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C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0907444910007493
|
academic discipline
|
Features and development of <i>Coot</i>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73307204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scripting language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61423126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6528395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6192662,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Interface (matter)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113843644",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5340912,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50888157,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4359611,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
}
] |
Coot is a molecular-graphics application for model building and validation of biological macromolecules. The program displays electron-density maps and atomic models and allows model manipulations such as idealization, real-space refinement, manual rotation/translation, rigid-body fitting, ligand search, solvation, mutations, rotamers and Ramachandran idealization. Furthermore, tools are provided for model validation as well as interfaces to external programs for refinement, validation and graphics. The software is designed to be easy to learn for novice users, which is achieved by ensuring that tools for common tasks are 'discoverable' through familiar user-interface elements (menus and toolbars) or by intuitive behaviour (mouse controls). Recent developments have focused on providing tools for expert users, with customisable key bindings, extensions and an extensive scripting interface. The software is under rapid development, but has already achieved very widespread use within the crystallographic community. The current state of the software is presented, with a description of the facilities available and of some of the underlying methods employed.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355
|
academic discipline
|
A Survey of Augmented Reality
|
[
{
"display_name": "Augmented reality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153715457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.95702195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183"
},
{
"display_name": "Entertainment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512170562",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.687799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799"
},
{
"display_name": "Virtual reality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194969405",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6584799,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.65131915,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5377237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer-mediated reality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134202134",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5366409,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157399"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51523477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Point (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28719098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5039863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946"
},
{
"display_name": "Mixed reality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206776904",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46854722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44652066,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37009844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
This paper surveys the field of augmented reality (AR), in which 3D virtual objects are integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. It describes the medical, manufacturing, visualization, path planning, entertainment, and military applications that have been explored. This paper describes the characteristics of augmented reality systems, including a detailed discussion of the tradeoffs between optical and video blending approaches. Registration and sensing errors are two of the biggest problems in building effective augmented reality systems, so this paper summarizes current efforts to overcome these problems. Future directions and areas requiring further research are discussed. This survey provides a starting point for anyone interested in researching or using augmented reality.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.818349
|
academic discipline
|
An Introduction to Biometric Recognition
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184297639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89955074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765"
},
{
"display_name": "Password",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109297577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8270843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71079516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6152955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58193034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55059814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427"
},
{
"display_name": "Authentication (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148417208",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4728192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44911018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44557196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity theft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522325796",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43516582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42054242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
}
] |
A wide variety of systems requires reliable personal recognition schemes to either confirm or determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. The purpose of such schemes is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a legitimate user and no one else. Examples of such applications include secure access to buildings, computer systems, laptops, cellular phones, and ATMs. In the absence of robust personal recognition schemes, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles of an impostor. Biometric recognition, or, simply, biometrics, refers to the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological and/or behavioral characteristics. By using biometrics, it is possible to confirm or establish an individual's identity based on "who she is", rather than by "what she possesses" (e.g., an ID card) or "what she remembers" (e.g., a password). We give a brief overview of the field of biometrics and summarize some of its advantages, disadvantages, strengths, limitations, and related privacy concerns.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
|
academic discipline
|
PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python
|
[
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8699548,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8642683,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Scripting language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61423126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7541629,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432"
},
{
"display_name": "Suite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79581498",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6948625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6689307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46886498,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer hardware",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9390403",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38890222,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33882833,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143"
}
] |
The vast majority of studies into visual processing are conducted using computer display technology. The current paper describes a new free suite of software tools designed to make this task easier, using the latest advances in hardware and software. PsychoPy is a platform-independent experimental control system written in the Python interpreted language using entirely free libraries. PsychoPy scripts are designed to be extremely easy to read and write, while retaining complete power for the user to customize the stimuli and environment. Tools are provided within the package to allow everything from stimulus presentation and response collection (from a wide range of devices) to simple data analysis such as psychometric function fitting. Most importantly, PsychoPy is highly extensible and the whole system can evolve via user contributions. If a user wants to add support for a particular stimulus, analysis or hardware device they can look at the code for existing examples, modify them and submit the modifications back into the package so that the whole community benefits.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/vl.1996.545307
|
academic discipline
|
The eyes have it: a task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.82273495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Zoom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124913957",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.771692,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232548"
},
{
"display_name": "Data visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172367668",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51589906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5155875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
},
{
"display_name": "Task (project management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780451532",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5150256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5044426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Taxonomy (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58642233",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4796096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924"
},
{
"display_name": "Data type",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138958017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4588121,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087"
},
{
"display_name": "Information visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185578843",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45336846,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4511357,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43518057,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Filter (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106131492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41729444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260"
},
{
"display_name": "Data set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58489278",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41344547,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3920104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37489393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Data mining",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124101348",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3090288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491"
}
] |
A useful starting point for designing advanced graphical user interfaces is the visual information seeking Mantra: overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. But this is only a starting point in trying to understand the rich and varied set of information visualizations that have been proposed in recent years. The paper offers a task by data type taxonomy with seven data types (one, two, three dimensional data, temporal and multi dimensional data, and tree and network data) and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts).
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2007.901024
|
academic discipline
|
OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.660768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226923",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6303814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6240721,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018397939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54267037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5424176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Open source software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2988343187",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47127694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44716227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44154836",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4295462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019108329",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42816126,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751327"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.373529,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Distributed computing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120314980",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37090117,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634"
},
{
"display_name": "Software engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37000507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993"
}
] |
Dynamic simulations of movement allow one to study neuromuscular coordination, analyze athletic performance, and estimate internal loading of the musculoskeletal system. Simulations can also be used to identify the sources of pathological movement and establish a scientific basis for treatment planning. We have developed a freely available, open-source software system (OpenSim) that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of movements. We are using this system to simulate the dynamics of individuals with pathological gait and to explore the biomechanical effects of treatments. OpenSim provides a platform on which the biomechanics community can build a library of simulations that can be exchanged, tested, analyzed, and improved through a multi-institutional collaboration. Developing software that enables a concerted effort from many investigators poses technical and sociological challenges. Meeting those challenges will accelerate the discovery of principles that govern movement control and improve treatments for individuals with movement pathologies.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880701875068
|
academic discipline
|
Co-creation and the new landscapes of design
|
[
{
"display_name": "Creativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11012388",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6573739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44933388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Design education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144229578",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44083124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3467934"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42860916,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Co-creation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781155252",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4149016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2270945"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40597486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33091637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3218637,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Designers have been moving increasingly closer to the future users of what they design and the next new thing in the changing landscape of design research has become co-designing with your users. But co-designing is actually not new at all, having taken distinctly different paths in the US and in Europe. The evolution in design research from a user-centred approach to co-designing is changing the roles of the designer, the researcher and the person formerly known as the ‘user’. The implications of this shift for the education of designers and researchers are enormous. The evolution in design research from a user-centred approach to co-designing is changing the landscape of design practice as well, creating new domains of collective creativity. It is hoped that this evolution will support a transformation toward more sustainable ways of living in the future.
|
C107457646
|
Human–computer interaction
|
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068910
|
academic discipline
|
BrainNet Viewer: A Network Visualization Tool for Human Brain Connectomics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Connectomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779097318",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9581022,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2993446"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76463115,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Connectome",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45715564",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.74189943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.72253275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Toolbox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777655017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.550769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphical user interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37789001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5277746,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph drawing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112953755",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5200067,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739462"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49592933,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
},
{
"display_name": "Graph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132525143",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45765698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4136074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3892284,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
The human brain is a complex system whose topological organization can be represented using connectomics. Recent studies have shown that human connectomes can be constructed using various neuroimaging technologies and further characterized using sophisticated analytic strategies, such as graph theory. These methods reveal the intriguing topological architectures of human brain networks in healthy populations and explore the changes throughout normal development and aging and under various pathological conditions. However, given the huge complexity of this methodology, toolboxes for graph-based network visualization are still lacking. Here, using MATLAB with a graphical user interface (GUI), we developed a graph-theoretical network visualization toolbox, called BrainNet Viewer, to illustrate human connectomes as ball-and-stick models. Within this toolbox, several combinations of defined files with connectome information can be loaded to display different combinations of brain surface, nodes and edges. In addition, display properties, such as the color and size of network elements or the layout of the figure, can be adjusted within a comprehensive but easy-to-use settings panel. Moreover, BrainNet Viewer draws the brain surface, nodes and edges in sequence and displays brain networks in multiple views, as required by the user. The figure can be manipulated with certain interaction functions to display more detailed information. Furthermore, the figures can be exported as commonly used image file formats or demonstration video for further use. BrainNet Viewer helps researchers to visualize brain networks in an easy, flexible and quick manner, and this software is freely available on the NITRC website (www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/).
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20084
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.73401415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Chimera (genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30278631",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72460186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281721"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70296276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4394948,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
}
] |
The design, implementation, and capabilities of an extensible visualization system, UCSF Chimera, are discussed. Chimera is segmented into a core that provides basic services and visualization, and extensions that provide most higher level functionality. This architecture ensures that the extension mechanism satisfies the demands of outside developers who wish to incorporate new features. Two unusual extensions are presented: Multiscale, which adds the ability to visualize large-scale molecular assemblies such as viral coats, and Collaboratory, which allows researchers to share a Chimera session interactively despite being at separate locales. Other extensions include Multalign Viewer, for showing multiple sequence alignments and associated structures; ViewDock, for screening docked ligand orientations; Movie, for replaying molecular dynamics trajectories; and Volume Viewer, for display and analysis of volumetric data. A discussion of the usage of Chimera in real-world situations is given, along with anticipated future directions. Chimera includes full user documentation, is free to academic and nonprofit users, and is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, Apple Mac OS X, SGI IRIX, and HP Tru64 Unix from http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0907444904019158
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
<i>Coot</i>: model-building tools for molecular graphics
|
[
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.79098976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "R package",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984074130",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5323328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73539779"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5249669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46964353,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126766683",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43527433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6896006"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77660652",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.35884267,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971"
}
] |
CCP4mg is a project that aims to provide a general-purpose tool for structural biologists, providing tools for X-ray structure solution, structure comparison and analysis, and publication-quality graphics. The map-fitting tools are available as a stand-alone package, distributed as 'Coot'.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889891004399
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Schematic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192328126",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9730983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4514647"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.60983396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering drawing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199639397",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5616133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54489625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47277474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Illusion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184047640",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4416629,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593"
},
{
"display_name": "Curse of dimensionality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111030470",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4231847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460"
},
{
"display_name": "Ball (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122041747",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41138288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30318815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
}
] |
The MOLSCRIPT program produces plots of protein structures using several different kinds of representations.Schematic drawings, simple wire models, ball-and-stick models, CPK models and text labels can be mixed freely.The schematic drawings are shaded to improve the illusion of three dimensionality.A number of parameters affecting various aspects of the objects drawn can be changed by the user.The output from the program is in PostScript format.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322068
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Python (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519991488",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86734927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865"
},
{
"display_name": "ASCII",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196832560",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85627466,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8815"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6354648,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Virtual observatory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781109611",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47669432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980316"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4724244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "File format",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97250363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44123822,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235557"
},
{
"display_name": "Photometry (optics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68271606",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42572463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625648"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37574542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3269819,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32663757,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
}
] |
We present the first public version (v0.2) of the open-source and community-developed Python package, Astropy. This package provides core astronomy-related functionality to the community, including support for domain-specific file formats such as Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) files, Virtual Observatory (VO) tables, and common ASCII table formats, unit and physical quantity conversions, physical constants specific to astronomy, celestial coordinate and time transformations, world coordinate system (WCS) support, generalized containers for representing gridded as well as tabular data, and a framework for cosmological transformations and conversions. Significant functionality is under active development, such as a model fitting framework, VO client and server tools, and aperture and point spread function (PSF) photometry tools. The core development team is actively making additions and enhancements to the current code base, and we encourage anyone interested to participate in the development of future Astropy versions.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
Tree View: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.79215336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Tree (set theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113174947",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5983993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47103363,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45470083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "File format",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97250363",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4471835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235557"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphical user interface",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37789001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43469143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543"
},
{
"display_name": "Set (abstract data type)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.433102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741"
},
{
"display_name": "Node (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62611344",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42453712,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658"
},
{
"display_name": "Software",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777904410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.418842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39595184,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35823268,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513"
}
] |
TreeView is a simple, easy to use phylogenetic tree viewing utility that runs under both MacOS (on Apple Macintosh computers) and under Microsoft Windows on Intel based computers, the two most common personal computers used by biologists. Some phylogeny programs, such as PAUP (Swofford, 1993) and MacClade (Maddison and Maddison, 1992) already provide excellent tree drawing and printing facilities, however at present these programs are restricted to Apple Macintosh computers. Furthermore, they require the user to load a data set before any trees can be displayed which is inconvenient if the user simply wants to view the trees. More portable programs, such as DRAWGRAM and DRAWTREE in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993) can run on both MacOS and Windows computers, but make little, if any use of the graphical interface features available under those operating systems. TreeView runs as a native application on either MacOS or Windows computers, enables the user to use the standard fonts installed on their machine, their printer, and supports the relevant native graphics format (PICT and Windows metafile) for either creating graphics files or pasting pictures to other applications via the clipboard. The program also supports standard file operations, such as 'drag and drop' whereby dragging a file's icon onto the program opens that file. TreeView can read a range of tree file formats (see below) and can display trees in a range of styles (Fig. 1). Additional information, such as edge lengths and internal node labels can also be displayed. The order of the terminal taxa in the tree can be altered, and the tree can be rerooted. If the tree file contains more than one tree the user can view each tree in turn. The program can also save trees in a variety of file formats, so that it can be used to move trees between programs that use different file formats.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1029/98eo00426
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
New, improved version of generic mapping tools released
|
[
{
"display_name": "Unix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112968700",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8430691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6259286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "Workstation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67953723",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5814595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192525"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.57927096,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56984234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5554642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281"
},
{
"display_name": "Domain (mathematical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36503486",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5400328,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244"
},
{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36493003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.309627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135"
}
] |
Version 3.1 of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) has been released. More than 6000 scientists worldwide are currently using this free, public domain collection of UNIX tools that contains programs serving a variety of research functions. GMT allows users to manipulate (x,y) and (x,y,z) data, and generate PostScript illustrations, including simple x‐y diagrams, contour maps, color images, and artificially illuminated, perspective, and/or shaded‐relief plots using a variety of map projections (see Wessel and Smith [1991] and Wessel and Smith [1995], for details.). GMT has been installed under UNIX on most types of workstations and both IBM‐compatible and Macintosh personal computers.
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3943
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
<scp>UCSF ChimeraX</scp>: Structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers
|
[
{
"display_name": "Undo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780154230",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.78112864,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513420"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.76971173,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Visualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36464697",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73873556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56666940",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6372052,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790"
},
{
"display_name": "Graphics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21442007",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58236647,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879"
},
{
"display_name": "Implementation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26713055",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53579015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47735786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4045695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34479046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
}
] |
Abstract UCSF ChimeraX is the next‐generation interactive visualization program from the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics (RBVI), following UCSF Chimera. ChimeraX brings (a) significant performance and graphics enhancements; (b) new implementations of Chimera's most highly used tools, many with further improvements; (c) several entirely new analysis features; (d) support for new areas such as virtual reality, light‐sheet microscopy, and medical imaging data; (e) major ease‐of‐use advances, including toolbars with icons to perform actions with a single click, basic “undo” capabilities, and more logical and consistent commands; and (f) an app store for researchers to contribute new tools. ChimeraX includes full user documentation and is free for noncommercial use, with downloads available for Windows, Linux, and macOS from https://www.rbvi.ucsf.edu/chimerax .
|
C121684516
|
Computer graphics (images)
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/361237.361242
|
pictures and graphics, possibly animated, that are generated using computers, for transforming and compositing various sources of images or data with precise definitions of style, layout, effects, sequencing and synchronization
|
Use of the Hough transformation to detect lines and curves in pictures
|
[
{
"display_name": "Hough transform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200518788",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.943365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195076"
},
{
"display_name": "Computation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45374587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73397875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525"
},
{
"display_name": "Transformation (genetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204241405",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6864345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6030135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "RADIUS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178635117",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50320786,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer vision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.491505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49032643,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer graphics (images)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121684516",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46227604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677"
},
{
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Hough has proposed an interesting and computationally efficient procedure for detecting lines in pictures. This paper points out that the use of angle-radius rather than slope-intercept parameters simplifies the computation further. It also shows how the method can be used for more general curve fitting, and gives alternative interpretations that explain the source of its efficiency.
