of Southern Qi. Xiao Baojun was killed by one of his generals during the siege of his capital at Jiankang, and after a short puppet reign by Emperor He, Xiao Yan overthrew the Southern Qi and established the Liang dynasty.",
"title": "Northern and Southern dynasties"
}
] |
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] |
1502
|
When did women gain the right to vote in England?
|
[
{
"docid": "175581#19",
"text": "In the years before World War I, women in Norway (1913) also won the right to vote, as did women in the remaining Australian states. Denmark granted women's suffrage in 1915. Near the end of the war, Canada, Russia, Germany, and Poland also recognized women's right to vote. The Representation of the People Act 1918 saw British women over 30 gain the vote, Dutch women in 1919, and American women won the vote on 26 August 1920 with the passage of the 19th Amendment (the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Irish women won the same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution, 1922. In 1928, British women won suffrage on the same terms as men, that is, for persons 21 years old and older. Suffrage of Turkish women introduced in 1930 for local elections and in 1934 for national elections.",
"title": "Women's suffrage"
},
{
"docid": "1354653#51",
"text": "England was one of the first places in the world to grant voting rights to women citizens universally and regardless of marital status, which it did by passage of the 1918 Representation of the People Act that gave voting rights to women aged 30 years and over who met a property qualification (equal voting rights with men was achieved a decade later under the Equal Franchise Act 1928, which permitted all women aged 21 and over to vote). Several centuries earlier, some of its colonies in North America, including New Jersey Colony by its constitution, had granted voting rights to women who could meet the same property requirements men had to meet; common laws of Coverture requiring a married woman's property to be held by her husband meant married women typically could not qualify.",
"title": "Legal rights of women in history"
},
{
"docid": "9333239#29",
"text": "Finally in 1918, Parliament passed an act granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, and graduates of British universities. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. In November 1918, the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into the House of Commons. By 1928 the consensus was that votes for women had been successful. With the Conservative Party in full control in 1928, it passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act that extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms as men, although one Conservative opponent of the bill warned that it risked splitting the party for years to come.",
"title": "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "9333239#1",
"text": "The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of all politics, including the militant suffragette campaigns. Lobbying did take place quietly. In 1918, a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918, enfranchising all men, as well as all women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This act was the first to include practically all men in the political system and began the inclusion of women, extending the franchise by 5.6 million men and 8.4 million women. In 1928, the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act giving the vote to all women over the age of 21 on equal terms with men.",
"title": "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11185#13",
"text": "By the mid 20th century, in some European countries, women still lacked some significant rights. Feminists in these countries continued to fight for voting rights. In Switzerland, women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971; but in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. In Liechtenstein, women were given the right to vote by the women's suffrage referendum of 1984. Three prior referendums held in 1968, 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women's right to vote.\nFeminists continued to campaign for the reform of family laws which gave husbands control over their wives. Although by the 20th century coverture had been abolished in the UK and the US, in many continental European countries married women still had very few rights. For instance, in France married women did not receive the right to work without their husband's permission until 1965. Feminists have also worked to abolish the \"marital exemption\" in rape laws which precluded the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives. Earlier efforts by first-wave feminists such as Voltairine de Cleyre, Victoria Woodhull and Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy to criminalize marital rape in the late 19th century had failed; this was only achieved a century later in most Western countries, but is still not achieved in many other parts of the world.",
"title": "Feminism"
},
{
"docid": "13200141#19",
"text": "In Europe, the last countries to enact it were Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In Switzerland, women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971; but in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. In Liechtenstein, women were given the right to vote by the women's suffrage referendum of 1984. Three prior referendums held in 1968, 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women's right to vote.",
"title": "Women in government"
},
{
"docid": "43378510#3",
"text": "Brown was a vocal supporter of women’s suffrage in the Washington Territory, one of the first territories in which women gained the right to vote through full enfranchisement in 1883. Brown wrote many letters to the editor of the \"Daily Journal\" in Walla Walla about the paper’s representation of women’s newly acquired right to vote. In 1887, a year before the Washington Territorial Supreme Court revoked women’s right to vote, the paper asserted that the Union did not want to force women to vote, but that many women, once they could vote, only voted in the first ballot out of curiosity and thereafter ceased to vote as the novelty of voting dissipated. Brown challenged this interpretation, writing that the Union did not force men to vote, so why would they force women to do so? He argued that while the Union did not believe in forcing women to vote, it did believe in forcing women to abstain from voting, and that the Union would continue to reinforce and perpetuate the legal barriers that kept women from voting.",
"title": "Henry Brown (American clergyman)"
},
{
"docid": "60557#16",
"text": "In 1888, Britain's first nationwide coalition of groups advocating women's right to vote, the National Society for Women's Suffrage (NSWS), split after a majority of members decided to accept organisations affiliated with political parties. Angry at this decision, some of the group's leaders, including Lydia Becker and Millicent Fawcett, stormed out of the meeting and created an alternative organisation committed to the \"old rules,\" called the Great College Street Society after the location of its headquarters. Pankhurst aligned herself with the \"new rules\" group, which became known as the Parliament Street Society (PSS). Some members of the PSS favoured a piecemeal approach to gaining the vote. Because it was often assumed that married women did not need the vote since their husbands \"voted for them,\" some PSS members felt that the vote for single women and widows was a practical step along the path to full suffrage. When the reluctance within the PSS to advocate on behalf of married women became clear, Pankhurst and her husband helped organise another new group dedicated to voting rights for all women – married and unmarried.",
"title": "Emmeline Pankhurst"
},
{
"docid": "16084457#4",
"text": "France confirmed the electoral system of the former Ottoman Mount Lebanon province in setting up a Representative Council for Greater Lebanon in 1922. Two stage elections, universal adult male suffrage, and multimember multi-communal constituencies continued the situation that prevailed in Mount Lebanon up to 1914. Women in Lebanon gained suffrage in 1952, only five years after men did in the new Republic (in the year 1947). The Lebanese constitution — specifically Article 7, proclaimed that \"All Lebanese are equal under the law, enjoying equally civil and political rights, and performing duties and public responsibility without any discrimination among them.\" This however did not protect against gender discrimination and thus women were not equally protected. Women were refused the right to vote by early Lebanese government until they organized and began petitioning for equal rights. In 1952 the Women's Political Rights Agreement came about and guaranteed that women would be able to vote. Women gained the right to vote but with a limitation, they had to have an elementary education. Women had to have documents that could prove that they had received at least an elementary level education. This limitation was lifted five years later in 1957 without much discourse or a fight.",
"title": "Women in Lebanon"
},
{
"docid": "11659281#50",
"text": "Women actively participated in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905/06, which recognized all citizens as equal. The electoral law of 1906, however, denied women the right to vote. Women voted for the first time in the 1963 referendum on the White Revolution (reform introduced by Mohammad Reza Shah). The government did not allow women's participation in the 1963 vote, but they also did not deny them the right to set up their own ballots and vote. Women also voted in the September 1963 parliamentary elections. For the first time, six women were elected to parliament, and Shah appointed two other women to senate. The number of women deputies also increased in the following parliamentary elections. In 1978, on the eve of the Islamic Revolution, 22 women were in the parliament. Women retained the right to vote after the Islamic Revolution and four were elected to parliament under the Islamic Republic. In the 2000 Majlis elections, 13 women were elected to parliament. In the 1960s and 1970s, Farrukhru Parsa was elected as minister of education and Mahnaz Afkhami as minister of state for women's affairs. The position of minister of state for women's affairs was abolished in 1978. Today, Iranian women are still working to gain more rights in the political sphere.",
"title": "Muslim women political leaders"
},
{
"docid": "30353118#2",
"text": "Following the referendum, amendments were made to the constitution to grant women the right to vote in national elections, although they did not gain the right to vote in local elections in three municipalities until 1986. The first national elections in which women could vote took place in 1986, and saw one woman elected to the Landtag on the Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP) list. In 1993 Cornelia Gassner of the FBP became the country's first female cabinet member.",
"title": "1984 Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum"
},
{
"docid": "58721697#3",
"text": "On the political front, her lifelong interest in economic and social conditions began in 1907 when she was one of the founders of the women's suffrage association \"Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret\", editing their journal \"Kvindevalgret\" (Women's Right to Vote) from 1908 to 1912. When women received the right to vote in municipal elections, in 1909 she was elected to the Citizens Representation for the Social Liberal Party. She proved to be a talented speaker, winning more votes than normal when she gained more votes than normal for the Social Liberal Party in Gentofte in 1918 when women were first permitted to stand for the Folketing.",
"title": "Julie Arenholt"
}
] |
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] |
1503
|
What is the origin of the name of the Danube River?
|
[
{
"docid": "21209639#2",
"text": "\"Danube\" is an Old European river name derived from a Proto-Indo-European \"*dānu\". Other river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna, Tana and Tuoni. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, \"dānu\" means \"fluid, drop\", in Avestan, the same word means \"river\". In the Rigveda, \"Dānu\" once appears as the mother of Vrtra, \"a dragon blocking the course of the rivers.\" The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the word for the river in Swedish and German, \"Donau\". Its Sámi name \"Deatnu\" means \"Great River\". It is possible that \"dānu\" in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for \"river\": \"Dnieper\" and \"Dniestr\", from \"Danapris\" and \"Danastius\", are presumed to continue Scythian \"*dānu apara\" \"far river\" and \"*dānu nazdya-\" \"near river\", respectively.",
"title": "Danube"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "367280#74",
"text": "Scholars who reject the continuity theory emphasize that the Romanian names of the large rivers show that the Romanians did not directly inherit them from their Latin-speaking ancestors. According to Vékony (who promotes the immigrationist theory), the Romanian name of the Danube evinces that the Romanians' ancestors lived far from this large river, because otherwise they must have preserved its Latin name, \"Danuvius\". He also emphasizes that the hypothetical \"*Donaris\" form is not attested in written sources and \"Istros\" was the river's native name. According to Schramm, the early Slavs adopted the East Germanic name of the Danube, showing that a predominantly Gothic-speaking population inhabited the territory between the Slavs' homeland and the Lower Danube before the Slavs approached the river in the 5th century. Vékony proposes that the Romanians adopted the river's Cuman name, \"Dunay\", when they reached the Danube during their northward expansion around 1100. In Schramm's view, the phonetic changes from \"\"s\"\" to \"\"ʃ\"\" in the names of five large rivers also contradict the continuity theory, because Latin did not contain the latter consonant, thus only non-Romanized natives could transmit it to the peoples who settled in the north-Danubian regions after the Romans abandoned them. Similarly, historian László Makkai says that the change from \"\"a\"\" to \"\"o\"\" shows that a Slavic-speaking population mediated the ancient names of three large rivers to modern populations (including Romanians), because this vowel shift is attested in the development of the Slavic languages, but is alien to Romanian and other tongues spoken along the rivers. Linguists (including some proponents of the continuity theory) also accept a Slavic mediation which is undeniable in specific cases.",
"title": "Origin of the Romanians"
},
{
"docid": "21209639#1",
"text": "The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. The Danube river basin is home to fish species such as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube delta and the lower portion of the river.",
"title": "Danube"
},
{
"docid": "190005#4",
"text": "The district is named after the Danube River (German \"Donau\") and the Swabian Alb (\"Schwäbische Alb\") mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.",
"title": "Alb-Donau-Kreis"
},
{
"docid": "504489#2",
"text": "It is named after the \"Place du Danube\", named after the Danube River. This street was renamed the \"Place de Rhin-et-Danube\" in 1952, adding a reference to the Rhine.",
"title": "Danube (Paris Métro)"
},
{
"docid": "121535#1",
"text": "Danube was laid out in 1899, and named after the Danube, a European river. A post office called Danube has been in operation since 1903.",
"title": "Danube, Minnesota"
},
{
"docid": "2232789#1",
"text": "The German word Aue (variant Au) means \"river island, wetland, floodplain, riparian woodland\", i.e. a cultivated landscape in a riparian zone. The words Aue and Au occur in a large number of German place names—including Donau, the German word for the Danube River—and refer to forests, meadows, and wetlands in river and stream lowlands and floodplains. The Danube-Auen National Park protects a large area of lowland forests, meadows, wetlands, and other riparian habitat along the Danube just downstream of Vienna.",
"title": "Danube-Auen National Park"
},
{
"docid": "4815260#3",
"text": "The name \"\"Donaukanal\"\" (\"Danube Canal\"), has been used since 1686, for the southern branch of the River Danube in Vienna. Originally a natural branch, during 1598–1600, it was regulated for the first time by Baron von Hoyos.",
"title": "Donaukanal"
},
{
"docid": "376633#1",
"text": "The name \"Dniester\" derives from Sarmatian \"dānu nazdya\" \"the close river.\" The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, \"the river on the far side\". Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev \"Dniester\" would be a blend of Scythian \"dānu\" \"river\" and Thracian \"Ister\", the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister). The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, \"Tyras\" (\"Τύρας\"), is from Scythian \"tūra\", meaning \"rapid.\" The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word \"*dānu\" \"river\". Classical authors have also referred to it as \"Danaster.\" These early forms, without -\"i\"- but with -\"a\"-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis. Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his \"History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\".",
"title": "Dniester"
},
{
"docid": "4875579#1",
"text": "It was named after the two large rivers which it connects – the Danube and the Tisa. There are several other names used for the canal in other languages: ; , etc.",
"title": "Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal"
}
] |
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] |
1504
|
What was Gene Hackman's first film?
|
[
{
"docid": "2476317#0",
"text": "French Connection II is a 1975 crime drama film starring Gene Hackman and directed by John Frankenheimer. It is a fictional sequel to the initially true story of the 1971 Academy Award winning picture \"The French Connection\". The film expands on the central character of Det. Jimmy \"Popeye\" Doyle who travels to Marseille, France where he is attempting to track down French drug-dealer Alain Charnier, who escaped at the end of the first film. Hackman won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the original \"The French Connection\" and he and Fernando Rey are the only returning cast members.",
"title": "French Connection II"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "39826036#11",
"text": "Gene Hackman's name did not appear on the film's release poster. Hackman joined the film late, when it was already well into production, because the producers had originally wanted to change the gender of the character and cast Meryl Streep, until author John Grisham objected and Hackman was eventually cast. Tom Cruise's deal with Paramount already stated that only his name could appear above the title. Hackman also wanted his name to appear above the credits, but when this was refused he asked for his name to be removed completely from the poster. Hackman's name does appear in the end credits.",
"title": "The Firm (1993 film)"
},
{
"docid": "12561#8",
"text": "He followed this with leading roles in the disaster film \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972) and Francis Ford Coppola's \"The Conversation\" (1974), which was nominated for several Oscars. That same year, Hackman appeared in what became one of his most famous comedic roles as The Blindman in \"Young Frankenstein\".",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"docid": "42148#7",
"text": "His first acting role was at the Pasadena Playhouse, alongside future Academy Award–winner Gene Hackman. After two years there, Hackman headed for New York City, with Hoffman soon following. Hoffman, Hackman, and Robert Duvall lived together in the 1960s, all three of them focused on finding acting jobs. Hackman remembers, \"The idea that any of us would do well in films simply didn't occur to us. We just wanted to work.\" During this period, Hoffman got occasional television bit parts, including commercials but, needing income, he briefly left acting to teach.",
"title": "Dustin Hoffman"
},
{
"docid": "12561#2",
"text": "His film roles during the 1990s featured: \"Unforgiven\" (1992); \"The Firm\" (1993); \"The Quick and the Dead\"; \"Crimson Tide\" (1995); \"Get Shorty\" (1995); \"The Birdcage\" (1996); and \"Enemy of the State\" (1998) Later roles included: \"Behind Enemy Lines\" (2001); and \"The Royal Tenenbaums\" (2001). Hackman's final film appearance to date was the romantic comedy film \"Welcome to Mooseport\" in 2004, co-starring comedian Ray Romano.",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"docid": "12561#16",
"text": "Hackman starred in the David Mamet crime film \"Heist\", as an aging professional thief of considerable skill who is forced into one final job and the comedy \"Heartbreakers\" alongside Sigourney Weaver, Ray Liotta and Jennifer Love Hewitt. He had a small part as Arnold Margolese in Gore Verbinski's \"The Mexican\". He also had a leading role as the head of an eccentric family in the ensemble cast film \"The Royal Tenenbaums\" and in yet another Grisham legal drama, \"Runaway Jury\", at long last getting to make a picture with his longtime friend Dustin Hoffman. Hackman's final film to date was \"Welcome to Mooseport\" (2004), a comedy with Ray Romano, when he portrayed a former President of the United States.",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"docid": "74375#1",
"text": "Gene Hackman stars as Norman Dale, a new coach with a spotty past. The film co-stars Barbara Hershey and Dennis Hopper, whose role as the basketball-loving town drunk earned him an Oscar nomination. Jerry Goldsmith was also nominated for an Academy Award for his score. In 2001, \"Hoosiers\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".",
"title": "Hoosiers (film)"
},
{
"docid": "12561#6",
"text": "Hackman got various bit roles, for example on the TV series \"Route 66\" in 1963, and began performing in several Off-Broadway plays. In 1964 he had an offer to co-star in the play \"Any Wednesday\" with actress Sandy Dennis. This opened the door to film work. His first role was in \"Lilith\", with Warren Beatty in the leading role. In 1967 he appeared in an episode of the television series \"The Invaders\" entitled \"The Spores\". Another supporting role, Buck Barrow in 1967's \"Bonnie and Clyde\", earned him an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor. In 1968 he appeared in an episode of \"I Spy\", in the role of \"Hunter\", in the episode \"Happy Birthday... Everybody\". In 1968 he starred in the \"CBS Playhouse\" episode \"My Father and My Mother\" and the dystopian television film \"Shadow on the Land\". In 1969 he played a ski coach in \"Downhill Racer\" and an astronaut in \"Marooned\". Also that year, he played a member of a barnstorming skydiving team that entertained mostly at county fairs, a movie which also inspired many to pursue skydiving and has a cult-like status amongst skydivers as a result: \"The Gypsy Moths\". He nearly accepted the role of Mike Brady for the TV series, \"The Brady Bunch\", but was advised by his agent to decline in exchange for a more promising role, which he did.",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"docid": "12561#1",
"text": "He first came to fame in 1967 with his performance as Buck Barrow in \"Bonnie and Clyde\", when he received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His major subsequent films include: \"I Never Sang for My Father\" (1970), when he received his second Best Supporting Actor nomination; \"The French Connection\" (1971) and \"French Connection II\" (1975), when he played Jimmy \"Popeye\" Doyle; \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972); \"The Conversation\" (1974); \"Superman: The Movie\" (1978), when he played arch-villain Lex Luthor; \"Hoosiers\" (1986); and \"Mississippi Burning\" (1988), when he received his second Best Actor nomination.",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
},
{
"docid": "12561#5",
"text": "In 1956 he began pursuing an acting career; he joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was there that he forged a friendship with another aspiring actor, Dustin Hoffman. Already seen as outsiders by their classmates, they were later voted \"The Least Likely To Succeed.\". Furthermore, Hackman got the all time lowest score at the Pasadena Playhouse at the time. Determined to prove them wrong, Hackman moved to New York City. A 2004 article in \"Vanity Fair\" described how Hackman, Hoffman and Robert Duvall were all struggling California born actors and close friends, sharing apartments in various two-person combinations while living in New York City in the 1960s. To support himself between acting jobs, he was working as a uniformed doorman at a Howard Johnson restaurant in New York when, as bad luck would have it, he ran into a despised Pasadena Playhouse instructor who once told him he was not good enough to be an actor. Reinforcing \"The Least Likely To Succeed\" vote, the man said to him, \"See, Hackman, I told you you wouldn't amount to anything.\" From then on, Hackman was determined to become the finest actor he possibly could. The three former roommates have since earned 19 Academy Award nominations for acting, with five wins.",
"title": "Gene Hackman"
}
] |
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1506
|
When did the Bathurst Showground become a heritage-listed site?
|
[
{
"docid": "57654609#68",
"text": "Bathurst Showground was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 September 2015 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57654609#0",
"text": "The Bathurst Showground is a heritage-listed showground at Kendall Avenue (Great Western Highway), Bathurst, Bathurst Region, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by James Hines, J. J. Copemen and Edward Gell and built from 1879. The property is owned by Bathurst Showground Trust and the New South Wales Department of Trade & Investment, Regional Infrastructure & Services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 September 2015.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#73",
"text": "The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as it demonstrates a continuity of historical activity, the site being used continually as a showground since 1878. This is one of the earliest sites that has been used continuously and has some of the earliest extant showground buildings.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#66",
"text": "The showground demonstrates a continuity of historical activity, the site being used continually as a showground since 1878. This is one of the earliest sites that has been used continuously and has some of the earliest extant showground buildings including the Howard Pavilion which was designed by Edward Gell and erected in 1879. Additionally, the showground is of high architectural merit with particular care being taken with the placement of buildings and the architectural styles in which they were built. This attention was extended to the landscape setting, thereby creating a landmark in the town of Bathurst and the region. The Bathurst showground along with Glen Innes, Singleton Showgrounds contains the most comprehensive array and aesthetically cohesive suite of showground buildings in NSW regional towns and is thus one of a small group of iconic or'ideal' country show grounds.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#79",
"text": "The Bathurst Showground is of state heritage significance one of a small numberof a showgrounds with a full complement of showground buildings demonstrating the breadth of activities associated with a regional show and the development of the show as the agricultural economy of the region developed.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#77",
"text": "The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as an outstanding example of an agricultural showground that has become an important focus for rural communities. The Bathurst Showground is a worthy representation of this rural establishment, having attracted people from a wide geographical area, including Sydney, Lithgow, Orange, Portland and further afield, thereby widening the significance of the showground. The show was a significant social event for many who took advantage of the cheap rail tickets to visit the show and it was recognised as \"a great occasion for those who live on the outskirts of the district, as it offers them an excuse for a days rest and a chance to meet old friends\".",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#16",
"text": "A show was held in 1918, and the 1919 show was in preparation, when the Government forbid large gatherings of people in an attempt to curb the influenza epidemic. Shows continued from 1920 until 1942, when the Defence Department applied to the Committee to use the Showgrounds as a training camp. Having learnt from their experience during World War One, the Committee set a strict agreement in place to allow the Army to occupy the site. The next show was not held until 1946.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#8",
"text": "The 1863 show was held at \"Alloway Bank\", the property of William Henry Suttor. By the following year land had been purchased at Raglan, 8 kilometres east of Bathurst, which was leased to a farmer to create some income. The show continued to be held in Raglan until 1868, when it was transferred to the Bathurst racecourse. The committee believed that the full potential of the show could not be realised at the Racecourse. (Sir) Francis Bathurst Suttor, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and son of William Henry Suttor, secured from the Government a land grant of 5.08 hectares (12.5 acres). The site had previously been cattle markets, established in around 1833.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#28",
"text": "This pavilion, though not the oldest structure at the Showground, is the largest single enclosed space. The building commenced its life in suburban Sydney in about 1886, when it was erected as a skating rink at the Ashfield Recreation Ground. However, by the end of that decade the management of the Ashfield Recreation Ground, a private company, was in financial trouble and the decision was taken to sell its buildings. The Association purchased the Pavilion and the Grandstand and re-erected both at the Bathurst Showground in time for the show of 1892. The Pavilion was also known as the Art Gallery. In 1895, following a disastrous storm in the previous year which damaged several showground buildings, the Pavilion was \"strengthened\", presumably by adding more wind bracing.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
},
{
"docid": "57654609#75",
"text": "The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as a showground of high architectural merit. Even from the earliest years of its development, care was taken with the placement of buildings and the architectural styles in which they were built. Prominent local architects were consulted or employed to design the majority of the buildings, including the Cattle Pens. This care was extended to the landscape setting, which architect Edward Gell was paid the significant sum of 50 pounds for his advice. The aesthetic effect of the careful planting of a range of exotic trees on the grounds is heightened its situation on the confluence of Vale Creek and the Macquarie River. The attention to design and layout of the showground has resulted in Bathurst showground being one of a small group of showgrounds in NSW containing a comprehensive array of aesthethcially coohesive showbuildings which remain intact and in use for show purposes. Its aesthetic values make it a landmark in the town of Bathurst and the wider region.",
"title": "Bathurst Showground"
}
] |
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] |
1507
|
Why does milk need to be pasteurized?
|
[
{
"docid": "575131#33",
"text": "Proponents of raw milk (in the U.S.) advance two basic arguments for unpasteurized milk. They state that pasteurization destroys or damages some of the milk's nutrients, and that while pasteurization may kill dangerous bacteria, it also kills off good bacteria that raw milk supporters have stated to have health benefits. The United States Food and Drug administration has stated that this is false, and that pasteurizing milk does not destroy any of its nutritive value.",
"title": "Raw milk"
},
{
"docid": "10341263#7",
"text": "Pasteurization is widely accepted to improve the safety of milk products by reducing the exposure to pathogens. Opponents of pasteurization argue that unpasteurized milk has benefits associated with superior taste, nutritional qualities and certain health benefits over pasteurized milk. While pasteurization of milk kills off bacterial pathogens, other bacteria species with possible health benefits are also destroyed. Pasteurization of cow's milk destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. A 2009 systematic review of the food safety of unpasteurized milk concluded that science-based data to substantiate claims of health benefits \"are lacking or do not exist\" and the risks associated with disease outbreaks as a result of raw milk consumption are \"considerably higher\".",
"title": "United States raw milk debate"
},
{
"docid": "23311#10",
"text": "Developed countries adopted milk pasteurization to prevent such disease and loss of life, and as a result milk is now considered a safer food. A traditional form of pasteurization by scalding and straining of cream to increase the keeping qualities of butter was practiced in Great Britain in the 18th century and was introduced to Boston in the British Colonies by 1773, although it was not widely practiced in the United States for the next 20 years. Pasteurization of milk was suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886. In the early 20th century, Milton Joseph Rosenau established the standards – i.e. low-temperature, slow heating at for 20 minutes – for the pasteurization of milk while at the United States Marine Hospital Service, notably in his publication of \"The Milk Question\" (1912). States in the U.S. soon began enacting mandatory dairy pasteurization laws, with the first in 1947, and in 1973 the U.S. federal government required pasteurization of milk used in any interstate commerce.",
"title": "Pasteurization"
},
{
"docid": "10341263#6",
"text": "Pasteurization is a sanitation process in which milk is heated briefly to a temperature high enough to kill pathogens, followed by rapid cooling. While different times and temperatures may be used by different processors, pasteurization is most commonly achieved with heating to 161 degrees Fahrenheit (71.7 degrees Celsius) for 15 seconds. Milk is tested following pasteurization to confirm that bacteria have been killed to an acceptable level. Pasteurization kills pathogenic bacteria which occasionally may be present in milk, including those causing tuberculosis (\"Mycobacterium bovis\"), listeriosis (\"Listeria monocytogenes\"), Q fever (\"Coxiella burnetii\"), brucellosis (\"Brucella\"), campylobacteriosis (\"Campylobacter\"), salmonellosis (\"Salmonella\"), and several other foodborne illnesses (e.g., ). Pasteurization may not kill some resistant bacteria, which can eventually cause souring and spoilage of fresh milk. UHT pasteurization (Ultra High Temperature) is a more extreme form of pasteurization heating milk to a temperature high enough to kill spoilage organisms also.",
"title": "United States raw milk debate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23311#28",
"text": "According to a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was found that pasteurization appeared to reduce concentrations of vitamins B12 and E, but it also increased concentrations of vitamin A. Apart from meta-analysis, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the effect of pasteurization on vitamins A, B12, and E based merely on consultation of the vast literature available. Milk is not an important source of vitamins B12 or E in the North American diet, so the effects of pasteurization on the adult daily intake of these vitamins is negligible. However, milk is considered an important source of vitamin A, and because pasteurization appears to increase vitamin A concentrations in milk, the effect of milk heat treatment on this vitamin is a not a major public health concern. Results of meta-analyses reveal that pasteurization of milk leads to a significant decrease in vitamin C and folate, but milk is also not an important source of these vitamins. A significant decrease in vitamin B2 concentrations was found after pasteurization. Vitamin B2 is typically found in bovine milk at concentrations of 1.83 mg/liter. Because the recommended daily intake for adults is 1.1 mg/day, milk consumption greatly contributes to the recommended daily intake of this vitamin. With the exception of B2, pasteurization does not appear to be a concern in diminishing the nutritive value of milk because milk is often not a primary source of these studied vitamins in the North American diet.",
"title": "Pasteurization"
},
{
"docid": "575131#32",
"text": "Many governmental officials and the majority of public health organizations hold to the need for pasteurization. Before pasteurization, many dairies, especially in cities, fed their cattle on low-quality food, and their milk was rife with dangerous bacteria. Pasteurizing it was the only way to make it safely drinkable. As pasteurization has been standard for many years, it is now widely assumed that raw milk is dangerous. The Cornell University Food Science Department has compiled data indicating that pathogenic microorganisms are present in between 0.87% and 12.6% of raw milk samples.",
"title": "Raw milk"
},
{
"docid": "34629436#4",
"text": "Deliveries of dairy products started at midnight. The dairy bought milk from local farmers and in order to deliver it the milk had to be tested, clarified, pasteurized and bottled. The two main reasons the milk was processed was to destroy human pathogens through pasteurization and to maintain product quality. Pasteurization was not required so not all dairies did it because of the added expense. The dairy needed to maintain strict cleanliness of the facility. Newens advertised, “Pasteurized Milk and Cream, Buttermilk and Cottage Cheese\" and \"You are invited to inspect our plant at any time. We pride ourselves on our cleanliness.”",
"title": "Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District"
},
{
"docid": "515468#10",
"text": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not maintain a standard of identity for \"pasteurized prepared cheese product,\" a designation which particularly appears on many Kraft products. Nor does the FDA maintain a standard of identity for \"pasteurized process cheese product\" (emphasis on the trailing \"Product\"), a designation which appears particularly on many American store- and generic-branded singles. Products labeled as such may use milk protein concentrate (MPC) in the formulation, an ingredient which does not appear in the above FDA definitions. The desire to use inexpensive imported milk protein concentrate is noted as motivation for the introduction of these and similar terms, and for the relabeling of some products. After an FDA Warning Letter protesting Kraft's use of MPC in late 2002, some varieties of Kraft Singles formerly labeled \"pasteurized process cheese food\" became \"pasteurized prepared cheese product,\" Velveeta was relabeled from \"pasteurized process cheese spread\" to \"pasteurized prepared cheese product,\" and Easy Cheese from \"pasteurized process cheese spread\" to \"pasteurized cheese snack.\"",
"title": "Processed cheese"
},
{
"docid": "19714#49",
"text": "Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk. In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap 99.9% of microorganisms in the milk (as compared to 99.999% killing of microorganisms in standard HTST pasteurization). The skimmed milk then is recombined with the pasteurized cream to reconstitute the original milk composition.",
"title": "Milk"
},
{
"docid": "4997719#7",
"text": "Milk banks require freezers and pasteurizers for processing milk. Most milk banks have two freezers, for unprocessed and processed milk. The HMBANA guidelines state that \"all milk should be heat treated for 30 minutes at 62.5 °C. Heat treatment of milk occurs at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (Holder pasteurizing)\" (Arnold, 1997, p. 243). At the end of pasteurization, another sample of milk is tested to make sure the treatment was effective. Colony counts should be zero and no bacterial growth should be detected (Arnold, 1997). Containers for pasteurizing must be able to withstand heating and cooling without breakage or leaking. Most containers are recyclable, usually glass or plastic.",
"title": "Human milk banking in North America"
}
] |
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] |
1508
|
When did the CMA awards originate?
|
[
{
"docid": "1666748#2",
"text": "The first CMA awards were presented at an untelevised ceremony at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium in 1967; the Entertainer of the Year award that night went to Eddy Arnold. The second annual CMA awards were presented in October 1968; NBC taped the ceremony and televised it a few weeks later. Since then, the awards have been televised live, usually in October or November, by NBC from 1969 through 1971, by CBS from 1972 through 2005, and by ABC beginning in 2006. Starting in 1968 they were held at Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (initially at Ryman Auditorium, and from 1974 through 2004 at the new Grand Ole Opry House).",
"title": "Country Music Association Awards"
},
{
"docid": "1666748#1",
"text": "The CMA Awards were first presented in 1967, and televised for the first time the following year. The 52nd annual ceremony was held on November 14, 2018 at the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee and broadcast by ABC.",
"title": "Country Music Association Awards"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "215851#0",
"text": "The Country Music Association (CMA) was founded in 1958 in Nashville, Tennessee. It originally consisted of 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre. The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers, consumers, and media; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry. However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall (usually October or November).",
"title": "Country Music Association"
},
{
"docid": "1053216#1",
"text": "CMA was started by Herb Shreve,\nan Arkansas pastor who purchased a motorcycle to close the generation gap with his rebellious son. As they rode together to biker events and rallies, it was apparent that the church had no outreach toward motorcyclists. At first, he prayed that others would take this mantle of ministry, but he accepted the task and began evangelizing alone at motorcycle rallies. In 1975, he resigned from his church to start CMA. \nThe organization grew to over 125,000 members and over 1200 chapters in all 50 states, and then gained chapters in 31 foreign countries, through the CMA International Ministry. René Changuion started CMA South Africa in 1980 and was the first country to be in the CMA International Coalition, now called CMA International. The UK organization was formed in 1983 when members of the Christian Bikers Association, established in the UK in 1979, approached the CMA in the USA and South Africa.",
"title": "Christian Motorcyclists Association"
},
{
"docid": "52886221#0",
"text": "The 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards, commonly known as CMA 50 or the 50th CMA Awards, were held on November 2, 2016 at the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville. The ceremony recognizes some of the best country music released during the eligibility period (between July 1, 2015 and July 20, 2016). It is the eleventh ceremony to be held at the Arena, the seventeenth to be held in November and the ninth night to be co-hosted by country stars Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood. The ceremony was directed by Paul Miller.",
"title": "50th Annual Country Music Association Awards"
},
{
"docid": "55097261#2",
"text": "Note: The winners are shown in Bold.\nThe CMA Special Recognition Award recipients were announced on 4 April 2017.\nA.Joined by Brooks & Dunn, Reba McEntire, Little Big Town, Thomas Rhett, Garth Brooks, Luke Bryan, Kelsea Ballerini, Tim McGraw and Faith HillThe 51st Annual CMA Awards received 14.29 million viewers, the highest ratings since 2014 (which received 16.1 million. Among adults 18-49, the show received a 3.2 rating, up from the 2.9 rating of the previous year.",
"title": "51st Annual Country Music Association Awards"
},
{
"docid": "34689015#2",
"text": "The \"Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale\", sometimes shortened to the CMAS, was created in 1956. This scale was closely modeled after the \"Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale\". It was developed so that the TMAS could be applied to a broader range of people, specifically children. Kitano tested the validity of the CMAS by comparing students who were placed in special education classes versus those placed in regular classrooms. Kitano proposed the idea that children who were in special education classes were more likely to have higher anxiety than those in regular classrooms. Using the CMAS, Kitano found boys tested in the special education classes had higher anxiety scores than their regular classroom counterparts. Hafner tested the reliability of the CMAS with the knowledge that the TMAS had a feminine bias. Hafner found that the CMAS did not have a female bias. He only found two questions that females always scored higher on than their male counterparts. As the test stands now, the suggestion is to compare the female and male participants separately. Castaneda found significant differences across different grade levels, indicating that as students develop they are affected differentially by various stressors.",
"title": "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale"
},
{
"docid": "36438026#10",
"text": "In 1958, Connie Gay helped found the Country Music Association and served as its first president. Gay called for a meeting in his hotel room with Wesley Rose, Hubert Long, and Dee Kilpatrick, to discuss the defunct Country Music Disc Jockey Association. The meeting culminated with plans to create a new association, that would cater to all aspects of country music, and the CMA was born. Gay also helped organize the Country Music Foundation, which operates the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. In 1963, the CMA instituted the Connie B. Gay Award as an honor of high prestige. Gay funded the award with his personal assets and established a trust, in his will, to ensure perpetual viability beyond his lifetime. Now called the Founding President's Award, recipients include Roy Acuff, Johnny Cash, Martina McBride, and Brad Paisley.",
"title": "Connie B. Gay"
},
{
"docid": "11691368#1",
"text": "CMA was founded on September 16, 1994 in West Hollywood, Californiaby Bill Coffee, a member of the 12 step recovery community in Los Angeles for over two decades at the time. The first group held its first meeting at the West Hollywood Alcohol and Drug Center, which Bill Coffee was on the board of directors. , CMA had a presence in over 100 metropolitan areas of the United States, as well as parts of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Iran. The first CMA World Service Conference was held in Park City, Utah in October 2008, during which the CMA Charter was adopted. The purpose of the conference is to bring together elected delegates from CMA groups from across the world to meet as guardians of the world services and of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of CMA, the same Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions followed by Alcoholics Anonymous. The conference does not act as a governing body of CMA, but rather as the service body for the organization.",
"title": "Crystal Meth Anonymous"
},
{
"docid": "50354262#3",
"text": "BQ Weekly Awards (Chinese: BQ红人榜) were created by a Beijing magazine \"BQ Weekly\" in 2006, honoring people in multiple fields.\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|2008\nThe China Music Awards (Chinese: 全球华语音乐榜中榜颁奖典礼), also known as CMA, is a Chinese music awards show, established by Channel [V] in 1994. Lee has won 11 times in music. The CMAs once expanded their categories into TV and movie fields during 2010-2012, and Lee was nominated once for her role in \"Bodyguards and Assassins\".\n!\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"4\"|2010\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"3\"|Chris Lee\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"3\"|Chris Lee\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|2012\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"4\"|2013\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|Cold Blade (Chinese: 刀锋偏冷)\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|2014\n!scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|Chris Lee",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Li Yuchun"
}
] |
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] |
1509
|
Who was Saint Pardarn?
|
[
{
"docid": "13054217#9",
"text": "The anonymous author tells us that Padarn's parents were nobly born Armoricans (Bretons), and that he sailed to Britain with 847 monks to settle and build a monastery. He established monasteries and churches throughout Ceredigion. The attempt of Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd, to ruin Padarn rebounds on him through a miracle, and he compensates Padarn with the gift of lands between the rivers Rheidol and Clarach. Saint Padarn is closely associated with Saint David and Saint Teilo in a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in which the three are honoured by the Patriarch. Padarn was given a tunic – which later featured in the best known legend associated with him – and a staff. Most likely this account is fabricated, as are much of the details of the lives of the early saints, from a variety of sources, real and imagined.",
"title": "St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3896487#0",
"text": "Saint Monan (\"fl.\" 6th-7th century) is a legendary saint about whom very little is known. He may have lived in the 6th to 7th centuries. The only description of his life comes from the \"Brevarium Aberdonense\", which was published in Edinburgh in 1509 - 1510. This account has numerous demonstrable errors, but it claims that St. Monan was a companion of Saint Adrian who was with him on the Isle of May when he suffered martyrdom and then went on to Inverey in Fife and set up a chapel. This chapel was rebuilt by David II of Scotland between 1329 and 1371 after he recovered from battle wounds thanks to the intercession of the saint. This place is the modern day St Monans in Fife, Scotland. The only other corroboration for the saint comes from the monks of Ireland who recorded a \"Saint Moenenn\" for the same feast day as Monan. This Moenenn was a bishop in Ireland.",
"title": "Monan (saint)"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "5174613#3",
"text": "At the end of the empire and during the Merovingian period several saints are counted among the Bishops of Lyon: Saint Justus (374-381) who died in a monastery in the Thebaid (Egypt) and was renowned for the orthodoxy of his doctrine in the struggle against Arianism (the church of the Maccabees, whither his body was brought, was as early as the 5th century a place of pilgrimage under the name of the collegiate church of Saint Justus), Saint Alpinus and Saint Martin (disciple of Saint Martin of Tours; end of 4th century); Saint Antiochus (400-410); Saint Elpidius (410-422); Saint Sicarius (422-33); Saint Eucherius (c. 433-50), a monk of Lérins and the author of homilies, from whom doubtless dates the foundation at Lyon of the \"hermitages\" of which more will be said below; Saint Patiens (456-98) who successfully combated the famine and Arianism, and whom Sidonius Apollinaris praised in a poem; Saint Lupicinus (491-94); Saint Rusticus (494-501); Saint Stephanus (d. before 515), who with Saint Avitus of Vienne convoked a council at Lyon for the conversion of the Arians; Saint Viventiolus (515-523), who in 517 presided with Saint Avitus at the Council of Epaone; Saint Lupus, a monk, afterwards bishop (535-42), probably the first archbishop, who when signing in 438 the Council of Orléans added the title of \"metropolitanus\"; Saint Sardot or Sacerdos (549-542), who presided in 549 at the Council of Orléans, and who obtained from King Childebert the foundation of the general hospital; Saint Nicetius or Nizier (552-73), who received from the pope the title of patriarch, and whose tomb was honoured by miracles. The prestige of Saint Nicetius was lasting; his successor Saint Priseus (573-588) bore the title of patriarch, and brought the council of 585 to decide that national synods should be convened every three years at the instance of the patriarch and of the king; Saint Ætherius (588-603), who was a correspondent of Saint Gregory the Great and who perhaps consecrated Saint Augustine, the Apostle of England; Saint Aredius (603-615); Saint Annemundus or Chamond (c. 650), friend of Saint Wilfrid, godfather of Clotaire III, put to death by Ebroin together with his brother, and patron of the town of Saint-Chamond, Loire; Saint Genesius or Genes (660-679 or 680), Benedictine abbot of Fontenelle, grand almoner and minister of Queen Bathilde; Saint Lambertus (c. 680-690), also abbot of Fontenelle.",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon"
},
{
"docid": "14046279#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O2 oxidoreductase (sulfite-forming). Other names in common use include 2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: iron, Ascorbate, and Fe2+.",
"title": "Taurine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "38550336#0",
"text": "𓈖 (U+13216, Gardiner N35) is the Egyptian \"water ripple\" hieroglyph. See:",
"title": "𓈖"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "79616#0",
"text": "Pindar (; \"Pindaros\", ; ; c. 522 – c. 443 BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, \"Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as Horace rightly held, make him inimitable.\" His poems can also, however, seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis once remarked that they \"are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning\". Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least until the 1896 discovery of some poems by his rival Bacchylides; comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of only the poet himself. His poetry, while admired by critics, still challenges the casual reader and his work is largely unread among the general public.",
"title": "Pindar"
},
{
"docid": "12532379#2",
"text": "Paternian was born at Fano around 275 AD. An angel told him in a vision to escape this city and hide out in a deserted place near the Metauro River. He became a hermit and the abbot of a monastery. Later, when the persecution of Christians stopped, the citizens of Fano demanded that he become their bishop. Paternian governed the city for many years. He died on November 13, around 360 AD. Miracles were reported at his tomb and his cult spread rapidly.",
"title": "Saint Paternian"
}
] |
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] |
1510
|
When was Studio Ghibli founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "27314675#0",
"text": "Studio Ghibli is a Japanese animation film studio founded in 1985. In addition to producing 18 feature films, the studio has produced several short films, including commercials, films for the Ghibli Museum, music videos, and works released directly to video.",
"title": "Short films by Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "52487868#2",
"text": "These works were not created by Studio Ghibli, but were produced by a variety of studios and people who went on to form or join Studio Ghibli. This includes members of Topcraft that went on to create Studio Ghibli in 1985; works produced by Toei Animation, TMS Entertainment, Nippon Animation or other studios and featuring involvement by Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata or other Ghibli staffers. The list also includes works created in cooperation with Studio Ghibli.",
"title": "List of Studio Ghibli works"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "148415#11",
"text": "Between 1999 and 2005, Studio Ghibli was a subsidiary brand of Tokuma Shoten, however, that partnership ended on April 2005 when Studio Ghibli was spun off from Tokuma Shoten, and was re-established as an independent company with relocated headquarters.",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "148415#4",
"text": "The studio was founded after the success of the 1984 film \"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind\", written and directed by Miyazaki for Topcraft and distributed by Toei Company. The origins of the film lie in the first two volumes of a serialized manga written by Miyazaki for publication in \"Animage\" as a way of generating interest in an anime version. Suzuki was part of the production team on the film and founded Studio Ghibli with Miyazaki, who also invited Takahata to join the new studio.",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "148415#9",
"text": "In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo. It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere.",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "148415#18",
"text": "On August 3, 2014, Toshio Suzuki announced that Studio Ghibli would take a \"brief pause\" to re-evaluate and restructure in the wake of Miyazaki's retirement. He stated some concerns about where the company would go in the future. This has led to speculation that Studio Ghibli will never produce another feature film again. On November 7, 2014, Miyazaki stated, \"That was not my intention, though. All I did was announce that I would be retiring and not making any more features.\" Lead producer Yoshiaki Nishimura among several other staffers from Ghibli, such as director Hiromasa Yonebayashi, left to found Studio Ponoc in April 2015, working on the film \"Mary and the Witch's Flower\".",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "3474423#5",
"text": "On August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership in which Buena Vista Pictures would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films. Since then, all three afore-mentioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline have been re-dubbed by Disney. On June 1, 1997, Tokuma Shoten Publishing consolidated its media operations by merging Studio Ghibli, Tokuma Shoten Intermedia software and Tokuma International under one location. On February 1999, the 30th anniversary commemorative prize issue novel, was held at the 19th Japan SF award, with a presentation award ceremony of a short novel labelled as Tokuma literary award. On July 2001, \"Spirited Away\" was released. It would go on to break numerous records and became the most successful film during that era in Japanese history, grossing over $289,000,000 worldwide. On November 2004, \"Howl's Moving Castle\" was released. Along with the movie, the original book of the same name was a success. Between 1999 and 2005, Studio Ghibli was a subsidiary brand of Tokuma Shoten, however, that partnership ended on April 2005, when Studio Ghibli was spun off from Tokuma Shoten and was re-established as an independent company with a relocated headquarters.",
"title": "Tokuma Shoten"
},
{
"docid": "148415#6",
"text": "In August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership in which Buena Vista Pictures would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films. Since then, all three afore-mentioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline Pictures have been re-dubbed by Disney. On June 1, 1997, Tokuma Shoten Publishing consolidated its media operations by merging Studio Ghibli, Tokuma Shoten Intermedia software and Tokuma International under one location.",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
},
{
"docid": "34519626#4",
"text": "In September 2011, GKIDS announced the acquisition of the North American theatrical distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli library, that were previously held by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, however, retained the home media distribution rights. GKIDS has since also managed the North American distribution of three new Studio Ghibli films, \"From Up on Poppy Hill\" in 2013\", The Tale of the Princess Kaguya\" in 2014, and \"When Marnie Was There\" in 2015 as well as the first-time North American releases of \"Only Yesterday\" and \"Ocean Waves\" in 2016. On July 17, 2017, it was announced that the North American home media rights to the Ghibli library (with the exception of \"Grave of the Fireflies\" and \"The Wind Rises\") had transitioned from Disney to GKIDS, with the distributor announcing plans to begin re-issuing the films beginning in October. Unlike most of GKIDS' material on home media, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment or Cinedigm isn't distributing the Ghibli re-releases, Shout! Factory is instead handling the distribution.",
"title": "GKIDS"
},
{
"docid": "148415#1",
"text": "On 3 August 2014, Studio Ghibli temporarily halted production following the retirement of director Hayao Miyazaki, who co-founded the studio with the late Isao Takahata. In February 2017, Toshio Suzuki announced that Miyazaki had come out of retirement again to direct a new feature film, \"How Do You Live?\", with Studio Ghibli.",
"title": "Studio Ghibli"
}
] |
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] |
1512
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What countries have Swahili as an official language?
