id
stringclasses 283
values | name
stringclasses 283
values | doi
stringlengths 28
82
⌀ | description
stringclasses 266
values | title
stringlengths 14
500
| concepts
listlengths 2
22
| abstract
stringlengths 10k
43.8k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00094.1
|
study of climate
|
An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design
|
[
{
"display_name": "Predictability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197640229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7475105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupled model intercomparison project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25022447",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.702858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178021"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67956614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6252716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58465195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54764575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth system science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80368990",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5225955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50652397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46287942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45574167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.444553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4226168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Downscaling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41156917",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4163551,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40745407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39279848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) will produce a state-of-the- art multimodel dataset designed to advance our knowledge of climate variability and climate change. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the model output and will produce results likely to underlie the forthcoming Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unprecedented in scale and attracting interest from all major climate modeling groups, CMIP5 includes “long term” simulations of twentieth-century climate and projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Conventional atmosphere–ocean global climate models and Earth system models of intermediate complexity are for the first time being joined by more recently developed Earth system models under an experiment design that allows both types of models to be compared to observations on an equal footing. Besides the longterm experiments, CMIP5 calls for an entirely new suite of “near term” simulations focusing on recent decades and the future to year 2035. These “decadal predictions” are initialized based on observations and will be used to explore the predictability of climate and to assess the forecast system's predictive skill. The CMIP5 experiment design also allows for participation of stand-alone atmospheric models and includes a variety of idealized experiments that will improve understanding of the range of model responses found in the more complex and realistic simulations. An exceptionally comprehensive set of model output is being collected and made freely available to researchers through an integrated but distributed data archive. For researchers unfamiliar with climate models, the limitations of the models and experiment design are described.
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324
|
study of climate
|
Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7722148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49791455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49399835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4622481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41410452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41322023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
}
] |
This latest Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will again form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with climate change and its consequences, including students and researchers in environmental science, meteorology, climatology, biology, ecology and atmospheric chemistry. It provides invaluable material for decision makers and stakeholders: international, national, local; and in all branches: government, businesses, and NGOs. This volume provides: • An authoritative and unbiased overview of the physical science basis of climate change • A more extensive assessment of changes observed throughout the climate system than ever before • New dedicated chapters on sea-level change, biogeochemical cycles, clouds and aerosols, and regional climate phenomena • A more extensive coverage of model projections, both near-term and long-term climate projections • A detailed assessment of climate change observations, modelling, and attribution for every continent • A new comprehensive atlas of global and regional climate projections for 35 regions of the world
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
|
study of climate
|
Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geiger counter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88033656",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7067926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48171"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6166707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Latitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122523270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48303875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46185908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Longitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780554747",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45048922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43991724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Precipitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107054158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3427086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.
|
C49204034
|
Climatology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002670
|
study of climate
|
Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sea ice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136894858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7274681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926"
},
{
"display_name": "Sea surface temperature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134097258",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6991154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383"
},
{
"display_name": "Sea ice concentration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194520297",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.69178027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6255292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50672823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Latitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122523270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5058286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027"
},
{
"display_name": "Satellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19269812",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47881204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540"
},
{
"display_name": "Arctic ice pack",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161798024",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45160732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44103202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Longitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780554747",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43089065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477"
},
{
"display_name": "Sea ice thickness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149767477",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.391157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3361395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
}
] |
We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1° latitude‐longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5° latitude‐longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two‐stage reduced‐space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality‐improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave‐based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. HadISST1 compares well with other published analyses, capturing trends in global, hemispheric, and regional SST well, containing SST fields with more uniform variance through time and better month‐to‐month persistence than those in GISST. HadMAT1 is more consistent with SST and with collocated land surface air temperatures than previous NMAT data sets.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb06579.x
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Current plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7628653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.750826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6079171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53976583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48690096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136752280",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44259745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152827"
}
] |
We determine best-fitting Euler vectors, closure-fitting Euler vectors, and a new global model (NUVEL-1) describing the geologically current motion between 12 assumed-rigid plates by inverting plate motion data we have compiled, critically analysed, and tested for self-consistency. We treat Arabia, India and Australia, and North America and South America as distinct plates, but combine Nubia and Somalia into a single African plate because motion between them could not be reliably resolved. The 1122 data from 22 plate boundaries inverted to obtain NUVEL-1 consist of 277 spreading rates, 121 transform fault azimuths, and 724 earthquake slip vectors. We determined all rates over a uniform time interval of 3.0m.y., corresponding to the centre of the anomaly 2A sequence, by comparing synthetic magnetic anomalies with observed profiles. The model fits the data well. Unlike prior global plate motion models, which systematically misfit some spreading rates in the Indian Ocean by 8–12mm yr−1, the systematic misfits by NUVEL-1 nowhere exceed ∼3 mm yr−1. The model differs significantly from prior global plate motion models. For the 30 pairs of plates sharing a common boundary, 29 of 30 P071, and 25 of 30 RM2 Euler vectors lie outside the 99 per cent confidence limits of NUVEL-1. Differences are large in the Indian Ocean where NUVEL-1 plate motion data and plate geometry differ from those used in prior studies and in the Pacific Ocean where NUVEL-1 rates are systematically 5–20 mm yr−1 slower than those of prior models. The strikes of transform faults mapped with GLORIA and Seabeam along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge greatly improve the accuracy of estimates of the direction of plate motion. These data give Euler vectors differing significantly from those of prior studies, show that motion about the Azores triple junction is consistent with plate circuit closure, and better resolve motion between North America and South America. Motion of the Caribbean plate relative to North or South America is about 7 mm yr−1 slower than in prior global models. Trench slip vectors tend to be systematically misfit wherever convergence is oblique, and best-fitting poles determined only from trench slip vectors differ significantly from their corresponding closure-fitting Euler vectors. The direction of slip in trench earthquakes tends to be between the direction of plate motion and the normal to the trench strike. Part of this bias may be due to the neglect of lateral heterogeneities of seismic velocities caused by cold subducting slabs, but the larger part is likely caused by independent motion of fore-arc crust and lithosphere relative to the overriding plate.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06724.x
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73174447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6827878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58739173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45315242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42904645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
}
] |
Over the last three years, a major international effort has been made by the Sub-Commission on Earthquake Algorithms of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to generate new global traveltime tables for seismic phases to update the tables of Jeffreys & Bullen (1940). The new tables are specifically designed for convenient computational use, with high-accuracy interpolation in both depth and range. The new iasp91 traveltime tables are derived from a radially stratified velocity model which has been constructed so that the times for the major seismic phases are consistent with the reported times for events in the catalogue of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) for the period 1964–1987. The baseline for the P-wave traveltimes in the iasp91 model has been adjusted to provide only a small bias in origin time for well-constrained events at the main nuclear testing sites around the world. For P-waves at teleseismic distances, the new tables are about 0.7s slower than the 1968 P-tables (Herrin 1968) and on average about 1.8-1.9 s faster than the Jeffreys & Bullen (1940) tables. For S-waves the teleseismic times lie between those of the JB tables and the results of Randall (1971). Because the times for all phases are derived from the same velocity model, there is complete consistency between the traveltimes for different phases at different focal depths. The calculation scheme adopted for the new iasp91 tables is that proposed by Buland & Chapman (1983). Tables of delay time as a function of slowness are stored for each traveltime branch, and interpolated using a specially designed tau spline which takes care of square-root singularities in the derivative of the traveltime curve at certain critical slownesses. With this representation, once the source depth is specified, it is straightforward to find the traveltime explicitly for a given epicentral distance. The computational cost is no higher than a conventional look-up table, but there is increased accuracy in constructing the traveltimes for a source at arbitrary depth. A further advantage over standard tables is that exactly the same procedure can be used for each phase. For a given source depth, it is therefore possible to generate very rapidly a comprehensive list of traveltimes and associated derivatives for the main seismic phases which could be observed at a given epicentral distance.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-022
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88002825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Accretion (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776401274",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7212877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6946766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.421041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41299778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40458095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
}
] |
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt ( c . 1000–250 Ma) formed by accretion of island arcs, ophiolites, oceanic islands, seamounts, accretionary wedges, oceanic plateaux and microcontinents in a manner comparable with that of circum-Pacific Mesozoic–Cenozoic accretionary orogens. Palaeomagnetic and palaeofloral data indicate that early accretion (Vendian–Ordovician) took place when Baltica and Siberia were separated by a wide ocean. Island arcs and Precambrian microcontinents accreted to the active margins of the two continents or amalgamated in an oceanic setting (as in Kazakhstan) by roll-back and collision, forming a huge accretionary collage. The Palaeo-Asian Ocean closed in the Permian with formation of the Solonker suture. We evaluate contrasting tectonic models for the evolution of the orogenic belt. Current information provides little support for the main tenets of the one- or three-arc Kipchak model; current data suggest that an archipelago-type (Indonesian) model is more viable. Some diagnostic features of ridge–trench interaction are present in the Central Asian orogen (e.g. granites, adakites, boninites, near-trench magmatism, Alaskan-type mafic–ultramafic complexes, high-temperature metamorphic belts that prograde rapidly from low-grade belts, rhyolitic ash-fall tuffs). They offer a promising perspective for future investigations.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb02351.x
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Active Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81260693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64001775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60385245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediterranean climate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4646841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5883402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996"
},
{
"display_name": "Ridge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32277403",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58209974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740445"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediterranean sea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779043415",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5489517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986177"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5468166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51617485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175551986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4866384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089"
},
{
"display_name": "Thickening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779559920",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46584308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911138"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4477904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141646446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44771165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858571"
}
] |
Examination of more than 100 fault plane solutions for earthquakes within the Alpide belt between the Mid-Atlantic ridge and Eastern Iran shows that the deformation at present occurring is the result of small continental plates moving away from Eastern Turkey and Western Iran. This pattern of movement avoids thickening the continental crust over much of Turkey by consuming the Eastern Mediterranean sea floor instead. The rates of relative motion of two of the small plates involved, the Aegean and the Turkish plates, are estimated, but are only within perhaps 50 per cent of the true values. These estimates are then used to reconstruct the geometry of the Mediterranean 10 million years ago. The principal difference from the present geometry is the smooth curved coast which then formed the southern coast of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. This coast has since been distorted by the motion of the two small plates. Similar complications have probably been common in older mountain belts, and therefore local geological features may not have been formed by the motion between major plates.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04491.x
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Geologically current plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88751364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8279761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Seafloor spreading",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117485682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81644315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215920"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68672633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Pacific Plate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777994876",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55789024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205411"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54564863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Mid-ocean ridge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51151373",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5042304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104698"
},
{
"display_name": "North American Plate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777992645",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49287963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220305"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4696502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4659283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismotectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21089234",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44515827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6592057"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergent boundary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64174561",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4208462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255282"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.32375497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
}
] |
We describe best-fitting angular velocities and MORVEL, a new closure-enforced set of angular velocities for the geologically current motions of 25 tectonic plates that collectively occupy 97 per cent of Earth's surface. Seafloor spreading rates and fault azimuths are used to determine the motions of 19 plates bordered by mid-ocean ridges, including all the major plates. Six smaller plates with little or no connection to the mid-ocean ridges are linked to MORVEL with GPS station velocities and azimuthal data. By design, almost no kinematic information is exchanged between the geologically determined and geodetically constrained subsets of the global circuit—MORVEL thus averages motion over geological intervals for all the major plates. Plate geometry changes relative to NUVEL-1A include the incorporation of Nubia, Lwandle and Somalia plates for the former Africa plate, Capricorn, Australia and Macquarie plates for the former Australia plate, and Sur and South America plates for the former South America plate. MORVEL also includes Amur, Philippine Sea, Sundaland and Yangtze plates, making it more useful than NUVEL-1A for studies of deformation in Asia and the western Pacific. Seafloor spreading rates are estimated over the past 0.78 Myr for intermediate and fast spreading centres and since 3.16 Ma for slow and ultraslow spreading centres. Rates are adjusted downward by 0.6–2.6 mm yr−1 to compensate for the several kilometre width of magnetic reversal zones. Nearly all the NUVEL-1A angular velocities differ significantly from the MORVEL angular velocities. The many new data, revised plate geometries, and correction for outward displacement thus significantly modify our knowledge of geologically current plate motions. MORVEL indicates significantly slower 0.78-Myr-average motion across the Nazca–Antarctic and Nazca–Pacific boundaries than does NUVEL-1A, consistent with a progressive slowdown in the eastward component of Nazca plate motion since 3.16 Ma. It also indicates that motions across the Caribbean–North America and Caribbean–South America plate boundaries are twice as fast as given by NUVEL-1A. Summed, least-squares differences between angular velocities estimated from GPS and those for MORVEL, NUVEL-1 and NUVEL-1A are, respectively, 260 per cent larger for NUVEL-1 and 50 per cent larger for NUVEL-1A than for MORVEL, suggesting that MORVEL more accurately describes historically current plate motions. Significant differences between geological and GPS estimates of Nazca plate motion and Arabia–Eurasia and India–Eurasia motion are reduced but not eliminated when using MORVEL instead of NUVEL-1A, possibly indicating that changes have occurred in those plate motions since 3.16 Ma. The MORVEL and GPS estimates of Pacific–North America plate motion in western North America differ by only 2.6 ± 1.7 mm yr−1, ≈25 per cent smaller than for NUVEL-1A. The remaining difference for this plate pair, assuming there are no unrecognized systematic errors and no measurable change in Pacific–North America motion over the past 1–3 Myr, indicates deformation of one or more plates in the global circuit. Tests for closure of six three-plate circuits indicate that two, Pacific–Cocos–Nazca and Sur–Nubia–Antarctic, fail closure, with respective linear velocities of non-closure of 14 ± 5 and 3 ± 1 mm yr−1 (95 per cent confidence limits) at their triple junctions. We conclude that the rigid plate approximation continues to be tremendously useful, but—absent any unrecognized systematic errors—the plates deform measurably, possibly by thermal contraction and wide plate boundaries with deformation rates near or beneath the level of noise in plate kinematic data.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gc000252
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
An updated digital model of plate boundaries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87713504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6256434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5048495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Pacific Plate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777994876",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48234767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205411"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergent boundary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64174561",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.45217422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255282"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleomagnetism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189479680",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4127648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853422"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.36950505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36270157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35727382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34293076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
}
] |
A global set of present plate boundaries on the Earth is presented in digital form. Most come from sources in the literature. A few boundaries are newly interpreted from topography, volcanism, and/or seismicity, taking into account relative plate velocities from magnetic anomalies, moment tensor solutions, and/or geodesy. In addition to the 14 large plates whose motion was described by the NUVEL‐1A poles (Africa, Antarctica, Arabia, Australia, Caribbean, Cocos, Eurasia, India, Juan de Fuca, Nazca, North America, Pacific, Philippine Sea, South America), model PB2002 includes 38 small plates (Okhotsk, Amur, Yangtze, Okinawa, Sunda, Burma, Molucca Sea, Banda Sea, Timor, Birds Head, Maoke, Caroline, Mariana, North Bismarck, Manus, South Bismarck, Solomon Sea, Woodlark, New Hebrides, Conway Reef, Balmoral Reef, Futuna, Niuafo'ou, Tonga, Kermadec, Rivera, Galapagos, Easter, Juan Fernandez, Panama, North Andes, Altiplano, Shetland, Scotia, Sandwich, Aegean Sea, Anatolia, Somalia), for a total of 52 plates. No attempt is made to divide the Alps‐Persia‐Tibet mountain belt, the Philippine Islands, the Peruvian Andes, the Sierras Pampeanas, or the California‐Nevada zone of dextral transtension into plates; instead, they are designated as “orogens” in which this plate model is not expected to be accurate. The cumulative‐number/area distribution for this model follows a power law for plates with areas between 0.002 and 1 steradian. Departure from this scaling at the small‐plate end suggests that future work is very likely to define more very small plates within the orogens. The model is presented in four digital files: a set of plate boundary segments; a set of plate outlines; a set of outlines of the orogens; and a table of characteristics of each digitization step along plate boundaries, including estimated relative velocity vector and classification into one of 7 types (continental convergence zone, continental transform fault, continental rift, oceanic spreading ridge, oceanic transform fault, oceanic convergent boundary, subduction zone). Total length, mean velocity, and total rate of area production/destruction are computed for each class; the global rate of area production and destruction is 0.108 m 2 /s, which is higher than in previous models because of the incorporation of back‐arc spreading.
