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C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.012
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Urban underground space: Solving the problems of today’s cities
|
[
{
"display_name": "Urbanization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39853841",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7966352,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5576931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5425099,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Urban planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49545453",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5366354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5166529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48914364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47798437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537"
},
{
"display_name": "Urban infrastructure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989523885",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45738548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121359"
},
{
"display_name": "Urban construction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992168405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41553357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900108"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40159592,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Transport engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22212356",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3990862,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34337527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33313638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32489502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
The world-wide trend of increased urbanisation creates problems for expanding and newly-developing cities alike. Population increase leads to an increased demand for reliable infrastructure, nowadays combined with a need for increased energy efficiency and a higher environmental awareness of the public. The use of underground space can help cities meet these increased demands while remaining compact, or find the space needed to include new functions in an existing city landscape. In many cases, underground solutions to urban problems are only considered if all other (above ground) options have been exhausted. When underground solutions are considered and evaluated from the planning or initial project stages onwards, more optimal solutions will become possible. Use of the underground is not limited to large scale infrastructure projects. This paper also shows innovative use of the underground for commercial and residential use, storage, water conveyance and treatment, and heritage conservation, and highlights how use of underground can bring more optimal solutions for urban development.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.p.109
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Soil–environment interactions in geotechnical engineering
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7035618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
},
{
"display_name": "Scope (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.514006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil water",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5135894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023"
},
{
"display_name": "Relevance (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158154518",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50890183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970"
},
{
"display_name": "Soil mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205726622",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47363797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471872"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40054074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.381596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3495282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3219272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The range of problems that geotechnical engineers must face is increasing in complexity and scope. Often, complexity arises from the interaction between the soil and the environment – the topic of this lecture. To deal with this type of problem, the classical soil mechanics formulation is progressively generalised in order to incorporate the effects of new phenomena and new variables on soil behaviour. Recent advances in unsaturated soil mechanics are presented first: it is shown that they provide a consistent framework for understanding the engineering behaviour of unsaturated soils, and the effects of suction and moisture changes. Building on those developments, soil behaviour is further explored by considering thermal effects for two opposite cases: high temperatures, associated with the problem of storage and disposal of high-level radioactive waste; and low temperatures in problems of freezing ground. Finally, the lecture examines some issues related to chemical effects on soils and rocks, focusing in part on the subject of tunnelling in sulphate-bearing rocks. In each case new environmental variables are identified, enhanced theoretical formulations are established, and new or extended constitutive laws are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on mechanical constitutive equations, as they are especially important in geotechnical engineering. The lecture includes summary accounts of a number of case histories that illustrate the relevance and implications of the developments described for geotechnical engineering practice.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.02.027
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building
|
[
{
"display_name": "Zero-energy building",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184978287",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.78639877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896121"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73197615,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.66779244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
},
{
"display_name": "Building science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69752020",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65528774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3741966"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520343842",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64451206,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3353193"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6130271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy conservation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520301825",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5942344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170"
},
{
"display_name": "Daylighting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13384339",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58105886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54316"
},
{
"display_name": "Embodied energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202702835",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.575102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153531"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5290353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713"
},
{
"display_name": "Passive solar building design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149039472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4884042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385817"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C541104983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4562354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778324724",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44523603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056"
},
{
"display_name": "Low-energy house",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90530108",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43130603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190371"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4051759,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40070587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
The energy conservation through energy efficiency in the building has acquired prime importance all over the world. The four main aspects for energy efficiency in a building include first and foremost the nearly zero energy passive building design before actual construction, secondly the usage of low energy building materials during its construction, thirdly use of energy efficient equipments for low operational energy requirement and lastly integration of renewable energy technologies for various applications. These aspects have been discussed along with their economics and environmental impacts briefly in this paper. The first aspect is related to the prior design before construction of a solar passive building techniques adapted all over the world not only for passive heating/cooling but also for daylighting the building. Second is utilizing the low embodied energy building materials for building construction. The third aspect deals with the operational energy conservation using energy efficient equipments in the building. Lastly, the building has to include utility of integrated renewable systems for hot water heating, solar photovoltaic electrification, etc.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.303
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Technology innovation in developing the structural health monitoring system for Guangzhou New TV Tower
|
[
{
"display_name": "Structural health monitoring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776247918",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8349567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713"
},
{
"display_name": "Tower",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777831296",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6879271,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58510184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5165033,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Benchmark (surveying)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185798385",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45120984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707"
},
{
"display_name": "Tube (container)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551473",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43681395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2093072"
},
{
"display_name": "Data acquisition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163985040",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4364698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399"
},
{
"display_name": "Fiber Bragg grating",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43091971",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4210447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391"
},
{
"display_name": "Structural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41735938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41640377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.411167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35779607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34952235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33523777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The Guangzhou New TV Tower (GNTVT), currently being constructed in Guangzhou, China, is a supertall structure with a height of 610 m. This tube-in-tube structure comprises a reinforced concrete inner tube and a steel outer tube adopting concrete-filled-tube columns. A sophisticated structural health monitoring (SHM) system consisting of over 600 sensors has been designed and is being implemented by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University to GNTVT for both in-construction and in-service real-time monitoring. This paper outlines the technology innovation in developing and implementing this SHM system, which includes (i) modular design of the SHM system, (ii) integration of the in-construction monitoring system and the in-service monitoring system, (iii) wireless-based data acquisition and Internet-based remote data transmission, (iv) design and implementation of a fiber Bragg grating sensing system,(v) structural health and condition assessment using static and dynamic monitoring data, (vi) verification of the effectiveness of vibration control devices by the SHM system, and (vii) development of an SHM benchmark problem by taking GNTVT as a test bed and using real-world measurement data. Preliminary monitoring data including those obtained during the Wenchuan earthquake and recent typhoons are also presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2006.881997
|
discipline of engineering
|
Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Distributed generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544738498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6726228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135"
},
{
"display_name": "Islanding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778675665",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.65875435,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1308552"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6438291,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6395699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Synchronization (alternating current)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778562939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5536771,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5125858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5063292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4567886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C423512",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45670223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973"
},
{
"display_name": "Harmonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188414643",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44309652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40828645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4030202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39857036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Renewable energy sources like wind, sun, and hydro are seen as a reliable alternative to the traditional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, or coal. Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on renewable energy sources experience a large development worldwide, with Germany, Denmark, Japan, and USA as leaders in the development in this field. Due to the increasing number of DPGSs connected to the utility network, new and stricter standards in respect to power quality, safe running, and islanding protection are issued. As a consequence, the control of distributed generation systems should be improved to meet the requirements for grid interconnection. This paper gives an overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines. In addition, control structures of the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of compensation for low-order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover, control strategies when running on grid faults are treated. This paper ends up with an overview of synchronization methods and a discussion about their importance in the control
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.014
|
discipline of engineering
|
Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73916439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7853459,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718"
},
{
"display_name": "Flywheel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31107917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73888916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183576"
},
{
"display_name": "Compressed air energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780113879",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6522611,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260916"
},
{
"display_name": "Supercapacitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6585489",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6466886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5417308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Superconducting magnetic energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54999516",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5282454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915682"
},
{
"display_name": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183739832",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5130967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339353"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183287310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5090091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963"
},
{
"display_name": "Flywheel energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779171476",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5008979,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1538992"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47860166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer data storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194739806",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46365556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric potential energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98576551",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44317278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841798"
},
{
"display_name": "Process engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21880701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44295627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042"
},
{
"display_name": "Compressed air",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1934278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43059015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143746"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42930672,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4203226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33096623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186370098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32017934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787"
}
] |
Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481
|
discipline of engineering
|
The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid
|
[
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6522628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6056193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric vehicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776422217",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53530365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441"
},
{
"display_name": "Plug-in",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4924752",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.531624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148"
},
{
"display_name": "Voltage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165801399",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47852242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45975423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "Load profile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777908891",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4356377,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39071056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3855798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38156587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
}
] |
Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2004.833453
|
discipline of engineering
|
Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Power electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178911571",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65271044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6433422,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C423512",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6393247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544738498",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60305893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5972441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55769545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705"
},
{
"display_name": "Stand-alone power system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104708988",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5252378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664450"
},
{
"display_name": "Power module",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141812795",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5232231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236534"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric power system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89227174",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48919868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4744086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138331895",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46985686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40293303",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4545762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45453387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid energy storage",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38864968",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4478048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1832610"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4392977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38555494,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
}
] |
The global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is a steady increase of the demand on the power capacity, efficient production, distribution and utilization of energy. The traditional power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) generators, fuel cells, small hydro, wave generators, and gas/steam powered combined heat and power stations, are being integrated into power systems at the distribution level. Power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper reviews the applications of power electronics in the integration of DG units, in particular, wind power, fuel cells and PV generators.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161
|
discipline of engineering
|
Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Commercialization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780625559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8479608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592"
},
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7019288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive industry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526921623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6701569,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric vehicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776422217",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54119927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium (medication)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778541603",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51961845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763"
},
{
"display_name": "Competitor analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127576917",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5162156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithium-ion battery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779197387",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.46448216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822895"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45836434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33700985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
}
] |
Abstract The currently commercialized lithium‐ion batteries have allowed for the creation of practical electric vehicles, simultaneously satisfying many stringent milestones in energy density, lifetime, safety, power, and cost requirements of the electric vehicle economy. The next wave of consumer electric vehicles is just around the corner. Although widely adopted in the vehicle market, lithium‐ion batteries still require further development to sustain their dominating roles among competitors. In this review, the authors survey the state‐of‐the‐art active electrode materials and cell chemistries for automotive batteries. The performance, production, and cost are included. The advances and challenges in the lithium‐ion battery economy from the material design to the cell and the battery packs fitting the rapid developing automotive market are discussed in detail. Also, new technologies of promising battery chemistries are comprehensively evaluated for their potential to satisfy the targets of future electric vehicles.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011
|
discipline of engineering
|
Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review
|
[
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6701539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5640438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermal runaway",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72688512",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5539806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908282"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49311993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Trickle charging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31419778",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47202295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350726"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4685187,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Charge cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200013194",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4325996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5074261"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40077043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035"
},
{
"display_name": "Reliability engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200601418",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39017376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34509924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
}
] |
In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj3020289
|
discipline of engineering
|
Experimental Validation of a Battery Dynamic Model for EV Applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Battery (electricity)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555008776",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.88294744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.582157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.54550207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50429714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342"
},
{
"display_name": "State of charge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776582896",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47557464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46640483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4517691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Fuel cells",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987658370",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44294357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamic simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149808339",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4337613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319019"
}
] |
This paper presents an improved and easy-to-use battery dynamic model. The charge and the discharge dynamics of the battery model are validated experimentally with four batteries types. An interesting feature of this model is the simplicity to extract the dynamic model parameters from batteries datasheets. Only three points on the manufacturer’s discharge curve in steady state are required to obtain the parameters. Finally, the battery model is included in the SimPowerSystems simulation software and used in a detailed simulation of an electric vehicle based on a hybrid fuel cell-battery power source. The results show that the model can accurately represent the dynamic behaviour of the battery.
|
C171146098
|
Automotive engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2006.875476
|
discipline of engineering
|
Comparison of Direct-Drive and Geared Generator Concepts for Wind Turbines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Induction generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98716924",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.80681646,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752750"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77628773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302"
},
{
"display_name": "Generator (circuit theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780992000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7516556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113"
},
{
"display_name": "Permanent magnet synchronous generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201320609",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6594227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274420"
},
{
"display_name": "Electric generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133118237",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55529416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131502"
},
{
"display_name": "Automotive engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171146098",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5244527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192"
},
{
"display_name": "Shunt generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68121349",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5112007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7505144"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46746066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Excitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83581075",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4514694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity generation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C423512",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44535664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973"
},
{
"display_name": "Control theory (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47446073",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4240025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986715156",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41733202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49833"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16389437",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40470642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32788265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Control engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3261673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288"
}
] |
The objective of this paper is to compare five different generator systems for wind turbines, namely the doubly-fed induction generator with three-stage gearbox (DFIG3G), the direct-drive synchronous generator with electrical excitation (DDSG), the direct-drive permanent-megnet generator (DDPMG), the permanent-magnet generator with single stage gearbox (PMG1G), and the doubly-fed induction generator with single-stage gearbox (DFIG1G). The comparison is based on cost and annual energy yield for a given wind climate. The DFIG3G is a cheap solution using standard components. The DFIG1G seems the most attractive in terms of energy yield divided by cost. The DDPMG has the highest energy yield, but although it is cheaper than the DDSG, it is more expensive than the generator systems with gearbox.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1706.03762
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Attention Is All You Need
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8551122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8304241,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Transformer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66322947",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7824931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658"
},
{
"display_name": "BLEU",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C622187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6924162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500773"
},
{
"display_name": "Encoder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118505674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6585307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61337113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Parallelizable manifold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148047603",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5542273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014612"
},
{
"display_name": "Parsing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186644900",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5215595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5018883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Decoding methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57273362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49938035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722"
},
{
"display_name": "Language model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137293760",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48461947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Convolutional neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81363708",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42193466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3888118,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3401392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
}
] |
The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.8 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature. We show that the Transformer generalizes well to other tasks by applying it successfully to English constituency parsing both with large and limited training data.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.70202196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5919725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5910381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48597467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43584925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39241347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3544224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
}
] |
Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic, but the origin of these regularities has remained opaque. We analyze and make explicit the model properties needed for such regularities to emerge in word vectors. The result is a new global logbilinear regression model that combines the advantages of the two major model families in the literature: global matrix factorization and local context window methods. Our model efficiently leverages statistical information by training only on the nonzero elements in a word-word cooccurrence matrix, rather than on the entire sparse matrix or on individual context windows in a large corpus. The model produces a vector space with meaningful substructure, as evidenced by its performance of 75% on a recent word analogy task. It also outperforms related models on similarity tasks and named entity recognition.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1179
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder–Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8681345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.78732455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Phrase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776224158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7133226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6715017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62967163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Encoder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118505674",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5642556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063"
},
{
"display_name": "Translation (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149364088",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5084921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982736386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44394553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40475145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
}
] |
Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merriënboer, Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, Yoshua Bengio. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2014.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1301.3781
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81846476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7458117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "BLEU",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C622187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5622755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500773"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5593763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Translation (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149364088",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49152955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4460665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–machine system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146047270",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43317437,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119857082",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4043903,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539"
}
] |
We propose two novel model architectures for computing continuous vector representations of words from very large data sets. The quality of these representations is measured in a word similarity task, and the results are compared to the previously best performing techniques based on different types of neural networks. We observe large improvements in accuracy at much lower computational cost, i.e. it takes less than a day to learn high quality word vectors from a 1.6 billion words data set. Furthermore, we show that these vectors provide state-of-the-art performance on our test set for measuring syntactic and semantic word similarities.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.3215
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8514335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7163261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Similarity (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103278499",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6417932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6170614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Vector space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13336665",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5846031,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125977"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58027726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5561675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51198065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Vector space model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89686163",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47854334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187982"
},
{
"display_name": "Test set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169903167",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4704199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153"
},
{
"display_name": "Semantic similarity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130318100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46740845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46348694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50644808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43198335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776"
}
] |
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are powerful models that have achieved excellent performance on difficult learning tasks. Although DNNs work well whenever large labeled training sets are available, they cannot be used to map sequences to sequences. In this paper, we present a general end-to-end approach to sequence learning that makes minimal assumptions on the sequence structure. Our method uses a multilayered Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to map the input sequence to a vector of a fixed dimensionality, and then another deep LSTM to decode the target sequence from the vector. Our main result is that on an English to French translation task from the WMT'14 dataset, the translations produced by the LSTM achieve a BLEU score of 34.8 on the entire test set, where the LSTM's BLEU score was penalized on out-of-vocabulary words. Additionally, the LSTM did not have difficulty on long sentences. For comparison, a phrase-based SMT system achieves a BLEU score of 33.3 on the same dataset. When we used the LSTM to rerank the 1000 hypotheses produced by the aforementioned SMT system, its BLEU score increases to 36.5, which is close to the previous best result on this task. The LSTM also learned sensible phrase and sentence representations that are sensitive to word order and are relatively invariant to the active and the passive voice. Finally, we found that reversing the order of the words in all source sentences (but not target sentences) improved the LSTM's performance markedly, because doing so introduced many short term dependencies between the source and the target sentence which made the optimization problem easier.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1310.4546
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality
|
[
{
"display_name": "WordNet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157659113",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.93826383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533822"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.85126007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Lexicographical order",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159254197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7498109,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144915"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7227812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6776988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Noun",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121934690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6625042,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084"
},
{
"display_name": "Synonym (taxonomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173483453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6536513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040689"
},
{
"display_name": "Lexical database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780403423",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6212802,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6537700"
},
{
"display_name": "Lemmatisation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161831844",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45790482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2554325"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44302148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38216284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162"
}
] |
The recently introduced continuous Skip-gram model is an efficient method for learning high-quality distributed vector representations that capture a large number of precise syntactic and semantic word relationships. In this paper we present several extensions that improve both the quality of the vectors and the training speed. By subsampling of the frequent words we obtain significant speedup and also learn more regular word representations. We also describe a simple alternative to the hierarchical softmax called negative sampling. An inherent limitation of word representations is their indifference to word order and their inability to represent idiomatic phrases. For example, the meanings of "Canada" and "Air" cannot be easily combined to obtain "Air Canada". Motivated by this example, we present a simple method for finding phrases in text, and show that learning good vector representations for millions of phrases is possible.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1181
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81489277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.71594155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Sentence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777530160",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67668414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796"
},
{
"display_name": "Phrase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776224158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.631516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931"
},
{
"display_name": "Sequence (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778112365",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5972195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54611605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53995466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52450573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Speech recognition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28490314",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4690343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436"
},
{
"display_name": "Recurrent neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147168706",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45878652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial neural network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50644808",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43515947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776"
},
{
"display_name": "Machine translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203005215",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42512923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798"
},
{
"display_name": "Vocabulary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601683",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4111171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736"
},
{
"display_name": "Deep learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108583219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4103351,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536"
}
] |
We report on a series of experiments with convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained on top of pre-trained word vectors for sentence-level classification tasks.We show that a simple CNN with little hyperparameter tuning and static vectors achieves excellent results on multiple benchmarks.Learning task-specific vectors through fine-tuning offers further gains in performance.We additionally propose a simple modification to the architecture to allow for the use of both task-specific and static vectors.The CNN models discussed herein improve upon the state of the art on 4 out of 7 tasks, which include sentiment analysis and question classification.