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C42475967
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Operations research
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https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.9.3.458
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discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of Experts
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AboutSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Go to Section HomeManagement ScienceVol. 9, No. 3 An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of ExpertsNorman Dalkey, Olaf HelmerNorman Dalkey, Olaf HelmerPublished Online:1 Apr 1963https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.9.3.458AbstractThis paper gives an account of an experiment in the use of the so-called DELPHI method, which was devised in order to obtain the most reliable opinion consensus of a group of experts by subjecting them to a series of questionnaires in depth interspersed with controlled opinion feedback. 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planificación publicitaria de la prensa online: Nativos digitales vs. tradicionales17 February 2023 | Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, Vol. 29, No. 1Defining and Scoping Participatory Health Informatics: An eDelphi Study14 March 2023 | Methods of Information in Medicine, Vol. 261Utilising an accelerated Delphi process to develop consensus on the requirement and components of a pre-procedural core robotic surgery curriculum9 February 2023 | Journal of Robotic Surgery, Vol. 3A proxy for carrying capacity of Mediterranean aquacultureAquaculture, Vol. 565Exploring Key Aspects of an Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategy in Greece: The Case of Thessaloniki City21 December 2022 | Smart Cities, Vol. 6, No. 1Comparison of DRASTIC and DRASTICL groundwater vulnerability assessments of the Burdekin Basin, Queensland, AustraliaScience of The Total Environment, Vol. 858Development and Validation of an Instrument to Appraise the Tolerability, Safety of Use, and Pleasantness of a 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24Practitioners’ Perceptions on the Adoption of Low Code Development PlatformsIEEE Access, Vol. 11Fundamentals of Technology Forecasting5 April 2023Developing consensus for the management of pediatric cervical spine disorders and stabilization: a modified Delphi studyJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, Vol. 31, No. 1Defining the goals of Product Passports by circular product strategiesProcedia CIRP, Vol. 116Exploring Perceptions of Competency-Based Medical Education in Undergraduate Medical Students and Faculty: A Program Evaluation1 April 2023 | Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Vol. Volume 14Wildlife Rabies Management in the New World: Prevention, Control and Elimination in Mesocarnivores25 April 2023Introduction to CIB3 May 2023Progressing Context in Entrepreneurship Education: Reflections from a Delphi Study13 May 2023Using the Delphi Method to Elicit Requirements for an International Master’s Program in Information Security Management16 May 2023Validity Study on Foodservice Management Standards for Long-Term Care Institutes Using a Delphi TechniqueJournal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol. 51, No. 12A generic sustainable performance management system for hospital supply chain: design & analysis29 December 2022 | Health Systems, Vol. 11What are the most important symptoms to assess in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? 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C42475967
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Operations research
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https://doi.org/10.1145/321062.321069
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discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
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`` Direct Search'' Solution of Numerical and Statistical Problems
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
}
] |
article Free Access`` Direct Search'' Solution of Numerical and Statistical Problems Authors: Robert Hooke Wesinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Wesinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaView Profile , T. A. Jeeves Wesinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Wesinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaView Profile Authors Info & Claims Journal of the ACMVolume 8Issue 2April 1961 pp 212–229https://doi.org/10.1145/321062.321069Published:01 April 1961Publication History 2,930citation8,393DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations2,930Total Downloads8,393Last 12 Months769Last 6 weeks95 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.1137/0105003
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
Algorithms for the Assignment and Transportation Problems
|
[
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] |
Previous article Algorithms for the Assignment and Transportation ProblemsJames MunkresJames Munkreshttps://doi.org/10.1137/0105003PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] Merrill M. Flood, The traveling-salesman problem, Operations Res., 4 (1956), 61–75 MR0078639 CrossrefISIGoogle Scholar[2] L. R. Ford, Jr. and , D. R. Fulkerson, A simple algorithm for finding maximal network flows and an application to the Hitchcock problem, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 1955, P-743, Sept. 26 Google Scholar[3] H. W. Kuhn, The Hungarian method for the assignment problem, Naval Res. Logist. Quart., 2 (1955), 83–97 MR0075510 0143.41905 CrossrefGoogle Scholar Previous article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited byDetails Scalable Semidefinite ProgrammingAlp Yurtsever, Joel A. Tropp, Olivier Fercoq, Madeleine Udell, and Volkan Cevher8 February 2021 | SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science, Vol. 3, No. 1AbstractPDF (2365 KB)A Scalable Approach to Compute Delay Margin of a Class of Neutral-Type Time Delay SystemsAdrián Ramírez, Dimitri Breda, and Rifat Sipahi1 March 2021 | SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 59, No. 2AbstractPDF (802 KB)Closing Gaps in Asymptotic Fair DivisionPasin Manurangsi and Warut Suksompong8 April 2021 | SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 35, No. 2AbstractPDF (657 KB)A Privacy-Preserving Method to Optimize Distributed Resource AllocationOlivier Beaude, Pascal Benchimol, Stéphane Gaubert, Paulin Jacquot, and Nadia Oudjane24 August 2020 | SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 30, No. 3AbstractPDF (968 KB)Multilevel Artificial Neural Network Training for Spatially Correlated LearningC. B. Scott and Eric Mjolsness29 October 2019 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 41, No. 5AbstractPDF (1559 KB)Index Reduction via Unimodular TransformationsSatoru Iwata and Mizuyo Takamatsu3 July 2018 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 39, No. 3AbstractPDF (458 KB)Max-Plus Algebraic Statistical Leverage ScoresJames Hook16 November 2017 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 38, No. 4AbstractPDF (2992 KB)A Seamless Multilevel Ensemble Transform Particle FilterA. Gregory and C. J. Cotter28 November 2017 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 39, No. 6AbstractPDF (537 KB)Community Detection in Temporal Multilayer Networks, with an Application to Correlation NetworksMarya Bazzi, Mason A. Porter, Stacy Williams, Mark McDonald, Daniel J. Fenn, and Sam D. Howison6 January 2016 | Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, Vol. 14, No. 1AbstractPDF (1688 KB)Multilevel Ensemble Transform Particle Filtering3 May 2016 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 38, No. 3AbstractPDF (479 KB)Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioner for the Helmholtz Equation in Heterogeneous Media9 October 2009 | SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 31, No. 5AbstractPDF (3632 KB)Combinatorial Analysis of Singular Matrix Pencils26 January 2007 | SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Vol. 29, No. 1AbstractPDF (187 KB)Incremental Processing Applied to Munkres’ Algorithm and Its Application in Steinberg’s Placement ProcedureH. W. Carter, M. A. Breuer, and Z. A. Syed3 August 2006 | SIAM Journal on Algebraic Discrete Methods, Vol. 6, No. 2AbstractPDF (1082 KB)On the Assignment Polytope18 July 2006 | SIAM Review, Vol. 16, No. 4AbstractPDF (1033 KB)Algorithms for Obtaining Shortest Paths Visiting Specified Nodes2 August 2006 | SIAM Review, Vol. 15, No. 2AbstractPDF (772 KB)A Review of the Placement and Quadratic Assignment Problems18 July 2006 | SIAM Review, Vol. 14, No. 2AbstractPDF (2163 KB)Optimal and Suboptimal Algorithms for the Quadratic Assignment Problem13 July 2006 | Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 10, No. 2AbstractPDF (867 KB)An Out-of-Kilter Method for Minimal-Cost Flow Problems10 July 2006 | Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 9, No. 1AbstractPDF (957 KB)The Backboard Wiring Problem: A Placement Algorithm18 July 2006 | SIAM Review, Vol. 3, No. 1AbstractPDF (1020 KB) Volume 5, Issue 1| 1957Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics History Submitted:08 August 1956Published online:10 July 2006 InformationCopyright © 1957 Society for Industrial and Applied MathematicsPDF Download Article & Publication DataArticle DOI:10.1137/0105003Article page range:pp. 32-38ISSN (print):0368-4245ISSN (online):2168-3484Publisher:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039005007
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset
|
[
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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] |
In the period 1946-2001, there were 225 armed conflicts and 34 of them were active in all of or part of 2001. Armed conflict remains a serious problem in the post-Cold War period. For three decades, the Correlates of War project has served as the main supplier of reliable data used in longitudinal studies of external and internal armed conflict. The COW datasets on war use the relatively high threshold of 1,000 battle-deaths. The Uppsala dataset on armed conflict has a lower threshold, 25 annual battle-deaths, but has so far been available for only the post-Cold War period. This dataset has now been backdated to the end of World War II. This article presents a report on armed conflict based on this backdate as well as another annual update. It presents the procedures for the backdating, as well as trends over time and breakdowns for the type of conflict. It assesses the criteria for measuring armed conflict and discusses some directions for future data collection in this area.
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/2531565
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources.
|
[
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{
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{
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{
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.42989165,
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{
"display_name": "Wildlife",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29376679",
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"score": 0.42584866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741"
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{
"display_name": "Operations research",
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{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.3789878,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3253736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
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] |
The author challenges the traditional approach to dealing with uncertainty in the management of such renewable resources as fish and wildlife. He argues that scientific understanding will come from the experience of management as an ongoing, adaptive, and experimental process, rather than through basic research or the development of ecological theory.
The opening chapters review approaches to formulating management objectives as well as models for understanding how policy choices affect the attainment of these objectives. Subsequent chapters present various statistical methods for understanding the dynamics of uncertainty in managed fish and wildlife populations and for seeking optimum harvest policies in the face of uncertainty. The book concludes with a look at prospects for adaptive management of complex systems, emphasizing such human factors involved in decision making as risk aversion and conflicting objectives as well as biophysical factors. Throughout the text dynamic models and Bayesian statistical theory are used as tools for understanding the behavior of managed systems. These tools are illustrated with simple graphs and plots of data from representative cases.
This text/reference will serve researchers, graduate students, and resource managers who formulate harvest policies and study the dynamics of harvest populations, as well as analysts (modelers, statisticians, and stock assessment experts) who are concerned with the practice of policy design.
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2960953
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications
|
[
{
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{
"display_name": "Discretization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73000952",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67110986,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827"
},
{
"display_name": "Statement (logic)",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.48916534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
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{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46463612,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Estimation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96250715",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43835595,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43127188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
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] |
Since 1990, the Fluids Engineering Division of ASME has pursued activities concerning the detection, estimation and control of numerical uncertainty and/or error in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies. The first quality-control measures in this area were issued in 1986 (1986, “Editorial Policy Statement on Control of Numerical Accuracy,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 108, p. 2) and revised in 1993 (1993, “Journal of Fluids Engineering Editorial Policy Statement on the Control of Numerical Accuracy,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 115, pp. 339–340). Given the continued increase in CFD related publications, and the many significant advancements in computational techniques and computer technology, it has become necessary to revisit the issue and formulate a more detailed policy to further improve the quality of publications in this area. This brief note provides specific guidelines for prospective authors for calculation and reporting of discretization error estimates in CFD simulations where experimental data may or may not be available for comparison. The underlying perspective is that CFD-related studies will eventually aim to predict the outcome of a physical event for which experimental data is not available. It should be emphasized that the requirements outlined in this note do not preclude those already published in the previous two policy statements. It is also important to keep in mind that the procedure recommended in this note cannot possibly encompass all possible scenarios or applications.
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/321694.321699
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
Theoretical Improvements in Algorithmic Efficiency for Network Flow Problems
|
[
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
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{
"display_name": "Center (category theory)",
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"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222"
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{
"display_name": "Research center",
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{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4936434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
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{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3897815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
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] |
article Free Access Share on Theoretical Improvements in Algorithmic Efficiency for Network Flow Problems Authors: Jack Edmonds Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Department of Combinatorics and Optimization, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaView Profile , Richard M. Karp College of Engineering, Operations Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California College of Engineering, Operations Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CaliforniaView Profile Authors Info & Claims Journal of the ACMVolume 19Issue 2April 1972 pp 248–264https://doi.org/10.1145/321694.321699Published:01 April 1972Publication History 1,682citation6,930DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1,682Total Downloads6,930Last 12 Months607Last 6 weeks140 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
|
C42475967
|
Operations research
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/359156.359164
|
discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
|
An algorithm for planning collision-free paths among polyhedral obstacles
|
[
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{
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{
"display_name": "Citation",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.7407795,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713"
},
{
"display_name": "Center (category theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779463800",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6446156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
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"level": 0,
"score": 0.6141294,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48375154,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37680003,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3478419,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655"
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] |
article Free Access Share on An algorithm for planning collision-free paths among polyhedral obstacles Authors: Tomás Lozano-Pérez Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeView Profile , Michael A. Wesley IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NYView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 22Issue 10Oct. 1979 pp 560–570https://doi.org/10.1145/359156.359164Published:01 October 1979Publication History 1,578citation4,889DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1,578Total Downloads4,889Last 12 Months450Last 6 weeks60 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699114
|
branch of physics
|
Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines
|
[
{
"display_name": "Virial coefficient",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93218973",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7476793,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7934790"
},
{
"display_name": "Monte Carlo method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19499675",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65141463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207"
},
{
"display_name": "Equation of state",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.6049317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214967"
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{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5999258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47590765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "State space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72434380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4214458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3784111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
}
] |
A general method, suitable for fast computing machines, for investigating such properties as equations of state for substances consisting of interacting individual molecules is described. The method consists of a modified Monte Carlo integration over configuration space. Results for the two-dimensional rigid-sphere system have been obtained on the Los Alamos MANIAC and are presented here. These results are compared to the free volume equation of state and to a four-term virial coefficient expansion.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448118
|
branch of physics
|
Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath
|
[
{
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},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7001375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
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{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.6869462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
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{
"display_name": "Polyatomic ion",
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{
"display_name": "Coupling constant",
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"level": 2,
"score": 0.6171481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193095"
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{
"display_name": "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74859849",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5886843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686"
},
{
"display_name": "Dynamics (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145912823",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53852487,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5234175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Time constant",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81370116",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4652392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44044742,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Volume (thermodynamics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20556612",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42119956,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374"
},
{
"display_name": "Thermodynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40282884,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39686847,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.38008237,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159467904",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36178216,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35853618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
}
] |
In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations the need often arises to maintain such parameters as temperature or pressure rather than energy and volume, or to impose gradients for studying transport properties in nonequilibrium MD. A method is described to realize coupling to an external bath with constant temperature or pressure with adjustable time constants for the coupling. The method is easily extendable to other variables and to gradients, and can be applied also to polyatomic molecules involving internal constraints. The influence of coupling time constants on dynamical variables is evaluated. A leap-frog algorithm is presented for the general case involving constraints with coupling to both a constant temperature and a constant pressure bath.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.23.5048
|
branch of physics
|
Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Atomic orbital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189394030",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69747955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53860"
},
{
"display_name": "Density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152365726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5551604,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589"
},
{
"display_name": "Exchange interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C174771821",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53965235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780736"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5300436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147120987",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5244265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225"
},
{
"display_name": "Orbital-free density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104970782",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.50574946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100054"
},
{
"display_name": "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158693339",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47517887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44948137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44502497,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44275886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Local-density approximation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9249130",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.37863073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898241"
}
] |
The exact density functional for the ground-state energy is strictly self-interaction-free (i.e., orbitals demonstrably do not self-interact), but many approximations to it, including the local-spin-density (LSD) approximation for exchange and correlation, are not. We present two related methods for the self-interaction correction (SIC) of any density functional for the energy; correction of the self-consistent one-electron potenial follows naturally from the variational principle. Both methods are sanctioned by the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem. Although the first method introduces an orbital-dependent single-particle potential, the second involves a local potential as in the Kohn-Sham scheme. We apply the first method to LSD and show that it properly conserves the number content of the exchange-correlation hole, while substantially improving the description of its shape. We apply this method to a number of physical problems, where the uncorrected LSD approach produces systematic errors. We find systematic improvements, qualitative as well as quantitative, from this simple correction. Benefits of SIC in atomic calculations include (i) improved values for the total energy and for the separate exchange and correlation pieces of it, (ii) accurate binding energies of negative ions, which are wrongly unstable in LSD, (iii) more accurate electron densities, (iv) orbital eigenvalues that closely approximate physical removal energies, including relaxation, and (v) correct longrange behavior of the potential and density. It appears that SIC can also remedy the LSD underestimate of the band gaps in insulators (as shown by numerical calculations for the rare-gas solids and CuCl), and the LSD overestimate of the cohesive energies of transition metals. The LSD spin splitting in atomic Ni and $s\ensuremath{-}d$ interconfigurational energies of transition elements are almost unchanged by SIC. We also discuss the admissibility of fractional occupation numbers, and present a parametrization of the electron-gas correlation energy at any density, based on the recent results of Ceperley and Alder.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447334
|
branch of physics
|
A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Canonical ensemble",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28556851",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.85496306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077753"
},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67522794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6073334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Momentum (technical analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60718061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5723358,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5508374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Grand canonical ensemble",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29235156",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5315212,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153553"
},
{
"display_name": "Angular momentum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155675718",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51069957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161254"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48678467,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48438486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4593658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Microcanonical ensemble",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101683677",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.45121765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077769"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.40840256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37914503",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38823473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495"
},
{
"display_name": "Classical mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74650414",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3612501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.30220765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
}
] |
Three recently proposed constant temperature molecular dynamics methods by: (i) Nosé (Mol. Phys., to be published); (ii) Hoover et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1818 (1982)], and Evans and Morriss [Chem. Phys. 77, 63 (1983)]; and (iii) Haile and Gupta [J. Chem. Phys. 79, 3067 (1983)] are examined analytically via calculating the equilibrium distribution functions and comparing them with that of the canonical ensemble. Except for effects due to momentum and angular momentum conservation, method (1) yields the rigorous canonical distribution in both momentum and coordinate space. Method (2) can be made rigorous in coordinate space, and can be derived from method (1) by imposing a specific constraint. Method (3) is not rigorous and gives a deviation of order N−1/2 from the canonical distribution (N the number of particles). The results for the constant temperature–constant pressure ensemble are similar to the canonical ensemble case.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2408420
|
branch of physics
|
Canonical sampling through velocity rescaling
|
[
{
"display_name": "Thermostat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187819001",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8016016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187665"
},
{
"display_name": "Sampling (signal processing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140779682",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6674447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6529594,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Measure (data warehouse)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780009758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53830636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172"
},
{
"display_name": "Constant (computer programming)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777027219",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52805454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190"
},
{
"display_name": "Canonical ensemble",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28556851",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48491937,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077753"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44865745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42623344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41100144,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
The authors present a new molecular dynamics algorithm for sampling the canonical distribution. In this approach the velocities of all the particles are rescaled by a properly chosen random factor. The algorithm is formally justified and it is shown that, in spite of its stochastic nature, a quantity can still be defined that remains constant during the evolution. In numerical applications this quantity can be used to measure the accuracy of the sampling. The authors illustrate the properties of this new method on Lennard-Jones and TIP4P water models in the solid and liquid phases. Its performance is excellent and largely independent of the thermostat parameter also with regard to the dynamic properties.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302
|
branch of physics
|
The SIESTA method for<i>ab initio</i>order-<i>N</i>materials simulation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Linear combination of atomic orbitals",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53848692",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.583821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900666"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis set",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65956243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56230253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664086"
},
{
"display_name": "Wannier function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14022793",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55607474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152058"
},
{
"display_name": "Wave function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113603373",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5549199,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362761"
},
{
"display_name": "SIESTA (computer program)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185818568",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.53004885,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390304"
},
{
"display_name": "Basis function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5917680",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52830815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621825"
},
{
"display_name": "Density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152365726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46343288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4508887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4382247,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944"
},
{
"display_name": "Atomic orbital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189394030",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43410116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53860"
},
{
"display_name": "Linear scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170122806",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42759815,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1914828"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3851138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Ab initio quantum chemistry methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183971685",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.30611813,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q547605"
}
] |
An efficient method is described to handle mesh indexes in multidimensional problems like numerical integration of partial differential equations, lattice model simulations, and determination of atomic neighbor lists. By creating an extended mesh, beyond the periodic unit cell, the stride in memory between equivalent pairs of mesh points is independent of their position within the cell. This allows to contract the mesh indexes of all dimensions into a single index, avoiding modulo and other implicit index operations.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4010337
|
branch of physics
|
A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability
|
[
{
"display_name": "Simple (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6488606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5530501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5266973,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5201419,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5033502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Function (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14036430",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49198696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186603090",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4560537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55505926"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28826006",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42724198,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521"
},
{
"display_name": "Calculus (dental)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777686260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36491635,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3286618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395"
}
] |
Abstract This paper discusses the applicability of statistics to a wide field of problems. Examples of simple and complex distributions are given.