|
[
{
"docid": "28450#1",
"text": "The exact number of Swahili speakers, be it native or second-language speakers, is unknown and a matter of debate. Various estimates have been put forward and they vary widely, from 50 million to over 100 million. Swahili serves as a national language of four nations: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and the DRC. Shikomor, the official language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte (), is related to Swahili. Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and officially recognised as a lingua franca of the East African Community. South Africa legalized the teaching of Swahili in South African schools as an optional subject beginning in 2020.",
"title": "Swahili language"
},
{
"docid": "30121#3",
"text": "Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan. Swahili and English are Tanzania's official languages. Swahili belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Sandawe people speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadzabe people, although it has similar click consonants, is arguably a language isolate. The language of the Iraqw people is Cushitic. Other languages are Indian languages and Portuguese (spoken by Goans and Mozambicans).",
"title": "Demographics of Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "44969601#4",
"text": "Today both countries enjoy healthy relations. Both countries are inhabited by the world's largest Swahili speaking populations, Swahili is the official and national language in both countries. Kenya and Tanzania share a lot of cultural similarities.",
"title": "Kenya–Tanzania relations"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30118#5",
"text": "Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. The country does not have a \"de jure\" official language, although the national language is Swahili. Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education, although the Tanzanian government is planning to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether. Approximately 10 percent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 percent speak it as a second language.",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "31816#108",
"text": "Swahili, a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was approved as the country's second official national language in 2005. English was the only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005. Although Swahili has not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of the south and south-west of the country, it is an important \"lingua franca\" in the northern regions. It is also widely used in the police and military forces, which may be a historical result of the disproportionate recruitment of northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. The status of Swahili has thus alternated with the political group in power. For example, Idi Amin, who came from the north-west, declared Swahili to be the national language.",
"title": "Uganda"
},
{
"docid": "1458526#33",
"text": "While English and Swahili are official languages, Swahili also has a special status as national language. None of the country's biggest languages (Gikuyu, Luo, Kamba, Kalenjin, etc.) have any explicit legal status on the national level, however the 2010 constitution enjoins the state to \"promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya.\"",
"title": "National language"
},
{
"docid": "28450#8",
"text": "Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries (Tanzania, Kenya, and the DRC) where it is an official or national language. In 1985, with the 8-4-4 system of education, Swahili was made a compulsory subject in all Kenyan schools. Swahili and closely related languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people in Burundi, Comoros, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, Zambia and Rwanda. The language was still understood in the southern ports of the Red Sea in the 20th century.",
"title": "Swahili language"
},
{
"docid": "76762#127",
"text": "Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, but only four have the status of national languages: Kituba (\"Kikongo ya leta\"), Lingala, Tshiluba, and Swahili. Although some people speak these regional, or trade languages as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language after their own tribal language. Lingala was the official language of the colonial army, the \"Force Publique\", under Belgian colonial rule, and remains to this day the predominant language in the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the East also uses Swahili where it is prevalent.",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"docid": "32936617#0",
"text": "Tanzania is a multilingual country. There are many languages spoken in the country, but no one language is spoken natively by a majority or a large plurality of the population. The Bantu Swahili language and English, the latter of which was inherited from colonial rule (\"see Tanganyika Territory\"), are widely spoken as lingua francas. They serve as working languages in the country, with Swahili being the official national language. There are more speakers of Swahili than of English in Tanzania.",
"title": "Languages of Tanzania"
},
{
"docid": "35706737#0",
"text": "The official languages of the Comoros are Comorian, French and Arabic. Comorian (or \"Shikomoro\") is a Bantu language closely related to Swahili. It is by far the most spoken language in the country, 96.9%. However, Comorian is confined almost exclusively for oral use. Before and during the colonial period, no official recognition was granted at all to Comorian. Before the French colonisation, Arabic and Swahili were the languages used by the political powers (the sultans) and by education. Arabic was the language of religion, and a language of commerce. As a result of colonisation, administration and education are now in French. The Comoros is a full member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie and of the Arab League.",
"title": "Languages of the Comoros"
}
] |
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] |
1513
|
Where is the Vatican?
|
[
{
"docid": "16285880#1",
"text": "Vatican City – an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state, being the sovereign territory of the Holy See and ruled by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The territory of this landlocked sovereign city-state consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately , and a population of just over 800. This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.Geography of Vatican CityVatican City is an enclave in an urban area, and lacks the geographic features common to (much larger) countries:Demographics of Vatican City",
"title": "Outline of Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "32408#77",
"text": "Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is long and wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "7532678#3",
"text": "The Vatican was built during the year 326 A.D. As the population and housing grew, the first palace was built during the 5th century under the reign of Pope Symmachus (498–514). Under the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States grew to include a large portion of central Italy. But since the unification of Italy in the mid-19th century, Vatican City is the only papal state that has survived. As of 1929, because of the Lateran Treaty, the Vatican is recognized as its own independent state, the smallest in the world in population and land size, with a population of just over 800 people in July 2011. The Pope is not only the head of the Catholic religion but also head of state for Vatican City. Since the Vatican is located in Italy, the main language of the Vatican state (or Vatican City) is Italian.",
"title": "Tourism in Vatican City"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25458#58",
"text": "The territory of Vatican City is part of the \"Mons Vaticanus\" (Vatican Hill), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber, the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III/Pius IV/Urban VIII.",
"title": "Rome"
},
{
"docid": "12579258#0",
"text": "The Vatican Climate Forest, to be located in the Bükk National Park, Hungary, was donated to the Vatican City by a carbon offsetting company. The forest is to be sized to offset the carbon emissions generated by the Vatican during 2007. The Vatican's acceptance of the offer, at a ceremony on July 5, 2007, was reported as being \"purely symbolic\", and a way to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet. No trees have been planted under the project and the carbon offsets have not materialised.",
"title": "Vatican Climate Forest"
},
{
"docid": "32419#2",
"text": "Vatican City sits on a low hill. The hill has been called the Vatican Hill (in Latin, \"Mons Vaticanus\") since long before Christianity existed. An Etruscan settlement, possibly called \"Vatica\" or \"Vaticum\", may have existed in the area generally known by the ancient Romans as \"Vatican territory\" \"(vaticanus ager\"), but if so no archaeological trace of it has been discovered.",
"title": "Geography of Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "11715434#11",
"text": "The Vatican City railway station (in Italian, \"Stazione Città del Vaticano\" or \"Stazione Vaticana\") is the only railway station of the Vatican Railway. It was built approximately from the Entrance Gateway by architect Giuseppe Momo. Construction began on 3 April 1929, and the station began operation in 1933. Its simple white, Italian marble design was described by writer H. V. Morton as \"more like a branch of the Barclay Bank in London.\" The station building is composed of white marble, and its dimensions are . The central body is tall and the lateral ones tall. Part of the station building continues in use as passenger station and goods (rail freight) office, whilst part now houses the Vatican numismatic and philatelic museum. The railway station also houses the small Vatican tax-free department store, a private facility open only to Vatican subjects and diplomats.",
"title": "Rail transport in Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "5812236#1",
"text": "The Vatican Climate Forest was to be located within the Park. KlimaFa (\"Climate Trees\") was started by a San Francisco promoter, Russ George, who promised a carbon offsetting project, intended to offset the Vatican's carbon dioxide emissions. However, no trees have been planted. In an interview with the Christian Science Monitor, Lajos Kiss, mayor of the village of Tiszakeszi pointed out an empty area along the Tisza River where the trees were supposed to be planted. The Monitor also said the Vatican was considering \"legal action in order to defend the Vatican’s reputation.\"",
"title": "Bükk National Park"
},
{
"docid": "32408#61",
"text": "Almost all of Vatican City's more than 450 citizens either live inside the Vatican's walls or serve in the Holy See's diplomatic service in embassies (called \"nunciature\"; a papal ambassador is a \"nuncio\") around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups: clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the city's citizens and places of worship are Catholic.",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"docid": "25917536#8",
"text": "The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the enclave of the Holy See, which is a separate sovereign state. It hosts Saint Peter's Square with the Saint Peter's Basilica. The open space before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as a forecourt, designed \"so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace\" (Norwich 1975 p 175). In Vatican City there are also the Vatican Library, Vatican Museums with the Sistine Chapel, the Raphael Rooms and other important works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Giotto, and Botticelli. Vatican City is an independent country situated inside Rome.",
"title": "Culture of Rome, Italy"
}
] |
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] |
1515
|
Who won the case of Vallejos and Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration?
|
[
{
"docid": "33303136#8",
"text": "Throughout the rest of October and November, Lam heard arguments and delivered judgments in two further FDH residence cases, namely \"Irene R. Domingo and Daniel L. Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration\" (HCAL 127 and 128/2010) and \"Josephine B. Gutierrez and Joseph James Gutierrez v. Commissioner of Registration\" (HCAL 136 and 137/2010). Among those applicants, only Daniel Domingo was found to have satisfied the \"ordinary residence\" requirement entitling him to apply for permanent residence; Lam found that Domingo's wife Irene's period of ordinary residence was interrupted by a period of overstay in which she remained in Hong Kong without the authority of the Director of Immigration. He separately ruled that Josephine Gutierrez had not taken positive steps to establish Hong Kong as her only place of permanent residence, meaning that she and her son Joseph James were not entitled to apply for permanent residence either.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#1",
"text": "On 30 September 2011, Justice Johnson Lam of the Court of First Instance of the High Court (CFI) ruled in Vallejos' case that existing legislation restricting FDHs from qualifying for permanent residence contravened the Hong Kong Basic Law. Lam also found that Vallejos and Domingo, but not the three other applicants, had fulfilled the condition of taking Hong Kong as their only permanent home and being ordinarily resident in Hong Kong for seven years. The Court of Appeal of the High Court overturned the CFI's decision on Vallejos' case on 28 March 2012. Vallejos and Domingo then jointly appealed to the Court of Final Appeal (CFA), which heard their case on 26–28 February 2013; the CFA rejected their appeal on 25 March 2013.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#17",
"text": "Vallejos and Daniel Domingo appealed their cases to the Court of Final Appeal, and were respectively assigned the case numbers FACV 19 and 20/2012. They would be represented before the CFA by Michael Fordham; David Pannick continued to represent the Government. Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma rejected a further application for joinder by eight-year-old Liang Wing-ki, the Hong Kong-born daughter of mainland parents, whose next friend, mother Li Yinxian, filed suit on her behalf. Philip Dykes, for the applicant, argued that because Vallejos and Domingo's case would touch on issues of interpretation of the Basic Law under Article 158, Liang's interests would also be affected. In rejecting Liang's application, Ma stated: \"We feel that the points you seem to argue are adequately covered and will be adequately covered\". Liang and other Hong Kong-born children like her were ruled to be entitled to the right of abode in Hong Kong in the 2001 case \"Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen\".",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33303136#0",
"text": "Vallejos and Domingo v. Commissioner of Registration was a court case against the government of Hong Kong by two foreign domestic helpers (FDHs) seeking permanent residence and the right of abode in Hong Kong. Because of its subject matter it was commonly referred to in the media as the FDHs' right of abode case (外傭居港權案). Evangeline Vallejos and Daniel Domingo were two of five applicants who in various groups filed three right of abode lawsuits in 2010; the ruling in Vallejos' case was expected to be a precedent for the other two.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#3",
"text": "Vallejos turned out to be one of five Philippine nationals who would file applications for judicial review. The others were applying jointly in groups of two. Daniel Domingo (the second applicant in the CFA case) and his wife Irene Raboy Domingo had been working in Hong Kong since the 1980s as FDHs, met, married, and bore three children there. They had applied for verification in April 2006, and had been granted unconditional stay but not permanent residence in November 2007. Josephine Gutierrez came to Hong Kong in 1991, where her son Joseph James Gutierrez was born in 1996; both applied for verification in December 2006. Vallejos' court date was set for 22 August, while the others were scheduled for October. Vallejos stated that she hoped to retire in Hong Kong.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#6",
"text": "The hearing on Vallejos' case began on 22 August 2011, and stretched out until the 24th. David Pannick represented the respondent, the Commissioner of Registration. During the hearing, the courtroom was packed to overflowing with lawyers, journalists, and other members of the public, who took up not just the seats in the public gallery, but also those for defendants and jury members (the latter being unoccupied as the case at hand was not a jury trial but a judicial review). Another hundred people watched the proceedings on a large-screen television in the lobby, while protestors both supporting and opposing Vallejos' case faced off outside the building without incident.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#26",
"text": "In 2013, after the Court of Final Appeal had finished hearing the case, Rao Geping (饒戈平) of Peking University Law School, who had earlier served as a mainland representative on the Basic Law Committee, stated that it should not be necessary for the Hong Kong government to seek another interpretation of the Basic Law either regarding Vallejos' case or the earlier \"Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen\" (which gave Hong Kong permanent residence to Hong Kong-born children of non-Hong Kong resident mainland parents). In Rao's opinion the NPCSC had already clearly explained Article 24 of the Basic Law in its 1999 interpretation in the aftermath of \"Ng Ka Ling v. Director of Immigration\", and in particular had established that the Hong Kong government had the right to use the Immigration Ordinance to control who gained the right of abode in Hong Kong.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#2",
"text": "The first applicant in the CFA case, Evangeline Banao Vallejos, is a native of the Philippines, where she was previously a businesswoman. She came to Hong Kong in 1986 as an FDH, while the territory was still a British colony. During her first year in Hong Kong, she switched employers, but afterwards continued to work for the family of Barry Ong for more than two decades. She performed volunteer work and became active in a church. She approached the Immigration Department for verification of eligibility for permanent residence in April 2008. In November that year, the Immigration Department informed her that her application was not successful; she was not considered to be \"ordinarily resident\" in Hong Kong by reason of Immigration Ordinance Article 2(4)(a)(vi). The following month, she approached the Registration of Persons Office to apply for a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card, for which she was also rejected. She appealed to the Registration of Persons Tribunal, which in June 2009 ruled against her. At that point, Vallejos applied to the Legal Aid Department for help; local law firm Barnes and Daly, as well as barrister Gladys Li, agreed to assist Vallejos in applying for judicial review to rule on whether the relevant provision of the Immigration Ordinance complied with the Basic Law. The case came to mainstream media attention in December 2010.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#20",
"text": "Civic Party chairman Alan Leong questioned the assumption that maids could qualify for permanent residence even if Vallejos won her case, noting that the Immigration Department required applicants for permanent residence to sign a declaration that, among other things, they had \"sufficient means of income to support myself and my family in Hong Kong without assistance\"; he suggested that the Immigration Department would be unwilling to accept such declarations from FDHs with a typical monthly income of little more than HK$3,000. Leong went on to accuse the Liberal Party of misleading the public on the issue. An unnamed Immigration Department employee interviewed by \"Sing Tao Daily\", in response to Leong's comments, noted that low income was not necessarily a barrier to becoming a permanent resident, and that applications from other low-income persons such as foreign students were commonly approved.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
},
{
"docid": "33303136#7",
"text": "Justice Johnson Lam Man-hon of the CFI had been expected to rule on the case on 29 September 2011. However, the Hong Kong Observatory raised tropical cyclone warning signal No. 8 due to the approach of Typhoon Nesat early that morning, meaning that government offices closed for the day. The next morning, the weather had returned to normal, and Lam announced his ruling that the relevant provision of the Immigration Ordinance was inconsistent with the Basic Law. Vallejos herself did not attend court that day, as she was at work.",
"title": "Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration"
}
] |
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] |
1518
|
When was the first 24 Hours of Le Mans?
|
[
{
"docid": "12770641#0",
"text": "The Le Mans Classic is a biennial vintage sports car event held on the grounds of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, create by Peter Auto and Richard Mille, and associated with Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). It began in 2002 and runs every two years in July on the full 13.65 km circuit also used for the annual modern day 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Le Mans Classic event of 2002 was the first time since 1923 that the full 24-hour Circuit, part of which is public road the rest of the year, was closed specifically for an event other than the annual running of the \"24 heures du Mans\" with contemporary sportcars and prototypes, thus allowing car owners and gentleman drivers to experience what it must have been to race these cars on this circuit.",
"title": "Le Mans Classic"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4894735#0",
"text": "The 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 34th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 18 and 19 June 1966. It was also the seventh round of the 1966 World Sportscar Championship season. This was the first overall win at Le Mans for the Ford GT40 as well as the first overall win for an American constructor. It was also the debut Le Mans start for two significant drivers: Henri Pescarolo, who went on to set the record for the most starts at Le Mans; and Jacky Ickx, whose record of six Le Mans victories stood until beaten by Tom Kristensen in 2005.",
"title": "1966 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "5041899#0",
"text": "The 1958 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 26th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 21 and 22 June 1958, on the Circuit de la Sarthe. It was also the fifth round of the 1958 World Sports Car Championship, which was running to new regulations introduced at the beginning of the season. Some 150,000 spectators had gathered for Europe's classic sports car race, around the 8.38-mile course. The prospect of an exciting duel between Ferrari, Jaguar, Aston Martin and giantkiller Porsche was enough to draw large crowds to the 24 Hours race.\nThe race was dominated by fifteen hours of rain, three of which were torrential, marking a bad summer solstice. There were thirteen accidents, one killing gentleman-driver Jean-Marie Brussin. It marked the first ever overall win for an American and a Belgian driver and was the third win for the Scuderia Ferrari. The works Testarossas took over the lead in the third hour when, this year, it was the British challenge that ran out of steam. After their 1957 rout, the Italians took their revenge as Osca also won the Index of Performance.",
"title": "1958 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "5057400#0",
"text": "The 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 25th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 22 and 23 June 1957, on the Circuit de la Sarthe. It was also the fifth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. Some 250,000 spectators had gathered for Europe's classic sports car race, around an 8.38-mile course. The prospect of an exciting duel between Ferrari, Maserati, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Porsche was enough to draw large crowds to the 24 Hours race, now back at its usual date and reintegrated into the World Championship.\nNever before had a single nation swept the board so completely as Britain did in 1957. The great success of the Jaguars in taking the first four and sixth places became all the more significant when it is considered that all of the cars were privately entered (albeit with some factory support), and matched against the works entries of some of the greatest sport car manufacturers.",
"title": "1957 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "23218695#0",
"text": "The 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans (\"24 Heures du Mans 2011\") was the 79th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 11–12 June 2011 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France, and organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). It was the third round of the 2011 Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, and was part of a World Championship or International Cup for the first time since 1992, when it was part of the World Sportscar Championship. The race was attended by 249,500 spectators.",
"title": "2011 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "4301410#0",
"text": "The 1996 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 64th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 15 and 16 June 1996. It was won by a Tom Walkinshaw-Porsche prototype run by Joest Racing with drivers Davy Jones, Manuel Reuter and Le Mans rookie Alexander Wurz completing 354 laps. While not being the fastest car on track, it hit the front in the first hour and aside from several pit-stop overlaps, was never headed as other teams hit mechanical troubles during the race. This was Reuter's second Le Mans victory, and the first for Jones (after finishing as runner-up in 1991 with Jaguar) and Wurz, who, at 22 years old, became the youngest ever Le Mans overall winner.",
"title": "1996 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "5501912#0",
"text": "The 1926 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 4th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 12 and 13 June 1926. It was the first Le Mans race where the winner's average speed was over , and also the first to break the 24-hour distance record set by Selwyn Edge at Brooklands in 1907.",
"title": "1926 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "5149894#0",
"text": "The 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 17th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 25 and 26 June 1949. Luigi Chinetti won the race for a third time in the first Ferrari barchetta by driving 22.5 hours. This race also saw the death of British driver Pierre Maréchal when his Aston Martin DB2 was involved in an accident between Arnage and Maison Blanche around 1:00 a.m. Marechal had attempted to pass another car there and he hit an embankment and the hapless Briton was crushed by the overturning car.",
"title": "1949 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "4315129#0",
"text": "The 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 63rd Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 17 and 18 June 1995 in one of the wettest races in the event's history with about 17 hours of steady rain.\nThe race was won by the #59 McLaren F1 GTR driven by JJ Lehto, Yannick Dalmas and Masanori Sekiya entered in the GT1 category. This was the first Le Mans win for a driver from Finland and for a driver from Japan. It was also McLaren's first win, at its first attempt. Such was the marque's dominance that its cars filled four of the first five places - Ferrari did it with its two cars in 1949, but other manufacturers like Jaguar, Porsche, Ford or Audi achieved their Le Mans fame only after 2, 3 or more years attempting their first win.",
"title": "1995 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "4690663#2",
"text": "These, however, put it out of step with the CSI (Commission Sportive Internationale - the FIA’s regulations body) and the FIA therefore removed the Le Mans 24 Hours from the World Championship calendar. This had happened before when the FIA had excluded Le Mans in 1956 because of their stricter safety requirements. It can also be pointed out that Le Mans races prior to 1960 had run to refuelling restrictions. For its part, the CSI had postponed the introduction of its new Group 5 “silhouette” rules until 1976.",
"title": "1975 24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "1401596#0",
"text": "The 24 Hours of Le Mans () is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since near the town of Le Mans, France. It is considered one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world and has been called the \"Grand Prix of Endurance and Efficiency\". The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport; other events being the Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix.",
"title": "24 Hours of Le Mans"
},
{
"docid": "1401596#12",
"text": "The race has also spent long periods as a round of the World Sportscar Championship, although Le Mans has always had a stronger reputation than the World Championship, and is a round of the FIA World Endurance Championship. The race is also known as a leg of the informal Triple Crown of Motorsport which links Formula One, IndyCar, and sports car racing to represent a career achievement for drivers. Additionally, it is seen as a leg of the Triple Crown of endurance racing, which links the three largest sports car races together, with 12 Hours of Sebring and 24 Hours of Daytona forming the other legs. Since 1998, the American Le Mans Series (Now the [IMSA]] Weathertech Sports Car Championship) holds an endurance race, along with the 12 hours of Sebring, every year called \"Petit Le Mans\", as a 10-hour American version. In 2014, the Weathertech Sports Car Championship (a merger of the races at Sebring; Petit Le Mans in Braselton, Georgia; the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen in Watkins Glen, New York; and the Rolex Sports Car Series' 24 Hours of Daytona) held all four major American endurance classics in preparation for teams to race at Le Mans.",
"title": "24 Hours of Le Mans"
}
] |
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] |
1519
|
Who wrote the Blackadder theme song?
|
[
{
"docid": "438518#22",
"text": "The theme melody was a variation on the \"Blackadder\" theme by Howard Goodall over opening title images of Blackadder and George parading their men past Melchett and Darling, while Baldrick plays the triangle. The title music starts with the opening bars of \"The British Grenadiers\" before segueing into the familiar \"Blackadder\" theme. In the closing credits, the full \"Blackadder\" theme plays over visuals of armed men marching on a parade ground. The sequences were filmed and recorded on location at the former Colchester Cavalry Barracks, with the production using fifty members of the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Anglian Regiment to represent Blackadder's men, attired in reproduction First World War uniforms, with the battalion's band providing the music.",
"title": "Blackadder Goes Forth"
},
{
"docid": "438548#4",
"text": "The opening sequence features various depictions and photographs of historical scenes, edited to contain a Blackadder, accompanied by a full orchestral version of the Howard Goodall's \"Blackadder\" theme. The closing theme is a reprisal of the heroic version of the first series, with new lyrics sung by Giles Underwood; the lyrics appear onscreen with Blackadder's head as a bouncing ball.",
"title": "Blackadder: Back & Forth"
},
{
"docid": "4326#31",
"text": "Howard Goodall's theme tune has the same melody throughout all the series, but is played in roughly the style of the period in which it is set. It is performed mostly with trumpets and timpani in \"The Black Adder\", the fanfares used suggesting typical medieval court fanfares; with a combination of recorder, string quartet and electric guitar in \"Blackadder II\"; on oboe, cello and harpsichord (in the style of a minuet) for \"Blackadder the Third\"; by The Band of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment in \"Blackadder Goes Forth\"; sung by carol singers in \"Blackadder's Christmas Carol\"; and by an orchestra in \"Blackadder: The Cavalier Years\" and \"Blackadder: Back & Forth\".",
"title": "Blackadder"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "438527#12",
"text": "The closing titles use a different arrangement of the theme, sung by countertenor Jeremy Jackman, with lyrics (usually insulting Blackadder) that reflect the events of the preceding episode. The song is played over a shot of Blackadder strolling through a formal garden and being annoyed by the lute-wielding minstrel (Tony Aitken). This sequence was incorporated as a separate subplot, with Blackadder constantly attempting to apprehend the musician each time with limited success. At the end of the final episode, Blackadder catches the minstrel and repeatedly dunks him in a fountain.",
"title": "Blackadder II"
},
{
"docid": "4326#2",
"text": "Although each series is set in a different era, all follow the misfortunes of Edmund Blackadder (played by Atkinson), who in each is a member of a British family dynasty present at many significant periods and places in British history. It is implied in each series that the Blackadder character is a descendant of the previous one (the end theme lyrics of series 2, episode \"Head\", specify that he is the great-grandson of the previous), although it is never specified how or when any of the Blackadders (who are usually bachelors) managed to father children.",
"title": "Blackadder"
},
{
"docid": "438533#9",
"text": "The opening theme is this time a minuet played on a harpsichord, oboe and cello over close-ups of Blackadder searching a bookcase. The credits and title appear on the books' spines, and each has a condition and script to match each character, for example Baldrick's is plain and in poor condition. Other amusing interspersed titles include \"From Black Death to Blackadder\", \"The Blackobite Rebellion of 1745\", \"The Encyclopædia Blackaddica\" and \"Landscape Gardening\" by Capability Brownadder. Hidden inside a hollow book, he finds a romance novel (complete with cover art) bearing the title of the particular episode. The closing credits are presented in the style of a theatre programme from a Regency-era play, and with an accordion closing theme that samples the melody of the original theme.",
"title": "Blackadder the Third"
},
{
"docid": "1306783#42",
"text": "In 1989, the Band and fifty members of the old 3rd Battalion were featured in the opening and closing sequences of BBC historical sitcom \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" with the band, men and actors Rowan Atkinson, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, Tony Robinson and Tim McInnerny dressed in World War I period uniforms marching to \"The British Grenadiers\" and the \"Blackadder\" theme song. It was shot on location at the former Colchester Cavalry Barracks.",
"title": "Royal Anglian Regiment"
},
{
"docid": "52279#6",
"text": "In 1985 Elton began his writing partnership with Richard Curtis. Together they wrote \"Blackadder II\", \"Blackadder the Third\" (in one episode, Elton appeared as a bomb-wielding anarchist), \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" and a failed sitcom pilot for Madness. \"Blackadder\", starring Rowan Atkinson, was a worldwide hit, winning four BAFTAs and an Emmy.",
"title": "Ben Elton"
},
{
"docid": "438518#10",
"text": "The series aired for six episodes broadcast on BBC One on Thursdays at 9.30pm between 28 September and 2 November 1989, ending nine days before Remembrance Day. The titles of the first five episodes, \"Captain Cook\", \"Corporal Punishment\", \"Major Star\", \"Private Plane\" and \"General Hospital\" are puns based on the pairing of a military rank and another word related to the episode's content. The final episode, \"Goodbyeee\", was the title of a period song.\nWriters Ben Elton and Richard Curtis wrote the scripts for \"Blackadder\" episodes separately using word processors and then swapped the disks containing the scripts for each other to add or remove jokes and dialogue. Curtis recalls that they stuck to a policy whereby if one removed a line for not being funny, then it was never put back.",
"title": "Blackadder Goes Forth"
},
{
"docid": "52279#7",
"text": "Elton and Curtis were inspired to write \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" upon finding World War I to be apt for a situation comedy. This series, which dealt with greater, darker themes than prior \"Blackadder\" episodes, was praised for Curtis's and Elton's scripts, in particular the final episode. Before writing the series, the pair read about the war and found that:",
"title": "Ben Elton"
}
] |
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] |
1521
|
When did Benjamin Franklin supposedly perform his kite experiment?
|
[
{
"docid": "31444778#3",
"text": "Franklin's kite experiment was performed in Philadelphia in June 1752, according to the account by Priestley. Franklin described the experiment in the \"Pennsylvania Gazette\" in October 19, 1752, without mentioning that he himself had performed it. This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the \"Philosophical Transactions\". A more complete account of Franklin's experiment was given by Joseph Priestley in 1767, who presumably learned the details directly from Franklin, who was in London at the time Priestley wrote the book.\nAccording to the 1767 Priestley account, Franklin realized the dangers of using conductive rods and instead used the conductivity of a wet hemp string attached to a kite. This allowed him to stay on the ground while his son assisted him to fly the kite from the shelter of a nearby shed. This enabled Franklin and his son to keep the silk string of the kite dry to insulate them while the hemp string to the kite was allowed to get wet in the rain to provide conductivity. A house key belonging to Benjamin Loxley was attached to the hemp string and connected to a Leyden jar; a silk string was attached to this. \"At this key he charged phials, and from the electric fire thus obtained, he kindled spirits, and performed all other electrical experiments which are usually exhibited by an excited globe or tube.\" The kite was not struck by visible lightning; had it been, Franklin would almost certainly have been killed. However, Franklin did notice that loose threads of the kite string were repelling each other and deduced that the Leyden jar was being charged. He moved his hand near the key and observed an electric spark, proving the electric nature of lightning.",
"title": "Kite experiment"
},
{
"docid": "3986#36",
"text": "Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm. On May 10, 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. On June 15, 1752, Franklin may possibly have conducted his well-known kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud. Franklin described the experiment in the \"Pennsylvania Gazette\" on October 19, 1752, without mentioning that he himself had performed it. This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the \"Philosophical Transactions\". Joseph Priestley published an account with additional details in his 1767 \"History and Present Status of Electricity\". Franklin was careful to stand on an insulator, keeping dry under a roof to avoid the danger of electric shock. Others, such as Prof. Georg Wilhelm Richmann in Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following Franklin's experiment.",
"title": "Benjamin Franklin"
},
{
"docid": "47326591#5",
"text": "Loxley was a friend of Benjamin Franklin and helped make many of his electrostatic machines. He assisted Franklin in his electrical experiments. Loxley provided his house key that Franklin used to get lightning from flying a kite in the clouds. The kite experiment became known as a variant of the \"Philadelphia Experiment\" of 1752.",
"title": "Benjamin Loxley"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3986#37",
"text": "In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternative ways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of electrical ground. Franklin did not perform this experiment in the way that is often pictured in popular literature, flying the kite and waiting to be struck by lightning, as it would have been dangerous. Instead he used the kite to collect some electric charge from a storm cloud, showing that lightning was electrical. On October 19 in a letter to England with directions for repeating the experiment, Franklin wrote:",
"title": "Benjamin Franklin"
},
{
"docid": "131506#19",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin would often travel to Bensalem to visit his friend, Joseph Galloway, at Growden Mansion. At the time, the Galloway family owned all of present-day Bensalem Township. A local legend maintains that Franklin performed his famous kite-flying experiment in Bensalem, at the mansion, to prove that lightning was the same as static electricity. (The broader consensus is that Benjamin Franklin flew his kite closer to his home in Philadelphia.)",
"title": "Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"docid": "3986#49",
"text": "Though Benjamin Franklin has been most noted kite-wise with his lightning experiments, he has also been noted by many for his using kites to pull humans and ships across waterways. The George Pocock in the book \"A TREATISE on The Aeropleustic Art, or Navigation in the Air, by means of Kites, or Buoyant Sails\" noted being inspired by Benjamin Franklin's traction of his body by kite power across a waterway. In his later years he suggested using the technique for pulling ships.",
"title": "Benjamin Franklin"
},
{
"docid": "31444778#0",
"text": "The kite experiment is a scientific experiment in which a kite with a pointed, conductive wire attached to its apex is flown near thunder clouds to collect electricity from the air and conduct it down the wet kite string to the ground. It was proposed and may have been conducted by Benjamin Franklin with the assistance of his son William Franklin. The experiment's purpose was to uncover the unknown facts about the nature of lightning and electricity, and with further experiments on the ground, to demonstrate that lightning and electricity were the result of the same phenomenon.",
"title": "Kite experiment"
},
{
"docid": "49297790#3",
"text": "The same decade, Romas conducted the kite experiment that Benjamin Franklin proposed in 1750 in a letter to Peter Collinson, but that had not yet reached France. Raising a wire-wrapped kite in a thunderstorm, Romas proved the electrical nature of lightning. During his experiment, he noticed ten feet long sparks and explosions. He also reported that during a repeat performance in front of a larger audience, he received severe jolts that were more intense than all he received before during experiments with Leyden jars. For this reason, he performed later experiments only with separately grounded conductors and kites that he handled via glass rods.",
"title": "Jacques de Romas"
},
{
"docid": "46770#45",
"text": "Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity. Kites were the precursors to the traditional aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting.",
"title": "Fixed-wing aircraft"
},
{
"docid": "11100#27",
"text": "Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity. Kites were the precursors to the traditional aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting. Francis Ronalds and William Radcliffe Birt described a very stable kite at Kew Observatory as early as 1847 that was trialled for the purpose of supporting self-registering meteorological instruments at height.",
"title": "Kite"
}
] |
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] |
1522
|
What is lanthanum named for?
|
[
{
"docid": "17744#1",
"text": "Lanthanum usually occurs together with cerium and the other rare earth elements. Lanthanum was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name \"lanthanum\", from the Ancient Greek \"λανθάνειν\" (\"lanthanein\"), meaning \"to lie hidden\". Although it is classified as a rare earth element, lanthanum is the 28th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, almost three times as abundant as lead. In minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite, lanthanum composes about a quarter of the lanthanide content. It is extracted from those minerals by a process of such complexity that pure lanthanum metal was not isolated until 1923.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
},
{
"docid": "181556#11",
"text": "Lanthanum usually occurs together with cerium and the other rare earth elements. Lanthanum was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name \"lanthanum\", from the Ancient Greek \"λανθάνειν\" (\"lanthanein\"), meaning \"to lie hidden\". Although it is classified as a rare earth element, lanthanum is the 28th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, almost three times as abundant as lead. In minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite, lanthanum composes about a quarter of the lanthanide content. It is extracted from those minerals by a process of such complexity that pure lanthanum metal was not isolated until 1923.",
"title": "Period 6 element"
},
{
"docid": "17744#11",
"text": "In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs, later named cerite. Thirty years later, the fifteen-year-old Vilhelm Hisinger, from the family owning the mine, sent a sample of it to Carl Scheele, who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated a new oxide which they named \"ceria\" after the dwarf planet Ceres, which had been discovered two years earlier. Ceria was simultaneously independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who lived in the same house as Berzelius: he separated out two other oxides which he named \"lanthana\" and \"didymia\". He partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid. Since lanthanum's properties differed only slightly from those of cerium, and occurred along with it in its salts, he named it from the Ancient Greek \"λανθάνειν\" [lanthanein] (lit. \"to lie hidden\"). Relatively pure lanthanum metal was first isolated in 1923.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17744#0",
"text": "Lanthanum is a chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals, which would put it in group 3, although lutetium is sometimes placed in this position instead. Lanthanum is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. The usual oxidation state is +3. Lanthanum has no biological role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
},
{
"docid": "17744#12",
"text": "Lanthanum is the third-most abundant of all the lanthanides, making up 39 mg/kg of the Earth's crust, behind neodymium at 41.5 mg/kg and cerium at 66.5 mg/kg. It is almost three times as abundant as lead in the Earth's crust. Despite being among the so-called \"rare earth metals\", lanthanum is thus not rare at all, but it is historically so named because it is rarer than \"common earths\" such as lime and magnesia, and historically only a few deposits were known. Lanthanum is considered a rare earth metal because the process to mine it is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Lanthanum is rarely the dominant lanthanide found in the rare earth minerals, and in their chemical formulae it is usually preceded by cerium. Rare examples of La-dominant minerals are monazite-(La) and lanthanite-(La).\nThe La ion is similarly-sized to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those up to samarium and europium) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence it tends to occur along with them in phosphate, silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (MPO) and bastnäsite (MCOF), where M refers to all the rare earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y). Bastnäsite is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride: the product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
},
{
"docid": "17744#3",
"text": "Lanthanum is the first element and prototype of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the alkaline earth metal barium and to the left of the lanthanide cerium. Lanthanum is often considered to be a group 3 element, along with its lighter congeners scandium and yttrium and its heavier congener, the radioactive actinium, although this classification is sometimes disputed. Similarly to scandium, yttrium, and actinium, the 57 electrons of a lanthanum atom are arranged in the configuration [Xe]5d6s, with three valence electrons outside the noble gas core. In chemical reactions, lanthanum almost always gives up these three valence electrons from the 5d and 6s subshells to form the +3 oxidation state, achieving the stable configuration of the preceding noble gas xenon. Some lanthanum(II) compounds are also known, but they are much less stable.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
},
{
"docid": "18308#2",
"text": "They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they have a single valence electron in the 5d shell. However, both elements are often included in discussions of the chemistry of lanthanide elements. Lanthanum is the more often omitted of the two, because its placement as a group 3 element is somewhat more common in texts and for semantic reasons: since \"lanthanide\" means \"like lanthanum\", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.",
"title": "Lanthanide"
},
{
"docid": "17744#5",
"text": "As expected from periodic trends, lanthanum has the largest atomic radius of the lanthanides and the stable group 3 elements. Hence, it is the most reactive among them, tarnishing slowly in air and burning readily to form lanthanum(III) oxide, LaO, which is almost as basic as calcium oxide. A centimeter-sized sample of lanthanum will corrode completely in a year as its oxide spalls off like iron rust, instead of forming a protective oxide coating like aluminium and lanthanum's lighter congeners scandium and yttrium. Lanthanum reacts with the halogens at room temperature to form the trihalides, and upon warming will form binary compounds with the nonmetals nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic. Lanthanum reacts slowly with water to form lanthanum(III) hydroxide, La(OH). In dilute sulfuric acid, lanthanum readily forms the aquated tripositive ion : this is colorless in aqueous solution since La has no f electrons. Lanthanum is the strongest and hardest base among the lanthanides and group 3 elements, which is again expected from its being the largest of them.",
"title": "Lanthanum"
},
{
"docid": "181556#10",
"text": "Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. It is the first element in the lanthanide series. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. The usual oxidation state is +3. Lanthanum has no biological role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.",
"title": "Period 6 element"
},
{
"docid": "2624309#0",
"text": "Lanthanum gallium silicate (referred to as LGS in this article), also known as langasite, has a chemical formula of the form \"ABCDO\", where \"A\", \"B\", \"C\" and \"D\" indicate particular cation sites. \"A\" is a decahedral (Thomson cube) site coordinated by 8 oxygen atoms. \"B\" is octahedral site coordinated by 6 oxygen atoms, and \"C\" and \"D\" are tetrahedral sites coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms. In this material, lanthanum occupied the \"A\"-sites, gallium the \"B\", \"C\" and half of \"D\"-sites, and, silicon the other half of \"D\"-sites. The crystal structure is shown below:",
"title": "Lanthanum gallium silicate"
}
] |
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] |
1523
|
Who directed the first Harry Potter film?
|
[
{
"docid": "5917482#47",
"text": "Chris Columbus, who directed the first two \"Harry Potter\" film adaptations, has cited the 1985 film \"Young Sherlock Holmes\", which he wrote, as an influence in his direction for those films. \"That was sort of a predecessor to this movie, in a sense\", he told the BBC in 2001, \"It was about two young boys and a girl in a British boarding school who had to fight a supernatural force.\" Scenes from \"Young Sherlock Holmes\" were subsequently used to cast the first Harry Potter film. On 3 January 2010, Irish journalist Declan Lynch (writing in \"The Sunday Independent\") stated that \"there's more than a hint of young Sherlock evident in Harry\".",
"title": "Harry Potter influences and analogues"
},
{
"docid": "16027#22",
"text": "In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film adaptation of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was released on 16 November 2001, and \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" on 15 November 2002. Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version of \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was released on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", was directed by Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" was released on 11 July 2007. David Yates directed, and Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from Steve Kloves. \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" was released on 15 July 2009. David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script. Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", in two segments, with part one being released on 19 November 2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.",
"title": "J. K. Rowling"
},
{
"docid": "667361#0",
"text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States and India as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1997 novel of the same name. The film is the first instalment of the \"Harry Potter\" film series and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)"
},
{
"docid": "7629286#19",
"text": "After Chris Columbus had finished working on \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", he was hired to direct the second film, \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\". The production started within a week after the release of the first film. Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series, but he did not want to return for the third film, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", claiming he was \"burned out\". He moved to the position of producer, while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director. He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films. After reading the series, he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story.",
"title": "Harry Potter (film series)"
},
{
"docid": "667368#0",
"text": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1998 novel of the same name. The film is a sequel to the 2001 film \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" and the second instalment in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. It was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets, unleashing a monster that petrifies the school's denizens. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger and is also the last film to feature Richard Harris as Professor Albus Dumbledore, due to his death that same year.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "7629286#20",
"text": "Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment, \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", a new director had to be selected. Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film, but he declined to direct the next film, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\", which was given to David Yates, who also directed \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" and \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus.",
"title": "Harry Potter (film series)"
},
{
"docid": "9834441#0",
"text": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the first of two cinematic parts based on J. K. Rowling's 2007 novel of the same name and features an ensemble cast. The film, which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the \"Harry Potter\" film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron, and Rowling.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1"
},
{
"docid": "2387806#75",
"text": "In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four \"Harry Potter\" books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900). Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" where characters from the book are specified as such. After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, and Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" (titled \"\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"\" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as \"Home Alone\" and \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision.",
"title": "Harry Potter"
},
{
"docid": "858575#0",
"text": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a 2009 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 2005 novel of the same name. The film, which is the sixth instalment in the \"Harry Potter\" film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron. The story follows Harry Potter's sixth year at Hogwarts as he receives a mysterious textbook, falls in love, and attempts to retrieve a memory that holds the key to Lord Voldemort's downfall.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)"
},
{
"docid": "667372#0",
"text": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 2000 novel of the same name. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the \"Harry Potter\" film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. The story follows Harry's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament.",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)"
}
] |
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] |
1524
|
When was the Mona Lisa painted?