|
C204321447
|
Natural language processing
|
https://doi.org/10.1006/knac.1993.1008
|
field of computer science and linguistics
|
A translation approach to portable ontology specifications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Principle of compositionality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121375916",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7913333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936559"
},
{
"display_name": "Softmax function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188441871",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77707446,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7697514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Word (group theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90805587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.702155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68232113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65899616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63153416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45251113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Speedup",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68339613",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42013556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34968495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162"
}
] |
To support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge among AI systems, it is useful to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented. A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse—definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects—is called an ontology. This paper describes a mechanism for defining ontologies that are portable over representation systems. Definitions written in a standard format for predicate calculus are translated by a system called Ontolingua into specialized representations, including frame-based systems as well as relational languages. This allows researchers to share and reuse ontologies, while retaining the computational benefits of specialized implementations. We discuss how the translation approach to portability addresses several technical problems. One problem is how to accommodate the stylistic and organizational differences among representations while preserving declarative content. Another is how to translate from a very expressive language into restricted languages, remaining system-independent while preserving the computational efficiency of implemented systems. We describe how these problems are addressed by basing Ontolingua itself on an ontology of domain-independent, representational idioms.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet
|
[
{
"display_name": "Planetary boundaries",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32334204",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9372525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961310"
},
{
"display_name": "Planet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51244244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7737195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780422510",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7351985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.705987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth system science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80368990",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62929195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6059976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Boundary (topology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62354387",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56461734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48948324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43344533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Global change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199491958",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42183092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41243264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38494897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33240798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3259885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686"
}
] |
Crossing the boundaries in global sustainability The planetary boundary (PB) concept, introduced in 2009, aimed to define the environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate. This approach has proved influential in global sustainability policy development. Steffen et al. provide an updated and extended analysis of the PB framework. Of the original nine proposed boundaries, they identify three (including climate change) that might push the Earth system into a new state if crossed and that also have a pervasive influence on the remaining boundaries. They also develop the PB framework so that it can be applied usefully in a regional context. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.1259855
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/issn.1755-1315
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
|
[
{
"display_name": "Series (stratigraphy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143724316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7062874,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth (classical element)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26148502",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47709638,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488752"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46177682,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
}
] |
s si s t a n t 678
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
The Chemical Composition of the Sun
|
[
{
"display_name": "Helioseismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106048912",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.81070375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068381"
},
{
"display_name": "Standard solar model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C103762249",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.74708724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2719897"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6735642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130635790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61862403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60186"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.570257,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
},
{
"display_name": "Neon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522602180",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5616032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654"
},
{
"display_name": "Abundance (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77077793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5066141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical composition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149849071",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50278234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar System",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539450922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49561107,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544"
},
{
"display_name": "Solar physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183682340",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45028102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043698"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44408607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Atmosphere (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65440619",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41977036,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33495027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
}
] |
The solar chemical composition is an important ingredient in our understanding of the formation, structure and evolution of both the Sun and our solar system. Furthermore, it is an essential reference standard against which the elemental contents of other astronomical objects are compared. In this review we evaluate the current understanding of the solar photospheric composition. In particular, we present a re-determination of the abundances of nearly all available elements, using a realistic new 3-dimensional (3D), time-dependent hydrodynamical model of the solar atmosphere. We have carefully considered the atomic input data and selection of spectral lines, and accounted for departures from LTE whenever possible. The end result is a comprehensive and homogeneous compilation of the solar elemental abundances. Particularly noteworthy findings are significantly lower abundances of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and neon compared with the widely-used values of a decade ago. The new solar chemical composition is supported by a high degree of internal consistency between available abundance indicators, and by agreement with values obtained in the solar neighborhood and from the most pristine meteorites. There is, however, a stark conflict with standard models of the solar interior according to helioseismology, a discrepancy that has yet to find a satisfactory resolution.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629272
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
The<i>Gaia</i>mission
|
[
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6151129,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39579928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Aeronautics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3454099,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34171337,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
Gaia is a cornerstone mission in the science programme of the EuropeanSpace Agency (ESA). The spacecraft construction was approved in 2006, following a study in which the original interferometric concept was changed to a direct-imaging approach. Both the spacecraft and the payload were built by European industry. The involvement of the scientific community focusses on data processing for which the international Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) was selected in 2007. Gaia was launched on 19 December 2013 and arrived at its operating point, the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system, a few weeks later. The commissioning of the spacecraft and payload was completed on 19 July 2014. The nominal five-year mission started with four weeks of special, ecliptic-pole scanning and subsequently transferred into full-sky scanning mode. We recall the scientific goals of Gaia and give a description of the as-built spacecraft that is currently (mid-2016) being operated to achieve these goals. We pay special attention to the payload module, the performance of which is closely related to the scientific performance of the mission. We provide a summary of the commissioning activities and findings, followed by a description of the routine operational mode. We summarise scientific performance estimates on the basis of in-orbit operations. Several intermediate Gaia data releases are planned and the data can be retrieved from the Gaia Archive, which is available through the Gaia home page.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185402
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
Kepler Planet-Detection Mission: Introduction and First Results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Planet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51244244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.83817303,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634"
},
{
"display_name": "Kepler-47",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130564055",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.7378725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1739143"
},
{
"display_name": "Exoplanet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163479331",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7082518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44559"
},
{
"display_name": "Neptune",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C525488444",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.691281,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.686322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Circumstellar habitable zone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51553727",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.66044533,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215913"
},
{
"display_name": "Kepler",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207963374",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6570617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47592"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6357559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6043041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrestrial planet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154010619",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55563277,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128207"
},
{
"display_name": "Kepler-69c",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161066679",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5316736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2908228"
},
{
"display_name": "Jupiter (rocket family)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22268893",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46088123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1102176"
},
{
"display_name": "Stars",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150846664",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44952053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306"
},
{
"display_name": "Gas giant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173740370",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43488503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121750"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3628034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
}
] |
The Kepler mission was designed to determine the frequency of Earth-sized planets in and near the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. The habitable zone is the region where planetary temperatures are suitable for water to exist on a planet's surface. During the first 6 weeks of observations, Kepler monitored 156,000 stars, and five new exoplanets with sizes between 0.37 and 1.6 Jupiter radii and orbital periods from 3.2 to 4.9 days were discovered. The density of the Neptune-sized Kepler-4b is similar to that of Neptune and GJ 436b, even though the irradiation level is 800,000 times higher. Kepler-7b is one of the lowest-density planets (approximately 0.17 gram per cubic centimeter) yet detected. Kepler-5b, -6b, and -8b confirm the existence of planets with densities lower than those predicted for gas giant planets.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153213
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biogeochemical cycle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71915725",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9177591,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846303"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63024896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Horizontal gene transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92938381",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.57701105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83185"
},
{
"display_name": "Planet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51244244",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.489998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.443841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Evolutionary biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78458016",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41598183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35817677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35602105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187"
}
] |
Virtually all nonequilibrium electron transfers on Earth are driven by a set of nanobiological machines composed largely of multimeric protein complexes associated with a small number of prosthetic groups. These machines evolved exclusively in microbes early in our planet's history yet, despite their antiquity, are highly conserved. Hence, although there is enormous genetic diversity in nature, there remains a relatively stable set of core genes coding for the major redox reactions essential for life and biogeochemical cycles. These genes created and coevolved with biogeochemical cycles and were passed from microbe to microbe primarily by horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in the coming decades is to understand how these machines evolved, how they work, and the processes that control their activity on both molecular and planetary scales.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141038
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years
|
[
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5302353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.442317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4383677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38941002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3851775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35490084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available along the entire European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending this climate record back to marine isotope stage 20.2, â¼800,000 years ago. Experiments performed with an atmospheric general circulation model including water isotopes support its temperature interpretation. We assessed the general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts for this Dome C record, which reveals the presence of such features with similar amplitudes during previous glacial periods. We suggest that the interplay between obliquity and precession accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial periods in ice core records.
|
C87355193
|
Astrobiology
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1325201
|
study of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere
|
<i>Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</i>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6032231,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52555454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrobiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87355193",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40874273,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411"
},
{
"display_name": "Astrophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44870925",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39737374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547"
}
] |
1) Introduction. Cox 2)General Constants and Units. Cox 3) Atoms and Molecules. Dappen 4) Spectra. Cowley, et al 5) Radiation. Keady & Kilcrease 6) Radio and Microwave Astronomy. Hjellming 7) Infrared Astronomy. Tokunaga 8) Ultraviolet Astronomy. Teays 9) X-Ray Astronomy. Seward 10) Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Astronomy. Lingenfelter & Rothschild 11) Earth. Schubert & Walterscheid 12) Planets and Satellites. Tholen 13) Solar System Small Bodies. Binzel, et al 14) Sun. Livingston 15) Normal Stars. Drilling & Landolt 16) Stars with Special Characteristics. Fernie 17) Cataclysmic and Symbiotic Variables. Sparks, et al. 18) Supernovae. Wheeler & Bennetti 19) Star Populations and the Solar Neighborhood. Gilmore & Zeilik 20) Theoretical Stellar Evolution. Becker/Pensell/Cox 21) Circumstellar and Interstellar Material. Mathis 22) Star Clusters. Harris & Harris 23) Milky Way Galaxies. Trimble 24) Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei. Wilkes 25) Clusters and Groups of Galaxies. Bahcall 26) Cosmology. Scott, et al 27) Incidental Tables. Fiala, et al.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase
|
[
{
"display_name": "Autoxidation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37329643",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9891895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789331"
},
{
"display_name": "Pyrogallol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776344562",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9891155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388692"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8843202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Superoxide dismutase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775838275",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8541455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410776"
},
{
"display_name": "Superoxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780795997",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8540644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413283"
},
{
"display_name": "Catechol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777713698",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66770756,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282440"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778979269",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52251077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106951292"
},
{
"display_name": "Homolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175689099",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49695328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908109"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C540031477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.480502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41414687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Radical",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139066938",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37469554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185056"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.36884743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3687355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3613894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35405546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
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] |
The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6. The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O 2 · − , in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O 2 · − ‐independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant. Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H 2 O 2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H 2 O 2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism. A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol. A plausible explanation is given for the non‐competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O ‐methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00552a018
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures
|
[
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{
"display_name": "Selectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118792377",
"level": 3,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245"
},
{
"display_name": "BAPTA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780019300",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5828892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4834614"
},
{
"display_name": "Ether",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780407432",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56963336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103230"
},
{
"display_name": "EGTA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777658833",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56747764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408437"
},
{
"display_name": "Methylene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777454769",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5214438,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11172462"
},
{
"display_name": "Quinoline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776309666",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.502932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408384"
},
{
"display_name": "Lone pair",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46000676",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49713233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804644"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91881484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48773965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519063684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45225385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706"
},
{
"display_name": "Aromaticity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192386470",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44688505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210390"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4277233,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissociation constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74998103",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4260627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898254"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3580321,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34305197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33429968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
}
] |
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structuresRoger Y. TsienCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 11, 2396–2404Publication Date (Print):May 27, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 May 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00552a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views5453Altmetric-Citations1633LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00622
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Palladium-Catalyzed Transformations of Alkyl C–H Bonds
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.96446764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Palladium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502130503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.75101256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089"
},
{
"display_name": "Regioselectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59759590",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7294445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275927"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71326625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactivity (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776910235",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68116784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18574"
},
{
"display_name": "Denticity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178516000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.60727155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023362"
},
{
"display_name": "Alkyl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780263894",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5982162,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335268"
},
{
"display_name": "Heteroatom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20950531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56410295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161940"
},
{
"display_name": "Surface modification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115537861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5414645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993"
},
{
"display_name": "Selectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118792377",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50792605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48040894,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47815523,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3921975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
}
] |
This Review summarizes the advancements in Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H activation via various redox manifolds, including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV), and Pd(II)/Pd(0). While few examples have been reported in the activation of alkane C-H bonds, many C(sp3)-H activation/C-C and C-heteroatom bond forming reactions have been developed by the use of directing group strategies to control regioselectivity and build structural patterns for synthetic chemistry. A number of mono- and bidentate ligands have also proven to be effective for accelerating C(sp3)-H activation directed by weakly coordinating auxiliaries, which provides great opportunities to control reactivity and selectivity (including enantioselectivity) in Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja010624k
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Mechanism and Activity of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9093476,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Ruthenium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555196967",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8498217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777716191",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7542002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207877"
},
{
"display_name": "Substituent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778689049",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69335836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898422"
},
{
"display_name": "Olefin metathesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994504213",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6908345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898959"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67012715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Ligand (biochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116569031",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6184544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899107"
},
{
"display_name": "Salt metathesis reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44138296",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5782744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13533728"
},
{
"display_name": "Metathesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153914509",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5618335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191090"
},
{
"display_name": "Dissociation (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102931765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54099184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189673"
},
{
"display_name": "Olefin fiber",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51886252",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5244037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118667"
},
{
"display_name": "Acyclic diene metathesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46094051",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4748005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677982"
},
{
"display_name": "Ring-opening metathesis polymerisation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174499055",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.45358896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4250538"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45124432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41106054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
}
] |
This report details the effects of ligand variation on the mechanism and activity of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts. A series of ruthenium complexes of the general formula L(PR3)(X)2RuCHR1 have been prepared, and the influence of the substituents L, X, R, and R1 on the rates of phosphine dissociation and initiation as well as overall activity for olefin metathesis reactions was examined. In all cases, initiation proceeds by dissociative substitution of a phosphine ligand (PR3) with an olefinic substrate. All of the ligands L, X, R, and R1 have a significant impact on initiation rates and on catalyst activity. The origins of the observed substituent effects as well as the implications of these studies for the design and implementation of new olefin metathesis catalysts and substrates are discussed in detail.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914768
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Inside Cover: Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium‐Catalyzed Umpolung 1,4‐Addition of Aryl Iodides to Enals (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2020)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Umpolung",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C76164948",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9777082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904718"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777164566",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8976921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419257"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.77774394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Aryl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781076698",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7039783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718074"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.67610884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Palladium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502130503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65058064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089"
},
{
"display_name": "Organocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66972969",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5693334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898995"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49550807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Conjugate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197336794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46844983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5161150"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3958882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3886185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38528705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
}
] |
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis in the presence of transition metals is a challenge because of the high affinity of NHCs for metals. In their Communication on page 161, J. Mao, P. J. Walsh, and co-workers present a system for the conjugate addition of aryl iodides to enals through cooperative catalysis between an NHC and a Pd catalyst. The catalytic cycles intersect at Pd, where the two newly formed Pd−C bonds undergo reductive elimination to give a C−C bond.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95800-x
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Esterase Activities of Human Carbonic Anhydrases B and C
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8829127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Acetazolamide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777405951",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7784388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413690"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrolysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94412978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6765719,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103135"
},
{
"display_name": "Enzyme",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181199279",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6067697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5365095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Esterase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777261171",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5266775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418750"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonic anhydrase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775914622",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5000193,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284089"
},
{
"display_name": "Substrate (aquarium)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777289219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46665666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46427697,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Stereochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71240020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41236445,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011"
}
] |
Abstract Both human carbonic anhydrases B and C act as esterases on o- and p-nitrophenyl acetates. Enzyme C is the more active of the two for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate, and enzyme B for o-nitrophenyl acetate. The pH-activity curves are sigmoid, the esterase activity being very small below pH 6 and rising to a high level around pH 9; the inflection point lies at pH 7.3 for Enzyme B and at 6.8 for Enzyme C. The Km values are nearly independent of pH in all cases; thus the pH dependence curves appear to reflect the catalytic center activity. The reactions follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics over the range of substrate concentrations studied, but this range is limited to values less than the Km values, because of the limited solubility of the esters. Measurements in a stop-flow apparatus, at times from 10 msec to 2 sec, gave the same kinetic constants as those measured under steady state conditions. There was no evidence of an initial burst of release of nitrophenol. When the reactions were studied under the condition (E0) ≅ (S0) << Km, the process followed first order kinetics until hydrolysis was nearly complete. The data thus gave no evidence for the presence of an acyl intermediate; if such an intermediate exists it must be very rapidly hydrolyzed. Both enzymes are inhibited by monovalent anions, by acetazolamide, and by alcohols. Anion inhibition decreases with increasing pH, and so does the acetazolamide inhibition. The alcohol inhibition is not affected by pH. Enzyme B is somewhat more strongly inhibited by anions, but Enzyme C is much more strongly inhibited by alcohols and by acetazolamide. Only one site seems to be involved in the inhibition by either type of inhibitor. Competition for one site has been demonstrated between the anions and the alcohols. The inhibitions are reversible, and noncompetitive with respect to substrate. Since anion inhibition follows the lyotropic series, the binding site is believed not to be the zinc ion. Binding of anions by Enzyme B, and by zinc-free apoenzyme, has been demonstrated by an increase in pH of an isoionic solution caused by the addition of neutral salts. At low salt concentrations solutions of the apoenzyme show a lower change in pH than these of the holoenzyme, but at higher salt concentrations the values are very similar. Thus in 0.1 m KCl both the enzyme and apoenzyme bind approximately 6 chloride ions.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja964144i
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Mechanistic Studies of the Palladium-Catalyzed Copolymerization of Ethylene and α-Olefins with Methyl Acrylate
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8795148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Comonomer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780672802",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.83783114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55999569"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethylene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778597550",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7506864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151313"
},
{
"display_name": "Methyl acrylate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778004933",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7424817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343028"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6514904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Diimine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776303508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6505323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276521"
},
{
"display_name": "Migratory insertion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137955730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6470363,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6844361"
},
{
"display_name": "Palladium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502130503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6193294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6005835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5212553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Acrylate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779989194",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44651735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343016"
},
{
"display_name": "Copolymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15920480",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44359195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134121241",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43113995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301"
}
] |
Mechanistic aspects of palladium-catalyzed insertion copolymerizations of ethylene and α-olefins with methyl acrylate to give high molar mass polymers are described. Complexes [(N∧N)Pd(CH2)3C(O)OMe]BAr'4 (2) or [(N∧N)Pd(CH3)(L)]BAr'4 (1: L = OEt2; 3: L ⋮ NCMe; 4: L ⋮ NCAr') (N∧N ≡ ArNC(R)−C(R)NAr, e.g., Ar ⋮ 2,6-C6H3(i-Pr)2, R ⋮ H (a), Me (b); Ar' ⋮ 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2) with bulky substituted α-diimine ligands were used as catalyst precursors. The copolymers are highly branched, the acrylate comonomer being incorporated predominantly at the ends of branches as −CH2CH2C(O)OMe groups. The effects of reaction conditions and catalyst structure on the copolymerization reaction are rationalized. Low-temperature NMR studies show that migratory insertion in the η2-methyl acrylate (MA) complex [(N∧N)PdMe{H2CCHC(O)OMe}]+ (5) occurs to give initially the 2,1-insertion product [(N∧N)PdCH(CH2CH3)C(O)OMe]+ (6), which rearranges stepwise to yield 2 as the final product upon warming to −20 °C. Activation parameters (ΔH⧧ = 12.1 ± 1.4 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −14.1 ± 7.0 eu) were determined for the conversion of 5a to 6a. Rates of ethylene homopolymerization observed in preparative-scale polymerizations (1.2 s-1 at 25 °C, ΔG⧧ = 17.4 kcal/mol for 2b) correspond well with low-temperature NMR kinetic data for migratory insertion of ethylene in [(N∧N)Pd{(CH2)2nMe}(H2CCH2)]+. Relative binding affinities of olefins to the metal center were also studied. For [(N∧N)PdMe(H2CCH2)]+ + MA ⇌ 5a + H2CCH2, Keq(−95 °C) = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-6 was determined. Combination of the above studies provides a mechanistic model that agrees well with acrylate incorporations observed in copolymerization experiments. Data obtained for equilibria 2 + H2CCHR'' ⇌ [(N∧N)Pd{(CH2)3C(O)OMe}(H2CCHR'')]+ (R'' ⋮ H, Me, nC4H9) shows that chelating coordination of the carbonyl group is favored over olefin coordination at room temperature. Formation of chelates analogous to 2 during the copolymerization is assumed to render the subsequent monomer insertion a turnover-limiting step.
|
C155647269
|
Medicinal chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00081
|
scientific branch of pharmaceutical chemistry
|
Phosphine Organocatalysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nucleophile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178907741",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9098142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745930"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrophile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50027330",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.88871336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908086"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8796513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777716191",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.837245,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207877"
},
{
"display_name": "Organocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66972969",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.68062574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898995"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphine oxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781082197",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6155921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270838"
},
{
"display_name": "Nucleophilic addition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20774148",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49278453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901669"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46480146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicinal chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155647269",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45613295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455"
},
{
"display_name": "Zwitterion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778743342",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43095565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245115"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4251728,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
}
] |
The hallmark of nucleophilic phosphine catalysis is the initial nucleophilic addition of a phosphine to an electrophilic starting material, producing a reactive zwitterionic intermediate, generally under mild conditions. In this Review, we classify nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions in terms of their electrophilic components. In the majority of cases, these electrophiles possess carbon–carbon multiple bonds: alkenes (section 2), allenes (section 3), alkynes (section 4), and Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohol derivatives (MBHADs; section 5). Within each of these sections, the reactions are compiled based on the nature of the second starting material—nucleophiles, dinucleophiles, electrophiles, and electrophile–nucleophiles. Nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions that occur via the initial addition to starting materials that do not possess carbon–carbon multiple bonds are collated in section 6. Although not catalytic in the phosphine, the formation of ylides through the nucleophilic addition of phosphines to carbon–carbon multiple bond–containing compounds is intimately related to the catalysis and is discussed in section 7. Finally, section 8 compiles miscellaneous topics, including annulations of the Hüisgen zwitterion, phosphine-mediated reductions, iminophosphorane organocatalysis, and catalytic variants of classical phosphine oxide–generating reactions.