|
C121864883
|
Statistical physics
|
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.55.2471
|
branch of physics
|
Unified Approach for Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional Theory
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pseudopotential",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132378524",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8450518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769463"
},
{
"display_name": "Density functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152365726",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73554796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular dynamics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59593255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.677549,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121864883",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60998666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916"
},
{
"display_name": "Range (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204323151",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48344383,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993125243",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4487188,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474048"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4250733,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37206572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
We present a unified scheme that, by combining molecular dynamics and density-functional theory, profoundly extends the range of both concepts. Our approach extends molecular dynamics beyond the usual pair-potential approximation, thereby making possible the simulation of both covalently bonded and metallic systems. In addition it permits the application of density-functional theory to much larger systems than previously feasible. The new technique is demonstrated by the calculation of some static and dynamic properties of crystalline silicon within a self-consistent pseudopotential framework.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063736
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex
|
[
{
"display_name": "Temporal cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993858690",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6891616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744385"
},
{
"display_name": "Optimal distinctiveness theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47385372",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.64254725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943"
},
{
"display_name": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779226451",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59886765,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5654998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5094934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4791669,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44559997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual cortex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779345533",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4269265,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3876772,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34077564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
}
] |
The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral temporal cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7853972,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60284823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrophysiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185263204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59082186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774"
},
{
"display_name": "Electroencephalography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522805319",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55921906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965"
},
{
"display_name": "Event-related potential",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C67359045",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54482716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14026181"
},
{
"display_name": "Scalp",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778515351",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5089481,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9622"
},
{
"display_name": "Lateralization of brain function",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79840881",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49886346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080497"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4650138,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Face perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161657702",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4410814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4378789,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43783736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42172137,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4094085,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34842122,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
}
] |
Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with face perception were recorded with scalp electrodes from normal volunteers. Subjects performed a visual target detection task in which they mentally counted the number of occurrences of pictorial stimuli from a designated category such us butterflies. In separate experiments, target stimuli were embedded within a series of other stimuli including unfamiliar human faces and isolated face components, inverted faces, distorted faces, animal faces, and other nonface stimuli. Unman faces evoked a negative potential at 172 msec (N170), which was absent from the ERPs elicited by other animate and inanimate nonface stimuli. N170 was largest over the posterior temporal scalp and was larger over the right than the left hemisphere. N170 was delayed when faces were presented upside-down, but its amplitude did not change. When presented in isolation, eyes elicited an N170 that was significantly larger than that elicited by whole faces, while noses and lips elicited small negative ERPs about 50 msec later than N170. Distorted human faces, in which the locations of inner face components were altered, elicited an N170 similar in amplitude to that elicited by normal faces. However, faces of animals, human hands, cars, and items of furniture did not evoke N170. N170 may reflect the operation of a neural mechanism tuned to detect (as opposed to identify) human faces, similar to the "structural encoder" suggested by Bruce and Young (1986). A similar function has been proposed for the face-selective N200 ERP recorded from the middle fusiform and posterior inferior temporal gyri using subdural electrodes in humans (Allison, McCarthy, Nobre, Puce, & Belger, 1994c). However, the differential sensitivity of N170 to eyes in isolation suggests that N170 may reflect the activation of an eye-sensitive region of cortex. The voltage distribution of N170 over the scalp is consistent with a neural generator located in the occipitotemporal sulcus lateral to the fusiform/inferior temporal region that generates N200.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41342974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40877867,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35612142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Participants searched for discrepant fear-relevant pictures (snakes or spiders) in grid-pattern arrays of fear-irrelevant pictures belonging to the same category (flowers or mushrooms) and vice versa.Fearrelevant pictures were found more quickly than fear-irrelevant ones.Fear-relevant, but not fear-irrelevant, search was unaffected by the location of the target in the display and by the number of distractors, which suggests parallel search for fear-relevant targets and serial search for fear-irrelevant targets.Participants specifically fearful of snakes but not spiders (or vice versa) showed facilitated search for the feared objects but did not differ from controls in search for nonfeared fear-relevant or fear-irrelevant, targets.Thus, evolutionary relevant threatening stimuli were effective in capturing attention, and this effect was further facilitated if the stimulus was emotionally provocative.Mammals evolved in environments where resources and dangers were unpredictably distributed in space and time.The reproductive potential of individuals, therefore, was predicated on the ability to efficiently locate critically important events in the surroundings.Resources such as food and mating partners were the objects of active foraging, whereas dangers had to be reflexively detected to be adaptively avoided.Framed in this way, an important component of the adaptive problem concerns different varieties of selective attention.Following James (1890), researchers have commonly distinguished between active and passive attention.The former is conceptualized as goal-driven and voluntarily controlled in a top-down fashion, whereas the latter is stimulusdriven and governed by bottom-up perceptual processes.Thus, in foraging for food, mammals would rely on active, goal-driven processes, and in detecting threat, on passive, stimulus-driven attention.Indeed, James (1890, pp.416-417) included threatening events such as "wild animals," "metallic things," "blows," and "blood" among stimuli likely automatically and reflexively to capture attention.In agreement with this distinction, there are experimental data suggesting a contrast between voluntary, effortdemanding attentional processes with a slow time course, and quickly dissipating selective processes that are rapidly and automatically activated by peripheral stimulus events (e.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-11-03416.1987
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth
|
[
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7064729,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226923",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5771484,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848"
},
{
"display_name": "Human visual system model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160086991",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5565681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178253425",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5249895,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5180035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Color vision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61674017",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51147544,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374259"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4793837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4648655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39183244,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer vision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36314014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3531624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3171286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Physiological and anatomical findings in the primate visual system, as well as clinical evidence in humans, suggest that different components of visual information processing are segregated into largely independent parallel pathways. Such a segregation leads to certain predictions about human vision. In this paper we describe psychophysical experiments on the interactions of color, form, depth, and movement in human perception, and we attempt to correlate these aspects of visual perception with the different subdivisions of the visual system.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.08-06-02201.1988
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15123163",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.76425004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500096"
},
{
"display_name": "Contrast (vision)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776502983",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.68551785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182"
},
{
"display_name": "Sensory threshold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110235638",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.62787926,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17119820"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48575856",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6063391,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852504"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5658618,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51818043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178253425",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48817354,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104114177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4622981,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782"
},
{
"display_name": "Masking (illustration)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777402240",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45857292,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45328572,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Orientation (vector space)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C16345878",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44359806,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43393415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42871496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39918387,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer vision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34163332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240"
}
] |
Physiological experiments indicate that the middle temporal visual area (MT) of primates plays a prominent role in the cortical analysis of visual motion. We investigated the role of MT in visual perception by examining the effect of chemical lesions of MT on psychophysical thresholds. We trained rhesus monkeys on psychophysical tasks that enabled us to assess their sensitivity to motion and to contrast. For motion psychophysics, we employed a dynamic random dot display that permitted us to vary the intensity of a motion signal in the midst of masking motion noise. We measured the threshold intensity for which the monkey could successfully complete a direction discrimination. In the contrast task, we measured the threshold contrast for which the monkeys could successfully discriminate the orientation of stationary gratings. Injections of ibotenic acid into MT caused striking elevations in motion thresholds, but had little or no effect on contrast thresholds. The results indicate that neural activity in MT contributes selectively to the perception of motion.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.16-13-04240.1996
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Stimulus Specificity of Phase-Locked and Non-Phase-Locked 40 Hz Visual Responses in Human
|
[
{
"display_name": "Stimulus (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779918689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84334195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50443065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase locking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2989183493",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46858805,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2040587"
},
{
"display_name": "Phase synchronization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194027367",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45290077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420475"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4472177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43183148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Audiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C548259974",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4133296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965"
}
] |
Considerable interest has been raised by non-phase-locked episodes of synchronization in the gamma-band (30-60 Hz). One of their putative roles in the visual modality is feature-binding. We tested the stimulus specificity of high-frequency oscillations in humans using three types of visual stimuli: two coherent stimuli (a Kanizsa and a real triangle) and a noncoherent stimulus ("no-triangle stimulus"). The task of the subject was to count the occurrences of a curved illusory triangle. A time-frequency analysis of single-trial EEG data recorded from eight human subjects was performed to characterize phase-locked as well as non-phase-locked high-frequency activities. We found in early phase-locked 40 Hz component, maximal at electrodes Cz-C4, which does not vary with stimulation type. We describe a second 40 Hz component, appearing around 280 msec, that is not phase-locked to stimulus onset. This component is stronger in response to a coherent triangle, whether real or illusory: it could reflect, therefore, a mechanism of feature binding based on high-frequency synchronization. Because both the illusory and the real triangle are more target-like, it could also correspond to an oscillatory mechanism for testing the match between stimulus and target. At the same latencies, the low-frequency evoked response components phase-locked to stimulus onset behave differently, suggesting that low- and high-frequency activities have different functional roles.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1401_3
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
Principles of Object Perception
|
[
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8222054,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402"
},
{
"display_name": "Object (grammar)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781238097",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7443988,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.742338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286"
},
{
"display_name": "Motion (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104114177",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5821394,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782"
},
{
"display_name": "Construct (python library)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780801425",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5805004,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46329865,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4406907,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373"
},
{
"display_name": "Visual perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178253425",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42405093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.422914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36867225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35554522,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"
},
{
"display_name": "Cognitive science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188147891",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35515875,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638"
}
] |
Research on human infants has begun to shed light on early‐developing processes for segmenting perceptual arrays into objects. Infants appear to perceive objects by analyzing three‐dimensional surface arrangements and motions. Their perception does not accord with a general tendency to maximize figural goodness or to attend to nonaccidental geometric relations in visual arrays. Object perception does accord with principles governing the motions of material bodies: Infants divide perceptual arrays into units that move as connected wholes, that move separately from one another, that tend to maintain their size and shape over motion, and that tend to act upon each other only on contact. These findings suggest that o general representation of object unity and boundaries is interposed between representations of surfaces and representations of objects of familiar kinds. The processes that construct this representation may be related to processes of physical reasoning.
|
C46312422
|
Communication
|
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1911.0077
|
act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules
|
The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal
|
[
{
"display_name": "Balance (ability)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168031717",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.660296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280"
},
{
"display_name": "Rhythm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135343436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6502658,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170406"
},
{
"display_name": "Distortion (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126780896",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.5292655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871"
},
{
"display_name": "Foot (prosody)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115076146",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44081223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651051"
},
{
"display_name": "Ground reaction force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96332660",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44024694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610971"
},
{
"display_name": "Movement (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780226923",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42161626,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40273893,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024"
},
{
"display_name": "Anatomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37504706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514"
},
{
"display_name": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99508421",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36573493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36023977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32140842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30783534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
}
] |
Whilst the act of progression is being performed, the several limbs exhibit rhythmic movements of flexion and of extension. When any limb is in contact with the ground, it extends, and thus serves to propel the animal forwards. At the end of this act the limb is lifted from the ground by a movement of flexion, is carried forward, and finally is again placed upon the ground to repeat the cycle. During these phasic acts the dynamic balance of the neural centres is disturbed by two different kinds of peripheral stimuli. In the first place, the discontinuous contact with the ground, and the synchronous distortion of the skin of the foot—determined by the weight of the animal then carried in part by that limb—produce changes in the activity of exteroceptive end-organs therein embedded, and discontinuous augmentations and diminutions of the stimuli originated in them.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772751
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Microblogging",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143275388",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9335945,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92438"
},
{
"display_name": "Social media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8452194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.66629684,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5857423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47400412,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43659836,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Social network (sociolinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4727928",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43496516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759"
},
{
"display_name": "Character (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780861071",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42770177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934"
},
{
"display_name": "Limit (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151201525",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41098344,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239"
}
] |
Twitter, a microblogging service less than three years old, commands more than 41 million users as of July 2009 and is growing fast. Twitter users tweet about any topic within the 140-character limit and follow others to receive their tweets. The goal of this paper is to study the topological characteristics of Twitter and its power as a new medium of information sharing.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.818349
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
An Introduction to Biometric Recognition
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184297639",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.89955074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765"
},
{
"display_name": "Password",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109297577",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8270843,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.71079516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6152955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58193034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55059814,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427"
},
{
"display_name": "Authentication (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148417208",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4728192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44911018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44557196,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity theft",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C522325796",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43516582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880"
},
{
"display_name": "Human–computer interaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42054242,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434"
}
] |
A wide variety of systems requires reliable personal recognition schemes to either confirm or determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. The purpose of such schemes is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a legitimate user and no one else. Examples of such applications include secure access to buildings, computer systems, laptops, cellular phones, and ATMs. In the absence of robust personal recognition schemes, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles of an impostor. Biometric recognition, or, simply, biometrics, refers to the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological and/or behavioral characteristics. By using biometrics, it is possible to confirm or establish an individual's identity based on "who she is", rather than by "what she possesses" (e.g., an ID card) or "what she remembers" (e.g., a password). We give a brief overview of the field of biometrics and summarize some of its advantages, disadvantages, strengths, limitations, and related privacy concerns.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199009000-00045
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Login",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113324615",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6973367,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.53339696,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Personally identifiable information",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169093310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51133794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48934788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4654914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Competence (human resources)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100521375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4303996,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3249381,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945"
}
] |
Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login Articles & Issues Current IssuePrevious IssuesPublished Ahead-of-Print Collections Editorials of Laura Weiss Roberts, MD, MAAM Last PageCOVID-19 and Medical EducationAddressing Race and Racism in Medical EducationeBooksView All For Authors Submit a ManuscriptInformation for AuthorsLanguage Editing ServicesAuthor Permissions Journal Info About the JournalAbout the AAMCJournal MastheadSubmit a ManuscriptAdvertising InformationSubscription ServicesReprints and Back IssuesClassified AdsRights and PermissionsFor ReviewersFor MediaFor Trainees All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2437951
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey
|
[
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53350663,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52757084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4871628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42240807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
}
] |
The Internet of Things (IoT) makes smart objects the ultimate building blocks in the development of cyber-physical smart pervasive frameworks. The IoT has a variety of application domains, including health care. The IoT revolution is redesigning modern health care with promising technological, economic, and social prospects. This paper surveys advances in IoT-based health care technologies and reviews the state-of-the-art network architectures/platforms, applications, and industrial trends in IoT-based health care solutions. In addition, this paper analyzes distinct IoT security and privacy features, including security requirements, threat models, and attack taxonomies from the health care perspective. Further, this paper proposes an intelligent collaborative security model to minimize security risk; discusses how different innovations such as big data, ambient intelligence, and wearables can be leveraged in a health care context; addresses various IoT and eHealth policies and regulations across the world to determine how they can facilitate economies and societies in terms of sustainable development; and provides some avenues for future research on IoT-based health care based on a set of open issues and challenges.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.87730527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257"
},
{
"display_name": "Homophily",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779812341",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.84252596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891525"
},
{
"display_name": "Limiting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188198153",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.73669857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840"
},
{
"display_name": "Social media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55818707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833"
},
{
"display_name": "Public opinion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134698397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53105545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4988892,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Content (measure theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778152352",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48576596,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061"
},
{
"display_name": "Ranking (information retrieval)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189430467",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43300274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41630298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36667323,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.31801897,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
Exposure to news, opinion, and civic information increasingly occurs through social media. How do these online networks influence exposure to perspectives that cut across ideological lines? Using deidentified data, we examined how 10.1 million U.S. Facebook users interact with socially shared news. We directly measured ideological homophily in friend networks and examined the extent to which heterogeneous friends could potentially expose individuals to cross-cutting content. We then quantified the extent to which individuals encounter comparatively more or less diverse content while interacting via Facebook's algorithmically ranked News Feed and further studied users' choices to click through to ideologically discordant content. Compared with algorithmic ranking, individuals' choices played a stronger role in limiting exposure to cross-cutting content.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771065
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
Information hiding-a survey
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.7287432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7178472,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication source",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198104137",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.70331943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688"
},
{
"display_name": "Information hiding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3073032",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.65690035,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075"
},
{
"display_name": "Notice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779913896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65266657,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001"
},
{
"display_name": "Copying",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779151265",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.632671,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791"
},
{
"display_name": "Encryption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148730421",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5997562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090"
},
{
"display_name": "TRACE (psycholinguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75291252",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5587625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51105225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49817753,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778707766",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44379628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064"
},
{
"display_name": "Mobile phone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777421447",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4346415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517"
},
{
"display_name": "Multimedia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49774154",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41898686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765"
}
] |
Information-hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver, or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity, and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field, of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1109/icde.2006.1
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
L-diversity: privacy beyond k-anonymity
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anonymity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178005623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80238456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859"
},
{
"display_name": "Popularity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586970",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75147307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7176968,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data publishing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781396290",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7015513,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17051824"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5986296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584"
},
{
"display_name": "k-anonymity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777706471",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55806804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17061432"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54332334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Information privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123201435",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51042694,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43414545,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Personally identifiable information",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169093310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.420776,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971"
},
{
"display_name": "Information sensitivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137822555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41807428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3775613,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826"
}
] |
Publishing data about individuals without revealing sensitive information about them is an important problem. In recent years, a new definition of privacy called \kappa-anonymity has gained popularity. In a \kappa-anonymized dataset, each record is indistinguishable from at least k—1 other records with respect to certain "identifying" attributes. In this paper we show with two simple attacks that a \kappa-anonymized dataset has some subtle, but severe privacy problems. First, we show that an attacker can discover the values of sensitive attributes when there is little diversity in those sensitive attributes. Second, attackers often have background knowledge, and we show that \kappa-anonymity does not guarantee privacy against attackers using background knowledge. We give a detailed analysis of these two attacks and we propose a novel and powerful privacy definition called \ell-diversity. In addition to building a formal foundation for \ell-diversity, we show in an experimental evaluation that \ell-diversity is practical and can be implemented efficiently.