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/jb082i020p02981
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
The energy release in great earthquakes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnitude (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126691448",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7772707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.70675325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Amplitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180205008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6631766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190"
},
{
"display_name": "Richter magnitude scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26537357",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6276836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38768"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6078023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Moment magnitude scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90987359",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55238503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201605"
},
{
"display_name": "Earthquake magnitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992890811",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5465978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500062"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismic moment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120447056",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54418665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1481983"
},
{
"display_name": "Drop (telecommunication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781345722",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4974952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388"
},
{
"display_name": "Saturation (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9930424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48730433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587"
}
] |
Journal of Geophysical Research (1896-1977)Volume 82, Issue 20 p. 2981-2987 The energy release in great earthquakes Hiroo Kanamori, Hiroo KanamoriSearch for more papers by this author Hiroo Kanamori, Hiroo KanamoriSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 July 1977 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB082i020p02981Citations: 1,539AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The conventional magnitude scale M suffers saturation when the rupture dimension of the earthquake exceeds the wavelength of the seismic waves used for the magnitude determination (usually 5–50 km). This saturation leads to an inaccurate estimate of energy released in great earthquakes. To circumvent this problem the strain energy drop W (difference in strain energy before and after an earthquake) in great earthquakes is estimated from the seismic moment M0. If the stress drop Δσ is complete, W = W0 = (Δσ/2μ)M0 ∼ M0/(2×104), where μ is the rigidity; if it is partial, W0 gives the minimum estimate of the strain energy drop. Furthermore, if Orowan's condition, i.e., that frictional stress equal final stress, is met, W0 represents the seismic wave energy. A new magnitude scale Mw is defined in terms of W0 through the standard energy-magnitude relation log W0 = 1.5Mw + 11.8. Mw is as large as 9.5 for the 1960 Chilean earthquake and connects smoothly to Ms (surface wave magnitude) for earthquakes with a rupture dimension of about 100 km or less. The Mw scale does not suffer saturation and is a more adequate magnitude scale for great earthquakes. The seismic energy release curve defined by W0 is entirely different from that previously estimated from Ms. During the 15-year period from 1950 to 1965 the annual average of W0 is more than 1 order of magnitude larger than that during the periods from 1920 to 1950 and from 1965 to 1976. The temporal variation of the amplitude of the Chandler wobble correlates very well with the variation of W0, with a slight indication of the former preceding the latter. In contrast, the number N of moderate to large earthquakes increased very sharply as the Chandler wobble amplitude increased but decreased very sharply during the period from 1945 to 1965, when W0 was largest. One possible explanation for these correlations is that the increase in the wobble amplitude triggers worldwide seismic activity and accelerates plate motion which eventually leads to great decoupling earthquakes. This decoupling causes the decline of moderate to large earthquake activity. Changes in the rotation rate of the earth may be an important element in this mechanism. Citing Literature Volume82, Issue20Solid Earth and Planets10 July 1977Pages 2981-2987 RelatedInformation
|
C165205528
|
Seismology
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/jb083ib11p05331
|
scientific study of earthquakes
|
Present‐day plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7557727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69035095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6829904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6253148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Azimuth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159737794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61274016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5433522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Transform fault",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106973953",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52416635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664573"
},
{
"display_name": "Slab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113740112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5100909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5904738"
},
{
"display_name": "Data set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58489278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4973171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175551986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34870926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089"
}
] |
A data set comprising 110 spreading rates, 78 transform fault azimuths, and 142 earthquake slip vectors has been inverted to yield a new instantaneous plate motion model, designated Relative Motion 2 (RM2). The model represents a considerable improvement over our previous estimate, RM1 [Minster et al., 1974]. The mean averaging interval for the spreading rate data has been reduced to less than 3 m.y. A detailed comparison of RM2 with angular velocity vectors which best fit the data along individual plate boundaries indicates that RM2 performs close to optimally in most regions, with several notable exceptions. The model systematically misfits data along the India‐Antarctica and Pacific‐India plate boundaries. We hypothesize that these discrepancies are manifestations of internal deformation within the Indian plate; the data are compatible with northwest‐southeast compression across the Ninetyeast Ridge at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. RM2 also fails to satisfy the east‐west trending transform fault azimuths observed in the French‐American Mid‐Ocean Undersea Study area, which is shown to be a consequence of closure constraints about the Azores triple junction. Slow movement between North and South America is required by the data set, although the angular velocity vector describing this motion remains poorly constrained. The existence of a Bering plate, postulated in our previous study, is not necessary if we accept the proposal of Engdahl and others that the Aleutian slip vector data are biased by slab effects. Absolute motion models are derived from several kinematical hypotheses and compared with the data from hot spot traces younger than 10 m.y. Although some of the models are inconsistent with the Wilson‐Morgan hypothesis, the overall resolving power of the hot spot data is poor, and the directions of absolute motion for the several slower‐moving plates are not usefully constrained.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3801_6
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cognitive load",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61641136",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9208592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7409979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Dual (grammatical number)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780980858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49721602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48086864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Information overload",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186625053",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4800652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130191"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4768511,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46632105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44442067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Instructional design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159456220",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43105787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334"
},
{
"display_name": "Channel (broadcasting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127162648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41212046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953"
}
] |
First, we propose a theory of multimedia learning based on the assumptions that humans possess separate systems for processing pictorial and verbal material (dual-channel assumption), each channel is limited in the amount of material that can be processed at one time (limited-capacity assumption), and meaningful learning involves cognitive processing including building connections between pictorial and verbal representations (active-processing assumption). Second, based on the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, we examine the concept of cognitive overload in which the learner's intended cognitive processing exceeds the learner's available cognitive capacity. Third, we examine five overload scenarios. For each overload scenario, we offer one or two theory-based suggestions for reducing cognitive load, and we summarize our research results aimed at testing the effectiveness of each suggestion. Overall, our analysis shows that cognitive load is a central consideration in the design of multimedia instruction.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/237170.237216
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Progressive meshes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7350893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Citation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778805511",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72829974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52832526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48200813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "Polygon mesh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31487907",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.481261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42843118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4259249,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
}
] |
Article Free Access Share on Progressive meshes Author: Hugues Hoppe Microsoft Research Microsoft ResearchView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGGRAPH '96: Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesAugust 1996 Pages 99–108https://doi.org/10.1145/237170.237216Online:01 August 1996Publication History 1,749citation4,686DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1,749Total Downloads4,686Last 12 Months327Last 6 weeks40 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771065
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Information hiding-a survey
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7287432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7178472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198104137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70331943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688"
},
{
"display_name": "Information hiding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3073032",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65690035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075"
},
{
"display_name": "Notice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779913896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65266657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001"
},
{
"display_name": "Copying",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779151265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.632671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791"
},
{
"display_name": "Encryption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148730421",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5997562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090"
},
{
"display_name": "TRACE (psycholinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75291252",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5587625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51105225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49817753,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778707766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44379628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777421447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4346415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41898686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
}
] |
Information-hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver, or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity, and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field, of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Contiguity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68767595",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84138024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1677999"
},
{
"display_name": "Presentation (obstetrics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601897",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7241056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56511617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5524982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52762836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52044326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39643437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39254102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33429757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077"
}
] |
How can we help students to understand scientific explanations of cause-and-effect systems, such as how a pump works, how the human respiratory system works, or how lightning storms develop? One promising approach involves multimedia presentation of explanations in visual and verbal formats, such as presenting computer-generated animations synchronized with computer-generated narration or presenting illustrations next to corresponding text. In a review of eight studies concerning whether multimedia instruction is effective, there was consistent evidence for a multimedia effect: Students who received coordinated presentation of explanations in verbal and visual format (multiple representation group) generated a median of over 75% more creative solutions on problem-solving transfer tests than did students who received verbal explanations alone (single representation group). In a review of 10 studies; concerning when multimedia instruction is effective, there was consistent evidence for a contiguity effect: Students generated a median of over 50% more creative solutions to transfer problems when verbal and visual explanations were coordinated (integrated group) than when they were not coordinated (separated group). Finally, in a review of six studies concerning for whom multimedia instruction is effective, Attribute x Treatment interactions indicated that multimedia and contiguity effects were strongest for low prior knowledge and high spatial ability students. Results are consistent with a generative theory of multimedia learning in which learners actively select, organize, and integrate verbal and visual information.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2015.12.001
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
oTree—An open-source platform for laboratory, online, and field experiments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8135811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7534153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7360954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71336704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Software deployment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6805503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740"
},
{
"display_name": "Source code",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43126263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.659977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63148886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5857717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988343187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5056944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49040294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46981102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Client",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27713364",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46778095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528166"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4525376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "Coding (social sciences)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179518139",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44270802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297"
}
] |
oTree is an open-source and online software for implementing interactive experiments in the laboratory, online, the field or combinations thereof. oTree does not require installation of software on subjects’ devices; it can run on any device that has a web browser, be that a desktop computer, a tablet or a smartphone. Deployment can be internet-based without a shared local network, or local-network-based even without internet access. For coding, Python is used, a popular, open-source programming language. www.oTree.org provides the source code, a library of standard game templates and demo games which can be played by anyone.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.008
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students' learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Moderation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93225998",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90352917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile device",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186967261",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71770376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5746731,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51712203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
}
] |
Mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants, and mobile phones have become a learning tool with great potential in both classrooms and outdoor learning. Although there have been qualitative analyses of the use of mobile devices in education, systematic quantitative analyses of the effects of mobile-integrated education are lacking. This study performed a meta-analysis and research synthesis of the effects of integrated mobile devices in teaching and learning, in which 110 experimental and quasiexperimental journal articles published during the period 1993–2013 were coded and analyzed. Overall, there was a moderate mean effect size of 0.523 for the application of mobile devices to education. The effect sizes of moderator variables were analyzed and the advantages and disadvantages of mobile learning in different levels of moderator variables were synthesized based on content analyses of individual studies. The results of this study and their implications for both research and practice are discussed.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/5.949485
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Interactive evolutionary computation: fusion of the capabilities of EC optimization and human evaluation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70911825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Animation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502989409",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55632687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.54630584,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Interactive evolutionary computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123189799",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52279633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045380"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer animation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69369342",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5065175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416"
},
{
"display_name": "Entertainment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512170562",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47562245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46347794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45826206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77660652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44346297,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.441693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43528652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Robotics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42474425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105902424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41445836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40125448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
We survey the research on interactive evolutionary computation (IEC). The IEC is an EC that optimizes systems based on subjective human evaluation. The definition and features of the IEC are first described and then followed by an overview of the IEC research. The overview primarily consists of application research and interface research. In this survey the IEC application fields include graphic arts and animation, 3D computer graphics lighting, music, editorial design, industrial design, facial image generation, speed processing and synthesis, hearing aid fitting, virtual reality, media database retrieval, data mining, image processing, control and robotics, food industry, geophysics, education, entertainment, social system, and so on. The interface research to reduce human fatigue is also included. Finally, we discuss the IEC from the point of the future research direction of computational intelligence. This paper features a survey of about 250 IEC research papers.
|
C49774154
|
Multimedia
|
https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.06-12-0205
|
content that uses a combination of different content forms
|
Clickers in the Large Classroom: Current Research and Best-Practice Tips
|
[
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64923704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6356221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52799344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Audience response",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781168091",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5238652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059883"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46944353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
},
{
"display_name": "Best practice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184356942",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46579325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46363944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077"
},
{
"display_name": "Peer instruction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778714735",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45936483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160404"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37188125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Pedagogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19417346",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32965803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922"
}
] |
Note from the Editor Use of the audience response devices known as “clickers” is growing, particularly in large science courses at the university level, as evidence for the pedagogical value of this technology continues to accumulate, and competition between manufacturers drives technical improvements, increasing user-friendliness and decreasing prices. For those who have not yet tried teaching with clickers and may have heard unsettling stories about technical problems with earlier models, the decision to use them and the choice of an appropriate brand may be difficult. Moreover, like any classroom technology, clickers will not automatically improve teaching or enhance student learning. Clickers can be detrimental if poorly used, but highly beneficial if good practices are followed, as documented in a growing body of educational literature. In this Special Feature, we present two reviews that should assist instructors and teachers at all levels in taking the step toward clicker use and choosing an appropriate model. In the first, Barber and Njus compare the features, advantages, and disadvantages of the six leading brands of radio-frequency clicker systems. In the second, Caldwell reviews the pedagogical literature on clickers and summarizes some of the best practices for clicker use that have emerged from educational research. In a related article elsewhere in this issue, Prezsler et al. present the results of a study showing that clicker use can improve student learning and attitudes in both introductory and more advanced university biology courses.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::aid-smj882>3.0.co;2-z
|
branch of economics
|
Dynamic capabilities and strategic management
|
[
{
"display_name": "Competitor analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127576917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.87968946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6852067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Complementary assets",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776598745",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6503504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156422"
},
{
"display_name": "Asset (computer security)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76178495",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5769412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784"
},
{
"display_name": "Portfolio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780821815",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5516756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806"
},
{
"display_name": "Competitive advantage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58546491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5406816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5354775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic capabilities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780504989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49224606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2742037"
},
{
"display_name": "Balance (ability)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168031717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46101606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44112676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3355205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32256287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
}
] |
Strategic Management JournalVolume 18, Issue 7 p. 509-533 Research ArticleFree Access Dynamic capabilities and strategic management David J. Teece, Corresponding Author David J. Teece Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.Institute of Management, Innovation and Organization, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–1930, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorGary Pisano, Gary Pisano Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorAmy Shuen, Amy Shuen School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author David J. Teece, Corresponding Author David J. Teece Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.Institute of Management, Innovation and Organization, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–1930, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorGary Pisano, Gary Pisano Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorAmy Shuen, Amy Shuen School of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 04 December 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-ZCitations: 1,276AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The dynamic capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and capture by private enterprise firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. The competitive advantage of firms is seen as resting on distinctive processes (ways of coordinating and combining), shaped by the firm’s (specific) asset positions (such as the firm’s portfolio of difficult-to-trade knowledge assets and complementary assets), and the evolution path(s) it has adopted or inherited. The importance of path dependencies is amplified where conditions of increasing returns exist. Whether and how a firm’s competitive advantage is eroded depends on the stability of market demand, and the ease of replicability (expanding internally) and imitatability (replication by competitors). If correct, the framework suggests that private wealth creation in regimes of rapid technological change depends in large measure on honing internal technological, organizational, and managerial processes inside the firm. In short, identifying new opportunities and organizing effectively and efficiently to embrace them are generally more fundamental to private wealth creation than is strategizing, if by strategizing one means engaging in business conduct that keeps competitors off balance, raises rival’s costs, and excludes new entrants. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Citing Literature Volume18, Issue7August 1997Pages 509-533 RelatedInformation
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::aid-smj133>3.0.co;2-e
|
branch of economics
|
Dynamic capabilities: what are they?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dynamic capabilities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780504989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9030559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2742037"
},
{
"display_name": "Leverage (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64663845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic decision-making",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174988536",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5041493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318965"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45015875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44368705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4420352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44122764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Homogeneous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66882249",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43609336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource-based view",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669084",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4246233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382097"
},
{
"display_name": "Path dependence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779272642",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41695592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093521"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4165324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41374108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic pricing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779391423",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41286856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728"
},
{