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7722148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49791455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49399835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4622481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168754636",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41410452,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41322023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
}
] |
This latest Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will again form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with climate change and its consequences, including students and researchers in environmental science, meteorology, climatology, biology, ecology and atmospheric chemistry. It provides invaluable material for decision makers and stakeholders: international, national, local; and in all branches: government, businesses, and NGOs. This volume provides: • An authoritative and unbiased overview of the physical science basis of climate change • A more extensive assessment of changes observed throughout the climate system than ever before • New dedicated chapters on sea-level change, biogeochemical cycles, clouds and aerosols, and regional climate phenomena • A more extensive coverage of model projections, both near-term and long-term climate projections • A detailed assessment of climate change observations, modelling, and attribution for every continent • A new comprehensive atlas of global and regional climate projections for 35 regions of the world
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7531918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7380067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58941895",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6221843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.596597,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5403708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130094819",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50110674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333882"
},
{
"display_name": "Abundance (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77077793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44713777,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019"
},
{
"display_name": "Abiotic component",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132215390",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43030703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461335"
}
] |
Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1) Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species, ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions. 3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change. 4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions. 5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered. We have high confidence in the following conclusions: 1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning. 2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems. 3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options. Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas: 1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects. 2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. The response of ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers. 3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity. 4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies. 5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary. Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making.
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.5751/es-00650-090205
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Adaptability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92100775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297"
},
{
"display_name": "Resilience (materials science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779585090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79197073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52903265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5232274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological resilience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137176749",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4628154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecological systems theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47318914",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41080892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295872"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3357974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
Walker, B., C. Holling, S. R. Carpenter and A. P. Kinzig 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.59327/ipcc/ar5-9789291691432
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
Climate Change 2014 - Synthesis Report
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.90891695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7389432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5022795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5008228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptation (eye)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139807058",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.496789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49618322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy of climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189123395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48289013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change mitigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509746633",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44489095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.378458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36551088,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
}
] |
The Synthesis Report (SYR) distils and integrates the findings of the three Working Group contributions to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the most comprehensive assessment of climate change undertaken thus far by the IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis; Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; and Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The SYR also incorporates the findings of two Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) and on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (2011).
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66120136,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Framing (construction)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169087156",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65244645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46127698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775917145",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4423784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680750"
},
{
"display_name": "Creativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11012388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43721026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptive capacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777006462",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4278463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3738275"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42700046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Social learning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79416737",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4171027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4126589,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.406327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35231388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34361488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3007121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
▪ Abstract We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of “bridging organizations” seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A resilient social-ecological system may make use of crisis as an opportunity to transform into a more desired state.
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.5070/g31710273
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
Our Ecological Footprint: reducing human impact on the earth
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ecological footprint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83516724",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.79634833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234173"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth (classical element)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26148502",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58311456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488752"
},
{
"display_name": "Footprint",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132943942",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51524025,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49532333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41583747,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110872660",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41187787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3936748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3670416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36070675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33783048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
}
] |
Review: Our Ecological Footprint: reducing human impact on the Earth. By Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees Reviewed by Gene Bazan Center for Sustainability, Pennsylvania State University Wackernagel, Mathis and William Rees. Our Ecological Footprint: reducing human impact on the Earth. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1996. 160 pp. US $14.94 paper ISBN: 0-86571-312-X. Partially recycled, acid-free paper using soy-based ink. If the earth's inhabitants were to live at the standard of the U.S., we would require three planet Earths to support us. Many of us have heard or read something like this before. Our Ecological Footprint provides a graphically compelling and quantitatively rigorous way for us to engage in the worldwide sustainability debate: Ecological Footprint analysis. Through this analysis we can determine the consequences of our behavior, and proposed solutions, at any level: individual, household, community, nation, or world. Ecological Footprint analysis measures the aggregate land area required for a given population to exist in a sustainable manner. Wackernagel and Rees note that at 11 acres per person, the U.S. has the highest per capita footprint and suggest that this number should be closer to 6 acres per person. Further, the U.S. faces an 80% ecological deficit, which means we are borrowing from our grandchildren's legacy, and expropriating land from elsewhere in the world. By contrast, each European requires around 5 acres; however, Europeans face higher ecological deficits because they have smaller land areas. Unlike other approaches, which focus on the depletion of non-renewables such as fossil fuel and minerals, Ecological Footprint analysis asserts that the road to sustainability must be paved with sustainable practices. Thus, our use of fossil fuel must have as a compensatory sink the acres of woodlot required to sequester the carbon from our combustion of fossil fuel (in our cars, home heating, etc.) or, alternatively, the acres of fields required to grow biofuel. For example, in comparing our daily commute by car, bus or bicycle, and considering all land requirements (e.g., manufacturing land to produce
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview
|
[
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7407585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Baseline (sea)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12725497",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73525625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.619892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4792198",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5347283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50334567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change mitigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509746633",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49658614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48524046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Land use, land-use change and forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122690726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48524022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4762647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42298096",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42194512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40918553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38935924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35275313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134560507",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.351837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291"
}
] |
This paper presents the overview of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, and emissions implications. The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework, established by the climate change research community in order to facilitate the integrated analysis of future climate impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation. The pathways were developed over the last years as a joint community effort and describe plausible major global developments that together would lead in the future to different challenges for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The SSPs are based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled development, and middle-of-the-road development. The long-term demographic and economic projections of the SSPs depict a wide uncertainty range consistent with the scenario literature. A multi-model approach was used for the elaboration of the energy, land-use and the emissions trajectories of SSP-based scenarios. The baseline scenarios lead to global energy consumption of 400–1200 EJ in 2100, and feature vastly different land-use dynamics, ranging from a possible reduction in cropland area up to a massive expansion by more than 700 million hectares by 2100. The associated annual CO2 emissions of the baseline scenarios range from about 25 GtCO2 to more than 120 GtCO2 per year by 2100. With respect to mitigation, we find that associated costs strongly depend on three factors: (1) the policy assumptions, (2) the socio-economic narrative, and (3) the stringency of the target. The carbon price for reaching the target of 2.6 W/m2 that is consistent with a temperature change limit of 2 °C, differs in our analysis thus by about a factor of three across the SSP marker scenarios. Moreover, many models could not reach this target from the SSPs with high mitigation challenges. While the SSPs were designed to represent different mitigation and adaptation challenges, the resulting narratives and quantifications span a wide range of different futures broadly representative of the current literature. This allows their subsequent use and development in new assessments and research projects. Critical next steps for the community scenario process will, among others, involve regional and sectoral extensions, further elaboration of the adaptation and impacts dimension, as well as employing the SSP scenarios with the new generation of earth system models as part of the 6th climate model intercomparison project (CMIP6).
|
C107826830
|
Environmental resource management
|
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
|
management of human interaction with the environment
|
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78312105,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76941,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5888593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptation (eye)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139807058",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5592167,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374"
},
{
"display_name": "Biodiversity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130217890",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49633628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46952382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy of climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189123395",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4501918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecological forecasting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96240277",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45000696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333237"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability assessment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167063184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44553047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44427773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Global warming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115343472",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.416923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37249094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3559813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2005.862083
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Robust uncertainty principles: exact signal reconstruction from highly incomplete frequency information
|
[
{
"display_name": "Omega",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779557605",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7174733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62642145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56947786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal reconstruction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70958404",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.52794737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512728"
},
{
"display_name": "Superposition principle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27753989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51676005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885"
},
{
"display_name": "Convex optimization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157972887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4234259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40063554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Regular polygon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112680207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38226056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3366871,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Signal processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104267543",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.32862014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30218333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754"
}
] |
This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal f/spl isin/C/sup N/ and a randomly chosen set of frequencies /spl Omega/. Is it possible to reconstruct f from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set /spl Omega/? A typical result of this paper is as follows. Suppose that f is a superposition of |T| spikes f(t)=/spl sigma//sub /spl tau//spl isin/T/f(/spl tau/)/spl delta/(t-/spl tau/) obeying |T|/spl les/C/sub M//spl middot/(log N)/sup -1/ /spl middot/ |/spl Omega/| for some constant C/sub M/>0. We do not know the locations of the spikes nor their amplitudes. Then with probability at least 1-O(N/sup -M/), f can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the /spl lscr//sub 1/ minimization problem. In short, exact recovery may be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem. We give numerical values for C/sub M/ which depend on the desired probability of success. Our result may be interpreted as a novel kind of nonlinear sampling theorem. In effect, it says that any signal made out of |T| spikes may be recovered by convex programming from almost every set of frequencies of size O(|T|/spl middot/logN). Moreover, this is nearly optimal in the sense that any method succeeding with probability 1-O(N/sup -M/) would in general require a number of frequency samples at least proportional to |T|/spl middot/logN. The methodology extends to a variety of other situations and higher dimensions. For example, we show how one can reconstruct a piecewise constant (one- or two-dimensional) object from incomplete frequency samples - provided that the number of jumps (discontinuities) obeys the condition above - by minimizing other convex functionals such as the total variation of f.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/800157.805047
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
The complexity of theorem-proving procedures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nondeterministic algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176181172",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5593954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5414841,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Time complexity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C311688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53013957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193"
},
{
"display_name": "Turing machine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29248071",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4980166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310"
},
{
"display_name": "NP",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91331118",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49572146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628036"
},
{
"display_name": "Oracle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55166926",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4842267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4676155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Bounded function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34388435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4630077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362"
},
{
"display_name": "Time hierarchy theorem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48415503",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44355336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251122"
},
{
"display_name": "Predicate (mathematical logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140146324",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43252283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319"
},
{
"display_name": "Propositional calculus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69562738",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42452103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200694"
},
{
"display_name": "Conjunctive normal form",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16221470",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42349902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846564"
},
{
"display_name": "Constraint satisfaction problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199622910",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41549858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326"
},
{
"display_name": "Decision problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115988155",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41050032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3262192"
}
] |
It is shown that any recognition problem solved by a polynomial time-bounded nondeterministic Turing machine can be “reduced” to the problem of determining whether a given propositional formula is a tautology. Here “reduced” means, roughly speaking, that the first problem can be solved deterministically in polynomial time provided an oracle is available for solving the second. From this notion of reducible, polynomial degrees of difficulty are defined, and it is shown that the problem of determining tautologyhood has the same polynomial degree as the problem of determining whether the first of two given graphs is isomorphic to a subgraph of the second. Other examples are discussed. A method of measuring the complexity of proof procedures for the predicate calculus is introduced and discussed.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177698950
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Upper and Lower Probabilities Induced by a Multivalued Mapping
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7781143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776214188",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6153084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386"
},
{
"display_name": "Upper and lower bounds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77553402",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5848905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579"
},
{
"display_name": "Section (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780129039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57080966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5314288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175"
},
{
"display_name": "Feature (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776401178",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48756927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47283798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical inference",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134261354",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45337695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438"
},
{
"display_name": "Measure (data warehouse)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780009758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4442676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172"
},
{
"display_name": "Conditioning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45262634",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42504767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159291"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4053405,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.324085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
}
] |
A multivalued mapping from a space $X$ to a space $S$ carries a probability measure defined over subsets of $X$ into a system of upper and lower probabilities over subsets of $S$. Some basic properties of such systems are explored in Sections 1 and 2. Other approaches to upper and lower probabilities are possible and some of these are related to the present approach in Section 3. A distinctive feature of the present approach is a rule for conditioning, or more generally, a rule for combining sources of information, as discussed in Sections 4 and 5. Finally, the context in statistical inference from which the present theory arose is sketched briefly in Section 6.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539795293172
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Quantum computer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58053490",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.733381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555"
},
{
"display_name": "Integer factorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119677069",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.698408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4846249"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete logarithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173259116",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6982103,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864003"
},
{
"display_name": "Prime factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30860621",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6235528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49008"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137019171",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56102717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817"
},
{
"display_name": "Time complexity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C311688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5505797,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193"
},
{
"display_name": "Post-quantum cryptography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108277079",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5117931,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576"
},
{
"display_name": "Logarithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39927690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50768125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197"
},
{
"display_name": "Polynomial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90119067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4797981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260"
},
{
"display_name": "Integer (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137487",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45083368,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138"
},
{
"display_name": "Factorization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187834632",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44632056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4452259,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Cryptosystem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6295992",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43433827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4239447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41957664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4167234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum sort",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62641251",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.41506508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269097"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4116695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Prime (order theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184992742",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3959295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243229"
}
] |
A digital computer is generally believed to be an efficient universal computing device; that is, it is believed able to simulate any physical computing device with an increase in computation time of at most a polynomial factor. This may not be true when quantum mechanics is taken into consideration. This paper considers factoring integers and finding discrete logarithms, two problems which are generally thought to be hard on a classical computer and have been used as the basis of several proposed cryptosystems. Efficient randomized algorithms are given for these two problems on a hypothetical quantum computer. These algorithms take a number of steps polynomial in the input size, e.g., the number of digits of the integer to be factored.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/272991.272995
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Mersenne twister
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mersenne prime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29641680",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8505982,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186875"
},
{
"display_name": "Pseudorandom number generator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140642157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7330547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338"
},
{
"display_name": "Polynomial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90119067",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6251487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260"
},
{
"display_name": "Generator (circuit theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780992000",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5616969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55463773,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Finite field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77926391",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5196789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603880"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5115703,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775997480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48410857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277"
},
{
"display_name": "Time complexity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C311688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4642727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45717695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Prime (order theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184992742",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43067947,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243229"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3904003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3043778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
}
] |
A new algorithm called Mersenne Twister (MT) is proposed for generating uniform pseudorandom numbers. For a particular choice of parameters, the algorithm provides a super astronomical period of 2 19937 −1 and 623-dimensional equidistribution up to 32-bit accuracy, while using a working area of only 624 words. This is a new variant of the previously proposed generators, TGFSR, modified so as to admit a Mersenne-prime period. The characteristic polynomial has many terms. The distribution up to v bits accuracy for 1 ≤ v ≤ 32 is also shown to be good. An algorithm is also given that checks the primitivity of the characteristic polynomial of MT with computational complexity O(p 2 ) where p is the degree of the polynomial. We implemented this generator in portable C-code. It passed several stringent statistical tests, including diehard. Its speed is comparable to other modern generators. Its merits are due to the efficient algorithms that are unique to polynomial calculations over the two-element field.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.52.3457
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Elementary gates for quantum computation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Toffoli gate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142465778",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.952331,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502619"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum gate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58849907",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7025161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982"
},
{
"display_name": "Arithmetic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94375191",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5501785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum computer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58053490",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48840278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48227268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Universal set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102565666",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47881037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378301"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum circuit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124148022",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.47347227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40729174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40675268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38809046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Topology (electrical circuits)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184720557",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3614834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84114770",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32605684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344"
}
] |
We show that a set of gates that consists of all one-bit quantum gates (U(2)) and the two-bit exclusive-or gate (that maps Boolean values $(x,y)$ to $(x,x \oplus y)$) is universal in the sense that all unitary operations on arbitrarily many bits $n$ (U($2^n$)) can be expressed as compositions of these gates. We investigate the number of the above gates required to implement other gates, such as generalized Deutsch-Toffoli gates, that apply a specific U(2) transformation to one input bit if and only if the logical AND of all remaining input bits is satisfied. These gates play a central role in many proposed constructions of quantum computational networks. We derive upper and lower bounds on the exact number of elementary gates required to build up a variety of two-and three-bit quantum gates, the asymptotic number required for $n$-bit Deutsch-Toffoli gates, and make some observations about the number required for arbitrary $n$-bit unitary operations.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.64.026118
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
Random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions and their applications
|
[
{
"display_name": "Giant component",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148818006",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7232268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4137985"
},
{
"display_name": "Random graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47458327",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6677046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree distribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87414783",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6270814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603"
},
{
"display_name": "Bipartite graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197657726",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6228886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733"
},
{
"display_name": "Vertex (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80899671",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6077921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5651211,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Indifference graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74133993",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5439579,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3115472"
},
{
"display_name": "Degree (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775997480",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4867973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47387335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4693863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
},
{
"display_name": "Chordal graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160446614",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4464278,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322892"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathwidth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43517604",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4401137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144893"
},
{
"display_name": "Complex network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34947359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3627355,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189"
}
] |
Recent work on the structure of social networks and the internet has focused attention on graphs with distributions of vertex degree that are significantly different from the Poisson degree distributions that have been widely studied in the past. In this paper we develop in detail the theory of random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions. In addition to simple undirected, unipartite graphs, we examine the properties of directed and bipartite graphs. Among other results, we derive exact expressions for the position of the phase transition at which a giant component first forms, the mean component size, the size of the giant component if there is one, the mean number of vertices a certain distance away from a randomly chosen vertex, and the average vertex-vertex distance within a graph. We apply our theory to some real-world graphs, including the world-wide web and collaboration graphs of scientists and Fortune 1000 company directors. We demonstrate that in some cases random graphs with appropriate distributions of vertex degree predict with surprising accuracy the behavior of the real world, while in others there is a measurable discrepancy between theory and reality, perhaps indicating the presence of additional social structure in the network that is not captured by the random graph.
|
C118615104
|
Discrete mathematics
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/285055.285059
|
study of discrete mathematical structures
|
A threshold of ln <i>n</i> for approximating set cover
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cover (algebra)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780428219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8837471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardinality (data modeling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87117476",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84254587,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362383"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114614502",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.75546765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592"
},
{
"display_name": "Set cover problem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100808899",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7336811,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192100"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7172904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6289542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Approximation algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148764684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6218619,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751"
},
{
"display_name": "Greedy algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51823790",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57421964,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48904213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Discrete mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118615104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46880606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416"
}
] |
Given a collection ℱ of subsets of S = {1,…, n }, set cover is the problem of selecting as few as possible subsets from ℱ such that their union covers S, , and max k-cover is the problem of selecting k subsets from ℱ such that their union has maximum cardinality. Both these problems are NP-hard. We prove that (1 - o (1)) ln n is a threshold below which set cover cannot be approximated efficiently, unless NP has slightly superpolynomial time algorithms. This closes the gap (up to low-order terms) between the ratio of approximation achievable by the greedy alogorithm (which is (1 - o (1)) ln n), and provious results of Lund and Yanakakis, that showed hardness of approximation within a ratio of (log 2 n ) / 2 ≃0.72 ln n . For max k -cover, we show an approximation threshold of (1 - 1/ e )(up to low-order terms), under assumption that P ≠ NP .