|
C108827166
|
Internet privacy
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
|
personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via Internet
|
Misinformation and Its Correction
|
[
{
"display_name": "Misinformation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776990098",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.988335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947"
},
{
"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58293444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975"
},
{
"display_name": "Debiasing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779458634",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57482904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.56194717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41583562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39669955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3052603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442"
}
] |
The widespread prevalence and persistence of misinformation in contemporary societies, such as the false belief that there is a link between childhood vaccinations and autism, is a matter of public concern. For example, the myths surrounding vaccinations, which prompted some parents to withhold immunization from their children, have led to a marked increase in vaccine-preventable disease, as well as unnecessary public expenditure on research and public-information campaigns aimed at rectifying the situation. We first examine the mechanisms by which such misinformation is disseminated in society, both inadvertently and purposely. Misinformation can originate from rumors but also from works of fiction, governments and politicians, and vested interests. Moreover, changes in the media landscape, including the arrival of the Internet, have fundamentally influenced the ways in which information is communicated and misinformation is spread. We next move to misinformation at the level of the individual, and review the cognitive factors that often render misinformation resistant to correction. We consider how people assess the truth of statements and what makes people believe certain things but not others. We look at people's memory for misinformation and answer the questions of why retractions of misinformation are so ineffective in memory updating and why efforts to retract misinformation can even backfire and, ironically, increase misbelief. Though ideology and personal worldviews can be major obstacles for debiasing, there nonetheless are a number of effective techniques for reducing the impact of misinformation, and we pay special attention to these factors that aid in debiasing. We conclude by providing specific recommendations for the debunking of misinformation. These recommendations pertain to the ways in which corrections should be designed, structured, and applied in order to maximize their impact. Grounded in cognitive psychological theory, these recommendations may help practitioners-including journalists, health professionals, educators, and science communicators-design effective misinformation retractions, educational tools, and public-information campaigns.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
Scoping studies: advancing the methodology
|
[
{
"display_name": "Health services research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780877353",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5471569,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge translation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777921204",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5374392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66104672"
},
{
"display_name": "Rigour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71008984",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.53312093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076"
},
{
"display_name": "Thematic analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74196892",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.51396745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5079425,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4975913,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Health informatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145642194",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47779426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4625034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Relevance (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158154518",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44945493,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44070148,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43519744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43501768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Health administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137992405",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42233896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137608"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40081534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
Scoping studies are an increasingly popular approach to reviewing health research evidence. In 2005, Arksey and O'Malley published the first methodological framework for conducting scoping studies. While this framework provides an excellent foundation for scoping study methodology, further clarifying and enhancing this framework will help support the consistency with which authors undertake and report scoping studies and may encourage researchers and clinicians to engage in this process.We build upon our experiences conducting three scoping studies using the Arksey and O'Malley methodology to propose recommendations that clarify and enhance each stage of the framework. Recommendations include: clarifying and linking the purpose and research question (stage one); balancing feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness of the scoping process (stage two); using an iterative team approach to selecting studies (stage three) and extracting data (stage four); incorporating a numerical summary and qualitative thematic analysis, reporting results, and considering the implications of study findings to policy, practice, or research (stage five); and incorporating consultation with stakeholders as a required knowledge translation component of scoping study methodology (stage six). Lastly, we propose additional considerations for scoping study methodology in order to support the advancement, application and relevance of scoping studies in health research.Specific recommendations to clarify and enhance this methodology are outlined for each stage of the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Continued debate and development about scoping study methodology will help to maximize the usefulness and rigor of scoping study findings within healthcare research and practice.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8559091,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Behaviour change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020759390",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77077967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880694"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6073255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavior change methods",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56329447",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55746794,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880697"
},
{
"display_name": "Behavior change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14262774",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.520567,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880695"
},
{
"display_name": "Health psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155164915",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43278807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403186"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42275086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41834807,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40019342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Applied psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75630572",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3859382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3455863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.31485832,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
Outcomes for Implementation Research: Conceptual Distinctions, Measurement Challenges, and Research Agenda
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fidelity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776459999",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63224447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376"
},
{
"display_name": "Implementation research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72497813",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6138507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110051588"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.568661,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5649905,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5320013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Conceptual framework",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14224292",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5063528,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188"
},
{
"display_name": "Heuristic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173801870",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4929433,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46106488,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43539298,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3768397,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35235,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
}
] |
An unresolved issue in the field of implementation research is how to conceptualize and evaluate successful implementation. This paper advances the concept of “implementation outcomes” distinct from service system and clinical treatment outcomes. This paper proposes a heuristic, working “taxonomy” of eight conceptually distinct implementation outcomes—acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability—along with their nominal definitions. We propose a two-pronged agenda for research on implementation outcomes. Conceptualizing and measuring implementation outcomes will advance understanding of implementation processes, enhance efficiency in implementation research, and pave the way for studies of the comparative effectiveness of implementation strategies.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1258
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance
|
[
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7081505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67977935,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62595606,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40751553,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40206537,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34172967,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3223443,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190"
}
] |
Process evaluation is an essential part of designing and testing complex interventions.New MRC guidance provides a framework for conducting and reporting process evaluation studiesAttempts to tackle problems such as smoking and obesity increasingly use complex interventions.These are commonly defined as interventions that comprise multiple interacting components, although additional dimensions of complexity include the difficulty of their implementation and the number of organisational levels they target. 1Randomised controlled trials are regarded as the gold standard for establishing the effectiveness of interventions, when randomisation is feasible.However, effect sizes do not provide policy makers with information on how an intervention might be replicated in their specific context, or whether trial outcomes will be reproduced.Earlier MRC guidance for evaluating complex interventions focused on randomised trials, making no mention of process evaluation. 2 Updated guidance recognised the value of process evaluation within trials, stating that it "can be used to assess fidelity and quality of implementation, clarify causal mechanisms and identify contextual factors associated with variation in outcomes." 3However, it did not provide guidance for carrying out process evaluation. Developing guidance for process evaluationIn 2010, a workshop funded by the MRC Population Health Science Research Network discussed the need for guidance on process evaluation. 4There was consensus that researchers, funders, and reviewers would benefit from guidance.A group of researchers with
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/256434
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
MAKING FAST STRATEGIC DECISIONS IN HIGH-VELOCITY ENVIRONMENTS.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Strategic planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48243021",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46388632,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932522"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41128266,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40549013,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36438477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35630253,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.30344492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
}
] |
How do executive teams make rapid decisions in the high-velocity microcomputer industry?This inductive study of eight microcomputer firms led lo propositions exploring that question.Fast decision makers use more, not less, information than do slow decision makers.The former also develop more, not fewer, alternatives, and use a two-tiered advice process.Conflict resolution and integration among strategic decisions and tactical plans are also critical to the pace of decision making.Finally, fast decisions hased on this pattem of hehaviors lead to superior performance.In October 1984, Gavilan Computer filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11.Despite a $31 million stake from venture capitalists, Gavilan experienced delays and indecision that ultimately cost the firm its early technical and market advantages.The firm's leading-edge technology hecame a "me too" one and competitors flooded its empty market niche.As the firm died, one executive mourned: "We missed the window" (Hof, 1984).This story is not unusual in fast-paced settings like the microcomputer industry.The tumult of technical change places a premium on rapid decision making.Yet, although decision speed seems to affect firm performance in such environments (Bourgeois & Eisenhardt, 1988) and is a key characteristic differentiating strategic decisions [Hickson, Butler, Cray, Mallory, & Wilson, 1986), there has been little research on fast strategic decision making.This article explores the speed of strategic decision making.In an earlier study (Bourgeois & Eisenhardt, 1988), my colleague and I linked fast strategic decision making to effective firm performance.In a second study on politics (Eisenhardt & Bourgeois, 1988], we noted that politics seemed to I would like to give special thanks and acknowledgment to my friend and colleague.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.2307/258398
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches
|
[
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49603304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Business management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986160967",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43837404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4004471,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.39675388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34525722,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34143347,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33874416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32751307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921"
}
] |
A two-dimensional classificatory scheme highlighting ten different approaches to the measurement of business performance in strategy research is developed. The first dimension concerns the use of financial versus broader operational criteria, while the second focuses on two alternate data sources (primary versus secondary). The scheme permits the classification of an exhaustive coverage of measurement approaches and is useful for discussing their relative merits and demerits. Implications for operationalizing business performance in future strategy research are discussed.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project
|
[
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6076418,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "CLARITY",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777146004",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5776454,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826"
},
{
"display_name": "Implementation research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72497813",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.56033415,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110051588"
},
{
"display_name": "Process (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5291251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663"
},
{
"display_name": "Relevance (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158154518",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5194554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4630691,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Health informatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145642194",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46112603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi method",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60641444",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4318226,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602"
},
{
"display_name": "Delphi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779495148",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42070583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487378"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41732925,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Management science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40252423,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942"
},
{
"display_name": "Data science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522767166",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39450458,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.37916914,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
Identifying, developing, and testing implementation strategies are important goals of implementation science. However, these efforts have been complicated by the use of inconsistent language and inadequate descriptions of implementation strategies in the literature. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) study aimed to refine a published compilation of implementation strategy terms and definitions by systematically gathering input from a wide range of stakeholders with expertise in implementation science and clinical practice.Purposive sampling was used to recruit a panel of experts in implementation and clinical practice who engaged in three rounds of a modified Delphi process to generate consensus on implementation strategies and definitions. The first and second rounds involved Web-based surveys soliciting comments on implementation strategy terms and definitions. After each round, iterative refinements were made based upon participant feedback. The third round involved a live polling and consensus process via a Web-based platform and conference call.Participants identified substantial concerns with 31% of the terms and/or definitions and suggested five additional strategies. Seventy-five percent of definitions from the originally published compilation of strategies were retained after voting. Ultimately, the expert panel reached consensus on a final compilation of 73 implementation strategies.This research advances the field by improving the conceptual clarity, relevance, and comprehensiveness of implementation strategies that can be used in isolation or combination in implementation research and practice. Future phases of ERIC will focus on developing conceptually distinct categories of strategies as well as ratings for each strategy's importance and feasibility. Next, the expert panel will recommend multifaceted strategies for hypothetical yet real-world scenarios that vary by sites' endorsement of evidence-based programs and practices and the strength of contextual supports that surround the effort.