|
[
{
"docid": "6185069#4",
"text": "According to Leonardo's early biographer Giorgio Vasari, Leonardo had started to paint \"Mona Lisa\" in 1503, but \"left it unfinished\". However, a fully finished painting of a \"certain Florentine lady\" surfaced again in 1517, shortly before Leonardo's death and in his private possession. The latter painting almost certainly is the one that now hangs in the Louvre. Based on this contradiction, supporters of the authenticity of the \"Isleworth Mona Lisa\" claim it is the unfinished \"Mona Lisa\", made at least partially by Leonardo, and the Louvre \"Mona Lisa\" a later version of it, made by Leonardo for his own use.",
"title": "Isleworth Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "36796972#2",
"text": "At the start of the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned by Florentine nobleman Francesco del Giocondo to paint a portrait of his wife, Lisa.\nThe painting is believed to have been undertaken between 1503 and 1506.\nLeonardo's portrait of \"Mona Lisa\" (\"Mona\" or \"Monna\" being the Italian honorific for \"Madame\") has been on display as part of the permanent collection at Paris' Louvre museum since 1797. It is also known as \"La Joconde\" in French and \"La Gioconda\" in Italian, and has been known by other names in the past. There is a new study setting the beginning of the Mona Lisa to an earlier date that thought before, pre-1478, contrary to Vasari's narrative.\nReplicas of \"Mona Lisa\" date back to the 16th century,\nincluding sculptures and etchings inspired by the painting.\nBut even by the start of the 20th century, historian Donald Sassoon has stated, \"Mona Lisa\" was still \"just a well-respected painting by a famous old master, hanging in one of the great museums of the world.\"\nThe image had yet to gain iconic status, and, Sassoon adds, was \"not even the most valued painting in the Louvre.\"\nThe painting's theft on August 11, 1911, and the subsequent media frenzy surrounding the investigation and its recovery are contributing factors which ignited public interest and catapulted \"Mona Lisa\" to its current standing.",
"title": "Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations"
},
{
"docid": "70889#9",
"text": "Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the \"Mona Lisa\" in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. Although the Louvre states that it was \"doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506\", the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty. In addition, many Leonardo experts, such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi, are of the opinion that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo's style in the final years of his life, post-1513. Other academics argue that, given the historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513. According to Leonardo's contemporary, Giorgio Vasari, \"after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished\". Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted \"never having completed a single work\".\nCirca 1504, Raphael executed a pen and ink sketch, today in the Louvre museum, in which the subject is flanked by large columns. Experts universally agree it is based on Leonardo's portrait of \"Mona Lisa\". Other later copies of the \"Mona Lisa\", such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo and The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, also display large flanking columns. As a result, it was originally thought that the \"Mona Lisa\" in the Louvre had side columns and had been cut. However, as early as 1993, Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed. This was confirmed through a series of tests conducted in 2004. In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre museum states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version, while Frank Zöllner states that the sketch brings up the possibility that Leonardo executed another work on the subject of Mona Lisa.",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "36796972#16",
"text": "\"\"Mona Lisa\" (Two Times),\" \"Four \"Mona Lisa\"s,\" and \"Thirty Are Better Than One\" illustrate Warhol's method of silkscreening an image repetitively within the same work of art.\nAlso in 1963, Fernando Botero – who had already painted \"\"Mona Lisa\", Age Twelve\" in 1959 – painted another, this time in what would become his trademark \"Boterismo\" style of rendering figures disproportionately \"plump\".\n\"Mona Lisa\" is also referenced in artwork by Contemporary art luminaries such as Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, adding to the veritable \"who's who\" list of artists putting their own spin on the portrait.\nA paint by numbers version of \"Mona Lisa\" accompanied artist Suzanne Lacy during her 1977 travelogue \"Travels with Mona\", documenting the painting process at landmark locations throughout Europe and Central America.\nFrom the 1980s through the end of the 20th Century, \"Mona Lisa\" continued to be the subject of re-interpretation among a new generation of emerging artists.\nStreet artists such as Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring, who came into prominence in the 1980s, created \"Federal Reserve Note\" and \"Apocalipse 7\", respectively, juxtaposing \"Mona Lisa\" within compositions suiting their styles.\nBallpoint art pioneer Lennie Mace created his \"Mona a'la Mace\" replica in 1993, a ballpoint \"PENting\" commissioned by Pilot pen company and featured on CBS News.\nArtist Sophie Matisse, great-granddaughter of artist Henri Matisse, in her 1997 \"Monna Lisa (Be Back in Five Minutes)\" faithfully replicated the setting of the original painting, but omitted Mona Lisa from the scene; a concept she would repeat using other iconic artworks.",
"title": "Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations"
},
{
"docid": "70889#48",
"text": "Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted \"Self portrait as Mona Lisa\" in 1954. In 1963 following the painting's visit to the United States, Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple \"Mona Lisa\"s called \"Thirty are Better than One\", like his works of Marilyn Monroe (\"Twenty-five Coloured Marilyns\", 1962), Elvis Presley (1964) and Campbell's soup (1961–62). The \"Mona Lisa\" continues to inspire artists. A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using a mosaic style. A collection of \"Mona Lisa\" parodies may be found on YouTube. A 2014 \"New Yorker\" magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the \"Mona Lisa\" smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles.",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "6185069#14",
"text": "In October 2013 Jean Pierre Isbouts published a book titled \"The Mona Lisa Myth\" examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. A companion film was released in March 2014. In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the \"Isleworth Mona Lisa\" and the \"Mona Lisa\" in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works. In July 2014 \"The Mona Lisa Mystery\" premiered on the PBS television station's series \"Secrets of the Dead\". This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting.",
"title": "Isleworth Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "70889#18",
"text": "On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre. The theft was not discovered until the next day, when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the \"Mona Lisa\" had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the \"Mona Lisa\" was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation.",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "70889#40",
"text": "Today the \"Mona Lisa\" is considered the most famous painting in the world, but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks.\nOnce part of King Francis I of France's collection, the \"Mona Lisa\" was among the first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre, which became a national museum after the French Revolution. From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting's popularity grew from the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that it was mysterious and a representation of the femme fatale.\nThe Baedeker guide in 1878 called it \"the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre\", but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public.\nThe 1911 theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" and its subsequent return was reported worldwide, leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting. During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was claimed to have been reproduced in \"300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements\". It has been said that the \"Mona Lisa\" was regarded as \"just another Leonardo until early last century, when the scandal of the painting's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a spotlight on it over several years.\"",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "70889#37",
"text": "The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the \"Mona Lisa\" was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the \"Mona Lisa\". Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to \"Mona Lisa\"s left elbow with watercolour.",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
},
{
"docid": "70889#28",
"text": "\"Mona Lisa\" has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly. In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that \"Mona Lisa\" was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning. Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times, with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa's face and the direction of her gaze. He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted.",
"title": "Mona Lisa"
}
] |
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] |
1526
|
When did János Kádár die?
|
[
{
"docid": "441860#0",
"text": "János Kádár (; ; 26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989) was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his retirement in 1988. His 32-year term as General Secretary covered most of the period the People's Republic of Hungary existed. Due to Kádár's age, declining health and declining political mastery, he retired as General Secretary of the party in 1988 and a younger generation consisting mostly of reformers took over.",
"title": "János Kádár"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "441860#37",
"text": "János Kádár held power in Hungary until the \"apparat coup\" in the spring of 1988, when he resigned under pressure as General Secretary in the face of mounting economic difficulties and his own ill health. At a party conference in Budapest on 22 May 1988, at which half a dozen of his Politburo associates were also removed, Kádár announced his resignation and was officially replaced as General Secretary by Prime Minister Károly Grósz, who strove to continue Kádár's policies in a modified form adapted to the new circumstances. Kádár was named instead to the ceremonial position of Party President. He did not wish to be re-elected to the Political Committee, the most important decision-making body of the party. In May 1989, as Grósz and his associates in turn were being sidelined by a faction of young \"radical reformers\" who set out to dismantle Communism altogether, Kádár, his health visibly failing, was officially removed from office completely.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#21",
"text": "On 18 April 1951, Zöld had killed his whole family and committed suicide after finding out that Rákosi and his associates had decided to purge him from the party. When the authorities found their bodies, they decided to quickly gather the remaining two before they did something rash too. Kádár, who did not know what had just taken place, was at home taking care of his wife Maria, who had been in and out of the hospital. The Hungarian leadership decided to call him, asking Kádár to meet them at the party headquarters, when leaving his home he was stopped by ÁVH officers and the ÁVH head Gábor Péter.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "4719597#4",
"text": "János Kádár, HSWP First Secretary and Hungarian leader from 1956 until 1988, was a supporter of Vasas. A working-class man, Kádár had played in the team when young and was its president for a short period in the mid-1950s (when, after being released from prison, Kádár was party secretary in Budapest 13th district, where the team is based). During the 1960s, it was not uncommon to see Kádár in the crowd during Vasas games. Unlike some of his Eastern Europe counterparts, though, Kádár did not use his position to favor his team, nor did he allow Hungarian officials to interfere in football as it was common in other bloc countries.",
"title": "Vasas SC"
},
{
"docid": "441860#1",
"text": "Kádár was born in Fiume to a poor family. He never met his father, who left his mother when he was young. After living in the countryside for some years, Kádár and his mother moved to Budapest. After quitting school, Kádár joined the Communist Party of Hungary's youth organisation, KIMSZ. Kádár would go on to become a prominent figure in the pre-World War II communist party, even becoming First Secretary. As leader, he dissolved the party and reorganised it as the Peace Party. This new party failed to win any popular support for the communist cause and he would later be accused of dissolving the Hungarian communist party. With the German invasion of Hungary, the Peace Party tried again to win support from the Hungarian populace, but failed. At the time of the Soviet occupation, the communist movement led by Kádár was small.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#19",
"text": "Kádár, as in 1946, was a Communist Party campaigner, and was described by historian Robert Gough as \"a great success\". The Communist Party won a majority in parliament in 1947, and because of the escalation of the Cold War, the Soviet leadership ordered them to create a one-party state. Kádár played an active role in the creation of the Hungarian Working People's Party; created by a merger of the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party. At the unification congress Kádár made a speech which made little impact on the Communist movement in Hungary. In May 1948 Kádár visited the Soviet Union, and for the first and last time in his life he saw Joseph Stalin with his own eyes. During his visit to the USSR, Kádár's brother, Jenő died. On 5 August 1948 László Rajk was appointed to the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Kádár took his place as Minister of the Interior. As Interior Minister, he did not have real power as the most important organizations of internal state security operated under the direct control of Rákosi and his closest associates. In 1949, Borbála died, and Kádár married Mária Tamáska.\nJust as Stalin had launched a Great Purge against those with knowledge of the pre-Stalin party, Rákosi launched a purge against those who had worked in Hungary, and not in the Soviet Union, during World War II and before. In retrospect, it is clear that Kádár was appointed Minister of the Interior with the deliberate aim to involve him in the \"show trial\" of Laszlo Rajk, although the investigations and proceedings were handled by the State Security Agency with the active participation of the Soviet Secret Police. Rákosi later boasted of \"spending many a sleepless night\" in unraveling the threads of the \"anti-party conspiracy\" led by Rajk and his \"gang.\" During the public trial, Rákosi personally gave instructions to the judge over the phone. Rákosi would later attempt to blame Kádár for Rajk's death. Later in his life Rákosi said that Rajk died screaming \"Long live Stalin! Long live Rákosi!\" while Tibor Szönyi died without saying a word and András Szalai crying. Farkas and Gábor Péter, upon the death of Rajk and the others, said \"provocateurs to their last breaths\". This event didn't assure Kádár; making him doubt if any of the accusation leveled against his co-workers were true. It is believed that after Rajk's death Kádár was seen vomiting; these rumours have not been confirmed by any sources from that time. Rákosi contacted him the following the day, asking him why he was in such a bad mood, and continued, saying; \"Did the executions affect you that much?\". According to certain rumours, which are probably not reliable, Kádár visited Rákosi to tell him about his reaction to the execution. Later, during a party presentation to a college, Kádár emphasised party austerity. This presentation might reflect on Kádár's reaction to Rajk's execution and his revelation that he might become the next victim of government repression. When holding his presentation, he was described by his audience as a \"haggard\", \"distressed\" and as a man under a lot of \"strain\".",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#28",
"text": "On 1 November 1956, Kádár, together with Ferenc Münnich, left Hungary for Moscow with the support of the Soviet Embassy in Budapest. There the Soviet leaders tried to convince him that a \"counter-revolution\" was unfolding in Hungary that must be put to an end at any cost. He only agreed to change sides when the Soviet leaders informed him that the decision had already been taken to crush the revolution with the help of the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary. He was also told that unless he agreed to become prime minister in the new government, the Rákosi-Gerő leadership would be reinstalled. Although he was under duress, he did not, by his own admission, resist as much as he could have. In a speech given on 12 April 1989, he confessed to having played a role in Nagy's execution, calling it his \"own personal tragedy.\" Writing in 1961, American journalist John Gunther said that \"Kadar today looks like a man pursued by shadows, a walking corpse.\"",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#39",
"text": "He died of cancer on 6 July 1989 at age 77, three months before the formal end of the regime he had largely created.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#12",
"text": "Kádár still lived in poverty, and found it hard to blend in with the upper working class and the intelligentsia. Paradoxically, his main Communist contact in the Social Democratic Party was a sculptor named György Goldmann. Kádár evolved into an effective speaker on \"bread and butter issues\", but failed at having any success on more serious and complex topics. In 1940 he was recalled to the party's ranks. At the beginning of its refounding, the party liked to use members without any police records, therefore Kádár was given more responsibilities within the infiltration of the Social Democratic Party. During May and June the police arrested and rounded up several party activists, including Goldman, but Kádár had managed to go into hiding. As early as May 1942, Kádár became a member of the newly formed Central Committee of the Communist Party, mostly due to the lack of personnel, seeing that the majority of them had been sent to prison. István Kovács, the acting party leader from December 1942, said; \"he [Kádár] was extremely modest, a clever man but not then theoretically trained\". Kovács brought Kádár into the party leadership and gave him a seat in the Secretariat of the Central Committee. By January 1943, had been able to get in touch with some seventy to eighty members, but this effort was torn apart by a new round of mass arrests, with Kovács being among them.",
"title": "János Kádár"
},
{
"docid": "441860#41",
"text": "Kádár's grave at the Kerepesi Cemetery in Budapest was vandalized on 2 May 2007 as a number of his bones, including his skull, were dug up and stolen, along with his wife Mária Tamáska's urn. A message reading \"murderers and traitors may not rest in holy ground 1956–2006\" (taken from a song written by the rock band \"Kárpátia\") was written nearby. The two dates refer to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the 2006 protests in Hungary, respectively. This act was received with widespread revulsion across the political and societal spectrum in Hungary, with even the centre-right Fidesz condemning the vandalism. Police investigations focused on extremist right-wing groups which had been aspiring to \"carry out an act that would create a big bang.\"An interpretation of events in Kádár's political and personal life, beginning circa 1945, including an association with the trial, execution, reburial, atonement of László Rajk, and ending with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, are portrayed in Robert Ardrey's 1958 play, \"Shadow of Heroes\".",
"title": "János Kádár"
}
] |
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1527
|
When was Jacques-Louis David born?
|
[
{
"docid": "9072#2",
"text": "Jacques-Louis David was born into a prosperous French family in Paris on 30 August 1748. When he was about nine his father was killed in a duel and his mother left him with his well-off architect uncles. They saw to it that he received an excellent education at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris, but he was never a good student-- he had a facial tumor that impeded his speech, and he was always preoccupied with drawing. He covered his notebooks with drawings, and he once said, \"I was always hiding behind the instructor's chair, drawing for the duration of the class\". Soon, he desired to be a painter, but his uncles and mother wanted him to be an architect. He overcame the opposition, and went to learn from François Boucher (1703–1770), the leading painter of the time, who was also a distant relative. Boucher was a Rococo painter, but tastes were changing, and the fashion for Rococo was giving way to a more classical style. Boucher decided that instead of taking over David's tutelage, he would send David to his friend, Joseph-Marie Vien (1716–1809), a painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo. There, David attended the Royal Academy, based in what is now the Louvre.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "9072#0",
"text": "Jacques-Louis David (; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling, harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9072#36",
"text": "When David was leaving a theater, a carriage struck him, and he later died, on 29 December 1825. At his death, some portraits were auctioned in Paris, they sold for little; the famous \"Death of Marat\" was exhibited in a secluded room, to avoid outraging public sensibilities. Disallowed return to France for burial, for having been a regicide of King Louis XVI, the body of the painter Jacques-Louis David was buried in Brussels and moved in 1882 to Brussels Cemetery, while some say his heart was buried with his wife at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "59439403#0",
"text": "Jacques Louis Antoine Marie David (22 December 1930 – 19 December 2018) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.\nDavid was born in France and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as titular bishop of \"Girba\" and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux, France, from 1981 to 1986. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes, France, from 1986 to 1996. David served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux, France, from 1996 to 2006.",
"title": "Jacques David (bishop)"
},
{
"docid": "50129356#1",
"text": "It was moved there from its original location after the artist's death on 25 December 1825 where his body had been resting in the old churchyard of the St. Michael and St. Gudula collegiate church of the Leopold Quarter of Brussels while waiting for posthumous repatriation to France. However, as a notable participant of the Reign of Terror, his body was not accepted for repatriation, and the lead-lined oak casket was left where it was. Thanks to an initiative by Jobard, a monument was erected with the text \"À Jacques-Louis David restaurateur de l'école moderne de peinture de France ici dessous\" (\"To Jacques-Louis David, restorer of the school of modern art of France, buried here\"). In 1882 a grandson requested that the monument be moved to a more prominent location and the body was re-buried at the Mayor's circle in the city cemetery of Evere.",
"title": "Grave of Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "55375356#1",
"text": "Jérôme David was born in Rome, Italy on 30 June 1823, nominal grandson of the painter Jacques-Louis David, and godson of Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Catharina of Württemberg, his wife.\nHe was the natural son of King Jérôme.\nHis family destined him for the navy, where he served from 1835 to 1837, but he took a dislike to this service and chose to join the army instead.\nHe graduated from the École de Saint-Cyr on 1 October 1844 as second lieutenant of the Zouaves.",
"title": "Jérôme David"
},
{
"docid": "13297042#0",
"text": "Garneray was born in Paris (on Rue Saint-Andre-des-arts, in the Latin Quarter) on 19 February 1783. He was the elder son of Jean-François Garneray (1755–1837), painter of the king, who was pupil of Jacques-Louis David. At thirteen, he joined the Navy as a seaman, encouraged by his cousin, Beaulieu-Leloup, commander of the frigate \"Forte\" (\"the Stout one\"). Garneray sailed from Rochefort to the Indian Ocean with the frigate division under Sercey, to which the \"Forte\" belonged.",
"title": "Ambroise Louis Garneray"
},
{
"docid": "9072#20",
"text": "In June 1791, the King made an ill-fated attempt to flee the country, but was apprehended short of his goal on the Austrian Netherlands border and was forced to return under guard to Paris. Louis XVI had made secret requests to Emperor Leopold II of Austria, Marie-Antoinette's brother, to restore him to his throne. This was granted and Austria threatened France if the royal couple were hurt. In reaction, the people arrested the King. This led to an Invasion after the trials and execution of Louis and Marie-Antoinette. The Bourbon monarchy was destroyed by the French people in 1792—it would be restored after Napoleon, then destroyed again with the Restoration of the House of Bonaparte. When the new National Convention held its first meeting, David was sitting with his friends Jean-Paul Marat and Robespierre. In the Convention, David soon earned a nickname \"ferocious terrorist\". Soon, Robespierre's agents discovered a secret vault of the king's proving he was trying to overthrow the government, and demanded his execution. The National Convention held the trial of Louis XVI and David voted for the death of the King, causing his wife, a royalist, to divorce him.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
},
{
"docid": "43080272#1",
"text": "Jean-Baptiste David was born in 1808. He was a pupil of Pierre Duval Le Camus, who painted moralistic subjects.\nDuval was in turn a pupil of the famous painter Jacques-Louis David.\nJean-Baptiste David began work in 1824, using his power of observation and facility of drawing to produce a variety of landscapes and interiors in Gothic style for publishers.",
"title": "Jules David"
},
{
"docid": "9072#13",
"text": "In 1789, Jacques-Louis David attempted to leave his artistic mark on the historical beginnings of the French Revolution with his painting of \"The Oath of the Tennis Court\". David undertook this task not out of personal political conviction but rather because he was commissioned to do so. The painting was meant to commemorate the event of the same name but was never completed. A meeting of the Estates General was convened in May to address reforms of the monarchy. Dissent arose over whether the three estates would meet separately, as had been tradition, or as one body. The King's acquiescence with the demands of the upper orders led to the deputies of the Third Estate renaming themselves as the National Assembly on 17 June. They were locked out of the meeting hall three days later when they attempted to meet, and forced to reconvene to the royal indoor tennis court. Presided over by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, they made a 'solemn oath never to separate' until a national constitution had been created. In 1789 this event was seen as a symbol of the national unity against the \"ancien regime\". Rejecting the current conditions, the oath signified a new transition in human history and ideology. David was enlisted by the Society of Friends of the Constitution, the body that would eventually form the Jacobins, to enshrine this symbolic event.",
"title": "Jacques-Louis David"
}
] |
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] |
1528
|
When did the Vikings arrive in Ireland?
|
[
{
"docid": "15571236#2",
"text": "The earliest recorded Viking raids in Ireland occurred in 795. Over time, these raids increased in intensity, and they overwintered in Ireland for the first time in 840–841. Later in 841 a longphort was constructed at Áth Cliath (Irish for \"hurdled ford\"), a site which would later develop into the city of Dublin. Longphorts were also established at other sites around Ireland, some of which developed into larger Viking settlements over time. The Viking population in Ireland was boosted in 851 with the arrival of a large group known as \"dark foreigners\" – a contentious term usually considered to mean the newly arrived Vikings, as opposed to the \"fair foreigners\", i.e. the Viking population which was resident in arrival prior to this influx. A kingdom in Viking Scotland was established by the mid ninth-century, and it exerted control over some of the Vikings in Ireland. By 853 a separate kingdom of Dublin had been set up which claimed control over all the Vikings in Ireland.",
"title": "Auisle"
},
{
"docid": "16966659#4",
"text": "The earliest recorded Viking raids in Ireland occurred in 795. Over time, these raids increased in intensity, and they overwintered in Ireland for the first time in 840–841. In 841 a longphort was constructed at (Irish for \"hurdled ford\"), a site which would later develop into the city of Dublin. Longphorts were also established at other sites around Ireland, some of which developed into larger Viking settlements over time. The Viking population in Ireland was boosted in 851 with the arrival of a large group known as \"dark foreigners\" – a contentious term used to refer to the newly arrived Vikings, as opposed to the \"fair foreigners\", i.e. the Viking population which was resident in arrival prior to this influx. A kingdom in Viking Scotland was established by the mid ninth-century, and it exerted control over some of the Vikings in Ireland. By 853 a separate kingdom of Dublin had been set up which claimed control over all the Vikings in Ireland.",
"title": "Ímar"
},
{
"docid": "7209296#2",
"text": "The earliest recorded Viking raids in Ireland occurred in 795. Over time, these raids increased in intensity, and they overwintered in Ireland for the first time in 840–841. Later in 841 a longphort was constructed at Áth Cliath (Irish for \"hurdled ford\"), a site which would later develop into the city of Dublin. Longphorts were also established at other sites around Ireland, some of which developed into larger Viking settlements over time. The Viking population in Ireland was boosted in 851 with the arrival of a large group known as \"dark foreigners\" – a contentious term usually considered to mean the newly arrived Vikings, as opposed to the \"fair foreigners\", i.e. the Viking population which was resident in arrival prior to this influx. A kingdom in Viking Scotland was established by the mid ninth-century, and it exerted control over some of the Vikings in Ireland. By 853 a separate kingdom of Dublin had been set up which claimed control over all the Vikings in Ireland.",
"title": "Amlaíb Conung"
},
{
"docid": "1037486#7",
"text": "In 797 AD, the Vikings (or \"Danes\") carried out one of their earliest raids in Ireland when they plundered the monastery on Church Island. As the origin of the name is Norse and many localities have Norse-based names, it is safe to assume the Vikings did settle and occupy the area. Sitric, who was a son of a Dane called Murchard, re-founded the monastery on Church Island in 1120. He dedicated it to St. Patrick, the Apostle of Ireland. By this time, the Danes who had settled in Ireland had become Christians.",
"title": "Skerries, Dublin"
},
{
"docid": "56969852#13",
"text": "The annal-entries of 848–853 can be interpreted in a variety of ways. On one hand, the accounts may be evidence that the Vikings from ' were the earliest Vikings in Ireland, and that these people reasserted themselves in Ireland after a temporary takeover by the '. If correct, Tomrair's demise in 848 may well have been seized upon by the ' early in the 850s, which in turn precipitated a retaliatory response from the King of ' in the form of an 853 invasion to restore hegemony in Ireland. On the other hand, the annal-entries could instead indicate that the ' and the Vikings from ' are identical, and that this group of incomers overcame Vikings previously established in Ireland. In either case, it is possible that the terms ' and ' refer to the order of arrival. As such, the terminology attributed to one group of Vikings—the '—may have been a way of distinguishing an incoming group of Vikings from an earlier-established group—the '.",
"title": "Tomrair"
},
{
"docid": "24410159#0",
"text": "The First Viking Age in Ireland began in 795, when Vikings began carrying out hit-and-run raids on Gaelic Irish coastal settlements. Over the following decades the raiding parties became bigger and better organized; inland settlements were targeted as well as coastal ones; and the raiders built naval encampments known as longphorts to allow them to remain in Ireland throughout the winter. In the mid 9th century, Viking leader Turgeis or \"Thorgest\" founded a stronghold at Dublin, plundered Leinster and Meath, and raided other parts of Ireland. He was killed by the High King, Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, which was followed by several Irish victories against the Vikings and the seizure of Dublin in 849. Shortly after, a new group of Vikings known as the Dubgaill (\"dark foreigners\") came to Ireland and clashed with the earlier Viking settlers, now called the Finngaill (\"fair foreigners\"). The wavering fortunes of these three groups and their shifting alliances, together with the shortcomings of contemporary records and the inaccuracy of later accounts, make this period one of the most complicated and least understood in the fledgling city's history. In 853 a Viking warlord called Amlaíb (, possibly Olaf the White) arrived and made himself king of Dublin. He ruled along with his brothers Ímar (\"Ívarr\", possibly Ivar the Boneless) and Auisle (\"Ásl\"). For the next fifteen years or so, they used Dublin as their base for a series of campaigns against Irish kingdoms. During these conflicts they briefly allied themselves with several Irish kings. The Dublin Vikings also carried out a number of raids in Britain at this time. The deaths of Ivar (c.873) and Olaf (c.874) were followed by internecine conflict among the Vikings. Although intermittent warfare between the Vikings and the Irish continued, these inner conflicts weakened the Viking colonies and made it easier for the Irish to unite against them. In 902, Cerball mac Muirecáin, king of Leinster, and Máel Findia mac Flannacáin, king of Brega, launched a two-pronged attack on Dublin and drove the Vikings from the city. However, in 914 the Vikings now known as the Uí Ímair (House of Ivar) would return to Ireland, marking the beginning of the Second Viking Age.",
"title": "Early Scandinavian Dublin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4970175#6",
"text": "The Norwegian historian Kim Hjardar and archaeologist Vegard Vike claim that Ímar is the same person as the Dane Ivar the Boneless, and that he and the Norwegian chieftain Amlaíb Conung (Olaf the White) arrived in Ireland as leaders of a coalition of Vikings whose goal was to take control over the Viking settlements in Ireland. When the Irish annals describe Ímar and Amlaíb Conung as brothers, Hjardar and Vike claims that this has to be interpreted as a metaphor for \"warrior brothers\" or \"brothers in arms\".",
"title": "Uí Ímair"
},
{
"docid": "46528445#21",
"text": "Throughout the 9th century the coastline of Ailech and the rest of Ulster was subject to Viking raids. During the 850s, Viking disunity allowed the Ulster kings to fight back and inflict overwhelming defeats on the Vikings. This cumulated in 866, when the king of Ailech, Áed Finnliath, managed to clear the Vikings from their strongholds in \"the North, both in Cenel Eogain and Dál nAraidi\", and won a battle in Lough Foyle on the east coast of Inishowen. This was an important victory as the Vikings largely left Ulster alone for many years afterwards, leaving little imprint on Ulster compared to the rest of Ireland. By the time the Normans arrived in Ulster in the latter 12th century, the Vikings' only settlement of note was \"Ulfrek's ford\" (modern-day Larne).",
"title": "Northern Uí Néill"
},
{
"docid": "32610#79",
"text": "In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on the island of Lindisfarne. The devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence. \"Never before has such an atrocity been seen,\" declared the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York. Medieval Christians in Europe were totally unprepared for the Viking incursions and could find no explanation for their arrival and the accompanying suffering they experienced at their hands save the \"Wrath of God\". More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne demonised perception of the Vikings for the next twelve centuries. Not until the 1890s did scholars outside Scandinavia begin to seriously reassess the achievements of the Vikings, recognizing their artistry, technological skills, and seamanship.",
"title": "Vikings"
},
{
"docid": "775859#25",
"text": "The influx of Viking raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including Cork, Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford (earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings left little impact on Ireland other than towns and certain words added to the Irish language, but many Irish taken as slaves inter-married with the Scandinavians, hence forming a close link with the Icelandic people. In the Icelandic \"Laxdœla saga\", for example, \"even slaves are highborn, descended from the kings of Ireland.\" The first name of Njáll Þorgeirsson, the chief protagonist of \"Njáls saga\", is a variation of the Irish name Neil. According to \"Eirik the Red's Saga\", the first European couple to have a child born in North America was descended from the Viking Queen of Dublin, Aud the Deep-minded, and a Gaelic slave brought to Iceland.\nThe arrival of the Anglo-Normans brought also the Welsh, Flemish, Anglo-Saxons, and Bretons. Most of these were assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, with the exception of some of the walled towns and the Pale areas. The Late Middle Ages also saw the settlement of Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse -Pict descent, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated.",
"title": "Irish people"
}
] |
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1529
|
When was tea first brought to Europe?
|
[
{
"docid": "29969#14",
"text": "Tea was first introduced to Portuguese priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed \"chá\". The earliest European reference to tea, written as \"Chiai\", came from \"Delle navigationi e viaggi\" written by a Venetian, Giambattista Ramusio, in 1545. The first recorded shipment of tea by a European nation was in 1607 when the Dutch East India Company moved a cargo of tea from Macao to Java, then two years later, the Dutch bought the first assignment of tea which was from Hirado in Japan to be shipped to Europe. Tea became a fashionable drink in The Hague in the Netherlands, and the Dutch introduced the drink to Germany, France and across the Atlantic to New Amsterdam (New York).",
"title": "Tea"
},
{
"docid": "1515946#27",
"text": "Tea was first introduced to Europe by Italian traveler Giovanni Battista Ramusio, who in 1555 published \"Voyages and Travels\", containing the first European reference to tea, which he calls \"Chai Catai\"; his accounts were based on second-hand reports.",
"title": "History of tea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47837237#4",
"text": "In 1824 a tea plant was brought(smuggled) to Ceylon by the British from China and was planted in the Royal Botanical Gardens in Peradeniya for non-commercial purposes. Further experimental tea plants were brought from Assam and Calcutta in India to Peradeniya in 1839 through the East India Company and over the years that followed. In 1839 the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce was established followed by the Planters' Association of Ceylon in 1854. In 1867, James Taylor marked the birth of the tea industry in Ceylon by starting a tea plantation in the Loolecondera (\"Pronounced Lul-Ka(n)dura\" in Sinhala -ලූල් කඳුර ) estate in Kandy in 1867. He was only 17 when he came to Loolkandura, Sri Lanka. The original tea plantation was just . In 1872 Taylor began operating a fully equipped tea factory on the grounds of the Loolkandura estate and that year the first sale of Loolecondra tea (Loolkandura) was made in Kandy. In 1873, the first shipment of Ceylon tea, a consignment of some , arrived in London. \nSir Arthur Conan Doyle remarked on the establishment of the tea plantations, \"…the tea fields of Ceylon are as true a monument to courage as is the lion at Waterloo\".",
"title": "Tea production in Sri Lanka"
},
{
"docid": "1722120#0",
"text": "A tea caddy is a box, jar, canister, or other receptacle used to store tea. When first introduced to Europe, tea was extremely expensive, and kept under the eye of the mistress of the house, often under lock and key. The containers used were therefore often expensive and decorative, to fit in with the rest of a drawing-room or other reception room. Hot water was carried up from the kitchen, and the tea made by the mistress of the house, or under her supervision.",
"title": "Tea caddy"
},
{
"docid": "1134669#3",
"text": "Although the history of the tea cosy may begin when tea was introduced to Britain in the 1660s, the first documented use of a tea cosy in Britain was in 1867. It is probably the Duchess of Bedford who, by establishing the activity of afternoon tea in 1840, would have brought the popularity of the tea cosy. Afternoon tea was the time for networking and keeping up to date with aristocracy gossip and topical news. With all the chatter at teatime the teapot would get cold, which would have at times cut short some tea parties. And so, the tea cosy came about. Tea cosies then flourished during the late 19th century, where they appeared in many households across Britain, motivated by the obsession of decorating and covering objects characteristic of the Victorian era.",
"title": "Tea cosy"
},
{
"docid": "262676#30",
"text": "Tea seeds were first brought to Japan in the early 9th century by the Buddhist monks Saicho and Kukai. During the Heian period (794–1185), Emperor Saga introduced the practice of drinking tea to the imperial family. The Zen Buddhist priest Eisai (1141–1215), founder of the Rinzai school of Buddhism, brought tea seeds from China to plant in various places in Japan. Eisai advocated that all people, not just Buddhist monks and the elite, drink tea for its health benefits.",
"title": "Green tea"
},
{
"docid": "215023#3",
"text": "From the end of the 17th century tea was shipped from China to Europe as part of the export of exotic spices and luxury goods. The ships that brought the tea also carried porcelain teapots.\nThe majority of these teapots were painted in blue and white underglaze.\nPorcelain, being completely vitrified, will withstand sea water without damage, so the teapots were packed below deck whilst the tea was stowed above deck to ensure that it remained dry.",
"title": "Teapot"
},
{
"docid": "29969#16",
"text": "Chinese small leaf type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea. In 1841, Archibald Campbell brought seeds of Chinese tea from the Kumaun region and experimented with planting tea in Darjeeling. The Alubari tea garden was opened in 1856 and Darjeeling tea began to be produced. In 1848, Robert Fortune was sent by the East India Company on a mission to China to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War (18391842) and Second Opium War (18561860). The Chinese tea plants he brought back were introduced to the Himalayas, though most did not survive. The British had discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to Assam and the northeast region of India and that it was used by the local Singpho people, and these were then grown instead of the Chinese tea plant and then were subsequently hybridized with Chinese small leaf type tea as well as likely closely related wild tea species. Using the Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British launched a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export. Tea was originally consumed only by anglicized Indians; however, it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.",
"title": "Tea"
},
{
"docid": "1515946#17",
"text": "Tea use spread to Japan about the sixth century AD. Tea became a drink of the religious classes in Japan when Japanese priests and envoys, sent to China to learn about its culture, brought tea to Japan. Ancient recordings indicate the first batch of tea seeds were brought by a priest named in 805 and then by another named in 806. It became a drink of the royal classes when , the Japanese emperor, encouraged the growth of tea plants. Seeds were imported from China, and cultivation in Japan began.",
"title": "History of tea"
},
{
"docid": "29969#15",
"text": "The first record of tea in English came from a letter written by Richard Wickham, who ran an East India Company office in Japan, writing to a merchant in Macao requesting \"the best sort of chaw\" in 1615. Peter Mundy, a traveller and merchant who came across tea in Fujian in 1637, wrote, \"\"chaa\" – only water with a kind of herb boyled in it \". Tea was sold in a coffee house in London in 1657, Samuel Pepys tasted tea in 1660, and Catherine of Braganza took the tea-drinking habit to the British court when she married Charles II in 1662. Tea, however, was not widely consumed in Britain until the 18th century, and remained expensive until the latter part of that period. British drinkers preferred to add sugar and milk to black tea, and black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s. Tea smuggling during the 18th century led to the general public being able to afford and consume tea. The British government removed the tax on tea, thereby eliminating the smuggling trade by 1785. In Britain and Ireland, tea was initially consumed as a luxury item on special occasions, such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings. The price of tea in Europe fell steadily during the 19th century, especially after Indian tea began to arrive in large quantities; by the late 19th century tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society. The popularity of tea also informed a number of historical events – the Tea Act of 1773 provoked the Boston Tea Party that escalated into the American Revolution, and the need to address the issue of British trade deficit caused by the demand for Chinese tea led to a trade in opium that resulted in the Opium Wars.",
"title": "Tea"
}
] |
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1530
|
Where was Tristan und Isolde first performed?
|
[
{
"docid": "21748108#0",
"text": "This is an audio and video discography of Tristan und Isolde, an opera by Richard Wagner which was first performed on 10 June 1865 in Munich.",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde discography"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "38241#51",
"text": "The \"Prelude and Liebestod\" is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's act 3 aria, \"Mild und leise\". The arrangement was by Wagner himself, and it was first performed in 1862, several years before the premiere of the complete opera in 1865. The \"Liebestod\" can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan resurrected.",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde"
},
{
"docid": "38241#38",
"text": "Although \"Tristan und Isolde\" is now widely performed in major opera houses around the world, critical opinion of the opera was initially unfavourable. The 5 July 1865 edition of the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" reported:\nEduard Hanslick's reaction in 1868 to the prelude to \"Tristan\" was that it \"reminds one of the old Italian painting of a martyr whose intestines are slowly unwound from his body on a reel.\" The first performance in London's Drury Lane Theatre drew the following response from \"The Era\" in 1882:\nMark Twain, on a visit to Germany, heard \"Tristan\" at Bayreuth and commented: \"I know of some, and have heard of many, who could not sleep after it, but cried the night away. I feel strongly out of place here. Sometimes I feel like the one sane person in the community of the mad; sometimes I feel like the one blind man where all others see; the one groping savage in the college of the learned, and always, during service, I feel like a heretic in heaven.\"",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde"
},
{
"docid": "38241#0",
"text": "Tristan und Isolde (\"Tristan and Isolde\", or \"Tristan and Isolda\", or \"Tristran and Ysolt\") is an opera, or music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner to a German libretto by the composer, based largely on the 12th-century romance \"Tristan\" by Gottfried von Strassburg. It was composed between 1857 and 1859 and premiered at the Königliches Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich on 10 June 1865 with Hans von Bülow conducting. Wagner referred to the work not as an opera, but called it \"eine Handlung\" (literally \"a drama\", \"a plot\" or \"an action\"), which was the equivalent of the term used by the Spanish playwright Calderón for his dramas.",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde"
},
{
"docid": "9842315#2",
"text": "From his arrival in Paris and debut at the Concerts Lamoureux in the first act of Tristan und Isolde he studied with Chabrier and became a close friend of the composer. The singer repaid Chabrier by advocating for performances of his operas in Karlsruhe and other places where he appeared. During the years appearing at the Lamoureux concerts, Van Dyck sang in \"La Damnation de Faust\", fragments from \"Sigurd\", \"Tristan und Isolde\", \"Die Walkyrie\", \"Les Sept péchés capitaux\" of Goldschmidt, and the premiere of \"le Chant de la Cloche\" by Vincent d'Indy.",
"title": "Ernest van Dyck"
},
{
"docid": "2757037#20",
"text": "In March 2004, Studer sang her first complete Isoldes in three concert performances of the work, in Münster, Germany,\nopposite the Tristan of tenor Wolfgang Schmidt. Before these complete Isoldes, she had sung excerpts from all three acts of \"Tristan und Isolde\" in Gießen, Germany (in 1999), opposite the Tristan of tenor Heikki Siukola.",
"title": "Cheryl Studer"
},
{
"docid": "21748108#1",
"text": "\"Tristan und Isolde\" has a long recorded history. In the years before World War II, Kirsten Flagstad and Lauritz Melchior were considered to be the prime interpreters of the lead roles, and mono recordings exist of this pair in a number of live performances led by conductors such as Thomas Beecham, Fritz Reiner, Artur Bodanzky and Erich Leinsdorf. Flagstad recorded the part commercially only near the end of her career in 1952, under Wilhelm Furtwängler for EMI, producing a set which is considered a classic recording. Following the war, the performances at Bayreuth with Martha Mödl and Ramon Vinay under Herbert von Karajan (1952) were highly regarded, and these performances are now available as a live recording. In the 1960s, the soprano Birgit Nilsson was considered the major Isolde interpreter, and she was often partnered with the Tristan of Wolfgang Windgassen. Their performance at Bayreuth in 1966 under the baton of Karl Böhm was captured by Deutsche Grammophon—a performance often hailed as one of the best \"Tristan\" recordings. Some collectors prefer the pairing of Nilsson with the Canadian tenor Jon Vickers, available in \"unofficial\" recordings from performances in Vienna or Orange.",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde discography"
},
{
"docid": "5531631#15",
"text": "Although Voigt's Fach is that of the \"dramatischer\" soprano, she has recently—overlooking the 2003 Vienna performances as Isolde—made the transition into singing the \"\" soprano with her interpretation of Isolde from Wagner's \"Tristan und Isolde\". She sang the role in the 2007/08 season at the Metropolitan Opera and in the 2008/09 season at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. During one of the performances at the Met, Voigt took ill and had to leave the stage. She returned at the next performance of \"Tristan und Isolde\" and finished the run to acclaim by most reviewers, including \"The New York Times\". However, some critics, including \"The New York Sun\", panned her performance.",
"title": "Deborah Voigt"
},
{
"docid": "38241#46",
"text": "Following the war, another classic recording is the 1952 performance at the Bayreuth Festival with Martha Mödl and Ramón Vinay under Herbert von Karajan, which is noted for its strong, vivid characterizations and is now available as a live recording. In the 1960s, the soprano Birgit Nilsson was considered the major Isolde interpreter, and she was often partnered with the Tristan of Wolfgang Windgassen. Their performance at Bayreuth in 1966 under the baton of Karl Böhm was captured by Deutsche Grammophon – a performance often hailed as one of the best \"Tristan\" recordings.",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde"
},
{
"docid": "38241#41",
"text": "The conductor Bruno Walter heard his first \"Tristan und Isolde\" in 1889 as a student:\nArnold Schoenberg referred to Wagner's technique of shifting chords in \"Tristan\" as \"phenomena of incredible adaptability and nonindependence roaming, homeless, among the spheres of keys; spies reconnoitering weaknesses; to exploit them in order to create confusion, deserters for whom surrender of their own personality is an end in itself\".",
"title": "Tristan und Isolde"
}
] |
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] |
1531
|
When were the Acts of the Apostles written?