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Circular economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777448596",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9847691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743"
},
{
"display_name": "Prosperity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776554220",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75474465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760011"
},
{
"display_name": "Reuse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206588197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5676534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46205607,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainable development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552854447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44465002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201"
},
{
"display_name": "Transparency (behavior)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780233690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44325775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42796466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42500526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4231761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
The circular economy concept has gained momentum both among scholars and practitioners. However, critics claim that it means many different things to different people. This paper provides further evidence for these critics. The aim of this paper is to create transparency regarding the current understandings of the circular economy concept. For this purpose, we have gathered 114 circular economy definitions which were coded on 17 dimensions. Our findings indicate that the circular economy is most frequently depicted as a combination of reduce, reuse and recycle activities, whereas it is oftentimes not highlighted that CE necessitates a systemic shift. We further find that the definitions show few explicit linkages of the circular economy concept to sustainable development. The main aim of the circular economy is considered to be economic prosperity, followed by environmental quality; its impact on social equity and future generations is barely mentioned. Furthermore, neither business models nor consumers are frequently outlined as enablers of the circular economy. We critically discuss the various circular economy conceptualizations throughout this paper. Overall, we hope to contribute via this study towards the coherence of the circular economy concept; we presume that significantly varying circular economy definitions may eventually result in the collapse of the concept.
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2550637
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.
|
[
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{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38655788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.33052143,
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] |
textabstractIn Dutch: Naar een Nieuwe Wereldeconomie: voorstellen voor een internationaal economisch beleid, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam, 1965, XV + 335 p.
In Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-0383
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
The dragon's gift: the real story of China in Africa
|
[
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"display_name": "Summit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778848561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.91288495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207326"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85993755,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148"
},
{
"display_name": "Beijing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778304055",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7275407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64662015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5127743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46510655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36201143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.35477248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833"
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] |
The Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, held in November of 2006 helped to focus more world attention on the state of the African economy, which has seen far too many worries and failures and far too few successes.As the author states "It forced the West to focus on something new: Chinese aid and other forms of economic engagement were sharply on the rise in Africa.China was on a track to become the African continent's largest trading partner, outpacing Great Britain and the United States.Nearly 900 Chinese companies had invested in Africa by then (2002) -in factories and farms, retail shops and oil wells."By the time of the summit, China's accelerated move into Africa was already a decade old, and Dr. Brautigam proves, by her really dazzling knowledge of both Africa and China, that China's presence is never -eversimple or single minded.China has been active in Africa for more than 50 years, and that presence has shifted and evolved in rough congruence with tides running in China itself.Brautigam quite rightly argues that Western observers, especially politicians, media, and academics are prone to lock onto a few simplistic themes which they endlessly quote to each other:
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-6301
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Animal spirits: how human psychology drives the economy, and why it matters for global capitalism
|
[
{
"display_name": "Capitalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514928085",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.83760595,
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"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44761947,
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{
"display_name": "Neoclassical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
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{
"display_name": "Animal spirits",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778333631",
"level": 2,
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38740966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32300216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
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] |
Neoclassical economics states that economic decisions about human behavior are based on figures, statistics, and assumptions, and that rational decisions made on the basis of these assumptions do not change under different emotional conditions.However, as Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman stated in their studies in 1974 and Prospect Theory in 1979, people have only limited rationality with heuristics and biases.While neoclassical economic assumptions prevents economics from being a true social science, behavioral economics tries to explain economic events by understanding people without isolating them from economics.The book entitled "Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism, " written by George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller and published in 2009, deals with the factors affecting individuals in the decision-making process with a perspective other than neoclassical economic theory.In the first section of the two-part book, five basic motives (trust, justice, corruption, money illusion, and stories) are explained, while in the second section, eight questions about the economy are answered within the framework of these animal motivations.The importance of the book is its inclusion of animal motives in the economy that current theory fails to do so.In the book, while the econometric and statisticsbased models used by neoclassical economic theory to explain assumptions and economic phenomena are criticized, behavioral economic theory is put in its place.
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2000.0008
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Raising the Speed Limit: U.S. Economic Growth in the Information Age
|
[
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"display_name": "Productivity",
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{
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"level": 0,
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{
"display_name": "Skepticism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18296254",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56635725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219"
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{
"display_name": "Raising (metalworking)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780589192",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
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] |
Raising the Speed Limit:U.S. Economic Growth in the Information Age Dale W. Jorgenson and Kevin J. Stiroh The continued strength and vitality of the U.S. economy continue to astonish economic forecasters.1 A consensus is now emerging that something fundamental has changed, with "new economy" proponents pointing to information technology (IT) as the causal factor behind the strong performance. In this view, technology is profoundly altering the nature of business, leading to permanently higher productivity growth throughout the economy. Skeptics remain, however, arguing that the recent success reflects a series of favorable, but temporary, shocks. This argument is buttressed by the view that the U.S. economy [End Page 125] behaves rather differently than envisioned by the "new economy" advocates.2 Productivity growth, capital accumulation, and the impact of technology were topics once reserved for academic debates, but the recent success of the U.S. economy has moved them into popular discussion. This paper employs well-tested and familiar methods to analyze important new information made available by the recent benchmark revision of the U.S. national income and product accounts (NIPAs). We document the case for raising the speed limit: for an upward revision of intermediate-term projections of future growth to reflect the latest data and trends. The late 1990s were exceptional in comparison with the growth experience of the U.S. economy over the past quarter century as a whole. Although growth rates have not yet returned to those of the golden age of the U.S. economy in the 1960s, the data nonetheless clearly reveal a remarkable transformation. Rapid declines in the prices of computers and semiconductors are well known and carefully documented, and evidence is accumulating that similar declines are taking place in the prices of software and communications equipment. Unfortunately, the empirical record is seriously incomplete, and therefore much remains to be done before definitive quantitative assessments can be made about the complete role of these high-technology assets. Despite the limitations of the available data, the mechanisms underlying the structural transformation of the U.S. economy are readily apparent. As an illustration, consider the increasing role that computer hardware plays as a source of economic growth.3 For the period 1959-73, computer inputs contributed less than 0.1 percentage point to annual U.S. economic growth. Since 1973, however, the price of computers has fallen at a historically unprecedented rate, and firms and households, following a basic principle of economics, have substituted toward these relatively cheaper [End Page 126] inputs. Since 1995 the price decline for computers has accelerated, reaching nearly 28 percent per year from 1995 to 1998. In response, investment in computers has exploded, and the growth contribution of computer hardware has increased more than fivefold, to 0.46 percentage point per year in the late 1990s.4 Software and communications equipment, two other types of IT assets, contributed an additional 0.30 percentage point per year for 1995-98. Preliminary estimates through 1999 reveal further increases in these contributions for all three high-technology assets. Next, consider the acceleration of average labor productivity (ALP) growth in the 1990s. After a twenty-year slowdown dating from the early 1970s, ALP grew 2.4 percent per year during 1995-98, more than a percentage point faster than during 1990-95.5 A detailed decomposition shows that capital deepening, the direct consequence of price-induced substitution and rapid investment, added 0.49 percentage point to ALP growth. Faster total factor productivity (TFP) growth contributed an additional 0.63 percentage point, partly reflecting technical change in the production of computers and the resulting acceleration in their price decline. Meanwhile, slowing growth in labor quality retarded ALP growth by 0.12 percentage point relative to the early 1990s, as employers exhausted the pool of available workers. TFP growth had been an anemic 0.34 percent per year for 1973-95 but accelerated to 0.99 percent for 1995-98. After more than twenty years of sluggish TFP growth, four of the five years ending in 1998 saw growth rates near 1 percent. It could be argued that this represents a new paradigm. In this view, the diffusion of IT improves business...
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.111
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Circular economy as an essentially contested concept
|
[
{
"display_name": "Circular economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777448596",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8451195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4428612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41017243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3996723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26271046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32307616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097"
}
] |
The Circular Economy (CE) is currently a popular notion within the policy and business advocacy groups. Despite being visionary and provocative in its message, the research on the CE concept is emerging. The two intertwined objectives of the paper are; first to identify, discuss and develop the various definitions provided by the emerging literature. Secondly, to suggest an initial research approach with which research on CE can be conducted. Our analysis shows that the existing CE work is mainly done on the practical and technical levels of the actual physical flows of materials and energy in production-consumption systems. The focus of the extant literature is on concrete metrics, tools, instruments and computations. Therefore, the basic assumptions concerning the values, societal structures, cultures, underlying world-views and the paradigmatic potential of CE remain largely unexplored. We argue that CE has already become what Gallie (1955) more than six decades ago termed as an "essentially contested concept" (ECC). The paper further suggests a model for CE research that helps in the categorization, classification and organization of research and investigation on CE. The model can help in limiting the observed unbalance and enhance the contribution of the CE approach to a more sustainable global society.
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-6385
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy
|
[
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{
"display_name": "Free market",
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45634517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
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{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32890844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
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] |
The Great Recession, as it has come to be called, has impacted more people worldwide than any crisis since the Great Depression. Flawed government policy and unscrupulous personal and corporate behavior in the United States created the current financial meltdown, which was exported across the globe with devastating consequences. The crisis has sparked essential debate about America's economic missteps, the soundness of this country's economy, and even the appropriate shape of a capitalist system. Few are more qualified to comment during this turbulent time than Joseph E. Stiglitz. Winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics, Stiglitz is an insanely great economist, in ways you can't really appreciate unless you're deep into the field (Paul Krugman, New York Times). In Freefall, Stiglitz traces the origins of the Great Recession, eschewing easy answers and demolishing the contention that America needs more billion-dollar bailouts and free passes to those too big to fail, while also outlining the alternatives and revealing that even now there are choices ahead that can make a difference. The system is broken, and we can only fix it by examining the underlying theories that have led us into this new bubble capitalism. Ranging across a host of topics that bear on the crisis, Stiglitz argues convincingly for a restoration of the balance between government and markets. America as a nation faces huge challenges-in health care, energy, the environment, education, and manufacturing-and Stiglitz penetratingly addresses each in light of the newly emerging global economic order. An ongoing war of ideas over the most effective type of capitalist system, as well as a rebalancing of global economic power, is shaping that order. The battle may finally give the lie to theories of a rational market or to the view that America's global economic dominance is inevitable and unassailable. For anyone watching with indignation while a reckless Wall Street destroyed homes, educations, and jobs; while the government took half-steps hoping for a just-enough recovery; and while bankers fell all over themselves claiming not to have seen what was coming, then sought government bailouts while resisting regulation that would make future crises less likely, Freefall offers a clear accounting of why so many Americans feel disillusioned today and how we can realize a prosperous economy and a moral society for the future.
|
C136264566
|
Economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.1
|
area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents
|
Information Technology and the U.S. Economy
|
[
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"level": 0,
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},
{
"display_name": "Information economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65992609",
"level": 2,
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871337"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121017731",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41799054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40543932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C133425853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.342328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571"
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] |
The resurgence of the American economy since 1995 has outrun all but the most optimistic expectations. Economic forecasting models have been seriously off track and growth projections have been revised to reflect a more sanguine outlook only recently. It is not surprising that the unusual combination of more rapid growth and slower inflation in the 1990's has touched off a strenuous debate among economists about whether improvements in America's economic performance can be sustained. The starting point for the economic debate is the thesis that the 1990's are a mirror image of the 1970's, when an unfavorable series of supply shocks led to stagflation -- slower growth and higher inflation. In this view, the development of information technology (IT) is one of a series of positive, but temporary, shocks. The competing perspective is that IT has produced a fundamental change in the U.S. economy, leading to a permanent improvement in growth prospects.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76693195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6423558,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Personalization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183003079",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5692434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371"
},
{
"display_name": "Leverage (statistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5326958,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263"
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{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49974537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Cross-platform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C92400490",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49789286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174666"
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{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4961196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
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{
"display_name": "Java",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548217200",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49109316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphical user interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37789001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48305207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48044226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Application programming interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99613125",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44142845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194"
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{
"display_name": "Data visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172367668",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4334973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956"
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{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3361674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31820932,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
Abstract Summary: The two main functions of bioinformatics are the organization and analysis of biological data using computational resources. Geneious Basic has been designed to be an easy-to-use and flexible desktop software application framework for the organization and analysis of biological data, with a focus on molecular sequences and related data types. It integrates numerous industry-standard discovery analysis tools, with interactive visualizations to generate publication-ready images. One key contribution to researchers in the life sciences is the Geneious public application programming interface (API) that affords the ability to leverage the existing framework of the Geneious Basic software platform for virtually unlimited extension and customization. The result is an increase in the speed and quality of development of computation tools for the life sciences, due to the functionality and graphical user interface available to the developer through the public API. Geneious Basic represents an ideal platform for the bioinformatics community to leverage existing components and to integrate their own specific requirements for the discovery, analysis and visualization of biological data. Availability and implementation: Binaries and public API freely available for download at http://www.geneious.com/basic, implemented in Java and supported on Linux, Apple OSX and MS Windows. The software is also available from the Bio-Linux package repository at http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/news/geneiousonbl. Contact: [email protected]
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0907444910045749
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
Overview of the<i>CCP</i>4 suite and current developments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.94270873,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Software suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778736646",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.76046014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143070"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7074461,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68259954,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54680836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5258092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Automation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115901376",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4810455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199"
},
{
"display_name": "File format",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97250363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45090312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235557"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33711722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3081327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
}
] |
The CCP4 (Collaborative Computational Project, Number 4) software suite is a collection of programs and associated data and software libraries which can be used for macromolecular structure determination by X-ray crystallography. The suite is designed to be flexible, allowing users a number of methods of achieving their aims. The programs are from a wide variety of sources but are connected by a common infrastructure provided by standard file formats, data objects and graphical interfaces. Structure solution by macromolecular crystallography is becoming increasingly automated and the CCP4 suite includes several automation pipelines. After giving a brief description of the evolution of CCP4 over the last 30 years, an overview of the current suite is given. While detailed descriptions are given in the accompanying articles, here it is shown how the individual programs contribute to a complete software package.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-9159-4
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments
|
[
{
"display_name": "Toolbox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777655017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9536154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6239783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.623019,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55009264,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5348071,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144237770",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36747795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.343199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34298557,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13736549",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.342158,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30463895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
z-Tree (Zurich Toolbox for Ready-made Economic Experiments) is a software for developing and conducting economic experiments. The software is stable and allows programming almost any kind of experiments in a short time. In this article, I present the guiding principles behind the software design, its features, and its limitations.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1995.1081
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing?
|
[
{
"display_name": "IDEF5",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118248724",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8591415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.74754053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Reuse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206588197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5904497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge sharing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776604539",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5092882,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423395"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge representation and reasoning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161301231",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49737123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48278892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45679146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Ontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25810664",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4495307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44463614,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4208197,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41986722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286"
}
] |
Recent work in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is exploring the use of formal ontologies as a way of specifying content-specific agreements for the sharing and reuse of knowledge among software entities. We take an engineering perspective on the development of such ontologies. Formal ontologies are viewed as designed artifacts, formulated for specific purposes and evaluated against objective design criteria. We describe the role of ontologies in supporting knowledge sharing activities, and then present a set of criteria to guide the development of ontologies for these purposes. We show how these criteria are applied in case studies from the design of ontologies for engineering mathematics and bibliographic data. Selected design decisions are discussed, and alternative representation choices are evaluated against the design criteria.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600001
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pascal (unit)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75608658",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7958559,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7608624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Turbo Pascal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779697669",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75790566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473201"
},
{
"display_name": "Interactivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144430266",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57740784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986587452",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54201496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5311272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.52262735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987757206",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4606739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494735"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32506552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3210458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
Sisvar is a statistical analysis system, first released in 1996 although its development began in 1994. The first version was done in the programming language Pascal and compiled with Borland Turbo Pascal 3. Sisvar was developed to achieve some specific goals. The first objective was to obtain software that could be used directly on the statistical experimental course of the Department of Exact Science at the Federal University of Lavras. The second objective was to initiate the development of a genuinely Brazilian free software program that met the demands and peculiarities of research conducted in the country. The third goal was to present statistical analysis software for the Brazilian scientific community that would allow research results to be analyzed efficiently and reliably. All of the initial goals were achieved. Sisvar gained acceptance by the scientific community because it provides reliable, accurate, precise, simple and robust results, and allows users a greater degree of interactivity.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
BEAST 2: A Software Platform for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.81846046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6152348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "XML",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8797682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5531468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50093484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4176836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "File format",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97250363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41577956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235557"
},
{
"display_name": "Software evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202105479",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.41285306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265013"
},
{
"display_name": "Software system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149091818",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.39058366,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36096144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30770612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
}
] |
We present a new open source, extensible and flexible software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis called BEAST 2. This software platform is a re-design of the popular BEAST 1 platform to correct structural deficiencies that became evident as the BEAST 1 software evolved. Key among those deficiencies was the lack of post-deployment extensibility. BEAST 2 now has a fully developed package management system that allows third party developers to write additional functionality that can be directly installed to the BEAST 2 analysis platform via a package manager without requiring a new software release of the platform. This package architecture is showcased with a number of recently published new models encompassing birth-death-sampling tree priors, phylodynamics and model averaging for substitution models and site partitioning. A second major improvement is the ability to read/write the entire state of the MCMC chain to/from disk allowing it to be easily shared between multiple instances of the BEAST software. This facilitates checkpointing and better support for multi-processor and high-end computing extensions. Finally, the functionality in new packages can be easily added to the user interface (BEAUti 2) by a simple XML template-based mechanism because BEAST 2 has been re-designed to provide greater integration between the analysis engine and the user interface so that, for example BEAST and BEAUti use exactly the same XML file format.