"display_name": "Competitive advantage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58546491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3371296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32045364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Strategic Management JournalVolume 21, Issue 10-11 p. 1105-1121 Research ArticleFree Access Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Corresponding Author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 309 Terman, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Martin, Jeffrey A. Martin Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Corresponding Author Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 309 Terman, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey A. Martin, Jeffrey A. Martin Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 October 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-ECitations: 6,807AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract This paper focuses on dynamic capabilities and, more generally, the resource-based view of the firm. We argue that dynamic capabilities are a set of specific and identifiable processes such as product development, strategic decision making, and alliancing. They are neither vague nor tautological. Although dynamic capabilities are idiosyncratic in their details and path dependent in their emergence, they have significant commonalities across firms (popularly termed ‘best practice’). This suggests that they are more homogeneous, fungible, equifinal, and substitutable than is usually assumed. In moderately dynamic markets, dynamic capabilities resemble the traditional conception of routines. They are detailed, analytic, stable processes with predictable outcomes. In contrast, in high-velocity markets, they are simple, highly experiential and fragile processes with unpredictable outcomes. Finally, well-known learning mechanisms guide the evolution of dynamic capabilities. In moderately dynamic markets, the evolutionary emphasis is on variation. In high-velocity markets, it is on selection. At the level of RBV, we conclude that traditional RBV misidentifies the locus of long-term competitive advantage in dynamic markets, overemphasizes the strategic logic of leverage, and reaches a boundary condition in high-velocity markets. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. References Adler PS. 1999. Flexibility versus efficiency? A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization Science 10(1): 43– 68. Allen TJ. 1977. Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information within the R&D Organization. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. Allen TJ, Piepmeier JM, Cooney S. 1971. Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: The International Technological Gatekeeper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA. Amit R, Schoemaker PJH. 1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal 14(1): 33– 46. Ancona DG, Caldwell DF. 1992. Bridging the boundary: External process and performance in organizational teams. Administrative Science Quarterly 37(4): 634– 665. Argote L. 1999. Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge. Kluwer Academic: Boston, MA. Barney JB. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17(1): 99– 120. Barney JB. 1986. Organizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review 11(3): 656– 665. Brown SL, Eisenhardt KM. 1995. Product development: past research, present findings and future directions. Academy of Management Review 20(2): 343– 378. Brown SL, Eisenhardt KM. 1997. The art of continuous change: linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 42(1): 1– 34. Brown SL, Eisenhardt KM. 1998. Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured Chaos. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA. Brush TH, Bromiley P, Hendrickx M. 1999. The relative influence of industry and corporation on business segment performance: an alternative estimate. Strategic Management Journal 20(6): 519– 547. Burgelman RA. 1994. Fading memories: a process theory of strategic business exit in dynamic environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 39(1): 24– 56. Burgelman RA. 1996. A process model of strategic business exit. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 17: 193– 214. Burns T, Stalker GM. 1966. The Management of Innovation. 2nd edn, Associated Book Publishers: London. Capron L, Dussauge P, Mitchell W. 1998. Resource redeployment following horizontal acquisitions in Europe and North America, 1988–1992. Strategic Management Journal 19(7): 631– 661. Christensen C. 1997. Managing Innovation at NYPRO, Inc. (A) (B). Harvard Business School Publishing: Boston, MA. Clark KB, Fujimoto T. 1991. Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization, and Management in the World Auto Industry. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA. Cockburn I, Henderson R, Stern S. 2000. Untangling the origins of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal (this issue). Collis DJ, Montgomery CA. 1995. Competing on resources. Harvard Business Review 73(4): 118– 128. Collis DJ, Montgomery CA. 1998. Creating corporate advantage. Harvard Business Review 76(3): 70– 83. Conner KR, Prahalad CK. 1996. A resource-based theory of the firm: knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science 7(5): 477– 501. Cyert RM, March JG. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ. D'Aveni RA. 1994. Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering. Free Press: New York. Dougherty D. 1992. Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organization Science 3: 179– 202. Eisenhardt KM. 1989. Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal 32(3): 543– 576. Eisenhardt K, Sull D. 2001. What is strategy in the new economy? Harvard Business Review. (forthcoming). Eisenhardt KM, Bhatia MM. 2000. Organizational complexity and computation. In Companion to Organizations, JAC Baum (ed.). Blackwell: Oxford, UK. (forthcoming). Eisenhardt KM, Brown SL. 1999. Patching: restitching business portfolios in dynamic markets. Harvard Business Review 77(3): 72– 82. Eisenhardt KM, Galunic DC. 2000. Coevolving: at last, a way to make synergies work. Harvard Business Review 78(1): 91– 101. Eisenhardt KM, Tabrizi BN. 1995. Accelerating adaptive processes: product innovation in the global computer industry. Administrative Science Quarterly 40(1): 84– 110. Fredrickson JW. 1984. The comprehensiveness of strategic decision processes: extension, observations, future directions. Academy of Management Journal 27(3): 445– 467. Galunic DC, Eisenhardt KM. 2000. Architectural innovation and modular corporate forms. Working paper, 1-41. INSEAD/Stanford University, Fontainebleau and Stanford, CA. Galunic DC, Rodan S. 1998. Resource recombinations in the firm: knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation. Strategic Management Journal 19(12): 1193– 1201. Gersick CJG. 1994. Pacing strategic change: the case of a new venture. Academy of Management Journal 37(1): 9– 45. Graebner M. 1999. A review of recent research on mergers and acquisitions. Working paper, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Graebner M. 2000. Acquisitions of entrepreneurial firms. Working paper, 1-85. Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Grant RM. 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 17: 109– 122. Gulati R. 1999. Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal 20(5): 397– 420. Haleblian J, Finkelstein S. 1999. The influence of organizational acquisition experience on acquisition performance: a behavioral learning perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(1): 29– 56. Hansen MT. 1999. The search-transfer problem: the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly (March) 44: 82– 111. Hargadon A, Sutton RI. 1997. Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly 42(4): 716– 749. Hayward MLA. 1998. Is learning loopy? Evidence of when acquirers learn from their acquisition experiences. Working paper (LRP WP45/1998), London Business School, London. Hayward MLA. 2000. Acquirer learning from acquisition experience: evidence from 1985–1995. Working paper, London Business School, London. Helfat CE. 1997. Know-how and asset complementarity and dynamic capability accumulation. Strategic Management Journal 18(5): 339– 360. Helfat CE, Raubitschek RS. 2000. Product sequencing: co-evolution of knowledge, capabilities and products. Strategic Management Journal 21(10–11): 961– 979. Henderson R, Cockburn I. 1994. Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 15: 63– 84. Imai K, Ikujiro N, Takeuchi H. 1985. Managing the new product development process: how Japanese companies learn to unlearn. In The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity–Technology Dilemma, RH Hayes, K Clark, J Lorens (eds.). Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA; 337– 375. Judge WQ, Miller A. 1991. Antecedents and outcomes of decision speed in different environments. Academy of Management Journal 34(2): 449– 464. Kale P, Dyer JH, Singh H. 1999. Alliance capability, stock market response, and long term alliance success. Working paper, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI. Karim SZ, Mitchell W. 2000. Path-dependent and path-breaking change: reconfiguring business resources following acquisitions in the U.S. medical sector, 1978–1995. Strategic Management Journal 21(10–11): 1061– 1081. Katz R, Tushman ML. 1981. An investigation into the managerial roles and career paths of gatekeepers and project supervisors in a major R&D facility. R&D Management 11(3): 103– 110. Kauffman SA. 1995. At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. Oxford University Press: New York. Kim L. 1998. Crisis construction and organizational learning. Organization Science 9(4): 506– 521. Kogut B. 1996. What firms do? Coordination, identity, and learning. Organization Science 7(5): 502– 518. Kogut B, Zander U. 1992. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science 3: 383– 397. Lane PJ, Lubatkin M. 1998. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal 19(5): 461– 477. Larrson R, Finkelstein S. 1999. Integrating strategic, organizational, and human resource perspectives on mergers and acquisitions: a case survey of synergy realization. Organization Science 10(1): 1– 26. Lawrence PR, Lorsch JW. 1967. Organization and Environment; Managing Differentiation and Integration. Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration Harvard University: Boston, MA. Lengnick-Hall CA, Wolff JA. 1999. Similarities and contradictions in the core logic of three strategy research streams. Strategic Management Journal 20(12): 1109– 1132. Magretta J. 1998. The power of virtual integration: an interview with Dell Computer's Michael Dell. Harvard Business Review 76(2): 72– 84. Mahoney JT, Pandian JR. 1992. The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal 13(5): 363– 380. McGahan AM, Porter ME. 1997. How much does industry matter, really? Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 18: 15– 30. Milgrom P, Qian Y, Roberts J. 1991. Complementarities, momentum, and the evolution of modern manufacturing. American Economic Review 81(2): 84– 88. Milgrom P, Roberts J. 1990. The economics of modern manufacturing: technology, strategy, and organization. American Economic Review 80(3): 511– 528. Mosakowski E, McKelvey B. 1997. Predicting rent generation in competence-based competition. In Competence-Based Strategic Management, A Heene, R Sanchez (eds.). Chichester: Wiley; 65– 85. Nelson RR. 1991. Why do firms differ, and how does it matter? Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 12: 61– 74. Nelson R, Winter S. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap Press: Cambridge, MA. Penrose ET. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Wiley: New York. Peteraf MA. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal 14(3): 179– 191. Pisano GP. 1994. Knowledge, integration, and the locus of learning: an empirical analysis of process development. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 15: 85– 100. Porter ME. 1979. How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review 57(2): 137– 145. Porter ME. 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review 74(6): 61– 78. Powell WW, Koput KW, Smith-Doerr L. 1996. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 41(1): 116– 145. Prahalad CK, Hamel G. 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review 68(3): 79– 91. Priem RL, Butler JE. 2000. Is the resource-based ‘view’ a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review (forthcoming). Prigogine I, Stengers I. 1984. Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature. Bantam Books: New York. Ranft AL, Zeithaml CP. 1998. Preserving and transferring knowledge-based resources during post-acquisition implementation: a study of high-tech acquisitions. Working paper, College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Roberts PW. 1999. Product innovation, product-market competition and persistent profitability in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal 20(7): 655– 670. Roquebert JA, Phillips RL, Westfall PA. 1996. Markets vs. management. Strategic Management Journal 17(8): 653– 664. Rosenkopf L, Nerkar A. 1999. Beyond local search: boundary-spanning, exploration and impact in the optical disc industry. Working paper, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Sastry MA. 1999. Managing strategic innovation and change. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(2): 420– 422. Schmalensee R. 1985. Do markets differ much? American Economic Review 75(3): 341– 351. Schumpeter JA. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development. 7th edn (transl. Opie R) Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Simonin BL. 1999. Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal 20(7): 595– 623. Sitkin SB. 1992. Learning through failure: the strategy of small losses, In Research in Organizational Behavior, BM Staw, LL Cummings (eds.). Vol. 14: JAI Press: Greenwich, CT; 231– 266. Sull DN. 1999a. The dynamics of standing still: Firestone tire & rubber and the radial revolution. Business History Review 73 (Autumn): 430– 464. Sull DN. 1999b. Why good companies go bad. Harvard Business Review 77(4): 42– 52. Szulanski G. 1996. Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 17: 27– 43. Teece DJ, Pisano G, Shuen A. 1997. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal 18(7): 509– 533. Terwiesch C, Chea KS, Bohn RE. 1999. An exploratory study of international product transfer and production ramp-up in the data storage industry. Report 99-02, Information Storage Industry Center, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA. Wally S, Baum JR. 1994. Personal and structural determinants of the pace of strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal 37(4): 932– 956. Wernerfelt B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 5(2): 171– 180. Wernerfelt B. 1995. The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after. Strategic Management Journal 16(3): 171– 174. Wernerfelt B, Montgomery C. 1988. Tobin's q and the importance of focus in firm performance. American Economic Review 78(1): 246– 250. Wetlaufer S. 2000. Common sense and conflict: an interview with Disney's Michael Eisner. Harvard Business Review 78(1): 114– 124. Williamson OE. 1999. Strategy research: governance and competence perspectives. Strategic Management Journal 20(12): 1087– 1108. Winter SG, Szulanski G. 1999. Replication as strategy. Working paper, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Womack JP, Jones DT, Roos D. 1991. The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production. HarperCollins: New York. Zander U, Kogut B. 1995. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities. Organization Science 6(1): 76– 92. Zollo M, Singh H. 1998. The impact of knowledge codification, experience trajectories and integration strategies on the performance of corporate acquisitions. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, San Diego, CA. Zollo M, Winter S. 1999. From organizational routines to dynamic capabilities. Working paper WP 99-07, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Citing Literature Volume21, Issue10-11Special Issue: The Evolution of Firm CapabilitiesOctober ‐ November 2000Pages 1105-1121 ReferencesRelatedInformation
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
|
branch of economics
|
Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microfoundations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776589375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.98406196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1876068"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic capabilities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780504989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8093647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2742037"
},
{
"display_name": "Ambidexterity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106033793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6716024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q457332"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterprise systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146342590",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5324949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11606385"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51751494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4610663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4595683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterprise life cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82419060",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4435416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380394"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterprise software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185765463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44049558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318054"
},
{
"display_name": "Profit (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181622380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43339193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911"
},
{
"display_name": "Enterprise integration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53996427",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4226352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380387"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3234523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
}
] |
Abstract This paper draws on the social and behavioral sciences in an endeavor to specify the nature and microfoundations of the capabilities necessary to sustain superior enterprise performance in an open economy with rapid innovation and globally dispersed sources of invention, innovation, and manufacturing capability. Dynamic capabilities enable business enterprises to create, deploy, and protect the intangible assets that support superior long‐ run business performance. The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities—the distinct skills, processes, procedures, organizational structures, decision rules, and disciplines—which undergird enterprise‐level sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capacities are difficult to develop and deploy. Enterprises with strong dynamic capabilities are intensely entrepreneurial. They not only adapt to business ecosystems, but also shape them through innovation and through collaboration with other enterprises, entities, and institutions. The framework advanced can help scholars understand the foundations of long‐run enterprise success while helping managers delineate relevant strategic considerations and the priorities they must adopt to enhance enterprise performance and escape the zero profit tendency associated with operating in markets open to global competition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.4.97
|
branch of economics
|
Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8077306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental regulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985274072",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5765641,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55743194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Porter hypothesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777463520",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5564422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3077481"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5228574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4987948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48729956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental compliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777167514",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48524642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381201"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48417595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47744304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79119010",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45710975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315833"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909468537",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42880303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134560507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34239244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291"
}
] |
Accepting a fixed trade-off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress. Studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts, ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation. They typically overestimated compliance costs, neglected innovation offsets, and disregarded the affected industry's initial competitiveness. Rather than simply adding to cost, properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets, allowing companies to improve their resource productivity. Shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward. It is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/261404
|
branch of economics
|
The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration
|
[
{
"display_name": "Residual",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155512373",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6446287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450"
},
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63663155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Property rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86511162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6170832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58055526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Theory of the firm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78173224",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56158936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853178"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5553603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47327018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3804435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35350168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32585466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
Our theory of costly contracts emphasizes the contractual rights can by of two types: specific rights and residual rights. When it is costly to list all specific rights over assets in the contract, it may be optimal to let one party purchase all residual rights. Ownership is the purchase of these residual rights. When residual rights are purchased by one party, they are lost by a second party, and this inevitably creates distortions. Firm 1 purchases firm 2 when firm 1's control increases the productivity of its management more than the loss of control decreases the productivity of firm 2's management.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198774358.003.0005
|
branch of economics
|
Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77020377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6564219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6455318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54536253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Mill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16057445",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44612706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44494"
},
{
"display_name": "Organizational structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182566",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43599933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524"
},
{
"display_name": "Resource (disambiguation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206345919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4305558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35538507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32591432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
}
] |
Abstract The mark of a capitalistic society is that resources are owned and allocated by such nongovernmental organizations as firms, households, and markets. Resource owners increase productivity through cooperative specialization and this leads to the demand for economic organizations which facilitate co-operation. When a lumber mill employs a cabinetmaker, co-operation between specialists is achieved within a firm, and when a cabinetmaker purchases wood from a lumberman, the co-operation takes place across markets (or between firms). Two important problems face a theory of economic organization-to explain the conditions that determine whether the gains from specialization and cooperative production can better be obtained within an organization like the firm, or across markets, and to explain the structure of the organization.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2393549
|
branch of economics
|
Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms
|
[
{
"display_name": "Control reconfiguration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119701452",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80475694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5243578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Product (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5034241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40325242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38479227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36798263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
ThP tiaditinn-Tl catPgori ?:ation nf innovation as t^ithpr "inrrpnipntal " or "radical" is incomplete and fundanient al ly inisl eadi ng ."Generational" innovation - innovation that reconfigures a technical system without changing its elements -i^; qualitatively different from both incremental and radical innovation and often ha< important and unexpected organisational and competitive consequences.This paper defines generational innovation and illustrates the concept's explanatory force through an empirical study of the technical and competitive history of the semiconductor photolithographic alignment equipment industry.
|
C40700
|
Industrial organization
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171105
|
branch of economics
|
Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm
|
[
{
"display_name": "Appropriation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776931063",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74112874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781738"
},
{
"display_name": "Ambiguity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780522230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72113067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic rent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106866004",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6028697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264259"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776960227",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.590577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5698872,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorptive capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777724570",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5132084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4669907"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5024743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43519604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3826135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36649013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3412139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31627336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
}
] |
Abstract The ability to transfer best practices internally is critical to a firm's ability to build competitive advantage through the appropriation of rents from scarce internal knowledge. Just as a firm's distinctive competencies might be difficult for other firms to imitate, its best practices could be difficult to imitate internally. Yet, little systematic attention has been paid to such internal stickiness. The author analyzes internal stickiness of knowledge transfer and tests the resulting model using canonical correlation analysis of a data set consisting of 271 observations of 122 best‐practice transfers in eight companies. Contrary to conventional wisdom that blames primarily motivational factors, the study findings show the major barriers to internal knowledge transfer to be knowledge‐related factors such as the recipient's lack of absorptive capacity, causal ambiguity, and an arduous relationship between the source and the recipient.
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bioconductor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779694297",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.89814365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2888953"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8250735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Genome Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64015301",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7313581,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533480"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational genomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39238701",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6867446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091816"
},
{
"display_name": "Human genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47042493",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6291682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58568394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4838649,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4394774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38410485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
}
] |
Abstract The Bioconductor project is an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics. The goals of the project include: fostering collaborative development and widespread use of innovative software, reducing barriers to entry into interdisciplinary scientific research, and promoting the achievement of remote reproducibility of research results. We describe details of our aims and methods, identify current challenges, compare Bioconductor to other open bioinformatics projects, and provide working examples.
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.48.7.691-a
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
|
[
{
"display_name": "Carcinogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114246631",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7437975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187661"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48415285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46670175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42725855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30640706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Viral hepatitis in all its forms is a major public health problem throughout the world, affecting several hundreds of millions of people.Viral hepatitis is a cause of con- siderable morbidity and mortality both from acute infection and chronic sequelae which include, in the case of hepatitis B, C and D, chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis.Hep- atocellular carcinoma, which is one of the 10 commonest cancers worldwide, is closely associated with hepatitis B and, at least in some regions of the world, with hepatitis C
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000350094
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Depression (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776867660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76022726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941"
},
{
"display_name": "Major depressive disorder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780051608",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7486166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844"
},
{
"display_name": "Melancholic depression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781044885",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.618941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13512178"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.571676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5330908,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrine system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46699223",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52729034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078"
},
{
"display_name": "Melancholia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780783166",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5004401,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192077"
},
{
"display_name": "Osteoporosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776541429",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4933199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328"
},
{
"display_name": "Atypical depression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776571617",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47305954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2657784"
},
{
"display_name": "Adverse effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197934379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47234523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43241936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41838825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3694855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34715468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.339858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906"
}
] |
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with adverse medical consequences, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Patients with MDD may be classified as having melancholic, atypical, or undifferentiated features. The goal of the present study was to assess whether these clinical subtypes of depression have different endocrine and metabolic features and consequently, varying medical outcomes.
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg563
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "UniProt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202264299",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7566197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905695"
},
{
"display_name": "Proteomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46111723",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6489373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471857"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.621194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Web server",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11392498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52066386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11288"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49162298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "Multidisciplinary approach",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22467394",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42367318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40845257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40514648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40247583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39200357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37829894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37537593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
The ExPASy (the Expert Protein Analysis System) World Wide Web server (http://www.expasy.org), is provided as a service to the life science community by a multidisciplinary team at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). It provides access to a variety of databases and analytical tools dedicated to proteins and proteomics. ExPASy databases include SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL, SWISS-2DPAGE, PROSITE, ENZYME and the SWISS-MODEL repository. Analysis tools are available for specific tasks relevant to proteomics, similarity searches, pattern and profile searches, post-translational modification prediction, topology prediction, primary, secondary and tertiary structure analysis and sequence alignment. These databases and tools are tightly interlinked: a special emphasis is placed on integration of database entries with related resources developed at the SIB and elsewhere, and the proteomics tools have been designed to read the annotations in SWISS-PROT in order to enhance their predictions. ExPASy started to operate in 1993, as the first WWW server in the field of life sciences. In addition to the main site in Switzerland, seven mirror sites in different continents currently serve the user community.
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg500
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7520962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C88031987",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7190077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377767"
},
{
"display_name": "Software portability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63000827",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7092709,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428"
},
{
"display_name": "Phylogenetic tree",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193252679",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59846324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence alignment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45484198",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5970356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827246"
},
{
"display_name": "Web server",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11392498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50967693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11288"
},
{
"display_name": "Indel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119054055",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5089781,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576681"
},
{
"display_name": "Robustness (evolution)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63479239",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43479642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43411618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41554978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4093594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34283108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The Clustal series of programs are widely used in molecular biology for the multiple alignment of both nucleic acid and protein sequences and for preparing phylogenetic trees. The popularity of the programs depends on a number of factors, including not only the accuracy of the results, but also the robustness, portability and user-friendliness of the programs. New features include NEXUS and FASTA format output, printing range numbers and faster tree calculation. Although, Clustal was originally developed to run on a local computer, numerous Web servers have been set up, notably at the EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/).
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359125
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
Factors Affecting Wound Healing
|
[
{
"display_name": "Wound healing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780269544",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8797384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509074"
},
{
"display_name": "Hemostasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589496",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62591875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487937"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6206811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflammation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776914184",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5648133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40121943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Intensive care medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177713679",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36769414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690"
}
] |
Wound healing, as a normal biological process in the human body, is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. For a wound to heal successfully, all four phases must occur in the proper sequence and time frame. Many factors can interfere with one or more phases of this process, thus causing improper or impaired wound healing. This article reviews the recent literature on the most significant factors that affect cutaneous wound healing and the potential cellular and/or molecular mechanisms involved. The factors discussed include oxygenation, infection, age and sex hormones, stress, diabetes, obesity, medications, alcoholism, smoking, and nutrition. A better understanding of the influence of these factors on repair may lead to therapeutics that improve wound healing and resolve impaired wounds.
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.r200007-mcp200
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
The Human Plasma Proteome
|
[
{
"display_name": "Proteome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104397665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8385395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860947"
},
{