|
[
{
"docid": "13116113#4",
"text": "All other books with similar titles or narratives have not been included into the Bible, and belong to the New Testament apocrypha. These acts narratives tend to be later, legendary accounts about the early apostles written in the 2nd and 3rd century CE. The books normally do not claim to be written by apostles, but are anonymous, and thus they are not considered pseudepigrapha and forgeries. Unlike the canonical Book of Acts, they tend to focus on the exploits of individual apostles.",
"title": "Acts of the Apostles (genre)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13116113#1",
"text": "Only one work in this genre is included in the New Testament canon, entitled the \"Acts of the Apostles\", sometimes called the \"Book of Acts\" or simply \"Acts\", and primarily concerns the activities of Saint Peter, John the Apostle, and Paul the Apostle, who converts to Christianity in chapter 9 and becomes the main character. It is presumably the second part of a two-part work, the Canonical Gospel of Luke being the first part, with both works being addressed to Theophilus, and sharing a similar style. Almost all scholars believe that they were written by the same person.",
"title": "Acts of the Apostles (genre)"
},
{
"docid": "31459#47",
"text": "The main source is the apocryphal Acts of Thomas, sometimes called by its full name \"The Acts of Judas Thomas\", written circa 180–230 AD/CE, These are generally regarded by various Christian religions as apocryphal, or even heretical. The two centuries that lapsed between the life of the apostle and the recording of this work cast doubt on their authenticity.",
"title": "Thomas the Apostle"
},
{
"docid": "1046923#17",
"text": "Several texts concern themselves with the subsequent lives of the apostles, usually with highly supernatural events. Almost half of these, anciently called \"The Circuits of the Apostles\" and now known by the name of their purported author, \"Leucius Charinus\" (supposedly a companion of John the apostle), contained the Acts of Peter, John, Andrew, Thomas, and Paul. These were judged by the Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople in the ninth century to be full of folly, self-contradiction, falsehood, and impiety. The \"Acts of Thomas\" and the \"Acts of Peter and the Twelve\" are often considered Gnostic texts. While most of the texts are believed to have been written in the 2nd century, at least two, the \"Acts of Barnabas\" and the \"Acts of Peter and Paul\" are believed to have been written as late as the 5th century.There are also non-canonical epistles (or \"letters\") between individuals or to Christians in general. Some of them were regarded very highly by the early church.\nThose marked with a lozenge (♦) are included in the collection known as the Apostolic Fathers:Several works frame themselves as visions, often discussing the future, afterlife, or both:Several texts (over 50) consist of descriptions of the events surrounding the varied fate of Mary (the mother of Jesus):These texts, due to their content or form, do not fit into the other categories:In addition to the known apocryphal works, there are also small fragments of texts, parts of unknown (or uncertain) works. Some of the more significant fragments are:Several texts are mentioned in many ancient sources and would probably be considered part of the apocrypha, but no known text has survived:While many of the books listed here were considered heretical (especially those belonging to the gnostic tradition—as this sect was considered heretical by Proto-orthodox Christianity of the early centuries), others were not considered particularly heretical in content, but in fact were well accepted as significant spiritual works. Those marked with a lozenge (♦) are also included in the collection known as the Apostolic Fathers.",
"title": "New Testament apocrypha"
},
{
"docid": "24314875#23",
"text": "It is generally agreed that the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles were both written by the same author, and they are often referred to as a single work called Luke-Acts. The most direct evidence comes from the prefaces of each book. Both prefaces were addressed to Theophilus, and Acts of the Apostles (1:1-2) says in reference to the Gospel of Luke, \"In my former book, Theophilus, I wrote about all that Jesus began to do and teach until the day He was taken up to heaven, after giving instructions through the Holy Spirit to the apostles He had chosen.\" (NIV) Furthermore, there are linguistic and theological similarities between the two works, suggesting that they have a common author. Both books also contain common interests.",
"title": "Historical reliability of the Gospels"
},
{
"docid": "13116113#3",
"text": "The \"Book of Acts\" was probably written around the year 80 or 85 CE. It is not so much concerned with historical accuracy as it is with furthering a particular theology from a certain religious point of view.",
"title": "Acts of the Apostles (genre)"
},
{
"docid": "31459#32",
"text": "According to tradition, in 232 AD, the greater portion of relics of the Apostle Thomas are said to have been sent by an Indian king and brought from Mylapore to the city of Edessa, Mesopotamia, on which occasion his Syriac \"Acts\" were written.",
"title": "Thomas the Apostle"
},
{
"docid": "212567#7",
"text": "William Ramsay was known for his careful attention to New Testament events, particularly the Book of Acts and Pauline Epistles. When he first went to Asia Minor, many of the cities mentioned in Acts had no known location and almost nothing was known of their detailed history or politics. The Acts of the Apostles was the only record and Ramsay, skeptical, fully expected his own research to prove the author of Acts hopelessly inaccurate since no man could possibly know the details of Asia Minor more than a hundred years after the event—this is, when Acts was then supposed to have been written. He therefore set out to put the writer of Acts on trial. He devoted his life to unearthing the ancient cities and documents of Asia Minor. After a lifetime of study, however, he concluded: 'Further study … showed that the book could bear the most minute scrutiny as an authority for the facts of the Aegean world, and that it was written with such judgment, skill, art and perception of truth as to be a model of historical statement' (\"The Bearing of Recent Discovery\", p. 85). On page 89 of the same book, Ramsay accounted, 'I set out to look for truth on the borderland where Greece and Asia meet, and found it there [in Acts]. You may press the words of Luke in a degree beyond any other historian's and they stand the keenest scrutiny and the hardest treatment...'",
"title": "William Mitchell Ramsay"
},
{
"docid": "9856573#0",
"text": "Acts and Epistles of the Apostles (the \"Apostle\"), completed in 1564, is the first Russian printed publication that has an exact date. It was published by Ivan Fyodorov (Ива́н Фёдоров).",
"title": "Acts and Epistles of the Apostles"
},
{
"docid": "24140#105",
"text": "F. C. Baur (1792–1860), professor of theology at Tübingen in Germany, the first scholar to critique Acts and the Pauline Epistles, and founder of the Tübingen School of theology, argued that Paul, as the \"Apostle to the Gentiles\", was in violent opposition to the original 12 Apostles. Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable. This debate has continued ever since, with Adolf Deissmann (1866–1937) and Richard Reitzenstein (1861–1931) emphasising Paul's Greek inheritance and Albert Schweitzer stressing his dependence on Judaism.",
"title": "Paul the Apostle"
}
] |
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] |
1532
|
Who has won the most Grammy's?
|
[
{
"docid": "16116273#1",
"text": "The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.",
"title": "Grammy Award records"
},
{
"docid": "466275#2",
"text": "As of 2018, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, tying her for the second most awarded recipient alongside Quincy Jones, second only to classical conductor Georg Solti, who holds the record for most wins with 31. She is the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history.",
"title": "Alison Krauss"
},
{
"docid": "466275#34",
"text": "Krauss has won a record twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. She is currently tied with Quincy Jones as the winner of the second highest number of Grammy Awards. Only the late classical conductor Sir Georg Solti has more overall Grammys (31). She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.",
"title": "Alison Krauss"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34496538#14",
"text": "For many winners, this year's Grammy Award wasn't their first. In fact, over 40 winners now have achieved three or more wins.\nThese artists have received the most cumulative Grammy Awards:The winner with the longest span of Grammy wins this year was Gil Evans, whose first win was in 1960. This year he won a posthumous award. The longest span for any artist who is still active was for Paul McCartney, who first won an award in 1965 (as a member of The Beatles).\nJanis Ian won her first Grammy in 37 years, having last won in 1976 in the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance category.",
"title": "55th Annual Grammy Awards"
},
{
"docid": "480497#2",
"text": "Bill Gaither has the most wins in the category, with a total of four: two from his work in the Gaither Vocal Band, and another two in combination with his wife, Gloria. Randy Travis has won one less Grammy than Gaither in this category, with three. Bill Gaither has the most nominations in the category, with eleven; the Light Crust Doughboys have eight, trailing Gaither by three nominations. Kyle Lehning holds the record for most wins as a producer or engineer, with a total of three. Nominated bands include Karen Peck and New River, who were selected in three of the final four years of the Grammy, and the Cathedral Quartet.",
"title": "Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album"
},
{
"docid": "361388#12",
"text": "Marvin Hamlisch (1944–2012), a composer, received his fourth distinct award in 1995. Between 1973 and 2001, Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards. Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners (three). In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a \"General Field\" Grammy – taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist. He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work – an Oscar and a Grammy for song \"The Way We Were\".",
"title": "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards"
},
{
"docid": "83688#69",
"text": "Beyoncé has won 22 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012.",
"title": "Beyoncé"
},
{
"docid": "1699829#7",
"text": "He has won more Grammy Awards, more than any other engineer or mixer. He was the first person to win both the Grammy and Latin Grammy for Album of the Year. He won his first Grammy in 1963 for engineering the \"Hatari!\" soundtrack by Henry Mancini. The song \"Moon River\" and its won two Grammy awards in 1961 as well as an Academy Award for Best Song with its appearance in the film \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\". He was awarded two Latin Grammy Awards in 2000 including Album of the Year. In 2005 he won five Grammys for his work on Ray Charles' \"Genius Loves Company\", including Album of the Year, setting the record for most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night. In 2006, he was given the Grammy Trustees Lifetime Achievement Award.",
"title": "Al Schmitt"
},
{
"docid": "21457996#1",
"text": "Beyoncé, who also received the most nominations, with ten, won a total of six awards breaking the record for most wins by a female artist in one night. Taylor Swift won four while The Black Eyed Peas, Jay-Z and Kings of Leon won three. Artists who won two awards include A. R. Rahman, Colbie Caillat, Eminem, Kanye West, Lady Gaga, Maxwell, Jason Mraz and Rihanna. Judas Priest, AC/DC, and Imogen Heap each won a Grammy for the first time in their careers.",
"title": "52nd Annual Grammy Awards"
},
{
"docid": "29909823#48",
"text": "Lamar has won twelve Grammy Awards. He received a total of seven nominations at the 56th Grammy Awards in 2014, including Album of the Year for \"good kid, m.A.A.d city\". At the 57th Grammy Awards in 2015, his single \"i\" earned him his first two wins: Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance. Lamar received his second Album of the Year nomination at the 58th Grammy Awards for \"To Pimp a Butterfly\", also leading the list with 11 categories. For the latter, he went on to pass Eminem as the rapper with the most nominations in a single night, and second overall behind Michael Jackson, who holds the record of 12 nominations since 1984. Lamar was the most-awarded artist at the ceremony with five, including Best Rap Album. The rapper appeared for the first time on the \"Time\" 100 list of most influential people in 2016.",
"title": "Kendrick Lamar"
}
] |
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] |
1534
|
What is the DC Comics character Zatanna Zatara's super power?
|
[
{
"docid": "7475213#0",
"text": "Zachary Zatara is a fictional character in the DC Universe. Zachary is a descendant of the Homo Magi just like his cousin Zatanna and uncle John Zatara. He first appeared in \"Teen Titans (vol. 3)\" # 34, and was created by Geoff Johns and Tony Daniel.",
"title": "Zachary Zatara"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "559328#31",
"text": "The 1978 \"DC Super Dictionary\" invented a character, Conjura, who had the same magic ability as Zatanna, in addition to possessing a time-traveling amulet.In the Amalgam Comics universe, Zatanna is merged with Scarlet Witch of the Avengers to form a character known as Wanda Zatara, the White Witch.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "559328#0",
"text": "Zatanna Zatara () is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Gardner Fox and Murphy Anderson, and first appeared in \"Hawkman\" #4 (November 1964).",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "698413#0",
"text": "Giovanni \"John\" Zatara is a fictional superhero appearing in comics published by DC Comics. He is a stage magician who also practices actual magic. He married Sindella, a \"Homo magi\", and they have a daughter, Zatanna Zatara, who, like her father, is both a \"stage magician\" and a genuine high-level sorceress to boot.",
"title": "Zatara"
},
{
"docid": "559328#5",
"text": "She briefly was featured in backup features in \"Adventure Comics\" and \"Supergirl\" from 1971 to 1973. Zatanna assists the Justice League of America on a few missions before being elected to membership in \"Justice League of America\" #161 (Dec. 1978). Soon after Zatanna joined the group, the identity of her mother was revealed in a multi-issue storyline. Zatanna teamed with Superman in \"DC Comics Presents\" and with Batman in \"The Brave and the Bold\". A ten-page short story in \"DC Special Blue Ribbon Digest\" #5 (Nov.–Dec. 1980) revealed new details about Zatara's origin and how Zatanna's quest to locate her father began. During her tenure with the Justice League, her power level diminishes, so that she can only control the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water. She starred in a backup feature in \"World's Finest Comics\" #274–278 and the limitation of her powers is reversed in \"World's Finest Comics\" #277 (March 1982). She assists Wonder Woman and several other superheroines in fighting an extraterrestrial threat.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "22131287#18",
"text": "Lobo, who is confined to the Labyrinth, Hell's only prison, is freed as a result of the titanic battle between Etrigan and Blue Devil, a battle which results in Etrigan's (temporary) death at Blue Devil's hands. Lobo then tears apart the soul of Zatara (Zatanna's father), which forces Zatanna to destroy his soul rather than to consign him to an eternity of pain and torment(later, in the 16-issue miniseries \"Zatanna\" (vol. 2) (July 2010-October 2011), Zatara is shown to have been saved from destruction by a demon who owes him a favor).",
"title": "Hell (DC Comics)"
},
{
"docid": "854681#3",
"text": "Sargon maintained contacts with several other mages in the DC Universe, notably Baron Winters, Zatara (a fellow \"faux\" stage magician), and the younger mage John Constantine. Sargon answered the summons of Constantine to participate in a ritual at the mansion of Winters in July 1985 to help deal with the effects of the \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\", using the Swamp Thing as their portal into the war being fought in Hell. Locking hands in a circle of power, and using the psychic powers of Constantine's drunken acquaintance Mento, the group of sorcerers (which also included Zatara's daughter Zatanna) observed the events unfolding, and attempted in turn to channel their magical powers into several other mystical characters present in Hell, including Etrigan, the original Doctor Fate, and the Spectre.",
"title": "Sargon the Sorcerer"
},
{
"docid": "559328#4",
"text": "Zatanna is the daughter of magician Giovanni Zatara who appeared in Golden Age comic books and Sindella, a member of the mystical \"Homo magi\" race. Her younger cousin, the teenager Zachary Zatara, is also a magician in the DCU. Zatanna makes her living as a stage illusionist prior to discovering her magical abilities while investigating the disappearance of her father. Her original costume is based upon her father's costume but substituting fishnet stockings and high heels for slacks. Zatanna's search for her father was the subject of a storyline which was featured in several titles edited by Julius Schwartz, and in it, Zatanna interacts with Hawkman and Hawkgirl; battles Batman and Robin while in disguise as a witch and under the control of the villain the Outsider; and teams with the Atom, Green Lantern, and the Elongated Man. The series culminated in \"Justice League of America\" #51 (February 1967). This Justice League adventure took place during the \"Batman\" television craze where Batman was at the height of his popularity. The premise that the witch in \"Detective Comics\" #336 was Zatanna was perceived as an attempt to get Batman participating in this issue of \"Justice League of America\" no matter how vague the connection to Zatanna's quest was.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "559328#3",
"text": "Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Murphy Anderson, Zatanna first appeared in \"Hawkman\" #4 (November 1964). When she is introduced, she is on a quest to find her father Zatara who made his first appearance in \"Action Comics\" #1 but had not been published regularly for several years. The storyline crossed multiple comics published by DC at the time, culminating in issues of \"Justice League of America\", also written by Fox.",
"title": "Zatanna"
},
{
"docid": "559328#38",
"text": "Zatanna is a recurring character in the final three seasons of \"Smallville\", portrayed by actress Serinda Swan, marking her first appearance in live-action. The character first appeared late in season eight, in the episode \"Hex\". She is described as the daughter of the deceased John Zatara, \"the world's greatest magician\". Zatanna is introduced at the Ace of Clubs, the scene of Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack)'s birthday party. To enliven things, Zatanna uses magic to make characters' inner desires come true—Chloe is physically transformed to resemble her cousin, Lois Lane (Erica Durance), for example, and Clark (Tom Welling) becomes \"normal\". Zatanna later approaches Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) and offers him a deal: she will grant him a wish if he returns her father's magical book to her. Once she acquires the Book of Zatara from Green Arrow, whom she recognizes as Oliver, she reveals her aim is to use it to resurrect her father. Because Clark is vulnerable to magic, and Oliver lacks the power to stop her, Zatanna has to realize for herself that her father sacrificed himself so she could live. She later goes to Oliver to explain herself, and decides to help him if he encounters any supernatural foes along the way by leaving him her phone number. Swan reprises the role in the ninth season of \"Smallville\" in the episode titled \"Warrior\". In season ten episodes which feature the government attempting to hunt down the Justice League, Zatanna's picture is shown among their targets. Although not portrayed by Swan, an actor in costume represents Zatanna in the episode \"Icarus\". In the episode \"Fortune\", Zatanna is used as a plot device; the episode establishes her as having sent an enchanted bottle of wine to Clark and Lois on the night of their engagement party, which sets the events of that episode in motion.",
"title": "Zatanna"
}
] |
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] |
1535
|
What is the official religion of Ireland?
|
[
{
"docid": "13770193#0",
"text": "The predominant religion in the Republic of Ireland is Christianity, with the largest church being the Roman Catholic Church. The Irish constitution says that the state may not endorse any particular religion and guarantees freedom of religion.",
"title": "Religion in the Republic of Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "13770193#8",
"text": "Christianity is the largest religion in the Republic of Ireland based on baptisms. Irish Christianity is dominated by the Catholic Church, and Christianity as a whole accounts for 82.3% of the Irish population. Most churches are organized on an all-Ireland basis which includes both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.\nIrish travellers have traditionally adopted a very particular attitude to the Catholic Church, with a focus on figures such as \"healing priests\". More generally a tradition of visions continues, often outside of Church sanction.",
"title": "Religion in the Republic of Ireland"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8624443#11",
"text": "Ireland's political scene and ecclesiastical was changed permanently by the coming of the Normans and the influence of the English Crown. With the English Reformation, church property was forfeited by the state and transferred to the official state religion - the Church of Ireland. Although only a winning over a minority of the people, despite the many political and economic advantages offered by conversion to the state religion, all subjects of the Crown were obliged, in their taxes to support the official state church. Additionally, the Penal Laws sought to curb or altogether extinguish the practice of the Roman Catholic religion amongst the majority population of the Archdiocese.",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuam"
},
{
"docid": "4163014#33",
"text": "Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys \"de facto\" privileged status. Much the same applies in Germany with the Evangelical Church and the Roman Catholic Church, and the Jewish community. In Finland, both the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Lutheran Church are official. England, a part of the United Kingdom, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as its national church, but it is no longer \"official\". In Sweden, the national church used to be Lutheranism, but it is no longer \"official\" since 2000. Azerbaijan, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Ireland, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Russia, Spain and Turkey are officially secular.",
"title": "Religion in Europe"
},
{
"docid": "9632753#33",
"text": "\"Azalea Indica of natural growth 1st Professor Yonge Azalea Indica in pots 1st Professor Yonge\" - Calceolarias 2nd C.D. Yonge\"\nIn 1869 he wrote to his cousin Charles Tripp in New Zealand. He refers to his being director of the Botanical Garden, he voices his dislike of the disestablishment of the Anglican Church of Ireland in the previous year \"it [the church] has been thrown into a sad state of distress and agitation by Gladstone’s nefarious attack on the Church\". Though the religion of a minority of Irish people, the Anglican Church of Ireland remained the official religion of Ireland, established by law, until the Act of Parliament of 1869, came into effect in 1871. The Act had been brought forward by Gladstone in an attempt to induce the majority Roman Catholic population to accept continued English rule.\nIn the letter referred to above he writes of returning to England when his 10-year appointment was up but he in fact stayed in Ireland some 25 years.",
"title": "Charles Duke Yonge"
},
{
"docid": "21686#68",
"text": "Census figures in Ireland do not provide a breakdown of religions outside of the major Christian denominations and other major world religions. A total of 22,497 people stated Other Religion in the 2006 census; and a rough estimate is that there were 2,000–3,000 practicing pagans in Ireland in 2009. Numerous pagan groups – primarily Wiccan and Druidic – exist in Ireland though none is officially recognised by the Government. Irish Paganism is often strongly concerned with issues of place and language.",
"title": "Modern Paganism"
},
{
"docid": "5123185#7",
"text": "Christianity is the main religion in Northern Ireland. The 2011 UK census showed 42.8% Roman Catholic, 21.1% Presbyterian Church, with the Church of Ireland having 16.7% and the Methodist Church 5.0%. Members of other Christian churches comprised 5.8%, 7.9% stated they have no religion or did not state a religion, and members of non-Christian religions were 0.8%.",
"title": "Religion in Northern Ireland"
},
{
"docid": "409482#26",
"text": "\"\"Irish Catholics believe that their devotion to their religion and to the Holy See handicaps their efforts for independence. While this in no way shakes their adherence to the Faith, they naturally resent the audacity of an officially heretical government approaching the Holy See on occasions through Catholic or non-Catholic channels, seeking to procure, on pretexts of faith and morals, the condemnation of Catholic Ireland. It is true that the latter happens to be weak and England strong; hence England tries to turn into an instrument of further oppression a force on which Ireland should obviously have paramount claims and for which Ireland suffered and fought and bled while the oppressor repudiated, blasphemed and persecuted it.\"\"",
"title": "Rome Rule"
},
{
"docid": "7214413#19",
"text": "Though the religion of a minority of Irish people at the time, the Church of Ireland remained the official, established religion of Ireland, until its disestablishment by the Irish Church Act 1869 came into effect in 1871. The representation of the Church in the House of Lords also ceased.",
"title": "History of reform of the House of Lords"
},
{
"docid": "13770193#7",
"text": "Despite a large number of schools in Ireland being run by religious organizations but funded by the state, a general trend of secularism is occurring within the Irish population, particularly in the younger generations. Many efforts have been made by secular groups to eliminate the rigorous study in the second and sixth classes, to prepare for the sacraments of Holy Communion and confirmation in Catholic schools. Parents can ask for their children to be excluded from religious study if they wish. However, religious studies as a subject was introduced into the state administered Junior Certificate in 2001; it is not compulsory and deals with aspects of different religions, not focusing on one particular religion.",
"title": "Religion in the Republic of Ireland"
}
] |
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] |
1537
|
What's Australia's GDP?
|
[
{
"docid": "67533#0",
"text": "The economy of Australia is a large mixed-market economy, with a GDP of A$1.69 trillion as of 2017. In 2018 Australia overtook Switzerland, and became the country with the largest median wealth per adult. Australia's total wealth was AUD$8.9 trillion as of June 2016. In 2016, Australia was the 14th-largest national economy by nominal GDP, 20th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP, and was the 25th-largest goods exporter and 20th-largest goods importer. Australia took the record for the longest run of uninterrupted GDP growth in the developed world with the March 2017 financial quarter, the 103rd quarter and marked 26 years since the country had a technical recession (two consecutive quarters of negative growth).",
"title": "Economy of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "37263786#0",
"text": "The economy of Australia is one of the most developed, modern market economies in the world and the most productive in South Pacific, with a GDP of approximately US$1.6 trillion. Australia's total wealth is 6.4 trillion dollars. In 2011, it was the 13th largest national economy by nominal GDP. Businesspersons involved in different activities, whether commercial or industrial, for the purpose of generating revenue from a combination of human, financial, and physical capital are listed here.",
"title": "List of Australian businesspeople"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20611325#30",
"text": "Australia is the only first world country in the Australian-New Guinea continent, although the economy of Australia is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world. Australia's per-capita GDP is higher than that of the UK, Canada, Germany, and France in terms of purchasing power parity. The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific. In 2012, Australia was the 12th largest national economy by nominal GDP and the 19th-largest measured by PPP-adjusted GDP. Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy. In the financial year 2014/15, tourism represented 3.0% of Australia's GDP contributing A$47.5 billion to the national economy. In 2015, there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals.",
"title": "Australia (continent)"
},
{
"docid": "67533#13",
"text": "Australia's per-capita GDP is higher than that of the UK, Canada, Germany and France in terms of purchasing power parity. Per Capita GDP (PPP) Australia is ranked 18th in the world (CIA World Factbook 2016). The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2016 Human Development Index and sixth in \"The Economist\" worldwide quality-of-life index 2005. In 2014, using constant exchange rates, Australia's wealth had grown by 4.4% annually on average since 2007, compared with a 9.2% rate over 2000–2007. Australia's sovereign credit rating is \"AAA\" for all three major rating agencies, higher than the United States of America.",
"title": "Economy of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "67533#17",
"text": "At the turn of the current century, Australia experienced a significant mining boom. The mining sector's contribution to overall GDP grew from around 4.5% in 1993–94, to almost 8% in 2006–07. The services sector also grew considerably, with property and business services in particular growing from 10% to 14.5% of GDP over the same period, making it the largest single component of GDP (in sectoral terms). This growth has largely been at the expense of the manufacturing sector, which in 2006–07 accounted for around 12% of GDP. A decade earlier, it was the largest sector in the economy, accounting for just over 15% of GDP.",
"title": "Economy of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "4689264#47",
"text": "Ranked fifth in the Index of Economic Freedom (2017), Australia is the world's twelfth largest economy and has the sixth highest per capita GDP (nominal) at US$56,291. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2016 Human Development Index. Melbourne reached top spot for the fourth year in a row on \"The Economist\"'s 2014 list of the world's most liveable cities, followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the fifth, seventh, and ninth places respectively. Total government debt in Australia is about A$190 billion—20% of GDP in 2010. Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest household debt levels in the world.",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"docid": "4689264#52",
"text": "Since 2008, inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes A$5.5 billion per year to the nation's economy.",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"docid": "67533#56",
"text": "In the late 19th century, Australia's economic strength relative to the rest of the world was reflected in its GDP. In 1870, Australia had the highest GDP per capita in the world due to economic growth fuelled by its natural resources. However, as Australia's population grew rapidly over the 20th century, its GDP per capita dropped relative to countries such as the US and Norway. However, the Australian economy has been performing nominally better than other economies of the OECD and has supported economic growth for over 20 consecutive years. According to the Reserve Bank of Australia, Australian per capita GDP growth is higher than that of New Zealand, US, Canada and The Netherlands. The past performance of the Australian economy has been heavily influenced by US, Japanese and Chinese economic growth.",
"title": "Economy of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "1057262#13",
"text": "There are currently an estimated 2,000 pig producers in Australia, producing 5 million pigs annually (Productivity Commission). Although relatively small on the world stage (0.4% world production), the industry provides a significant positive impact on local, regional, state, and national economies through income generation and employment. The pork industry contributes approximately $970m to Australia's GDP and the supply chain contributes $2.6billion to the GDP. The industry generates over $1.2b of household income, directly employing 6,500 full-time positions, and the supply chain employs 29,000 people. The Australian pork industry is represented by Australian Pork Limited, a producer-run company created by legislation.",
"title": "Agriculture in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "67533#1",
"text": "The Australian economy is dominated by its service sector, comprising 61.1% of the GDP and employing 79.2% of the labour force in 2016. East Asia (including ASEAN and Northeast Asia) is a top export destination, accounting for about 64% of exports in 2016. Australia has the eighth-highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$19.9 trillion in 2016. At the height of the mining boom in 2009–10, the total value-added of the mining industry was 8.4% of GDP. Despite the recent decline in the mining sector, the Australian economy has remained resilient and stable and has not experienced a recession since July 1991.",
"title": "Economy of Australia"
}
] |
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] |
1539
|
Who was King Louis-Phillipe's wife?
|
[
{
"docid": "48434160#3",
"text": "In 1677, the scandal behind him, d'Oger was made Grand Marshall of the Royal Household (Maréchal des logis du roi) the same year he married Louise Philippe de Coëtlogon (1641-1729) who was a Maid of Honour to Louis XIV's wife, Queen Maria Theresa. It has been claimed that Louise was popular with the Queen because she was not a conventional beauty and unlikely to be admired by the King D'Oger was appointed Aide de Camp to the king in 1684.",
"title": "Louis d'Oger, Marquis de Cavoye"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2273610#43",
"text": "Phillip married the love of his life, Beth Raines in 1991. Phillip's wedding to Beth is also considered to be memorable, in that it featured one of the show's most popular couples to finally say their \"I do's.\" The couple's first dance as man and wife was to Lionel Richie's 1982 debut solo \"Truly,\" which is also remembered as the song Phillip and Beth danced to at their high school prom where they were named king and queen. In later years, Beth had already given birth to a healthy baby girl named Lizzie Spaulding and together she and Phillip left Springfield. They were happy offscreen for quite a while and Phillip returned to Springfield in 1994 to find out who framed him for a number of criminal acts. Phillip moved on with Harley Cooper, but Beth returned. She and Phillip tried to reconnect, but eventually the marriage failed because of the time apart. They separated in 1995. Beth continued to try to separate Phillip from his attachment to Harley, but their divorce was finalized in 1997 after Beth coaxed Lizzie into trying to interfere with Phillip's newfound happiness.\nAt the end of the series Phillip and Beth found happiness.",
"title": "Phillip Spaulding"
},
{
"docid": "658260#4",
"text": "The bride was passionately in love with her husband, but his attentions focused elsewhere. It was well known at court that he was in love with his wife's sister-in-law, Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, wife of Louis III, Prince of Condé, who was the eldest legitimated daughter of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. Marie Anne de Bourbon, the daughter of Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, was thought to have been the fruit of this affair. It was also noted, however, that he had homosexual tendencies and did not pay his wife much attention. He lived as a libertine, engaging in numerous love affairs with members of both sexes. His scandalous philandering and debaucheries caused tension and distance within the family, and earned him the nickname of \"le Grand Conti\".",
"title": "François Louis, Prince of Conti"
},
{
"docid": "58850120#4",
"text": "In Prince Michael of Greece's research on the descendants of Jean-Phillipe de Bourbon, he feels \"certain that he [Jean-Phillipe] was the son of Charles III, the Constable of France, the richest and most famous and powerful member of the family\". In Prince Michael's book \"Le Rajah de Bourbon\", Jean-Phillipe married the Portuguese sister of the Christian wife of Akbar, was also given a large amount of land and became a Rajah (king) in India. He also explains how Jean-Phillipe was the first Bourbon French king, Henry IV's nephew and how sometime before 1560, Jean-Phillipe embarked on a worldwide adventure before landing at the gates of Akbar's empire. His subsequent marriage to Lady Juliana after she tended to him during a severe illness and was then gifted to him by Akbar, produced a long line of Bourbons in Bhopal, India.",
"title": "Lady Juliana (Agra)"
},
{
"docid": "9563619#1",
"text": "In this version, the twins' ages are swapped: Philippe is the firstborn and rightful king, who had been spirited away at birth and raised with no knowledge of his true identity in a plot by Cardinal Mazarin to manipulate Louis before his own death. Colbert and D'Artagnan plot to replace Louis (who is an ineffective king more interested in dancing and pleasure than the welfare of France) with Philippe, and in the process bring down the corrupt finance minister Fouquet, who has embezzled from the national treasury. Louis is repulsed by his own wife and makes repeated advances on Louise, who is in turn repulsed by him yet falls in love with Philippe.Although a made-for-TV movie, actual locations in France were used for filming, including the Château de Fontainebleau and Fouquet's actual chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte for the final ball scene.",
"title": "The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film)"
},
{
"docid": "8439251#2",
"text": "When Philip IV of France died, his eldest son, Louis I of Navarre, became King of France. Louis' wife Margaret had been locked up in Château Gaillard since 1314 after being found guilty of adultery by King Philip, on the testimony of, amongst others, Louis's sister Isabella. Since there had been no formal annulment, Margaret technically became queen consort when Louis acceded to the throne upon Philip's death, though she was kept locked up. In 1315, the queen died, allegedly strangled or otherwise murdered to clear the way for her husband to remarry. Louis chose Clementia and they married on 19 August 1315; she was crowned queen at Reims on 24 August.",
"title": "Clementia of Hungary"
},
{
"docid": "658315#2",
"text": "In 1731, he married Louise Diane d'Orléans, \"Mademoiselle de Chartres\" (the first-cousin of his mother Louise Élisabeth, through her mother), who was the youngest daughter of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (the Régent of France during the minority of King Louis XV of France) and his wife, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, daughter of King Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.",
"title": "Louis François, Prince of Conti"
},
{
"docid": "29834525#2",
"text": "Ranc's 1723 painting of Felipe V of Spain depicts his five eldest surviving children. The king is sat between his two eldest sons, Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias and Infante Fernando by his first wife Maria Luisa of Savoy. Felipe V's first wife died in 1714 and he remarried later the same year to Isabel Farnese. His second wife was the mother of the three other children depicted in the painting. Infante Felipe, future Duke of Parma, aged three at the time of the painting is stood between his parents and holds a yellow flower. An oval painting shows Infanta Mariana Victoria, fiancée of Louis XV, who was residing in France at the time. On the immediate right is Infante Carlos future King of Spain.",
"title": "The Family of Philip V (1723)"
},
{
"docid": "48436#17",
"text": "In 1165, Louis' third wife bore him a son and heir, Philip. Louis had him crowned at Reims in 1179, in the Capetian tradition (Philip would in fact be the last king so crowned). Already stricken with paralysis, Louis himself could not be present at the ceremony. He died on 18 September 1180 in Paris and was buried the next day at Barbeau Abbey, which he had founded. His remains were moved to the Basilica of Saint-Denis in 1817.",
"title": "Louis VII of France"
},
{
"docid": "29414747#7",
"text": "In May 1284 Louis obtained from Rudolf the right to mint coin in the \"pays de Vaud\", an implicit imperial confirmation of his lordship there. In October Philip wrote to Eleanor of Provence, Margaret's sister and Henry III's wife, and her son, now King Edward, asking them to arbitrate Louis's grievances. He also sent the Bishop of Aosta to England to explain the problem exactly, but the English arbitration was fruitless and was perhaps intended only to delay Louis's resort to arms.",
"title": "Louis I of Vaud"
}
] |
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] |
1540
|
Who created the Forgotten Realms campaign?
|
[
{
"docid": "1544460#7",
"text": "The \"Forgotten Realms\" boxed set was upgraded in 1993 to the \"AD&D\" 2nd Edition game rules, which was later republished in 1996.In 2001, Wizards of the Coast, Inc. published the \"Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting\", a Forgotten Realms campaign source book for use with the 3rd Edition of the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" role-playing game. The book was written by Ed Greenwood, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams and Rob Heinsoo, with additional contributions from members of the Wizard company's staff. Interior art was by Todd Lockwood, Sam Wood, Matt Wilson, Carlo Arellano and Stephanie Pui-Mun Law. The hardbound book is 320 pages in length and features color illustrations.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting"
},
{
"docid": "46928#11",
"text": "The \"Campaign Set\" (often referred to as the \"Grey Box\") was later released in 1987 as a boxed set of two source books (\"Cyclopedia of the Realms\" and \"DM's Sourcebook of the Realms\") and four large maps, designed by Greenwood in collaboration with author Jeff Grubb. The set introduced the campaign setting and explained how to use it, and reserved space on the map for SSI's Gold Box computer role-playing games set in the Forgotten Realms.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms"
},
{
"docid": "46928#0",
"text": "Forgotten Realms is a campaign setting for the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" (\"D&D\") fantasy role-playing game. Commonly referred to by players and game designers alike as \"The Realms\", it was created by game designer Ed Greenwood around 1967 as a setting for his childhood stories. Several years later, Greenwood brought the setting to the \"D&D\" game as a series of magazine articles, and the first Realms game products were released in 1987. Role-playing game products have been produced for the setting ever since, as have various licensed products including novels, role-playing video game adaptations (including the first massively multiplayer online role-playing game to use graphics), and comic books. The Forgotten Realms is one of the most popular \"D&D\" settings, largely due to the success of novels by authors such as R. A. Salvatore and numerous role-playing video games, including \"Pool of Radiance\" (1988), \"Eye of the Beholder\" (1991), \"Baldur's Gate\" (1998), \"Icewind Dale\" (2000) and \"Neverwinter Nights\" (2002).",
"title": "Forgotten Realms"
},
{
"docid": "833582#0",
"text": "The Seven Sisters—fictional characters of the \"Forgotten Realms\" campaign setting of the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" Role Playing Game. The sisters are epic level characters (characters possessing nearly super-human levels of skill and power) of differing abilities, most of which involve some form of spellcasting and use of magic. Created by Ed Greenwood, they have been featured in multiple novels, games, and officially created scenarios by an equally large number of authors/game-designers.",
"title": "Seven Sisters (Forgotten Realms)"
},
{
"docid": "20652225#0",
"text": "Forgotten Realms Adventures is an accessory for the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the second edition of the \"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons\" fantasy role-playing game. The book, with product code TSR 2106, was published in 1990, and was written by Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood, with cover art by Clyde Caldwell and interior art by Steven Fabian, Ned Dameron, Larry Elmore, Caldwell, and Jeff Easley.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms Adventures"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30107165#0",
"text": "The Forgotten Realms Interactive Atlas was developed by ProFantasy Software, the creators of Campaign Cartographer for Wizards of the Coast, who publish the Forgotten Realms RPG setting. The developers created vector version of the published maps for the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting and included many new maps, including a globe of the entire Forgotten Realms world, Abeir-Toril. There have been three updates published for the application that deliver over 800 maps. The maps were hyperlinked within a customised viewer, or could be accessed via an interactive globe. The product was discontinued after selling through its entire print in its first year.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms Interactive Atlas"
},
{
"docid": "2732054#8",
"text": "Oghma appears as one of the major deities of the Forgotten Realms setting again, in \"Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting\" (2001), and is further detailed in \"Faiths and Pantheons\" (2002).\nOghma appears as one of the major deities (or \"Greater Gods\") of the Forgotten Realms setting again, in \"Forgotten Realms Player's Guide\" (2008), and is further detailed in \"Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting\" (2008). He plays largely the same role in the setting as in previous editions, and is still associated, for the most part, with the same gods. His alignment under the new system is Unaligned.",
"title": "Oghma (Forgotten Realms)"
},
{
"docid": "46928#8",
"text": "Ed Greenwood began writing stories about the \"Forgotten Realms\" as a child, starting around 1967; they were his \"dream space for swords and sorcery stories\". Greenwood came up with the \"Forgotten Realms\" name from the notion of a multiverse of parallel worlds; Earth is one such world, and the Realms another. In Greenwood's original conception, the fantastic legends of Earth derive from a fantasy world, the way to which has been lost. Greenwood discovered the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" game in 1975, and became a serious role-playing enthusiast with the first \"AD&D\" game releases in 1978. The setting became the home of Greenwood's personal campaign. Greenwood began a Realms campaign in the city of Waterdeep, then started another group known as the Knights of Myth Drannor in Shadowdale. Greenwood felt that his players' thirst for detail made the Realms what it is: \"They want it to seem real, and work on ‘honest jobs’ and personal activities, until the whole thing grows into far more than a casual campaign. Roleplaying always governs over rules, and the adventures seem to develop themselves.\" Greenwood has stated that his own version of the Forgotten Realms, as run in his personal campaign, is much darker than published versions.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms"
},
{
"docid": "46928#10",
"text": "Although the Realms were yet to be an official campaign world, the module \"H1: Bloodstone Pass\", released in 1985 by TSR, is now considered to be a part of the Forgotten Realms, although it wasn't until module H3 \"The Bloodstone Wars\" was released that Forgotten Realms became the official setting for the module series. The first official Forgotten Realms product was Douglas Niles's \"Darkwalker on Moonshae\", the first book in \"The Moonshae Trilogy\", which predates the \"Forgotten Realms Campaign Set\" by one month.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms"
},
{
"docid": "1544460#1",
"text": "The \"Dungeon Master's Sourcebook of the Realms\" describes how to set up and run a campaign in the Forgotten Realms. A pair of miniscenarios is included, and information is provided on wilderness terrain and movement, important personalities, rumors, and significant and magical books. Written from the perspective of Elminster the sage, the book introduces the campaign setting, explains how to use it, and offers adventure resources. Large areas were set aside to be developed for house campaigns, and no published materials were intended to be printed to exploit those areas, while one area detailed in this package was intended to have no subsequent publications use that area. The package covers only the western half of a single continent, with the eastern half reserved for future publication of Kara-Tur. Two complete dungeon-style adventures are provided: \"Halls of the Beast-Tamers\", a dungeon with many unconventional problem-solving exercises, and \"Lashan's Fall\", a dungeon with a mystery and an opportunity to parley with a monster. The \"Books of the Forgotten Realms\" section is a treatment of several magical tomes that suggests a variety of adventures, with a description of the appearance, history, and contents of each book.",
"title": "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting"
}
] |
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] |
1544
|
Where is firewood banksia found as a native plant?
|
[
{
"docid": "50580050#3",
"text": "The reserve showcases a wide range of Australian native plants from around Australia in planted theme gardens including an acacia garden, sun-loving plants, rainforest, silver foliage garden, bush tucker, shade garden, fern garden and lily garden. The reserve also includes an unplanted natural area showing the original remnant Sydney sandstone vegetation. Over 600 plants are labelled with their botanical name. See the list here. \nThe reserve includes most of the local east coast banksias including \"Banksia aemula\", \"Banksia ericifolia\", \"Banksia integrifolia\", \"Banksia marginata\", \"Banksia oblongifolia\", \"Banksia paludosa\", \"Banksia plagiocarpa\", \"Banksia robur\", \"Banksia serrata\" and \"Banksia spinulosa\". Western Australian species growing at the reserve include \"Banksia blechnifolia\" and \"Banksia repens\". For more on local banksias see and.",
"title": "Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve, Kareela"
},
{
"docid": "5525531#0",
"text": "The hairpin banksia (\"Banksia spinulosa\") is a species of woody shrub, of the genus \"Banksia\" in the family Proteaceae, native to eastern Australia. Widely distributed, it is found as an understorey plant in open dry forest or heathland from Victoria to northern Queensland, generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to in height, though can be a straggly tree to . It has long narrow leaves with inflorescences which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black, purple, red, orange or yellow.",
"title": "Banksia spinulosa"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5585516#0",
"text": "Banksia menziesii, commonly known as firewood banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the genus \"Banksia\". It is a gnarled tree up to tall, or a lower spreading shrub in the more northern parts of its range. The serrated leaves are dull green with new growth a paler grey green. The prominent autumn and winter inflorescences are often two-coloured red or pink and yellow, and their colour has given rise to more unusual common names such as port wine banksia and strawberry banksia. Yellow blooms are rarely seen.",
"title": "Banksia menziesii"
},
{
"docid": "5689828#0",
"text": "Banksia paludosa, commonly known as the marsh or swamp banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus \"Banksia\". It is native to New South Wales, Australia, where it is found between Sydney and Batemans Bay, with an isolated population further south around Eden. There are two recognised subspecies, the nominate of which is a spreading shrub to 1.5 m (5 ft) in height, and subsp. \"astrolux\" is a taller shrub to 5 m (16 ft) high found only in Nattai National Park.",
"title": "Banksia paludosa"
},
{
"docid": "5689622#1",
"text": "A rare plant, \"Banksia aculeata\" is found in gravelly soils in elevated areas. Native to a habitat burnt by periodic bushfires, it is killed by fire and regenerates from seed afterwards. In contrast to other Western Australian banksias, it appears to have some resistance to the soil-borne water mould \"Phytophthora cinnamomi\".",
"title": "Banksia aculeata"
},
{
"docid": "3040640#14",
"text": "\"Banksia ilicifolia\" grows exclusively on sandy soils; its range ends where heavy soils are evident. It especially favours low-lying areas. It generally grows in open woodland alongside such trees as jarrah (\"Eucalyptus marginata\"), candlestick banksia (\"Banksia attenuata\"), firewood banksia (\"B. menziesii\") and Western Australian Christmas tree (\"Nuytsia floribunda\"). Along the south coast, it grows in heath, sometimes forming stands with bull banksia (\"B. grandis\").",
"title": "Banksia ilicifolia"
},
{
"docid": "7470731#11",
"text": "Two species of \"Banksia\" are found on Mount Henry Peninsula, \"B. attenuata\" (candlestick banksia) and \"B. menziesii\" (firewood banksia). \"B. attenuata\" flowers from spring into summer and the \"B. menziesii\" flowering occurs in autumn and winter, the presence of both these species on Mount Henry Peninsula means that at any time during an annual period, at least one of the species of \"Banksia\" will be in flower, This is a major factor in the support of Mount Henry Peninsula's bird population.",
"title": "Mount Henry Peninsula"
},
{
"docid": "5445282#0",
"text": "Banksia petiolaris is a species of flowering plant of the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia, where it is found in sandy soils in the south coastal regions from Munglinup east to Israelite Bay. It was first described by Victorian state botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1864, and no subspecies are recognised. \"B. petiolaris\" is one of several closely related species that all grow as prostrate shrub, with horizontal stems and thick, leathery upright leaves. Those of this species can be viable for up to 13 years—the longest-lived of any flowering plant recorded. It bears yellow cylindrical flower spikes, known as inflorescences, up to high in spring. As the spikes age, they turn grey and develop up to 20 woody seed pods, known as follicles, each.",
"title": "Banksia petiolaris"
},
{
"docid": "5583645#11",
"text": "During data collection for \"The Banksia Atlas\" project, a single presumed natural hybrid between \"B. prionotes\" and \"B. lindleyana\" (porcupine banksia), with fruit like \"B. lindleyana\" but leaves intermediate between the two parents, was found north of Kalbarri National Park. At the time this was considered an important discovery, as the parent species were thought not to be closely related. Mast's analyses, however, place them both in a clade of eight species, though \"B. lindleyana\" remains less closely related to \"B. prionotes\" than \"B. hookeriana\". Hybrids of \"B. prionotes\" with \"B. menziesii\" (firewood banksia) have also been produced by artificial means, and presumed natural hybrids have been recorded.",
"title": "Banksia prionotes"
},
{
"docid": "5689743#0",
"text": "Banksia hookeriana, commonly known as Hooker's banksia, is a species of shrub of the genus \"Banksia\" in the family Proteaceae. It is native to the southwest of Western Australia and can reach up to high and wide. This species has long narrow serrated leaves and large, bright flower spikes, initially white before opening to a bright orange that appear over the cooler months. The flowers are pollinated by honeyeaters. The ageing flower spikes develop woody seed pods known as follicles. \"B. hookeriana\" is serotinous — large numbers of seeds are stored in the plant canopy for years until the plants are burnt by bushfire.",
"title": "Banksia hookeriana"
}
] |
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] |
1545
|
When did the Commercial Revolution end?