|
C195094911
|
Process management
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.06.001
|
ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process
|
The impact of supply chain integration on performance: A contingency and configuration approach
|
[
{
"display_name": "Contingency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97508593",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.75609803,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingency theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60297154",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6073839,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434943"
},
{
"display_name": "Process management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5665097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108713360",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5604516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206"
},
{
"display_name": "Variance (accounting)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196083921",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5268166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758"
},
{
"display_name": "Multilevel model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53059260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47736335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758"
},
{
"display_name": "Supply chain management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44104985",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4589762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4527174,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44167748,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3648315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657"
},
{
"display_name": "Knowledge management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56739046",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3235239,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060"
}
] |
Abstract This study extends the developing body of literature on supply chain integration (SCI), which is the degree to which a manufacturer strategically collaborates with its supply chain partners and collaboratively manages intra‐ and inter‐organizational processes, in order to achieve effective and efficient flows of products and services, information, money and decisions, to provide maximum value to the customer. The previous research is inconsistent in its findings about the relationship between SCI and performance. We attribute this inconsistency to incomplete definitions of SCI, in particular, the tendency to focus on customer and supplier integration only, excluding the important central link of internal integration. We study the relationship between three dimensions of SCI, operational and business performance, from both a contingency and a configuration perspective. In applying the contingency approach, hierarchical regression was used to determine the impact of individual SCI dimensions (customer, supplier and internal integration) and their interactions on performance. In the configuration approach, cluster analysis was used to develop patterns of SCI, which were analyzed in terms of SCI strength and balance. Analysis of variance was used to examine the relationship between SCI pattern and performance. The findings of both the contingency and configuration approach indicated that SCI was related to both operational and business performance. Furthermore, the results indicated that internal and customer integration were more strongly related to improving performance than supplier integration.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04022.x
|
capitalist economy
|
The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Productivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204983608",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6933018,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial Revolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C517468935",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6293734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61327225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5107715,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50014687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48639324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44717312,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3433041,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34296104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32184392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
}
] |
ABSTRACT Since 1973 technological, political, regulatory, and economic forces have been changing the worldwide economy in a fashion comparable to the changes experienced during the nineteenth century Industrial Revolution. As in the nineteenth century, we are experiencing declining costs, increasing average (but decreasing marginal) productivity of labor, reduced growth rates of labor income, excess capacity, and the requirement for downsizing and exit. The last two decades indicate corporate internal control systems have failed to deal effectively with these changes, especially slow growth and the requirement for exit. The next several decades pose a major challenge for Western firms and political systems as these forces continue to work their way through the worldwide economy.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.39.2.321
|
capitalist economy
|
From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7659527,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6431168,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "State ownership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777506082",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55267364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55030125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143910263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54232526,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458"
},
{
"display_name": "State owned",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020225985",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5155861,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49661642,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120936955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46227345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640"
},
{
"display_name": "Empirical evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166052673",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4548077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43144664,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Transition countries",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992350804",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41469538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330546"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35674667,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35030788,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Emerging markets",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121087249",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31216747,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395"
}
] |
This study surveys the literature examining the privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) We review the history of privatization, the theoretical and empirical evidence on the relative performance of state owned and privately owned firms, the types of privatization, if and by how much privatization has improved the performance of former SOEs in non-transition and transition countries, how investors in privatizations have fared, and the impact of privatization on the development of capital markets and corporate governance. In most settings privatization “works” in that the firms become more efficient, more profitable, and financially healthier, and reward investors.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.103130
|
capitalist economy
|
Corporate Ownership Around the World
|
[
{
"display_name": "Shareholder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120757647",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8856798,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381136"
},
{
"display_name": "Expropriation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780060422",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8448698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178564"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6418195,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.62480474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348171",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60321623,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49274305,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45743918,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "State ownership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777506082",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43767563,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633"
},
{
"display_name": "Cash flow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163428354",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43562388,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047513"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43138698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42433977,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25253098",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42072904,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2609670"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36009997,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
}
] |
We present data on ownership structures of large corporations in 27 wealthy economies, making an effort to identify the ultimate controlling shareholders of these firms. We find that, except in economies with very good shareholder protection, relatively few of these firms are widely held, in contrast to the Berle and Means image of ownership of the modern corporation. Rather, these firms are typically controlled by families or the State. Equity control by financial institutions or other widely held corporations is far less common. The controlling shareholders typically have power over firms significantly in excess of their cash flow rights, primarily through the use of pyramids and participation in management. The results suggest that the central agency problem in large corporations around the world is that of restricting expropriation of minority shareholders by the controlling shareholders, rather than that of restricting empire building by professional managers unaccountable to shareholders.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.4.133
|
capitalist economy
|
State versus Private Ownership
|
[
{
"display_name": "Incentive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29122968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7451317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816"
},
{
"display_name": "Capitalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514928085",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7409698,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6936835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Public ownership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994191172",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.679951,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633"
},
{
"display_name": "Socialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501299471",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6129135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7272"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5372716,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "State ownership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777506082",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.52116156,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51868093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5146869,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Private property",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777538416",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5017116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555911"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4820817,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031"
},
{
"display_name": "Profit (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181622380",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4803037,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911"
},
{
"display_name": "Language change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027415",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47807455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648"
},
{
"display_name": "Private enterprise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992833379",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4756636,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589009"
},
{
"display_name": "State capitalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778899386",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.44791234,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548235"
},
{
"display_name": "Vitality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779829227",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42189464,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936872"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.38447082,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
}
] |
Private ownership should generally be preferred to public ownership when the incentives to innovate and to contain costs must be strong. In essence, this is the case for capitalism over socialism, explaining the 'dynamic vitality' of free enterprise. The great economists of the 1930s and 1940s failed to see the dangers of socialism in part because they focused on the role of prices under socialism and capitalism and ignored the enormous importance of ownership as the source of capitalist incentives to innovate. Moreover, the concern that private firms fail to address 'social goals' can be addressed through government contracting and regulation, without resorting to government ownership. The case for private provision only becomes stronger when competition between suppliers, reputational mechanisms, the possibility of provision by private not-for-profit firms, as well as political patronage and corruption, are brought into play.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00299
|
capitalist economy
|
The Dark Side of Internal Capital Markets: Divisional Rent‐Seeking and Inefficient Investment
|
[
{
"display_name": "Rent-seeking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98847204",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7343143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428800"
},
{
"display_name": "Compensation (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780023022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63665825,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171"
},
{
"display_name": "Great Rift",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99394141",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56103325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085203"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5263708,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4932844,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48258272,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47187227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36673458",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4694338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392896"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.45967677,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Bargaining power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48057960",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.45935228,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625018"
},
{
"display_name": "Subsidy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84265765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44886953,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.43651554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41748485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Labour economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145236788",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3995325,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3804676,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
We develop a two‐tiered agency model that shows how rent‐seeking behavior on the part of division managers can subvert the workings of an internal capital market. By rent‐seeking, division managers can raise their bargaining power and extract greater overall compensation from the CEO. And because the CEO is herself an agent of outside investors, this extra compensation may take the form not of cash wages, but rather of preferential capital budgeting allocations. One interesting feature of our model is that it implies a kind of “socialism” in internal capital allocation, whereby weaker divisions get subsidized by stronger ones.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/002205105774431252
|
capitalist economy
|
Corporate Governance, Economic Entrenchment, and Growth
|
[
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.66436404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Property rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86511162",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.61597097,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5485651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.50998724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Distribution (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110121322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5072317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48498726,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4824927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital (architecture)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83646750",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47661796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893"
},
{
"display_name": "Voting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520049643",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.465336,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44575784,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143910263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4143727,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41374338,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74363100",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4027419,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36418334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3449512,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
Outside the United States and the United Kingdom, large corporations usually have controlling owners, who are usually very wealthy families. Pyramidal control structures, cross shareholding, and super-voting rights let such families control corporations without making a commensurate capital investment. In many countries, a few such families end up controlling considerable proportions of their countries' economies. Three points emerge. First, at the firm level, these ownership structures, because they vest dominant control rights with families who often have little real capital invested, permit a range of agency problems and hence resource misallocation. If a few families control large swaths of an economy, such corporate governance problems can attain macroeconomic importance—affecting rates of innovation, economywide resource allocation, and economic growth. If political influence depends on what one controls, rather than what one owns, the controlling owners of pyramids have greatly amplified political influence relative to their actual wealth. This influence can distort public policy regarding property rights protection, capital markets, and other institutions. We denote this phenomenon economic entrenchment, and posit a relationship between the distribution of corporate control and institutional development that generates and preserves economic entrenchment as one possible equilibrium. The literature suggests key determinants of economic entrenchment, but has many gaps where further work exploring the political economy importance of the distribution of corporate control is needed.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-405x(97)00045-7
|
capitalist economy
|
Venture capital and the structure of capital markets: banks versus stock markets
|
[
{
"display_name": "Venture capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21279758",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.772992,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219409"
},
{
"display_name": "Social venture capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134827381",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67925143,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261851"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5841208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57087624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780299701",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49304673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73283319",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49260384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617"
},
{
"display_name": "Financial capital",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44750222",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49197075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital market",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143910263",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47280994,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46349192,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015"
},
{
"display_name": "Portfolio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780821815",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44290215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806"
},
{
"display_name": "Initial public offering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12559387",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43145365,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185142"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40795678,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.37410605,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36820978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018"
}
] |
The United States has many banks that are small relative to large corporations and play a limited role in corporate governance, and a well developed stock market with an associated market for corporate control. In contrast, Japanese and German banks are fewer in number but larger in relative size and are said to play a central governance role. Neither country has an active market for corporate control. We extend the debate on the relative efficiency of bank- and stock market-centered capital markets by developing a further systematic difference between the two systems: the greater vitality of venture capital in stock market-centered systems. Understanding the link between the stock market and the venture capital market requires understanding the contractual arrangements between entrepreneurs and venture capital providers; especially, the importance of the opportunity to enter into an implicit contract over control, which gives a successful entrepreneur the option to reacquire control from the venture capitalist by using an initial public offering as the means by which the venture capitalist exits from a portfolio investment. We also extend the literature on venture capital contracting by offering an explanation for two central characteristics of the U.S. venture capital market: relatively rapid exit by venture capital providers from investments in portfolio companies; and the common practice of exit through an initial public offering.
|
C34447519
|
Market economy
|
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.1.21
|
capitalist economy
|
Takeovers: Their Causes and Consequences
|
[
{
"display_name": "Divestment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181190989",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9133482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200733"
},
{
"display_name": "Shareholder",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120757647",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.72264534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381136"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6255603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767"
},
{
"display_name": "Market for corporate control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776662940",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.60626465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6770802"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5775724,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5556201,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5512619,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44858998,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Industrial organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40700",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43498015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783"
}
] |
Economists have accumulated considerable evidence and knowledge on the effects of the takeover market. Here, I focus on current aspects of the controversy. My assessment is that the market for corporate control is creating large benefits for shareholders and for the economy as a whole by loosening control over vast amounts of resources and enabling them to move more quickly to their highest-valued use. This is a healthy market in operation, on both the takeover side and the divestiture side, and it is playing an important role in helping the American economy adjust to major changes in competition and regulation of the past decade.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.17.1.208
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8130113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron microscope",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93877712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7766739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132560"
},
{
"display_name": "Opacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60056205",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7253189,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914"
},
{
"display_name": "Stain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781294515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6519426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49731186,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147080431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4550113,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953"
}
] |
Aqueous solutions of lead salts (1, 2) and saturated
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83641-4
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91881484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5622739,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5007179,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4412796,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
}
] |
A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+. The compounds combine an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores. Incorporation of the ethylenic linkage of the stilbene into a heterocyclic ring enhances the quantum efficiency and photochemical stability of the fluorophore. Compared to their widely used predecessor, quin2, the new dyes offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence, major changes in wavelength not just intensity upon Ca2+ binding, slightly lower affinities for Ca2+, slightly longer wavelengths of excitation, and considerably improved selectivity for Ca2+ over other divalent cations. These properties, particularly the wavelength sensitivity to Ca2+, should make these dyes the preferred fluorescent indicators for many intracellular applications, especially in single cells, adherent cell layers, or bulk tissues.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127344
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vinculin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777979848",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.65834886,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424042"
},
{
"display_name": "Lamellipodium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109185818",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.56039834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3092607"
},
{
"display_name": "Microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147080431",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51125574,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953"
},
{
"display_name": "Actin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125705527",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50695276,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185269"
},
{
"display_name": "Superresolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141239990",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.50549436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957423"
},
{
"display_name": "Resolution (logic)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138268822",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4902778,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925"
},
{
"display_name": "Super-resolution microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166936260",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.47823185,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7642959"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoactivated localization microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116919411",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.46821073,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522462"
},
{
"display_name": "Intracellular",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79879829",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46583194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45788705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43411455,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.41608447,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91881484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3834492,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807"
},
{
"display_name": "Fluorescence microscope",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169274487",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.38087386,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840211"
},
{
"display_name": "Focal adhesion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151166631",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.30850428,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904514"
}
] |
We introduce a method for optically imaging intracellular proteins at nanometer spatial resolution. Numerous sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent protein molecules were activated, localized (to approximately 2 to 25 nanometers), and then bleached. The aggregate position information from all subsets was then assembled into a superresolution image. We used this method--termed photoactivated localization microscopy--to image specific target proteins in thin sections of lysosomes and mitochondria; in fixed whole cells, we imaged vinculin at focal adhesions, actin within a lamellipodium, and the distribution of the retroviral protein Gag at the plasma membrane.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20081386
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mitochondrion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28859421",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.86042666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39572"
},
{
"display_name": "NAD+ kinase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75520062",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7419745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15321392"
},
{
"display_name": "Mitochondrial matrix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11701378",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.65908015,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493378"
},
{
"display_name": "Superoxide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780795997",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5954866,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413283"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactive oxygen species",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48349386",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5873582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytosol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98539663",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5621603,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220599"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative phosphorylation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C57600042",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55111396,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54382706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Organelle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168240541",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52056175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45948"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxygen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C540031477",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4708124,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.46492127,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46488166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14471203",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.43229485,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412832"
},
{
"display_name": "Redox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55904794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42118514,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682"
},
{
"display_name": "Mitochondrial ROS",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778175917",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41959432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125553"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34495378,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by mammalian mitochondria is important because it underlies oxidative damage in many pathologies and contributes to retrograde redox signalling from the organelle to the cytosol and nucleus. Superoxide (O2•−) is the proximal mitochondrial ROS, and in the present review I outline the principles that govern O2•− production within the matrix of mammalian mitochondria. The flux of O2•− is related to the concentration of potential electron donors, the local concentration of O2 and the second-order rate constants for the reactions between them. Two modes of operation by isolated mitochondria result in significant O2•− production, predominantly from complex I: (i) when the mitochondria are not making ATP and consequently have a high Δp (protonmotive force) and a reduced CoQ (coenzyme Q) pool; and (ii) when there is a high NADH/NAD+ ratio in the mitochondrial matrix. For mitochondria that are actively making ATP, and consequently have a lower Δp and NADH/NAD+ ratio, the extent of O2•− production is far lower. The generation of O2•− within the mitochondrial matrix depends critically on Δp, the NADH/NAD+ and CoQH2/CoQ ratios and the local O2 concentration, which are all highly variable and difficult to measure in vivo. Consequently, it is not possible to estimate O2•− generation by mitochondria in vivo from O2•−-production rates by isolated mitochondria, and such extrapolations in the literature are misleading. Even so, the description outlined here facilitates the understanding of factors that favour mitochondrial ROS production. There is a clear need to develop better methods to measure mitochondrial O2•− and H2O2 formation in vivo, as uncertainty about these values hampers studies on the role of mitochondrial ROS in pathological oxidative damage and redox signalling.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/14.4.291
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
THF EARLY STAGES OF ABSORPTION OF INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULES OF MOUSE KIDNEY: ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY BY A NEW TECHNIQUE
|
[
{
"display_name": "Horseradish peroxidase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777676563",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.9089521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413665"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91999924",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8606949,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154231"
},
{
"display_name": "Ultrastructure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87555872",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7060695,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141316"
},
{
"display_name": "Vacuole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102568950",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6998261,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127702"
},
{
"display_name": "Peroxidase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162008176",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.63725984,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419305"
},
{
"display_name": "Vesicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C130316041",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6292205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189206"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55288225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorption (acoustics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C125287762",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5499026,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948"
},
{
"display_name": "Kidney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780091579",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5386761,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377"
},
{
"display_name": "Membrane",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41625074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52597135,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47951582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39392656,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3040306,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
The early stages of absorption of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase in proximal tubules of mouse kidney were studied with a new ultrastructural cytochemical technique. In animals killed as early as 90 sec after injection, reaction product was found on the brushborder membranes and in the apical tubular invaginations. From the latter structures it was transported to the apical vacuoles, in which it was progressively concentrated to form protein absorption droplets. The method, which employs 3,3'-diaminobenzidine as oxidizable substrate, gives sharp localization and is sensitive. This system is advantageous in studying the early stages of renal tubular protein absorption, since small amounts of protein on membranes and in tubules and vesicles can be detected easily. The method also appears promising for studying protein transport in a variety of other cells and tissues.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Polyethylenimine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775925850",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.9485812,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418697"
},
{
"display_name": "Transfection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54009773",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82067573,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429031"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene delivery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C135983454",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7084204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2790163"
},
{
"display_name": "Reporter gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161733203",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6227094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911828"
},
{
"display_name": "Oligonucleotide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129312508",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.61731213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133686"
},
{
"display_name": "In vivo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207001950",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50342673,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153911025",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5009887,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4983852,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49678785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47254062,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "In vitro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202751555",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47215983,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell culture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81885089",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46665335,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic enhancement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111599444",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4483324,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213901"
},
{
"display_name": "Luciferase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111335760",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4342024,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95385166"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytotoxicity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109316439",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41499978,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552990157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.40951064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.38464552,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36167625,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
}
] |
Several polycations possessing substantial buffering capacity below physiological pH, such as lipopolyamines and polyamidoamine polymers, are efficient transfection agents per se--i.e., without the addition of cell targeting or membrane-disruption agents. This observation led us to test the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) for its gene-delivery potential. Indeed, every third atom of PEI is a protonable amino nitrogen atom, which makes the polymeric network an effective "proton sponge" at virtually any pH. Luciferase reporter gene transfer with this polycation into a variety of cell lines and primary cells gave results comparable to, or even better than, lipopolyamines. Cytotoxicity was low and seen only at concentrations well above those required for optimal transfection. Delivery of oligonucleotides into embryonic neurons was followed by using a fluorescent probe. Virtually all neurons showed nuclear labeling, with no toxic effects. The optimal PEI cation/anion balance for in vitro transfection is only slightly on the cationic side, which is advantageous for in vivo delivery. Indeed, intracerebral luciferase gene transfer into newborn mice gave results comparable (for a given amount of DNA) to the in vitro transfection of primary rat brain endothelial cells or chicken embryonic neurons. Together, these properties make PEI a promising vector for gene therapy and an outstanding core for the design of more sophisticated devices. Our hypothesis is that its efficiency relies on extensive lysosome buffering that protects DNA from nuclease degradation, and consequent lysosomal swelling and rupture that provide an escape mechanism for the PEI/DNA particles.