"display_name": "Proteomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46111723",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7815437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471857"
},
{
"display_name": "Human proteome project",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94795543",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.61057067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813754"
},
{
"display_name": "Human plasma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020134792",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5885425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79749"
},
{
"display_name": "Blood proteins",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146543888",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5627717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425056"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50464356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43098888,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Albumin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776125364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42614108,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169219"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
}
] |
The human plasma proteome holds the promise of a revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring provided that major challenges in proteomics and related disciplines can be addressed. Plasma is not only the primary clinical specimen but also represents the largest and deepest version of the human proteome present in any sample: in addition to the classical "plasma proteins," it contains all tissue proteins (as leakage markers) plus very numerous distinct immunoglobulin sequences, and it has an extraordinary dynamic range in that more than 10 orders of magnitude in concentration separate albumin and the rarest proteins now measured clinically. Although the restricted dynamic range of conventional proteomic technology (two-dimensional gels and mass spectrometry) has limited its contribution to the list of 289 proteins (tabulated here) that have been reported in plasma to date, very recent advances in multidimensional survey techniques promise at least double this number in the near future. Abundant scientific evidence, from proteomics and other disciplines, suggests that among these are proteins whose abundances and structures change in ways indicative of many, if not most, human diseases. Nevertheless, only a handful of proteins are currently used in routine clinical diagnosis, and the rate of introduction of new protein tests approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has paradoxically declined over the last decade to less than one new protein diagnostic marker per year. We speculate on the reasons behind this large discrepancy between the expectations arising from proteomics and the realities of clinical diagnostics and suggest approaches by which protein-disease associations may be more effectively translated into diagnostic tools in the future. The human plasma proteome holds the promise of a revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring provided that major challenges in proteomics and related disciplines can be addressed. Plasma is not only the primary clinical specimen but also represents the largest and deepest version of the human proteome present in any sample: in addition to the classical "plasma proteins," it contains all tissue proteins (as leakage markers) plus very numerous distinct immunoglobulin sequences, and it has an extraordinary dynamic range in that more than 10 orders of magnitude in concentration separate albumin and the rarest proteins now measured clinically. Although the restricted dynamic range of conventional proteomic technology (two-dimensional gels and mass spectrometry) has limited its contribution to the list of 289 proteins (tabulated here) that have been reported in plasma to date, very recent advances in multidimensional survey techniques promise at least double this number in the near future. Abundant scientific evidence, from proteomics and other disciplines, suggests that among these are proteins whose abundances and structures change in ways indicative of many, if not most, human diseases. Nevertheless, only a handful of proteins are currently used in routine clinical diagnosis, and the rate of introduction of new protein tests approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has paradoxically declined over the last decade to less than one new protein diagnostic marker per year. We speculate on the reasons behind this large discrepancy between the expectations arising from proteomics and the realities of clinical diagnostics and suggest approaches by which protein-disease associations may be more effectively translated into diagnostic tools in the future. Blood plasma is an exceptional proteome in many respects. It is the most complex human-derived proteome, containing other tissue proteomes as subsets. It is collected in huge amounts (millions of liters) for preparation of protein therapeutic products. It is the most difficult protein-containing sample to characterize on account of the large proportion of albumin (55%), the wide dynamic range in abundance of other proteins, and the tremendous heterogeneity of its predominant glycoproteins. And it is the most sampled proteome, with hundreds of millions of tubes withdrawn every year for medical diagnosis, making it clinically the most important. Proteins in plasma have been studied since before we knew genes existed.Having lived through the recent superlatives of the human genome effort(s) and the expectations these generated, it might be thought unwise to use such hyperbole in the more modest world of proteins and proteomics. In fact, the exceptional nature of plasma does not lead us to the sin of self-congratulation insofar as we are in no imminent danger of completing its analysis or even of making optimal use of its diagnostic possibilities. At this stage, the combination of extreme analytical difficulty with well founded hopes for radical improvements in disease diagnosis provides a strong case for increased research effort and in particular some systematic means of accelerating an exploration that has been in process for many decades while so far yielding only a handful of medically useful nuggets.Molecular biology, including the genome and proteome projects, is revolutionizing the biological and medical sciences, holding out the promise of both fully understanding and effectively treating all human diseases (1.Yudell M. DeSalle R. The Genomic Revolution: Unveiling the Unity of Life. Joseph Henry Press with the American Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C.2002Google Scholar). These projects epitomize the ultimate goal of reductionist biology, which is a complete analysis and description of living systems at the molecular level. In the one case quasi-completed so far (the human genome), billions of dollars were raised, tens if not hundreds of thousands of patents were filed, and new large integrated laboratories were constructed and operated on a crash basis. And yet this is now generally concluded to have been simply laying the foundation for proteomics, a field that requires completely different technologies, sympathy for a very different sort of molecules, and ultimately a very different scale. We are currently in the phase of seeking shortcuts through proteomics analogous to the path that shotgun sequencing blazed through the genome, but without any guarantee that one exists.Against this backdrop it may be useful to take a somewhat broader view than might be expected in a review of one particular proteome. Hence we have attempted to survey the larger context of the plasma proteome as well as the history and status of efforts to explore and use it medically. Finally, we have indulged in some speculation as to the kinds of efforts needed to reach the next stage in the analysis of plasma and its diagnostic applications.In what follows we use the term "plasma" to embrace all the protein components of the blood soluble phase (excluding cells) and not as a prescription for a specific sample processing technique. We could have referred instead to the "serum" proteome but chose plasma because it is in a sense the larger, parent collection from which other related samples are derived.DEFINING THE PLASMA PROTEOMEIn his classic series entitled The Plasma Proteins, Putnam (2.Putnam F.W. The Plasma Proteins Structure, Function, and Genetic Control. Academic Press, New York1975–1987Google Scholar defined true plasma proteins as those that carry out their functions in the circulation, thus excluding proteins that, for example, serve as messengers between tissues (e.g. peptide hormones) or that leak into the blood as a result of tissue damage (e.g. cardiac myoglobin released into plasma after a heart attack). This functional definition correctly emphasized the fact that proteins may appear in plasma for a variety of different reasons, but it also hints at the fact that different methods and approaches were originally responsible for discovery of these classes. The "proteome" (or "protein index") concept, which stems from analytical advances promising a broad inventory of proteins in biological samples, suggests instead that we should aim for a general analytical foundation for the plasma proteome as a whole and later extract functional (diagnostic) utility for various proteins based on results of large scale systematic data collection. Hence in this article we assume that there is a reason to discover, characterize, and routinely measure every protein present in human plasma to the limits of detection. This approach is generating something appropriately called the plasma proteome and distinct from the plasma proteins.Elaborating on Putnam's classification from a functional viewpoint, we can classify the protein content of plasma into the following design/function groups.Proteins Secreted by Solid Tissues and That Act in Plasma—The classical plasma proteins are largely secreted by the liver and intestines. A key aspect of plasma proteins is a native molecular mass larger than the kidney filtration cutoff (∼45 kDa) and thus an extended residence time in plasma (albumin, which is just larger than the cutoff, has a lifetime of about 21 days).Immunoglobulins—Although the antibodies typically function in plasma, they represent a unique class of proteins because of their complexity: there are thought to be on the order of 10 million different sequences of antibodies in circulation in a normal adult."Long Distance" Receptor Ligands—The classical peptide and protein hormones are included in this group. These proteins come in a range of sizes, which may indicate a range of time scales for their control actions (i.e. rapid adjustment with small hormones such as insulin and slower adjustments with larger hormones such as erythropoietin)."Local" Receptor Ligands—These include cytokines and other short distance mediators of cellular responses. In general these proteins have native molecular weights under the kidney filtration cutoff (and hence relatively short residence times in plasma) and appear to be designed to mediate local interactions between cells followed by dilution into plasma at ineffective levels. High plasma levels may cause deleterious effects remote from the site of synthesis, e.g. sepsis.Temporary Passengers—These include non-hormone proteins that traverse the plasma compartment temporarily on their way to their site of primary function, e.g. lysosomal proteins that are secreted and then taken up via a receptor for sequestration in the lysosomes.Tissue Leakage Products—These are proteins that normally function within cells but can be released into plasma as a result of cell death or damage. These proteins include many of the most important diagnostic markers, e.g. cardiac troponins, creatine kinase, or myoglobin used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.Aberrant Secretions—These proteins are released from tumors and other diseased tissues, presumably not as a result of a functional requirement of the organism. These include cancer markers, which may be normal, non-plasma-accessible proteins expressed, secreted, or released into plasma by tumor cells.Foreign Proteins—These are proteins of infectious organisms or parasites that are released into, or exposed to, the circulation.Given this variety of classes of protein components, how many "proteins" are likely to be present in plasma? A reasonable calculation could be proposed in three stages. First, assume as a base line that there is a modest number (say 500) of true "plasma proteins" (the first group indicated above) and that each of these is present in 20 variously glycosylated forms (since most plasma proteins are heavily glycosylated) and in five different sizes (including precursors, "mature" forms, degradation products, and splice variants), yielding a total of 50,000 molecular forms. A second large set of components is contributed by tissue leakage: this is effectively the entire human proteome (say 50,000 gene products), each of these gene products having (on average) 10 splice variants, post-translational modifications, or cleavage products, yielding a further 500,000 protein forms. Finally consider the immunoglobulin class as containing perhaps 10,000,000 different sequences. At least in principal, plasma is thus the most comprehensive and the largest version of the human proteome. In comparison with the genome, its degree of complexity is reminiscent of the real number line as compared with the integers: in other words its complexity is not simply n-fold that of the genome but exists on another level entirely. This immense complexity does not doom current efforts to failure, however, because the measurement methods in many cases automatically simplify the picture, collapsing most of the fine variation to yield measurements of all the forms of a protein as one value or at most as a few special classes.Serum, the protein solution remaining after plasma (or whole blood) is allowed to clot, is very similar to plasma: prothrombin is cleaved to thrombin, fibrinogen is removed (to form the clot), and a limited series of other protein changes (mainly proteolytic cleavages) take place. We use the term plasma preferentially to refer to the soluble proteome of the blood because it is the parent mixture and because there may be persuasive reasons to avoid an in vitro proteolysis process (which may unexpectedly alter some proteins) as part of the preferred sample acquisition protocol.At present we do not know much about the detailed relationship between plasma (the routinely available sample), the much larger extracellular fluid compartment (∼17 liters in the average person but practically unsampleable), and the lymph derived from extracellular fluid. Roughly 2.5 liters of lymph flow through the thoracic duct into the blood each day plus another 500 ml through other channels, bringing into the blood much of the protein output of organs like muscles or the liver. Although the total protein concentration of thoracic duct lymph is only about half that of plasma (and must generally be so to support the Starling equilibrium governing fluid transport out of the capillaries), it transports a great deal of protein and in particular contains 5–10 times as much lipoprotein as plasma. A comprehensive examination of the relationship between lymph and plasma by proteomics methods remains to be done.A series of other body fluids including cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and urine (the ultimate destination of most of the <60-kDa protein material in plasma) share some of the protein content of plasma with specific local additions that reveal interesting clinical information. Unfortunately, these samples are more difficult to obtain in a useful state than plasma: collection of cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are invasive procedures involving pain and some risk, while urine is more difficult to process to a useful sample quickly in a clinical setting (centrifugation to remove cells that can lyse if left in suspension, prevention of microbial growth, and concentration).Is there only one plasma proteome, or are there many: arterial, venous, capillary, capillary in different tissues, etc.? This question is, in many ways, one of timing. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that there is a central volume of vascular blood that circulates (and is presumably mixed) fairly quickly: the almost immediate appearance in most organs of magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography imaging contrast agents injected as bolus doses into the venous circulation attests to a very rapid (seconds to a minute) homogenization of this volume of blood. Exchange with the larger volume of blood that is not in the major vessels takes longer and depends on transport of blood through the whole path of arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins and back through the heart. This process generally has a time scale of minutes to a few hours depending on the molecular weight of the protein and on the flow of extracellular fluid from the site of manufacture either to a nearby capillary or to the lymphatics. We would thus expect the "immediacy" of a protein marker in plasma to depend on its site of origin with time scales of minutes to hours possible for different molecules and sites.A further important feature of the plasma proteome is that it is the furthest removed, among tissue proteomes, from the mRNA level. While many of the major plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver (and comprise many of its most abundant mRNAs (3.Anderson L. Seilhamer J. A comparison of selected mRNA and protein abundances in human liver.Electrophoresis. 1997; 18: 533-537Google Scholar), it is known that their plasma levels correlate only poorly with message abundance in liver (4.Kawamoto S. Matsumoto Y. Mizuno K. Okubo K. Matsubara K. Expression profiles of active genes in human and mouse livers.Gene (Amst.). 1996; 174: 151-158Google Scholar and presumably even more poorly for proteins synthesized in smaller organs (individually or collectively). For these reasons, plasma is a biological system that can only be approached with protein methods and thus remains beyond the scope of DNA- or RNA-based diagnostics.HISTORY OF SYSTEMATIC EXPLORATIONThe exploration of the plasma proteome can be divided roughly into six phases: 1) the earliest investigations before the nature of proteins was understood, 2) the era of fractionation (chemical methods), 3) the era of enzymes (biochemical methods), 4) the era of monoclonal antibodies (molecular biology), 5) the era of proteomics (separation technologies), and 6) the era of genomics (predictive proteomics). These approaches overlap in time and are arranged here in only a loosely historical order.Early History and Chemical Methods (Fractionation)Blood was first emphasized diagnostically by Hippocrates, who proposed that disease was due to an imbalance of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The importance of this idea was to propose a physical cause, and not a divine one, for human disease, and it remained basic to medical practice for over a thousand years. With Wohler's synthesis of urea in 1828, the distinction between living matter and chemicals began to disappear, and with the enunciation of the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann, the question of the location of disease could be productively revisited: Virchow described the cellular (as opposed to humoral) basis of disease and finally put an end to phlebotomy as general therapy.Despite not being a humor or "vital principle," plasma remained a subject of interest throughout this period: in the 1830s Liebig and Mulder analyzed a substance called "albumin," in 1862 Schmidt coined the term "globulin" for the proteins that were insoluble in pure water, and in 1894 Gurber crystallized horse serum albumin (5.Putnam F.W. Putnam F.W. The Plasma Proteins Structure, Function, and Genetic Control. Academic Press, New York1975–1987: 1-55Google Scholar. Within the last 100 years, two groups revolutionized plasma protein chemistry. One was the group of Cohn (6.Cohn E.J. The history of plasma fractionation.Adv. Mil. Med. 1948; 1: 364-443Google Scholar and Edsall working on the preparation and fractionation of plasma; during the Second World War, they generated large amounts of albumin and gamma globulin for therapeutic use. The methods they developed are still used in the plasma fractionation industry described below. The second was the Behring Institute, which, using an unusual rivanol precipitation technique, discovered and prepared numerous human plasma proteins, made antibodies against them, and distributed these world wide (7.Schultze H.E. Heremans J.F. Molecular Biology of Human Proteins with Special Reference to Plasma Proteins. Elsevier, New York1966Google Scholar. This latter work, and the development of simple immunological methods for analysis, meant that researchers around the world could readily discover new correlations between the amounts of specific proteins and disease.Enzyme ActivitiesEnzyme activities were detectable in body fluids long before the enzyme proteins could be isolated and studied (8.Moss D.W. Henderson A.R. Burtis C.A. Ashwood E.R. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA1999: 617-721Google Scholar. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were related to bone disease and prostate cancer, respectively, in the decades before 1950, and in 1955 the enzyme now called aspartate aminotransferase was detected in serum following acute myocardial infarction. The attraction of enzymes as analytes is the sensitivity with which the products of an enzymatic reaction can be detected and the lack of any necessity to fractionate the sample. Serum "chemistry analyzers" represented some of the first fruits of automation in clinical medicine and made possible the concept of batteries of tests rather than one or a very few tests ordered by the astute diagnostician. These evolved from the autoanalyzer developed by Leonard Skeggs (9.Skeggs Jr., L.T. Persistence and prayer: from the artificial kidney to the AutoAnalyzer.Clin. Chem. 2000; 46: 1425-1436Google Scholar in the 1950s and commercialized by Technicon, through computer-controlled instruments such as the centrifugal fast analyzer (10.Anderson N.G. Computer interfaced fast analyzers.Science. 1969; 166: 317-324Google Scholar, to the very sophisticated integrated instrument/reagent systems of today. Up to the present time, enzyme assays persist for protein markers of liver toxicity because they are so inexpensive relative to immunoassays (whose development requires development of specific antibody reagents instead of simple chemical substrates).Enzyme assays have the advantage over all the other assay methods that they measure level of function rather than amount of a molecule: unfortunately many of the enzyme activities measured in plasma probably do not have a physiological function there but rather represent leakage of protein from tissues. Additional drawbacks of enzymatic assays are the difficulty of obtaining an estimate of the mass of protein involved (since results are in activity units), the difficulty of associating some activities with a single protein and hence with a specific source, and the lack of isotype information unless some electrophoretic or other separation precedes the enzyme detection. In any case, since a large proportion of proteins in plasma and elsewhere are not enzymes, alternative means are required to discover and measure them.Antibodies and Monoclonal AntibodiesAll proteins have unique surface shapes, and antibodies are nature's answer to accurate shape recognition. It appears to be possible to make a specific antibody to any protein provided that pure protein is available to immunize an animal (the inverse of the limitation encountered with enzymes). Proteins purified by fractionation are useful as antigens for the preparation of classical rabbit and goat polyclonal antibodies, and these antibodies provide the basis for simple immunochemical tests for each protein (e.g. radial immunodiffusion, rocket electrophoresis, or more recently automated nephelometry) as well as more complex and sensitive sandwich assays with enzymatic or radiochemical detection. These technologies provide a general solution (as demonstrated by the Behring Institute) to the problem of measuring one or more proteins individually in large numbers of samples provided that relatively pure protein is available in significant quantities as antigen.The requirement for an isolated antigen was circumvented, however, following the introduction of monoclonal mouse antibodies by Kohler and Milstein (11.Kohler G. Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.Nature. 1975; 256: 495-497Google Scholar in 1975. The general supposition, confirmed in many situations, is that a monoclonal "sees" a specific epitope that is likely to occur on one protein (or potentially on its very close relatives). The antibody thus serves as a ready-made detection reagent for constructing a specific assay, a potential drug (if the epitope is on a therapeutic target), and an immunoadsorbent useful for isolating the protein from plasma. Many different monoclonals can be produced after immunization with a complex antigen mixture (which can be a tissue or a body fluid), and one can test each to determine whether it sees an antigen that can distinguish diseased samples from normal ones for example. The approach can be likened to screening a library of chemicals against a protein target to discover most new drugs: it is allows one to be lucky if not smart.As a protein (or more properly, epitope) discovery process, the monoclonal approach was more useful in the discovery of new tissue antigens shed into plasma than in finding new plasma proteins. The reason is presumably that many immunodominant proteins are present at very high abundance in plasma, while tissue extracts are not so rich in a few already known antigens. Thus, for example, many of the newer monoclonal-based cancer detection tests are used clinically before the underlying protein is identified by sequence or gene. A striking example of this phenomenon is cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), 1The abbreviations used are: CA, cancer antigen; 2-DE, two-dimensional electrophoresis; LC, liquid chromatography; Ig, immunoglobulin; MS, mass spectrometry; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization; TOF, time of flight; ESI, electrospray ionization; GC, gas chromatography; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; CLIA, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments; CV, coefficient of variation. used in the diagnosis of ovarian and other cancers. First reported in 1984 (12.Bast Jr., R.C. Klug T.L. St. John E. Jenison E. Niloff J.M. Lazarus H. Berkowitz R.S. Leavitt T. Griffiths C.T. Parker L. Zurawski Jr., V.R. Knapp R.C. A radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody to monitor the course of epithelial ovarian cancer.N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 883-887Google Scholar, this protein marker is in widespread clinical use and has been the subject of more than 2,000 scientific publications, yet its sequence was not elucidated until recently (13.O'Brien T.J. Beard J.B. Underwood L.J. Dennis R.A. Santin A.D. York L. The CA 125 gene: an extracellular superstructure dominated by repeat sequences.Tumor Biol. 2001; 22: 348-366Google Scholar in part because the protein is huge: more than a million daltons. Such monoclonal-based discoveries exist initially outside the boundaries of the current genomic/proteomic space. When markers of this type are identified, it is sometimes the case that two epitopes (for which there may be competing commercial tests) are on the same molecule. The CA 27.29, CA 15-3, and CASA assays, for example, all recognize antigenic determinants on the MUC1 mucin protein (14.Devine P.L. McGuckin M.A. Quin R.J. Ward B.G. Serum markers CASA and CA 15-3 in ovarian cancer: all MUC1 assays are not the same.Tumor Biol. 1994; 15: 337-344Google Scholar, 15.Cheung K.L. Graves C.R. Robertson J.F. Tumour marker measurements in the diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer.Cancer Treat. Rev. 2000; 26: 91-102Google Scholar). Current attempts to invert the monoclonal antibody generation process (i.e. expecting to make good antibodies to a list of specific proteins rather than embracing whatever the immune system selects as immunogenic in a mixture) have revealed that antibodies in general are idiosyncratic and not analogous to oligonucleotide probes in their painless generality.Profiling and ProteomicsThe use of analytical separations to look at the plasma proteome parallels very closely the development of the separations themselves: plasma is always among the first samples to be examined. Shortly after Svedberg, using the analytical ultracentrifuge, found that proteins had unique molecular weights, Tiselius found that serum could be fractionated into multiple components on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. His method of electrophoresis, first in liquid and then later in anticonvective media such as paper, cellulose acetate, starch, agarose, and polyacrylamide, has dominated the separative side of plasma proteome work until very recently, evolving through a series of one- and two-dimensional systems and finally to combinations with chromatography and mass spectrometry that generalize to n-dimensions. This evolution has resulted in an almost constant exponential increase in resolved protein species for the past 70 years (Fig. 1) within which one can distinguish at least three separate phases arising as increasingly complex separations were required to continue forward progress. We do not review in detail the "one-dimensional" phase of this development but begin with the era of "proteomics" and two-dimensional gels, which for 20 years have been the core of proteomic technology and the source of most published work on the plasma proteome.Two-dimensional ElectrophoresisSoon after the introduction of high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in 1975 by Klose (16.Klose J. Protein mapping by combined isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of mouse tissues. A novel approach to testing for induced point mutations in mammals.Humangenetik. 1975; 26: 231-243Google Scholar), O'Farrell (17.O'Farrell P.H. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins.J. Biol. Chem. 1975; 250: 4007-4021Google Scholar), and others, the technique was applied to the plasma proteins by the present authors (18.Anderson L. Anderson N.G. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977; 74: 5421-5425Google Scholar) with the result that the number of resolved species increased to 300 or more. The 2-DE map of human plasma that resulted is recognizably the same as those produced later by many investigators: in contrast to cell
|
C60644358
|
Bioinformatics
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000444053
|
study of biological data and sequences
|
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Potential Role in Cardiometabolic Disease in Children
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7384523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Insulin resistance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777391703",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69060063,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470"
},
{
"display_name": "Glycation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147990577",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6449011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25790"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6361476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136"
},
{
"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6151655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60722566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Metabolic syndrome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780578515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5773907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657193"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47255537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780942790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47064465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016"
},
{
"display_name": "Endothelial dysfunction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780972559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44585446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550061"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioinformatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60644358",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4194494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570"
},
{
"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41523364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34935367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Physiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42407357",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32318652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521"
},
{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30709943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606"
}
] |
The rising incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in adolescents and young adults is of grave concern. Recent studies favor a role of lifestyle factors over genetics in the perpetuation of inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress, which are pathophysiologic processes common to the above diseases; furthermore, the importance of dietary factors in addition to calories and physical activity in these processes is being increasingly recognized. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) belong to a category of dietary oxidants which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, β-cell failure and endothelial dysfunction. This paper reviews the studies of AGEs with a focus on their role in cardiometabolic disease in children. A Medline search was performed using the key words ‘childhood obesity', ‘metabolic syndrome' and ‘advanced glycation end products'. Articles published in English between 1975 and 2015 and their references were reviewed. While most studies were performed in adults, a few studies also demonstrated a role of AGEs in obesity and associated cardiometabolic comorbidities in the younger population. Available evidence suggests an involvement of AGEs in the pathogenesis of adiposity and β-cell failure in children. Potential areas for further research to investigate underlying mechanisms are proposed.
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000448662
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
Occlusal Caries: Biological Approach for Its Diagnosis and Management
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dentistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7544015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128"
},
{
"display_name": "Carious lesion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909948168",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6759875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133772"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6464661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188126409",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60323995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641973"
},
{
"display_name": "Biofilm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58123911",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54019535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467410"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779263046",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52724046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189637"
},
{
"display_name": "Permanent dentition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019236786",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4317805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094885"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41111228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
}
] |
To follow-up teeth with deep caries lesions submitted to incomplete caries removal over a 10-year period.27 subjects (32 permanent posterior teeth) with deep caries lesions composed the sample. In this single-arm long-term prospective study, the inclusion criteria were risk of pulp exposure during caries excavation, positive response to the cold test, absence of spontaneous pain or sensitivity during percussion, and radiographic absence of a periapical lesion. Subjects were submitted to the following procedures: complete caries removal from the surrounding cavity walls, incomplete caries removal from the pulpal wall, capping with a calcium hydroxide cement, and sealing with a modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement. After 6-7 months, the temporary sealing was removed for methodological purposes (no further excavation was performed), and teeth were capped with a calcium hydroxide cement and filled with resin composite. Clinical and radiographic assessments were conducted after 6-7 months, 1.5, 3, 5 and 10 years. Success was defined as clinical and radiographic signs and symptoms of pulp sensitivity while failure was defined as endodontic treatment need.Over 10 years, one tooth was excluded from the sample (pulp exposure during treatment), five were lost to recall, 10 had therapy failure (five fractures and four necroses leading to endodontic treatment need, and one extraction) and 16 had therapy success (pulp sensitivity). Overall survival rates were 97%, 90%, 82% and 63% at 1.5-, 3-, 5- and 10-year follow-ups, respectively. Teeth with two or more restored surfaces failed significantly more than teeth with one restored surface (P= 0.01).