|
[
{
"docid": "144571#0",
"text": "The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages. Newly forming European states, through voyages of discovery, were looking for alternative trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build vast, new international trade networks. Nations also sought new sources of wealth and practiced mercantilism and colonialism. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing.",
"title": "Commercial Revolution"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "144571#15",
"text": "The deterioration of the climate that brought about the end of the medieval warm period (or medieval weather anomaly) caused an economic decline at the beginning of the 14th century (see Great Famine). However, demographic expansion continued until the arrival of the Black Death epidemic in 1347, when ca. 50% of the European population was killed by the plague. The economic effects of a labor shortage actually caused wages to rise, while agricultural yields were once again able to support a diminished population. By the beginning of the 15th century, the economic expansion associated with the Commercial Revolution in earlier centuries returned in full force, aided by improvements in navigation and cartography.",
"title": "Commercial Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "8188604#11",
"text": "The first two years of the Cultural Revolution witnessed a continued growth in tensions between the People's Liberation Army and the CRG, due to the PLA's gradual suppression of the CRG-backed rebel groups and Red Guards. By the October 1967, the PLA had reached the peak of its ascendancy, which meant the end of the CRG. In November 1967, the Group's radical party journal, \"Red Flag\", was ordered to stop publication. In addition, the leading members of the CRG quickly became scapegoats for the problems of the summer of 1967, when armed conflict between rebel groups, other groups and the PLA had been the norm. Individuals including Wang Li were soon connected with the \"May Sixteenth Corps\", a supposed group that exploited divisions in the Cultural Revolution to cause the anarchy and was plotting to seize power. Although there is evidence that Wang Li and others formed a faction within the CRG that employed the term \"May Sixteenth\", and that the CRG did exploit divisions in the movement, there is little evidence known to suggest a plot to seize power.",
"title": "Cultural Revolution Group"
},
{
"docid": "144571#16",
"text": "Geopolitical, monetary, and technological factors drove the Age of Discovery. During this period (1450-17th century), the European economic center shifted from the Islamic Mediterranean to Western Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and to some extent England). This shift was caused by the successful circumnavigation of Africa, which opened up sea-trade with the east: after Portugal's Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and landed in Calicut, India in May 1498, a new path of eastern trade was possible, ending the monopoly of the Ottoman Turks and the Italian city-states. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade. Following this, Portugal became the controlling state for trade between east and west, followed later by the Dutch city of Antwerp. Direct maritime trade between Europe and China started in the 16th century, after the Portuguese established the settlement of Goa, India in December 1510, and thereafter that of Macau in southern China in 1557. Since the English came late to the transatlantic trade, their commercial revolution was later as well.",
"title": "Commercial Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "2130907#5",
"text": "From 1982–1983, when the band was almost identified as The Revolution, it consisted of:The words \"and the Revolution\" can be seen printed backwards on the cover of his fifth album \"1999\". The band members were curious as to if they were getting a real name, but Prince had held back from fully calling the group The Revolution partly because of Dez Dickerson's wishes to leave the band. When the 1999 Tour ended, Dez Dickerson finally left the band for religious reasons and was replaced by Lisa's childhood friend Wendy Melvoin. Prince told Dickerson that he needed three years from him, and Dickerson wasn't willing to commit. Prince told Dickerson he'd leave him on payroll and honor his contract, which Prince did. Dickerson went on to eventually work for independent Christian record label Star Song. The Melvoin-Coleman tandem shortly thereafter formed a special bond with Prince and greatly influenced his output during the rest of their tenure in the band. Prince's former mostly R&B/funk offerings would be more diversified with rock, pop and classical music elements.",
"title": "The Revolution (band)"
},
{
"docid": "1081624#7",
"text": "\"Revolutions per Minute\" was released on April 8, 2003. Like \"The Unraveling\", it failed to reach any major record charts, but did reach number thirty-five on the Independent Albums chart in the United States. Critics praised the album for its impassioned lyrics and unique blend of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore; Brian Hiatt of \"Rolling Stone\" called \"Revolutions per Minute\" \"easily among the finest punk records of the past decade\". To support the album, Rise Against traveled with other Fat Wreck Chord bands like Anti-Flag, None More Black, and No Use for a Name on North American and Japan based tours, and participated in the 2003 Warped Tour in North America. When asked about the band's early years with Fat Wreck Chords, Principe said: \"Our goal was to be on Fat Wreck Chords and just sell enough records so that when we were home from tour, we wouldn't have to get jobs...Of course, that was all before we had families and children and numerous responsibilities. That was the beauty. And then the longer we did it things just kept coming our way.\"",
"title": "Rise Against"
},
{
"docid": "20057721#6",
"text": "The market revolution further exacerbated sectional tensions in the United States. As King Cotton became the primary crop in the South, the need for increase in labor arose; thus, the South increased its use of slaves in producing crops. The North and European countries banned slavery in their countries/regions, and attempted to push the South to abolish slavery as well. The slave trade ended, but slavery did not end. As the textile industry in the North drastically increased, changing women and children's roles and further revolutionizing family structure, the demand for raw products such as cotton increased, meaning an increase in the South's demand for more labor. Ironically, this Northern demand for more cotton for the textile industry increased the Southern demand for slavery, making it harder for the North to end slavery in the South. This increase of labor and industry brought the United States into the world picture for economy and commerce, planting the seed for the United States to increase in wealth and power majority of the time.",
"title": "Market Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "349675#7",
"text": "Land reform, which was the focus of the White Revolution, did what it was intended to do, weaken the nobles and landlords. In their place, though, emerged a new group of commercial farmers, and many previously large landowning families, such as the Pahlavi family, managed to renovate themselves into these commercial farmers. A rapid expansion of small landowners did occur, but the peasantry as a whole did not acquire land. Only roughly half of the rural population received any land, and many of the people who did receive land did not receive enough to sustain themselves. The result of the White Revolution was that the rural population could be separated into three groups: prosperous farmers, small landowners, and village laborers. The first group was the only group to really benefit from the land reforms, and this group consisted of former village headmen, bailiffs, and some former landlords. The second group consisted of sharecroppers who received no more than 10 hectares of land. Most of these people ended up trading their land in for shares in state cooperatives. The last group received no land at all, and survived as farm hands, laborers, or shepherds. Many of them migrated to urban centers for work.",
"title": "White Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
1546
|
What is the deepest valley in the world?
|
[
{
"docid": "2187496#0",
"text": "The Kali Gandaki Gorge or Andha Galchi is the gorge of the Kali Gandaki (or Gandaki River) in the Himalayas in Nepal. The Kali Gandaki gorge is the deepest gorge in the world, being lower than Annapurna I which bounds it at one point.",
"title": "Kali Gandaki Gorge"
},
{
"docid": "2187496#2",
"text": "The gorge separates the major peaks of Dhaulagiri () on the west and Annapurna () on the east. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the river height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, the gorge is the world's deepest. The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I (7 km downstream from Tukuche) is at an elevation of , lower than Annapurna I. As tectonic activity forced the mountains higher, the river cut down through the uplift. This region is known for shaligram fossils, revered as one of five non-living forms of Lord Vishnu.",
"title": "Kali Gandaki Gorge"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "889910#6",
"text": "There are hundreds of \"holes\" on Velebit. It has the largest and deepest caves in Croatia. The three-part \"Lukina jama\" cave is 1392 m deep, making it one of the deepest caves in the world, and the deepest in southeast Europe, while the \"Slovačka jama\" is 1320 m. What makes it unique is that it is completely vertical, steepest in the world. At the bottom of the pothole is a water course or siphon with branches that are still unexplored. A kind of leech was discovered in the pothole, which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and family; it has been named \"Erpobdella mestrovi\".",
"title": "Velebit"
},
{
"docid": "5377794#0",
"text": "Vanderford Valley (Other English names: Vanderford Strath, Vanderford Submarine Valley Hungarian \"Vanderford-selfvölgy\") () is an undersea valley, named in association with the Vanderford Glacier, which reaches a depth of 2287 m (7,503 ft). This may be the deepest glacier-carved valley in the world.",
"title": "Vanderford Valley"
},
{
"docid": "497007#4",
"text": "Many of the world's largest lakes are located in rift valleys. Lake Baikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and, with 20% of all of the liquid freshwater on earth, has the greatest volume. Lake Tanganyika, second by both measures, is in the \"Albertine Rift\", the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift. Lake Superior in North America, the largest freshwater lake by area, lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift. The largest subglacial lake, Lake Vostok, may also lie in an ancient rift valley. Lake Nipissing and Lake Timiskaming in Ontario and Quebec, Canada lie inside a rift valley called the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben. Þingvallavatn, Iceland's largest natural lake, is also an example of a rift lake.",
"title": "Rift valley"
},
{
"docid": "12105764#1",
"text": "The valley is a long and narrow trough, it is long with a width averaging with some points narrowing to over most of the course before widening out to a delta when reaching the Dead Sea. Due to meandering the length of the river itself is . This is the deepest valley in the world, beginning at an elevation of below sea level and terminating at an elevation lower than below sea level. On both sides, to the east and west, the valley is bordered by high, steep, escarpments with the difference in elevation between the valley floor and the surrounding mountains varying between to .",
"title": "Jordan Valley"
},
{
"docid": "3273898#1",
"text": "There are many examples of chalk dry valleys along the North and South Downs in southern England. Notably the National Trust-owned Devil's Dyke near Brighton covers some of downland scarp, and includes the deepest dry valley in the world – created when melting water eroded the chalk downland to the permafrost layer after the last ice age. The three-quarter mile long curved dry valley is around in height and attracts tourists with its views of Sussex, Hampshire and Kent.",
"title": "Dry valley"
},
{
"docid": "552748#0",
"text": "The Rift Valley lakes are a group of lakes in the East African Rift that runs north-south through the eastern side of the African continent, from Ethiopia in the north to Malawi in the south. These lakes include some of the oldest, largest, and deepest lakes in the world. Many are freshwater ecoregions of great biodiversity, while others are alkaline \"soda lakes\" supporting highly specialised organisms.",
"title": "Rift Valley lakes"
},
{
"docid": "320375#4",
"text": "The \"river region\" is characterized by fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra) and its major tributary, the Nyang River, the Salween, the Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Yellow River. The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows around Namcha Barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world. Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa, Shigatse, Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.",
"title": "Geography of Tibet"
},
{
"docid": "54753#9",
"text": "The river region is characterised by fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra) and its major tributary, the Nyang River, the Salween, the Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Yellow River. The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows around Namcha Barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world. Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa, Xigazê, Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.",
"title": "Tibet Autonomous Region"
},
{
"docid": "176555#1",
"text": "The lake is deep at its deepest point, which makes it the deepest lake in the United States, the second-deepest in North America and the ninth-deepest in the world. Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh-deepest lake in the world, but this former listing excludes the approximately depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which resides under nearly of ice, and the recent report of a maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins/San Martin, located on the border of Chile and Argentina. However, when comparing its average depth of to the average depth of other deep lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third-deepest in the world. The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mount Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Range.",
"title": "Crater Lake National Park"
},
{
"docid": "2919400#4",
"text": "The Arun River enters from Tibet at an elevation of about 3,500 meters (11,500 feet) and flows south across the district, forming one of the world's deepest valleys relative to 8,481 meter Makalu to the west and 8,586 meter Kangchenjunga to the east.",
"title": "Sankhuwasabha District"
},
{
"docid": "2187496#4",
"text": "The Kali Gandaki gorge has been used as a trade route between India and Tibet for centuries. Today, it is part of a popular trekking route from Pokhara to Muktinath, part of the Annapurna Circuit. The gorge is within the Annapurna Conservation Area.",
"title": "Kali Gandaki Gorge"
}
] |
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1547
|
Who developed the concept of the dialogical self?
|
[
{
"docid": "40841065#4",
"text": "In the 1990s, Kempen and Hubert Hermans developed a new approach in cultural psychology around the concept of the dialogical self. In 1993, they published the seminal work \"The dialogical self: Meaning as movement\", and published several articles in \"American Psychologist\", \"Journal of Personality\" and \"Theory & Psychology\". Despite their success Kempen suffered from depression. In 2000, he died in Nijmegen four days before his retirement from the Radboud University. At the university he is remembered by as the \"personification of cultural psychology.\"Articles, a selection:",
"title": "Harry Kempen"
},
{
"docid": "2182514#9",
"text": "Inspired by the original ideas of William James and Mikhail Bakhtin, Hubert Hermans, Harry Kempen and Rens van Loon wrote the first psychological publication on the \"dialogical self\" in which they conceptualized the self in terms of a dynamic multiplicity of relatively autonomous \"I\"-positions in the (extended) landscape of the mind. In this conception, the \"I\" has the possibility to move from one spatial position to another in accordance with changes in situation and time. The \"I\" fluctuates among different and even opposed positions, and has the capacity to imaginatively endow each position with a voice so that dialogical relations between positions can be established. The voices function like interacting characters in a story, involved in processes of question and answer, agreement and disagreement. Each of them have a story to tell about their own experiences from their own stance. As different voices, these characters exchange information about their respective Me's and mines, resulting in a complex, narratively structured self.",
"title": "Dialogical self"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2182514#0",
"text": "The dialogical self is a psychological concept which describes the mind's ability to imagine the different positions of participants in an internal dialogue, in close connection with external dialogue. The \"dialogical self\" is the central concept in the dialogical self theory (DST), as created and developed by the Dutch psychologist Hubert Hermans since the 1990s.",
"title": "Dialogical self"
},
{
"docid": "16921071#2",
"text": "In recent times, the concept of dialogic learning has been linked to contributions from various perspectives and disciplines, such as the theory of dialogic action (Freire, 1970), the dialogic inquiry approach (Wells, 1999), the theory of communicative action (Habermas, 1984), the notion of dialogic imagination (Bahktin, 1981) and the dialogical self (Soler, 2004). In addition, the work of an important range of contemporary authors is based on dialogic conceptions. Among those, it is worth mentioning authors like Jack Mezirow (1990, 1991, 2000) and his transformative learning theory; Michael Fielding (2001), who sees students as radical agents of change; Timothy Koschmann (1999), who highlights the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as the basis of education; and Anne C. Hargrave (2000), who demonstrates that children in dialogic-learning conditions make significantly larger gains in vocabulary, than do children in a less dialogic reading environment.",
"title": "Dialogic learning"
},
{
"docid": "2182514#32",
"text": "The theory has the potential to bring together scientists and practitioners from a variety of countries, continents and cultures. The \"Fifth International Conference on the Dialogical Self\" in Cambridge, United Kingdom attracted 300 participants from 43 countries. The conference focused primarily on DST, and dialogism as a related field. However, by focusing on dialogue, dialogical self goes beyond the post-modernism idea of the decentralization of the self and the notion of fragmentation. Recent work by John Rowan has resulted in the publication of a book by him entitled - 'Personification: Using the Dialogical Self in Psychotherapy and Counselling' published by Routledge. The book shows how to apply the concepts by those working in the therapeutic field.",
"title": "Dialogical self"
},
{
"docid": "15341638#7",
"text": "Hermans’s, basing on ideas of M.M. Bakhtin, W. James, purpose is to contribute to research and development of dialogical relationships, not only between individuals, groups, and cultures, but also between different I-positions within the dialogical self of the individual person. He does so in the conviction that dialogical relationships between individuals, groups, and cultures cannot exist in separation of productive dialogical relationships which individuals develop with themselves. \nOn the basis of this purpose, bi-annual International Conferences on the Dialogical Self are organized: in Nijmegen (2000), Ghent, Belgium (2004); Warsaw, Poland (2004), Braga, Portugal (2006), Cambridge, United Kingdom (2008), Athens, Greece (2010), Athens, Georgia, USA (2012), and The Hague, The Netherlands (2014).",
"title": "Hubert Hermans"
},
{
"docid": "15341638#6",
"text": "In the nineties of the last century he developed the \"dialogical self theory\", inspired by the American pragmatism of William James and the dialogical school of the Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin.",
"title": "Hubert Hermans"
},
{
"docid": "2182514#7",
"text": "Of particular relevance to DST is James's view that the \"Me\", equated with the self-as-known, is composed of the empirical elements considered as belonging to oneself. James was aware that there is a gradual transition between \"Me\" and \"mine\" and concluded that the empirical self is composed of all that the person can call his or her own, \"not only his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and bank-account\". According to this view, people and things in the environment belong to the self, as far as they are felt as \"mine\". This means that not only \"my mother\" belongs to the self but even \"my enemy\". In this way, James proposed a view in which the self is 'extended' to the environment. This proposal contrasts with a Cartesian view of the self which is based on a dualistic conception, not only between self and body but also between self and other. With his conception of the extended self, that defined as going beyond the skin, James has paved the way for later theoretical developments in which other people and groups, defined as \"mine\" are part of a dynamic multi-voiced self.\nIn the above quotation from William James, we see a constellation of characters (or self-positions) which he sees as belonging to the \"Me/mine\": my wife and children, my ancestors and friends. Such characters are more explicitly elaborated in Mikhail Bakhtin's metaphor of the polyphonic novel, which became a source of inspiration for later dialogical approaches to the self. In proposing this metaphor, he draws on the idea that in Dostoevsky's works there is not a single author at work—Dostoevsky himself—but several authors or thinkers, portrayed as characters such as Ivan Karamazov, Myshkin, Raskolnikov, Stavrogin, and the Grand Inquisitor.",
"title": "Dialogical self"
},
{
"docid": "2182514#30",
"text": "Fields of applications are also reflected by several special issues that appeared in psychological journals. In \"Culture & Psychology\" (2001), DST, as a theory of personal and cultural positioning, was exposed and commented on by researchers from different cultures. In \"Theory & Psychology\" (2002), the potential contribution of the theory for a variety of fields was discussed: developmental psychology, personality psychology, psychotherapy, psychopathology, brain sciences, cultural psychology, Jungian psychoanalysis, and semiotic dialogism. A second issue of this journal published in 2010 was also devoted to DST. In the \"Journal of Constructivist Psychology\" (2003) researchers and practitioners focused on the implications of the dialogical self for personal construct psychology, on the philosophy of Martin Buber, on the rewriting of narratives in psychotherapy, and on a psycho-dramatic approach in psychotherapy. The topic of mediated dialogue in a global and digital age was at the heart of a special issue in \"Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research\" (2004). In \"Counselling Psychology Quarterly\" (2006), the dialogical self was applied to a variety of topics, such as, the relationship between adult attachment and working models of emotion, paranoid personality disorder, narrative impoverishment in schizophrenia, and the significance of social power in psychotherapy. In the \"Journal of Constructivist Psychology\" (2008) and in \"Studia Psychologica\" (2008), groups of researchers addressed the question of how empirical research can be performed on the basis of DST. The relevance of the dialogical self to developmental psychology was discussed in a special issue of \"New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development\" (2012). The application of the dialogical self in educational settings was presented in a special issue of the \"Journal of Constructivist Psychology\" (2013).",
"title": "Dialogical self"
},
{
"docid": "2182514#2",
"text": "The composite concept \"dialogical self\" goes beyond the self-other dichotomy by infusing the external to the internal and, in reverse, to introduce the internal into the external. As functioning as a \"society of mind\", the self is populated by a multiplicity of \"self-positions\" that have the possibility to entertain dialogical relationships with each other.",
"title": "Dialogical self"
}
] |
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] |
1548
|
What is the oldest Air Force base in the U.S.?
|
[
{
"docid": "30864302#2",
"text": "Warren AFB is the oldest continuously active military installation within the Air Force, established in 1867 by the United States Army as Fort David Allen Russell. The facility came under United States Army Air Forces control on 1 June 1947, and United States Air Force (USAF) respectively on 18 September 1947 until now.",
"title": "Francis E. Warren Air Force Base"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "27003186#12",
"text": "The county is also the location of the March Air Reserve Base, one of the oldest airfields continuously operated by the United States military. Established as the Alessandro Flying Training Field in February 1918, it was one of thirty-two U.S. Army Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917. The airfield was renamed March Field the following month for 2d Lieutenant Peyton C. March, Jr., the recently deceased son of the then-Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. March, who was killed in an air crash in Texas just fifteen days after being commissioned. March Field remained an active Army Air Service, then U.S. Army Air Corps installation throughout the interwar period, later becoming a major installation of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Renamed March Air Force Base in 1947 following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force, it was a major Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation throughout the Cold War. In 1996, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve Command and gained its current name as a major base for the Air Force Reserve and the California Air National Guard.",
"title": "Riverside County, California"
},
{
"docid": "18130231#0",
"text": "Hangar 9 is a historic aircraft hangar at Brooks City-Base, the former Brooks Air Force Base, in San Antonio, Texas. Built in 1918, it is the oldest U.S. Air Force aircraft storage and repair facility, and the only surviving hangar from World War I. The building, now rehabilitated as a special event facility, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.",
"title": "Hangar 9, Brooks Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "6388582#3",
"text": "Plattsburgh was the third oldest military post in the United States. The U.S. has maintained a military presence at the site of the now closed base since December 30, 1814.",
"title": "Plattsburgh Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "26238206#2",
"text": "The Air Force mission at Langley is to sustain the ability for fast global deployment and air superiority for the United States or allied armed forces. The base is one of the oldest facilities of the Air Force, having been established on 30 December 1916, prior to America's entry to World War I by the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, named for aviation pioneer Samuel Pierpont Langley. It was used during World War I as a flying field, balloon station, observers’ school, photography school, experimental engineering department, and for aerial coast defense. It is situated on 3,152 acres of land between the cities of Hampton (south), NASA LaRC (west), and the northwest and southwest branches of the Back River.",
"title": "Langley Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "1574574#32",
"text": "On 1 July 1971, Selfridge Air Force Base was transferred to the Michigan Air National Guard, becoming the first major active Air Force base to come under control of the Air National Guard. At Selfridge Air National Guard Base, the 127th Wing (127 WG) is the host wing to more than 30 tenant units representing every branch of the military – active duty (to include the Coast Guard), Reserve and National Guard. The U.S. Border Patrol and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Northern Air and Marine Wing are also based at Selfridge. Collectively, these organizations comprise what is known \"Team Selfridge,\" one community with synergistic goals and missions.",
"title": "Selfridge Air National Guard Base"
},
{
"docid": "18711693#0",
"text": "Air Force Base Swartkop is South Africa's oldest air force base and houses the South African Air Force Museum. It is managed as part of AFB Waterkloof and houses one of the three branches of the South African Air Force Museum. The name of the air force base, \"Swartkop\" means \"Black hill\" in Afrikaans.",
"title": "Air Force Base Swartkop"
},
{
"docid": "464024#0",
"text": "The Fifth Air Force (5 AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). It is headquartered at Yokota Air Base, Japan. It is the U.S. Air Force's oldest continuously serving Numbered Air Force. The organization has provided 70 years of continuous air power to the Pacific since its establishment in September 1941.",
"title": "Fifth Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "2027301#7",
"text": "The air force base was originally referred to as Stephenville Air Base. On September 1, 1943, the Newfoundland Base Command transferred control of the Stephenville Air Base to the North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command. The base was actively used throughout the war and was one of the largest U.S. military airfields located outside of the continental United States; it was capable of landing the largest cargo aircraft in the world at that time and the base became a frequent stopping and refueling point for USAAF aircraft crossing the Atlantic. Stephenville Air Base was renamed \"Ernest Harmon Air Force Base\" on June 23, 1948, in honor of Captain Ernest Emery Harmon. Capt Harmon was a U.S. Army Air Corps pilot who was killed in an air crash in 1933. The deepwater port which supported the base was named Port Harmon at this time.",
"title": "Ernest Harmon Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "819930#25",
"text": "By 2008, the air traffic tower serving the airfield, built in 1955, was the oldest such tower in use in the United States Air Force. In 2009 the base received a new 128-foot tall tower, overlapping the original 103-foot one which was donated to the AMC museum, accessible to visitors.",
"title": "Dover Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "18711693#3",
"text": "The SAAF claims Swartkop is the second oldest air station in the world and the oldest operational air station in the world. Over the years many distinguished Squadrons have been based at Swartkop. This includes 26 Squadron SAAF which was formed there on 24 August 1942.",
"title": "Air Force Base Swartkop"
},
{
"docid": "30864302#19",
"text": "On 1 June 1947 Air Training Command assumed jurisdiction of Fort Warren, the 463d Air Force Base Unit was activated to manage the support facilities, and the 3450th Technical Training Wing was activated for conducting training. Training began on 7 July 1947. In September 1947, Fort Warren, along with other Army Air Force facilities, was transferred into the newly established United States Air Force.",
"title": "Francis E. Warren Air Force Base"
}
] |
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] |
1549
|
Is the Firth of Tay a natural waterway?
|
[
{
"docid": "145943#0",
"text": "The Firth of Tay (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Tatha) is a firth in Scotland between the council areas of Fife, Perth and Kinross, the City of Dundee and Angus, into which Scotland's largest river in terms of flow, the River Tay empties. The firth has a maximum width of at Invergowrie.",
"title": "Firth of Tay"
},
{
"docid": "168749#2",
"text": "The River Tay emerges from Loch Tay at Kenmore, and flows from there to Perth which, in historical times, was its lowest bridging point. Below Perth the river becomes tidal and enters the Firth of Tay. The largest city on the river, Dundee, lies on the north bank of the Firth. On reaching the North Sea, the River Tay has flowed from west to east across central Scotland.",
"title": "River Tay"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "145943#4",
"text": "The Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary were designated a Ramsar sites on 28 July 2000, as a Special Protection Area on 2 February 2000 and as a Special Area of Conservation on 17 March 2005. Several parts are within a site of special scientific interest - Inner Tay Estuary, Monifieth Bay, Tayport-Tentsmuir Coast. The Invergowrie Bay section is a local nature reserve.",
"title": "Firth of Tay"
},
{
"docid": "16519128#0",
"text": "Firth of Tay () is a sound or firth, long and wide, extending in a northwest–southeast direction between the northeast side of Dundee Island and the east portion of Joinville Island. It merges to the northwest with Active Sound with which it completes the separation of Dundee and Joinville Islands. It was discovered in 1892–93 by Captain Thomas Robertson of the Dundee whaling expedition and named by him after the Firth of Tay of Scotland.",
"title": "Firth of Tay (Antarctica)"
},
{
"docid": "8232055#2",
"text": "The Eden Estuary is a Local Nature Reserve (LNR) and, along with the Firth of Tay was designated a Ramsar site on 28 July 2000.",
"title": "River Eden, Fife"
},
{
"docid": "28932563#0",
"text": "Tay Sound is an uninhabited natural waterway within Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located at the northern end of Baffin Island, south of Oliver Sound. Its mouth opens to Eclipse Sound. Pond Inlet is the nearest community.",
"title": "Tay Sound"
},
{
"docid": "145943#5",
"text": "The Firth of Tay is outstanding for its extensive sand and mudflats, its population of common seals and for its wintering birds such as oystercatcher, bar-tailed godwit, shelduck and velvet scoter. There is good access to much of the shoreline and many good wildlife watching opportunities.",
"title": "Firth of Tay"
},
{
"docid": "15533815#4",
"text": "The natural barrier of the Firth of Forth had for centuries impeded transport between Edinburgh and Fife, and points north. The Firth of Tay presented another barrier further north, and the most expeditious route from Edinburgh to Dundee and beyond was a coastal steamer from Leith. Intermediate locations were served by ferry crossing the Forth, but the harbours available were primitive and the crossings in many cases were hazardous. A number of different harbour locations were tried, but no obviously dominant route developed before the railway age.",
"title": "Edinburgh and Northern Railway"
},
{
"docid": "81890#5",
"text": "Fife, bounded to the north by the Firth of Tay and to the south by the Firth of Forth, is a natural peninsula whose political boundaries have changed little over the ages. The Pictish king list and De Situ Albanie documents of the Poppleton manuscript mention the division of the Pictish realm into seven sub-kingdoms or provinces, one being Fife, though this is now regarded as a medieval invention. The earliest known reference to the common epithet \"The Kingdom of Fife\" dates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of the Earl of Fife. The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misinterpretation of an extract from Wyntoun. The name is recorded as \"Fib\" in A.D. 1150 and \"Fif\" in 1165. It was often associated with Fothriff.",
"title": "Fife"
},
{
"docid": "38104779#0",
"text": "The Inner Tay Estuary, the inner, western part of the Firth of Tay, stretching from the Tay Railway Bridge in the east to the Queen's Bridge over the River Tay in Perth and the bridge in Bridge of Earn on the River Earn. The estuary is one of the largest in eastern Scotland and is up to 2.5 km wide. The estuary consists primarily of inter-tidal sand and mud flats that extend seaward out to the main channel of the estuary, the majority of which lie on the northern shore. Landward of these are saltmarsh and \"Phragmite\"s reedbeds. There are two large islands: Mugdrum Island opposite Newburgh and Moncreiffe Island immediately below Perth. The narrow form of the estuary and the large volume of freshwater from the Rivers Tay and Earn restrict the influence of salt water west of the Tayport narrows. Much of the tidal water in the estuary is freshwater or mildly brackish.",
"title": "Inner Tay Estuary"
}
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] |
1550
|
What year were the Patriots founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "3845824#7",
"text": "On July 30, 1960, the Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in the first AFL pre-season game. The Boston Patriots played in the first-ever game in the American Football League, against the Denver Broncos on September 9, 1960, a game which they lost by a score of 10-13. Although the team made only one AFL playoff appearance (in 1963), it had numerous stars. In 1963, eleven Patriots made the AFL All-star team, including Gino Cappelletti, Jim Colclough, Nick Buoniconti, and Babe Parilli. That year the Patriots made it to the AFL Championship for the first time ever, but lost to the San Diego Chargers 51–10. Linebacker Tom Addison, an original Patriot and the first Patriot all-star, founded and was selected President of the AFL Players Association in the mid-1960s. In the late-1960s, fullback Jim Nance became an offensive weapon for the Patriots, gaining 1,458 yards in 1966 and 1,216 in 1967, when he was the AFL MVP.",
"title": "History of the New England Patriots"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46187596#1",
"text": "The Union of Belarusian Patriots was founded in early 1946 in the Hlybokaye and Pastavy. In the summer of 1946, an underground patriotic organization formed in Slonim whose conspiratorial name was \"Seagull\". It was founded by young teachers and activists. During this year, these communities were in Baranavichy, Brest, Navahrudak and Zhyrovichy.",
"title": "Union of Belarusian Patriots"
},
{
"docid": "30269839#12",
"text": "In 1780, five years from the start of the Revolutionary War, the settlements that would later become the Tarrytowns were in the middle of Neutral Ground, the –wide no man's land between British forces occupying New York City (at the time, what is today Lower Manhattan) and the Continental Army north of the Croton River. Gangs of armed bandits roamed the lightly populated area, raiding farms in a search for livestock and other goods they could sell to the warring armies. Those with Loyalist sympathies were called Cow-boys; their counterparts who sold to the Patriots were known as Skinners.",
"title": "Patriot's Park"
},
{
"docid": "781001#2",
"text": "Beginning in 1962, on the 125th anniversary of the 1837 rebellions, a public gathering in Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu to mark the rebellion became an annual event. On 6 October 1982, the so-called \"Patriots' Day\" was declared by the Quebec Governor-in-Council as occurring each year on the Sunday closest to 23 November. The desire to see the \"Journée des patriotes\" gained a more official character and incited some citizens to campaign for the celebration to be declared a statutory holiday, either as a new holiday or in replacement of an existing one. In 1987, the \"Club Souverain de l'Estrie\" started the movement \"For a paid holiday in memory of the Patriots,\" while other organizations, such as the \"Saint-Jean-Baptiste\" Society of Montreal and the \"Comité du 15 février 1839\" (founded by Pierre Falardeau in 1997 to help finance the movie \"15 février 1839\"), later joined in the campaign.",
"title": "National Patriots' Day"
},
{
"docid": "1146973#4",
"text": "Many Patriots were active before 1775 in groups such as the Sons of Liberty, and the most prominent leaders are referred to today by Americans as the Founding Fathers. They represented a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from many different backgrounds. According to Robert Calhoon, between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile. The great majority of the Loyalists remained in America, while the minority went to Canada, Britain, Florida, or the West Indies.",
"title": "Patriot (American Revolution)"
},
{
"docid": "41456184#1",
"text": "The OFPA was founded in 1896. At that time, there were several hereditary organizations for descendants of Patriots of the American Revolution as well as for descendants of early American colonists (i.e. Founders). The OFPA is the only organization to require descent from both a Founder and a Patriot. Its first annual meeting was held in the Governor's Room at New York City Hall.\nMembership is limited to male U.S. citizens of \"good moral character\" who are directly descended in the paternal line from a person who settled, prior to 1657, in the territory that would become the thirteen colonies and whose family later helped achieve, through military service, United States independence.",
"title": "Order of the Founders and Patriots of America"
},
{
"docid": "2793802#3",
"text": "For many years, \"The Patriot-News\" was infamous for an editorial printed by its predecessor, \"The Patriot & Union\", on November 24, 1863, in which it dismissed the Gettysburg Address as \"silly remarks\" that should disappear into \"a veil of oblivion.\" On November 14, 2013, \"The Patriot-News\" issued a retraction, saying the \"Patriot & Union\" editorial board failed to recognize the \"momentous importance, timeless eloquence, and lasting significance\" of the Gettysburg Address. The retraction received considerable national coverage; NPR and Fox News Channel interviewed several of the paper's editors. Deputy opinion page editor Matthew Zencey said the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address was the perfect time to ask, \"Gee, can you believe what rock heads ran this outfit 150 years ago?\"",
"title": "The Patriot-News"
},
{
"docid": "3845824#3",
"text": "When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division, where they still play today. The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, which would serve as their home for 30 years; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change, as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team (though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well). During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card-berth—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They would lose both games. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. They changed ownership several times in that period, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri, but sold the team two years later to current owner, local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994.",
"title": "History of the New England Patriots"
},
{
"docid": "4227252#3",
"text": "An early focus for the Whig Patriots was \"The Craftsman\", a newspaper founded in 1726 by Pulteney and Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, the former Tory minister, who for a decade called for a \"country\" party coalition of non-Jacobite Tories and opposition Whigs to defeat Walpole and the Court Whigs. Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, and Henry Fielding all wrote for \"The Craftsman\". Bolingbroke's \"The Idea of a Patriot King\" (1738; published 1749) adopted the language of \"patriotism\" to critique political theories used by Walpole and his successors to justify their actions. Many of the anti-Walpolean satires of the 1730s mixed Tory and Patriot Whig stances, and some authors, such as Henry Carey, were simultaneously satirizing Queen Caroline for her backing of Walpole and penning patriotic operas and songs (e.g. \"Rule, Britannia!\", \"God Save the King\").",
"title": "Patriot Whigs"
},
{
"docid": "1820400#1",
"text": "In 1781 one of the leaders of the Patriots, Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol anonymously published a pamphlet, entitled \"Aan het Volk van Nederland\" (\"To the People of the Netherlands\"), in which he advocated the formation of civic militias on the Swiss and American model to help restore the republican constitution of the Republic. Such militias were subsequently organised in many localities and formed, together with Patriot political clubs, the core of the Patriot movement. From 1785 on, the Patriots managed to gain power in a number of Dutch cities, where they replaced the old system of co-option of \"regenten\" with a system of democratically elected representatives. This enabled them to replace the representatives of these cities in the States of several provinces, gaining Patriot majorities in the States of Holland, Groningen and Utrecht, and frequently also in the States General. This helped to emasculate the stadtholder's power as he was deprived of his command over a large part of the Dutch States Army. A low-key civil war ensued that resulted in a military stalemate, until in September–October 1787 the Patriots were defeated by a Prussian army and many were forced into exile.",
"title": "Patriottentijd"
}
] |
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] |
1552
|
Is the golden jackal an endangered species?
|
[
{
"docid": "1554274#33",
"text": "The golden jackal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant. In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 \"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora\" nor the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 \"Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats\", the \"1992 Convention on Biological Diversity\", and the 1992 European Union \"Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora\". The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species. The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1554274#5",
"text": "Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia. In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six \"C.aureus\" subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species \"C.anthus\" (African golden wolf), reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9million years ago and the African golden wolf diverging 1.3million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African golden wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#6",
"text": "The Arno river dog (\"Canis arnensis\") is an extinct species of canine that was endemic to Mediterranean Europe during the Early Pleistocene around 1.9million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals. Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species, the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#36",
"text": "Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include rabies, and Donovan's \"Leishmania\" that is harmless to jackals but may cause leishmaniasis in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic cestodes (flatworm), roundworms, and acanthocephalans (thorny-headed worms), these are: \"Sparganum mansoni\", \"Diphyllobothrium mansonoides\", \"Taenia hydatigena\", \"T.pisiformis\", \"T.ovis\", \"Hydatigera taeniaeformis\", \"Dipylidium caninum\", \"Mesocestoides lineatus\", \"Ancylostoma caninum\", \"Uncinaria stenocephala\", \"Dioctophyma renale\", \"Toxocara canis\", \"Toxascaris leonina\", \"Dracunculus medinensis\", \"Filariata\" and \"Macracanthorhynchus catulinum\". Jackals infected with \"Dracunculus medinensis\" can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause dracunculiasis in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading coenurosis in sheep and cattle, and canine distemper in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 tick species (which include \"Ixodes\", \"Rhipicephalus turanicus\", \"R.leporis\", \"R.rossicus\", \"R. sanguineus\", \"R.pumilio\", \"R.schulzei\", \"Hyalomma anatolicum\", \"H.scupense\" and \"H.asiaticum\"), four flea species (\"Pulex irritans\", \"Xenopsylla nesokiae\", \"Ctenocephanlides canis\" and \"C.felis\"), and one species of louse (\"Trichodectes canis\").",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#7",
"text": "The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the Ksar Akil rock shelter located northeast of Beirut, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago. The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from Delphi and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago. An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in Azykh Cave, in Nagorno-Karabakh, dates to the Middle Pleistocene and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the cave lynx, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal. The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the Caucasus region and Transcaucasia, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#2",
"text": "Golden jackals are abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores. They are rare in foothills and low mountains. The golden jackal is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small ungulates. They will attack domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic water buffalo calves. The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, forest wildcat, and, in the Caucasus, the raccoon, and, in Central Asia, the steppe wildcat. The jackal is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe into Central Europe, occupying areas where there are few or no wolves.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "26176430#7",
"text": "Jackal populations have been increasing in Serbia since the late 1970s, and occur mainly in north-eastern Serbia and lower Srem. Jackals are especially common near Negotin and Bela Palanka (close to the border with Bulgaria), where during the 1990s, about 500 specimens were shot. In Croatia, a 2007 survey reported 19 jackal packs in the north-western part of Ravni kotari and two on Vir Island. Golden jackals are listed as a protected species in Slovenia, where they were first spotted in 1952 and have also established permanent territories there. In 2005, a probably vagrant female was accidentally shot near Gornji Grad in the Upper Savinja Valley, Northern Slovenia. In 2009, two territorial groups of golden jackal were recorded in the Ljubljana Marshes area, Central Slovenia. It seems that the species continues to expand towards Central Europe. Jackal populations in Albania however are on the verge of extinction with possible occurrence in only three lowland wetland locations along the Adriatic Sea.",
"title": "European jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#37",
"text": "In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (helminths) and \"Echinococcus granulosus\". In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths and \"Leishmania tropica\". In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying \"Trichinella britovi\". In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species \"Ixodes ricinus\" and \"Dermacentor reticulatus\", and the smallest human fluke \"Metagonimus yokogawai\" that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish. In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm \"Dirofilaria immitis\", and some have provided the first record in Hungary of \"Trichinella spiralis\" and the first record in Europe of \"Echinococcus multilocularis\". The jackal is dispersing across Europe through rivers and valleys, bringing parasites into regions where these did not previously exist.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#41",
"text": "The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as turkeys, lambs, sheep, goats, domestic water buffalo calves, and valuable game species like newborn roe deer, hares, coypu, pheasants, francolins, grey partridges, bustards and waterfowl. It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane, and eats watermelons, muskmelons, and nuts. In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves. Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the Golan Heights die due to predation, mainly by jackals. The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
},
{
"docid": "1554274#3",
"text": "The biological family \"Canidae\" is composed of the South American canids, the fox-like canids, and the wolf-like canids. All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78chromosomes, allowing them potentially to interbreed. Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the black-backed jackal (\"C.mesomelas\"), the side-striped jackal (\"Canis adustus\"), and the golden jackal (\"Canis aureus\"). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania). Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not monophyletic (they do not share a common ancestor), and they are only distantly related. The accuracy of the colloquial name \"jackal\" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.",
"title": "Golden jackal"
}
] |
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] |
1557
|
Is the Danube river navigable?