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/32.295895
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
A metrics suite for object oriented design
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8044441,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66212064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Software development",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C529173508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5721794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.56619656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Software metric",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82214349",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5418883,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5031058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50081444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4761957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Software development process",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180152950",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43607858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904257"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42127395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
Given the central role that software development plays in the delivery and application of information technology, managers are increasingly focusing on process improvement in the software development area. This demand has spurred the provision of a number of new and/or improved approaches to software development, with perhaps the most prominent being object-orientation (OO). In addition, the focus on process improvement has increased the demand for software measures, or metrics with which to manage the process. The need for such metrics is particularly acute when an organization is adopting a new technology for which established practices have yet to be developed. This research addresses these needs through the development and implementation of a new suite of metrics for OO design. Metrics developed in previous research, while contributing to the field's understanding of software development processes, have generally been subject to serious criticisms, including the lack of a theoretical base. Following Wand and Weber (1989), the theoretical base chosen for the metrics was the ontology of Bunge (1977). Six design metrics are developed, and then analytically evaluated against Weyuker's (1988) proposed set of measurement principles. An automated data collection tool was then developed and implemented to collect an empirical sample of these metrics at two field sites in order to demonstrate their feasibility and suggest ways in which managers may use these metrics for process improvement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
|
C115903868
|
Software engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.25080/majora-92bf1922-011
|
application of systematic approaches to developing software
|
Statsmodels: Econometric and Statistical Modeling with Python
|
[
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9455725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6713923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5770532,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986587452",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46388608,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46087152,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45838588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45718312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34746382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
Statsmodels is a library for statistical and econometric analysis in Python. This paper discusses the current relationship between statistics and Python and open source more generally, outlining how the statsmodels package fills a gap in this relationship. An overview of statsmodels is provided, including a discussion of the overarching design and philosophy, what can be found in the package, and some usage examples. The paper concludes with a look at what the future holds.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
Trace Element Discrimination Diagrams for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rocks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.87463725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Magmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162973429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7048663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467769"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6808803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Trace element",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34682378",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6524722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351792"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6299156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithosphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16942324",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.563833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83296"
},
{
"display_name": "Archean",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149347711",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5280139,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104168"
},
{
"display_name": "Volcano",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120806208",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45573032,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8072"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5900021",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33224058,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082"
}
] |
Journal Article Trace Element Discrimination Diagrams for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rocks Get access JULIAN A. PEARCE, JULIAN A. PEARCE Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton KeynesMK7 6AA, Bucks, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar NIGEL B. W. HARRIS, NIGEL B. W. HARRIS Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton KeynesMK7 6AA, Bucks, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ANDREW G. TINDLE ANDREW G. TINDLE Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton KeynesMK7 6AA, Bucks, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Petrology, Volume 25, Issue 4, November 1984, Pages 956–983, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956 Published: 01 November 1984 Article history Received: 02 February 1984 Revision received: 19 April 1984 Published: 01 November 1984
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439833544
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Groundwater",
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},
{
"display_name": "Pollution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521259446",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6168504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.49932265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
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{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
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"score": 0.4715935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.42574465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Water resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524765639",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38119146,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619"
},
{
"display_name": "Mining engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16674752",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33733338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637"
}
] |
Groundwater geochemistry is an interdisciplinary science concerned with the chemistry in the subsurface environment. The chemical composition of groundwater is the combined result of the quality of water that enters the groundwater reservoir and reactions with minerals and organic matter of the aquifer matrix may modify the water quality. Apart from natural processes as controlling factors on the groundwater quality, in recent years the effect of pollution, such as nitrate from fertilizers and acid rain, also influences the groundwater chemistry. Due to the long residence time of groundwater in the invisible subsurface environment, the effect of pollution may first become apparent tens to hundreds of years afterwards. A proper understanding of the processes occurring in aquifers is required in order to predict what the effect of present day human activities will be on that scale. This book presents a comprehensive and quantitative approach to the study of groundwater quality. Practical examples of application are presented throughout the text.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.002425
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
Chemical Geodynamics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.78161204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonatite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140441402",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7698493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195178"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.74870074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Ankerite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779086746",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6945504,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120481"
},
{
"display_name": "Igneous rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42787717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67754483,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045"
},
{
"display_name": "Dolomite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780181037",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6259795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371542"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780659211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5942875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780191791",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5563393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171917"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48436722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Diopside",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777018398",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46625793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316671"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136752280",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43621838,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152827"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonate rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19320362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4227953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777913"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3898879,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
}
] |
Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor ...Read More
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.2113/0530027
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
The Composition of Zircon and Igneous and Metamorphic Petrogenesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Zircon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778849375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81382823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178928"
},
{
"display_name": "Igneous rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42787717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74116373,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045"
},
{
"display_name": "Petrogenesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44938399",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7322414,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2624576"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6822048,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6407291,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Metamorphic rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26687426",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6259288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47069"
}
] |
Research Article| January 02, 2003 The Composition of Zircon and Igneous and Metamorphic Petrogenesis Paul W. O. Hoskin; Paul W. O. Hoskin Institut für Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Urs Schaltegger Urs Schaltegger Section des Sciences de la Terre, Départment de Minéralogie, Rue des Maraîchers 13 CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2003) 53 (1): 27–62. https://doi.org/10.2113/0530027 Article history first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Paul W. O. Hoskin, Urs Schaltegger; The Composition of Zircon and Igneous and Metamorphic Petrogenesis. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2003;; 53 (1): 27–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/0530027 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Zircon is the main mineral in the majority of igneous and metamorphic rocks with Zr as an essential structural constituent. It is a host for significant fractions of the whole-rock abundance of U, Th, Hf, and the REE (Sawka 1988, Bea 1996, O'Hara et al. 2001). These elements are important geochemically as process indicators or parent isotopes for age determination. The importance of zircon in crustal evolution studies is underscored by its predominant use in U-Th-Pb geochronology and investigations of the temporal evolution of both the crust and lithospheric mantle. In the past decade an increasing... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
A Geochemical Classification for Granitic Rocks
|
[
{
"display_name": "Peralkaline rock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147645078",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9624828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2901777"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.80834955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7780156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Mineralogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38125017,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353"
}
] |
This geochemical classification of granitic rocks is based upon three variables. These are FeO/(FeO + MgO) = Fe-number [or FeOtot/(FeOtot + MgO) = Fe*], the modified alkali–lime index (MALI) (Na2O + K2O – CaO) and the aluminum saturation index (ASI) [Al/(Ca – 1·67P + Na + K)]. The Fe-number (or Fe*) distinguishes ferroan granitoids, which manifest strong iron enrichment, from magnesian granitoids, which do not. The ferroan and magnesian granitoids can further be classified into alkalic, alkali–calcic, calc-alkalic, and calcic on the basis of the MALI and subdivided on the basis of the ASI into peraluminous, metaluminous or peralkaline. Because alkalic rocks are not likely to be peraluminous and calcic and calc-alkalic rocks are not likely to be peralkaline, this classification leads to 16 possible groups of granitic rocks. In this classification most Cordilleran granitoids are magnesian and calc-alkalic or calcic; both metaluminous and peraluminous types are present. A-type granitoids are ferroan alkali–calcic, although some are ferroan alkalic. Most are metaluminous although some are peraluminous. Caledonian post-orogenic granites are predominantly magnesian alkali–calcic. Those with <70 wt % SiO2 are dominantly metaluminous, whereas more silica-rich varieties are commonly peraluminous. Peraluminous leucogranites may be either magnesian or ferroan and have a MALI that ranges from calcic to alkalic.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00150-2
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.915324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141646446",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71175617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858571"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7092188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Continental margin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201867031",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6218699,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3290577"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5914232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
},
{
"display_name": "Magmatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162973429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5779751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467769"
},
{
"display_name": "Mantle (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67236022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53889006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434"
},
{
"display_name": "Crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776698055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49466893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578"
},
{
"display_name": "Lithology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122792734",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4905221,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538759"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbonate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780659211",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4214423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41548145,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Earth science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1965285",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4052012,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008"
}
] |
Subducted sediments play an important role in arc magmatism and crust–mantle recycling. Models of continental growth, continental composition, convergent margin magmatism and mantle heterogeneity all require a better understanding of the mass and chemical fluxes associated with subducting sediments. We have evaluated subducting sediments on a global basis in order to better define their chemical systematics and to determine both regional and global average compositions. We then use these compositions to assess the importance of sediments to arc volcanism and crust–mantle recycling, and to re-evaluate the chemical composition of the continental crust. The large variations in the chemical composition of marine sediments are for the most part linked to the main lithological constituents. The alkali elements (K, Rb and Cs) and high field strength elements (Ti, Nb, Hf, Zr) are closely linked to the detrital phase in marine sediments; Th is largely detrital but may be enriched in the hydrogenous Fe–Mn component of sediments; REE patterns are largely continental, but abundances are closely linked to fish debris phosphate; U is mostly detrital, but also dependent on the supply and burial rate of organic matter; Ba is linked to both biogenic barite and hydrothermal components; Sr is linked to carbonate phases. Thus, the important geochemical tracers follow the lithology of the sediments. Sediment lithologies are controlled in turn by a small number of factors: proximity of detrital sources (volcanic and continental); biological productivity and preservation of carbonate and opal; and sedimentation rate. Because of the link with lithology and the wealth of lithological data routinely collected for ODP and DSDP drill cores, bulk geochemical averages can be calculated to better than 30% for most elements from fewer than ten chemical analyses for a typical drill core (100–1000 m). Combining the geochemical systematics with convergence rate and other parameters permits calculation of regional compositional fluxes for subducting sediment. These regional fluxes can be compared to the compositions of arc volcanics to asses the importance of sediment subduction to arc volcanism. For the 70% of the trenches worldwide where estimates can be made, the regional fluxes also provide the basis for a global subducting sediment (GLOSS) composition and flux. GLOSS is dominated by terrigenous material (76 wt% terrigenous, 7 wt% calcium carbonate, 10 wt% opal, 7 wt% mineral-bound H2O+), and therefore similar to upper continental crust (UCC) in composition. Exceptions include enrichment in Ba, Mn and the middle and heavy REE, and depletions in detrital elements diluted by biogenic material (alkalis, Th, Zr, Hf). Sr and Pb are identical in GLOSS and UCC as a result of a balance between dilution and enrichment by marine phases. GLOSS and the systematics of marine sediments provide an independent approach to the composition of the upper continental crust for detrital elements. Significant discrepancies of up to a factor of two exist between the marine sediment data and current upper crustal estimates for Cs, Nb, Ta and Ti. Suggested revisions to UCC include Cs (7.3 ppm), Nb (13.7 ppm), Ta (0.96 ppm) and TiO2 (0.76 wt%). These revisions affect recent bulk continental crust estimates for La/Nb and U/Nb, and lead to an even greater contrast between the continents and mantle for these important trace element ratios. GLOSS and the regional sediment data also provide new insights into the mantle sources of oceanic basalts. The classical geochemical distinction between `pelagic' and `terrigenous' sediment sources is not valid and needs to be replaced by a more comprehensive understanding of the compositional variations in complete sedimentary columns. In addition, isotopic arguments based on surface sediments alone can lead to erroneous conclusions. Specifically, the Nd/Hf ratio of GLOSS relaxes considerably the severe constraints on the amount of sediment recycling into the mantle based on earlier estimates from surface sediment compositions.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-022
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88002825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Accretion (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776401274",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7212877,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6946766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.421041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41299778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40458095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
}
] |
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt ( c . 1000–250 Ma) formed by accretion of island arcs, ophiolites, oceanic islands, seamounts, accretionary wedges, oceanic plateaux and microcontinents in a manner comparable with that of circum-Pacific Mesozoic–Cenozoic accretionary orogens. Palaeomagnetic and palaeofloral data indicate that early accretion (Vendian–Ordovician) took place when Baltica and Siberia were separated by a wide ocean. Island arcs and Precambrian microcontinents accreted to the active margins of the two continents or amalgamated in an oceanic setting (as in Kazakhstan) by roll-back and collision, forming a huge accretionary collage. The Palaeo-Asian Ocean closed in the Permian with formation of the Solonker suture. We evaluate contrasting tectonic models for the evolution of the orogenic belt. Current information provides little support for the main tenets of the one- or three-arc Kipchak model; current data suggest that an archipelago-type (Indonesian) model is more viable. Some diagnostic features of ridge–trench interaction are present in the Central Asian orogen (e.g. granites, adakites, boninites, near-trench magmatism, Alaskan-type mafic–ultramafic complexes, high-temperature metamorphic belts that prograde rapidly from low-grade belts, rhyolitic ash-fall tuffs). They offer a promising perspective for future investigations.
|
C17409809
|
Geochemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.3133/pp440kk
|
science that applies chemistry to geological systems
|
Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fractionation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97428945",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8122996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305109"
},
{
"display_name": "Isotope",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164304813",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5986495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25276"
},
{
"display_name": "Stable isotope ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22117777",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5672974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148629"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5135875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Equilibrium fractionation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195511166",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49754217,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384484"
},
{
"display_name": "Geochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17409809",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48353076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764"
},
{
"display_name": "Isotope fractionation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779334269",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43466657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080293"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44280652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41109517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3966539,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water, by G
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.00901.x
|
medical specialty
|
Preoperative assessment of liver function: a comparison of <sup>99m</sup>Tc‐Mebrofenin scintigraphy with indocyanine green clearance test
|
[
{
"display_name": "Indocyanine green",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781065829",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.88511455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905662"
},
{
"display_name": "Scintigraphy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779902710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86714983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130465"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7703543,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Technetium-99m",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4375535",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6243094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2373354"
},
{
"display_name": "Technetium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522557706",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5591349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054"
},
{
"display_name": "Liver function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992208098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53407294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359801"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.51740515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Clearance rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18206936",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5054333,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378749"
},
{
"display_name": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778019345",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46128693,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337"
},
{
"display_name": "Parenchyma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196822366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4416542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270524"
}
] |
Background/aims: The indocyanine green (ICG) clearance test is the most frequently used test for preoperative assessment of liver parenchymal function but has its limitations. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between ICG clearance test and the liver uptake of 99‐Technetium‐labelled ( 99m Tc)‐Mebrofenin ( 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin) as measured with hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Methods: Fifty‐four patients were diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma ( n =9), hilar tumours ( n =20) and 25 patients with non‐parenchymal tumours including colorectal metastasis ( n =15) and miscellaneous tumours ( n =10). One day prior to operation, hepatobiliary 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin scintigraphy was performed after intravenous injection of 85 MBq and the 15‐min clearance rate of ICG (ICG‐C15) was measured. Results: The mean ICG‐C15 was 86.86±1.19% (SEM). The mean 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin uptake rate was 12.87±0.52%/min. A significant correlation was obtained between 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin uptake rate by scintigraphy and ICG‐C15 ( r =0.73, P <0.0001). The mean clearance capacity of the right liver segments (79.83±1.63, range 47.75–95.97%) was larger than that of the left segments (20.24±1.55, range 6.51–52.51%). Conclusion: 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin uptake rate as assessed by scintigraphy is an efficient method for determining liver function and correlates well with ICG clearance. At the same time, 99m Tc‐Mebrofenin scintigraphy provides information of segmental functional liver tissue, which is of additional use when planning liver resection.
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra072149
|
medical specialty
|
Computed Tomography — An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8411485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiation exposure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779925993",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70864844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336938"
},
{
"display_name": "Computed tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544519230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566"
},
{
"display_name": "Computed tomographic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985771010",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.59801006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiation dose",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2987700449",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5821844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186161"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153385146",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52229714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5044421,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4788275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43773574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
}
] |
The number of computed tomographic (CT) studies performed is increasing rapidly. Because CT scans involve much higher doses of radiation than plain films, we are seeing a marked increase in radiation exposure in the general population. Epidemiologic studies indicate that the radiation dose from even two or three CT scans results in a detectable increase in the risk of cancer, especially in children. This article summarizes the facts about this form of radiation exposure and the implications for public health.
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.58.6.1072
|
medical specialty
|
Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8594729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "QRS complex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111773187",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52351695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969239"
},
{
"display_name": "Cardiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164705383",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44547418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379"
},
{
"display_name": "Reproducibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9893847",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43400326,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42693374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37473238,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
Four hundred M-mode echocardiographic surveys were distributed to determine interobserver variability in M-mode echocardiographic measurements. This was done with a view toward examining the need and determining the criteria for standardization of measurement. Each survey consisted of five M-mode echocardiograms with a calibration marker, measured by the survey participants anonymously. The echoes were judged of adequate quality for measurement of structures. Seventy-six of the 400 (19%) were returned, allowing comparison of interobserver variability as well as examination of the measurement criteria which were used. Mean measurements and percent uncertainty were derived for each structure for each criterion of measurement. For example, for the aorta, 33% of examiners measured the aorta as an outer/inner or leading edge dimension, and 20% measured it as an outer/outer dimension. The percent uncertainty for the measurement (1.97 SD divided by the mean) showed a mean of 13.8% for the 25 packets of five echoes measured using the former criteria and 24.2% using the latter criteria. For ventricular chamber and cavity measurements, almost one-half of the examiners used the peak of the QRS and one-half of the examiners used the onset of the QRS for determining end-diastole. Estimates of the percent of measurement uncertainty for the septum, posterior wall and left ventricular cavity dimension in this study were 10--25%. They were much higher (40--70%) for the right ventricular cavity and right ventricular anterior wall. The survey shows significant interobserver and interlaboratory variation in measurement when examining the same echoes and indicates a need for ongoing education, quality control and standardization of measurement criteria. Recommendations for new criteria for measurement of M-mode echocardiograms are offered.
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1159/000347096
|
medical specialty
|
High Performance of <sup>18</sup>F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Contrast-Enhanced CT in a Rapid Outpatient Diagnostic Program for Patients with Suspected Lung Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9479525,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediastinoscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779961022",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82307553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916248"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776256026",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6996602,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912"
},
{
"display_name": "Thoracotomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778847313",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6363787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340337"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung cancer staging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777693549",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.58710855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15718270"
},
{
"display_name": "Positron emission tomography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775842073",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5568013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376"
},
{
"display_name": "Stage (stratigraphy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146357865",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5342495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.522457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5048378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Lymph node",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780849966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4219635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170758"
}
] |
Revisions in stage grouping of the TNM subsets (T=primary tumor, N=regional lymph nodes, M=distant metastasis) in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer have been adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer. These revisions were made to provide greater specificity for identifying patient groups with similar prognoses and treatment options with the least disruption of the present classification: T1N0M0, stage IA; T2N0M0, stage IB; T1N1M0, stage IIA; T2N1M0 and T3N0M0, stage IIB; and T3N1M0, T1N2M0, T2N2M0, T3N2M0, stage IIIA. The TNM subsets in stage IIIB-T4 any N M0, any T N3M0, and in stage IV-any T any N M1, remain the same. Analysis of a collected database representing all clinical, surgical-pathologic, and follow-up information for 5,319 patients treated for primary lung cancer confirmed the validity of the TNM and stage grouping classification schema.