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjs071
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
Contemporary Orthodontics (2012)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68430257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5193559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46496752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Editors: William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields Jr., and David M. Sarver. Publisher: Mosby Price: £96.99 ISBN: 032308317X Number of pages: 768
As has become customary for all of the previous editions, this book represents a valuable teaching resource for all students interested in orthodontics. The previous editions have needed no real introduction, and this edition also adds to the reputation of the authors. It consists of 19 chapters over 724 pages (excluding the index). A major step forward is the availability of the book and images on the internet. This is a major development for which the …
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199507000-00012
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
The value of the tip-apex distance in predicting failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures of the hip.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Magnification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4144372",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7346664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675287"
},
{
"display_name": "Apex (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67139541",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6989824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858200"
},
{
"display_name": "Fixation (population genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146249460",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6614331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991"
},
{
"display_name": "Femoral head",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779100257",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59381974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582849"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5829729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36454342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57642114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341"
},
{
"display_name": "Lag screw",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019787365",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5055504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11022"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47235143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35844058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30952957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
}
] |
Failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures that have been treated with a fixed-angle sliding hip-screw device is frequently related to the position of the lag screw in the femoral head. A simple measurement has been developed to describe the position of the screw. This measurement, the tip-apex distance, is the sum of the distance from the tip of the lag screw to the apex of the femoral head on an anteroposterior radiograph and this distance on a lateral radiograph, after controlling for magnification. To determine the value of this measurement in the prediction of so-called cutout of the lag screw, 198 peritrochanteric fractures (193 patients) were studied. The minimum duration of follow-up was three months (average, thirteen months), during which period all of the fractures either healed or had failure of the fixation. Of the nineteen failures that were identified, sixteen were due to the device cutting out of the femoral head. The average tip-apex distance was twenty-four millimeters (range, nine to sixty-three millimeters) for the successfully treated fractures compared with thirty-eight millimeters (range, twenty-eight to forty-eight millimeters) for those in which the screw cut out (p = 0.0001). None of the 120 screws with a tip-apex distance of twenty-five millimeters or less cut out, but there was a very strong statistical relationship between an increasing tip-apex distance and the rate of cutout, regardless of all other variables related to the fracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8783973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Dentistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7615253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128"
},
{
"display_name": "Tooth surface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020197141",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63790953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6621541"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4627981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Dental restoration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781431781",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42282742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907359"
}
] |
Abstract – This paper describes early findings of evaluations of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) conducted by the Detroit Center for Research on Oral Health Disparities (DCR‐OHD). The lack of consistency among the contemporary criteria systems limits the comparability of outcomes measured in epidemiological and clinical studies. The ICDAS criteria were developed by an international team of caries researchers to integrate several new criteria systems into one standard system for caries detection and assessment. Using ICDAS in the DCR‐OHD cohort study, dental examiners first determined whether a clean and dry tooth surface is sound, sealed, restored, crowned, or missing. Afterwards, the examiners classified the carious status of each tooth surface using a seven‐point ordinal scale ranging from sound to extensive cavitation. Histological examination of extracted teeth found increased likelihood of carious demineralization in dentin as the ICDAS codes increased in severity. The criteria were also found to have discriminatory validity in analyses of social, behavioral and dietary factors associated with dental caries. The reliability of six examiners to classify tooth surfaces by their ICDAS carious status ranged between good to excellent (kappa coefficients ranged between 0.59 and 0.82). While further work is still needed to define caries activity, validate the criteria and their reliability in assessing dental caries on smooth surfaces, and develop a classification system for assessing preventive and restorative treatment needs, this early evaluation of the ICDAS platform has found that the system is practical; has content validity, correlational validity with histological examination of pits and fissures in extracted teeth; and discriminatory validity.
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000089346.85744.d9
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
Valgus Knee Motion during Landing in High School Female and Male Basketball Players
|
[
{
"display_name": "Valgus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781017183",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9341134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7911553"
},
{
"display_name": "Basketball",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103189561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6526231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.61479115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Athletes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781054738",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5857992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730"
},
{
"display_name": "ACL injury",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781170992",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5308636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18912826"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39920418",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5226231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476"
},
{
"display_name": "Knee Joint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908736133",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50168896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37425"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50164056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005"
},
{
"display_name": "Anterior cruciate ligament",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778434673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45170534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611127"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43810567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39807734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
}
] |
FORD, K. R., G. D. MYER, and T. E. HEWETT. Valgus Knee Motion during Landing in High School Female and Male Basketball Players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 1745–1750, 2003. Purpose The purpose of this study was to utilize three-dimensional kinematic (motion) analysis to determine whether gender differences existed in knee valgus kinematics in high school basketball athletes when performing a landing maneuver. The hypothesis of this study was that female athletes would demonstrate greater valgus knee motion (ligament dominance) and greater side-to-side (leg dominance) differences in valgus knee angle at landing. These differences in valgus knee motion may be indicative of decreased dynamic knee joint control in female athletes. Methods Eighty-one high school basketball players, 47 female and 34 male, volunteered to participate in this study. Valgus knee motion and varus-valgus angles during a drop vertical jump (DVJ) were calculated for each subject. The DVJ maneuver consisted of dropping off of a box, landing and immediately performing a maximum vertical jump. The first landing phase was used for the analysis. Results Female athletes landed with greater total valgus knee motion and a greater maximum valgus knee angle than male athletes. Female athletes had significant differences between their dominant and nondominant side in maximum valgus knee angle. Conclusion The absence of dynamic knee joint stability may be responsible for increased rates of knee injury in females but is not normally measured in athletes before participation. No method for accurate and practical screening and identification of athletes at increased risk of ACL injury is currently available to target those individuals that would benefit from neuromuscular training before sports participation. Prevention of female ACL injury from five times to equal the rate of males would allow tens of thousands of young females to avoid the potentially devastating effects of ACL injury on their athletic careers.
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-1936-5
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
The Chitranjan Ranawat Award: Is Neutral Mechanical Alignment Normal for All Patients?: The Concept of Constitutional Varus
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87248147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Asymptomatic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777910003",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5827204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50279164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.419001,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31217954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
Most knee surgeons have believed during TKA neutral mechanical alignment should be restored. A number of patients may exist, however, for whom neutral mechanical alignment is abnormal. Patients with so-called "constitutional varus" knees have had varus alignment since they reached skeletal maturity. Restoring neutral alignment in these cases may in fact be abnormal and undesirable and would likely require some degree of medial soft tissue release to achieve neutral alignment.We investigated what percentage of the normal population has constitutional varus knees and what are the contributing factors.We recruited a cohort of 250 asymptomatic adult volunteers between 20 and 27 years old for this cross-sectional study. All volunteers had full-leg standing digital radiographs on which 19 alignment parameters were analyzed. The incidence of constitutional varus alignment was determined and contributing factors were analyzed using multivariate prediction models.Thirty-two percent of men and 17% of women had constitutional varus knees with a natural mechanical alignment of 3° varus or more. Constitutional varus was associated with increased sports activity during growth, increased femoral varus bowing, an increased varus femoral neck-shaft angle, and an increased femoral anatomic mechanical angle.An important fraction of the normal population has a natural alignment at the end of growth of 3° varus or more. This might be a consequence of Hueter-Volkmann's law. Restoration of mechanical alignment to neutral in these cases may not be desirable and would be unnatural for them.
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199407001-00010
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
Radiographic Analysis of Sagittal Plane Alignment and Balance in Standing Volunteers and Patients with Low Back Pain Matched for Age, Sex, and Size
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91394657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Lordosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780901121",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8034206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744305"
},
{
"display_name": "Sagittal plane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178910020",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77534044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36454342",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6062968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341"
},
{
"display_name": "Sacrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779455797",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59356093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233316"
},
{
"display_name": "Lumbar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44575665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49890828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405"
},
{
"display_name": "Balance (ability)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168031717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48568353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280"
},
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47741306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Kyphosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779418094",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47640765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478389"
},
{
"display_name": "Lumbar lordosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908684587",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47587648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744305"
},
{
"display_name": "Back pain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776501849",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4496239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5781808"
},
{
"display_name": "Pelvis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778357063",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44493946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102"
},
{
"display_name": "Low back pain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780907711",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43539673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852163"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37405556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
}
] |
Study Design. A globe and segmental study on standing lateral radiographs of 100 volunteers and 100 patients who had low back pain was undertaken to further define sagittal plane alignment and balance. The volunteer control group and the patient group were matched for age, sex, and size. Methods. Measurements and determinations made on the standing radiographs included the following: segmental and total lordosis L1-S1 (Cobb method); thoracic kyphosis; thoracic apex; plumbline dropped from the center of C7; and sacral inclination measured between the plumbline and a line drawn along the back of the proximal sacrum. Results. Segmental lordoses were significantly different between each motion segment in both groups. Approximately two-thirds of total lordosis occurred at the bottom two discs, i.e., L4–5 and L5-S1. Total lordosis was significantly less in the patients and was not age- or sex-related in either group. Patients tended to stand with less distal segmental lordosis, but more proximal lumbar lordosis, a more vertical sacrum and, therefore, more hip extension. This may be related to compensation as C7 sagittal plumb lines were comparable in both groups. Both groups had similar thoracic kyphosis. A much higher percenttage of smokers was found in the low back pain patient population studied. Because of the significant amount of angulation in the lower lumbar spine, measurement of lordosis should include the L5-S1 motion segment and be done standing to better assess balance. Sacral inclination is a determinate of both standing pelvic rotation and hip extension. It is strongly correlated with segmental and total lordosis in both volunteers and patients. Conclusions. Definitions of sagittal balance are provided as well additional sagittal plane data by which to compare corrections and fusions for different spinal disorders.
|
C29694066
|
Orthodontics
|
https://doi.org/10.48037/mbmj.v4i1.723
|
specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns
|
Contemporary orthodontics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Orthodontics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29694066",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6306565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34055692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |

 
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5243.1789
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Acceptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779892579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7641239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912138"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72821844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Heterojunction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79794668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71836966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616270"
},
{
"display_name": "Fullerene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162862793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66450053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178026"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6460514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5730695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Phenylene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776026683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5367139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43342"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy conversion efficiency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206991015",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.531448,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer solar cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66187686",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5003412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888"
},
{
"display_name": "Charge carrier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104232198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4959465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865807"
},
{
"display_name": "Optoelectronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47984788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron acceptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2900893",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47479457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231592"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40918946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
}
] |
The carrier collection efficiency (η c ) and energy conversion efficiency (η e ) of polymer photovoltaic cells were improved by blending of the semiconducting polymer with C 60 or its functionalized derivatives. Composite films of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) and fullerenes exhibit η c of about 29 percent of electrons per photon and η e of about 2.9 percent, efficiencies that are better by more than two orders of magnitude than those that have been achieved with devices made with pure MEH-PPV. The efficient charge separation results from photoinduced electron transfer from the MEH-PPV (as donor) to C 60 (as acceptor); the high collection efficiency results from a bicontinuous network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions.
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9272
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange
|
[
{
"display_name": "Formamidinium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775959666",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9591495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423088"
},
{
"display_name": "Iodide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778870691",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92053705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44794658"
},
{
"display_name": "Perovskite (structure)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155011858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8188975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036449"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6851586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Intramolecular force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75079739",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.548682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571801"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy conversion efficiency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206991015",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47447947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46258163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4492973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4469586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4173065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31871665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
}
] |
Taking in more sun Most efforts to grow superior films of organic-inorganic perovskites for solar cells have focused on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ). However, formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI 3 ) has a broader solar absorption spectrum that could ultimately lead to better performance. Yang et al. grew high-quality FAPbI 3 films by starting with a film of lead iodide and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and then exchanging the DMSO with formamidinium iodide. Their best devices achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20%. Science , this issue p. 1234
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200448
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Increasing Solar Absorption for Photocatalysis with Black Hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65165184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.83436906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831"
},
{
"display_name": "Titanium dioxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777593239",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82529116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6856881,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Dopant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191952053",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56763566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15119237"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.535213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5146009,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanocrystal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175854130",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5128415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98276914"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultraviolet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776798109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47578776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391"
},
{
"display_name": "Reagent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40875361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47503024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356542"
},
{
"display_name": "Band gap",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181966813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4429191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806352"
},
{
"display_name": "Titanium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C506065880",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4354164,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39946797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35773337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33587587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Doping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57863236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30214894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130571"
}
] |
When used as a photocatalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO2) absorbs only ultraviolet light, and several approaches, including the use of dopants such as nitrogen, have been taken to narrow the band gap of TiO2. We demonstrated a conceptually different approach to enhancing solar absorption by introducing disorder in the surface layers of nanophase TiO2 through hydrogenation. We showed that disorder-engineered TiO2 nanocrystals exhibit substantial solar-driven photocatalytic activities, including the photo-oxidation of organic molecules in water and the production of hydrogen with the use of a sacrificial reagent.
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.125.4.1558
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Non-Photochemical Quenching. A Response to Excess Light Energy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.73339736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Quenching (fluorescence)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121745418",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66151875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536"
},
{
"display_name": "Light energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992808817",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47130856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259526"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4539187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Plants and algae have a love/hate relationship with light. As oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, they require light for life; however, too much light can lead to increased production of damaging reactive oxygen species as byproducts of photosynthesis. In extreme cases, photooxidative damage can
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07082
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Persulfate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778729139",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.974766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280718"
},
{
"display_name": "Peroxydisulfate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780192469",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75063646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413093"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidizing agent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77176794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74663323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187689"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.68652976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Singlet oxygen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777516457",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.686077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2413613"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen peroxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C533411734",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63902074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydroxyl radical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776778087",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5291092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427071"
},
{
"display_name": "Advanced oxidation process",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778217819",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48821357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379650"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41647398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33201236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Radical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139066938",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33035517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185056"
}
] |
Reports that promote persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) as a viable alternative to hydrogen peroxide-based processes have been rapidly accumulating in recent water treatment literature. Various strategies to activate peroxide bonds in persulfate precursors have been proposed and the capacity to degrade a wide range of organic pollutants has been demonstrated. Compared to traditional AOPs in which hydroxyl radical serves as the main oxidant, persulfate-based AOPs have been claimed to involve different in situ generated oxidants such as sulfate radical and singlet oxygen as well as nonradical oxidation pathways. However, there exist controversial observations and interpretations around some of these claims, challenging robust scientific progress of this technology toward practical use. This Critical Review comparatively examines the activation mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate and the formation pathways of oxidizing species. Properties of the main oxidizing species are scrutinized and the role of singlet oxygen is debated. In addition, the impacts of water parameters and constituents such as pH, background organic matter, halide, phosphate, and carbonate on persulfate-driven chemistry are discussed. The opportunity for niche applications is also presented, emphasizing the need for parallel efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00018
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Dual Catalysis Strategies in Photochemical Synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9478092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Photocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65165184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77836215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71388453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123669783",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.700575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902898"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68344074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Dual role",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019440502",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55716044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500430"
},
{
"display_name": "Redox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55904794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54898804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682"
},
{
"display_name": "Excited state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181500209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54200006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328"
},
{
"display_name": "Lewis acids and bases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163638829",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49261934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900337"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46918416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen atom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776640939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4679519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6643508"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4539251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactive intermediate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192937433",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43566823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2134627"
},
{
"display_name": "Dual (grammatical number)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780980858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43011087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic synthesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535685238",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4299225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153832"
}
] |
The interaction between an electronically excited photocatalyst and an organic molecule can result in the genertion of a diverse array of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated in a variety of ways to result in synthetically useful bond constructions. This Review summarizes dual-catalyst strategies that have been applied to synthetic photochemistry. Mechanistically distinct modes of photocatalysis are discussed, including photoinduced electron transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and energy transfer. We focus upon the cooperative interactions of photocatalysts with redox mediators, Lewis and Brønsted acids, organocatalysts, enzymes, and transition metal complexes.
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239176
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
Solar Synthesis: Prospects in Visible Light Photocatalysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7937051,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Visible spectrum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104663316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6948471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76299"
},
{
"display_name": "Photocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65165184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6728943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831"
},
{
"display_name": "Chromophore",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192468462",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6149537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533543"
},
{
"display_name": "Sunlight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170853661",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5341356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193788"
},
{
"display_name": "Photodegradation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162847780",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5257239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1902073"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultraviolet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776798109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52167964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51665145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactivity (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776910235",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48920965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18574"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22547674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46594915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582668"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultraviolet light",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987116853",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42176834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36216098,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
Background Interest in photochemical synthesis has been motivated in part by the realization that sunlight is effectively an inexhaustible energy source.Chemists have also long recognized distinctive patterns of reactivity that are uniquely accessible via photochemical activation. However, most simple organic molecules absorb only ultraviolet (UV) light and cannot be activated by the visible wavelengths that comprise most of the solar energy that reaches Earth’s surface. Consequently, organic photochemistry has generally required the use of UV light sources. Advances Over the past several years, there has been a resurgence of interest in synthetic photochemistry, based on the recognition that the transition metal chromophores that have been so productively exploited in the design of technologies for solar energy conversion can also convert visible light energy into useful chemical potential for synthetic purposes. Visible light enables productive photoreactions of compounds possessing weak bonds that are sensitive toward UV photodegradation. Furthermore, visible light photoreactions can be conducted by using essentially any source of white light, including sunlight, which obviates the need for specialized UV photoreactors. This feature has expanded the accessibility of photochemical reactions to a broader range of synthetic organic chemists. A variety of reaction types have now been shown to be amenable to visible light photocatalysis via photoinduced electron transfer to or from the transition metal chromophore, as well as energy-transfer processes. The predictable reactivity of the intermediates generated and the tolerance of the reaction conditions to a wide range of functional groups have enabled the application of these reactions to the synthesis of increasingly complex target molecules. Outlook This general strategy for the use of visible light in organic synthesis is already being adopted by a growing community of synthetic chemists. Much of the current research in this emerging area is geared toward the discovery of photochemical solutions for increasingly ambitious synthetic goals. Visible light photocatalysis is also attracting the attention of researchers in chemical biology, materials science, and drug discovery, who recognize that these reactions offer opportunities for innovation in areas beyond traditional organic synthesis. The long-term goals of this emerging area are to continue to improve efficiency and synthetic utility and to realize the long-standing goal of performing chemical synthesis using the sun.
|
C75473681
|
Photochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp709896w
|
sub-discipline of chemistry
|
ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hydrocarbon Oxidation
|
[
{
"display_name": "ReaxFF",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776653683",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.99176884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301568"
},
{
"display_name": "Propene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777954637",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8107752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151324"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76676637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6708947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrocarbon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777207669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6361971,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648"
},
{
"display_name": "Methane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C516920438",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58978856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen atom abstraction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81022585",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5358862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5954884"
},
{
"display_name": "Force field (fiction)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10803110",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.473904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341441"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512968161",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45686528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41405618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147597530",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40196058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472"
}
] |
To investigate the initial chemical events associated with high-temperature gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, we have expanded the ReaxFF reactive force field training set to include additional transition states and chemical reactivity of systems relevant to these reactions and optimized the force field parameters against a quantum mechanics (QM)-based training set. To validate the ReaxFF potential obtained after parameter optimization, we performed a range of NVT-MD simulations on various hydrocarbon/O2 systems. From simulations on methane/O2, o-xylene/O2, propene/O2, and benzene/O2 mixtures, we found that ReaxFF obtains the correct reactivity trend (propene > o-xylene > methane > benzene), following the trend in the C-H bond strength in these hydrocarbons. We also tracked in detail the reactions during a complete oxidation of isolated methane, propene, and o-xylene to a CO/CO2/H2O mixture and found that the pathways predicted by ReaxFF are in agreement with chemical intuition and our QM results. We observed that the predominant initiation reaction for oxidation of methane, propene, and o-xylene under fuel lean conditions involved hydrogen abstraction of the methyl hydrogen by molecular oxygen forming hydroperoxyl and hydrocarbon radical species. While under fuel rich conditions with a mixture of these hydrocarbons, we observed different chemistry compared with the oxidation of isolated hydrocarbons including a change in the type of initiation reactions, which involved both decomposition of the hydrocarbon or attack by other radicals in the system. Since ReaxFF is capable of simulating complicated reaction pathways without any preconditioning, we believe that atomistic modeling with ReaxFF provides a useful method for determining the initial events of oxidation of hydrocarbons under extreme conditions and can enhance existing combustion models.
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59991
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life /
|
[
{
"display_name": "Natural selection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75268714",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7733944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478"
},
{
"display_name": "Naturalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43236755",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7611505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56000"
},
{
"display_name": "Beagle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776820430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66510427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21102"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6482274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462"
},
{
"display_name": "Selection (genetic algorithm)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81917197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5968809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47643572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43267125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40170982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35636812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34176075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3313946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3197156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30919766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498"
}
] |
Introduction <sc>When</sc> on board H.M.S. ‘Beagle,’ as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me...
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.5751/es-03180-140232
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780422510",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83317685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938"
},
{
"display_name": "Planetary boundaries",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32334204",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51362795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961310"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43428534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41771704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40204427,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34450352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33035854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178"
}
] |
Rockström, J., W. Steffen, K. Noone, Å. Persson, F. S. Chapin, III, E. Lambin, T. M. Lenton, M. Scheffer, C. Folke, H. Schellnhuber, B. Nykvist, C. A. De Wit, T. Hughes, S. van der Leeuw, H. Rodhe, S. Sörlin, P. K. Snyder, R. Costanza, U. Svedin, M. Falkenmark, L. Karlberg, R. W. Corell, V. J. Fabry, J. Hansen, B. Walker, D. Liverman, K. Richardson, P. Crutzen, and J. Foley. 2009. Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society 14(2): 32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03180-140232
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-6243
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Merchants of doubt: how a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tobacco smoke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355491",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.515745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2386268"
},
{
"display_name": "Smoke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58874564",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4375341,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43094912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4078006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3775698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34035286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
}
] |
The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly - some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is not settled denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. Doubt is our product, wrote one tobacco executive. These 'experts' supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era.