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl052396o
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
Determining the Size and Shape Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle Uptake into Mammalian Cells
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7724861,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Intracellular",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C79879829",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7185275,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762"
},
{
"display_name": "Colloidal gold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104819515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71716106,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900961"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanostructure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186187911",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6800224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093894"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.62355417,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5773369,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoscopic scale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45206210",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5673468,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.52644736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Colloid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59789625",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50877744,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181780"
},
{
"display_name": "Saturation (graph theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9930424",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49334016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4759376,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36634243,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32663465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
}
] |
We investigated the intracellular uptake of different sized and shaped colloidal gold nanoparticles. We showed that kinetics and saturation concentrations are highly dependent upon the physical dimensions of the nanoparticles (e.g., uptake half-life of 14, 50, and 74 nm nanoparticles is 2.10, 1.90, and 2.24 h, respectively). The findings from this study will have implications in the chemical design of nanostructures for biomedical applications (e.g., tuning intracellular delivery rates and amounts by nanoscale dimensions and engineering complex, multifunctional nanostructures for imaging and therapeutics).
|
C12554922
|
Biophysics
|
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.43.3.506
|
study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
|
HIGH-YIELD PREPARATION OF ISOLATED RAT LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS
|
[
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7611989,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420"
},
{
"display_name": "Vacuole",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C102568950",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.7187475,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127702"
},
{
"display_name": "Cytoplasm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190062978",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67611116,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79899"
},
{
"display_name": "Trypan blue",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780070996",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5714371,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61482373"
},
{
"display_name": "Collagenase",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778394429",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5621751,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304956"
},
{
"display_name": "Parenchyma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196822366",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5457456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270524"
},
{
"display_name": "Calcium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C519063684",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52114224,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706"
},
{
"display_name": "Biophysics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42786077,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100"
},
{
"display_name": "Golgi apparatus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119062480",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4235521,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83181"
},
{
"display_name": "Endoplasmic reticulum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158617107",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.37136215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79927"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3643821,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33185837,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecular biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153911025",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33140624,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202"
},
{
"display_name": "Cell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1491633281",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.31896496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868"
}
] |
A new technique employing continuous recirculating perfusion of the rat liver in situ, shaking of the liver in buffer in vitro, and filtration of the tissue through nylon mesh, results in the conversion of about 50% of the liver into intact, isolated parenchymal cells. The perfusion media consist of: (a) calcium-free Hanks' solution containing 0.05% collagenase and 0.10% hyaluronidase, and (b) magnesium and calcium-free Hanks' solution containing 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Biochemical and morphologic studies indicate that the isolated cells are viable. They respire in a medium containing calcium ions, synthesize glucose from lactate, are impermeable to inulin, do not stain with trypan blue, and retain their structural integrity. Electron microscopy of biopsies taken during and after perfusion reveals that desmosomes are quickly cleaved. Hemidesmosome-containing areas of the cell membrane invaginate and appear to pinch off and migrate centrally. Tight and gap junctions, however, persist on the intact, isolated cells, retaining small segments of cytoplasm from formerly apposing parenchymal cells. Cells which do not retain tight and gap junctions display swelling of Golgi vacuoles and vacuoles in the peripheral cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic vacuolization in a small percentage of cells and potassium loss are the only indications of cell injury detected. By other parameters measured, the isolated cells are comparable to normal hepatic parenchymal cells in situ in appearance and function.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.54.6.1472-1480.1988
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Novel Mode of Microbial Energy Metabolism: Organic Carbon Oxidation Coupled to Dissimilatory Reduction of Iron or Manganese
|
[
{
"display_name": "Electron acceptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2900893",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8361919,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231592"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.72523665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6236674,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Manganese",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528890316",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.60783345,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron donor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778148179",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5674404,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911571"
},
{
"display_name": "Redox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55904794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5060496,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682"
},
{
"display_name": "Rhodochrosite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776597492",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5012398,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409793"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776384668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4433966,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42516,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
}
] |
A dissimilatory Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing microorganism was isolated from freshwater sediments of the Potomac River, Maryland. The isolate, designated GS-15, grew in defined anaerobic medium with acetate as the sole electron donor and Fe(III), Mn(IV), or nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. GS-15 oxidized acetate to carbon dioxide with the concomitant reduction of amorphic Fe(III) oxide to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). When Fe(III) citrate replaced amorphic Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor, GS-15 grew faster and reduced all of the added Fe(III) to Fe(II). GS-15 reduced a natural amorphic Fe(III) oxide but did not significantly reduce highly crystalline Fe(III) forms. Fe(III) was reduced optimally at pH 6.7 to 7 and at 30 to 35°C. Ethanol, butyrate, and propionate could also serve as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. A variety of other organic compounds and hydrogen could not. MnO 2 was completely reduced to Mn(II), which precipitated as rhodochrosite (MnCO 3 ). Nitrate was reduced to ammonia. Oxygen could not serve as an electron acceptor, and it inhibited growth with the other electron acceptors. This is the first demonstration that microorganisms can completely oxidize organic compounds with Fe(III) or Mn(IV) as the sole electron acceptor and that oxidation of organic matter coupled to dissimilatory Fe(III) or Mn(IV) reduction can yield energy for microbial growth. GS-15 provides a model for how enzymatically catalyzed reactions can be quantitatively significant mechanisms for the reduction of iron and manganese in anaerobic environments.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44507k
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Size-controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range 5–100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficacy
|
[
{
"display_name": "Silver nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31499863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.8364227,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762"
},
{
"display_name": "Minimum bactericidal concentration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26381139",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.8151462,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1158816"
},
{
"display_name": "Minimum inhibitory concentration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176947019",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.73186743,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597889"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.63290346,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Kinetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148898269",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.631737,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56633055,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacterial growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17741926",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55470014,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762045"
},
{
"display_name": "Escherichia coli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547475151",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.54841745,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibacterial activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780104969",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5447891,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530"
},
{
"display_name": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779489039",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.53351706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibacterial agent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019249092",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4739114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274493"
},
{
"display_name": "Nucleation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61048295",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46431375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909022"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44554555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Yield (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134121241",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4341382,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.381061,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.36828256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.34908295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3385434,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
}
] |
A systematic and detailed study for size-specific antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using a co-reduction approach is presented here. Nucleation and growth kinetics during the synthesis process was precisely controlled and AgNPs of average size 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 63, 85, and 100 nm were synthesized with good yield and monodispersity. We found the bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect of AgNPs to be size and dose-dependent as determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver nanoparticles against four bacterial strains. Out of the tested strains, Escherichia coli MTCC 443 and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5201 were found to be the most and least sensitive strains regardless of AgNP size. For AgNPs with less than 10 nm size, the antibacterial efficacy was significantly enhanced as revealed through delayed bacterial growth kinetics, corresponding MIC/MBC values and disk diffusion tests. AgNPs of the smallest size, i.e., 5 nm demonstrated the best results and mediated the fastest bactericidal activity against all the tested strains compared to AgNPs having 7 nm and 10 nm sizes at similar bacterial concentrations. TEM analysis of AgNP treated bacterial cells showed the presence of AgNPs on the cell membrane, and AgNPs internalized within the cells.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035004
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76411223,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Zinc",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535196362",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6779562,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.64060616,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle size",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187530423",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.59295505,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503"
},
{
"display_name": "Transmission electron microscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146088050",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58675295,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744818"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibacterial activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780104969",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.530389,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530"
},
{
"display_name": "Agar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778660310",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5128191,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177998"
},
{
"display_name": "Precipitation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107054158",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.510094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.50172687,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.49061194,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoluminescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85080765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46510252,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614893"
},
{
"display_name": "Particle (ecology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778517922",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43250436,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3446769,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
In this study, we investigate the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. ZnO was prepared by the base hydrolysis of zinc acetate in a 2-propanol medium and also by a precipitation method using Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Bacteriological tests such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion were performed in Luria-Bertani and nutrient agar media on solid agar plates and in liquid broth systems using different concentrations of ZnO by a standard microbial method for the first time. Our bacteriological study showed the enhanced biocidal activity of ZnO nanoparticles compared with bulk ZnO in repeated experiments. This demonstrated that the bactericidal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size. It is proposed that both the abrasiveness and the surface oxygen species of ZnO nanoparticles promote the biocidal properties of ZnO nanoparticles.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-142-8-2187
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anammox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54776530",
"level": 5,
"score": 0.930482,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116007"
},
{
"display_name": "Ammonium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779870022",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7020375,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190901"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6862503,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776179834",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.64500177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72158415"
},
{
"display_name": "Ammonia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776382133",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5506758,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydroxylamine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775999725",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5454463,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259997"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron acceptor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2900893",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231592"
},
{
"display_name": "Autotroph",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104647666",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45062923,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131427"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidizing agent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77176794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4478593,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187689"
},
{
"display_name": "Enrichment culture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153613900",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43046927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379520"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioreactor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168170006",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4201688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864699"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4171922,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Anaerobic exercise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5140985",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41528207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483866"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40700123,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrogen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C537208039",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3913762,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107872376",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32642955,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355"
},
{
"display_name": "Nitrate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776384668",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.32085207,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168"
}
] |
An autotrophic, synthetic medium for the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (Anammox) micro-organisms was developed. This medium contained ammonium and nitrite, as the only electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively, while carbonate was the only carbon source provided. Preliminary studies showed that the presence of nitrite and the absence of organic electron donors were essential for Anammox activity. The conversion rate of the enrichment culture in a fluidized bed reactor was 3 kg NH4 + m−3 d−1 when fed with 30 mM NH4 +. This is equivalent to a specific anaerobic ammonium oxidation rate of 1000–1100 nmol NH4 +h−1 (mg volatile solids)−1. The maximum specific oxidation rate obtained was 1500 nmol NH4 +h−1 (mg volatile solids)−1. Per mol NH4 + oxidized, 0.041mol CO2 were incorporated, resulting in a estimated growth rate of 0.001 h−1. The main product of the Anammox reaction is N2, but about 10% of the N-feed is converted to NO3 −. The overall nitrogen balance gave a ratio of NH4 −-conversion to NO2 −-conversion and NO3 −-production of 1:1·31±0·06:2·02±0·02. During the conversion of NH4 + with NO2 −, no other intermediates or end-products such as hydroxylamine, NO and N2O could be detected. Acetylene, phosphate and oxygen were shown to be strong inhibitors of the Anammox activity. The dominant type of micro-organism in the enrichment culture was an irregularly shaped cell with an unusual morphology. During the enrichment for Anammox micro-organisms on synthetic medium, an increase in ether lipids was observed. The colour of the biomass changed from brownish to red, which was accompanied by an increase in the cytochrome content. Cytochrome spectra showed a peak at 470 nm gradually increasing in intensity during enrichment.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200700269
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Colorimetric Detection of Mercuric Ion (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) in Aqueous Media using DNA‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
|
[
{
"display_name": "Colloidal gold",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104819515",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.643094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900961"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6089,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Ion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145148216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5850785,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous medium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993699647",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.57874787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5693114,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.55463535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Mercury (programming language)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777777548",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49476308,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47364274,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177322064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45165125,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750955"
},
{
"display_name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179104552",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43225205,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165"
},
{
"display_name": "DNA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C552990157",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41138288,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430"
}
] |
Color is everything: Hg2+ in aqueous media is detected by the formation of thymidine–Hg2+–thymidine coordination complexes, which raises the melting temperature of the DNA-hybridized gold nanoparticle probes and thus the temperature at which the probes disperse and effect a purple-to-red color change. The method has very high sensitivity and selectivity, and it provides a simple and fast colorimetric readout (see picture). Mercury is a widespread pollutant with distinct toxicological profiles, and it exists in a variety of different forms (metallic, ionic, and as part of organic and inorganic salts and complexes). Solvated mercuric ion (Hg2+), one of the most stable inorganic forms of mercury,1 is a caustic and carcinogenic material with high cellular toxicity.2 The most common organic source of mercury, methyl mercury, can accumulate in the human body through the food chain and cause serious and permanent damage to the brain with both acute and chronic toxicity.3–5 Methyl mercury is generated by microbial biomethylation in aquatic sediments from water-soluble mercuric ion (Hg2+).4 Therefore, routine detection of Hg2+ is central to the environmental monitoring of rivers and larger bodies of water and for evaluating the safety of aquatically derived food supplies.5, 6 Several methods for the detection of Hg2+, based upon organic fluorophores7 or chromophores,8 semiconductor nanocrystals,9 cyclic voltammetry,10 polymeric materials,11 proteins,12 and microcantilevers,13 have been developed. Colorimetric methods, in particular, are extremely attractive because they can be easily read out with the naked eye, in some cases at the point of use. Although there are now several chromophoric colorimetric sensors for Hg2+,8 all of them are either limited with respect to sensitivity (current limit of detection≈1 μM) and selectivity, kinetically unstable, or incompatible with aqueous environments. Recently, DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DNA–Au NPs) have been used in a variety of forms for the detection of proteins,14, 15 oligonucleotides,15–21 certain metal ions,22 and other small molecules.23, 24 DNA–Au NPs have high extinction coefficients (3–5 orders of magnitude higher than those of organic dye molecules)25 and unique distance-dependent optical properties that can be chemically programmed through the use of specific DNA interconnects, which allows one, in certain cases,16–20 to detect targets of interest through colorimetric means. Moreover, these structures, when hybridized to complementary particles, exhibit extremely sharp melting transitions, which have been used to enhance the selectivity of detection systems based upon them.16, 18, 20, 26 By using such an approach, one can typically detect nucleic acid targets in the low nanomolar to high picomolar target concentration range in colorimetric format. The ability to use such particles to detect Hg2+ in the nanomolar concentration range in colorimetric format would be a significant advance, especially when one considers that commercial systems for detecting Hg2+ rely on cumbersome inductively coupled plasma approaches that are not suitable for point-of-use applications. Herein, we present a highly selective and sensitive colorimetric detection method for Hg2+ that relies on thymidine–Hg2+–thymidine coordination chemistry27 and complementary DNA–Au NPs with deliberately designed T–T mismatches. When two complementary DNA–Au NPs are combined, they form DNA-linked aggregates that can dissociate reversibly with a concomitant purple-to-red color change.24, 28 For our novel colorimetric Hg2+ assay, however, we prepared two types of Au NPs (designated as probe A and probe B, see the Supporting Information), each functionalized with different thiolated-DNA sequences (probe A: 5′ HS-C10-A10-T-A10 3′, probe B: 5′ HS-C10-T10-T-T10 3′), which are complementary except for a single thymidine–thymidine mismatch (shown in bold; Scheme 1). Importantly, these particles also form stable aggregates and exhibit the characteristic sharp melting transitions (full width at half maximum<1 °C) associated with aggregates formed from perfectly complementary particles, but with a lower melting temperature Tm.17, 18 Since it is known that Hg2+ will coordinate selectively to the bases that make up a T–T mismatch, we hypothesized that Hg2+ would selectively bind to the T–T sites in our aggregates formed from mismatched strands and raise the Tm of the resulting structures.27 The analogous interaction with particle-free DNA leads to significant increases in Tm (ΔTm≈10 °C). Colorimetric detection of mercuric ion (Hg2+) using DNA–Au NPs. The assay begins by adding an aliquot of an aqueous solution of Hg2+ at a designated concentration to a solution of the DNA–Au NP aggregates formed from probes A and B (1.5 nM each) at room temperature (see the Supporting Information). The solution is then heated at a rate of 1 °C min−1 while its extinction is monitored at 525 nm, where the Au NP probes exhibit the maximum intensity in the visible region of the spectrum. The Tm is obtained at the maximum of the first derivative of the melting transition. Without Hg2+, the aggregates melt with a dramatic purple-to-red color change at about 46 °C. In the presence of Hg2+, however, the aggregates melt at temperatures higher than 46 °C because of the strong coordination of Hg2+ to the two thymidines that make up the T–T mismatch, thereby stabilizing the duplex DNA strands containing the T–T single base mismatches. To evaluate the sensitivity of the assay, different concentrations of Hg2+ from one stock solution were tested. When an Hg2+ sample was mixed with the Au NP probe aggregate solution, there was no noticeable change under the reaction conditions described above. Once heated, however, the aggregates melt with a significant purple-to-red color change at a specific temperature (Figure 1 a), which is linearly related to the concentration of Hg2+ over the entire concentration range studied (Figure 1 b). The present limit of detection for this system is approximately 100 nM (=20 ppb) Hg2+ (Figure 1 a), which, to the best of our knowledge, is the lowest ever reported for a colorimetric Hg2+ sensing system. Each increase in concentration of 1 μM results in an increase in Tm by about 5 °C, thus providing an easy way of determining Hg2+ concentration. a) Normalized melting curves of aggregates (probes A and B) with different concentrations of Hg2+. b) Graph of the Tm for the aggregates as a function of Hg2+ concentration. Three components of the assay contribute to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and quantitative capabilities: 1) the oligonucleotides, 2) the Au NPs, and 3) the oligonucleotide–nanoparticle conjugate. From the standpoint of the oligonucleotides, the chelating ability of the thymidines that form the mismatch in the oligonucleotide duplex is extremely selective for Hg2+. It is known that two thymidine residues, when geometrically preorganized in a DNA duplex, can behave as a chelate and form a tightly bound complex with Hg2+.29 From the standpoint of Au NPs, the high extinction coefficients of Au NPs (ca. 108 cm−1 m−1 for 15-nm Au NPs) can act as an amplifier for the perturbation of the Tm upon binding Hg2+, thus allowing detection limits in the ppb range. Conventional chromogenic chemosensors have relatively low extinction coefficients (typically around 105 cm−1 m−1), which limit their sensitivity at best to the micromolar concentration range. Finally, the sharp, highly cooperative melting properties of aggregates made from oligonucleotide–Au NP conjugates enable one to distinguish subtle differences in Tm clearly, thus providing a measure of the Hg2+ concentration from 100 nM to the low micromolar range.16–18 The selectivity of this system for Hg2+ was evaluated by testing the response of the assay to other environmentally relevant metal ions, including Mg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Li+, K+, Cr3+, and Cu2+ (Figure 2 a and 2b) at a concentration of 1 μM. Only the Hg2+ sample shows a significantly higher Tm (ΔTm≈5 °C) relative to that of the blank. Indeed, at 47 °C, only the aggregate solution containing Hg2+ is purple, whereas all others have turned bright red. Pb2+ is the only other metal ion that influences the Tm of the aggregate, but only by a negligible amount (ΔTm≈0.8 °C). Importantly, this selectivity can be visualized with the naked eye (Figure 2 c). a) Normalized melting curves of the aggregates (probes A and B) in the presence of metal ions (each at 1 μM). b) Graph showing the difference between the Tm of the aggregates of the blank and that of the aggregates with different metal ions: 1: blank; 2: Hg2+; 3: Li+; 4: Cd2+; 5: Ca2+; 6: Ba2+; 7: Mn2+; 8: Mg2+; 9: Zn2+; 10: Ni2+; 11: Fe2+; 12: Co2+; 13: Fe3+; 14: K+; 15: Cr3+; 16: Pb2+; 17: Cu2+. c) Color change of the aggregates (probes A and B, each at 1.5 nM) in the presence of various representative metal ions (each at 1 μM) upon heating from room temperature (RT) to 47 °C. The colorimetric results for Cu2+ are not shown, as the data were taken after initial submission of the manuscript; see the Supporting Information. Because of the thiophilic nature of Hg2+, we considered the possibility that it could be removing the thiolated oligonucleotides from the surface of the gold particle, which could result in nonuniformity of the assay and a potential loss of sensitivity and accuracy. To determine if this was occurring, we utilized fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides to evaluate the number of DNA strands per particle at various Hg2+ concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 μM over 8 h; oligonucleotide sequence: 5′ HS-C10-A10-T-A10-(6-FAM) 3′; see the Supporting Information). Significantly, Hg2+ shows no evidence of fluorophore quenching, whereas the gold particle is an excellent quencher of fluorescence. Therefore, if the fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides are removed from the particles they can be easily identified and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy. The coverage of DNA at the start of the reaction was determined to be approximately 70 strands per particle by using literature methods.28, 30 The mercuric ion, regardless of the concentrations studied, has very little effect on the surface coverage of the DNA (Table 1). Even at elevated temperature (50 °C), there is less than 10 % loss of DNA from the surface of the particle even after prolonged heating (8 h) (Table 1),30 which suggests that the particle probes will be stable over any reasonable assay conditions. Temp. Portion Mercuric Ion Concentration 0.5 μM 1 μM 2 μM RT in the supernatant 2.1±1.0 1.6±1.3 1.8±1.2 on the particles 68.0±0.9 68.9±1.8 68.1±2.0 50 °C in the supernatant 5.9±0.2 6.0±0.8 6.1±1.3 on the particles 64.7±1.1 64.1±0.8 65.0±2.2 In conclusion, we have developed a colorimetric method to detect Hg2+ using DNA–Au NPs in aqueous media with very high selectivity and sensitivity. This method is enzyme-free and does not require specialized equipment other than a temperature control unit. The concentration of Hg2+ can be determined by the change of the solution color at a given temperature or the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA–Au NP aggregates. Unlike most of the chemosensors for Hg2+ which have been evaluated in organic media or organic–aqueous mixtures owing to their low water-solubility, the high water solubility of the oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes allow this assay to be performed in aqueous media without the need for organic cosolvents. Significantly, this method can in principle be used to detect other metal ions by substituting the thymidine in our study with synthetic artificial bases that selectively bind other metal ions.31 Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700269_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s35347
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Antimicrobial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: a comparative study
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanomaterials",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138631740",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8625858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967847"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.63442016,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6318858,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibacterial activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780104969",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5843666,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530"
},
{
"display_name": "Gram-positive bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779518903",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5614501,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857288"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5508582,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160892712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49751928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559"
},
{
"display_name": "Gram-negative bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776051709",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.48996225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632006"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48790857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.46803075,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacillus subtilis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777272437",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.44793853,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131238"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544153396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43059927,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4015542,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Escherichia coli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547475151",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.36998928,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.32729486,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
}
] |
Nanomaterials have unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. For this reason, nanotechnology has attracted a great deal of attention from the scientific community. Metal oxide nanomaterials like ZnO and CuO have been used industrially for several purposes, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, and textiles. A common feature that these nanoparticles exhibit is their antimicrobial behavior against pathogenic bacteria. In this report, we demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Nanosized particles of three metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3)) were synthesized by a sol-gel combustion route and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the single-phase formation of all three nanomaterials. The particle sizes were observed to be 18, 22, and 28 nm for ZnO, CuO, and Fe(2)O(3), respectively. We used these nanomaterials to evaluate their antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria.Among the three metal oxide nanomaterials, ZnO showed greatest antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria used in this study. It was observed that ZnO nanoparticles have excellent bactericidal potential, while Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles exhibited the least bactericidal activity. The order of antibacterial activity was demonstrated to be the following: ZnO > CuO > Fe(2)O(3).