|
[
{
"docid": "21209639#10",
"text": "The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from the source to the mouth they are:\nThe Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.",
"title": "Danube"
},
{
"docid": "297809#115",
"text": "Regarding rivers, the Danube was navigable throughout its entire course in Yugoslavia, linking the ports of Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Vukovar with Central Europe and the Black sea. Long stretches of rivers Sava, Drava and Tisza were also navigable.",
"title": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21209639#42",
"text": "Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canals, links sections downstream.",
"title": "Danube"
},
{
"docid": "34375#14",
"text": "There are 1,716 kilometers of navigable inland waterways (1,043 km of navigable rivers and 673 km of navigable canals), which are almost all located in northern third of the country. The most important inland waterway is the Danube (part of Pan-European Corridor VII). Other navigable rivers include Sava, Tisza, Begej and Timiş River, all of which connect Serbia with Northern and Western Europe through the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal and North Sea route, to Eastern Europe via the Tisza, Begej and Danube Black Sea routes, and to Southern Europe via the Sava river. The largest river port is Novi Sad (1.18 million tons of cargo tonnage in 2016), while other river ports include Belgrade, Smederevo, Pančevo, Prahovo, Apatin, Bačka Palanka (all on Danube), Šabac (on Sava), and Senta (on Tisza).",
"title": "Transport in Serbia"
},
{
"docid": "23612531#2",
"text": "Postwar discussion of the Danube River was begun by the United States in 1945 when President Truman proposed at the Potsdam Conference that freedom of navigation should be assured on Europe's inland waterways. Britain and France were concerned with reestablishing their prewar positions as members of the European Commission of the Danube.\nIn 1947, the Paris peace treaties signed with Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria guaranteed free navigation.The foreign ministers of Britain, France, the USSR, and the United States stipulated that:\nNavigation on the Danube shall be free and open for the nationals, vessels of commerce and goods of all states, on a footing of equality in regard to port and navigation charges and conditions for merchant shipping. The foregoing shall not apply to traffic between ports of the same state.",
"title": "Danube River Conference of 1948"
},
{
"docid": "25637#16",
"text": "The Danube is by far Romania's most important river, not only for transportation, but also for the production of hydroelectric power. One of Europe's largest hydroelectric stations is located at the Iron Gates, where the Danube surges through the Carpathian gorges. The Danube is an important water route for domestic shipping, as well as international trade. It is navigable for river vessels along its entire Romanian course and for seagoing ships as far as the port of Brăila. An obvious problem with the use of the Danube for inland transportation is its remoteness from most of the major industrial centers. Moreover, marshy banks and perennial flooding impede navigation in some areas.",
"title": "Geography of Romania"
},
{
"docid": "12484222#9",
"text": "The Danube is by far Romania's most important river, not only for transportation, but also for the production of hydroelectric power. One of Europe's largest hydroelectric stations is located at the Iron Gates, where the Danube surges through the Carpathian gorges. The Danube is an important water route for domestic shipping, as well as international trade. It is navigable for river vessels along its entire Romanian course and for seagoing ships as far as the port of Brăila. An obvious problem with the use of the Danube for inland transportation is its remoteness from most of the major industrial centres. Moreover, marshy banks and perennial flooding impede navigation in some areas.",
"title": "Topography of Romania"
},
{
"docid": "34287810#0",
"text": "EAEMDR was established as an organization in 1935 under the name “Danube Hydrographical Service” within the structure of the Ministry of Railways. The headquarters were situated in the city of Lom and the responsibilities of the Service were related to the maintenance of the waterway, creation of maps of the Danube River, conduction of hydro meteorological surveys in the Bulgarian section of the river. In 1949, after the ratification of the “Convention for the sailing regime on the Danube River”, the Danube Hydrographical Service passed over to the Ministry of Defense – Danube Fleet. Four years later the service was reinstated as a part of the Ministry of Transport, information technology and communications and the Navigational Waterway Office was established in Ruse. In the year 1955 the organization passed over under the structure of the Bulgarian River Fleet and in the next year the Council of Ministers adopted a decree, by the force of which the Navigational Waterway Office was restructured into the “Administration for the Maintenance of the Navigational Waterway and Exploration of the Danube River” within the Ministry of Transport, Information technology and communications. \nIn December 1999 the Administration was transformed into the Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River.",
"title": "Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River"
},
{
"docid": "19745#4",
"text": "The Main is navigable for shipping from its mouth at the Rhine close to Mainz for to Bamberg. Since 1992, the Main has been connected to the Danube via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the highly regulated Altmühl river. The Main has been canalized with 34 large locks () to allow CEMT class V vessels () to navigate the total length of the river. The 16 locks in the adjacent Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the Danube itself are of the same dimensions.",
"title": "Main (river)"
},
{
"docid": "587845#29",
"text": "The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia, upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers. The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN). The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of , the maximum beam of , the maximum draught of and tonnage up to . The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine. The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.",
"title": "Sava"
}
] |
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] |
1558
|
When was the Long Island Rail Road established?
|
[
{
"docid": "9377403#1",
"text": "The LIRR's history stretches back to the Brooklyn and Jamaica Rail Road, incorporated on April 25, 1832 to build a ten-mile line from the East River in Brooklyn through the communities of Brooklyn, Bedford, and East New York to Jamaica. B&J engineer Major D. B. Douglass soon began planning for a continuation, forming part of an 11-hour combination rail and steamship route between New York City and Boston in cooperation with the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad and Boston and Providence Rail Road. The current all-land route (Shore Line) across southern Connecticut was considered impassable at the time due to numerous hills and river valleys. Douglass attracted wealthy New Yorkers and Bostonians, who received a charter for the Long-Island Rail-Road Company on April 24, 1834, with the right \"to construct, and during its existence to maintain and continue a rail-road or rail-roads, with a single or double track, and with such appendages as may be deemed necessary for the convenient use of the same, commencing at any eligible point adjoining Southold Bay, in or near the village of Greenport, in the county of Suffolk, and extending from thence, on the most practicable route, through or near the middle of Long-Island, to a point on the water's edge in the village of Brooklyn, in the county of Kings, to be designated by the trustees of that village, and to a point on the water's edge in the village of Williamsburgh, in the said county of Kings, to be designated by the trustees of that village, and in like manner to construct, maintain and continue a branch rail-road from the said main road to Sag Harbor\". It was also authorized to unite with the Brooklyn and Jamaica with the consent of that company. Since its plan was not to serve local traffic on Long Island, the LIRR chose not to serve existing communities along the shores of the island, but built straight down the middle of the island, which was largely uninhabited at the time and relatively free of grade crossings. This straight route was the quickest and the easiest to build, compared to the options of being built along the northern coast of Long Island, or being built in a north-central route following the Middle Country Road. The LIRR was organized on June 17, 1835, and Knowles Taylor was elected president.",
"title": "History of the Long Island Rail Road"
},
{
"docid": "37139#3",
"text": "The Long Island Rail Road Company was chartered in 1834 to provide a daily service between New York and Boston via a ferry connection between its Greenport, New York, terminal on Long Island's North Fork and Stonington, Connecticut. This service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with other railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads and consolidated them into the LIRR.",
"title": "Long Island Rail Road"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "127323#2",
"text": "The Long Island Rail Road established the Medford Station in 1843 in a flat wilderness in the Long Island Central Pine Barrens. The station connected to the Patchogue Stage Road between Patchogue and Port Jefferson, and a post office was established.",
"title": "Medford, New York"
},
{
"docid": "14407932#18",
"text": "The Long Island Rail Road was begun as a combined ferry-rail route to Boston via Greenport. The predecessor to the Long Island Rail Road began service in 1836 from the ferry terminal (to Manhattan) through Brooklyn to Jamaica in Queens, and completed the line to the east end of Long Island in 1844. Other rail lines to Coney Island, the Rockaways and Long Beach serviced the beach resort towns. The growing and merging railroads opened up more than 50 stations in (present-day) Nassau County and over 40 in Suffolk Country, laying the foundation for the future suburbanization of the island.",
"title": "History of Long Island"
},
{
"docid": "25154704#0",
"text": "Central Railroad of Long Island was built on Long Island, New York, by Alexander Turney Stewart, who was also the founder of Garden City. The railroad was established in 1871, then merged with the Flushing and North Side Railroad in 1874 to form the Flushing, North Shore and Central Railroad. It was finally acquired by the Long Island Rail Road in 1876 and divided into separate branches. Despite its short existence, the CRRLI had a major impact on railroading and development on Long Island.",
"title": "Central Railroad of Long Island"
},
{
"docid": "5981564#2",
"text": "By the early 1880s, there had been pressure to expand rail service eastward. At this time another railroad, the Northern Railroad of Long Island threatened the Long island Rail Road's monopoly. The Northern Railroad was incorporated on March 23, 1881, and it planned to build a road from Astoria to Northport via Flushing, Great Neck, Glen Cove, Oyster Bay and Huntington. By June 1881, construction plans were authorized and in mid-July the building contract was signed, with work set to begin in August. The Long Island Rail Road attempted to undermine the Northern Railroad's project before it could sell stock and acquire a roadbed. It was going to link its north side branches together as a continuous railroad to Northport. Construction cost from Great Neck to Roslyn and from Locust Valley to Northport was approximately $400,000.",
"title": "Oyster Bay Branch"
},
{
"docid": "22146599#4",
"text": "The Freeport Railroad was based in Freeport, New York, and existed between 1913 and 1924.\nIn the early-20th Century, the Long Island Rail Road installed a trolley line that ran along the former CRRLI Main Line between Garden City Station and Plainedge from 1915 to 1933. A connection to Country Life Press station was established in 1927. Trolleys were replaced by MP41's and later MP54's.",
"title": "List of streetcar lines on Long Island"
},
{
"docid": "25154704#10",
"text": "In 1912, William Kissam Vanderbilt II used the Central Rail Road bridge over Bell Boulevard as part of the Long Island Motor Parkway right of way. This caused the parkway to curve slightly south for the crossing. New York State Parks Department later built the current bridge over Bell Boulevard just north of the original site when they acquired the land for a bicycle path in 1938. The original Rail Road right of way leading to the bridge can still be seen when headed east immediately prior to the current crossing.",
"title": "Central Railroad of Long Island"
},
{
"docid": "9377403#23",
"text": "In late March 1877, Brooklyn finally authorized the LIRR to return to Atlantic Avenue with steam locomotives, and the LIRR leased the main line of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad (the final successor to the B&J) east of Fort Greene Place (just east of Flatbush Avenue) on June 1, 1877 for $60,000 per year. An opening excursion from the new Flatbush Avenue terminal was held on July 1, 1877, and regular service in the form of through trains to Long Island began on July 2. Small Atlantic Avenue rapid transit steam locomotives began providing local service for five cents west of East New York on August 13, later extended all the way to Rockaway Junction (east of Jamaica). (The Brooklyn City Rail Road established a similar \"rapid transit\" service a week later on its Third Avenue Line to Fort Hamilton.)",
"title": "History of the Long Island Rail Road"
},
{
"docid": "25154704#3",
"text": "The Central Railroad was built with high standards; it was built with almost no grade crossings, even though it went through rural country. As a result of the need to cross roads, the railroad had to go above or below the grade of the roads, adding to construction costs. The cost of the bridging and tunneling was $110,000. Along the line, two iron bridges were built over Ireland Mill Creek, which drained Kissena Lake, as well as twenty culverts. Steel rails were shipping to Garden City on the Central Railroad at the end of July 1871, when the Long Island Rail Road started shipping them from the docks at Hunter's Point. The rails were distributed and the ties were laid out in August, and the first rail on the plains segment was laid on October 20, near the LIRR crossing, and at two other points eastward. The laying of the track was done rapidly in order not to incur a fine of $250 per day. Three of the nine miles had been laid by December 23. On December 12, the Lawrence Street tunnel, located in Flushing, was finished.",
"title": "Central Railroad of Long Island"
}
] |
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] |
1560
|
When was Harris Corporation founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "1674637#3",
"text": "The \"Harris Automatic Press Company\" was founded by Alfred S. Harris in Niles, Ohio, in 1895. The company spent the next 60 years developing lithographic processes and printing presses before acquiring typesetting company Intertype Corporation. In 1957, Harris acquired Gates Radio, a producer of broadcast transmitters and associated electronics gear, but kept the Gates brand name alive by putting the Gates sticker on the back of numerous transmitters that were labeled Harris on the front panels.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4257833#2",
"text": "The Harris Poll was founded by Lou Harris in 1963 to conduct polling for political candidates. In 1960, Harris became the first presidential pollster, working for the campaign of John F. Kennedy, who was elected U.S. president that year. In 1970, Harris acquired Humphrey Taylor's firm, where Humphrey was the leading strategist and pollster for the conservative party and for Margaret Thatcher.\nIn January 1992, Lou Harris retired from Louis Harris & Associates, which had by then been owned by a corporation for some time, and formed his own company, LH Associates.",
"title": "Harris Insights & Analytics"
},
{
"docid": "41050601#1",
"text": "Brothers Pete and Ernie Harris established their manufacturing business, Harris Manufacturing, in the 1940s and 50's. While looking for a way to expand their business, inspired by an increasing number of individuals building early pontoon boats on 55-gallon barrels and drop tanks from airplanes, the brothers founded Harris FloteBote Marine in 1957.\nThe original Harris FloteBote pontoons were 20-feet in length with steel tubes. Dealers were not receptive to the large boats occupying the extra showroom space, as they were accustomed to typical 16-foot runabouts. In order to gain visibility in the marine industry the Harris brothers would showcase their boats first hand to people around Eastern Indiana and South-eastern Michigan lakes. This tactic successfully built a positive reputation through word-of-mouth. Harris FloteBote revamped the early pontoon boat industry in the 1960s by installing upholstered pontoon seats and furniture on their pontoon boats.\nHarris Flotebote adopted aluminum tubes around 1968, when welding equipment big enough to accommodate the material became available. In the 1970s Harris Flotebote pontoons were early adopters of sterndrives, and had motor-pods capable of holding engines as powerful as 140 horsepower—which enabled Harris Pontoons to pull water-skiers, an early innovation for pontoon boats. The splash guard added to the front of the pontoons, referred to as a “dolphin-nose cone” were implemented in 1959, this design feature has become standard within the industry.\nIn 2005 Harris-Kayot was purchased by Brunswick Corporation.\nTo meet market demand, Brunswick Fort Wayne Operations, the producer of Harris FloteBote expanded their production facility in June 2013 to a 360,000-square foot manufacturing campus in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Harris FloteBote pontoons will have been produced in the region for over 50 years.",
"title": "Harris FloteBote"
},
{
"docid": "12212259#1",
"text": "In September 1997, John K. Harris launched JK Harris & Company. In April 1998, after a six-month trial in six cities, the company opened 450 sales offices and eight regional operations centers over the following three years. In February 2001, JK Harris consolidated its eight regional operations centers to the corporate office in North Charleston, South Carolina. The company purchased a national call center in South Florida in October 2002 to centralize appointment setting, inside sales and other functions. In July 2009, JK Harris & Company moved its corporate office and operations to a larger facility in Goose Creek, South Carolina.",
"title": "JK Harris & Company"
},
{
"docid": "55225893#1",
"text": "It was founded in 1928 as the Midland Trading Company. The current company was incorporated in 1930, according to Open Corporates, incorporation date and renamed LG Harris in 1932. The business moved to Stoke Prior, near Bromsgrove in Worcestershire in 1936. The family-run firm was acquired by Norwegian consumer products group Orkla Group in May 2016.",
"title": "LG Harris & Co Ltd"
},
{
"docid": "1659330#1",
"text": "Born in Detroit, Michigan to Sam and Jenny Harris, he moved to London, Ontario when he was a few months old.\nHarris attended St. George’s School and Central Collegiate Institute before receiving a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Toronto in 1949. After his father suffered a heart attack, Harris took over the day-to-day operation of his family's metals trading business established by his great-grandfather in 1886. He founded Harris Steel Group in 1954 in London, Ontario.",
"title": "Milton E. Harris"
},
{
"docid": "1674637#6",
"text": "In 1969, Harris Corporation acquired RF Communications and Farinon Electric Corporation, furthering its microwave assets. The printing operations were sold off in 1983 and are now known as GSS Printing Equipment. GSS Printing Equipment later acquired Lanier Worldwide, which itself was spun off from Harris Corporation in the late 1990s.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
},
{
"docid": "17226123#3",
"text": "In 1995 Harris moved to Prudential plc to help found its banking division. He was founding CEO of Prudential Banking plc and then the CEO of its successor, Egg – the first major player in internet banking in the UK and for several years the largest internet bank in the world. Egg went from a banking division to a large public company when 21% of the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2000 at a value of £1.3bn. Shares were subsequently bought back in 2006 by Prudential plc, with the business then valued at $973 m. He retired as CEO of Egg in January 2001 but continued to serve on the Board as vice-chairman until 2005. Egg Banking plc was sold to Citi Group in 2007 for $575 m in cash.\nHarris became Chairman of Garlik in 2005. Garlik has offices in Richmond (UK) and New York and distributes an identity defence product known as Datapatrol through banks, insurance companies and broadband providers. By June 2008 the company had raised $18m funding from its founders and UK venture firms 3i and DH Ventures (part of Doughty Hanson & Co). In 2011 Harris led the sale of Garlik to Experian and left the company when the deal was completed on 23 December 2011.",
"title": "Mike Harris (entrepreneur)"
},
{
"docid": "2381407#0",
"text": "The Harris Company was a retail corporation, based in San Bernardino, California, that operated a chain of department stores named Harris', all in Southern California. Philip, Arthur, and Herman Harris started the company with a small dry goods store in 1905, and the company eventually grew to nine large department stores, with stores in San Bernardino, Riverside, and Kern Counties.",
"title": "Harris Company"
},
{
"docid": "1674637#14",
"text": "In January 2011, Harris re-opened its Calgary, Alberta avionics operation, Harris Canada Inc.. The expanded facility's operations include among others the support of the work to be completed under the company's six-year, $273 million (CAD) services contract with the Government of Canada for the CF-18 Avionics Optimized Weapon System Support (OWSS) program.",
"title": "Harris Corporation"
}
] |
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1561
|
When did Gregorian chant first develop?
|
[
{
"docid": "155469#0",
"text": "Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church. Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, with later additions and redactions. Although popular legend credits Pope Gregory I with inventing Gregorian chant, scholars believe that it arose from a later Carolingian synthesis of Roman chant and Gallican chant.",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5054521#1",
"text": "During the Lombard occupation of the 7th and 8th centuries, a distinctive liturgical rite and plainchant tradition developed in Benevento. It included feasts of special local importance such as the Holy Twelve Brothers of Benevento. At the time it was called \"cantus ambrosianus\" (\"Ambrosian chant\"), although it is a separate plainchant tradition from the chant of Milan which we call Ambrosian chant. The common use of the name \"cantus ambrosianus\", the common influence of the Lombards in both Benevento and Milan, and musical similarities between the two liturgies and chant traditions suggest a Lombard influence in the origins of Beneventan chant.\nGregorian chant had already begun to take hold in the Beneventan orbit as early as the 8th century. The two traditions appear to have coexisted for about a century before the Gregorian chant began to replace the native Beneventan. Many Beneventan chants exist only as interpolations and addenda in Gregorian chantbooks, sometimes next to their corresponding chants in the Gregorian repertory. External ecclesiastical influences, such as two German abbots at Montecassino during the 11th century, led to an increasing insistence on the Roman rite and Gregorian chant instead of the local Beneventan traditions. One of these abbots later became Pope Stephen IX, who in 1058 officially outlawed the Beneventan rite and chant. A few Beneventan chants continued to be recorded and performed for a time, especially for the feasts of local importance such as the Holy Twelve Brothers, which had no Gregorian counterpart. However, the Beneventan repertory as a whole fell into disuse. This was commemorated in a legend of a singing contest between a Gregorian and a Beneventan cantor, which ended in victory for the Gregorian repertory when the Beneventan cantor fainted from exhaustion.",
"title": "Beneventan chant"
},
{
"docid": "155469#9",
"text": "Willi Apel and Robert Snow assert a scholarly consensus that Gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of Roman and Gallican chants, and was commissioned by the Carolingian rulers in France. Andreas Pfisterer and Peter Jeffery have shown that older melodic essentials from Roman chant are clear in the synthesized chant repertory. There were other developments as well. Chants were modified, influenced by local styles and Gallican chant, and fitted into the theory of the ancient Greek octoechos system of modes in a manner that created what later came to be known as the western system of the eight church modes. The Metz project also invented an innovative musical notation, using freeform neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody. This notation was further developed over time, culminating in the introduction of staff lines (attributed to Guido d'Arezzo) in the early 11th century, what we know today as plainchant notation. The whole body of Frankish-Roman Carolingian chant, augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year, coalesced into a single body of chant that was called \"Gregorian.\"",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
},
{
"docid": "155469#15",
"text": "The first extant sources with musical notation were written around 930 (Graduale Laon). Before this, plainchant had been transmitted orally. Most scholars of Gregorian chant agree that the development of music notation assisted the dissemination of chant across Europe. The earlier notated manuscripts are primarily from Regensburg in Germany, St. Gall in Switzerland, Laon and St. Martial in France.",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
},
{
"docid": "4967018#4",
"text": "Between the 8th and 13th centuries, however, the Carolingian chant commissioned by Charlemagne developed into what we now know as Gregorian chant, which began to influence and eventually replace most of the other Western plainchant traditions. By the 12th century, the Mozarabic, Gallican, Celtic, Old Roman, and Beneventan chant traditions had all been effectively superseded by Gregorian chant. Ambrosian chant alone survived, despite the efforts of several Popes over a period of several centuries to establish Gregorian hegemony. A chronicle by the Milanese historian Landolphus from around the year 1000 recounts a legend that two Sacramentaries, one Gregorian and one Ambrosian, were placed on an altar to see which chant had divine acceptance; miraculously, both books opened simultaneously, showing both were equally acceptable.",
"title": "Ambrosian chant"
},
{
"docid": "155469#70",
"text": "Gregorian melodies provided musical material and served as models for tropes and liturgical dramas. Vernacular hymns such as \"Christ ist erstanden\" and \"Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist\" adapted original Gregorian melodies to translated texts. Secular tunes such as the popular Renaissance \"In Nomine\" were based on Gregorian melodies. Beginning with the improvised harmonizations of Gregorian chant known as organum, Gregorian chants became a driving force in medieval and Renaissance polyphony. Often, a Gregorian chant (sometimes in modified form) would be used as a \"cantus firmus\", so that the consecutive notes of the chant determined the harmonic progression. The Marian antiphons, especially \"Alma Redemptoris Mater\", were frequently arranged by Renaissance composers. The use of chant as a cantus firmus was the predominant practice until the Baroque period, when the stronger harmonic progressions made possible by an independent bass line became standard.",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
},
{
"docid": "55321861#2",
"text": "In 1925, Le Guennant arrived at the Gregorian Institute of Paris as director and teacher of Gregorian chant, succeeding Dom Joseph Gajard of the Solesmes Abbey.\nAfter the Second World War, he organized many Gregorian sessions, not only in France but also in Fátima, and even Rio de Janeiro. Still teaching at the Gregorian Institute in Paris, this pedagogue and musician considerably boosted the teaching of Gregorian chant, by creating centres of study in several countries. When Maurice Duruflé thought about basing his Requiem on Gregorian chant, he asked Le Guennant for advice, and gratefully acknowledged his understanding. In 1960, Duruflé dedicated a composition to Le Guennant, his \"Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens\" which were also based on chant.",
"title": "Auguste Le Guennant"
},
{
"docid": "155469#72",
"text": "The monks of Solesmes, discussed above for their revival of Gregorian chant, issued a number of recordings. However, when Gregorian chant as plainchant experienced a popular resurgence during the new-age and world-music movements of the 1980s and '90s, the iconic album was somewhat unexpectedly \"Chant\", recorded by the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos, Spain. This was marketed as music to inspire timeless calm and serenity. In 2008, the Cistercian Monks of Austrian Heiligenkreuz Abbey released the CD \"Chant – Music for Paradise\", which became the best-selling album of the Austrian pop charts and peaked #7 of the UK charts. In the US, the album was released under the title \"Chant – Music for the Soul\" and peaked at #4 on the Billboard classical charts.",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
},
{
"docid": "52545#0",
"text": "Semiology (from Greek σημεῖον \"sēmeion\", \"a sign, a mark\") is a branch of Gregorian Chant research. Semiology refers specifically to the study of the neumes as found in the earliest fully notated manuscripts of Gregorian Chant, the oldest of which have been dated to the 9th century. The first application of the term 'semiology' (which first appeared in the 1960s) for the study of Latin chant was made by Dom Eugène Cardine (1905–1988), a monk of the Abbey of Solesmes. In this context, 'semiology' is understood as 'the study of musical signs'. Text and neumatic notation, together with significative letters adjoined to the neumes, presents an effective and integrated mnemonic for the rhythmical interpretation and the melody. While Gregorian palaeography offers a description of the various neumes and their rhythmical and melodic values, Gregorian semiology explains their meaning for practical interpretation.",
"title": "Semiology (Gregorian Chant)"
},
{
"docid": "155469#13",
"text": "Gregorian chant eventually replaced the local chant tradition of Rome itself, which is now known as Old Roman chant. In the 10th century, virtually no musical manuscripts were being notated in Italy. Instead, Roman Popes imported Gregorian chant from (German) Holy Roman Emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries. For example, the Credo was added to the Roman Rite at the behest of the Emperor Henry II in 1014. Reinforced by the legend of Pope Gregory, Gregorian chant was taken to be the authentic, original chant of Rome, a misconception that continues to this day. By the 12th and 13th centuries, Gregorian chant had supplanted or marginalized all the other Western plainchant traditions.",
"title": "Gregorian chant"
}
] |
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] |
1563
|
Are there sharks in the Caribbean Sea?
|
[
{
"docid": "7822#24",
"text": "Marine biota in the region have representatives of both the Indian and Pacific oceans which were caught in the Caribbean before the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama four million years ago. In the Caribbean Sea there are around 1,000 documented species of fish, including sharks (bull shark, tiger shark, silky shark and Caribbean reef shark), flying fish, giant oceanic manta ray, angel fish, spotfin butterflyfish, parrotfish, Atlantic Goliath grouper, tarpon and moray eels. Throughout the Caribbean there is industrial catching of lobster and sardines (off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula).",
"title": "Caribbean Sea"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23924014#56",
"text": "The Caribbean reef shark is up to 3 metres (10 ft) long, one of the largest apex predators in the reef ecosystem. Like the whitetip reef shark, they have been documented resting motionless on the sea bottom or inside caves, unusual behaviour for requiem sharks. Caribbean reef shark play a major role in shaping Caribbean reef communities. They are more active at night, with no evidence of seasonal changes in activity or migration. Juveniles tend to remain in a localized area throughout the year, while adults range over a wider area. The Caribbean reef shark feeds on a wide variety of reef-dwelling bony fishes and cephalopods, as well as some elasmobranchs such as eagle rays and yellow stingrays . Young sharks feed on small fishes, shrimps, and crabs. In turn, young sharks are preyed on by larger sharks such as the tiger shark and the bull shark.",
"title": "Coral reef fish"
},
{
"docid": "5899910#0",
"text": "The Caribbean reef shark (\"Carcharhinus perezii\") is a species of requiem shark, belonging to the family Carcharhinidae. It is found in the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil, and is the most commonly encountered reef shark in the Caribbean Sea. With a robust, streamlined body typical of the requiem sharks, this species is difficult to tell apart from other large members of its family such as the dusky shark (\"C. obscurus\") and the silky shark (\"C. falciformis\"). Distinguishing characteristics include dusky-colored fins without prominent markings, a short free rear tip on the second dorsal fin, and tooth shape and number.",
"title": "Caribbean reef shark"
},
{
"docid": "5899910#8",
"text": "Caribbean reef sharks are sometimes seen resting motionless on the sea floor or inside caves; it is the first active shark species in which such a behavior was reported. In 1975, Eugenie Clark investigated the famed \"sleeping sharks\" inside the caves at Isla Mujeres off the Yucatan Peninsula, and determined that the sharks were not actually asleep as their eyes would follow divers. Clark speculated that freshwater upwellings inside the caves might loosen parasites on the sharks and produce an enjoyable \"narcotic\" effect. If threatened, Caribbean reef sharks sometimes perform a threat display, in which they swim in a short, jerky fashion with frequent changes in direction and repeated, brief (1–1.2 second duration) drops of the pectoral fins. This display is less pronounced than the better-known display of the grey reef shark (\"C. amblyrhynchos\").",
"title": "Caribbean reef shark"
},
{
"docid": "5899910#4",
"text": "The Caribbean reef shark occurs throughout the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina in the north to Brazil in the south, including Bermuda, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. However, it is extremely rare north of the Florida Keys. It prefers shallow waters on or around coral reefs, and is commonly found near the drop-offs at the reefs' outer edges. This shark is most common in water shallower than , but has been known to dive to .",
"title": "Caribbean reef shark"
},
{
"docid": "5899910#1",
"text": "Measuring up to long, the Caribbean reef shark is one of the largest apex predators in the reef ecosystem, feeding on a variety of fishes and cephalopods. They have been documented resting motionless on the sea bottom or inside caves, unusual behavior for an active-swimming shark. If threatened, it may perform a threat display in which it frequently changes direction and dips its pectoral fins. Like other requiem sharks, it is viviparous with females giving birth to 4–6 young every other year. Caribbean reef sharks are of some importance to fisheries as a source of meat, leather, liver oil, and fishmeal, but recently they have become more valuable as an ecotourist attraction. In the Bahamas and elsewhere, bait is used to attract them to groups of divers in controversial \"shark feedings\". This species is responsible for a small number of attacks on humans. The shark attacks usually happen in spring and summer.",
"title": "Caribbean reef shark"
},
{
"docid": "7193676#0",
"text": "The Caribbean roughshark (\"Oxynotus caribbaeus\") is a rough shark of the family Oxynotidae, found on the upper continental slopes of the Caribbean Sea, at depths between . It reaches a length around .",
"title": "Caribbean roughshark"
},
{
"docid": "284899#17",
"text": "The shark is seen by divers in many places, including the Bay Islands in Honduras, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Maldives close to Maamigili (South Ari Atoll), the Red Sea, Western Australia (Ningaloo Reef, Christmas Island), Taiwan, Panama (Coiba Island), Belize, Tofo Beach in Mozambique, Sodwana Bay (Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) in South Africa, the Galapagos Islands, Saint Helena, Isla Mujeres (Caribbean Sea), La Paz, Baja California Sur and Bahía de los Ángeles in Mexico, the Seychelles, West Malaysia, islands off eastern peninsular Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Fujairah, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the Caribbean. Juveniles can be found near the shore in the Gulf of Tadjoura, near Djibouti, in the Horn of Africa.\nThere is currently no robust estimate of the global whale shark population. The species is considered endangered by the IUCN due to the impacts of fisheries, bycatch losses, and vessel strikes, combined with its long lifespan and late maturation. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the whale shark as \"Migrant\" with the qualifier \"Secure Overseas\" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.",
"title": "Whale shark"
},
{
"docid": "5899910#9",
"text": "Juvenile Caribbean reef sharks are preyed upon by larger sharks such as the tiger shark (\"Galeocerdo cuvier\") and the bull shark (\"C. leucas\"). Few parasites are known for this species; one is a dark variegated leech often seen trailing from its first dorsal fin. Off northern Brazil, juveniles seek out cleaning stations occupied by yellownose gobies (\"Elacatinus randalli\"), which clean the sharks of parasites while they lie still on the bottom. Horse-eye jacks (\"Caranx latus\") and bar jacks (\"Carangoides ruber\") routinely school around Caribbean reef sharks.",
"title": "Caribbean reef shark"
},
{
"docid": "6798808#4",
"text": "The blacknose shark inhabits the continental and insular shelves off the eastern coast of the Americas, as far north as North Carolina and as far south as southern Brazil, including the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. They frequent coastal waters over beds of seagrass, sandy flats, and shell or coral rubble. This species is spatially segregated by size and sex. Generally, only young sharks are encountered in shallow water, as the adults prefer depths greater than and is most common at . Blacknose sharks in the South Atlantic Bight (off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States) migrate northward in the summer and southward (or possibly offshore) in the winter; a similar migration occurs for sharks in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"title": "Blacknose shark"
}
] |
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1566
|
What can we learn with Spontaneous recovery?
|
[
{
"docid": "35075711#1",
"text": "Spontaneous recovery is associated with the learning process called classical conditioning, in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus which produces an unconditioned response, such that the previously neutral stimulus comes to produce its own response, which is usually similar to that produced by the unconditioned stimulus. Although aspects of classical conditioning had been noted by previous scholars, the first experimental analysis of the process was done by Ivan Pavlov, a nineteenth-century physiologist came across the associative effects of conditioning while conducting research on canine digestion.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35075711#41",
"text": "In regards to a more general application of procedural learning in our life is with our beliefs and values we can hold to a certain subject. For example, if many times you get extremely jealous of someone having something that you do not have because your family can't afford it when you were young, you could believe that \"things in life are hard to come by\". When you're an adult another situation could arise that is similar, and the recovery of that association and inner response can show up spontaneously as jealousy again. It is why a lot of people say to themselves, \"where does this feeling come from\" or, \"Why did I do that?\" A lot of human reactions are from spontaneous recovery of past associations, not always specifically learned physical behaviours.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#42",
"text": "For the learning and recall associated with spontaneous recovery to happen, there are specific gyri and neurotransmitters that play a role. Firstly, the cerebellum is needed to acquire certain motor skills and develop an automatic state with the movement patterns that are learned. Both the dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex has been shown to play a big role in the development of memory consolidation and motor control. Reciprocal loops are formed through neural circuits between the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex which consolidate the memory. To elicit a stronger consolidation, rewards can be involved; the case for Pavlovian conditioning. The reward-related learning causes dopamine to release from the synapses of the basal ganglia and creates a stronger bond between the stimulus and response. Furthermore, if there is a traumatic incident that is associated to a memory, and that becomes suppressed, the amygdala is responsible for this fear conditioning. The amygdala leads to the caudate nucleus in the neocortex of the basal ganglia, so the fear response can also be triggered via spontaneous recovery. Basically, the stronger the emotional arousal after a learning event, positive or negative, can greatly enhance the memory's recall in the future.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#0",
"text": "Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Ivan Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. In that context, it refers to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay. Such a recovery of \"lost\" behaviors can be observed within a variety of domains, and the recovery of lost human memories is often of particular interest. For a mathematical model for spontaneous recovery see Further Reading.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#7",
"text": "One day (24 hours) after learning both sets of associates, participants were again tested. Observed was a spontaneous recovery of B responses such that participants' responses of B items exceeded C items. It appeared that after a rest period, participants could spontaneously remember the initial paired associates that they were not able to remember following the subsequent presentation of a second paired associate list the day prior. This \"A-B, A-C\" paradigm was replicated by researcher Bruce R. Ekstrand, thus increasing confirmation regarding the existence of spontaneous recovery.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#34",
"text": "Although hypnosis and other suggestive therapy is a great way to create spontaneous recovery of memories, false memories can be constructed in the process. False memories are memories that contain facts that are incorrect, yet they are strongly believed by the person obtaining the memory. Research states that a lot of suggestive therapy can cause a false memory in patients because of the intense suggestions given by the trusted therapist. Suggestions can stir up memories from movies, stories, magazines, and many other of the innumerable stimuli one sees throughout their life. Hypnosis is a more relaxed, aware state where subjects can bypass a lot of the conscious doubts and mind chatter and be aware of what comes up from the unconscious.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#8",
"text": "In an experiment conducted to further the findings of Briggs and Ekstrand, it was discovered that sleep counteracts retroactive interference compared to wakefulness. Using the same \"A-B, A-C\" paradigm, results indicated that memory performance for the first list of word-pair associates (A-B) was superior when learning was followed by nocturnal sleep rather than when learning was followed by wakefulness. Sleep differentially affected the memory consolidation of the two lists, enhancing more significantly, the memory for the first list. It has been suggested that it is mainly the degree of initial learning that predicts whether spontaneous recovery shall occur, stating that the better the learning of the A-B associations, the more likely they are to recover after interference. This effect is further catalyzed by sleep, which appears to having an enhancing effect on memory consolidation.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#45",
"text": "Another relation of drugs to spontaneous recovery is the incidences regarding relapse. A recovered addict can be presented with stimuli that spontaneously recover motivational feelings that are believed to cause the relapse. The longer the extinction period of the abstinence from the drug, the more vulnerable to person is to relapsing spontaneously. For example, cocaine addicts who are thought to be \"cured\" can experience an irresistible impulse to use the drug again if they are subsequently confronted by a stimulus with strong connections to the drug, such as a white powder.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#44",
"text": "All drugs and stimulants of the brain can affect how someone learns, consolidates, and retrieves certain memories. For example, cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, causing an increase of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. This will elicit a rewarding feeling of liberation and security that can become addictive to some people. Although, because of the increased dopamine levels in the brain, consolidation of memory can be affected which will then inhibit the chances of recovering that memory. Studies show that rats who were given cocaine were unable to perform motor tasks as successfully as the control group. Also, cannabis has also shown negative effects regarding the ability to spontaneously recover memories because the plasticity strength of the initial memories are so inhibited due to the reduced neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
},
{
"docid": "35075711#36",
"text": "Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of therapy where the patient discusses their life issues with a therapist and the therapist can ask specific questions while using their expertise to find underlying issues. This method of therapy can cause spontaneous recovery that is cued from the therapists questioning. Psychoanalytic therapy has been known to treat many behavioural problems, unconscious feelings and thoughts that effect the present moment. Through recalling specific events and gaining a new perspective, a patient can alleviate the issue they are concerned with.",
"title": "Spontaneous recovery"
}
] |
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1568
|
Is there a dragon dance?
|
[
{
"docid": "577930#2",
"text": "During the Han Dynasty, different forms of the dragon dance were described in ancient texts. Rain dance performed at times of drought may involve the use of figures of dragon as Chinese dragon was associated with rain in ancient China, for example the dragon Yinglong was considered a rain deity, and the Shenlong had the power to determine how much wind and rain to bring. According to the Han Dynasty text \"Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals\" by Dong Zhongshu, as part of a ritual to appeal for rain, clay figures of the dragons were made and children or adults may then perform a dance. The number of dragons, their length and colour, as well as the performers may vary according to the time of year. Other dances involving dragons may be found in a popular form of entertainment during the Han Dynasty, the \"baixi\" (百戲) variety shows, where performers called \"mime people\" (象人) dressed up as various creatures such as beasts, fish and dragons. In his \"Lyric Essay on Western Capital\" (西京賦) Zhang Heng recorded various performances such as performers who dressed as a green dragon playing a flute, and a fish-dragon act where fish transformed into a dragon. A version of the fish-dragon dance called \"fish-dragon extending\" (魚龍曼延) was also performed at the Han court to entertain foreign guests – in this dance a mythical beast of Shenli (舍利之獸) transforms into flounder, then to a dragon. These ancient dances however do not resemble modern Dragon Dance in their descriptions, and depictions of dragon dance in Han Dynasty stone relief engravings suggest that the props used may also be cumbersome, unlike modern Dragon Dance where light-weight dragons are manipulated by performers. \nThe dragon acts of the Han Dynasty were also mentioned in the Tang and Song Dynasty. Figures similar to the dragon lantern (龍燈) used during Lantern Festival were described in the Song Dynasty work \"Dreams of Splendor of the Eastern Capital\", where figures of dragon mounted for display were constructed out of grass and cloth and inside which numerous candle lights may be placed. Such dragon lanterns may also be carried and paraded by performers in the street during the Lantern festival at nighttime. A wide variety of dragon dances have developed in various regions in China, for example, the Fenghua Cloth Dragon (奉化布龙) from Zhejiang was made with bamboo frame and covered with cloth, and is said to have been developed in the 1200s. A form of dragon dance from Tongliang County (铜梁龙舞), which originated as snake totem worship, began during the Ming Dynasty and became popular in the Qing Dynasty. In the modern era, the government of People's Republic of China adapted and promoted various traditional folk dances, which contributed to the popularity of the current form of the dragon dance now found widely in China as well as Chinese communities around the world.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "577930#12",
"text": "Unlike the lion dance in many Asian countries where there are numerous native versions of the dance, the dragon dance is found in other countries primarily among overseas Chinese communities. In Japan, the dragon dance (龍踊, \"Ja Odori\" – also referred to as \"Snake Dance\" 蛇踊) is one of the main attractions in the Nagasaki Kunchi festival. The dance was originally performed by Chinese residents who settled in Nagasaki, the only port said to be open for foreign trade in Japan during the Edo period. The dragon dance has also been adapted for other local festivities by the Japanese – a golden dragon dance (金龍の舞, \"Kinryū no Mai\") has been performed at the Sensō-ji in Tokyo since 1958. There is however a form that is unique to Japan – the \"Orochi\" (a great serpent or Japanese dragon) which may be found in a \"kagura\" performance.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "577930#0",
"text": "Dragon dance () is a form of traditional dance and performance in Chinese culture. Like the lion dance, it is most often seen in festive celebrations. The dance is performed by a team of experienced dancers who manipulate a long flexible figure of a dragon using poles positioned at regular intervals along the length of the dragon. The dance team simulates the imagined movements of this river spirit in a sinuous, undulating manner.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "577930#7",
"text": "The dragon dance is performed by a skilled team whose job is to bring the motionless body to life. The correct combination and proper timing of the different parts of the dragon are very important to make a successful dance. Any mistakes made by even some of the performers would spoil the whole performance. To be very successful in the dance, the head of the Dragon must be able to coordinate with the body movement to match the timing of the drum. For larger ceremonial and parade style dragons, the head can weigh as much as 12 katis (14.4 kg, almost 32 lb). The dragon tail also has an important role to play as it will have to keep in time with head movements. The fifth section is considered to be the middle portion and the performers must be very alert as the body movements change from time to time. The dragon is often led by a person holding a spherical object representing a pearl.\nThe patterns of the dragon dance are choreographed according to the skills and experiences acquired by the performers. Some of the patterns of the dragon dance are \"Cloud Cave\", \"Whirlpool\", T'ai chi pattern, \"threading the money\", \"looking for pearl\", and \"dragon encircling the pillar\". The movement \"dragon chasing the pearl\" shows that the dragon is continually in the pursuit of wisdom.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "44374769#39",
"text": "In some of the earliest dances recorded in China, dancers may have dressed as animal and mythical beasts, and during the Han dynasty, some forms of the dragon dance were mentioned. The Dragon was associated with rain, and during the Han dynasty, a dance may be performed during a ritual to appeal for rain at time of drought. According to the Han dynasty text \"Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals\" by Dong Zhongshu, as part of the ritual, clay figures of the dragons were made and children or adults may then perform a dance. The number of dragons, their length and colour, as well as the performers may vary according to the time of year. In the \"baixi\" variety shows, performers called \"mime people\" (象人) dressed up as various creatures such as a green dragon playing a flute, and acts where fish turned into a dragon were also described. Some of the performances are depicted in Han dynasty stone relief engravings, and the props used appear to be cumbersome and do not resemble modern form of the dance. Modern dragon dance uses light-weight structure manipulated by a dozen or so of men using poles at regular intervals along the length of the dragon, and some forms of the dragon can be very long and involve hundreds of performers. There are more than 700 different dragon dances in China.",
"title": "History of Chinese dance"
},
{
"docid": "577930#1",
"text": "The dragon dance is often performed during Chinese New Year. Chinese dragons are a symbol of China's culture, and they are believed to bring good luck to people, therefore the longer the dragon in the dance, the more luck it will bring to the community. The dragons are believed to possess qualities that include great power, dignity, fertility, wisdom and auspiciousness. The appearance of a dragon is both fearsome and bold but it has a benevolent disposition, and it was an emblem to represent imperial authority. The movements in a performance traditionally symbolize historical roles of dragons demonstrating power and dignity.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "577930#9",
"text": "A double dragon dance, rarely seen in Western exhibitions, involves two troupes of dancers intertwining the dragons. Even rarer are dances with the full array of nine dragons, since nine is a \"perfect\" number. Such dances involve large number of participants from various organizations, and are often only possible under the auspices of a regional or national government.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "54529821#9",
"text": "The dragons hold a very significant position in the Chinese tradition. They are supposed to bring good luck as they possess power, dignity and wisdom. Thus, the Chinese love to perform the Dragon dance during the Chinese New Year. Tourists from around the globe come to china to see this dance style\nA huge dragon is made out of wood, with poles places at equal intervals to hold the dragon and it was decorated with beautiful lanterns and flowers. Chinese believe that longer the dragon, more good luck it is supposed to bring to the people. The participants can themselves carry the dragon along with the villagers and perform the dragon dance.",
"title": "Jinhua Homestay Project"
},
{
"docid": "48892103#11",
"text": "As well as the Piao-se performances, Yakou people also perform dragon dances, lion dances and Kylin dances in the Piao-se parade.\nThe dragon used in Yakou is the wooden dragon. At a length of 50 meters, the wooden dragon is made of many boards. Despite its length and material, the dragon can move flexibly. For the Kylin dance, Yakou people used a Kylin which is two or three times bigger than people in other area of Guangdong use, and the performance is lively and natural.\n\"Passing through the dragon\" means children squeeze through the long section of the dragon. They dance and pray that they will grow up healthy.",
"title": "Yakou Piao-se"
},
{
"docid": "577930#3",
"text": "Aside from the popular form of dragon dance, other regional dragon dances include one from Zhanjiang, Guangdong province whereby the body of the dragon is formed entirely of a human chain of dozens to hundreds of performers, and in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province, the body of the dragon is formed using wooden stools. The number of different dragon dances has been put at over 700.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
},
{
"docid": "577930#6",
"text": "Historically the dragon dance may be performed in a variety of ways with different types and colors of dragon. Green is sometimes selected as a main color of the dragon, which symbolizes a great harvest. Other colors include: yellow symbolizing the solemn empire, golden or silver colors symbolizing prosperity, red color representing excitement while its scales and tail are mostly beautiful silver colors and glittering at all times which provides a feeling of joyous atmosphere. As the Dragon dance is not performed every day, the cloth of the dragon is to be removed and to have a new touch of ultra-paint before the next performance.",
"title": "Dragon dance"
}
] |
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] |
1570
|
Who played Bones on Bones?