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-1028
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed
|
[
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6629169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6257906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4911885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Warning signs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994071780",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46618602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019180"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40059823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
}
] |
overgrazing subsequently.We should be very grateful to Mieth and Bork for making available to the general public the extremely satisfying results of their research on the Poike Peninsula and for writing and producing this very attractive and copiou ly illu trated little volume.It is, however, a pity that the translation into English of the original German manuscript was not checked by a native English speaker.There are more than a few lingui tic mistakes in the text, a well a orne ub tantive mistake, uch as the incorrect pelling of Zea may (p.32), that need to be corrected in the next edition.In addition, an explanation for the layman of the terminology associated with radiocarbon dating would be very helpful.onethele , even with it flaws, Easter Is/and -Rapa Nui, Scientific Pathways to Secrets of the Past i a wonderful book and it is certainly an e sential addition to the library of anyone with even a passing interest in Easter Island and/or the ecology of small i lands.
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
The Limits to Growth: A report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind
|
[
{
"display_name": "Club",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776459890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8272674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3297812"
},
{
"display_name": "Pride",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779728303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72098243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071551"
},
{
"display_name": "Pleasure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777113389",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6693897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208195"
},
{
"display_name": "SPARK (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781215313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51285887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49208158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45961094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4278736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785"
}
] |
It is with genuine pride and pleasure that Potomac Associates joins with The Club of Rome and the MIT research team in the publication of The Limits to Growth.We, like The Club of Rome, are a young organization, and we believe the Club's goals are very close to our own.Our purpose is to bring new ideas, new analyses, and new approaches to persistent.problems-both national and international-to the attention of all those who care about and help determine the quality and direction of our life.We are delighted therefore to be able to make this bold and impressive work available through our book program.We hope that The Limits to Growth will command critical attention and spark debate in all societies.We hope that it will encourage each reader to think through the consequences of continuing to equate growth with progress.And we hope that it will lead thoughtful men and women in all fields of endeavor to consider the need for concerted action now if we are to preserve the habitability of this planet for ourselves and our children.12
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218525110
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7127774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal life",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992561905",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49492997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4828468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42370787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40037382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39119583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
}
] |
In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines how a growing knowledge of the vast range of animal–bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed our thinking about five questions: how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other’s genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts; and how can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of animal–bacterial interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged to broaden their appreciation of these interactions and to include investigations of the relationships between and among bacteria and their animal partners as we seek a better understanding of the natural world.
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511841200
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Why We Disagree about Climate Change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7897347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Phenomenon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50335755",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7026815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6782437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780422510",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6349614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6280898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53904414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Faith",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778692574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48387945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500"
},
{
"display_name": "Insider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778971194",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48328975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664551"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy of climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189123395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48036274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47970957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Scientific consensus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779039943",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43210483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316748"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36076897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.33227998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3244651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31473076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471"
}
] |
Climate change is not 'a problem' waiting for 'a solution'. It is an environmental, cultural and political phenomenon which is re-shaping the way we think about ourselves, our societies and humanity's place on Earth. Drawing upon twenty-five years of professional work as an international climate change scientist and public commentator, Mike Hulme provides a unique insider's account of the emergence of this phenomenon and the diverse ways in which it is understood. He uses different standpoints from science, economics, faith, psychology, communication, sociology, politics and development to explain why we disagree about climate change. In this way he shows that climate change, far from being simply an 'issue' or a 'threat', can act as a catalyst to revise our perception of our place in the world. Why We Disagree About Climate Change is an important contribution to the ongoing debate over climate change and its likely impact on our lives.
|
C95124753
|
Environmental ethics
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-5341
|
part of environmental philosophy
|
Political ecology: a critical introduction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Political ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59785166",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64715886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1554076"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6333903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6279111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4414214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3348027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
List of Figures.List of Tables.List of Boxes.Introduction.The Goals of the Text.The Rest of the Book.Many Acknowledgments.Part I: What is Political Ecology?.1. The Hatchet and the Seed:.What is Political Ecology?.Challenging Apolitical Ecologies.Ecoscarcity and the Limits to Growth.Other Apolitical Ecologies: Diffusion, Valuation, and Modernization.Common assumptions and modes of explanation.The Hatchet: Political Ecology as Critique.The Seed: Political Ecology as Equity and Sustainability Research.The Dominant Narratives of Political Ecology.Big Questions and Theses.The Degradation and Marginalization Thesis.The Environmental Conflict Thesis.The Conservation and Control Thesis.The Environmental Agency and Social Movement Thesis.The Target of Explanation.2. A Tree with Deep Roots:.The Determinist Context.A Political Ecological Alternative.The Building Blocks.Critical Approaches in Early Human/Environment Research.Continental Critique: Humboldt, Reclus, Wallace, and Sommerville.Critical Environmental Pragmatism.From Sewer Socialism to Mitigating Floods: Hazards Research.The Nature of Society: Cultural Ecology.Historicism, Landscape, and Culture: Carl Sauer.Julian Steward: A Positivist Alternative.System, Function, and Human Life: Mature Cultural Ecology.Beyond Land and Water: The Boundaries of Cultural Ecology.The Limits of Progressive Contextualization.Taking the Plunge.3. The Critical Tools:.Common Property Theory.Green Materialism.Materialist History.The Case of Oriental Despotism.Dependency, Accumulation, and Degradation.Lessons from Materialism: Broadly Defined Political Economy.The Producer is the Agent of History: Peasant Studies.Chayanov and the Rational Producer.Scott and the Moral Economy.Gramsci and Peasant Power.Breaking Open the Household: Feminist Development Studies.Critical Environmental History.Whose History & Science? Postcolonial Studies and Power/Knowledge.Power/Knowledge.Critical Science, Deconstruction, and Ethics.Political Ecology Emergent.4. A Field Crystallizes:.Chains of Explanation.Peanuts and Poverty in Niger.Marginalization.The Silent Violence of Famine in Nigeria.Broadly Defined Political Economy.Struggle in Cote D'Ivoire's Fields and Pastures.25 Years Later.Part II: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges:.5. Destruction of Nature - Human Impact and Environmental Degradation:.The Focus on Human Impact.Defining and Measuring Degradation.Loss of Natural Productivity.Loss of Biodiversity.Loss of Usefulness.Socio-Environmental Destruction: Creating or Shifting Risk Ecology.Limits of Land Degradation: Variability, Disturbance, and Recovery.What Baseline? Non-Human Disturbance and Variability of Ecological Systems.What Impact? Variable Response to Disturbance.Can We Go Back? Variable Recovery from Disturbance.Methodological Imperatives in Political Analysis of Environmental Destruction.6. Construction of Nature: Environmental Knowledges and Imaginaries:.Why Bother to Argue That Nature (or Forests or Land Degradation...) is Constructed?.Choosing Targets for Political Ecological Constructivism.Three Debates and Motivations.Hard and Soft Constructivism.Radical Constructivism.Soft Constructivism.Constructivist Claims in Political Ecology.Barstool Biologists and Hysterical Housewives: The Peculiar Case of Local Environmental Knowledge.Eliciting Environmental Construction.Talk and Text: Construction in Discourse.Categories and Taxonomies.Spatial Knowledge and Construction.Narratives of Ecological Process and Change.Genealogies of Representation: Environmental History.Methodological Issues in Political Analysis of Environmental Construction.Part III: Political Ecology Now:.7. Degradation and Marginalization:.The Argument.Degradation and Reversibility.Accumulation and Declining Margins.The Evidence.Amazonian Deforestation.Contract Agriculture in the Caribbean.Evaluating the Thesis.Research Example: Common Property Disorders in Rajasthan.Eliciting Rules of Use.Recording Environmental Practices and Response to Authority.Determining Ecological Outcomes.8. Conservation and Control:.The Argument.Coercion, Governmentality, and Internalization of State Rule.Disintegration of Moral Economy.The Constructed Character of Natural Wilderness.Territorialization of Conservation Space.The Evidence.New England Fisheries Conservation.Fire in Madagascar.Social Forestry Conservation in Southeast Asia.The Consistency of Colonial and Contemporary Forestry.The Limits of Social Reform in Forestry.Evaluating the Thesis.Riven Bureaucracies and Efficacious Species.Alternative Conservation?.Research Example: The Biogeography of Power in the Aravalli.A Classic Case of Conservation and Control?.Establishing historical patterns of access.Understanding contemporary land uses and enclosure impacts.Tracking unintended consequences.9. Environmental Conflict:.The Argument.Social structure as differential environmental access and responsibility.Property institutions as politically partial constructions.Environmental development and classed, gendered, raced imaginaries.The Evidence.Agricultural Development in Gambia.Gambia and the Gendered Land/Labor Nexus.Land Conflict in the US West.Evaluating the Thesis.Stock Characters and Standard Scripts.Research Example: Gendered Landscapes and Resource Bottlenecks in the Thar.Determining Differential Land Uses and Rights.Tracking Changes in Availability.Evaluating Divergent Impacts.10. Environmental Identity and Movement:.The Argument.Differential Risk and Ecological Injustice.Moral Economies and Peasant Resistance.Postcolonialism and Rewriting Ecology from the Margins.The Evidence.Andean Livelihood Movements.Modernization and Identity.Hijacking Chipko: Trees, Gender, Livelihood, and Essentialism in India.Women's Movement or Peasant Movement?.Evaluating the Thesis.Making Politics by Making a Living.The risk of primitive romances and essentialisms.The reality of dissent.In the Field: Pastoral Polities in Rajasthan.Agrarian Alliances and Traditional Technology as Resistance.Ambivalence, Research, and Ethics.Part IV: Where to Now?.11. Where to Now?.Against Political Ecology?.Too Much Theory or Too Little?.Denunciations versus Asymmetries.Three Calls for Symmetry.From Destruction to Production.From Peasants to Producers.From Chains to Networks.The Hybridity Thesis.Political Ecologies of Success.New Substantive Research Mandates.Population Is Too Important to be Left to the Malthusians.Genetic Modification Won't Go Away.Cities are Political Ecologies.Against Against Political Ecology: Retaining Both Theory and Surprise.In the Meantime...References.Index
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Expanded Disability Status Scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780892749",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8332269,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929518"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiple sclerosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780640218",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77629334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.560111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual impairment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781372952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47943562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94487597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45179626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42620894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4148771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3539368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3224693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
}
] |
One method of evaluating the degree of neurologic impairment in MS has been the combination of grades (0 = normal to 5 or 6 = maximal impairment) within 8 Functional Systems (FS) and an overall Disability Status Scale (DSS) that had steps from 0 (normal) to 10 (death due to MS). A new Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is presented, with each of the former steps (1,2,3 … 9) now divided into two (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 … 9.5). The lower portion is obligatorily defined by Functional System grades. The FS are Pyramidal, Cerebellar, Brain Stem, Sensory, Bowel & Bladder, Visual, Cerebral, and Other; the Sensory and Bowel & Bladder Systems have been revised. Patterns of FS and relations of FS by type and grade to the DSS are demonstrated.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7853972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60284823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrophysiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185263204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59082186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774"
},
{
"display_name": "Electroencephalography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522805319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55921906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965"
},
{
"display_name": "Event-related potential",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67359045",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54482716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14026181"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalp",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778515351",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5089481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9622"
},
{
"display_name": "Lateralization of brain function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79840881",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49886346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080497"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4650138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Face perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161657702",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4410814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4378789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43783736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42172137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4094085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34842122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
}
] |
Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with face perception were recorded with scalp electrodes from normal volunteers. Subjects performed a visual target detection task in which they mentally counted the number of occurrences of pictorial stimuli from a designated category such us butterflies. In separate experiments, target stimuli were embedded within a series of other stimuli including unfamiliar human faces and isolated face components, inverted faces, distorted faces, animal faces, and other nonface stimuli. Unman faces evoked a negative potential at 172 msec (N170), which was absent from the ERPs elicited by other animate and inanimate nonface stimuli. N170 was largest over the posterior temporal scalp and was larger over the right than the left hemisphere. N170 was delayed when faces were presented upside-down, but its amplitude did not change. When presented in isolation, eyes elicited an N170 that was significantly larger than that elicited by whole faces, while noses and lips elicited small negative ERPs about 50 msec later than N170. Distorted human faces, in which the locations of inner face components were altered, elicited an N170 similar in amplitude to that elicited by normal faces. However, faces of animals, human hands, cars, and items of furniture did not evoke N170. N170 may reflect the operation of a neural mechanism tuned to detect (as opposed to identify) human faces, similar to the "structural encoder" suggested by Bruce and Young (1986). A similar function has been proposed for the face-selective N200 ERP recorded from the middle fusiform and posterior inferior temporal gyri using subdural electrodes in humans (Allison, McCarthy, Nobre, Puce, & Belger, 1994c). However, the differential sensitivity of N170 to eyes in isolation suggests that N170 may reflect the activation of an eye-sensitive region of cortex. The voltage distribution of N170 over the scalp is consistent with a neural generator located in the occipitotemporal sulcus lateral to the fusiform/inferior temporal region that generates N200.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Sleep Parameters From Childhood to Old Age in Healthy Individuals: Developing Normative Sleep Values Across the Human Lifespan
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sleep (system call)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775841894",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692"
},
{
"display_name": "Slow-wave sleep",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110539466",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73183227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3964845"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep onset latency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781053850",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7242475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539763"
},
{
"display_name": "Actigraphy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778996325",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64710295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422201"
},
{
"display_name": "Polysomnography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778205975",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6444292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep onset",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63759246",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6133892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539762"
},
{
"display_name": "Non-rapid eye movement sleep",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20566671",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5051485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752878"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47418222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep Stages",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910364982",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.464875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44005212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42750806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Rapid eye movement sleep",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779213384",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41925153,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211402"
},
{
"display_name": "Eye movement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153050134",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3321488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256"
}
] |
The purposes of this study were to identify age-related changes in objectively recorded sleep patterns across the human life span in healthy individuals and to clarify whether sleep latency and percentages of stage 1, stage 2, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep significantly change with age. Review of literature of articles published between 1960 and 2003 in peer-reviewed journals and meta-analysis. 65 studies representing 3,577 subjects aged 5 years to 102 years. The research reports included in this meta-analysis met the following criteria: (1) included nonclinical participants aged 5 years or older; (2) included measures of sleep characteristics by "all night" polysomnography or actigraphy on sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, stage 1 sleep, stage 2 sleep, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, REM latency, or minutes awake after sleep onset; (3) included numeric presentation of the data; and (4) were published between 1960 and 2003 in peer-reviewed journals. In children and adolescents, total sleep time decreased with age only in studies performed on school days. Percentage of slow-wave sleep was significantly negatively correlated with age. Percentages of stage 2 and REM sleep significantly changed with age. In adults, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, percentage of slow-wave sleep, percentage of REM sleep, and REM latency all significantly decreased with age, while sleep latency, percentage of stage 1 sleep, percentage of stage 2 sleep, and wake after sleep onset significantly increased with age. However, only sleep efficiency continued to significantly decrease after 60 years of age. The magnitudes of the effect sizes noted changed depending on whether or not studied participants were screened for mental disorders, organic diseases, use of drug or alcohol, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or other sleep disorders. In adults, it appeared that sleep latency, percentages of stage 1 and stage 2 significantly increased with age while percentage of REM sleep decreased. However, effect sizes for the different sleep parameters were greatly modified by the quality of subject screening, diminishing or even masking age associations with different sleep parameters. The number of studies that examined the evolution of sleep parameters with age are scant among school-aged children, adolescents, and middle-aged adults. There are also very few studies that examined the effect of race on polysomnographic sleep parameters.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81441426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Digit symbol substitution test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777965283",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.78476214,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275755"
},
{
"display_name": "Hearing loss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780493683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6798169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16035842"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive decline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984863031",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6462252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.643879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Proportional hazards model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50382708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6275556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218"
},
{
"display_name": "Prospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188816634",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5140525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169900460",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48759952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohort",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72563966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4833145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6057870",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47125056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201903717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44886222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4303049,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34999323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387"
}
] |
BACKGROUND Whether hearing loss is independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline in older adults is unknown. METHODS We studied 1984 older adults (mean age, 77.4 years) enrolled in the Health ABC Study, a prospective observational study begun in 1997-1998. Our baseline cohort consisted of participants without prevalent cognitive impairment (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MS] score, ≥80) who underwent audiometric testing in year 5. Participants were followed up for 6 years. Hearing was defined at baseline using a pure-tone average of thresholds at 0.5 to 4 kHz in the better-hearing ear. Cognitive testing was performed in years 5, 8, 10, and 11 and consisted of the 3MS (measuring global function) and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (measuring executive function). Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a 3MS score of less than 80 or a decline in 3MS score of more than 5 points from baseline. Mixed-effects regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS In total, 1162 individuals with baseline hearing loss (pure-tone average >25 dB) had annual rates of decline in 3MS and Digit Symbol Substitution test scores that were 41% and 32% greater, respectively, than those among individuals with normal hearing. On the 3MS, the annual score changes were -0.65 (95% CI, -0.73 to -0.56) vs -0.46 (95% CI, -0.55 to -0.36) points per year (P = .004). On the Digit Symbol Substitution test, the annual score changes were -0.83 (95% CI, -0.94 to -0.73) vs -0.63 (95% CI, -0.75 to -0.51) points per year (P = .02). Compared to those with normal hearing, individuals with hearing loss at baseline had a 24% (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48) increased risk for incident cognitive impairment. Rates of cognitive decline and the risk for incident cognitive impairment were linearly associated with the severity of an individual's baseline hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS Hearing loss is independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline and incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Further studies are needed to investigate what the mechanistic basis of this association is and whether hearing rehabilitative interventions could affect cognitive decline.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2845-09.2009
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Adding Insult to Injury: Cochlear Nerve Degeneration after “Temporary” Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hyperacusis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777939402",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7775868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421356"
},
{
"display_name": "Auditory fatigue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102793881",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6762256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4820025"
},
{
"display_name": "Hearing loss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780493683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16035842"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63147444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Tinnitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776992516",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62837803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192309"
},
{
"display_name": "Inner ear",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778500370",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61865914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212344"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57806695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Cochlea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780130748",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5590056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317857"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94487597",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5306308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101"
},
{
"display_name": "Spiral ganglion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779152698",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4758696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3095145"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46850306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Cochlear nerve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776796419",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46209565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2519137"
},
{
"display_name": "Degeneration (medical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779354088",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43608984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15467261"
}
] |
Overexposure to intense sound can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Postexposure recovery of threshold sensitivity has been assumed to indicate reversal of damage to delicate mechano-sensory and neural structures of the inner ear and no persistent or delayed consequences for auditory function. Here, we show, using cochlear functional assays and confocal imaging of the inner ear in mouse, that acoustic overexposures causing moderate, but completely reversible, threshold elevation leave cochlear sensory cells intact, but cause acute loss of afferent nerve terminals and delayed degeneration of the cochlear nerve. Results suggest that noise-induced damage to the ear has progressive consequences that are considerably more widespread than are revealed by conventional threshold testing. This primary neurodegeneration should add to difficulties hearing in noisy environments, and could contribute to tinnitus, hyperacusis, and other perceptual anomalies commonly associated with inner ear damage.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.1.39
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
‘Sniffin’ Sticks': Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odour Identification, Odor Discrimination and Olfactory Threshold
|
[
{
"display_name": "Odor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778916471",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94272697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485537"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7331652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Olfaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163214680",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64712495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541064"
},
{
"display_name": "Detection threshold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019361169",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5895216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2609467"
},
{
"display_name": "Olfactory system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201792869",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50145936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054094"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability (semiconductor)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43214815",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4986155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48514566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrimination testing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53596535",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43075666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519102"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory threshold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110235638",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42844638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17119820"
},
{
"display_name": "Significant difference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018023364",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3009482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265"
}
] |
'Sniffin' Sticks' is a new test of nasal chemosensory performance based on pen-like odor dispensing devices. It comprises three tests of olfactory function, namely tests for odor threshold (n-butanol, testing by means of a single staircase), odor discrimination (16 pairs of odorants, triple forced choice) and odor identification (16 common odorants, multiple forced choice from four verbal items per test odorant). After extensive preliminary investigations the tests were applied to a group of 104 healthy volunteers (52 female, 52 male, mean age 49.5 years, range 18-84 years) in order to establish test-retest reliability and to compare them with an established measure of olfactory performance (the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center Test, CCCRC). Performance decreased with increasing age of the subjects (P < 0.001). Coefficients of correlation between sessions 1 and 2 were 0.61 for thresholds, 0.54 for discrimination and 0.73 for identification. Butanol thresholds as obtained with the CCCRC increased as a function of age; this relation to the subjects' age was not found for the CCCRC odor identification task. The test-retest reliability for CCCRC thresholds was 0.36, for odor identification it was 0.60. It is concluded that 'Sniffin' Sticks' may be suited for the routine clinical assessment of olfactory performance.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.4.267
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Cumulative Sleepiness, Mood Disturbance, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance Decrements During a Week of Sleep Restricted to 4–5 Hours per Night
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68817294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769"
},
{
"display_name": "Alertness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200678441",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68653506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423044"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6019565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59323585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychomotor vigilance task",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778553148",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.57811886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256441"
},
{
"display_name": "Vigilance (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192769605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57600147,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418914"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep restriction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780937657",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.559003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141192"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep debt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95423882",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5376218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043667"
},
{
"display_name": "Sleep deprivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778329153",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48821333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364801"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychomotor learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164953862",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48390898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440"
},
{
"display_name": "Profile of mood states",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777353892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4661331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248268"
},
{
"display_name": "Actigraphy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778996325",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43666685,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422201"
},
{
"display_name": "SSS*",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148699463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41891605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492668"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39263517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Insomnia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781210498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30127013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1869874"
}
] |
To determine whether a cumulative sleep debt (in a range commonly experienced) would result in cumulative changes in measures of waking neurobehavioral alertness, 16 healthy young adults had their sleep restricted 33% below habitual sleep duration, to an average 4.98 hours per night [standard deviation (SD) = 0.57] for seven consecutive nights. Subjects slept in the laboratory, and sleep and waking were monitored by staff and actigraphy. Three times each day (1000, 1600, and 2200 hours) subjects were assessed for subjective sleepiness (SSS) and mood (POMS) and were evaluated on a brief performance battery that included psychomotor vigilance (PVT), probed memory (PRM), and serial-addition testing, Once each day they completed a series of visual analog scales (VAS) and reported sleepiness and somatic and cognitive/emotional problems. Sleep restriction resulted in statistically robust cumulative effects on waking functions. SSS ratings, subscale scores for fatigue, confusion, tension, and total mood disturbance from the POMS and VAS ratings of mental exhaustion and stress were evaluated across days of restricted sleep (p = 0.009 to p = 0.0001). PVT performance parameters, including the frequency and duration of lapses, were also significantly increased by restriction (p = 0.018 to p = 0.0001). Significant time-of-day effects were evident in SSS and PVT data, but time-of-day did not interact with the effects of sleep restriction across days. The temporal profiles of cumulative changes in neurobehavioral measures of alertness as a function of sleep restriction were generally consistent. Subjective changes tended to precede performance changes by 1 day, but overall changes in both classes of measure were greatest during the first 2 days (P1, P2) and last 2 days (P6, P7) of sleep restriction. Data from subsets of subjects also showed: 1) that significant decreases in the MSLT occurred during sleep restriction, 2) that the elevated sleepiness and performance deficits continued beyond day 7 of restriction, and 3) that recovery from these deficits appeared to require two full nights of sleep. The cumulative increase in performance lapses across days of sleep restriction correlated closely with MSLT results (r = -0.95) from an earlier comparable experiment by Carskadon and Dement (1). These findings suggest that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt had a dynamic and escalating analog in cumulative daytime sleepiness and that asymptotic or steady-state sleepiness was not achieved in response to sleep restriction.