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111143098
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Designing surfaces that kill bacteria on contact
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76229465,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876"
},
{
"display_name": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779489039",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.69496477,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121"
},
{
"display_name": "Escherichia coli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547475151",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6845627,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419"
},
{
"display_name": "Staphylococcus epidermidis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777949923",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.6507508,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131915"
},
{
"display_name": "Bromide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776300020",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5687976,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422423"
},
{
"display_name": "Contact angle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6556556",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.563072,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899239"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.51521426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacterial growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17741926",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.479651,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762045"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47083974,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Covalent bond",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180577832",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4604384,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127920"
},
{
"display_name": "Bacterial cell structure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19655278",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45541856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3293735"
},
{
"display_name": "Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89423630",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44655317,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.43471393,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Staphylococcus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779288629",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.4244318,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199695"
},
{
"display_name": "Pseudomonas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781463711",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.42317307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131143"
},
{
"display_name": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777637488",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41769314,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31856"
}
] |
Poly(4-vinyl-N-alkylpyridinium bromide) was covalently attached to glass slides to create a surface that kills airborne bacteria on contact. The antibacterial properties were assessed by spraying aqueous suspensions of bacterial cells on the surface, followed by air drying and counting the number of cells remaining viable (i.e., capable of growing colonies). Amino glass slides were acylated with acryloyl chloride, copolymerized with 4-vinylpyridine, and N-alkylated with different alkyl bromides (from propyl to hexadecyl). The resultant surfaces, depending on the alkyl group, were able to kill up to 94 +/- 4% of Staphylococcus aureus cells sprayed on them. A surface alternatively created by attaching poly(4-vinylpyridine) to a glass slide and alkylating it with hexyl bromide killed 94 +/- 3% of the deposited S. aureus cells. On surfaces modified with N-hexylated poly(4-vinylpyridine), the numbers of viable cells of another Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as of the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, dropped more than 100-fold compared with the original amino glass. In contrast, the number of viable bacterial cells did not decline significantly after spraying on such common materials as ceramics, plastics, metals, and wood.
|
C13965031
|
Nuclear chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.006
|
the chemistry of different nuclear reactions and radioactive materials
|
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract
|
[
{
"display_name": "Azadirachta",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781035296",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.926183,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21698"
},
{
"display_name": "Absorbance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98015330",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8352132,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907315"
},
{
"display_name": "Silver nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31499863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.82541835,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762"
},
{
"display_name": "Nuclear chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13965031",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.74543655,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545"
},
{
"display_name": "Aqueous solution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C184651966",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6715686,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.58787006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56686705,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160892712",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.56252736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559"
},
{
"display_name": "Antibacterial activity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780104969",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49622995,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530"
},
{
"display_name": "Reducing agent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186423591",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48186502,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216830"
},
{
"display_name": "Photoluminescence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85080765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42920554,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614893"
}
] |
In this study, rapid, simple approach was applied for synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. The plant extract acts both as reducing agent as well as capping agent. To identify the compounds responsible for reduction of silver ions, the functional groups present in plant extract were investigated by FTIR. Various techniques used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles are DLS, photoluminescence, TEM and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. UV–Visible spectrophotometer showed absorbance peak in range of 436–446 nm. The silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activities against both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms. Photoluminescence studies of synthesised silver nanoparticles were also evaluated. Results confirmed this protocol as simple, rapid, one step, eco-friendly, non-toxic and an alternative conventional physical/chemical methods. Only 15 min were required for the conversion of silver ions into silver nanoparticles at room temperature, without the involvement of any hazardous chemical.
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/259394
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
|
[
{
"display_name": "Punishment (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779295839",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7747262,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6470768,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48721546,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4655868,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic crime",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993353048",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.425322,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449702"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3156402,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
Previous articleNext article No AccessCrime and Punishment: An Economic ApproachGary S. BeckerGary S. Becker Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 76, Number 2Mar. - Apr., 1968 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259394 Views: 14830Total views on this site Citations: 6521Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1968 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Gabriel Asante, Attila Bartha, Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan The positive externality of education on crime: Insights from Sub-Saharan Africa, Cogent Social Sciences 8, no.11 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2038850Sugiharso Safuan, Muzafar Shah Habibullah, Eric Alexander Sugandi Eradicating tax evasion in Indonesia through financial sector development, Cogent Economics & Finance 10, no.11 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2114167Mehak Kaushik, Varsha Singh, Sujoy Chakravarty Experimental evidence of the effect of financial incentives and detection on dishonesty, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06072-3Štěpán Bahník, Marek Vranka No evidence of moral licensing in a laboratory bribe-taking task, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16800-4Jessie Trudeau Limiting aggressive policing can reduce police and civilian violence, World Development 160 (Dec 2022): 105961.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105961Rannveig Hart, Willy Pedersen, Torbjørn Skardhamar Blowing in the wind? 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|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781439817803-12
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach (1979)
|
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"display_name": "Sociology",
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From Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.8.1 Abstract 188 8.2 Introduction 1888.2.1 The Structure of Criminal Activity 190 8.2.2 Selected Concepts from Hawley's Human EcologicalTheory 190 8.2.3 The Minimal Elements of Direct-Contact PredatoryViolations 191 8.2.4 The Ecological Nature of Illegal Acts 1918.3 Relation of the Routine Activity Approach to Extant Studies 193 8.3.1 Descriptive Analyses 193 8.3.2 Macrolevel Analyses of Crime Trends and Cycles 194 8.3.3 Microlevel Assumptions of the Routine Activity Approach 1968.4 Empirical Assessment 197 8.4.1 Circumstances and Location of Offenses 197 8.4.2 Target Suitability 199 8.4.3 Family Activities and Crime Rates 2008.5 Changing Trends in Routine Activity Structure and Parallel Trends in Crime Rates 204 8.5.1 Trends in Human Activity Patterns 204 8.5.2 Related Property Trends and Their Relation to HumanActivity Patterns 206 8.5.3 Related Trends in Business Establishments 206 8.5.4 Composition of Crime Trends 207In this paper we present a "routine activity approach" for analyzing crime rate trends and cycles. Rather than emphasizing the characteristics of offenders, with this approach we concentrate upon the circumstances in which they carry out predatory criminal acts. Most criminal acts require convergence in space and time of likely offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians against crime. Human ecological theory facilitates an investigation into the way in which social structure produces this convergence, hence allowing illegal activities to feed upon the legal activities of everyday life. In particular, we hypothesize that the dispersion of activities away from households and families increases the opportunity for crime and thus generates higher crime rates. A variety of data is presented in support of the hypothesis, which helps explain crime rate trends in the United States 1947 to 1974 as a byproduct of changes in such variables as labor force participation and single-adult households.
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory
|
[
{
"display_name": "Friendship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778736484",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7042304,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491"
},
{
"display_name": "Juvenile delinquency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71376074",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.67934823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.61823946,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5228439,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4980898,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710"
},
{
"display_name": "Social control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37497375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.49358952,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971"
},
{
"display_name": "Demographic economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4249254",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.45526934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431"
},
{
"display_name": "Social control theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24025453",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4269993,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419281"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41554934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3551426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.35480654,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
}
] |
Shaw and McKay's influential theory of community social disorganization has never been directly tested. To address this, a community-level theory that builds on Shaw and McKay's original model is formulated and tested. The general hypothesis is that low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disorganization, which, in turn, increases crime and delinquency rates. A community's level of social organization is measured in terms of local friendship networks, control of street-corner teenage peer groups, and prevalence of organizational participation. The model is first tested by analyzing data for 238 localities in Great Britain constructed from a 1982 national survey of 10,905 residents. The model is then replicated on an independent national sample of 11,030 residents of 300 British localities in 1984. Results from both surveys support the theory and show that between-community variations in social disorganization transmit much of the effect of community structural characteristics on rates of both criminal victimization and criminal offending.
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-3104
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary society
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37497375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6409857,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5974177,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371"
},
{
"display_name": "Social order",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95389739",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55152327,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1518716"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52015406,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.48346218,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4005538,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
}
] |
1. A History of the Present 2. Modern Criminal Justice and the Penal-Welfare State 3. The Crisis of Penal Modernism 4. Social Change and Social Order in Late Modernity 5. Policy Predicament: Adaptation, Denial and Acting Out 6. Crime Complex: The Culture of High Crime Societies 7. The New Culture of Crime Control 8. Crime Control and Social Order Bibliography Index
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003010
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Crime in the Making
|
[
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.54366356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33308342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3172263,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
}
] |
This explanation of crime and deviance over the life course is based on the re-analysis of a classic set of data: Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck's mid-century study of 500 delinquents and 500 non-delinquents from childhood to adulthood. More than five years ago, Robert Sampson and John Laub dusted off 60 cartons of the Gluecks' data that had been stored in the basement of the Harvard Law School and undertook a lengthy process of recoding, computerizing, and reanalyzing it. On the basis of their findings, Sampson and Laub developed a theory of informal social control over the life course which integrates three ideas. First, social bonds to family and school inhibit delinquency in childhood and adolescence. Second, there is continuity in antisocial and deviant behaviour from childhood through adulthood across various dimensions, such as crime, alcohol abuse, divorce and unemployment. And finally, despite these continuities, attachment to the labour force and cohesive marriage sharply mitigate criminal activities. Sampson and Laub thus acknowledge the importance of childhood behaviours and individual differences, but reject the implication that adult social factors have little relevance. They seek to account for both stability and change in crime and deviance throughout the life course. Crime in the making challenges several major ideas found in contemporary theory and aims to provide an important new foundation for rethinking criminal justice policy.
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-0352
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Life and words: violence and the descent into the ordinary
|
[
{
"display_name": "Descent (aeronautics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776637919",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8118675,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624380"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.41597834,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.36036706,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3345007,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33243906,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
Foreword 1. The Event and the Everyday 2. The Figure of the Abducted Woman: The Citizen as Sexed 3. Language and Body: Transactions in the Construction of Pain 4. The Act of Witnessing: Violence, Gender, and Subjectivity 5. Boundaries, Violence, and the Work of Time 6. Thinking of Time and Subjectivity 7. In the Region of Rumor 8. The Force of the Local 9. The Signature of the State: The Paradox of Illegibility 10. Three Portraits of Grief and Mourning 11. Revisiting Trauma, Testimony, and Political Community Notes Acknowledgments Index
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.1086/210356
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods
|
[
{
"display_name": "Collective efficacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778702256",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7709348,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963044"
},
{
"display_name": "Spurious relationship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97256817",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5703975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316"
},
{
"display_name": "Cohesion (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104054115",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5411787,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828"
},
{
"display_name": "Social control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C37497375",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.48236555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.47773856,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Public space",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984866010",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4614507,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294440"
},
{
"display_name": "Informal social control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777073957",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.46046588,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6030575"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.44341943,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36590356,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.34897634,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201"
}
] |
This article assesses the sources and consequences of public disorder. Based on the videotaping and systematic rating of more than 23,000 street segments in Chicago, highly reliable scales of social and physical disorder for 196 neighborhoods are constructed. Census data, police records, and an independent survey of more than 3,500 residents are then integrated to test a theory of collective efficacy and structural constraints. Defined as cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space, collective efficacy explains lower rates of crime and observed disorder after controlling neighborhood structural characteristics. Collective efficacy is also linked to lower rates of violent crime after accounting for disorder and the reciprocal effects of violence. Contrary to the "broken windows" theory, however, the relationship between public disorder and crime is spurious except perhaps for robbery.