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
|
medical specialty
|
Sensitivity of Chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.969411,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.86174023,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "2019-20 coronavirus outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3006700255",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72178,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910"
},
{
"display_name": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3007834351",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.70375925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensitivity (control systems)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21200559",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59785026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068"
},
{
"display_name": "Betacoronavirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137277",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4933628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16532287"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4229915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus Infections",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909376813",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.42020896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37020653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3537229,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215"
}
] |
HomeRadiologyVol. 296, No. 2 PreviousNext Original ResearchFree AccessResearch LetterSensitivity of Chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCRYicheng Fang, Huangqi Zhang, Jicheng Xie, Minjie Lin, Lingjun Ying, Peipei Pang, Wenbin Ji Yicheng Fang, Huangqi Zhang, Jicheng Xie, Minjie Lin, Lingjun Ying, Peipei Pang, Wenbin Ji Author AffiliationsFrom the Department of Radiology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen St, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.F., H.Z., J.X., M.L., W.J.); Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital, Taizhou, China (L.Y.); and Advanced Application Team, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China (P.P.).Address correspondence to W.J. (e-mail: [email protected]).Yicheng FangHuangqi ZhangJicheng XieMinjie LinLingjun YingPeipei PangWenbin Ji Published Online:Feb 19 2020https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432MoreSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesCiteTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookXLinked In AbstractIntroductionIn December 2019, an outbreak of unexplained pneumonia in Wuhan, China (1), was caused by a new coronavirus infection named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Unenhanced chest CT may be considered for early diagnosis of viral disease, although viral nucleic acid detection with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains the standard of reference. Chung et al (2) reported that chest CT may be negative for viral pneumonia of COVID-19 at initial presentation (three of 21 patients). Recently, Xie et al (3) reported that five of 167 patients (3%) had negative RT-PCR findings for COVID-19 at initial presentation despite chest CT findings typical of viral pneumonia. The purpose of our study was to compare the sensitivity of chest CT with that of viral nucleic acid assay at initial patient presentation.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective analysis was approved by institutional review board. The requirement to obtain patient consent was waived. Patients at Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital were evaluated from January 19, 2020, to February 4, 2020. During this period, chest CT and RT-PCR (Shanghai ZJ Bio-Tech, Shanghai, China) were performed for consecutive patients who presented with (a) a travel history to or residential history in Wuhan or local endemic areas or contact with individuals from these areas with fever or respiratory symptoms within 14 days and (b) fever or acute respiratory symptoms of unknown cause. In the case of an initial negative RT-PCR test, repeat testing was performed at intervals of 1 day or more. We included all patients who underwent both unenhanced chest CT (slice thickness, 5 mm) and RT-PCR testing within an interval of 3 days or less and in whom COVID-19 infection was eventually diagnosed by means of RT-PCR testing (Fig 1). Typical and atypical chest CT findings were recorded according to CT features previously described for COVID-19 (4,5). The detection rate of COVID-19 infection based on the initial chest CT and RT-PCR findings was compared. Statistical analysis was performed by using the McNemar χ2 test, with P < .05 indicative of a statistically significant difference.Figure 1: Flowchart for patient inclusion. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, RT-PCR = real-time polymerase chain reaction.Figure 1:Download as PowerPointResultsFifty-one patients (29 men, 22 women) were included. The median patient age was 45 years (interquartile range, 39–55 years). Throat swab (45 patients) or sputum (six patients) samples were obtained in all patients, followed by at least one RT-PCR assay. The average time from initial symptom onset to CT was 3 days ± 3 (standard deviation); the average time from initial symptom onset to RT-PCR testing was 3 days ± 3. Of the 51 patients, 36 had initial positive RT-PCR findings for COVID-19. COVID-19 was confirmed in 12 of the 51 patients with two RT-PCR nucleic acid tests (1–2 days), in two patients with three tests (2–5 days), and in one patient with four tests (7 days) after initial onset.Fifty of the 51 patients (98%) had evidence of abnormal CT findings compatible with viral pneumonia at baseline; one patient had a normal CT scan. Of the 50 patients with abnormal CT scans, 36 (72%) had typical CT manifestations (eg, peripheral and subpleural ground-glass opacities, often in the lower lobes) (Fig 2), and 14 (28%) had atypical CT manifestations (Fig 3) (2). In this patient sample, the detection rate for initial CT (50 of 51 patients [98%]; 95% confidence interval: 90%, 100%) was greater than that for first RT-PCR (36 of 51 patients [71%]; 95% confidence interval: 56%, 83%) (P < .001).Figure 2a: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 74-year-old man with fever and cough for 5 days shows bilateral subpleural ground-glass opacities. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 55-year-old woman with fever and cough for 7 days shows extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidation. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old man who presented with fever and cough for 1 week shows small bilateral areas of peripheral ground-glass opacity with minimal consolidation. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old woman who presented with fever with cough for 5 days shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation.Figure 2a:Download as PowerPointFigure 2b: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 74-year-old man with fever and cough for 5 days shows bilateral subpleural ground-glass opacities. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 55-year-old woman with fever and cough for 7 days shows extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidation. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old man who presented with fever and cough for 1 week shows small bilateral areas of peripheral ground-glass opacity with minimal consolidation. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old woman who presented with fever with cough for 5 days shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation.Figure 2b:Download as PowerPointFigure 2c: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 74-year-old man with fever and cough for 5 days shows bilateral subpleural ground-glass opacities. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 55-year-old woman with fever and cough for 7 days shows extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidation. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old man who presented with fever and cough for 1 week shows small bilateral areas of peripheral ground-glass opacity with minimal consolidation. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old woman who presented with fever with cough for 5 days shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation.Figure 2c:Download as PowerPointFigure 2d: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 74-year-old man with fever and cough for 5 days shows bilateral subpleural ground-glass opacities. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 55-year-old woman with fever and cough for 7 days shows extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidation. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old man who presented with fever and cough for 1 week shows small bilateral areas of peripheral ground-glass opacity with minimal consolidation. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 43-year-old woman who presented with fever with cough for 5 days shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation.Figure 2d:Download as PowerPointFigure 3a: Examples of atypical chest CT findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 36-year-old man with cough for 3 days shows a small focal and central ground-glass opacity in right upper lobe. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 40-year-old woman with fever for 2 days shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 38-year-old man with fever for 4 days shows a ground-glass opacity in central left lower lobe. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 31-year-old man with fever for 1 day shows a linear opacity in left lower lateral mid lungFigure 3a:Download as PowerPointFigure 3b: Examples of atypical chest CT findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 36-year-old man with cough for 3 days shows a small focal and central ground-glass opacity in right upper lobe. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 40-year-old woman with fever for 2 days shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 38-year-old man with fever for 4 days shows a ground-glass opacity in central left lower lobe. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 31-year-old man with fever for 1 day shows a linear opacity in left lower lateral mid lungFigure 3b:Download as PowerPointFigure 3c: Examples of atypical chest CT findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 36-year-old man with cough for 3 days shows a small focal and central ground-glass opacity in right upper lobe. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 40-year-old woman with fever for 2 days shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 38-year-old man with fever for 4 days shows a ground-glass opacity in central left lower lobe. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 31-year-old man with fever for 1 day shows a linear opacity in left lower lateral mid lungFigure 3c:Download as PowerPointFigure 3d: Examples of atypical chest CT findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in patients with epidemiologic and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. (a) Axial chest CT scan in 36-year-old man with cough for 3 days shows a small focal and central ground-glass opacity in right upper lobe. (b) Axial chest CT scan in 40-year-old woman with fever for 2 days shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. (c) Axial chest CT scan in 38-year-old man with fever for 4 days shows a ground-glass opacity in central left lower lobe. (d) Axial chest CT scan in 31-year-old man with fever for 1 day shows a linear opacity in left lower lateral mid lungFigure 3d:Download as PowerPointDiscussionIn our series, the sensitivity of chest CT was greater than that of RT-PCR (98% vs 71%, respectively; P < .001). The reasons for the low efficiency of viral nucleic acid detection may include (a) immature development of nucleic acid detection technology, (b) variation in detection rate from different manufacturers, (c) low patient viral load, or (d) improper clinical sampling. The reasons for the relatively lower detection rate with RT-PCR in our sample compared with a prior report are unknown (3). Our results support the use of chest CT to screen for COVID-19 in patients with clinical and epidemiologic features compatible with COVID-19 infection, particularly when results of RT-PCR tests are negative.Disclosures of Conflicts of Interest: Y.F. disclosed no relevant relationships. H.Z. disclosed no relevant relationships. J.X. disclosed no relevant relationships. M.L. disclosed no relevant relationships. L.Y. disclosed no relevant relationships. P.P. disclosed no relevant relationships. W.J. disclosed no relevant relationships.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Jian Wang, MD, Rongzhen Zhou, MD, and Xunyu Xu, MD, Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and Hai Yang, MD, Department of Radiology, Taizhou Enze Medical Center Enze Hospital, for assisting with CT imaging data collection. The authors also thank Shaofeng Duan, PhD, GE Healthcare, for assisting with data analysis.Author ContributionsAuthor contributions: Guarantors of integrity of entire study, all authors; study concepts/study design or data acquisition or data analysis/interpretation, all authors; manuscript drafting or manuscript revision for important intellectual content, all authors; approval of final version of submitted manuscript, all authors; agrees to ensure any questions related to the work are appropriately resolved, all authors; literature research, Y.F., H.Z., J.X., M.L., L.Y., W.J.; clinical studies, Y.F., H.Z., J.X., M.L., L.Y., W.J.; experimental studies, all authors; statistical analysis, Y.F., H.Z., P.P.; and manuscript editing, Y.F., H.Z., P.PReferences1. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395(10223):507–513. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, et al. CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 2020 Feb 4:200230 [Epub ahead of print]. Link, Google Scholar3. Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J. Chest CT for typical 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology 2020 Feb 12:200343 [Epub ahead of print]. Link, Google Scholar4. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Pneumonia. Radiology 2020 Feb 6:200274 [Epub ahead of print]. Link, Google Scholar5. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Radiology 2020 Feb 13:200370 [Epub ahead of print]. Link, Google ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: Feb 12 2020Revision requested: Feb 13 2020Revision received: Feb 14 2020Accepted: Feb 17 2020Published online: Feb 19 2020Published in print: Aug 2020 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByDetection of COVID-19 using edge devices by a light-weight convolutional neural network from chest X-ray imagesSohamkumarChauhan, Damoder ReddyEdla, VijayasreeBoddu, M JayanthiRao, RamalingaswamyCheruku, Soumya RanjanNayak, SheshikalaMartha, KamppaLavanya, Tsedenya DebebeNigat2 January 2024 | BMC Medical Imaging, Vol. 24, No. 1Potential diagnostic application of a novel deep learning- based approach for COVID-19AlirezaSadeghi, MahdiehSadeghi, AliSharifpour, MahdiFakhar, ZakariaZakariaei, MohammadrezaSadeghi, MojtabaRokni, AtousaZakariaei, Elham SadatBanimostafavi, FarshidHajati2 January 2024 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1"KAIZEN" method realizing implementation of deep-learning models for COVID-19 CT diagnosis in real world hospitalsNaokiOkada, YutakaUmemura, ShoiShi, ShusukeInoue, ShunHonda, YohsukeMatsuzawa, YuichiroHirano, AyanoKikuyama, MihoYamakawa, TomokoGyobu, NaohiroHosomi, KensukeMinami, NatsushiroMorita, AtsushiWatanabe, HiroyukiYamasaki, KiyomitsuFukaguchi, HirokiMaeyama, KaoriIto, KenOkamoto, KouheiHarano, NaohitoMeguro, RyoUnita, ShinichiKoshiba, TakuroEndo, TomonoriYamamoto, TomoyaYamashita, ToshikazuShinba, SatoshiFujimi19 January 2024 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1HRCTCov19-a high-resolution chest CT scan image dataset for COVID-19 diagnosis and differentiationIrajAbedi, MahsaVali, BentolhodaOtroshi, MaryamZamanian, HamidrezaBolhasani22 January 2024 | BMC Research Notes, Vol. 17, No. 1Lung ultrasound score predicts outcomes in patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 treated with non-invasive respiratory support: a prospective cohort studyMauroCastro-Sayat, NicolásColaianni-Alfonso, LuigiVetrugno, GustavoOlaizola, CristianBenay, FedericoHerrera, YasmineSaá, GuillermoMontiel, SantiagoHaedo, IgnacioPrevigliano, AdaToledo, CatalinaSiroti8 March 2024 | The Ultrasound Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1COVID-19 and cancer risk arising from ionizing radiation exposure through CT scans: a cross-sectional studyGolshanMahmoudi, HeidarToolee, RezaMaskani, FarzanehJokar, MiladMokfi, AliHosseinzadeh5 March 2024 | BMC Cancer, Vol. 24, No. 1Association between thoracic density and area with COVID-19 outcomesAmirhasanAhmadzadeh Nanva, MaryamHaghighi-Morad, MahbobehTaheri, MaryamNosrati25 March 2024 | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 55, No. 1Use of serum KL-6 and chest radiographic severity grade to predict 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort studyJingZou, YipingShi, ShanXue, HandongJiang18 April 2024 | BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 1U-TranSvision: Transformer-based deep supervision approach for COVID-19 lesion segmentation on Computed Tomography imagesMahmutAğralı, VolkanKılıç2024Jul1 | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 93Data-set class-balancing and the Convolutional Vision TransformerAndres F.Escobar-Ortiz, Maria A.Amezquita-Dussan, Juan S.Galindo-Sanchez, JoshPardo-Cabrera, JuliánHurtado-López, David F.Ramirez-Moreno, Luz F.Sua-Villegas, LilianaFernandez-Trujillo2024Jul1 | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 93Recent developments in segmentation of COVID-19 CT images using deep-learning: An overview of models, techniques and challengesJuZhang, ChangganYing, ZhiyiYe, DongMa, BengWang, YunCheng2024May1 | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 91Recent update on future therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 vaccination with omicron variantDoha El-SayedEllakwa, Abdelkarim FaragElsheikh-Hassan, Takwa E.Ellakwa, Mohamed AhmedAbdelmalek2024May1 | Human Gene, Vol. 40CGO-ensemble: Chaos game optimization algorithm-based fusion of deep neural networks for accurate Mpox detectionSohaibAsif, MingZhao, YangfanLi, FengxiaoTang, YusenZhu2024May1 | Neural Networks, Vol. 173CD-Net: Cascaded 3D Dilated convolutional neural network for pneumonia lesion segmentationJinliZhang, ShaomengWang, ZongliJiang, ZhijieChen, XiaoluBai2024May1 | Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 173Reinvestigating the performance of artificial intelligence classification algorithms on COVID-19 X-Ray and CT imagesRuiCao, YananLiu, XinWen, CaiqingLiao, XinWang, YuanGao, TaoTan2024May1 | iScience, Vol. 27, No. 5COVID-19, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis Classification Using Chest X-Ray ImagesMohamamd FarukhHashmi, ParimalMathur, Avinash G.Keskar2024Apr26Interest of Chest CT to Assess the Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia: An In-Hospital-Based Experience in Sub-Saharan AfricaSerge EmmanuelObe -A- Ndzem Holenn, Tacite KpanyaMazoba, Désiré YayaMukanga, Tyna BongosepeZokere, DjoLungela, Jean-RobertMakulo, SteveAhuka, Angèle TanziaMbongo, Antoine AunduMolua, Roberto WalterDal Negro2024Apr25 | Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 2024Diagnostic Performance and Reproducibility of the Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Statement on COVID-19 PneumoniaSevimÖzdemir, RüştüTurkay, BaharAtasoy15 April 2024 | Journal of Anatolian Medical Research, Vol. 9, No. 1COVID-19 Image Classification: A Comparative Performance Analysis of Hand-Crafted vs. Deep FeaturesSadiqAlinsaif30 March 2024 | Computation, Vol. 12, No. 4COVID-19 Chest Manifestation on CT Scan and Associated Risk Factors for Developing Pulmonary FibrosisNohaBakhsh, MaiBanjar2024Mar21 | Cureus, Vol. 295Transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in human spermatozoa associated with an ETosis‐like responseJorgeHallak, Elia G.Caldini, Thiago A.Teixeira, Maria Cassia MendesCorrea, Amaro N.Duarte‐Neto, FabiolaZambrano, AnjaTaubert, CarlosHermosilla, Joël R.Drevet, MarisaDolhnikoff, RaulSanchez, Paulo H. N.Saldiva12 March 2024 | Andrology, Vol. 10A noval approach of classification of COVID-19 from chest CT-Scan images using ensemble classifier in combination with cognition based texture featuresUpendraKumar5 March 2024 | Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 579Multi-national CT image-label pairs synthesis for COVID-19 diagnosis via few-shot generative adversarial networks adaptationJingZhang, YingpengXie, DandanSun, RuidongHuang, TianfuWang, BaiyingLei, KuntaoChen24 December 2023 | Neural Computing and Applications, Vol. 36, No. 9LWSE: a lightweight stacked ensemble model for accurate detection of multiple chest infectious diseases including COVID-19SohaibAsif, MingZhao, FengxiaoTang, YusenZhu5 August 2023 | Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 83, No. 8Machine learning-based computer-aided simple triage (CAST) for COVID-19 pneumonia as compared with triage by board-certified chest radiologistsYoshiharuOhno, TakatoshiAoki, MasahiroEndo, HisanobuKoyama, HiroshiMoriya, FumitoOkada, TakanoriHigashino, HarukaSato, NorikoOyama-Manabe, TakafumiHaraguchi, KazumasaArakita, KotaAoyagi, YoshihiroIkeda, ShigeoKaminaga, AkiraTaniguchi, NaokiSugihara20 October 2023 | Japanese Journal of Radiology, Vol. 42, No. 3White-box inference attack: compromising the security of deep learning-based COVID-19 diagnosis systemsBurhan Ul HaqueSheikh, AasimZafar18 October 2023 | International Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3ROI extraction in corona virus (COVID 19) CT images using intuitionistic fuzzy edge detectionKumarS.N, KannadhasanS, SherinZafar, H AjayKumar2024Mar1 | Heliyon, Vol. 10, No. 6Two Consecutive Visits to the Emergency Department: Potential Role of CBC Parameters in COVID-19 Patients Whose PCR Tests Change from Negative to PositiveBüşraErdem, ÖzgürDikme, AzizVatan, Asım BedriErdem, ÖzlemDikme26 February 2024 | Istanbul Medical Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage for COVID-19: a perspective from the Dragon consortiumSaraTomassetti, LucaCiani, ValentinaLuzzi, LeonardoGori, MarcoTrigiani, LeonardoGiuntoli, FedericoLavorini, VenerinoPoletti, ClaudiaRavaglia, AlfonsTorrego, FabienMaldonado, RobertLentz, FrancescoAnnunziato, LauraMaggi, Gian MariaRossolini, SimonaPollini, OmbrettaPara, GretaCiurleo, AlessandroCasini, LauraRasero, AlessandroBartoloni, MicheleSpinicci, MohammedMunavvar, StefanoGasparini, CamillaComin, Marco MatucciCerinic, AnnaPeired, MoniqueHenket, BenoitErnst, RenaudLouis, Jean-louisCorhay, CosimoNardi, JulienGuiot2 February 2024 | Frontiers in Medicine, Vol. 11Weapons and Strategies against COVID-19: A PerspectiveRaghavMishra, KajalChaudhary, IshaMishra2024Feb1 | Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Vol. 25, No. 2Challenges of deep learning diagnosis for COVID-19 from chest imagingRawanAlaufi, ManalKalkatawi, FelwaAbukhodair10 July 2023 | Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 83, No. 5COVID-19 detection from chest CT images using optimized deep features and ensemble classificationMuhammad MinoarHossain, Md. Abul AlaWalid, S. M. SaklainGalib, Mir MohammadAzad, WahidurRahman, A.S.M.Shafi, Mohammad MotiurRahman2024Feb1 | Systems and Soft Computing, Vol. 296Robust Medical Diagnosis: A Novel Two-Phase Deep Learning Framework for Adversarial Proof Disease Detection in Radiology ImagesSheikh Burhan ulhaque, AasimZafar10 January 2024 | Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 1Effective Screening and Face Mask Detection for COVID Spread Mitigation Using Deep Learning and Edge DevicesXishuangDong, LucyNwosu, SheikhRufsan Reza, XiangfangLi31 January 2024Automatic diagnosis of CoV-19 in CXR images using haar-like feature and XgBoost classifierKashifShaheed, QasiarAbbas, MunishKumar27 January 2024 | Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 24Thresholding Chaotic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm with Gaussian Kernel (TCBOGK) based segmentation and DeTrac deep convolutional neural network for COVID-19 X-ray imagesAfnan M.Alhassan25 January 2024 | Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 579Attribute Selection Model using Meta Classifiers for Pneumonia Diagnosis SystemG. HarshavardhanReddy, B.Karthik, B.Kalaiselvi, S. P.Vijayaragavan, T.Vijayan2024Jan24Smartphone‐based detection of COVID ‐19 and associated pneumonia using thermal imaging and a transfer learning algorithmOshritHoffer, Rafael Y.Brzezinski, AdamGanim, PerryShalom, ZehavaOvadia‐Blechman, LitalBen‐Baruch, NirLewis, RacheliPeled, CarmiShimon, NiliNaftali‐Shani, EyalKatz, YairZimmer, NetaRabin22 January 2024 | Journal of Biophotonics, Vol. 76Hybrid feature extraction technique for automatic classification of COVID-19 chest CT imagesShaoweiWang, QizhiFu, WennaChen, JincanZhang, GanqinDu, HongweiJiang, JinghuaLi, XinZhao23 August 2023 | Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, Vol. 11, No. 7Swift Diagnose: A High-Performance Shallow Convolutional Neural Network for Rapid and Reliable SARS-COV-2 Induced Pneumonia DetectionKoustavDutta, RasmitaLenka, PriyaGupta, AartiGoel, Janjhyam VenkataNaga Ramesh28 March 2024 | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology, Vol. 10Conditional cascaded network (CCN) approach for diagnosis of COVID-19 in chest X-ray and CT images using transfer learningAmr E.Eldin Rashed, Waleed M.Bahgat2024Jan1 | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 87Collective intelligent strategy for improved segmentation of COVID-19 from CTSurochita PalDas, SushmitaMitra, B. UmaShankar2024Jan1 | Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 235CT features of acute COVID-19 and long-term follow-upG.L.Bailey, S.J.Copley2024Jan1 | Clinical Radiology, Vol. 79, No. 1LS-Net: COVID-19 Lesion Segmentation from CT Image via Diffusion Probabilistic ModelAiwuShi, BeiSheng, JinHuang, JiankaiSun, GanLuo, ChaoHan, HeHuang, ShuranMa24 December 2023Machine learning techniques for CT imaging diagnosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia: a reviewJingjingChen, YixiaoLi, LinglingGuo, XiaokangZhou, YihanZhu, QingfengHe, HaijunHan, QilongFeng19 September 2022 | Neural Computing and Applications, Vol. 36, No. 1An Improved COVID-19 Classification Model on Chest Radiography by Dual-Ended Multiple Attention LearningYongxianFan, HaoGong2024Jan1 | IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Vol. 28, No. 1An Ambiguous Edge Detection Method for Computed Tomogra
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.057307
|
medical specialty
|
From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors
|
[
{
"display_name": "Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779984678",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9316311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145898"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.77132916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42684066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36906612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36804053,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Progressive disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778822529",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.33898816,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951525"
}
] |
The purpose of this article is to review the status and limitations of anatomic tumor response metrics including the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and RECIST 1.1. This article also reviews qualitative and quantitative approaches to metabolic tumor response assessment with (18)F-FDG PET and proposes a draft framework for PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), version 1.0.PubMed searches, including searches for the terms RECIST, positron, WHO, FDG, cancer (including specific types), treatment response, region of interest, and derivative references, were performed. Abstracts and articles judged most relevant to the goals of this report were reviewed with emphasis on limitations and strengths of the anatomic and PET approaches to treatment response assessment. On the basis of these data and the authors' experience, draft criteria were formulated for PET tumor response to treatment.Approximately 3,000 potentially relevant references were screened. Anatomic imaging alone using standard WHO, RECIST, and RECIST 1.1 criteria is widely applied but still has limitations in response assessments. For example, despite effective treatment, changes in tumor size can be minimal in tumors such as lymphomas, sarcoma, hepatomas, mesothelioma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. CT tumor density, contrast enhancement, or MRI characteristics appear more informative than size but are not yet routinely applied. RECIST criteria may show progression of tumor more slowly than WHO criteria. RECIST 1.1 criteria (assessing a maximum of 5 tumor foci, vs. 10 in RECIST) result in a higher complete response rate than the original RECIST criteria, at least in lymph nodes. Variability appears greater in assessing progression than in assessing response. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to (18)F-FDG PET response assessment have been applied and require a consistent PET methodology to allow quantitative assessments. Statistically significant changes in tumor standardized uptake value (SUV) occur in careful test-retest studies of high-SUV tumors, with a change of 20% in SUV of a region 1 cm or larger in diameter; however, medically relevant beneficial changes are often associated with a 30% or greater decline. The more extensive the therapy, the greater the decline in SUV with most effective treatments. Important components of the proposed PERCIST criteria include assessing normal reference tissue values in a 3-cm-diameter region of interest in the liver, using a consistent PET protocol, using a fixed small region of interest about 1 cm(3) in volume (1.2-cm diameter) in the most active region of metabolically active tumors to minimize statistical variability, assessing tumor size, treating SUV lean measurements in the 1 (up to 5 optional) most metabolically active tumor focus as a continuous variable, requiring a 30% decline in SUV for "response," and deferring to RECIST 1.1 in cases that do not have (18)F-FDG avidity or are technically unsuitable. Criteria to define progression of tumor-absent new lesions are uncertain but are proposed.Anatomic imaging alone using standard WHO, RECIST, and RECIST 1.1 criteria have limitations, particularly in assessing the activity of newer cancer therapies that stabilize disease, whereas (18)F-FDG PET appears particularly valuable in such cases. The proposed PERCIST 1.0 criteria should serve as a starting point for use in clinical trials and in structured quantitative clinical reporting. Undoubtedly, subsequent revisions and enhancements will be required as validation studies are undertaken in varying diseases and treatments.