|
C548259974
|
Audiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4108.177
|
branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
|
Electrical Signs of Selective Attention in the Human Brain
|
[
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62359,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6210461,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Tone (literature)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780583480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.531922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327"
},
{
"display_name": "Electroencephalography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522805319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4700158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965"
},
{
"display_name": "Selective attention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989146674",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45140728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818236"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44396272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Pure tone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775976544",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44164714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1573668"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37250566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Auditory evoked potentials were recorded from the vertex of subjects who listened selectively to a series of tone pips in one ear and ignored concurrent tone pips in the other ear. The negative component of the evoked potential peaking at 80 to 110 milliseconds was substantially larger for the attended tones. This negative component indexed a stimulus set mode of selective attention toward the tone pips in one ear. A late positive component peaking at 250 to 400 milliseconds reflected the response set established to recognize infrequent, higher pitched tone pips in the attended series.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/jra.1986.1087032
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
A robust layered control system for a mobile robot
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mobile robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19966478",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7973023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6377176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012"
},
{
"display_name": "Asynchronous communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151319957",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59191674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5764812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65401140",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52085453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.483229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Control system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17500928",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47070667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968"
},
{
"display_name": "Architecture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123657996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44975418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42242855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35854977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33169514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30290234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
A new architecture for controlling mobile robots is described. Layers of control system are built to let the robot operate at increasing levels of competence. Layers are made up of asynchronous modules that communicate over low-bandwidth channels. Each module is an instance of a fairly simple computational machine. Higher-level layers can subsume the roles of lower levels by suppressing their outputs. However, lower levels continue to function as higher levels are added. The result is a robust and flexible robot control system. The system has been used to control a mobile robot wandering around unconstrained laboratory areas and computer machine rooms. Eventually it is intended to control a robot that wanders the office areas of our laboratory, building maps of its surroundings using an onboard arm to perform simple tasks.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2005.847331
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
PID control system analysis, design, and technology
|
[
{
"display_name": "PID controller",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47116090",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.92881405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65426505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51758826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Control system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17500928",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51513755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5098044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49090177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4454862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Process control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155386361",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4320498,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571"
},
{
"display_name": "Transient (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780799671",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42099565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362"
},
{
"display_name": "Controller (irrigation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203479927",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4199453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability (learning theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112972136",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41924804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38783818,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.35032934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31078732,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
}
] |
Designing and tuning a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller appears to be conceptually intuitive, but can be hard in practice, if multiple (and often conflicting) objectives such as short transient and high stability are to be achieved. Usually, initial designs obtained by all means need to be adjusted repeatedly through computer simulations until the closed-loop system performs or compromises as desired. This stimulates the development of "intelligent" tools that can assist engineers to achieve the best overall PID control for the entire operating envelope. This development has further led to the incorporation of some advanced tuning algorithms into PID hardware modules. Corresponding to these developments, this paper presents a modern overview of functionalities and tuning methods in patents, software packages and commercial hardware modules. It is seen that many PID variants have been developed in order to improve transient performance, but standardising and modularising PID control are desired, although challenging. The inclusion of system identification and "intelligent" techniques in software based PID systems helps automate the entire design and tuning process to a useful degree. This should also assist future development of "plug-and-play" PID controllers that are widely applicable and can be set up easily and operate optimally for enhanced productivity, improved quality and reduced maintenance requirements.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2478397
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Disturbance-Observer-Based Control and Related Methods—An Overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disturbance (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8468207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5872084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Active disturbance rejection control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778072542",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.56656665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677499"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55352014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54345655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Compensation (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780023022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5391889,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonlinear system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158622935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48454896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848"
},
{
"display_name": "Controller (irrigation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203479927",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47701383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43876874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3651827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Disturbance-observer-based control (DOBC) and related methods have been researched and applied in various industrial sectors in the last four decades. This survey, at first time, gives a systematic and comprehensive tutorial and summary on the existing disturbance/uncertainty estimation and attenuation techniques, most notably, DOBC, active disturbance rejection control, disturbance accommodation control, and composite hierarchical antidisturbance control. In all of these methods, disturbance and uncertainty are, in general, lumped together, and an observation mechanism is employed to estimate the total disturbance. This paper first reviews a number of widely used linear and nonlinear disturbance/uncertainty estimation techniques and then discusses and compares various compensation techniques and the procedures of integrating disturbance/uncertainty compensation with a (predesigned) linear/nonlinear controller. It also provides concise tutorials of the main methods in this area with clear descriptions of their features. The application of this group of methods in various industrial sections is reviewed, with emphasis on the commercialization of some algorithms. The survey is ended with the discussion of future directions.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2006.873018
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Defining Control Strategies for MicroGrids Islanded Operation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microgrid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776784348",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.97991425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595"
},
{
"display_name": "Load Shedding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779777743",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7657131,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048"
},
{
"display_name": "Isolation (microbiology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775941552",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64058423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.538185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52323836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47523832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4641866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed power generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986283658",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45897263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135"
},
{
"display_name": "Voltage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165801399",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41040665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric power system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89227174",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39032266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200601418",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36470133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.3382398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3362604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544738498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.30644476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135"
}
] |
This paper describes and evaluates the feasibility of control strategies to be adopted for the operation of a microgrid when it becomes isolated. Normally, the microgrid operates in interconnected mode with the medium voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place. In such conditions, the microgrid must have the ability to operate stably and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load shedding strategies is included in this paper.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2006.250573
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Visual servo control. I. Basic approaches
|
[
{
"display_name": "Servo control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32731416",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.793875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7455930"
},
{
"display_name": "Servo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107354338",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71820545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937153"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64538056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.64205205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145565327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6098317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852514"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual servoing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10912380",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.546083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527952"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5245885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780527621",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5147829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936593"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50843614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.489993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer vision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45877942,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240"
},
{
"display_name": "Servomotor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109441226",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4512866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137255"
},
{
"display_name": "Servomechanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49503481",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4388904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640815"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65401140",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4130466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.34230828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
}
] |
This paper is the first of a two-part series on the topic of visual servo control using computer vision data in the servo loop to control the motion of a robot. In this paper, we describe the basic techniques that are by now well established in the field. We first give a general overview of the formulation of the visual servo control problem. We then describe the two archetypal visual servo control schemes: image-based and position-based visual servo control. Finally, we discuss performance and stability issues that pertain to these two schemes, motivating the second article in the series, in which we consider advanced techniques
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.1981.1102555
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Multivariable feedback design: Concepts for a classical/modern synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Multivariable calculus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117312493",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92100537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2035437"
},
{
"display_name": "MIMO",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207987634",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75434124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71474916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6160779,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55076474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50335807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Feedback control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018651601",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46784365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183635"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45614597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Design methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138852830",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41812348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292993"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36797932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35666677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
}
] |
This paper presents a practical design perspective on multivariable feedback control problems. It reviews the basic issue-feedback design in the face of uncertainties-and generalizes known single-input, single-output (SISO) statements and constraints of the design problem to multiinput, multioutput (MIMO) cases. Two major MIMO design approaches are then evaluated in the context of these results.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/9.100933
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Systematic design of adaptive controllers for feedback linearizable systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.789389,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Nonlinear system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158622935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7856443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848"
},
{
"display_name": "Class (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777212361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6359931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5982228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107464732",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5434561,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781"
},
{
"display_name": "Scheme (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77618280",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5378802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52976733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Strict-feedback form",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121047784",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5215673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623607"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5116535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Backstepping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72218879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.41666266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4839759"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52970973",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41319618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3423482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31070033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
A systematic procedure is developed for the design of new adaptive regulation and trackdng schemes for a class of feedback linearizable nonlinear systems. The coordinate-free geometric conditions, which characterize this class of systems, neither restrict the location of the unknown parameters, nor constrain the growth of the nonlinearities. Instead, they require that the nonlinear system be transformable into the so-called pure-feedback form. When this form is "strict", the proposed scheme guarantees global regulation and tracking properties, and substantially enlarges the class of nonlinear systems with unknown parameters for which global stabilization can be achieved. The main results of this paper use simple analytical tools, familiar to most control engineers.
|
C133731056
|
Control engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2194969
|
engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments
|
Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microgrid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776784348",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79102683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595"
},
{
"display_name": "Decentralised system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205875254",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73554873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156857"
},
{
"display_name": "Hierarchical control system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124527596",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59989655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029359"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59861374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5837012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5697877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5129511,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5088711,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Smart grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10558101",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4838268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544738498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46270302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135"
},
{
"display_name": "Stability (learning theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112972136",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4568156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44766286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
This paper presents a review of advanced control techniques for microgrids. This paper covers decentralized, distributed, and hierarchical control of grid-connected and islanded microgrids. At first, decentralized control techniques for microgrids are reviewed. Then, the recent developments in the stability analysis of decentralized controlled microgrids are discussed. Finally, hierarchical control for microgrids that mimic the behavior of the mains grid is reviewed.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.882420
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
<i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change</i>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49999975",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63223535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287919"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5307244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52366585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5146433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C559116025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49787426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986609742",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4741865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171547485",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44237936,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5334416"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4328363,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3712219,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3516904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34529197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33254766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
}
] |
1 The Atmosphere. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. 3 Chemical Kinetics. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. 10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols. 11 Nucleation. 12 Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry. 13 Dynamics of Aerosol Populations. 14 Organic Atmospheric Aerosols. 15 Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation. 16 Meteorology of the Local Scale. 17 Cloud Physics. 18 Atmospheric Diffusion. 19 Dry Deposition. 20 Wet Deposition. 21 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. 22 Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon. 23 Climate and Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere. 24 Aerosols and Climate. 25 Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models. 26 Statistical Models.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00237
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated‐k model for the longwave
|
[
{
"display_name": "Longwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779155178",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7875351,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082861"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.69658494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiative transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74902906",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66722137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6232374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23690007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6039838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiative flux",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68130645",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5550457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7280375"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54321444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric radiative transfer codes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199390426",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52515906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle latitudes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18101618",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51584476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9346670"
},
{
"display_name": "Flux (metallurgy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68709404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5016129,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475"
},
{
"display_name": "Water vapor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147534773",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41360506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35587656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
A rapid and accurate radiative transfer model (RRTM) for climate applications has been developed and the results extensively evaluated. The current version of RRTM calculates fluxes and cooling rates for the longwave spectral region (10–3000 cm −1 ) for an arbitrary clear atmosphere. The molecular species treated in the model are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and the common halocarbons. The radiative transfer in RRTM is performed using the correlated‐ k method: the k distributions are attained directly from the LBLRTM line‐by‐line model, which connects the absorption coefficients used by RRTM to high‐resolution radiance validations done with observations. Refined methods have been developed for treating bands containing gases with overlapping absorption, for the determination of values of the Planck function appropriate for use in the correlated‐ k approach, and for the inclusion of minor absorbing species in a band. The flux and cooling rate results of RRTM are linked to measurement through the use of LBLRTM, which has been substantially validated with observations. Validations of RRTM using LBLRTM have been performed for the midlatitude summer, tropical, midlatitude winter, subarctic winter, and four atmospheres from the Spectral Radiance Experiment campaign. On the basis of these validations the longwave accuracy of RRTM for any atmosphere is as follows: 0.6 W m −2 (relative to LBLRTM) for net flux in each band at all altitudes, with a total (10–3000 cm −1 ) error of less than 1.0 W m −2 at any altitude; 0.07 K d −1 for total cooling rate error in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and 0.75 K d −1 in the upper stratosphere and above. Other comparisons have been performed on RRTM using LBLRTM to gauge its sensitivity to changes in the abundance of specific species, including the halocarbons and carbon dioxide. The radiative forcing due to doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide is attained with an accuracy of 0.24 W m −2 , an error of less than 5%. The speed of execution of RRTM compares favorably with that of other rapid radiation models, indicating that the model is suitable for use in general circulation models.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Radiative forcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99578197",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87167066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon black",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44038986",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7486557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764245"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6752104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5647015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon fibers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140205800",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4864235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860"
},
{
"display_name": "Forcing (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197115733",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4858634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136"
},
{
"display_name": "Soot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775925408",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4594437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13174856"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45778787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6939412",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42410287,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40988913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerosol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345167",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32999915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541"
},
{
"display_name": "Combustion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105923489",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3163668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235"
}
] |
Abstract Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties. This assessment provides an evaluation of black‐carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liquid, mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice. These effects are calculated with climate models, but when possible, they are evaluated with both microphysical measurements and field observations. Predominant sources are combustion related, namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid fuels for industrial and residential uses, and open burning of biomass. Total global emissions of black carbon using bottom‐up inventory methods are 7500 Gg yr −1 in the year 2000 with an uncertainty range of 2000 to 29000. However, global atmospheric absorption attributable to black carbon is too low in many models and should be increased by a factor of almost 3. After this scaling, the best estimate for the industrial‐era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atmospheric black carbon is +0.71 W m −2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W m −2 . Total direct forcing by all black carbon sources, without subtracting the preindustrial background, is estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W m −2 . Direct radiative forcing alone does not capture important rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework is described and used for quantifying climate forcings, including rapid adjustments. The best estimate of industrial‐era climate forcing of black carbon through all forcing mechanisms, including clouds and cryosphere forcing, is +1.1 W m −2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of +0.17 to +2.1 W m −2 . Thus, there is a very high probability that black carbon emissions, independent of co‐emitted species, have a positive forcing and warm the climate. We estimate that black carbon, with a total climate forcing of +1.1 W m −2 , is the second most important human emission in terms of its climate forcing in the present‐day atmosphere; only carbon dioxide is estimated to have a greater forcing. Sources that emit black carbon also emit other short‐lived species that may either cool or warm climate. Climate forcings from co‐emitted species are estimated and used in the framework described herein. When the principal effects of short‐lived co‐emissions, including cooling agents such as sulfur dioxide, are included in net forcing, energy‐related sources (fossil fuel and biofuel) have an industrial‐era climate forcing of +0.22 (−0.50 to +1.08) W m −2 during the first year after emission. For a few of these sources, such as diesel engines and possibly residential biofuels, warming is strong enough that eliminating all short‐lived emissions from these sources would reduce net climate forcing (i.e., produce cooling). When open burning emissions, which emit high levels of organic matter, are included in the total, the best estimate of net industrial‐era climate forcing by all short‐lived species from black‐carbon‐rich sources becomes slightly negative (−0.06 W m −2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of −1.45 to +1.29 W m −2 ). The uncertainties in net climate forcing from black‐carbon‐rich sources are substantial, largely due to lack of knowledge about cloud interactions with both black carbon and co‐emitted organic carbon. In prioritizing potential black‐carbon mitigation actions, non‐science factors, such as technical feasibility, costs, policy design, and implementation feasibility play important roles. The major sources of black carbon are presently in different stages with regard to the feasibility for near‐term mitigation. This assessment, by evaluating the large number and complexity of the associated physical and radiative processes in black‐carbon climate forcing, sets a baseline from which to improve future climate forcing estimates.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00110.1
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
NOAA’s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System
|
[
{
"display_name": "HYSPLIT",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776914140",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.99389195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23581023"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric dispersion modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189764856",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71473753,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778187"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.60697156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58552015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52643025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Dispersion (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177562468",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48386538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893"
},
{
"display_name": "Trajectory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13662910",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48270178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139"
},
{
"display_name": "Deposition (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64297162",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4421514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070"
},
{
"display_name": "Lagrangian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53469067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41002038,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505735"
}
] |
Abstract The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT), developed by NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory, is one of the most widely used models for atmospheric trajectory and dispersion calculations. We present the model’s historical evolution over the last 30 years from simple hand-drawn back trajectories to very sophisticated computations of transport, mixing, chemical transformation, and deposition of pollutants and hazardous materials. We highlight recent applications of the HYSPLIT modeling system, including the simulation of atmospheric tracer release experiments, radionuclides, smoke originated from wild fires, volcanic ash, mercury, and wind-blown dust.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-5721
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56391954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49999975",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.545752,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287919"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5317696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5090737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Air pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C559116025",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50769675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123"
},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4992373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39176494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36378527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33080745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3231675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32310513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
}
] |
1 The Atmosphere. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. 3 Chemical Kinetics. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. 10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols. 11 Nucleation. 12 Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry. 13 Dynamics of Aerosol Populations. 14 Organic Atmospheric Aerosols. 15 Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation. 16 Meteorology of the Local Scale. 17 Cloud Physics. 18 Atmospheric Diffusion. 19 Dry Deposition. 20 Wet Deposition. 21 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. 22 Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon. 23 Climate and Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere. 24 Aerosols and Climate. 25 Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models. 26 Statistical Models.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009944
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
Radiative forcing by long‐lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models
|
[
{
"display_name": "Shortwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776272892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8447241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7502249"
},
{
"display_name": "Longwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779155178",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8428754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082861"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiative forcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99578197",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7829304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiative transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74902906",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7263814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.699184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64692736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric radiative transfer codes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199390426",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5859411,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.531823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Forcing (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197115733",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5260617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5171632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49780822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Cloud forcing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114203453",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49714926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135702"
},
{
"display_name": "Shortwave radiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19369268",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48342288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7502259"
},
{
"display_name": "Troposphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9075549",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4273197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42330062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3629496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
A primary component of the observed recent climate change is the radiative forcing from increased concentrations of long‐lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs). Effective simulation of anthropogenic climate change by general circulation models (GCMs) is strongly dependent on the accurate representation of radiative processes associated with water vapor, ozone, and LLGHGs. In the context of the increasing application of the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), radiation models within the GCM community, their capability to calculate longwave and shortwave radiative forcing for clear sky scenarios previously examined by the radiative transfer model intercomparison project (RTMIP) is presented. Forcing calculations with the AER line‐by‐line (LBL) models are very consistent with the RTMIP line‐by‐line results in the longwave and shortwave. The AER broadband models, in all but one case, calculate longwave forcings within a range of −0.20 to 0.23 W m −2 of LBL calculations and shortwave forcings within a range of −0.16 to 0.38 W m −2 of LBL results. These models also perform well at the surface, which RTMIP identified as a level at which GCM radiation models have particular difficulty reproducing LBL fluxes. Heating profile perturbations calculated by the broadband models generally reproduce high‐resolution calculations within a few hundredths K d −1 in the troposphere and within 0.15 K d −1 in the peak stratospheric heating near 1 hPa. In most cases, the AER broadband models provide radiative forcing results that are in closer agreement with high‐resolution calculations than the GCM radiation codes examined by RTMIP, which supports the application of the AER models to climate change research.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Isoprene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780959689",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9758754,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271943"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7308399,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6983447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Biosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107218244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6020764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42762"
},
{
"display_name": "Emission inventory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776720842",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5808982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337883"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4771868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Global change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199491958",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41436347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514"
},
{
"display_name": "Air quality index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126314574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33394048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32354897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3231212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
Abstract. Reactive gases and aerosols are produced by terrestrial ecosystems, processed within plant canopies, and can then be emitted into the above-canopy atmosphere. Estimates of the above-canopy fluxes are needed for quantitative earth system studies and assessments of past, present and future air quality and climate. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is described and used to quantify net terrestrial biosphere emission of isoprene into the atmosphere. MEGAN is designed for both global and regional emission modeling and has global coverage with ~1 km2 spatial resolution. Field and laboratory investigations of the processes controlling isoprene emission are described and data available for model development and evaluation are summarized. The factors controlling isoprene emissions include biological, physical and chemical driving variables. MEGAN driving variables are derived from models and satellite and ground observations. Tropical broadleaf trees contribute almost half of the estimated global annual isoprene emission due to their relatively high emission factors and because they are often exposed to conditions that are conducive for isoprene emission. The remaining flux is primarily from shrubs which have a widespread distribution. The annual global isoprene emission estimated with MEGAN ranges from about 500 to 750 Tg isoprene (440 to 660 Tg carbon) depending on the driving variables which include temperature, solar radiation, Leaf Area Index, and plant functional type. The global annual isoprene emission estimated using the standard driving variables is ~600 Tg isoprene. Differences in driving variables result in emission estimates that differ by more than a factor of three for specific times and locations. It is difficult to evaluate isoprene emission estimates using the concentration distributions simulated using chemistry and transport models, due to the substantial uncertainties in other model components, but at least some global models produce reasonable results when using isoprene emission distributions similar to MEGAN estimates. In addition, comparison with isoprene emissions estimated from satellite formaldehyde observations indicates reasonable agreement. The sensitivity of isoprene emissions to earth system changes (e.g., climate and land-use) demonstrates the potential for large future changes in emissions. Using temperature distributions simulated by global climate models for year 2100, MEGAN estimates that isoprene emissions increase by more than a factor of two. This is considerably greater than previous estimates and additional observations are needed to evaluate and improve the methods used to predict future isoprene emissions.