|
[
{
"docid": "970011#0",
"text": "Emily Erin Deschanel (; born October 11, 1976) is an American actress, director and producer. She is best known for her role as Dr. Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan in the FOX series \"Bones\".",
"title": "Emily Deschanel"
},
{
"docid": "970011#4",
"text": "In 2005, Deschanel was cast as Dr. Temperance Brennan with David Boreanaz as FBI agent Seeley Booth on the Fox crime procedural comedy-drama \"Bones\", based on the novels and the career of forensic anthropologist and author Kathy Reichs, created by Hart Hanson. The series ran for 12 seasons from September 13, 2005 to March 28, 2017. For her performance, she received a 2006 Satellite Award nomination and a 2007 Teen Choice Award nomination. Deschanel and Boreanaz served as co-producers at the start of the show's third season, before becoming producers in the middle of the show's fourth season. While \"Bones\" was still in production, Deschanel also played the Brennan character on a 2015 episode of \"Sleepy Hollow\" and a 2016 episode of \"BoJack Horseman\".",
"title": "Emily Deschanel"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5910315#3",
"text": "In 2000, Billy Bones was introduced to James 'Hardslug' Harding (The Adicts) by a mutual friend, Keith Miller, who had performed with Bones in the past with other projects. After discovering Hardslug was also into performing music, a 'jam' was suggested and Bones (vocals), Miller (bass) and Hardslug(drums) got together, joined by a young Kevin Preston (guitar) who attended the same school as Bones' daughter. This band practiced by covering Skulls songs among others and was to be called the DB5's, apparently after Bones' favorite automobile and interest in old James Bond movies. A few weeks later, Bones was asked to put together a version of The Skulls to perform at the 'Tribute to 77' event at The El Rey in Los Angeles, where many of the early punk bands were to perform. That line-up was to be Bones (vocals), Preston (guitar), Sean 'Geronimo' Antillon (ex Gears, Snake Charmers) (drums, who'd also played with Bones at an impromptu quasi Skulls appearance a few years before) and Keith Miller on Bass. However, Miller had to bow out at the last minute and Bones asked Hardslug if he knew anybody who could jump in. The story goes that Hardslug bought a bass, learned the songs in a week, and after just a few rehearsals, the band nailed it at the El Rey. The new version of The Skulls was born, with the DB5 project left by the wayside.",
"title": "The Skulls (American band)"
},
{
"docid": "24650344#8",
"text": "Bones' first television appearance was in the BBC Jubilee Play \"A Day in the Life\" by Ray Connolly, in 1977. In 1980 he appeared in an episode of \"Fox\" as Kemble. Bones played Sergeant Parkes in an episode of \"Spearhead\" (1981), played a small role in Series 3 of the long running TV series, The Bill (1987), Paul Roussillon in \"Bergerac\" (1988), and a Superintendent in \"London's Burning\" (1988). Also in 1988 Bones played Victorian medium Robert James Lees in ITV's \"Jack the Ripper\" starring Michael Caine. His first feature film was \"Bellman and True\" (1987) directed by Richard Loncraine and starring Bernard Hill. The \"New York Times\" film critic said \"Mr Bones makes a memorable screen debut as the bullying Gort.\" In 1995 Bones played Toussant in the film \"Cutthroat Island\", and in 1998 made appearances in \"Dangerfield\" and \"Cold Feet\". He played Admiral Bill Wilson in the 1999 film \"Wing Commander\", and in 2001 he played Banquo in a made-for-television film of the Royal Shakespeare Company's \"Macbeth\" which starred Antony Sher as Macbeth. The film was the televised version of a stage show which had an enormously successful run in Britain, Japan and the United States.",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "38700500#1",
"text": "The series was renewed for a ninth season on January 9, 2013. The season features two extra episodes that were produced during the eighth season, but were not aired; they aired during the first half of season nine. Recurring antagonist Christopher Pelant (Andrew Leeds) returned for two episodes, which concluded his multiple-episode arc. New recurring characters in the season include Danny Beck, played by Freddie Prinze, Jr., a covert CIA agent who is an old associate of Booth; and Aldo Clemens, played by Mather Zickel, who served as Booth's advisor when he was a sniper. Both characters first appeared in the season premiere. The season also introduces new recurring Jeffersonian intern Rodolfo Fuentes, played by Ignacio Serricchio, who is a Cuban forensic anthropologist seeking asylum in the U.S.\nThe ninth season of \"Bones\" was released on DVD format only (subtitled \"Til Death Do Us Part Edition\") in region 1 on September 16, 2014, in region 2 on September 15, 2014, and in region 4 on November 26, 2014. The set includes all 24 episodes of season nine on a 6-disc DVD set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include an audio commentary on \"The Woman in White\" by Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Karine Rosenthal, deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes—\"Walking Down the Aisle, \"Bones Style\"\" and \"\"Bones\" at Comic-Con 2013\".",
"title": "Bones (season 9)"
},
{
"docid": "24650344#2",
"text": "Bones joined the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury in 1976, and with whom he played Ernst Ludwig in \"Cabaret\", Mr Shanks in \"Habeas Corpus\", Trofimov in \"The Cherry Orchard\", Milo Tindal in \"Sleuth\" and Curly Delafield in \"Knuckle\". In 1977 he toured with the \"Mermaid Theatre\" educational company 'The Molecule Club' teaching science to children. In 1978 Bones played Lucifer in the first modern revival of \"The Lincoln Mystery Cycle\" in Lincoln Cathedral.",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "46438947#0",
"text": "Gerald Craft \"Bones\" Weatherly (December 26, 1928 – December 28, 2004) was an American football linebacker who played four seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the eighth round of the 1949 NFL Draft. He played college football at Rice University and attended Cuero High School in Cuero, Texas.",
"title": "Bones Weatherly"
},
{
"docid": "24650344#13",
"text": "Bones played Publican No. 7 in \"The World's End\" (2013), and the same year it was announced that Bones had joined the cast of \"Atlantis\". His most recent film appearance was as an Egyptian scribe in the 2014 epic \"\". In 2016, he appeared in the TV series \"\".",
"title": "Ken Bones"
},
{
"docid": "58155438#6",
"text": "Bones played multiple roles in the early Wilson White House; she was part of Ellen's secretarial staff but also her close personal friend and supporter, and she combined many social duties with administrative responsibilities. Ellen Wilson's health began to deteriorate in early 1914, and Bones took on additional hostess duties in the White House, which continued after Ellen’s death in August of that year. Bones shared the role of \"surrogate First Lady\" with the Wilsons' daughter Margaret, her primary job being to support the grieving widower. Within months, Bones's health also began to deteriorate under the pressure of Wilson's grief and her own. For therapy, the President's doctor suggested that she take up walking and recommended as her companion an elegant widowed socialite and businesswoman named Edith Galt.",
"title": "Helen Woodrow Bones"
},
{
"docid": "4788937#4",
"text": "Conlin played Angela Montenegro on the popular Fox drama \"Bones,\" which stars Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz. In the series, Angela is married to Dr. Jack Hodgins (T. J. Thyne), while her father is ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, who plays a fictionalized version of himself. Angela's full name is Angela \"Pookie Noodlin\" Pearly Gates Montenegro, with Pearly Gates also being the name of Gibbons' Les Paul guitar. In 2008, Conlin was nominated for an Asian Excellence Award in the category of Supporting Television actress for her role on \"Bones\".",
"title": "Michaela Conlin"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "38237334#1",
"text": "In 2006, the British Virgin Islands were invited to take part in the 2006 Stanford 20/20, whose matches held official Twenty20 status. Samuel made a single appearance in the tournament against Saint Lucia in a preliminary round defeat, with him being dismissed opening the batting for 5 runs by Darren Sammy. He also bowled three wicketless overs in the match. He later played for the team in its second appearance in the Stanford 20/20 in 2008, making a single appearance in a preliminary round defeat against Dominica, taking the wicket of Vincent Casimir to finish with figures of 1/27 from four overs, while with the bat he was dismissed for 17 runs by Liam Sebastien.",
"title": "Lennox Samuel"
}
] |
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1571
|
How tall was Abe "The Newsboy" Hollandersky?
|
[
{
"docid": "45738136#41",
"text": "The 5' 4\" welterweight Hollandersky lost to Panama Joe, the younger and stronger Panamanian Light and Middleweight champion, and the accomplished middleweight Connors of Scranton, Pennsylvania, who had a five-inch height advantage. But he gave a closer fight to the Seattle welterweight Ryan before an impressive crowd of 1500 at the Savannah Club in Ancon, Panama on February 23, 1914. The Panamanian fans voiced their disapproval of the referee's Draw ruling as Hollandersky appeared to have landed more blows. The \"Norwich Bulletin\" felt Hollandersky had the edge in the Ryan bout which they referred to as a \"Welterweight Championship of the Isthmus.\" Perhaps as a result, Abe's fight records at the end of his autobiography and Nat Fleischer's 1944 \"Ring Record Book\" referred to Hollandersky as a Welterweight Champion of Panama, though his actual title was heavyweight champion.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45738136#44",
"text": "Perhaps the single fight that most influenced the \"Newsboy\" to retire was his brutal loss to welterweight Dave \"KO\" Palitz on September 6, 1915, in Lawrence Hall in New London. An accomplished welterweight, Palitz would unsuccessfully challenge Lou Holtz for the Connecticut State Welterweight Championship in 1920. During a boxing and wrestling tour in the Southwest and Mexico in the first half of 1915, Hollandersky had suffered from an illness of several weeks which may have contributed to his lack of conditioning for the bout. The \"Springfield Courier\" said of the twenty round battle that \"K. O. Palitz of this city handed Abe the worst trimming a man ever received in a local ring, though the newsboy was on his feet at the end of the bout\". New London's \"The Day\", noticing Abe's puffy face, swollen ears, and blackened eye after the fight, wrote \"he looked as if his demise were near at hand.\" The following February Palitz defeated Abe again in a less brutal ten-round match which Hollandersky had staged and promoted. The day of boxing featured boxers Joe Azevedo, an exceptional lightweight, Young Terry, and Charley Curley. A glance at Abe's personal tally of fights at the back of his autobiography indicates he may have sparred with both Curley and Young Terry. Though Hollandersky continued to find matches, and even returned to Panama for several lucrative bouts in 1916, he may have sensed his days as a competitive prize fighter fighting top talent were numbered.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#0",
"text": "Abe \"The Newsboy\" Hollandersky (December 3, 1888 – November 1, 1966) became the second American boxer to win the Panamanian Heavyweight Title when he defeated Californian Jack Ortega in nine rounds in Panama City on May 30, 1913. American congressmen, Naval personnel, and canal workers were among the crowd of nearly two thousand who watched Hollandersky gain victory over an opponent who outweighed him by over thirty-five pounds. The \"New York Times\" announced Hollandersky's best known win the following morning.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#72",
"text": "Memories of Hollandersky would linger in the mind of some of boxing's greatest. In March 1911, in an interview with the \"Hartford Courant\", Abe claimed to have once sold a paper to Jack Johnson, America's first Black world heavyweight champion. No less a boxer than Mohammad Ali compared himself to Johnson, as they both felt unjustly stripped of their heavyweight titles. Bob Johnston, of Johnston's Sport's Palace in San Diego, where both Hollandersky and Jack Johnson would live and visit, claimed to have once hired a down and out Johnson in 1929 to shadowbox at his adjacent Liberty Theatre. According to Johnson, the amiable champion often told patrons as he entertained them with shadow boxing that his opponent was Abe the Newsboy.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#39",
"text": "The match took place at a Skating Rink in Ancon, Panama, on Sunday afternoon, January 18, 1914, before a sold out crowd. New London's \"The Day\" wrote that Hollandersky had the edge in only three of the rounds, before the end when Norfolk \"began battering Abe around the ring and trying hard for a knockout\". The Panamanian crowd voiced their approval of the Newsboy's tenacity, and as soon as the final bell sounded to end the long contest, they \"stormed the ring and carried the little fellow (Abe) off on their shoulders.\" Hollandersky claimed he was paid ten dollars a round for the Norfolk bout, and an additional seventeen hundred dollars that he shared from the winnings of his sailor friends, many of whom had bet on him to last ten rounds. This brought the total earnings for his evening's work to $1,950, roughly two years salary for many Americans in that era.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#10",
"text": "After he tried to sell a newspaper to Teddy Roosevelt aboard the presidential yacht \"USS Mayflower\" in September 1906, Roosevelt had Admiral Robley D. Evans, Commander of the North Atlantic Fleet, create the official unpaid title \"Newsboy of the Navy,\" for Hollandersky, giving him the right to sell papers to any Navy ship and travel to any destination on U. S. Naval vessels. According to Hollandersky's autobiography, their meeting took place during Roosevelt's Presidential review of the Naval fleet in New York's Oyster Bay, off Long Island, September 2–4, 1906, and was a pivotal point in Abe's career. Hollandersky had a busy boxing schedule in New York that year, and Roosevelt had likely come from his home off Oyster Bay. Hollandersky and the President engaged in a brief and friendly exchange of light blows after Roosevelt waved off his Secret Service bodyguards. Their brief exchange took place on the Starboard deck of the Presidential yacht after Roosevelt saw Abe's cauliflower ear, and asked if he was a boxer. The President had boxed competitively at Harvard, and took a sincere interest in the eighteen year old newsboy who was keen on selling his papers to the fleet.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#71",
"text": "He died in San Diego in early November 1966, and was buried in Greenwood Memorial Park, as was his wife Freda in 1988. He had had no children. At his request, his tombstone was headed with his ring name, Abe the Newsboy, the name used almost exclusively by the newspapers that covered his boxing and wrestling career.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#25",
"text": "Hollandersky's voyage to Australia occurred not long after he met Theodore Roosevelt, early in his boxing career, around 1906–08 as part of the Cruise of the Great White Fleet. The second half of the fourteen-month cruise, much of which included Abe, routed sixteen state-of-the-art coal burning American battleships with white painted hulls from the California coast to, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Japan, and China.\nJapan was already threatening as a naval power and President Roosevelt, architect of the cruise, intended to demonstrate the strength of the American fleet to both allied countries and potential enemies. Hollandersky sailed aboard the \"USS Kearsarge\" and served as her newsboy as she circumnavigated the globe and docked at the Navy's most exotic ports. The pinnacle of naval technology at the time, the \"Kearsarge\" served as the flagship of the North Atlantic fleet through 1905. Both heavily armed and armored, she carried a crew of 550, and could cruise at a top speed of twenty miles per hour. She docked in Australia in August 1908, along with close to a thousand sailors from the fifteen other Naval vessels who flooded the streets and received a warm reception in Melbourne and Sydney. Abe would have had time to take primarily the Australian leg of the cruise. He likely stopped at Aukland, New Zealand, and possibly the Philippines as he was absent from New London through much of 1906, six months in 1907 and nine months in 1908 which included the period when the \"Kearsarge\" arrived in Melbourne in August. His rigorous boxing and wrestling schedule precluded him from traveling continuously for the full fourteen months of the cruise.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#28",
"text": "Hollandersky had a busy boxing schedule throughout 1910 and 1911. He used his naval privileges in combination with commercial vessels between 1912 and 1914, to sail south from his hometown of New London, selling newspapers to the fleet while stopping to fight boxing matches in Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Chile, and later Mexico. In January and February 1912, taking a commercial vessel South, he fought several bouts and wrestled at or near the base in Guantanamo, Cuba, while the fleet was on maneuvers. He served briefly as newsboy for the while she was in Cuba in January. The \"New York Tribune\" of March, 1912, reported \"Abe has been with the fleet at Guantanamo all winter and has won several bouts with ease against the best the island affords.\" The Reverend W. H. \"Ironsides\" Reaney was a boxing mentor to Abe while he was in Cuba, and helped arrange his Cuban bouts during morning breakfasts aboard the ill-fated battleship USS \"Utah\". Reaney helped referee a few shipboard fights, and had boxed in his earlier days. The USS \"Utah\" had been constructed the previous August, 1911, and was on a shakedown cruise ending in Guantanamo. Though obsolete by 1941, she would become one of the first ships lost at Pearl Harbor.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
},
{
"docid": "45738136#31",
"text": "His historic first bout for the Panamanian Heavyweight Title with Californian Jack Ortega on May 30, 1913, featured an audience of nearly two thousand and included most of the members of an American congressional party in Panama, there to view the final stages of the building of the Panama Canal. According to Abe, the congressmen had sailed there on the Presidential yacht \"Mayflower\". Ortega, the reigning Panamanian heavyweight champion, was known to deliver knockout punches and his size made him a formidable opponent. Abe entered the ring to an ovation and a hearty round of applause, as Ortega was not a friend of the Panamanian crowd who knew him from previous fights. The match ended in an eighth round foul when, by most accounts, Abe was having the better of the bout, landing more frequent and strategic blows, if less powerful than his opponent's. Hollandersky was around twenty-five and in the prime of his boxing career, while Ortega was around thirty-six, and outweighed Hollandersky by at least thirty-five or forty pounds.\nAccording to one newspaper, after Ortega pushed him onto the ropes in the final round, \"Abe was partly in the ring and partly out of it, spectators in the crowd trying to prevent his falling from the platform and Ortega, without really realizing what he was doing but fighting madly, swung low and landed on Abe's groin\". The article continues, \"Abe, who did not fall when the blow was delivered, walked to his corner across the ring and then laid down on the floor to recover from the effects of the punch. The injury he received was apparent to all who were close to see him when he was undressed by his seconds. It was some fifteen minutes before he was able to leave the ring.\" Hollandersky inferred in his autobiography the foul was probably intentional, particularly the one that ended his rematch with Ortega later in August. The foul ended the bout, and made Hollandersky Heavyweight Champion of Panama.",
"title": "Abraham Jacob Hollandersky"
}
] |
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] |
1573
|
When was the Golden Age of Piracy?
|
[
{
"docid": "34239084#8",
"text": "\"The Golden Age of Piracy\" is a term used by historians to refer to the most widespread increase of \"sea banditry\" on record. Although scholars agree that there was a boom in raiding and pillaging activities in the early eighteenth century, there are various schools of thought regarding the length of time that was the Golden Age. The shortest amount of time that is agreed upon is from around 1715 to 1725. The signing of the Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of Spanish Succession, ending the authorized privateering that was a part of the war and marking the beginning of the Golden Age of Piracy. Another group holds that the Golden Age was from around 1690 to about 1725. The longest definition of the Golden Age runs from 1650 to 1726, to include the buccaneers and other piracy endeavors.",
"title": "Piracy in the Atlantic World"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#8",
"text": "Rediker, in 2004, described the most complex definition of the Golden Age to date. He proposes a \"golden age of piracy, which spanned the period from roughly 1650 to 1730\", which he subdivides into three distinct \"generations\": the buccaneers of 1650–1680, the Indian Ocean pirates of the 1690s, and the pirates of the years 1716–1726.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3582953#0",
"text": "The Golden Age of Piracy is a common designation given to usually one or more outbursts of piracy in the maritime history of the early modern period. In its broadest accepted definition, the Golden Age of Piracy spans the 1650s to the late 1720s and covers three separate outbursts of piracy:Narrower definitions of the Golden Age sometimes exclude the first or second periods, but most include at least some portion of the third. The modern conception of pirates as depicted in popular culture is derived largely, although not always accurately, from the Golden Age of Piracy.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#2",
"text": "The oldest known literary mention of a \"Golden Age\" of piracy is from 1894, when the Swedish journalist George Powell wrote about \"what appears to have been the golden age of piracy up to the last decade of the seventeenth century.\" Powell uses the phrase while reviewing Charles Leslie's \"A New and Exact History of Jamaica\", then over 150 years old, and refers mostly to such 1660s events as Henry Morgan's attacks on Maracaibo and Portobelo and Bartolomeu Português's famous escape. Powell uses the phrase only once.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#3",
"text": "In 1897, a more systematic use of the phrase \"Golden Age of Piracy\" was introduced by historian John Fiske, who wrote: \"At no other time in the world's history has the business of piracy thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century and the first part of the eighteenth. Its golden age may be said to have extended from about 1650 to about 1720.\" Fiske included the activities of the Barbary corsairs and East Asian pirates in this \"Golden Age,\" noting that \"as these Mussulman pirates and those of Eastern Asia were as busily at work in the seventeenth century as at any other time, their case does not impair my statement that the age of the buccaneers was the Golden Age of piracy.\"",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#10",
"text": "Historians, such as John Fiske, mark the beginning of the Golden Age of Piracy at around 1650, when the end of the Wars of Religion allowed European countries to resume the development of their colonial empires. This involved considerable seaborne trade, and a general economic improvement: there was money to be made—or stolen—and much of it traveled by ship.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#7",
"text": "David Cordingly, in his influential 1994 work \"Under the Black Flag\", defined the \"great age of piracy\" as lasting from the 1650s to around 1725, very close to Fiske's definition of the Golden Age.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#4",
"text": "Pirate historians of the first half of the 20th century occasionally adopted Fiske's term \"Golden Age,\" without necessarily following his beginning and ending dates for it. The most expansive definition of an age of piracy was that of Patrick Pringle, who wrote in 1951 that \"the most flourishing era in the history of piracy ... began in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and ended in the second decade of the eighteenth century.\" This idea starkly contradicted Fiske, who had hotly denied that such Elizabethan figures as Drake were pirates.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#5",
"text": "Of recent definitions, Pringle appears to have the widest range, an exception to an overall trend among historians from 1909 until the 1990s, toward narrowing the Golden Age. As early as 1924, Philip Gosse described piracy as being at its height \"from 1680 until 1730.\" In his highly popular 1978 book \"The Pirates\" for TimeLife's \"The Seafarers\" series, Douglas Botting defined the Golden Age as lasting \"barely 30 years, starting at the close of the 17th Century and ending in the first quarter of the 18th.\" Botting's definition was closely followed by Frank Sherry in 1986. In a 1989 academic article, Professor Marcus Rediker defined the Golden Age as lasting only from 1716 to 1726. Angus Konstam in 1998, reckoned the era as lasting from 1700 until 1730.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
},
{
"docid": "3582953#33",
"text": "Although some of the details are often misremembered, the effect upon popular culture of the Golden Age of Piracy can hardly be overstated. \"A General History of the Pirates\" (1724) by Captain Charles Johnson is the prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates of the Golden Age, providing an extensive account of the period. In giving an almost mythical status to the more colourful characters such as the notorious English pirates Blackbeard and Calico Jack, it is likely that the author used considerable licence in his accounts of pirate conversations. In 2002, English naval historian David Cordingly wrote an introduction to Johnson's 1724 book, stating: \"it has been said, and there seems no reason to question this, that Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates.\" Johnson's book would influence the pirate literature of Robert Louis Stevenson and J. M. Barrie. Such literary works as Stevenson's \"Treasure Island\" and Barrie's \"Peter Pan\", while romanticized, drew heavily on pirates and piracy for their plots.",
"title": "Golden Age of Piracy"
}
] |
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1578
|
Is the original Marshall Field's building in Chicago still standing?
|
[
{
"docid": "976662#1",
"text": "The former flagship Marshall Field and Company Building location on State Street in the Loop of downtown Chicago was officially renamed \"Macy's on State Street\" in 2006 and is now one of four Macy's flagship stores.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "976662#40",
"text": "Many Chicagoans felt betrayed by Macy's takeover of Marshall Fields when the company began to change its aesthetics, customer service standards, and demoted many Chicago-based brands. In December 2006, Macy's reported 30% slower sales in former Marshall Field's stores; the focus shifted to promoting the State Street location in 2007.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
}
] |
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1581
|
What do civil rights mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "37071#0",
"text": "Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.",
"title": "Civil and political rights"
},
{
"docid": "37071#1",
"text": "Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, religion, and disability; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedoms of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement.",
"title": "Civil and political rights"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37071#20",
"text": "Questions about civil and political rights have frequently emerged. For example, to what extent should the government intervene to protect individuals from infringement on their rights by other individuals, or from corporations—e.g., in what way should employment discrimination in the private sector be dealt with?",
"title": "Civil and political rights"
},
{
"docid": "37071#22",
"text": "First-generation rights, often called \"purple\" rights, deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic: They serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, (in some countries) the right to keep and bear arms, freedom of religion, freedom from discrimination, and voting rights. They were pioneered in the United States by the Bill of Rights and in France by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in the 18th century, although some of these rights and the right to due process date back to the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Rights of Englishmen, which were expressed in the English Bill of Rights in 1689.",
"title": "Civil and political rights"
}
] |
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] |
1596
|
What is the power of the Red Lantern?
|
[
{
"docid": "20927427#6",
"text": "In \"Final Crisis: Rage of the Red Lanterns\", Atrocitus is shown in a flashback as having apparently formed a central power battery by using the blood of the other Inversions in blood magic rituals. The battery stands before a great lake of blood from which he forms his red power ring (crystallized by his anger), as well as other rings and batteries used to form the Red Lantern Corps. Harnessing the red light of rage, he sends his rings out into the universe; however, upon accepting the rings, his recruits' hearts are rendered useless. Their blood spoils from within, forcing them to expel the violently flammable and corrosive material from their mouths. Additionally, the Red Lanterns are reduced to an almost animalistic state, with only Atrocitus appearing to be in full control of himself. Once Atrocitus assembles a sufficient force, he leads them on a mission to capture Sinestro (who is being transferred to Korugar for his execution). Coincidentally, the Sinestro Corps have similar plans and they launch an ambush on the Green Lantern escort to rescue their leader. In turn, both groups are then ambushed by the Red Lanterns, who are able to take Sinestro captive by slaughtering Green Lanterns and Sinestro Corpsmen alike. Among the many Red Lanterns being seen by readers for the first time is one familiar face: former Green Lantern Laira. After being tried and found guilty for the murder of Amon Sur, she is expelled from the Green Lantern Corps. While being escorted away from Oa, her ship is attacked by a red power ring. It attaches itself to her, and provides her with a vehicle to achieve the vengeance against Sinestro that she seeks.",
"title": "Red Lantern Corps"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20927427#7",
"text": "The introduction of the fully formed Red Lantern Corps continues in the main \"Green Lantern\" title, where Atrocitus brings Sinestro to Ysmault and intends to use his blood in another ritual. As Johns promised, Atrocitus strikes at Laira to keep her and the other Red Lanterns from attacking him themselves. With the help of Saint Walker and Brother Warth from the newly formed Blue Lantern Corps, Hal Jordan heads for Ysmault to free Sinestro (due to Ganthet believing he has an important role to play in the approaching Blackest Night conflict). Separating from his companions, Jordan finds Sinestro but is captured by the Red Lantern Corps. Just as Atrocitus orders Laira to kill him, the Sinestro Corps also arrives on Ysmault to rescue their leader. Chaos ensues, but it's temporarily relieved upon the arrival of the Blue Lanterns. The two are able to keep the battling factions from destroying one another for a time until Sinestro is released from confinement and kills Laira while Jordan attempts to calm her rage. Furious, Jordan's anger attracts Laira's ring and he becomes a member of the Red Lantern Corps himself. With his green power ring now inactive, Jordan attacks the Blue Lanterns and Sinestro. Saint Walker (whose powers are neutralized without the influence of a green ring) manages to get his blue power ring on Jordan's finger, which causes the red ring to explode when combined with the power of his reawakened green ring. Drained of power by Jordan's Blue Lantern abilities, the Sinestro Corps escapes. Wounded and seemingly beaten for now, Atrocitus and his own Corps also flee. At the conclusion of the issue, Atrocitus is seen using a blood ritual to locate the Blue Lantern Corps homeworld.",
"title": "Red Lantern Corps"
}
] |
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] |
1608
|
What percentage of Ireland is Catholic?
|
[
{
"docid": "2759420#21",
"text": "In the 2016 Irish census 78.3% of the population identified as Catholic in Ireland; numbering approximately 3.7 million people. Unlike Catholics in the United States, Ireland has seen a significant decline from the 84.2% who identified as Catholic in the 2011 census.",
"title": "Catholic Church in Ireland"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2759420#0",
"text": "The Catholic Church in Ireland () is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. With 3.7 million members, it is the largest Christian church in Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland's 2016 census, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, which represents a decrease of 6% from 2011. By contrast, 45% of Northern Ireland identified as Catholic at the 2011 census, a percentage that is expected to increase in the coming years. The Primate of All Ireland is the Archbishop of Armagh. The Church is administered on an all-Ireland basis. The Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference is a consultative body for ordinaries in Ireland.",
"title": "Catholic Church in Ireland"
}
] |
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] |
1611
|
What is the main government building of China?
|
[
{
"docid": "553623#0",
"text": "The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ruling Communist Party of China. The People's Great Hall functions as the meeting place for the full sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC), the Chinese legislature, which occurs every year during March along with the national session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a political advisory body. It is also the meeting place of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which, since 1982, has occurred once every five years and the party's Central Committee which meets approximately once a year.",
"title": "Great Hall of the People"
},
{
"docid": "553623#7",
"text": "The Great Hall of the People is the political hub of Beijing and home of the National People's Congress. Every year, in March, the Great Hall of the People plays host to the \"liang hui\" (literally means \"two meetings\") event, where both the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the National People's Congress (NPC) meet in sessions lasting for two to three weeks at the Great Auditorium. The Communist Party of China (CPC) also holds its National Congress every five years in the Great Hall of the People.",
"title": "Great Hall of the People"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1627
|
What is the largest recorded tropical cyclone?
|
[
{
"docid": "1037778#0",
"text": "Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The forty-third tropical depression, nineteenth tropical storm, and twelfth typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance from the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei. Initially, a tropical storm to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after the storm tracked farther north, Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of on October 12. At its peak strength, it was also the second-largest tropical cyclone on record, with a wind diameter of , behind only Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast, in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter.\nU.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon, making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones. Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing.",
"title": "Typhoon Tip"
},
{
"docid": "1037778#1",
"text": "At the end of September 1979, three circulations developed within the monsoon trough that extended from the Philippines to the Marshall Islands. The westernmost disturbance developed into a tropical depression on October 1, to the west of Luzon, which would later become Typhoon Sarah on October 7. On October 3, the disturbance southwest of Guam developed into Tropical Storm Roger, and later on the same day, a third tropical disturbance that would later become Typhoon Tip formed south of Pohnpei. Strong flow from across the equator was drawn into Roger's wind circulation, initially preventing significant development of the precursor disturbance to Tip. Despite the unfavorable air pattern, the tropical disturbance gradually organized as it moved westward. Due to the large-scale circulation pattern of Tropical Storm Roger, Tip's precursor moved erratically and slowly executed a cyclonic loop to the southeast of Chuuk. A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a closed low-level circulation, and early on October 5, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued its first warning on Tropical Depression Twenty-Three-W.\nWhile executing a loop near Chuuk, the tropical depression intensified into Tropical Storm Tip, though the storm failed to organize significantly due to the influence of Tropical Storm Roger. Reconnaissance aircraft provided the track of the surface circulation, since satellite imagery estimated the center was about from its true position. After drifting erratically for several days, Tip began a steady northwest motion on October 8. By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an extratropical cyclone, resulting in the southerly flow to be entrained into Tip. An area of a tropical upper tropospheric trough moved north of Guam at the time, providing an excellent outflow channel north of Tip. Initially, Tip was predicted to continue northwestward and make landfall on Guam, though instead, it turned to the west early on October 9, passing about south of Guam. Later that day, Tip intensified to attain typhoon status.",
"title": "Typhoon Tip"
}
] |
[] |
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1629
|
How many seconds are in a year?
|
[
{
"docid": "34341#3",
"text": "In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86,400 seconds (SI base unit), totalling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year.",
"title": "Year"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34341#29",
"text": "The Julian year, as used in astronomy and other sciences, is a time unit defined as exactly 365.25 days. This is the normal meaning of the unit \"year\" (symbol \"a\" from the Latin \"annus\") used in various scientific contexts. The Julian century of days and the Julian millennium of days are used in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressing a time interval in Julian years is a way to precisely specify how many days (not how many \"real\" years), for long time intervals where stating the number of days would be unwieldy and unintuitive. By convention, the Julian year is used in the computation of the distance covered by a light-year.",
"title": "Year"
}
] |
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] |
1631
|
When was the field of Cognitive Science develop?
|
[
{
"docid": "5626#1",
"text": "Simply put: Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary study of cognition in humans, animals, and machines. It encompasses the traditional disciplines of psychology, computer science, neuroscience, anthropology, linguistics and philosophy. The goal of cognitive science is to understand the principles of intelligence with the hope that this will lead to better comprehension of the mind and of learning and to develop intelligent devices.\nThe cognitive sciences began as an intellectual movement in the 1950s often referred to as the cognitive revolution.",
"title": "Cognitive science"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5626#0",
"text": "Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. The fundamental concept of cognitive science is that \"thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures.\"",
"title": "Cognitive science"
},
{
"docid": "5626#2",
"text": "A central tenet of cognitive science is that a complete understanding of the mind/brain cannot be attained by studying only a single level. An example would be the problem of remembering a phone number and recalling it later. One approach to understanding this process would be to study behavior through direct observation, or naturalistic observation. A person could be presented with a phone number and be asked to recall it after some delay of time; then the accuracy of the response could be measured. Another approach to measure cognitive ability would be to study the firings of individual neurons while a person is trying to remember the phone number. Neither of these experiments on its own would fully explain how the process of remembering a phone number works. Even if the technology to map out every neuron in the brain in real-time were available and it were known when each neuron fired it would still be impossible to know how a particular firing of neurons translates into the observed behavior. Thus an understanding of how these two levels relate to each other is imperative. \"The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience\" says “the new sciences of the mind need to enlarge their horizon to encompass, both, lived human experience and the possibilities for transformation inherent in human experience.” This can be provided by a functional level account of the process. Studying a particular phenomenon from multiple levels creates a better understanding of the processes that occur in the brain to give rise to a particular behavior.\nMarr gave a famous description of three levels of analysis:Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field with contributors from various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy of mind, computer science, anthropology and biology. Cognitive scientists work collectively in hope of understanding the mind and its interactions with the surrounding world much like other sciences do. The field regards itself as compatible with the physical sciences and uses the scientific method as well as simulation or modeling, often comparing the output of models with aspects of human cognition. Similarly to the field of psychology, there is some doubt whether there is a unified cognitive science, which have led some researchers to prefer 'cognitive sciences' in plural.",
"title": "Cognitive science"
}
] |
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] |
1649
|
Can you die from liver cancer?
|
[
{
"docid": "12284396#0",
"text": "Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver. Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis, is more common than that which starts in the liver. Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage, swelling of the abdomen, yellowish skin, easy bruising, weight loss, and weakness.\nThe leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or alcohol. Other causes include aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver flukes. The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which makes up 80% of cases, and cholangiocarcinoma. Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm. The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy.\nPreventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease. Treatment options may include surgery, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. In certain cases ablation therapy, embolization therapy, or liver transplantation may be used. Small lumps in the liver may be closely followed.\nPrimary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer (6%) and the second leading cause of death from cancer (9%). In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and in 2015 resulted in 810,500 deaths. In 2015, 263,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B, 167,000 to hepatitis C, and 245,000 to alcohol. Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Males are more often affected with HCC than females. Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old. Five-year survival rates are 18% in the United States. The word \"hepatic\" is from the Greek \"hêpar\", meaning \"liver\".",
"title": "Liver cancer"
},
{
"docid": "12284396#26",
"text": "Globally, , liver cancer resulted in 754,000 deaths, up from 460,000 in 1990, making it the third leading cause of cancer death after lung and stomach. In 2012, it represented 7% of cancer diagnoses in men, the 5th most diagnosed cancer that year. Of these deaths 340,000 were secondary to hepatitis B, 196,000 were secondary to hepatitis C, and 150,000 were secondary to alcohol. HCC, the most common form of liver cancer, shows a striking geographical distribution. China has 50% of HCC cases globally, and more than 80% of total cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa or in East-Asia due to hepatitis B virus. Cholangiocarcinoma also has a significant geographical distribution, with Thailand showing the highest rates worldwide due to the presence of liver fluke.",
"title": "Liver cancer"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1660
|
Who invented the floppy disk?
|
[
{
"docid": "510585#3",
"text": "Among Nakamatsu's early inventions is the Shoyu Churu Churu, a siphon pump used in the home to move soy sauce from large containers to smaller vessels for cooking and serving. His patented inventions include:\nBased upon a patent issued in 1952, Nakamatsu claims to have invented the first floppy disk well before IBM's floppy disk patent was filed in 1969. However, what Nakamatsu patented in 1952 was a paper for optical sound player. In contrast to a floppy disk, this Nakamatsu patent discloses the use of printed paper for storage instead of the magnetic material of a floppy disk. It is not rewritable and lacks most elements of the IBM floppy disk patent. Since the paper was 'floppy' material, he claims he had invented the floppy disk (sometimes he uses the phrase \"floppy media\"); however, it should be noted that flexible magnetic recording media was well known prior to 1952, in tape and wire recording.",
"title": "Yoshiro Nakamatsu"
},
{
"docid": "510585#4",
"text": "Nakamatsu claims IBM reached licensing agreements with him in the late 1970s. He also claims to have licensed his floppy disk to IBM in 1979, but that the details are \"confidential\". An IBM spokesman, Mac Jeffery, confirmed that the company did license some of his patents, but claimed they were not for the floppy disk, which he claimed IBM invented on its own. Another IBM spokesman, Brian Doyle, said they licensed 14 patents from Nakamatsu, but also claimed that they do not have anything to do with the floppy disk.",
"title": "Yoshiro Nakamatsu"
}
] |
[] |
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1662
|
How many people live in Worcester?
|
[
{
"docid": "58681#0",
"text": "Worcester ( ) is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham, west-northwest of London, north of Gloucester and northeast of Hereford. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral.",
"title": "Worcester"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58681#94",
"text": "Several A roads pass through the city. The A449 road runs south-west to Malvern and north to Kidderminster. The A44 runs south-east to Evesham and west to Leominster and Aberystwyth and crosses Worcester Bridge. The A38 trunk road runs south to Tewkesbury and Gloucester and north-north-east to Droitwich and Bromsgrove and Birmingham. The A4103 goes west-south-west to Hereford. The A422 heads east to Alcester, branching from the A44 a mile east of the M5. The city is encompassed by a partial ring road (A4440) which is formed, rather inconsistently, by single and dual carriageways. The A4440 road provides a second road bridge across the Severn (Carrington Bridge) just west of the A4440-A38 junction. Carrington Bridge links the A38 from Worcester towards Gloucester with the A449 linking Worcester with Malvern.",
"title": "Worcester"
}
] |
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] |
1677
|
What is the population of Dublin?
|
[
{
"docid": "8504#0",
"text": "Dublin (; ) is the capital of, and largest city in, Ireland. It is on the east coast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, at the mouth of the River Liffey, and is bordered on the south by the Wicklow mountains. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin), , was 1,347,359, and the population of the Greater Dublin area was 1,904,806.",
"title": "Dublin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "8504#66",
"text": "The City of Dublin is the area administered by Dublin City Council, but the term \"Dublin\" is also used to refer to the contiguous urban area which includes parts of the adjacent local authority areas of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. Together, the four areas form the traditional County Dublin. This area is sometimes known as the Dublin Region. The population of the administrative area controlled by the City Council was 554,554 in the 2016 census, while the population of the urban area was 1,173,179. The County Dublin population was 1,273,069 and that of the Greater Dublin Area 1,904,806. The area's population is expanding rapidly, and it is estimated by the Central Statistics Office that it will reach 2.1 million by 2020.",
"title": "Dublin"
}
] |
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] |
1739
|
What age did Guillaume Apollinaire die?
|
[
{
"docid": "62013#3",
"text": "Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918; he was 38.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "62013#14",
"text": "The war-weakened Apollinaire died of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.",
"title": "Guillaume Apollinaire"
}
] |
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] |
1741
|
How many people take part in Eastern Orthodox?
|
[
{
"docid": "39840613#0",
"text": "Based on the numbers of adherents, the Eastern Orthodox Church (also known as Eastern Orthodoxy) is the second largest Christian communion in the world after the Roman Catholic Church. The most common estimates of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide is approximately 200–260 million. The numerous Protestant groups in the world, if taken all together, outnumber the Eastern Orthodox, but they differ theologically and do not form a single communion.",
"title": "Eastern Orthodoxy by country"
},
{
"docid": "39840613#4",
"text": "The number of members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in each country has been subject to a lot of debate. Each study performed that seeks to discover the number of adherents in a country may use different criteria, and be submitted to different populations. As such, some numbers may be inflated, and therefore inaccurate. Examples of this are Greece and Russia, where estimates of adherence to Eastern Orthodoxy may reach 80-98%, but where surveys found lower percentages professing Eastern Orthodoxy or belief in God. The likely reason for this disparity is that many people in these majority Eastern Orthodox countries will culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, especially if they were baptized as children, even if they are not currently practicing. This includes those who may be irreligious, yet culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, or for whom Eastern Orthodox Christianity is listed on official state records. Other cases of incongruent data also might be due to counting ethnic groups from Eastern Orthodox countries rather than actual adherents. A case of this is the United States, which has large numbers of immigrants from Eastern Orthodox countries. The Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions often reported large numbers of members, which together would total 2-3 million across the country. However, a 2010 study by Alexei Krindatch sought data from each parish, with the specific criteria of annual participation. This study produced the \"Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches\", and discovered that there were only about 817,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians actively practicing their faith (that is to say, attending church services on a regular basis) in the United States. The study explained that such a difference was due to a variety of circumstances, for example the higher numbers having counted all people who self-identify as Eastern Orthodox on a census regardless of active participation, or all people belonging to ethnic groups originating in Eastern Orthodox countries. This study, while initially controversial, proved groundbreaking, and has since been officially approved for use by the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America.",
"title": "Eastern Orthodoxy by country"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1755
|
How large was the sinosauropteryx?
|
[
{
"docid": "871655#3",
"text": "\"Sinosauropteryx\" was a small bipedal theropod, noted for its short arms, large first finger (thumbs), and long tail. The taxon includes some of the smallest known adult non-avian theropod specimens, with the holotype specimen measuring only in length, including the tail. However, this individual was relatively young. The longest known specimen reaches up to in length, with an estimated weight of .",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
},
{
"docid": "871655#1",
"text": "\"Sinosauropteryx\" was a small theropod with an unusually long tail and short arms. The longest known specimen reaches up to in length, with an estimated weight of It was a close relative of the similar but older genus \"Compsognathus\", both genera belonging to the family Compsognathidae. Only one species of \"Sinosauropteryx\" has been named: \"S. prima\", meaning \"first\" in reference to its status as the first feathered non-avialian dinosaur species discovered. Three specimens have been described. The third specimen previously assigned to this genus represents either a second, as-yet unnamed species or a distinct, related genus.",
"title": "Sinosauropteryx"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1767
|
How many rugby teams does Wales have?