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200370
|
medical specialty
|
Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95532095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6879652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196"
},
{
"display_name": "Lung",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777714996",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65949357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886"
},
{
"display_name": "Quartile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68443243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6130183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686"
},
{
"display_name": "Retrospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167135981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5124138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302"
},
{
"display_name": "Respiratory disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776178081",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4813981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546"
},
{
"display_name": "Respiratory distress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141983124",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47877848,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188008"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43359613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4330215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33998534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.30889708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
}
] |
Background Chest CT is used to assess the severity of lung involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Purpose To determine the changes in chest CT findings associated with COVID-19 from initial diagnosis until patient recovery. Materials and Methods This retrospective review included patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 who presented between January 12, 2020, and February 6, 2020. Patients with severe respiratory distress and/or oxygen requirement at any time during the disease course were excluded. Repeat chest CT was performed at approximately 4-day intervals. Each of the five lung lobes was visually scored on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating no involvement and 5 indicating more than 75% involvement. The total CT score was determined as the sum of lung involvement, ranging from 0 (no involvement) to 25 (maximum involvement). Results Twenty-one patients (six men and 15 women aged 25–63 years) with confirmed COVID-19 were evaluated. A total of 82 chest CT scans were obtained in these patients, with a mean interval (±standard deviation) of 4 days ± 1 (range, 1–8 days). All patients were discharged after a mean hospitalization period of 17 days ± 4 (range, 11–26 days). Maximum lung involved peaked at approximately 10 days (with a calculated total CT score of 6) from the onset of initial symptoms (R2 = 0.25, P < .001). Based on quartiles of chest CT scans from day 0 to day 26 involvement, four stages of lung CT findings were defined. CT scans obtained in stage 1 (0–4 days) showed ground-glass opacities (18 of 24 scans [75%]), with a mean total CT score of 2 ± 2; scans obtained in stage 2 (5–8 days) showed an increase in both the crazy-paving pattern (nine of 17 scans [53%]) and total CT score (mean, 6 ± 4; P = .002); scans obtained in stage 3 (9–13 days) showed consolidation (19 of 21 scans [91%]) and a peak in the total CT score (mean, 7 ± 4); and scans obtained in stage 4 (≥14 days) showed gradual resolution of consolidation (15 of 20 scans [75%]) and a decrease in the total CT score (mean, 6 ± 4) without crazy-paving pattern. Conclusion In patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (without severe respiratory distress during the disease course), lung abnormalities on chest CT scans showed greatest severity approximately 10 days after initial onset of symptoms. © RSNA, 2020
|
C2989005
|
Nuclear medicine
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2961-x
|
medical specialty
|
FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0
|
[
{
"display_name": "Reproducibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9893847",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7779124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625"
},
{
"display_name": "Repeatability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154020017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7421898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7149154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19527891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63619924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality assurance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106436119",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5788202,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989005",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44243395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43663096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4286902,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604"
}
] |
The purpose of these guidelines is to assist physicians in recommending, performing, interpreting and reporting the results of FDG PET/CT for oncological imaging of adult patients. PET is a quantitative imaging technique and therefore requires a common quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) procedure to maintain the accuracy and precision of quantitation. Repeatability and reproducibility are two essential requirements for any quantitative measurement and/or imaging biomarker. Repeatability relates to the uncertainty in obtaining the same result in the same patient when he or she is examined more than once on the same system. However, imaging biomarkers should also have adequate reproducibility, i.e. the ability to yield the same result in the same patient when that patient is examined on different systems and at different imaging sites. Adequate repeatability and reproducibility are essential for the clinical management of patients and the use of FDG PET/CT within multicentre trials. A common standardised imaging procedure will help promote the appropriate use of FDG PET/CT imaging and increase the value of publications and, therefore, their contribution to evidence-based medicine. Moreover, consistency in numerical values between platforms and institutes that acquire the data will potentially enhance the role of semiquantitative and quantitative image interpretation. Precision and accuracy are additionally important as FDG PET/CT is used to evaluate tumour response as well as for diagnosis, prognosis and staging. Therefore both the previous and these new guidelines specifically aim to achieve standardised uptake value harmonisation in multicentre settings.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0707943
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.91057813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Liter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176674119",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67987794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11582"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6608011,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6246265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779434492",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.59157324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126691"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5870868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Percentile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122048520",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55755407,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46973012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53165156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627"
},
{
"display_name": "Hypoglycemia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668416",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5108704,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49325508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Birth weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66322754",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48050892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128476"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational age",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778376644",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47576016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46124783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Small for gestational age",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780938740",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44572863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298973"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31971598,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
}
] |
It is controversial whether maternal hyperglycemia less severe than that in diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1848
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.95617974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.82867396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7872282,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes in pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018715393",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.6766232,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126691"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5292945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779434492",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.3211705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126691"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46973012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.30077165,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627"
}
] |
In the accompanying comment letter (1), Weinert summarizes published data from the Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study (2) and comments on applying International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) Consensus Panel recommendations (3) for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to that cohort.
The Brazilian study provided evidence that adverse perinatal outcomes are associated with levels of maternal glycemia below those diagnostic of GDM by American Diabetes Association or World Health Organization criteria. However, the results were potentially confounded by the treatment of GDM. It did find that women with GDM were at increased risk for some …
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30360-3
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9057376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Sore throat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777870961",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6695332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292082"
},
{
"display_name": "Pneumonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777914695",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63592374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192"
},
{
"display_name": "Caesarean section",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776279924",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6034684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228036"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5411711,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5117783,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5005965,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical record",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195910791",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4881578,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077"
},
{
"display_name": "Retrospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167135981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48212266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302"
},
{
"display_name": "myalgia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778616394",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4740983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474959"
},
{
"display_name": "Respiratory distress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141983124",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4456379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188008"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41742408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3016991,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821"
}
] |
Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were based on information from the general population. Limited data are available for pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in pregnancy and the intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection.Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid, cord blood, and neonatal throat swab samples. Breastmilk samples were also collected and tested from patients after the first lactation.All nine patients had a caesarean section in their third trimester. Seven patients presented with a fever. Other symptoms, including cough (in four of nine patients), myalgia (in three), sore throat (in two), and malaise (in two), were also observed. Fetal distress was monitored in two cases. Five of nine patients had lymphopenia (<1·0 × 10⁹ cells per L). Three patients had increased aminotransferase concentrations. None of the patients developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died, as of Feb 4, 2020. Nine livebirths were recorded. No neonatal asphyxia was observed in newborn babies. All nine livebirths had a 1-min Apgar score of 8-9 and a 5-min Apgar score of 9-10. Amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal throat swab, and breastmilk samples from six patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all samples tested negative for the virus.The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnant women were similar to those reported for non-pregnant adult patients who developed COVID-19 pneumonia. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy.Hubei Science and Technology Plan, Wuhan University Medical Development Plan.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa042973
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pregnancy Outcomes
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9638896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789193",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.76481307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779434492",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7172661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126691"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.63458663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.578627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5448738,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Randomized controlled trial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168563851",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5084897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational age",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778376644",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49916792,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46973012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44959536,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627"
},
{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4272574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34829763,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
}
] |
We conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus reduced the risk of perinatal complications.We randomly assigned women between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation who had gestational diabetes to receive dietary advice, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin therapy as needed (the intervention group) or routine care. Primary outcomes included serious perinatal complications (defined as death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, and nerve palsy), admission to the neonatal nursery, jaundice requiring phototherapy, induction of labor, cesarean birth, and maternal anxiety, depression, and health status.The rate of serious perinatal complications was significantly lower among the infants of the 490 women in the intervention group than among the infants of the 510 women in the routine-care group (1 percent vs. 4 percent; relative risk adjusted for maternal age, race or ethnic group, and parity, 0.33; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.75; P=0.01). However, more infants of women in the intervention group were admitted to the neonatal nursery (71 percent vs. 61 percent; adjusted relative risk, 1.13; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.23; P=0.01). Women in the intervention group had a higher rate of induction of labor than the women in the routine-care group (39 percent vs. 29 percent; adjusted relative risk, 1.36; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.62; P<0.001), although the rates of cesarean delivery were similar (31 percent and 32 percent, respectively; adjusted relative risk, 0.97; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.16; P=0.73). At three months post partum, data on the women's mood and quality of life, available for 573 women, revealed lower rates of depression and higher scores, consistent with improved health status, in the intervention group.Treatment of gestational diabetes reduces serious perinatal morbidity and may also improve the woman's health-related quality of life.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197104222841604
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina
|
[
{
"display_name": "Diethylstilbestrol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781397067",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.89521945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423989"
},
{
"display_name": "Stilbestrol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241780",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8902595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27891518"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.74134094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72397506,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Vagina",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777744392",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7070963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6105834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Adenocarcinoma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781182431",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5926961,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356033"
},
{
"display_name": "Offspring",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112672928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5784263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526"
},
{
"display_name": "Vaginal cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778592230",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5771137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1807522"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50362676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Retrospective cohort study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C167135981",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43099028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46973012",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42737854,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627"
},
{
"display_name": "Vaginal bleeding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780218171",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41741806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244913"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32851028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
}
] |
Adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young women had been recorded rarely before the report of several cases treated at the Vincent Memorial Hospital between 1966 and 1969. The unusual occurrence of this tumor in eight patients born in New England hospitals between 1946 and 1951 led us to conduct a retrospective investigation in search of factors that might be associated with tumor appearance. Four matched controls were established for each patient; data were obtained by personal interview. Results show maternal bleeding during the current pregnancy and previous pregnancy loss were more common in the study group. Most significantly, seven of the eight mothers of patients with carcinoma had been treated with diethylstilbestrol started during the first trimester. None in the control group were so treated (p less than 0.00001). Maternal ingestion of stilbestrol during early pregnancy appears to have enhanced the risk of vaginal adenocarcinoma developing years later in the offspring exposed.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)08233-0
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.85718757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.83675313,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Menopause",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778562196",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70114684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177708"
},
{
"display_name": "Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780159708",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69535905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17003363"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6447141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805"
},
{
"display_name": "Body mass index",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780221984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5645625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5545845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative risk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C82789193",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5530228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5334744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.527746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk factors for breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776601875",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.427572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1833750"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk factor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50440223",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42307764,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34337163,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33844024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
}
] |
Background. The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed about 90% of the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the relation between risk of breast cancer and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods. Individual data on 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer from 51 studies in 21 countries were collected, checked, and analysed centrally. The main analyses are based on 53,865 postmenopausal women with a known age at menopause, of whom 17,830 (33%) had used HRT at some time. The median age at first use was 48 years, and 34% of ever-users had used HRT for 5 years or longer. Estimates of the relative risk of breast cancer associated with the use of HRT were obtained after stratification of all analyses by study, age at diagnosis, time since menopause, body-mass index, parity, and the age a woman was when her first child was born. Findings. Among current users of HRT or those who ceased use 1-4 years previously, the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed increased by a factor of 1.023 (95% CI 1.011-1.036; 2p = 0.0002) for each year of use; the relative risk was 1.35 (1.21-1.49; 2p = 0.00001) for women who had used HRT for 5 years or longer (average duration of use in this group 11 years). This increase is comparable with the effect on breast cancer of delaying menopause, since among never-users of HRT the relative risk of breast cancer increases by a factor of 1.028 (95% CI 1.021-1.034) for each year older at menopause. 5 or more years after cessation of HRT use, there was no significant excess of breast cancer overall or in relation to duration of use. These main findings did not vary between individual studies. Of the many factors examined that might affect the relation between breast cancer risk and use of HRT, only a woman's weight and body-mass index had a material effect: the increase in the relative risk of breast dancer associated with long durations of use in current and recent users was greater for women of lower than of higher weight or body-mass index. There was no marked variation in the results according to hormonal type or dose but little information was available about long durations of use of any specific preparation. Cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used HRT tended to be less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in never-users. In North America and Europe the cumulative incidence of breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 70 in never-users of HRT is about 45 per 1000 women. The cumulative excess numbers of breast cancers diagnosed between these ages per 1000 women who began use of HRT at age 50 and used it for 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively, are estimated to be 2 (95% CI 1-3), 6 (3-9), and 12 (5-20). Whether HRT affects mortality from breast cancer is not known. Interpretation. The risk of having breast cancer diagnosed is increased in women using HRT and increases with increasing duration of use. This effect is reduced after cessation of use of HRT and has largely, if not wholly, disappeared after about 5 years. These findings should be considered in the context of the benefits and other risks associated with the use of HRT.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa062790
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
Mammographic Density and the Risk and Detection of Breast Cancer
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9097973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8165389,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7929047,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581"
},
{
"display_name": "Mammography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780472235",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7565733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634"
},
{
"display_name": "Confidence interval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44249647",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6906809,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5828822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast density",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018951153",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5330357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011492"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer screening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778491387",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.5061609,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011492"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer screening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776463041",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4831652,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843"
},
{
"display_name": "Case-control study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146304588",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4812681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652"
},
{
"display_name": "Gynecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29456083",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47592285,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47582844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITY",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909213482",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.44205192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011492"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43867248,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180"
},
{
"display_name": "Oncology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143998085",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38016394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555"
}
] |
Extensive mammographic density is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and makes the detection of cancer by mammography difficult, but the influence of density on risk according to method of cancer detection is unknown.We carried out three nested case-control studies in screened populations with 1112 matched case-control pairs. We examined the association of the measured percentage of density in the baseline mammogram with risk of breast cancer, according to method of cancer detection, time since the initiation of screening, and age.As compared with women with density in less than 10% of the mammogram, women with density in 75% or more had an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 to 7.4), whether detected by screening (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.0 to 6.2) or less than 12 months after a negative screening examination (odds ratio, 17.8; 95% CI, 4.8 to 65.9). Increased risk of breast cancer, whether detected by screening or other means, persisted for at least 8 years after study entry and was greater in younger than in older women. For women younger than the median age of 56 years, 26% of all breast cancers and 50% of cancers detected less than 12 months after a negative screening test were attributable to density in 50% or more of the mammogram.Extensive mammographic density is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer detected by screening or between screening tests. A substantial fraction of breast cancers can be attributed to this risk factor.