|
C91586092
|
Atmospheric sciences
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02950
|
umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere
|
A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Isoprene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780959689",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8900436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271943"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77869284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmospheric sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91586092",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.69348454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520"
},
{
"display_name": "Trace gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130047971",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58661187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289382"
},
{
"display_name": "Volatile organic compound",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778150766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5399042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910267"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical transport model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777517185",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.523722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090505"
},
{
"display_name": "Shrubland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59898753",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51317364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879641"
},
{
"display_name": "Latitude",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122523270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49462864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027"
},
{
"display_name": "Emission inventory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776720842",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44996992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337883"
},
{
"display_name": "Flux (metallurgy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68709404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41633308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475"
},
{
"display_name": "Biomass (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115540264",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41254357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40356755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39477047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Air quality index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126314574",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38045073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111"
}
] |
Numerical assessments of global air quality and potential changes in atmospheric chemical constituents require estimates of the surface fluxes of a variety of trace gas species. We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). Methane is not considered here and has been reviewed in detail elsewhere. The model has a highly resolved spatial grid (0.5°×0.5° latitude/longitude) and generates hourly average emission estimates. Chemical species are grouped into four categories: isoprene, monoterpenes, other reactive VOC (ORVOC), and other VOC (OVOC). NVOC emissions from oceans are estimated as a function of geophysical variables from a general circulation model and ocean color satellite data. Emissions from plant foliage are estimated from ecosystem specific biomass and emission factors and algorithms describing light and temperature dependence of NVOC emissions. Foliar density estimates are based on climatic variables and satellite data. Temporal variations in the model are driven by monthly estimates of biomass and temperature and hourly light estimates. The annual global VOC flux is estimated to be 1150 Tg C, composed of 44% isoprene, 11% monoterpenes, 22.5% other reactive VOC, and 22.5% other VOC. Large uncertainties exist for each of these estimates and particularly for compounds other than isoprene and monoterpenes. Tropical woodlands (rain forest, seasonal, drought‐deciduous, and savanna) contribute about half of all global natural VOC emissions. Croplands, shrublands and other woodlands contribute 10–20% apiece. Isoprene emissions calculated for temperate regions are as much as a factor of 5 higher than previous estimates.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158899
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Cooling, Heating, Generating Power, and Recovering Waste Heat with Thermoelectric Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric materials",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207365445",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75935525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15020929"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste heat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184235594",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67991203,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288706"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206658404",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5583651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy transformation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144822601",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53497696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271324"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C63024428",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53350353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552456"
},
{
"display_name": "Air conditioning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103742991",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53042674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52652586,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117127486",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50901914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11569191"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermoelectric cooling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C128458982",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48971155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18891486"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric potential energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98576551",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46269426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841798"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C423512",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4600489,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45704633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40293303",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45685014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste heat recovery unit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105994980",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4324416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15081379"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42613524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107861326",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41337842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30425766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
}
] |
Thermoelectric materials are solid-state energy converters whose combination of thermal, electrical, and semiconducting properties allows them to be used to convert waste heat into electricity or electrical power directly into cooling and heating. These materials can be competitive with fluid-based systems, such as two-phase air-conditioning compressors or heat pumps, or used in smaller-scale applications such as in automobile seats, night-vision systems, and electrical-enclosure cooling. More widespread use of thermoelectrics requires not only improving the intrinsic energy-conversion efficiency of the materials but also implementing recent advancements in system architecture. These principles are illustrated with several proven and potential applications of thermoelectrics.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Raw material",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206139338",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5980456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355"
},
{
"display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58531713,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5482349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54021,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.537053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Characterization (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780841128",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52451074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48995963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4333622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "Manufacturing engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117671659",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36855173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3583895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3508811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Hydrogel products constitute a group of polymeric materials, the hydrophilic structure of which renders them capable of holding large amounts of water in their three-dimensional networks. Extensive employment of these products in a number of industrial and environmental areas of application is considered to be of prime importance. As expected, natural hydrogels were gradually replaced by synthetic types due to their higher water absorption capacity, long service life, and wide varieties of raw chemical resources. Literature on this subject was found to be expanding, especially in the scientific areas of research. However, a number of publications and technical reports dealing with hydrogel products from the engineering points of view were examined to overview technological aspects covering this growing multidisciplinary field of research. The primary objective of this article is to review the literature concerning classification of hydrogels on different bases, physical and chemical characteristics of these products, and technical feasibility of their utilization. It also involved technologies adopted for hydrogel production together with process design implications, block diagrams, and optimized conditions of the preparation process. An innovated category of recent generations of hydrogel materials was also presented in some details.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000431
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Carbon Dioxide Capture: Prospects for New Materials
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sweetening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776844324",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6849954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460453"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530467964",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6504124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52275634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195048187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49055213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon capture and storage (timeline)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778379663",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4189047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037942"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4149669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41086477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3727036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33917856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
}
] |
Abstract The escalating level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is one of the most pressing environmental concerns of our age. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from large point sources such as power plants is one option for reducing anthropogenic CO 2 emissions; however, currently the capture alone will increase the energy requirements of a plant by 25–40 %. This Review highlights the challenges for capture technologies which have the greatest likelihood of reducing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere, namely postcombustion (predominantly CO 2 /N 2 separation), precombustion (CO 2 /H 2 ) capture, and natural gas sweetening (CO 2 /CH 4 ). The key factor which underlies significant advancements lies in improved materials that perform the separations. In this regard, the most recent developments and emerging concepts in CO 2 separations by solvent absorption, chemical and physical adsorption, and membranes, amongst others, will be discussed, with particular attention on progress in the burgeoning field of metal–organic frameworks.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200400655
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bunsen burner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184078403",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.83748853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221262"
},
{
"display_name": "Microwave heating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989390135",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71917486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466500"
},
{
"display_name": "Microwave",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44838205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5689737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995"
},
{
"display_name": "Flash (photography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777526259",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5575548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836"
},
{
"display_name": "Candle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778978809",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51435196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12888135"
},
{
"display_name": "Gas burner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776547972",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4909952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19359822"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22547674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46801078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582668"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46108884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41074842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Combustor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83104080",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.38592532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3809680"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61696701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35576114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3530687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33517194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Abstract Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of “microwave flash heating” in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.014
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7853459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Flywheel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31107917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73888916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183576"
},
{
"display_name": "Compressed air energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780113879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6522611,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260916"
},
{
"display_name": "Supercapacitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6585489",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6466886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5417308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Superconducting magnetic energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54999516",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5282454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915682"
},
{
"display_name": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183739832",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5130967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339353"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183287310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5090091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963"
},
{
"display_name": "Flywheel energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779171476",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5008979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1538992"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47860166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer data storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194739806",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46365556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric potential energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98576551",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44317278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841798"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44295627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Compressed air",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1934278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43059015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143746"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42930672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4203226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33096623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186370098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32017934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787"
}
] |
Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.066
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Methanation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123703457",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.94194674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905071"
},
{
"display_name": "Power to gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14518398",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.8725513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12646543"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163127949",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7780613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64403"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100729193",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.69419336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105319"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63035345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "High-temperature electrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114506045",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.60107523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408813"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.554589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36802167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Waste management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35621437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30224547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
The Power-to-Gas (PtG) process chain could play a significant role in the future energy system. Renewable electric energy can be transformed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation. This article compares the available electrolysis and methanation technologies with respect to the stringent requirements of the PtG chain such as low CAPEX, high efficiency, and high flexibility. Three water electrolysis technologies are considered: alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. Alkaline electrolysis is currently the cheapest technology; however, in the future PEM electrolysis could be better suited for the PtG process chain. Solid oxide electrolysis could also be an option in future, especially if heat sources are available. Several different reactor concepts can be used for the methanation reaction. For catalytic methanation, typically fixed-bed reactors are used; however, novel reactor concepts such as three-phase methanation and micro reactors are currently under development. Another approach is the biochemical conversion. The bioprocess takes place in aqueous solutions and close to ambient temperatures. Finally, the whole process chain is discussed. Critical aspects of the PtG process are the availability of CO2 sources, the dynamic behaviour of the individual process steps, and especially the economics as well as the efficiency.
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2397
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects
|
[
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6834302,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5999544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "3D printing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524769229",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59487855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367"
},
{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5419655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5170965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Production cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985463315",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46972525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932586"
},
{
"display_name": "Key (lock)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46937537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4266764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3956077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3849501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35516638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
}
] |
Fast, continuous, 3D printing Although three-dimensional (3D) printing is now possible using relatively small and low-cost machines, it is still a fairly slow process. This is because 3D printers require a series of steps to cure, replenish, and reposition themselves for each additive cycle. Tumbleston et al. devised a process to effectively grow solid structures out of a liquid bath. The key to the process is the creation of an oxygen-containing “dead zone” between the solid part and the liquid precursor where solidification cannot occur. The precursor liquid is then renewed by the upward movement of the growing solid part. This approach made structures tens of centimeters in size that could contain features with a resolution below 100 µm. Science , this issue p. 1349
|
C21880701
|
Process engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005
|
all technical processes in which a raw or starting material are transformed into another product by the use of chemical-physical or biological processes
|
Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Capacitive deionization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780987889",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9957149,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560785"
},
{
"display_name": "Desalination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776870568",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8950808,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7617409,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17525397",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57128364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140"
},
{
"display_name": "Porosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6648577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5369105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48967364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Brackish water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118178180",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47587195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533"
},
{
"display_name": "Capacitive sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206755178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47555846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44978815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4313739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41272938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40422562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3928451,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
}
] |
Porous carbon electrodes have significant potential for energy-efficient water desalination using a promising technology called Capacitive Deionization (CDI). In CDI, salt ions are removed from brackish water upon applying an electrical voltage difference between two porous electrodes, in which the ions will be temporarily immobilized. These electrodes are made of porous carbons optimized for salt storage capacity and ion and electron transport. We review the science and technology of CDI and describe the range of possible electrode materials and the various approaches to the testing of materials and devices. We summarize the range of options for CDI-designs and possible operational modes, and describe the various theoretical–conceptual approaches to understand the phenomenon of CDI.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/37402.37406
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
|
[
{
"display_name": "Flock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134215735",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9190202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120997"
},
{
"display_name": "Animation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502989409",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70310134,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425"
},
{
"display_name": "Aggregate (composite)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4679612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6346866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.60282654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104114177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5829877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782"
},
{
"display_name": "Scripting language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61423126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54562664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43882582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4374022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43005902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37977952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35564113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32425988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle systems, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2007.901024
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.660768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226923",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6303814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6240721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54267037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5424176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988343187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47127694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44716227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4295462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019108329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42816126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751327"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.373529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37090117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37000507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
}
] |
Dynamic simulations of movement allow one to study neuromuscular coordination, analyze athletic performance, and estimate internal loading of the musculoskeletal system. Simulations can also be used to identify the sources of pathological movement and establish a scientific basis for treatment planning. We have developed a freely available, open-source software system (OpenSim) that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of movements. We are using this system to simulate the dynamics of individuals with pathological gait and to explore the biomechanical effects of treatments. OpenSim provides a platform on which the biomechanics community can build a library of simulations that can be exchanged, tested, analyzed, and improved through a multi-institutional collaboration. Developing software that enables a concerted effort from many investigators poses technical and sociological challenges. Meeting those challenges will accelerate the discovery of principles that govern movement control and improve treatments for individuals with movement pathologies.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
COPASI—a COmplex PAthway SImulator
|
[
{
"display_name": "Executable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160145156",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9060848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83014774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6397534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Stochastic simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25915931",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5748078,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4180825"
},
{
"display_name": "Source code",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43126263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5367575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751"
},
{
"display_name": "License",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780560020",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44321373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719"
},
{
"display_name": "Generator (circuit theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780992000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43917766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91757755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4361602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11121294"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43352097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Code (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776760102",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42468715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C459310",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34786913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33476272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31888688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
}
] |
Abstract Motivation: Simulation and modeling is becoming a standard approach to understand complex biochemical processes. Therefore, there is a big need for software tools that allow access to diverse simulation and modeling methods as well as support for the usage of these methods. Results: Here, we present COPASI, a platform-independent and user-friendly biochemical simulator that offers several unique features. We discuss numerical issues with these features; in particular, the criteria to switch between stochastic and deterministic simulation methods, hybrid deterministic–stochastic methods, and the importance of random number generator numerical resolution in stochastic simulation. Availability: The complete software is available in binary (executable) for MS Windows, OS X, Linux (Intel) and Sun Solaris (SPARC), as well as the full source code under an open source license from . Contact: [email protected]
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.03938
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulator
|
[
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7582946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7475042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Pipeline (software)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43521106",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5874869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493"
},
{
"display_name": "Reinforcement learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97541855",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5856351,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51721966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49734333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Imitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126388530",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45952943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737"
},
{
"display_name": "Driving simulator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780689630",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44811162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815"
},
{
"display_name": "Open platform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108383078",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41819912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7096399"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38884056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3334816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30288178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
}
] |
We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code and protocols, CARLA provides open digital assets (urban layouts, buildings, vehicles) that were created for this purpose and can be used freely. The simulation platform supports flexible specification of sensor suites and environmental conditions. We use CARLA to study the performance of three approaches to autonomous driving: a classic modular pipeline, an end-to-end model trained via imitation learning, and an end-to-end model trained via reinforcement learning. The approaches are evaluated in controlled scenarios of increasing difficulty, and their performance is examined via metrics provided by CARLA, illustrating the platform's utility for autonomous driving research. The supplementary video can be viewed at https://youtu.be/Hp8Dz-Zek2E
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-4
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator-model development and evaluation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.57843375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.510838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Fire Dynamics Simulator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777218256",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49189615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418762"
},
{
"display_name": "Acceleration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117896860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4744169,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4512729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4168275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4076864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35365948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
}
] |
A computer simulation model, FARSITE, includes existing fire behavior models for surface, crown, spotting, point-source fire acceleration, and fuel moisture. The model's components and assumptions are documented. Simulations were run for simple conditions that illustrate the effect of individual fire behavior models on two-dimensional fire growth.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.20255
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge
|
[
{
"display_name": "Boss",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777020290",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9482862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4947493"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6226541,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Track (disk drive)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89992363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5328622,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558"
},
{
"display_name": "Event (particle physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779662365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52199686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50310963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81074085",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4798331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42641887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Layer (electronics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41652337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41361225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Real-time computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79403827",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38648325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3835678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Abstract Boss is an autonomous vehicle that uses on‐board sensors (global positioning system, lasers, radars, and cameras) to track other vehicles, detect static obstacles, and localize itself relative to a road model. A three‐layer planning system combines mission, behavioral, and motion planning to drive in urban environments. The mission planning layer considers which street to take to achieve a mission goal. The behavioral layer determines when to change lanes and precedence at intersections and performs error recovery maneuvers. The motion planning layer selects actions to avoid obstacles while making progress toward local goals. The system was developed from the ground up to address the requirements of the DARPA Urban Challenge using a spiral system development process with a heavy emphasis on regular, regressive system testing. During the National Qualification Event and the 85‐km Urban Challenge Final Event, Boss demonstrated some of its capabilities, qualifying first and winning the challenge. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/02783640122067570
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
RHex: A Simple and Highly Mobile Hexapod Robot
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hexapod",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136434205",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.96800673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3437269"
},
{
"display_name": "Traverse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176809094",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5941532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57433647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree traversal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140745168",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55238056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5328776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161840515",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5187376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131"
},
{
"display_name": "Swing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65655974",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5134207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14867674"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47740665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45075414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Actuator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4443545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19966478",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4433222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574"
},
{
"display_name": "Gait",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151800584",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43281543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3295504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
In this paper, the authors describe the design and control of RHex, a power autonomous, untethered, compliant-legged hexapod robot. RHex has only six actuators—one motor located at each hip— achieving mechanical simplicity that promotes reliable and robust operation in real-world tasks. Empirically stable and highly maneuverable locomotion arises from a very simple clock-driven, open-loop tripod gait. The legs rotate full circle, thereby preventing the common problem of toe stubbing in the protraction (swing) phase. An extensive suite of experimental results documents the robot’s significant “intrinsic mobility”—the traversal of rugged, broken, and obstacle-ridden ground without any terrain sensing or actively controlled adaptation. RHex achieves fast and robust forward locomotion traveling at speeds up to one body length per second and traversing height variations well exceeding its body clearance.
|
C44154836
|
Simulation
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2007.903919
|
imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time, for studying either real events in many contexts or effects of alternative conditions and courses of actions
|
Design and Evaluation of the LOPES Exoskeleton Robot for Interactive Gait Rehabilitation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Exoskeleton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146549078",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7669896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944"
},
{
"display_name": "Gait",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151800584",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75448775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000"
},
{
"display_name": "Robot",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58935845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012"
},
{
"display_name": "Treadmill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781464450",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5204632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839144"
},
{
"display_name": "Electromyography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777515770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47276002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Gait analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173906292",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47230056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46608466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45604944,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32364163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
This paper introduces a newly developed gait rehabilitation device. The device, called LOPES, combines a freely translatable and 2-D-actuated pelvis segment with a leg exoskeleton containing three actuated rotational joints: two at the hip and one at the knee. The joints are impedance controlled to allow bidirectional mechanical interaction between the robot and the training subject. Evaluation measurements show that the device allows both a "pa- tient-in-charge" and "robot-in-charge" mode, in which the robot is controlled either to follow or to guide a patient, respectively. Electromyography (EMG) measurements (one subject) on eight important leg muscles, show that free walking in the device strongly resembles free treadmill walking; an indication that the device can offer task-specific gait training. The possibilities and limitations to using the device as gait measurement tool are also shown at the moment position measurements are not accurate enough for inverse-dynamical gait analysis.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.