|
[
{
"docid": "926160#2",
"text": "The main domestic competition in Wales is the Pro14 (historically the Celtic League), in which Wales have four regional sides in the competition which is also contested by Irish and Scottish clubs and from 2010-11 Italian teams. Top-level Welsh regional teams (Ospreys, Cardiff Blues, Scarlets and Dragons) also compete in the Europe-wide European Rugby Champions Cup and European Rugby Challenge Cup and alongside the teams of England's Premiership in the Anglo-Welsh Cup.",
"title": "Rugby union in Wales"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "926160#35",
"text": "Wales' four professional rugby regions play in the Pro14 league and take part in the European Rugby Champions Cup, European Rugby Challenge Cup and Anglo-Welsh Cup. The first two of these competitions, set to launch in 2014–15, replace the now-defunct Heineken Cup and Amlin Challenge Cup. Since 2006 they have also competed in the Anglo-Welsh Cup against clubs from the English Premiership.",
"title": "Rugby union in Wales"
}
] |
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] |
1772
|
What is the largest cathedral in Ireland?
|
[
{
"docid": "195780#0",
"text": "Saint Patrick's Cathedral () in Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1191, is the National Cathedral of the Church of Ireland. With its spire, St. Patrick's is the tallest church (not Cathedral) in Ireland and the largest. Christ Church Cathedral, also a Church of Ireland cathedral in Dublin, is designated as the local Cathedral of the diocese of Dublin and Glendalough.",
"title": "St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "195780#1",
"text": "Unusually, St Patrick's is not the seat of a bishop, as the Archbishop of Dublin has his seat in Christ Church Cathedral. Since 1870, the Church of Ireland has designated St Patrick's as the national cathedral for the whole of Ireland, drawing chapter members from each of the twelve dioceses of the Church of Ireland. The dean is the ordinary for the cathedral; this office has existed since 1219. The most famous office holder was Jonathan Swift.",
"title": "St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin"
},
{
"docid": "195780#36",
"text": "The other great change for the cathedral occurred in 1871 when, following disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, the newly independent church at its general synod finally resolved the \"two cathedral\" issue, making Christ Church the sole and undisputed cathedral of the Dublin diocese and St Patrick's the national cathedral.",
"title": "St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin"
},
{
"docid": "195780#4",
"text": "Over the following centuries, the two cathedrals functioned together in the diocese, until in the period of disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, the current designation of one as the \"cathedral of Dublin and Glendalough\", and one as the \"National Cathedral\", was developed.",
"title": "St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin"
}
] |
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] |
1773
|
How is osmosis achieved?
|
[
{
"docid": "18600440#0",
"text": "Osmosis () is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations. Osmosis can be made to do work. Osmotic pressure is defined as the external pressure required to be applied so that there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity.",
"title": "Osmosis"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18600440#3",
"text": "Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute (lower concentration of solvent). In biological systems, the solvent is typically water, but osmosis can occur in other liquids, supercritical liquids, and even gases.",
"title": "Osmosis"
}
] |
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] |
1776
|
Where is Rhodesia?
|
[
{
"docid": "26219#0",
"text": "Rhodesia (, ) was a country in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the \"de facto\" successor state to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been self-governing since achieving responsible government in 1923. A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south, Bechuanaland (later Botswana) to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique (a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east.",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"docid": "26219#68",
"text": "Rhodesia is equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. It was a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes 15° and 23°S, and longitudes 25° and 34°E. It was bordered by South Africa to the south, the Bechuanaland Protectorate (later Botswana) to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner is roughly from South West Africa (present-day Namibia), South Africa, nearly forming a four-nation quadripoint. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between . The country's extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the Eastern Highlands, with Mount Inyangani as the highest point at .",
"title": "Rhodesia"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1778
|
When did the Nazis occupy Austria?
|
[
{
"docid": "18951602#0",
"text": "Anschluss ( \"joining\") refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938. The word's German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was Anschluß and it was also known as the Anschluss Österreichs (, ).",
"title": "Anschluss"
},
{
"docid": "18951602#56",
"text": "The word \"Anschluss\" is properly translated as \"joinder,\" \"connection,\" \"unification,\" or \"political union.\" In contrast, the German word \"Annektierung\" (military annexation) was not, and is not commonly used now, to describe the union of Austria and Germany in 1938. The word \"Anschluss\" had been widespread before 1938 describing an incorporation of Austria into Germany. Calling the incorporation of Austria into Germany an \"Anschluss,\" that is a \"unification\" or \"joinder,\" was also part of the propaganda used in 1938 by Nazi Germany to create the impression that the union was not coerced. Hitler described the incorporation of Austria as a \"Heimkehr\", a return to its original home. The word \"Anschluss\" has endured since 1938, despite being a euphemism for what took place.",
"title": "Anschluss"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1783
|
How many provinces are there in Pakistan?
|
[
{
"docid": "446017#21",
"text": "here is big news about upcomming new province of pakistan.\nIn 2019 we have 5 provinces.\n1. Punjab\n2.Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\n3.Sindh\n4.Balochistan\n5.Gilgit Baltistan",
"title": "Administrative units of Pakistan"
},
{
"docid": "446017#0",
"text": "The administrative units of Pakistan () consist of four provinces (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh), two autonomous territories (Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and one federal territory (Islamabad Capital Territory). Each province and territory is subdivided into divisions, which are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into tehsils, or taluka, which are further subdivided into union councils.",
"title": "Administrative units of Pakistan"
}
] |
[] |
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1791
|
What is the fastest swimming animal?
|
[
{
"docid": "34570233#1",
"text": "The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of . The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of . The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of .",
"title": "Fastest animals"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34570233#2",
"text": "While comparing between various classes of animals, a different unit is used, body length per second for organisms. The fastest organism on earth, relative to body length, is the South Californian mite \"Paratarsotomus macropalpis\", which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second. The equivalent speed for a human running as fast as this mite would be . This is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle, \"Cicindela eburneola\", the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at or 171 body lengths per second. The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second while Anna's hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate",
"title": "Fastest animals"
}
] |
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] |
1801
|
Is Zac MacGuire married?
|
[
{
"docid": "44273809#29",
"text": "Zac tries to support Leah when the courts decide to give custody of Billie's daughter Luc to Ash. Despite his acts of goodwill, Leah is convinced their marriage is at breaking point and files for divorce, much to Zac's shock and disbelief. Zac continually tries to win her back but his attempts prove futile and he fails. After having a chat and a drink with Nate Cooper, Zac ends up drunk and heads over to Leah's. He climbs onto the roof and Roo and Leah watch him in shock. After making a heartwarming speech to Leah that he will always love her, Zac trips and falls from the roof, sustaining near fatal injuries. He is rushed into hospital afterwards and manages to make a full recovery. Hunter visits him whilst he is resting and Zac makes a remark about when he and Charlotte broke up, causing Hunter to question whether Zac is really his father. Zac eventually finds out about the test and reassures Hunter that he is his father by telling him that he and Charlotte were in an on-off relationship around the time of his conception, ridding Hunter of all doubt. Hunter bins the test but curiosity takes him over and he reads it, finding out that Zac is in fact not his father. Zac goes to leave the bay, wanting to take Hunter with him, but Hunter tells him he is not his father and convinces him to just leave the Bay. With his marriage to Leah no longer functional and hit by Hunter not being his son, Zac then leaves for his new teaching post in Vietnam to join Evie and Matt.",
"title": "Zac MacGuire"
},
{
"docid": "44273809#16",
"text": "Hunter's presence later caused Zac and Leah's relationship to become strained. Hunter made it clear to Leah that he wanted Zac to himself and when she voiced her concerns about him, Zac refused to believe his son was up to no good. When Hunter pretended to drown during a trip to the beach, his actions caused Zac to stand Leah up. Nicodemou told an \"Inside Soap\" columnist, \"After Leah hears that Hunter didn't want to go to hospital, she thinks it was just a plot to get his mum and dad back together.\" Zac was upset when Leah accused Hunter, as he believed she should trust him. Realising that there would be a time where Zac would have to choose between her and Hunter, Leah decided to make the decision for him and ended their engagement.",
"title": "Zac MacGuire"
},
{
"docid": "44273809#28",
"text": "Zac can't handle his guilt and admits to Leah that he cheated. She then isolates herself from him and tells him not to tell VJ while she is away at her parents' house. Zac tries to make amends by phoning Leah but she hangs up every time. He tries emailing her, and she replies that she wants him to leave her alone as he cheated. Zac goes out shopping for dinner that night and VJ sees Leah's reply whilst he is out, knowing now that Zac cheated on his mother. VJ, like Leah, isolates himself from Zac and demands he moves out to the Caravan Park. Leah returns from her trip and Zac tries to make amends and he and Leah end up kissing. However, Leah breaks off after she sees the way he looks at her and demands he moves out of the house permanently. Zac rents a caravan and ends up having a chat with John Palmer (Shane Withington), whose court trial is just days away. John gives some advice on how to make amends with Leah. After VJ sees that Zac is at the Caravan Park and not with his mother, he is convinced Zac no longer cares about Leah and takes a punch at Zac, but John restrains VJ before he can do any serious damage.",
"title": "Zac MacGuire"
},
{
"docid": "44273809#22",
"text": "When VJ acts up, Matt tells Zac that VJ probably feels like he has lost Zac as a friend. Zac talks to VJ and tells him he can talk to him anytime, but Leah has the final say. After Leah is seriously injured in a bus crash, Zac is forced to take care of VJ and they both struggle. They are later told that Leah may never wake from her coma. Zac thinks about giving up on her, but feels guilty when she wakes up. Leah learns that she has an aneurysm and Zac and VJ try to convince her to have the surgery, but she refuses. She then goes missing in the bush, and after she is found, agrees to have the surgery. Zac proposes to Leah, but she turns him down. She later changes her mind and proposes to him, which he accepts. Zac's ex-girlfriend Charlotte King becomes the new biology teacher at the school. When Leah's house catches fire, Zac goes inside to rescue Oscar and Matt. Billie Ashford (Tessa de Josselin) also goes inside to help to him. The house is destroyed and everyone moves into Summer Bay House. During a fundraiser for the family, Charlotte's son Hunter turns up and reveals that Zac is his father.",
"title": "Zac MacGuire"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1802
|
Why did Hideo Kojima leave Konami?
|
[
{
"docid": "337150#29",
"text": "At the 2013 Game Developers Conference, Kojima unveiled \"\", which was set to be his final \"Metal Gear\" work, noting that this time unlike previous announcements that he had stopped working on the series, was very serious about leaving. In March 2015, reports began to surface that Kojima would part ways with longtime publisher Konami after the release of \"The Phantom Pain\". Konami later stated that they were auditioning for new staff for future \"Metal Gear\" titles and removed Kojima's name from the series' marketing material. Despite reports that Kojima left the company in October 2015, a spokesman for Konami stated that he was \"taking a long time off from work.\" At The Game Awards 2015, \"Metal Gear Solid V\" won the awards for Best Action Game and Best Score/Soundtrack, but Kojima did not attend the event, being reportedly barred from attending by Konami. Instead, it was accepted by Kiefer Sutherland on his behalf.",
"title": "Hideo Kojima"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "337150#41",
"text": "At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards, Kojima was credited for \"Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes\"' nomination for the category \"Game, Franchise Adventure\". In December 2015, Kojima was invited to accept an award from The Game Awards for Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. However, Konami prevented him from attending the awards ceremony.",
"title": "Hideo Kojima"
}
] |
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] |
1805
|
How many people live in Netherlands?
|
[
{
"docid": "59759#1",
"text": "The Netherlands is the 66th most populated country in the world, and as of March 21, 2016, it has a population of 17,000,000.",
"title": "Demography of the Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "59759#3",
"text": "The Netherlands is the thirty-first most densely populated country in the world. The 17,000,000 Dutch men, women and children are concentrated on an area of 41,526 km²; this means that the country has a population density of 17000000/41526 round 0 per km² (August 2018:415 per km), or over 17000000/33883 round 0 per km² if only the land area, 33,883 km², is counted. If only the land area of the provinces, 33,718 km², is counted, 500 inhabitants/km² were reached in the first half of 2014 or possibly in the last few days of 2013. 511 inhabitants per square kilometer were reached in August 2018.",
"title": "Demography of the Netherlands"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1807
|
Why is tar used to seal cracks?
|
[
{
"docid": "620665#4",
"text": "Oakum can be used to seal cast iron pipe drains. After setting the pipes together, workers pack oakum into the joints, then pour molten lead into the joint to create a permanent seal. The oakum swells and seals the joint, the \"tar\" in the oakum prevents rot, and the lead keeps the joint physically tight.\nToday, modern methods, such as rubber seals (for example, gaskets or o-rings) are more common.",
"title": "Oakum"
},
{
"docid": "620665#0",
"text": "Oakum is a preparation of tarred fibre used to seal gaps. Its main traditional applications were in shipbuilding, for caulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and the deck planking of iron and steel ships; in plumbing, for sealing joints in cast iron pipe; and in log cabins for chinking. In ship caulking, it was forced between the seams using a hammer and a caulking iron, then sealed into place with hot pitch.",
"title": "Oakum"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1835
|
When did Spiderman: Enter the Spiderverse release?
|
[
{
"docid": "43703882#2",
"text": "The idea of bringing together alternate versions of Spider-Man was also explored in various video games and \"Ultimate Spider-Man\" animated series, with the 2018 animated film \"\" serving as an adaptation of this story arc.",
"title": "Spider-Verse"
},
{
"docid": "43703882#0",
"text": "\"Spider-Verse\" is a 2014 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics. It features multiple alternative versions of Spider-Man that had appeared in various media, all under attack by Morlun and his family, the Inheritors. The last two episodes of \"Spider-Man: The Animated Series (Spider-Wars)\" about multiple Spider-Men going across dimensions fighting villains, served as inspiration for Spider-Verse. Beginning in August 2014, the event was preceded by two new issues of the cancelled \"Superior Spider-Man\", issues of \"Spider-Man 2099\" and a five issue run of one shots-all under the \"Edge of Spider-Verse\" banner.",
"title": "Spider-Verse"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1850
|
Did Louise-Marie-Madeleine Guillaume de Fontaine have any children?
|
[
{
"docid": "41616772#10",
"text": "Louise gives birth to a son, Jacques-Armand on 3 March 1727 in Paris.\nThanks to the generosity of Samuel Bernard and his income of the \"Ferme générale\", Claude Dupin could obtain a considerable fortune, mainly in lands. Monsieur and Madame Dupin occupy a privilege position and had a lavish lifestyle. On 12 April 1732 Claude Dupin, jointly with his mother-in-law Manon Dancourt, bought the prestigious Hôtel Lambert in the Île Saint-Louis for the sum of 140,000 livres. On 9 June 1733 he acquired the magnificent Château de Chenonceau from the Duke of Bourbon for 130,000 livres. Each year, the Dupins spent the autumn in the Touraine. Starting in April 1741, Louise, with her husband, son and stepson, remained in the Hôtel de Vins, located in the Parisian Plâtrière street and from 1752 they also owns a house in Clichy-sur-Seine where they spend the summer months. On 24 April 1738 with the acquisition of the Marquisate of Blanc and the Castellany of Cors, located at the limits of Berry and Poitou, they completed their patrimony. The Marquisate of Blanc includes the \"Château-Naillac\", the \"château de Roche\", the \"Château de Rochefort\", \"Château de Cors\", \"Château de Forges\", with his respectives properties, farms, ponds and lands, who produced a total of 555,000 livres, four times the prize of Chenonceau. But soon difficulties arosed with the Countess of Parabère, the former owner, who caused the sequestration of Blanc lands and only after a decree of the Parlement of Paris dated 2 September 1739, confirmed by a judgment of 11 December, confirmed Claude Dupin as the legitimate owner of this lands and could recovered them.",
"title": "Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine"
},
{
"docid": "41616772#18",
"text": "On 9 October 1749 at the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, Jacques-Armand Dupin married with Louise-Alexandrine-Julie de Rochechouart-Pontville. But for Louise and her husband, their son was a source of many troubles, especially when he ran up debts of very large sums of money from gambling. His father had to sell many of his assets in 1750 to honor the debt of his son. The troubles with Jacques-Armand, however, continued. Claude Dupin was forced to obtain against him a \"Lettre de cachet\", who imprisoned Jacques-Armand in the fortress of Pierre Encise under the pretext of madness. After this, the family decided to send him to the Île Maurice (26 October 1765), where he remained for the next two years until his death on 3 May 1767, a victim of yellow fever. Before embarking on the \"Count of Artois\", a merchant ship of the French East India Company, Jacques-Armand reportedly revealed to his mother the existence of an illegitimate daughter of his, called Marie-Thérèse Adam, whose origins, however, remained mysterious. Nevertless, Madame Dupin took care of the child and raised as her own, later becoming in her reader and heiress. Louise considers Marie-Thérèse as her own daughter and educated after her own image, transmitting her high culture and elegance of her manners. Marie-Thérèse Adam was entirely dedicated to Madame Dupin and remained at her side until the last moment.",
"title": "Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine"
},
{
"docid": "41616772#17",
"text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau subsequently sent an inflamed letter to Madame Dupin, who returns him expressing her concern. This doesn't stop the writer for much and only the intervention of Louise's stepson put an end to his attentions. But Madame Dupin was hardly spiteful and some months after these incidents, takes Rousseau in her service and put him in charge of the education of her son Jacques-Armand for eight days pending for a new tutor. Subsequently, the Dupins taken Jean-Jacques Rousseau as secretary after their return from Venice in 1745, when he is not yet a writer and for a modest salary. His job was to take notes and research for the book projected by Madame Dupin, namely \"the defense of women in the 18th century are discussed in minor ... until they died\". Madame Dupin stood Rousseau almost to a subordinate or, in the words of Grimm and Marmontel, she gives him leave the day it receives academicians. Jean-Jacques Rousseau feels bitterness after leaving his job as a secretary in 1751, but will always keep good relations with the Dupin family. Madame Dupin provides financial support to his wife, Marie-Thérèse Levasseur, who gave birth to five children abandoned by Rousseau to the Foundling Hospital. As for Louis Claude Dupin, his bound with Rousseau came for their common passion for music. The stepson of Madame Dupin was interested in physics, chemistry and natural history, hoping to integrate the Academy of Sciences and the philosopher did write an unfinished book, popular science to \"Institutions of Chemistry\".",
"title": "Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "41616772#4",
"text": "Manon's husband recognized Louise as his own with complacency, as well the two other children born from the affair with Bernard: Marie-Louise (born 25 August 1710) and Françoise-Thérèse (born 12 March 1712), both also baptized in the parish of Saint-Roch. During her marriage, Manon gave birth two other children, this time sired by her husband: Jeanne-Marie-Thérèse (born in 1705) and Jules-Armand (born on 3 April 1709), both also baptized in Saint-Roch.",
"title": "Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine"
}
] |
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] |
1851
|
When did the Ukraine join the Soviet Union?
|
[
{
"docid": "376732#0",
"text": "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR; , УРСР ; , УССР ; see \"Name\" section below), also known as the Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991. The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic.",
"title": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "376732#17",
"text": "Eventually, after the creation of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine in Moscow, a third Ukrainian Soviet government was formed on 21 December 1919 that initiated new hostilities against Ukrainian nationalists as they lost their military support from the defeated Central Powers. Eventually, the Red Army ended up controlling much of the Ukrainian territory after the Polish-Soviet Peace of Riga. On 30 December 1922, along with the Russian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian republics, the Ukrainian SSR was one of the founding members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).",
"title": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "376732#10",
"text": "The 1917 republic, however, was only recognised by another non-recognised country, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and with the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was ultimately defeated by mid-1918 and eventually dissolved. The last session of the government took place in the city of Taganrog. In July 1918, the former members of the government formed the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, the constituent assembly of which took place in Moscow. With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Bolshevik Russia resumed its hostilities towards the Ukrainian People's Republic fighting for Ukrainian independence and organised another Soviet government in Kursk, Russia. On 10 March 1919, according to the 3rd Congress of Soviets in Ukraine (conducted 6–10 March 1919) the name of the state was changed to the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (abbreviated \"УСРР\" in Ukrainian as opposed to the later \"УРСР\").",
"title": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "376732#31",
"text": "With the beginning of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's \"perestroika\" reforms towards the mid-late 1980s, electoral reform laws were passed in 1989, liberalising the nominating procedures and allowing multiple candidates to stand for election in a district. Accordingly, the first relatively free elections in the Ukrainian SSR were contested in March 1990. 111 deputies from the Democratic Bloc, a loose association of small pro-Ukrainian and pro-sovereignty parties and the instrumental People's Movement of Ukraine (colloquially known as \"Rukh\" in Ukrainian) were elected to the parliament. Although the Communist Party retained its majority with 331 deputies, large support for the Democratic Bloc demonstrated the people's distrust of the Communist authorities, which would eventually boil down to Ukrainian independence in 1991.\nUkraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR and it stated to fulfill \"those rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic\" on 5 October 1991. After Ukrainian independence the Ukrainian SSR's parliament was changed from \"Supreme Soviet\" to its current name Verkhovna Rada, the Verkhovna Rada is still Ukraine's parliament. Ukraine also has refused to recognize exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for Ukraine as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of On Legal Succession of Ukraine, issued in 1991. Following independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was owned by the Soviet Union. It also retained its seat in the United Nations, held since 1945.",
"title": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
},
{
"docid": "376732#37",
"text": "During the 1930s, there were significant numbers of ethnic minorities living within the Ukrainian SSR. National Districts were formed as separate territorial-administrative units within higher-level provincial authorities. Districts were established for the republic's three largest minority groups, which were the Jews, Russians, and Poles. Other ethnic groups, however, were allowed to petition the government for their own national autonomy. In 1924 on the territory of Ukrainian SSR was formed the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Upon the 1940 conquest of Bessarabia and Bukovina by Soviet troops the Moldavian ASSR was passed to the newly formed Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, while Budzhak and Bukovina were secured by the Ukrainian SSR. Following the creation of the Ukrainian SSR significant numbers of ethnic Ukrainians found themselves living outside the Ukrainian SSR. In 1920s the Ukrainian SSR was forced to cede several territories to Russia in Severia, Sloboda Ukraine and Azov littoral including such cities like Belgorod, Taganrog and Starodub. In the 1920s the administration of the Ukrainian SSR insisted in vain on reviewing the border between the Ukrainian Soviet Republics and the Russian Soviet Republic based on the 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union that showed that 4.5 millions of Ukrainians were living on Russian territories bordering Ukraine. A forced end to Ukrainisation in southern Russian Soviet Republic led to a massive decline of reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census.",
"title": "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"
}
] |
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] |
1865
|
Do eddie's only occur in fresh water?
|
[
{
"docid": "105659#3",
"text": "The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface. There are at least five types of upwelling: coastal upwelling, large-scale wind-driven upwelling in the ocean interior, upwelling associated with eddies, topographically-associated upwelling, and broad-diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior.",
"title": "Upwelling"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "105659#9",
"text": "Large-scale upwelling is also found in the Southern Ocean. Here, strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling. Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. In some regions of Antarctica, wind-driven upwelling near the coast pulls relatively warm Circumpolar deep water onto the continental shelf, where it can enhance ice shelf melt and influence ice sheet stability. Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and south Australia, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations (see coastal upwelling above).",
"title": "Upwelling"
},
{
"docid": "105659#1",
"text": "The increased availability of nutrients in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary production and thus fishery production. Approximately 25% of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5% of the total ocean area. Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.",
"title": "Upwelling"
},
{
"docid": "105659#0",
"text": "Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton. Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions, upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures (SST) and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a.",
"title": "Upwelling"
},
{
"docid": "105659#10",
"text": "Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad-scale upwelling occurs in the tropics, as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above. The required diffusion coefficients, however, appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean. Nonetheless, some diffusive upwelling does probably occur.Upwelling intensity depends on wind strength and seasonal variability, as well as the vertical structure of the water, variations in the bottom bathymetry, and instabilities in the currents.",
"title": "Upwelling"
}
] |
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] |
1871
|
How many T-44 tanks did the Soviet Union produce?
|
[
{
"docid": "2729366#21",
"text": "The T-44A officially entered service with the Red Army on 23 November 1944 but the production started in October. Production took place at the new Factory No. 75 (Zavod 75) in Kharkiv which used the buildings of the old KhPZ Factory No. 183 which were recaptured from Germans on 23 August 1943. To restore the factories to working order, engineers, workers, machines and tools were sent from Stalin Ural Tank Factory No. 183, located in Nizhny Tagil. The original plans were that the factory would produce 300 T-44As a month. However, only 25 were built by the end of 1944. In 1945, 940 were built, making a total of 965 (190 tanks built in 1944 and 1945 were completed by the end of the war). An additional 858 T-44As were made in 1946-1947. The T-34 continued to account for 85% of medium tank production through 1950, and development of a more advanced medium tank with a more powerful 100 mm gun proceeded. The relatively brief production run ended in 1947 with a total of 1,823 T-44A tanks built. The reasons for such a brief production run included mechanical teething problems, the end of the war which reduced the Red Army's need for a new tank, and the design's inability to successfully fit a 100 mm tank gun. It was replaced on the production lines by the T-54-1 main battle tank, which was more mechanically reliable and could mount a 100 mm gun. The superior T-54-2 would replace T-34 production at the Omsk Factory No. 183 in 1950, and the T-54/55 main battle tank series would remain in production until 1981.",
"title": "T-44"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2729366#10",
"text": "Even with its innovative technology and better armor protection, the T-44A still used an 85 mm ZiS-S-53 tank gun, the same as the one fitted on the T-34-85 medium tank. The army needed a new tank armed with a more powerful 100 mm gun. At the end of 1944 the designers had three types of 100 mm guns at their disposal which could considerably increase the firepower of the tank. These included the D-10 (which already proved itself in combat as it was used in SU-100 tank destroyer) as well as prototype ZiS-100 and LB-1 (LB stands for Lavrenty Beria). The T-44 tank armed with the 100 mm tank gun originally received the designation T-44B. Two projects were started, both based on the T-44A. The development of the first one started in October 1944 at the design bureau of the Stalin Ural Tank Factory No. 183, located in Nizhny Tagil. The designing stage was completed in December. The prototype was ready in February 1945. The trials conducted between March and April gave positive results and the vehicle entered service with the Red Army as T-54. The tank had almost the same hull and drive train as the T-44A. Differences included thickened front armour (120 mm on the upper section and 90 mm on the lower section) and a different hatch and vision slot for the driver. The turret had increased diameter to 1800 mm. There was thicker armour (180 mm on the front, between 90 mm and 150 mm on the sides and 30 mm on the roof). The armament included the 100 mm D-10TK tank gun as well as two 7.62 mm GWT machine guns. The tank was powered by a new V-54 12-cylinder 38.88 liter water-cooled diesel engine developing 520 hp (388 kW) at 2,000 rpm. The fuel capacity was increased (530 liters in the internal fuel tank and 165 liters in the external fuel tank). The external fuel tanks were connected to the fuel system. The rubber rollers on the roadwheels were widened. The weight was increased to 35.5 tonnes, which reduced the maximal road speed to 43.5 km/h. The maximal road operational range increased to 360 km. Because of positive results seen in trials, it was decided to modernize the tank before starting production (for more details about it see the T-54/55 article) as well as to put the new tank's turret onto two modified serial T-44A tanks. This was done in 1945 and the two prototype tanks received the designation T-44-100. One of the prototypes was armed with a D-10TK tank gun while the other one was armed with a LB-1 tank gun. Like the second generation T-44-85 prototypes, the two T-44-100 prototypes had differences between each other. One prototype had a splashboard on the glacis plate while the other did not. They both had the 12.7 mm DShK anti-aircraft heavy machine gun fitted to the loader's hatch, 6 mm thick anti-HEAT sideskirts protecting the sides and two cylindrical fuel tanks in the back which increased the fuel capacity to 1035 liters. These cylindrical fuel tanks were later used on Soviet main battle tanks as additional fuel tanks. Further development of the T-44 was canceled and all the attention was directed towards the development of a new T-54 main battle tank.",
"title": "T-44"
}
] |
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] |
1878
|
Who played the voice of Mrs. Brisby in The Secret of NIMH?
|
[
{
"docid": "558970#9",
"text": "Goldman described the casting process as \"exciting, fun, and sometimes strange\". He stated that focusing on the characteristics of each character, the voices, and acting abilities were crucial, saying that using voices that added to a movie's texture was part of the team's philosophy in the development of a film. Goldman found the strangest casting decision to be Dom DeLuise for Jeremy the Crow, which Goldman, Bluth, and Pomeroy had considered after they watched the 1978 film \"The End\". Elizabeth Hartman was cast as Mrs. Brisby, with Goldman calling her performance in \"A Patch of Blue\" \"so believable and sincere that we all felt that she was right for the part.\" Pomeroy suggested Derek Jacobi, who starred in the 1976 miniseries \"I Claudius,\" to play the part of Nicodemus. Peter Strauss, whom the team previously saw in another miniseries from 1976, \"Rich Man, Poor Man\", was cast as Justin. Paul Shenar was assigned to play Jenner; the staff liked his \"dark, powerful voice\". Shakespearean actor John Carradine was \"perfect for the dark, ominous Great Owl\", while Aldo Ray was assigned to voice Sullivan, whom Goldman said \"also had a great distinctive voice\".",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#0",
"text": "The Secret of NIMH is a 1982 American animated dark fantasy adventure film directed by Don Bluth in his directorial debut. It is an adaptation of Robert C. O'Brien's 1971 children's novel \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\". The film was produced by Aurora Productions and released by MGM/UA Entertainment Company for United Artists and features the voices of Elizabeth Hartman, Dom DeLuise, Arthur Malet, Derek Jacobi, Hermione Baddeley, John Carradine, Peter Strauss, and Paul Shenar. The \"Mrs. Frisby\" name in the novel had to be changed to \"Mrs. Brisby\" during production due to trademark concerns with Frisbee discs. It was followed in 1998 by a direct-to-video sequel called \"\", which was made without Bluth's involvement or input. In 2015, a CGI/live action remake was reported to be in the works.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "558970#2",
"text": "The next day, Mrs. Brisby discovers that Farmer Fitzgibbons has started plowing early. Although her neighbor Auntie Shrew helps her disable his tractor, Mrs. Brisby knows she must devise another plan. Jeremy takes her to meet the Great Owl, who tells her to visit a group of rats that live beneath a rose bush on the farm and ask for Nicodemus, their wise and mystical leader.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#4",
"text": "Because of her husband's relationship with the rats, they agree to help Mrs. Brisby move her home. First, they need to drug Dragon to sleep so that they can complete the move safely. Only Mrs. Brisby can do this, as only mice are small enough to fit through the hole leading into the house; Jonathan was killed by Dragon in a previous attempt, while Mr. Ages broke his leg in another. That night, she puts the drug into the cat's food dish, but the Fitzgibbons' son Billy catches her. While trapped in a birdcage, she overhears a telephone conversation between Farmer Fitzgibbons and NIMH and learns that the Institute intends to exterminate the rats the next day. She escapes from the cage and runs off to warn the rats.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#1",
"text": "Mrs. Brisby, a timid widowed field mouse, lives in a cinder block with her children in a field on the Fitzgibbons' farm. She prepares to move her family out of the field as plowing time approaches, but her son Timothy has fallen ill. She visits Mr. Ages, another mouse and friend of her late husband, Jonathan, who diagnoses Timothy with pneumonia and provides her with medicine. Mr. Ages warns her that Timothy must stay inside for at least three weeks or he will die. On her way home, she encounters Jeremy, a clumsy but friendly crow. They both narrowly escape from the Fitzgibbons' cat, Dragon.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#13",
"text": "Bluth himself would later make several changes to the story, most notably with the addition of mystical elements not present in the original novel. He explained \"Regarding magic, we really believe that animation calls for some magic, to give it a special 'fantastic' quality.\" This was most apparent in the magic amulet given to Mrs. Brisby, which was meant to be a visual representation of her character's internal power; something harder to show on film. The object was also meant to introduce a spiritual aspect to the plot, with the director remarking, \"The stone or amulet is just a method of letting the audience know that Mrs. Brisby has found 'Courage of the Heart'. Magic? Maybe. Spiritual? Yes.\" In the same vein, Nicodemus was made into a wizard to \"create more mystery\" about himself and the rats' colony. The antagonist Jenner was given much more prominence in the movie, being only mentioned as a traitor who leaves in the book, to \"add drama\" to the narrative by giving it a more visible enemy. Justin also now succeeds Nicodemus as the leader of the rats to give his character more of an arc, and allow him an opportunity to \"grow and change.\" Unlike the original work, Justin does not rescue Mrs. Brisby from the cage at the Fitzgibbons' house, and she now helps her children without the rats' assistance by using the amulet; once again giving focus to her personal story. As Bluth put it, \"\"The Secret of NIMH\" is really a story about Mrs. Brisby and her need to save her children. If the rats save her children, then she hasn't grown in the film.\"",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#5",
"text": "The rats are moving the Brisby home, with the children inside, using a rope and pulley system during a thunderstorm. Jenner, who wishes for the rats to remain in the rose bush, sabotages the ropes with his reluctant accomplice Sullivan, causing the assembly to fly apart and kill Nicodemus. Mrs. Brisby arrives and tries to convince the rats that NIMH is coming and they must leave, but Jenner attacks her and attempts to steal the amulet. Sullivan alerts Justin, who rushes to Mrs. Brisby's aid. Jenner mortally wounds Sullivan and engages Justin in a sword fight, which ends with Sullivan killing Jenner before dying himself.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
},
{
"docid": "558970#6",
"text": "The Brisby house begins to sink into the mud, but Justin and the rats are unable to raise it. Mrs. Brisby's will to save her children gives power to the amulet, which she uses to lift the house and move it to safety. The next morning, the rats have departed for Thorn Valley with Justin as their new leader, and Timothy begins to recover. Jeremy eventually meets \"Miss Right\", another crow who is just as clumsy as he is, and the two fly away together.The rights to the book \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down.",
"title": "The Secret of NIMH"
}
] |
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] |
1898
|
How many people live in Centre County?
|
[
{
"docid": "91971#0",
"text": "Centre County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 153,990. Its county seat is Bellefonte. Centre County comprises the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area.",
"title": "Centre County, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"docid": "91971#5",
"text": "The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Centre County as the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2010 U.S. Census the metropolitan area ranked 13th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania and the 259th most populous in the United States with a population of 155,403. Centre County is also a part of the larger State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which combines the populations of Centre County as well as Clearfield County to the west. The Combined Statistical Area ranked 9th in the State of Pennsylvania and 123rd most populous in the United States with a population of 236,577.",
"title": "Centre County, Pennsylvania"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1899
|
How is oil shale made?
|
[
{
"docid": "45010#0",
"text": "Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales). Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact. Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States. A 2016 estimate of global deposits set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of of oil in place.",
"title": "Oil shale"
},
{
"docid": "45010#9",
"text": "As source rocks for most conventional oil reservoirs, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. As with all oil and gas resources, analysts distinguish between oil shale resources and oil shale reserves. \"Resources\" refers to all oil shale deposits, while \"reserves\", represents those deposits from which producers can extract oil shale economically using existing technology. Since extraction technologies develop continuously, planners can only estimate the amount of recoverable kerogen.\nAlthough resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 33 countries possess known deposits of possible economic value .\nWell-explored deposits, potentially classifiable as reserves, include the Green River deposits in the western United States, the Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia, deposits in Sweden and Estonia, the El-Lajjun deposit in Jordan, and deposits in France, Germany, Brazil, China, southern Mongolia and Russia. These deposits have given rise to expectations of yielding at least 40 liters of shale oil per tonne of oil shale, using the Fischer Assay.",
"title": "Oil shale"
}
] |
[] |
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] |
1903
|
Why are there only two parties in America?
|
[
{
"docid": "31605#0",
"text": "A two-party system is a party system where two major political parties dominate the government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the \"majority\" or \"governing party\" while the other is the \"minority\" or \"opposition party\". Around the world, the term has different senses. For example, in the United States, Jamaica, and Malta, the sense of \"two-party system\" describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to one of the only two major parties, and third parties rarely win any seats in the legislature. In such arrangements, two-party systems are thought to result from various factors like winner-takes-all election rules. In such systems, while chances for third-party candidates winning election to major national office are remote, it is possible for groups within the larger parties, or in opposition to one or both of them, to exert influence on the two major parties. In contrast, in the United Kingdom and Australia and in other parliamentary systems and elsewhere, the term \"two-party system\" is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties which do win seats in the legislature, and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes would suggest.",
"title": "Two-party system"
},
{
"docid": "31605#29",
"text": "Third parties, meaning a party other than one of the two dominant parties, are possible in two-party systems, but they are often unlikely to exert much influence by gaining control of legislatures or by winning elections. While there are occasional opinions in the media expressed about the possibility of third parties emerging in the United States, for example, political insiders such as the 1980 presidential candidate John Anderson think the chances of one appearing in the early twenty-first century is remote. A report in \"The Guardian\" suggested that American politics has been \"stuck in a two-way fight between Republicans and Democrats\" since the Civil War, and that third-party runs had little meaningful success.",
"title": "Two-party system"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31605#32",
"text": "A so-called \"third party\" in the United Kingdom are the Liberal Democrats. In the 2010 election, the Liberal Democrats received 23% of the votes but only 9% of the seats in the House of Commons. While electoral results do not necessarily translate into legislative seats, the Liberal Democrats can exert influence if there is a situation such as a hung parliament. In this instance, neither of the two main parties (at present, the Conservative Party and the Labour Party) have sufficient authority to run the government. Accordingly, the Liberal Democrats can in theory exert tremendous influence in such a situation since they can ally with one of the two main parties to form a coalition. This happened in the Coalition government of 2010. Yet in that more than 13% of the seats in the British House of Commons are held in 2011 by representatives of political parties other than the two leading political parties of that nation, contemporary Britain is considered by some to be a multi-party system, and not a two-party system. The two party system in the United Kingdom allows for other parties to exist, although the main two parties tend to dominate politics; in this arrangement, other parties are not excluded and can win seats in Parliament. In contrast, the two party system in the United States has been described as a duopoly or an enforced two-party system, such that politics is almost entirely dominated by either the Republicans or Democrats, and third parties rarely win seats in Congress.",
"title": "Two-party system"
},
{
"docid": "31605#2",
"text": "In countries such as Britain, two major parties emerge which have strong influence and tend to elect most of the candidates, but a multitude of lesser parties exist with varying degrees of influence, and sometimes these lesser parties are able to elect officials who participate in the legislature. In political systems based on the Westminster system, which is a particular style of parliamentary democracy based on the British model and found in many commonwealth countries, a majority party will form the government and the minority party will form the opposition, and coalitions of lesser parties are possible; in the rare circumstance in which neither party is the majority, a hung parliament arises. Sometimes these systems are described as \"two-party systems\" but they are usually referred to as \"multi-party\" systems. There is not always a sharp boundary between a two-party system and a multi-party system.",
"title": "Two-party system"
},
{
"docid": "31605#26",
"text": "Duverger concluded that \"plurality election single-ballot procedures are likely to produce two-party systems, whereas proportional representation and runoff designs encourage multipartyism.\" He suggested there were two reasons why \"winner-takes-all\" systems leads to a two-party system. First, the weaker parties are pressured to form an alliance, sometimes called a \"fusion\", to try to become big enough to challenge a large dominant party and, in so doing, gain political clout in the legislature. Second, voters learn, over time, not to vote for candidates outside of one of the two large parties since their votes for third party candidates are usually ineffectual. As a result, weaker parties are eliminated by voters over time. Duverger pointed to statistics and tactics to suggest that voters tended to gravitate towards one of the two main parties, a phenomenon which he called \"polarization\", and tend to shun third parties. For example, some analysts suggest that the Electoral College system in the United States, by favoring a system of winner-takes-all in presidential elections, is a structural choice favoring only two major parties.",
"title": "Two-party system"
},
{
"docid": "31605#24",
"text": "In contrast, a voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single-winner voting system and is usually described under the heading of a \"winner-takes-all\" arrangement. Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district, but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat, although variants, such as requiring a majority, are sometimes used. What happens is that in a general election, a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a significant proportion of the electorate favoring its positions. This arrangement strongly favors large and well–organized political parties that are able to appeal to voters in many districts and hence win many seats, and discourages smaller or regional parties. Politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to run under the auspices of the two dominant parties.",
"title": "Two-party system"
}
] |
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1905
|
What's a PPO?
|
[
{
"docid": "1184035#0",
"text": "In health insurance in the United States, a preferred provider organization (PPO), sometimes referred to as a participating provider organization or preferred provider option, is a managed care organization of medical doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers who have agreed with an insurer or a third-party administrator to provide health care at reduced rates to the insurer's or administrator's clients.",
"title": "Preferred provider organization"
},
{
"docid": "1184035#1",
"text": "A preferred provider organization is a subscription-based medical care arrangement. A membership allows a substantial discount below the regularly charged rates of the designated professionals partnered with the organization. Preferred provider organizations themselves earn money by charging an access fee to the insurance company for the use of their network (unlike the usual insurance with premiums and corresponding payments paid either in full or partially by the insurance provider to the medical doctor). They negotiate with providers to set fee schedules, and handle disputes between insurers and providers. PPOs can also contract with one another to strengthen their position in certain geographic areas without forming new relationships directly with providers. This will be mutually beneficial in theory, as be billed at a reduced rate when its insureds utilize the services of the \"preferred\" provider and the provider will see an increase in its business as almost all insureds in the organization will use only providers who are members. PPOs have gained popularity because, although they tend to have slightly higher premiums than HMOs and other more restrictive plans, they offer patients more flexibility overall.",
"title": "Preferred provider organization"
}
] |
[] |
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1908
|
What is the study of sexual attraction in humans called?
|
[
{
"docid": "4462892#0",
"text": "Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation, as an alternative to a gender binary homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to men or masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to women or femininity. Ambiphilia describes the combination of both androphilia and gynephilia in a given individual, or bisexuality.",
"title": "Androphilia and gynephilia"
},
{
"docid": "4462892#15",
"text": "Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains why the terms are useful in a glossary: Androphilia – The romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult males. The term, along with gynephilia, is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of transmen and transwomen. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a transman erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a transwoman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.",
"title": "Androphilia and gynephilia"
},
{
"docid": "4462892#9",
"text": "Following Hirschfeld, \"androphilia\" and \"gynephilia\" are sometimes used in taxonomies which specify sexual interests based on age ranges, which John Money called chronophilia. In such schemes, sexual attraction to adults is called teleiophilia or adultophilia. In this context, \"androphilia\" and \"gynephilia\" are gendered variants meaning \"attraction to adult males\" and \"attraction to adult females,\" respectively. Psychologist Dennis Howitt writes:\nDefinition is primarily an issue of theory, not merely classification, since classification implies a theory, no matter how rudimentary. Freund \"et al.\" (1984) used Latinesque words to classify sexual attraction along the dimensions of sex and age:\nGynephilia. Sexual interest in physically adult women\nAndrophilia. Sexual interest in physically adult males",
"title": "Androphilia and gynephilia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4462892#19",
"text": "Kris Poasa, Ray Blanchard and Kenneth Zucker (2004) also present an argument that suggests that fa'afafine fall under the rubric of 'transgenderal homosexuality', applying the same birth order equation to fa'afafine's families as have been used with 'homosexual transsexuals'. While no explicit causal relationship is offered, Poasa, Blanchard, and Zucker's use of the term 'homosexual transsexual' to refer to male-to-female transsexuals who are sexually oriented towards men draws an apparent link between sexual orientation and gender identity. This link is reinforced by mention of the fact that similar birth order equations have been found for 'homosexual men'. The possibility of sexual orientation towards (masculine) men emerging from (rather than causing) feminine gendered identities is not considered.\nSchmidt argues that in cultures where a third gender is recognized, a term like \"homosexual transsexual\" does not align with cultural categories.\nShe cites the work of Paul Vasey and Nancy Bartlett: \"Vasey and Bartlett reveal the cultural specificity of concepts such as homosexuality, they continue to use the more 'scientific' (and thus presumably more 'objective') terminology of androphilia and gynephilia (sexual attraction to men or masculinity and women or femininity respectively) to understand the sexuality of fa'afafine and other Samoans.\" Researcher Sam Winter has presented a similar argument:",
"title": "Androphilia and gynephilia"
}
] |
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