|
C131872663
|
Obstetrics
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-59
|
field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8558028,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Growth chart",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777342250",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7958921,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2299582"
},
{
"display_name": "Gestational age",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778376644",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6238073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111"
},
{
"display_name": "Percentile",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122048520",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5815744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954"
},
{
"display_name": "Birth weight",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66322754",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51005393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128476"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49432707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47069076,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603"
},
{
"display_name": "Obstetrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131872663",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44616714,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418"
},
{
"display_name": "Chart",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190812933",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43223915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28923"
},
{
"display_name": "Pregnancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779234561",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35478097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995"
}
] |
The aim of this study was to revise the 2003 Fenton Preterm Growth Chart, specifically to: a) harmonize the preterm growth chart with the new World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Standard, b) smooth the data between the preterm and WHO estimates, informed by the Preterm Multicentre Growth (PreM Growth) study while maintaining data integrity from 22 to 36 and at 50 weeks, and to c) re-scale the chart x-axis to actual age (rather than completed weeks) to support growth monitoring. Systematic review, meta-analysis, and growth chart development. We systematically searched published and unpublished literature to find population-based preterm size at birth measurement (weight, length, and/or head circumference) references, from developed countries with: Corrected gestational ages through infant assessment and/or statistical correction; Data percentiles as low as 24 weeks gestational age or lower; Sample with greater than 500 infants less than 30 weeks. Growth curves for males and females were produced using cubic splines to 50 weeks post menstrual age. LMS parameters (skew, median, and standard deviation) were calculated. Six large population-based surveys of size at preterm birth representing 3,986,456 births (34,639 births < 30 weeks) from countries Germany, United States, Italy, Australia, Scotland, and Canada were combined in meta-analyses. Smooth growth chart curves were developed, while ensuring close agreement with the data between 24 and 36 weeks and at 50 weeks. The revised sex-specific actual-age growth charts are based on the recommended growth goal for preterm infants, the fetus, followed by the term infant. These preterm growth charts, with the disjunction between these datasets smoothing informed by the international PreM Growth study, may support an improved transition of preterm infant growth monitoring to the WHO growth charts.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb06579.x
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
Current plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7628653,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.750826,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6079171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.53976583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48690096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136752280",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44259745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152827"
}
] |
We determine best-fitting Euler vectors, closure-fitting Euler vectors, and a new global model (NUVEL-1) describing the geologically current motion between 12 assumed-rigid plates by inverting plate motion data we have compiled, critically analysed, and tested for self-consistency. We treat Arabia, India and Australia, and North America and South America as distinct plates, but combine Nubia and Somalia into a single African plate because motion between them could not be reliably resolved. The 1122 data from 22 plate boundaries inverted to obtain NUVEL-1 consist of 277 spreading rates, 121 transform fault azimuths, and 724 earthquake slip vectors. We determined all rates over a uniform time interval of 3.0m.y., corresponding to the centre of the anomaly 2A sequence, by comparing synthetic magnetic anomalies with observed profiles. The model fits the data well. Unlike prior global plate motion models, which systematically misfit some spreading rates in the Indian Ocean by 8–12mm yr−1, the systematic misfits by NUVEL-1 nowhere exceed ∼3 mm yr−1. The model differs significantly from prior global plate motion models. For the 30 pairs of plates sharing a common boundary, 29 of 30 P071, and 25 of 30 RM2 Euler vectors lie outside the 99 per cent confidence limits of NUVEL-1. Differences are large in the Indian Ocean where NUVEL-1 plate motion data and plate geometry differ from those used in prior studies and in the Pacific Ocean where NUVEL-1 rates are systematically 5–20 mm yr−1 slower than those of prior models. The strikes of transform faults mapped with GLORIA and Seabeam along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge greatly improve the accuracy of estimates of the direction of plate motion. These data give Euler vectors differing significantly from those of prior studies, show that motion about the Azores triple junction is consistent with plate circuit closure, and better resolve motion between North America and South America. Motion of the Caribbean plate relative to North or South America is about 7 mm yr−1 slower than in prior global models. Trench slip vectors tend to be systematically misfit wherever convergence is oblique, and best-fitting poles determined only from trench slip vectors differ significantly from their corresponding closure-fitting Euler vectors. The direction of slip in trench earthquakes tends to be between the direction of plate motion and the normal to the trench strike. Part of this bias may be due to the neglect of lateral heterogeneities of seismic velocities caused by cold subducting slabs, but the larger part is likely caused by independent motion of fore-arc crust and lithosphere relative to the overriding plate.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06724.x
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73174447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6827878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Consistency (knowledge bases)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776436953",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58739173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45315242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42904645,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
}
] |
Over the last three years, a major international effort has been made by the Sub-Commission on Earthquake Algorithms of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to generate new global traveltime tables for seismic phases to update the tables of Jeffreys & Bullen (1940). The new tables are specifically designed for convenient computational use, with high-accuracy interpolation in both depth and range. The new iasp91 traveltime tables are derived from a radially stratified velocity model which has been constructed so that the times for the major seismic phases are consistent with the reported times for events in the catalogue of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) for the period 1964–1987. The baseline for the P-wave traveltimes in the iasp91 model has been adjusted to provide only a small bias in origin time for well-constrained events at the main nuclear testing sites around the world. For P-waves at teleseismic distances, the new tables are about 0.7s slower than the 1968 P-tables (Herrin 1968) and on average about 1.8-1.9 s faster than the Jeffreys & Bullen (1940) tables. For S-waves the teleseismic times lie between those of the JB tables and the results of Randall (1971). Because the times for all phases are derived from the same velocity model, there is complete consistency between the traveltimes for different phases at different focal depths. The calculation scheme adopted for the new iasp91 tables is that proposed by Buland & Chapman (1983). Tables of delay time as a function of slowness are stored for each traveltime branch, and interpolated using a specially designed tau spline which takes care of square-root singularities in the derivative of the traveltime curve at certain critical slownesses. With this representation, once the source depth is specified, it is straightforward to find the traveltime explicitly for a given epicentral distance. The computational cost is no higher than a conventional look-up table, but there is increased accuracy in constructing the traveltimes for a source at arbitrary depth. A further advantage over standard tables is that exactly the same procedure can be used for each phase. For a given source depth, it is therefore possible to generate very rapidly a comprehensive list of traveltimes and associated derivatives for the main seismic phases which could be observed at a given epicentral distance.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019920
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results
|
[
{
"display_name": "Gravitational field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14257148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6905996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6093864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravity of Earth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68989474",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52187526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673166"
},
{
"display_name": "Magnitude (astronomy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126691448",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51996195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45734477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39840463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39449823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "Climatology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49204034",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38910395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3228845,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
}
] |
The GRACE mission is designed to track changes in the Earth's gravity field for a period of five years. Launched in March 2002, the two GRACE satellites have collected nearly two years of data. A span of data available during the Commissioning Phase was used to obtain initial gravity models. The gravity models developed with this data are more than an order of magnitude better at the long and mid wavelengths than previous models. The error estimates indicate a 2‐cm accuracy uniformly over the land and ocean regions, a consequence of the highly accurate, global and homogenous nature of the GRACE data. These early results are a strong affirmation of the GRACE mission concept.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg03139
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7407121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6883927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Radar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C554190296",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6752265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528"
},
{
"display_name": "Synthetic aperture radar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87360688",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.647408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686"
},
{
"display_name": "Interferometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166689943",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5670408,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodetic datum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58754882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56040937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887"
},
{
"display_name": "Interferometric synthetic aperture radar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22286887",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5594311,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056"
},
{
"display_name": "Satellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19269812",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45077065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43739775,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Radar imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10929652",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4183279,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985"
},
{
"display_name": "Geophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35038924,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255"
}
] |
Geophysical applications of radar interferometry to measure changes in the Earth's surface have exploded in the early 1990s. This new geodetic technique calculates the interference pattern caused by the difference in phase between two images acquired by a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar at two distinct times. The resulting interferogram is a contour map of the change in distance between the ground and the radar instrument. These maps provide an unsurpassed spatial sampling density (∼100 pixels km −2 ), a competitive precision (∼1 cm), and a useful observation cadence (1 pass month −1 ). They record movements in the crust, perturbations in the atmosphere, dielectric modifications in the soil, and relief in the topography. They are also sensitive to technical effects, such as relative variations in the radar's trajectory or variations in its frequency standard. We describe how all these phenomena contribute to an interferogram. Then a practical summary explains the techniques for calculating and manipulating interferograms from various radar instruments, including the four satellites currently in orbit: ERS‐1, ERS‐2, JERS‐1, and RADARSAT. The next chapter suggests some guidelines for interpreting an interferogram as a geophysical measurement: respecting the limits of the technique, assessing its uncertainty, recognizing artifacts, and discriminating different types of signal. We then review the geophysical applications published to date, most of which study deformation related to earthquakes, volcanoes, and glaciers using ERS‐1 data. We also show examples of monitoring natural hazards and environmental alterations related to landslides, subsidence, and agriculture. In addition, we consider subtler geophysical signals such as postseismic relaxation, tidal loading of coastal areas, and interseismic strain accumulation. We conclude with our perspectives on the future of radar interferometry. The objective of the review is for the reader to develop the physical understanding necessary to calculate an interferogram and the geophysical intuition necessary to interpret it.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04491.x
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
Geologically current plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88751364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8279761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Seafloor spreading",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117485682",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.81644315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215920"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68672633,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Pacific Plate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777994876",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.55789024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205411"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54564863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Mid-ocean ridge",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51151373",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5042304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104698"
},
{
"display_name": "North American Plate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777992645",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.49287963,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220305"
},
{
"display_name": "Subduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58097730",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4696502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318"
},
{
"display_name": "Tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77928131",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4659283,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismotectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21089234",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44515827,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6592057"
},
{
"display_name": "Convergent boundary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64174561",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.4208462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255282"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanic crust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154200439",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.32375497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238851"
}
] |
We describe best-fitting angular velocities and MORVEL, a new closure-enforced set of angular velocities for the geologically current motions of 25 tectonic plates that collectively occupy 97 per cent of Earth's surface. Seafloor spreading rates and fault azimuths are used to determine the motions of 19 plates bordered by mid-ocean ridges, including all the major plates. Six smaller plates with little or no connection to the mid-ocean ridges are linked to MORVEL with GPS station velocities and azimuthal data. By design, almost no kinematic information is exchanged between the geologically determined and geodetically constrained subsets of the global circuit—MORVEL thus averages motion over geological intervals for all the major plates. Plate geometry changes relative to NUVEL-1A include the incorporation of Nubia, Lwandle and Somalia plates for the former Africa plate, Capricorn, Australia and Macquarie plates for the former Australia plate, and Sur and South America plates for the former South America plate. MORVEL also includes Amur, Philippine Sea, Sundaland and Yangtze plates, making it more useful than NUVEL-1A for studies of deformation in Asia and the western Pacific. Seafloor spreading rates are estimated over the past 0.78 Myr for intermediate and fast spreading centres and since 3.16 Ma for slow and ultraslow spreading centres. Rates are adjusted downward by 0.6–2.6 mm yr−1 to compensate for the several kilometre width of magnetic reversal zones. Nearly all the NUVEL-1A angular velocities differ significantly from the MORVEL angular velocities. The many new data, revised plate geometries, and correction for outward displacement thus significantly modify our knowledge of geologically current plate motions. MORVEL indicates significantly slower 0.78-Myr-average motion across the Nazca–Antarctic and Nazca–Pacific boundaries than does NUVEL-1A, consistent with a progressive slowdown in the eastward component of Nazca plate motion since 3.16 Ma. It also indicates that motions across the Caribbean–North America and Caribbean–South America plate boundaries are twice as fast as given by NUVEL-1A. Summed, least-squares differences between angular velocities estimated from GPS and those for MORVEL, NUVEL-1 and NUVEL-1A are, respectively, 260 per cent larger for NUVEL-1 and 50 per cent larger for NUVEL-1A than for MORVEL, suggesting that MORVEL more accurately describes historically current plate motions. Significant differences between geological and GPS estimates of Nazca plate motion and Arabia–Eurasia and India–Eurasia motion are reduced but not eliminated when using MORVEL instead of NUVEL-1A, possibly indicating that changes have occurred in those plate motions since 3.16 Ma. The MORVEL and GPS estimates of Pacific–North America plate motion in western North America differ by only 2.6 ± 1.7 mm yr−1, ≈25 per cent smaller than for NUVEL-1A. The remaining difference for this plate pair, assuming there are no unrecognized systematic errors and no measurable change in Pacific–North America motion over the past 1–3 Myr, indicates deformation of one or more plates in the global circuit. Tests for closure of six three-plate circuits indicate that two, Pacific–Cocos–Nazca and Sur–Nubia–Antarctic, fail closure, with respective linear velocities of non-closure of 14 ± 5 and 3 ± 1 mm yr−1 (95 per cent confidence limits) at their triple junctions. We conclude that the rigid plate approximation continues to be tremendously useful, but—absent any unrecognized systematic errors—the plates deform measurably, possibly by thermal contraction and wide plate boundaries with deformation rates near or beneath the level of noise in plate kinematic data.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099192
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
GRACE Measurements of Mass Variability in the Earth System
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geoid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80989030",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.92618847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63471735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.59255743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Watershed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150547873",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5105065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851"
},
{
"display_name": "Gravitational field",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14257148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42941955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066"
},
{
"display_name": "Amazon rainforest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535291247",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4242056,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34939986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
}
] |
Monthly gravity field estimates made by the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have a geoid height accuracy of 2 to 3 millimeters at a spatial resolution as small as 400 kilometers. The annual cycle in the geoid variations, up to 10 millimeters in some regions, peaked predominantly in the spring and fall seasons. Geoid variations observed over South America that can be largely attributed to surface water and groundwater changes show a clear separation between the large Amazon watershed and the smaller watersheds to the north. Such observations will help hydrologists to connect processes at traditional length scales (tens of kilometers or less) to those at regional and global scales.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/jb083ib11p05331
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
Present‐day plate motions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7557727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Plate tectonics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119477230",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69035095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6829904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Seismology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165205528",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6253148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371"
},
{
"display_name": "Azimuth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159737794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61274016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274"
},
{
"display_name": "Slip (aerodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195268267",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5433522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883"
},
{
"display_name": "Transform fault",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106973953",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52416635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664573"
},
{
"display_name": "Slab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113740112",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5100909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5904738"
},
{
"display_name": "Data set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58489278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4973171,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284"
},
{
"display_name": "Fault (geology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175551986",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.34870926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089"
}
] |
A data set comprising 110 spreading rates, 78 transform fault azimuths, and 142 earthquake slip vectors has been inverted to yield a new instantaneous plate motion model, designated Relative Motion 2 (RM2). The model represents a considerable improvement over our previous estimate, RM1 [Minster et al., 1974]. The mean averaging interval for the spreading rate data has been reduced to less than 3 m.y. A detailed comparison of RM2 with angular velocity vectors which best fit the data along individual plate boundaries indicates that RM2 performs close to optimally in most regions, with several notable exceptions. The model systematically misfits data along the India‐Antarctica and Pacific‐India plate boundaries. We hypothesize that these discrepancies are manifestations of internal deformation within the Indian plate; the data are compatible with northwest‐southeast compression across the Ninetyeast Ridge at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. RM2 also fails to satisfy the east‐west trending transform fault azimuths observed in the French‐American Mid‐Ocean Undersea Study area, which is shown to be a consequence of closure constraints about the Azores triple junction. Slow movement between North and South America is required by the data set, although the angular velocity vector describing this motion remains poorly constrained. The existence of a Bering plate, postulated in our previous study, is not necessary if we accept the proposal of Engdahl and others that the Aleutian slip vector data are biased by slab effects. Absolute motion models are derived from several kinematical hypotheses and compared with the data from hot spot traces younger than 10 m.y. Although some of the models are inconsistent with the Wilson‐Morgan hypothesis, the overall resolving power of the hot spot data is poor, and the directions of absolute motion for the several slower‐moving plates are not usefully constrained.
|
C13280743
|
Geodesy
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119018612
|
earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field
|
GPS Satellite Surveying
|
[
{
"display_name": "Global Positioning System",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60229501",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7938938,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822"
},
{
"display_name": "Remote sensing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62649853",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6379141,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687"
},
{
"display_name": "Satellite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19269812",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60975766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60795027,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4262668,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37632474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
INTROOUCTION 2 LEAST-SQUARES AOJUSTMENTS 2.1 Elementary Considerations / 12 2
|
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