|
C73484699
|
Criminology
|
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153808
|
study of the causes and manifestations of crime
|
Antisocial Punishment Across Societies
|
[
{
"display_name": "Punishment (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779295839",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.92225665,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5923111,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733"
},
{
"display_name": "Public good",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162222271",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5496824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5251379,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.506457,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272"
},
{
"display_name": "Public goods game",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C72273685",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5036556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1673101"
}
] |
We document the widespread existence of antisocial punishment, that is, the sanctioning of people who behave prosocially. Our evidence comes from public goods experiments that we conducted in 16 comparable participant pools around the world. However, there is a huge cross-societal variation. Some participant pools punished the high contributors as much as they punished the low contributors, whereas in others people only punished low contributors. In some participant pools, antisocial punishment was strong enough to remove the cooperation-enhancing effect of punishment. We also show that weak norms of civic cooperation and the weakness of the rule of law in a country are significant predictors of antisocial punishment. Our results show that punishment opportunities are socially beneficial only if complemented by strong social norms of cooperation.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010601)40:11<2004::aid-anie2004>3.3.co;2-x
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Heteroatom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20950531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71309495,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161940"
},
{
"display_name": "Click chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C69610077",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6608084,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912270"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6169617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5318413,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126348684",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4698628,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456979"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44818828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Surprise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780343955",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44308734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173"
},
{
"display_name": "Polymer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4338517,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163"
},
{
"display_name": "Condensation reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C207245611",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41457617,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910058"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39881316,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3212909,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
}
] |
Examination of nature's favorite molecules reveals a striking preference for making carbon–heteroatom bonds over carbon–carbon bonds—surely no surprise given that carbon dioxide is nature's starting material and that most reactions are performed in water. Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are condensation polymers of small subunits stitched together by carbon–heteroatom bonds. Even the 35 or so building blocks from which these crucial molecules are made each contain, at most, six contiguous C−C bonds, except for the three aromatic amino acids. Taking our cue from nature's approach, we address here the development of a set of powerful, highly reliable, and selective reactions for the rapid synthesis of useful new compounds and combinatorial libraries through heteroatom links (C−X−C), an approach we call “click chemistry”. Click chemistry is at once defined, enabled, and constrained by a handful of nearly perfect “spring-loaded” reactions. The stringent criteria for a process to earn click chemistry status are described along with examples of the molecular frameworks that are easily made using this spartan, but powerful, synthetic strategy.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja803688x
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
PEGylated Nanographene Oxide for Delivery of Water-Insoluble Cancer Drugs
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8384735,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Prodrug",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108215921",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8034364,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603741"
},
{
"display_name": "Irinotecan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780259306",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.7031975,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412197"
},
{
"display_name": "Polyethylene glycol",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776964284",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69790095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410083"
},
{
"display_name": "Camptothecin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779682216",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6810286,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419964"
},
{
"display_name": "PEG ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54400483",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6660307,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1793202"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.60165524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Solubility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155574463",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57755005,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170731"
},
{
"display_name": "Conjugate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197336794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4391577,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5161150"
},
{
"display_name": "Drug delivery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42636102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.36801213,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.3105343,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
It is known that many potent, often aromatic drugs are water insoluble, which has hampered their use for disease treatment. In this work, we functionalized nanographene oxide (NGO), a novel graphitic material, with branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain a biocompatible NGO−PEG conjugate stable in various biological solutions, and used them for attaching hydrophobic aromatic molecules including a camptothecin (CPT) analogue, SN38, noncovalently via π−π stacking. The resulting NGO−PEG−SN38 complex exhibited excellent water solubility while maintaining its high cancer cell killing potency similar to that of the free SN38 molecules in organic solvents. The efficacy of NGO−PEG−SN38 was far higher than that of irinotecan (CPT-11), a FDA-approved water soluble SN38 prodrug used for the treatment of colon cancer. Our results showed that graphene is a novel class of material promising for biological applications including future in vivo cancer treatment with various aromatic, low-solubility drugs.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/jm901137j
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
New Substructure Filters for Removal of Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) from Screening Libraries and for Their Exclusion in Bioassays
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.8099444,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Bioassay",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104488531",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.76657104,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864212"
},
{
"display_name": "High-throughput screening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51323132",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57959515,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626251"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.55100566,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Computational biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70721500",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.48749828,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005"
},
{
"display_name": "Chromatography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.33686474,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050"
}
] |
This report describes a number of substructural features which can help to identify compounds that appear as frequent hitters (promiscuous compounds) in many biochemical high throughput screens. The compounds identified by such substructural features are not recognized by filters commonly used to identify reactive compounds. Even though these substructural features were identified using only one assay detection technology, such compounds have been reported to be active from many different assays. In fact, these compounds are increasingly prevalent in the literature as potential starting points for further exploration, whereas they may not be.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200185g
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
Weak Coordination as a Powerful Means for Developing Broadly Useful C–H Functionalization Reactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Surface modification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C115537861",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.8901074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.6697039,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemoselectivity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190667039",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6261717,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3738104"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5576766,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.50849736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Heteroatom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C20950531",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4106086,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161940"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.39185518,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
Reactions that convert carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds into carbon–carbon (C–C) or carbon–heteroatom (C–Y) bonds are attractive tools for organic chemists, potentially expediting the synthesis of target molecules through new disconnections in retrosynthetic analysis. Despite extensive inorganic and organometallic study of the insertion of homogeneous metal species into unactivated C–H bonds, practical applications of this technology in organic chemistry are still rare. Only in the past decade have metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions become more widely utilized in organic synthesis.Research in the area of homogeneous transition metal–catalyzed C–H functionalization can be broadly grouped into two subfields. They reflect different approaches and goals and thus have different challenges and opportunities. One approach involves reactions of completely unfunctionalized aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which we refer to as "first functionalization". Here the substrates are nonpolar and hydrophobic and thus interact very weakly with polar metal species. To overcome this weak affinity and drive metal-mediated C–H cleavage, chemists often use hydrocarbon substrates in large excess (for example, as solvent). Because highly reactive metal species are needed in first functionalization, controlling the chemoselectivity to avoid overfunctionalization is often difficult. Additionally, because both substrates and products are comparatively low-value chemicals, developing cost-effective catalysts with exceptionally high turnover numbers that are competitive with alternatives (including heterogeneous catalysts) is challenging. Although an exciting field, first functionalization is beyond the scope of this Account.The second subfield of C–H functionalization involves substrates containing one or more pre-existing functional groups, termed "further functionalization". One advantage of this approach is that the existing functional group (or groups) can be used to chelate the metal catalyst and position it for selective C–H cleavage. Precoordination can overcome the paraffin nature of C–H bonds by increasing the effective concentration of the substrate so that it need not be used as solvent. From a synthetic perspective, it is desirable to use a functional group that is an intrinsic part of the substrate so that extra steps for installation and removal of an external directing group can be avoided. In this way, dramatic increases in molecular complexity can be accomplished in a single stroke through stereo- and site-selective introduction of a new functional group. Although reactivity is a major challenge (as with first functionalization), the philosophy in further functionalization differs; the major challenge is developing reactions that work with predictable selectivity in intricately functionalized contexts on commonly occurring structural motifs.In this Account, we focus on an emergent theme within the further functionalization literature: the use of commonly occurring functional groups to direct C–H cleavage through weak coordination. We discuss our motivation for studying Pd-catalyzed C–H functionalization assisted by weakly coordinating functional groups and chronicle our endeavors to bring reactions of this type to fruition. Through this approach, we have developed reactions with a diverse range of substrates and coupling partners, with the broad scope likely stemming from the high reactivity of the cyclopalladated intermediates, which are held together through weak interactions.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise
|
[
{
"display_name": "Nanotechnology",
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"level": 1,
"score": 0.7750987,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468"
},
{
"display_name": "Silver nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31499863",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71774876,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762"
},
{
"display_name": "Nanoparticle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155672457",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.65504473,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231"
},
{
"display_name": "Antimicrobial",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4937899",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5627426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106"
},
{
"display_name": "Noble metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775871042",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.48481432,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585302"
},
{
"display_name": "Materials science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.47471133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.44803002,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmentally friendly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171534860",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4381296,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40493342,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Metal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544153396",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3520767,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426"
}
] |
Metallic nanoparticles are being utilized in every phase of science along with engineering including medical fields and are still charming the scientists to explore new dimensions for their respective worth which is generally attributed to their corresponding small sizes. The up-and-coming researches have proven their antimicrobial significance. Among several noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have attained a special focus. Conventionally silver nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical method using chemicals as reducing agents which later on become accountable for various biological risks due to their general toxicity; engendering the serious concern to develop environment friendly processes. Thus, to solve the objective; biological approaches are coming up to fill the void; for instance green syntheses using biological molecules derived from plant sources in the form of extracts exhibiting superiority over chemical and/or biological methods. These plant based biological molecules undergo highly controlled assembly for making them suitable for the metal nanoparticle syntheses. The present review explores the huge plant diversity to be utilized towards rapid and single step protocol preparatory method with green principles over the conventional ones and describes the antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800036s
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions Employing Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligands
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.7686564,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Aryl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781076698",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.66580385,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718074"
},
{
"display_name": "Phosphine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777716191",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6480064,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207877"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6348969,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupling reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48424934",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62628824,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898912"
},
{
"display_name": "Palladium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502130503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.62538046,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5749707,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactivity (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776910235",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.55467093,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18574"
},
{
"display_name": "Ligand (biochemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116569031",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45267957,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899107"
},
{
"display_name": "Reagent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40875361",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44374332,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356542"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42378426,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
},
{
"display_name": "Oxidative addition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94882840",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.41299456,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2123471"
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] |
The cores of many types of polymers, ligands, natural products, and pharmaceuticals contain biaryl or substituted aromatic structures, and efficient methods of synthesizing these structures are crucial to the work of a broad spectrum of organic chemists. Recently, Pd-catalyzed carbon−carbon bond-forming processes, particularly the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (SMC), have risen in popularity for this purpose. The SMC has many advantages over other methods for constructing these moieties, including mild conditions, high tolerance toward functional groups, the commercial availability and stability of its reagents, and the ease of handling and separating byproducts from its reaction mixtures. Until 1998, most catalysts for the SMC employed triarylphosphine ligands. More recently, new bulky and electron-rich phosphine ligands, which can dramatically improve the efficiency and selectivity of such cross-coupling reactions, have been introduced. In the course of our studies on carbon−nitrogen bond-forming reactions, we found that the use of electron-rich and bulky phosphines enhanced the rate of both the oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes; this was the beginning of our development of a new family of ligands, the dialkylbiarylphosphines L1−L12. These ligands can be used for a wide variety of palladium-catalyzed carbon−carbon, carbon−nitrogen, and carbon−oxygen bond-forming processes as well as serving as supporting ligands for a number of other reactions. The enhanced reactivity of these catalysts has expanded the scope of cross-coupling partners that can be employed in the SMC. With use of such dialkylbiarylphosphine ligands, the coupling of unactivated aryl chlorides, aryl tosylates, heteroaryl systems, and very hindered substrate combinations have become routine. The utility of these ligands has been successfully demonstrated in a wide number of synthetic applications, including industrially relevant processes. In this Account, we provide an overview of the use and impact of dialkylbiarylphosphine ligands in the SMC. We discuss our studies on the mechanistic framework of the reaction, which have allowed us to rationally modify the ligand structures in order to tune their properties. We also describe selected applications in the synthesis of natural products and new materials to illustrate the utility of these dialkylbiarylphosphine ligands in various "real-world" synthetic applications.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00512
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.88353395,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7536556,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Aniline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779244968",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.7319855,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186414"
},
{
"display_name": "Aryl",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781076698",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71451133,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718074"
},
{
"display_name": "Coupling reaction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48424934",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6974534,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898912"
},
{
"display_name": "Palladium",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C502130503",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.67210555,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089"
},
{
"display_name": "Halide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C171560689",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6462102,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193086"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.58412176,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4379681,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351"
}
] |
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives, an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued development of reliable and versatile catalysts that function under operationally simple, user-friendly conditions. This review provides an overview of Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions found in both basic and applied chemical research from 2008 to the present. Selected examples of C–N cross-coupling reactions between nine classes of nitrogen-based coupling partners and (pseudo)aryl halides are described for the synthesis of heterocycles, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products, organic materials, and catalysts.
|
C21951064
|
Combinatorial chemistry
|
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00018
|
chemical methods designed to rapidly synthesize large numbers of chemical compounds
|
Dual Catalysis Strategies in Photochemical Synthesis
|
[
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.9478092,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329"
},
{
"display_name": "Photocatalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65165184",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.77836215,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831"
},
{
"display_name": "Catalysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161790260",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.71388453,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264"
},
{
"display_name": "Electron transfer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123669783",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.700575,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902898"
},
{
"display_name": "Photochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75473681",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.68344074,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651"
},
{
"display_name": "Dual role",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019440502",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.55716044,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500430"
},
{
"display_name": "Redox",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55904794",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54898804,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682"
},
{
"display_name": "Excited state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C181500209",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.54200006,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328"
},
{
"display_name": "Lewis acids and bases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163638829",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.49261934,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900337"
},
{
"display_name": "Molecule",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.46918416,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369"
},
{
"display_name": "Hydrogen atom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776640939",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4679519,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6643508"
},
{
"display_name": "Combinatorial chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21951064",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4539251,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212"
},
{
"display_name": "Reactive intermediate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C192937433",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.43566823,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2134627"
},
{
"display_name": "Dual (grammatical number)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780980858",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43011087,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022"
},
{
"display_name": "Organic synthesis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C535685238",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4299225,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153832"
}
] |
The interaction between an electronically excited photocatalyst and an organic molecule can result in the genertion of a diverse array of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated in a variety of ways to result in synthetically useful bond constructions. This Review summarizes dual-catalyst strategies that have been applied to synthetic photochemistry. Mechanistically distinct modes of photocatalysis are discussed, including photoinduced electron transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and energy transfer. We focus upon the cooperative interactions of photocatalysts with redox mediators, Lewis and Brønsted acids, organocatalysts, enzymes, and transition metal complexes.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6505-7.ch001
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
|
[
{
"display_name": "Weathering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C40724407",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6495315,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177"
},
{
"display_name": "Foundation (evidence)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780966255",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.57945734,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5395896,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.5390166,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Subdivision",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143392562",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.522842,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449111"
},
{
"display_name": "Geotechnical investigation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93011207",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.51827043,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066351"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.4363863,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Foundation engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31110397",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.4249083,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191360"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3765161,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069"
}
] |
Geotechnical Engineering is a branch of Civil Engineering that deals with soil both as a foundation material upon which all types of structures rest and with soil as a structural material. This chapter traces the genesis of Geotechnical Engineering and its development, practice, and importance as a subdivision of Civil Engineering. The chapter further explains the nature, origin, and types of soils, weathering and its agents, and factors affecting it with particular emphasis on tropical weathering and laterization and ends with a brief discussion of soil maps and geotechnical mapping of project sites. The type of maps that may be prepared for engineering or environmental purposes are many and varied and can be categorized on the basis of purpose, content, and scale.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.001
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Urban building energy modeling – A review of a nascent field
|
[
{
"display_name": "Merge (version control)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197129107",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.80091524,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy modeling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780331096",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.68170774,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24965464"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.65809095,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
},
{
"display_name": "Workflow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177212765",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.58954585,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5005255,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198"
},
{
"display_name": "Building energy simulation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776409380",
"level": 4,
"score": 0.479155,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18205688"
},
{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204036174",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47711065,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy performance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982928256",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.47447374,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865456"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.42480204,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4203565,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.3456236,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32206962,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3121349,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
}
] |
Over the past decades, detailed individual building energy models (BEM) on the one side and regional and country-level building stock models on the other side have become established modes of analysis for building designers and energy policy makers, respectively. More recently, these two toolsets have begun to merge into hybrid methods that are meant to analyze the energy performance of neighborhoods, i.e. several dozens to thousands of buildings. This paper reviews emerging simulation methods and implementation workflows for such bottom-up urban building energy models (UBEM). Simulation input organization, thermal model generation and execution, as well as result validation, are discussed successively and an outlook for future developments is presented.
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jul060
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
Design and Analysis of Various Formwork Systems
|
[
{
"display_name": "Formwork",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778684775",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9725917,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752323"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.69287175,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492"
},
{
"display_name": "Construction engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107053488",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.6212829,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5882725,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.573583,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023"
},
{
"display_name": "Adaptability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.5529389,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297"
},
{
"display_name": "Timeline",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4438859",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47621736,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117"
},
{
"display_name": "Modular design",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C101468663",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.47060403,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4614258,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547"
},
{
"display_name": "SAFER",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776654903",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.42967334,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4215723,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
}
] |
Concrete is a fundamental material in the construction industry, with formwork playing a crucial role in shaping and strengthening concrete elements. It also represents a significant cost in building projects. The history of formwork is extensive, and diverse systems have been employed across various projects. When selecting a formwork system, considerations such as safety, cost, structural requirements, construction duration, and environmental impact must be carefully weighed. This project provides a comprehensive review of different formwork systems used in concrete construction, encompassing their materials, flexibility, fabrication methods, application in structures, and environmental implications. The advantages and limitations of these systems are analysed and compared, culminating in practical recommendations. Formwork systems are pivotal in determining the success of construction projects in terms of efficiency, quality, cost-effectiveness, and safety. Recent innovations, particularly modular formwork systems, have revolutionized the construction industry in countries like Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Middle East. These systems have proven to be cost- effective, enhance construction quality, and accelerate project timelines. Their adaptability makes them particularly suitable for mass construction projects in India, where achieving high-quality, rapid construction is crucial. By leveraging modern formwork technologies, construction practices can achieve safer, faster, and more sustainable outcomes, aligning with advancements
|
C147176958
|
Civil engineering
|
https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1111934
|
engineering discipline specializing in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment
|
LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN HEAT ISLAND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES – THE STATE OF THE ART
|
[
{
"display_name": "Urban heat island",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54005896",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.9273256,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712"
},
{
"display_name": "Climate change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132651083",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.6448535,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942"
},
{
"display_name": "Urban climate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158049464",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.5572689,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075337"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5105094,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847"
},
{
"display_name": "State of art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018574109",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4773688,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329338"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40536392,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.40462208,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.35102034,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071"
},
{
"display_name": "Urban planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49545453",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.33643985,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32895142,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C87717796",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.32488644,
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326"
}
] |
Increase of the ambient air temperature in cities caused by the urban heat island phenomenon has a seri- ous impact on the economic and social system of cities. to counterbalance the consequences of the increased urban temperatures important research has been carried out resulting in the development of efficient mitigation technologies. the present paper aims to present the state of the art in terms of local climate change and urban heat island mitigation techniques. In particular, developments in the field on highly reflective materials, cool and green roofs, cool pavements, urban green and of other mitigation technologies are presented in detail, while examples of implemented projects are given.
|
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